Tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator

In general, devices and systems for a tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator, and methods of use thereof, are provided. In an aspect, an electrical generator having a plurality of turns of wire forming a coil, a rotating magnet positioned in the coil, at least one stationary magnet positioned about the coil, and a slider movable relative to the rotating magnet in a direction tangential to an outer surface of the rotating magnet are provided. The slider can be configured to cause rotation of the rotating magnet, and the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field of one or more of the at least one stationary magnet and the slider magnet can induce a voltage across a first terminal end and a second terminal end.

FIELD

The current subject matter relates to a tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator.

BACKGROUND

Tangential velocity relating to this subject matter is measured at any point tangent to the diameter of a cylindrical rotating magnet. The angular velocity, ω, of the rotating magnet is related to tangential velocity, vt through formula: vt=ωr. Here r is the radius of the magnet. Tangential velocity is also the component of motion along the edge of a circle measured at any arbitrary point thereon. As the name suggests, tangential velocity describes the motion of a circle along the tangent to that point.

First, the angular displacement Q is calculated, which is the ratio of the length of the arc S that an object traces on this circle to its radius r. It is the angular portion under the arc's shadow between the two lines originating from the center and connected to its ends. It is measured in radians. The rate of change of an object's angular displacement is called its angular velocity. It is denoted by ω and its standard unit is radians/second (rad/s). It is different from linear velocity, as it only deals with objects moving in circular motion. Basically, it measures the rate at which angular displacement is swept.
V=ΔS/Δt,(eq. 1)

This is the linear velocity of the slider component that has disposed and stationary, a magnet that moves with the slider component that is magnetically coupled to the rotating magnet.
ω=Δθ/Δt,(eq. 2)

is the angular velocity of the rotating magnetS=distance of travel of the rotating magnet about its axis that is caused by the slider component movement (with its magnet).

The derivation of linear or tangential velocity in uniform circular motion of the rotating magnet, θ=S/r making v=r*Δθ/Δt or v=r*ω

The linear component of angular velocity is known as linear velocity, which is the rate of change of an object's linear displacement. Linear displacement is the arc S cited above—the length of the arc of rotation of the magnet as it is influenced and encouraged to move about its own axis of rotation. The time rate of change of the product of radius r and angular displacement θ is the object's linear velocity, which in this case for the embodiment is the accelerating movement of the slide magnet passing over the rotational magnet disposed and free to rotate within the center of the coil. The radius is excluded from the operation, as it is a constant, and the linear velocity is the product of the object's angular velocity and the radius of the circle it traces. The linear velocity of an object moving in a circle, measured at an arbitrary point, is the tangential velocity.

Another way to define linear velocity is in terms of time period. If the time period is the time required by an object to go around the circle once, then the velocity at which it does so is s/t (distance/time). The reciprocal of t is known as frequency and is denoted by f. This is the number of cycles achieved per second. The product of 2πf is known as angular frequency and is denoted by ω.

The Effects of Wire Gauge

The effect of coil wire gauge in electromagnetic energy harvesting generators, and all other types as well, is determined by several mathematical factors. Ergo, consider Ohm's Law for power;
P=V2/Rl(induced voltage squared divided by the load resistance) and now relating to Faraday's Law;  (eq. 3)
P=(−Nd(B·A)/dt)2/Rl∝N2/Rl(eq. 4)

Further consider that the maximum transfer of power is when the coil resistance equals the load resistance. The smaller the coil of wire radius (r), the more turns N can be wound over a length and depth l and p is the specific resistance of the wire gauge.
∴N∝l/rThenRc=Rcoil=pl∝(l/r2)(πdN)∝(l/r3)  (eq. 5)
Power∝N2/Rc∝(l/r)2/(l/r)3∝r(eq. 6)

However, the generated voltage decreases with the radius of the wire, as shown:
Vcoil=Nd(B·A)/dt∝l/r(eq. 7)

The Mathematical Derivation of the Inverse Cubed Law

There is the definition of an additional parameter6which in practice is a short distance between two-point entities forming a single dipole. Distance R will therefore define the much longer distance between the center of the dipole and another point entity X.

As shown inFIG.1, the dipole is made up of two opposite entities +x and −x separated by a distance δ, acted at a much larger distance R by the point entity +X. Since the negative part of the dipole is attracted to +X, the dipole will orientate itself with the negative side facing +X point entity. Thus, if we measure distance R from the center point of the dipole to point +X, we find that the distance from +X to +x is R+δ/2 and that from +X to −x is R−δ/2. Therefore, since the distance between +X and −x is shorter than that between +X and +x, the force polarity between two opposite entities will govern the motion of the dipole with respect to the point entity. For opposite charges and magnetic poles, this means that a dipole will always move toward point +X, independently of the polarity of X.

The net force acting between the dipole and point entity X will be:
FD=kXx/(R−δ/2)2−kXx/(R+δ/2)2(eq. 9)

we can rewrite the above in the form:
FD=[kXx/R2]/(1−δ/2R)2−[kXx/R2]/(1+δ/2R)2(eq. 10)

For the condition δ<<2R, which was set as one of our assumptions, we are justified to apply the binomial approximation (1+x)n
≈1+nx, or 1/(1+x)n(eq. 11)

SUMMARY

Methods, devices, and systems for a tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator are provided. Related apparatus, techniques, and articles are also described.

In an aspect, an electrical generator is provided can include a plurality of turns of wire forming a coil, a rotating magnet positioned in the coil, at least one stationary magnet positioned about the coil, and a slider movable relative to the rotating magnet in a direction tangential to an outer surface of the rotating magnet. The plurality of turns of wire can include a first terminal end and a second terminal end. The rotating magnet can have an axis of rotation and can be rotatable within the coil about the axis of rotation. The slider can be configured such that, when the slider is moved from a first position in which the slider is aligned with the rotating magnet to a second position in which the slider is aligned with the at least one stationary magnet, the slider causes rotation of the rotating magnet from a first rest position to a limit position established by the slider and the at least one stationary magnet. The rotating magnet can be configured to oscillate before coming to rest at a second rest position, whereby the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field of one or more of the at least one stationary magnet and the slider can induce a voltage across the first terminal end and the second terminal end.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasible combination with any of the implementations and embodiments of the present subject matter described and shown herein. For example, the at least one stationary magnet can be configured to maintain the slider in the second position. For example, the slider can comprise a slider magnet. For example, the slider can comprise a slider magnet, the slider magnet can have a first magnetic polarity, the first magnetic polarity can have a first orientation, the at least one stationary magnet can have a second magnetic polarity, the second magnetic polarity can have a second orientation, and the first orientation can differ from the second orientation. For example, the slider magnet can include a north pole located at a first surface of the slider magnet and a south pole located at a second surface of the slider magnet, the second surface opposite the first surface, and the first surface of the slider magnet can face a south pole of the rotating magnet when the slider is in the first position. For example, the slider magnet can include a north pole located at a first surface of the slider magnet and a south pole located at a second surface of the slider magnet, the second surface opposite the first surface, and the first surface of the slider magnet can face a south pole of the at least one stationary magnet when the slider is in the second position. For example, the slider magnet can include a south pole located at a first surface of the slider magnet and a north pole located at a second surface of the slider magnet, the second surface opposite the first surface, and the first surface of the slider magnet can face a north pole of the rotating magnet when the slider is in the first position. For example, the slider magnet can include a south pole located at a first surface of the slider magnet and a north pole located at a second surface of the slider magnet, the second surface opposite the first surface, and the first surface of the slider magnet can face a north pole of the at least one stationary magnet when the slider is in the second position. For example, the slider can be configured such that, when the slider is moved from the second position to the first position, the slider causes repeated oscillations of the rotating magnet, whereby the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field of one or more of the at least one stationary magnet and the slider can induce the voltage across the first terminal end and the second terminal end. For example, the electrical generator can include at least one second stationary magnet positioned about the coil opposite the at least one stationary magnet. For example, the slider can be configured such that, when the slider is moved from the second position, to the first position, and to a third position in which the slider is aligned with the at least one second stationary magnet, the slider causes repeated oscillations of the rotating magnet, whereby the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field or one or more of the at least one stationary magnet and the slider can induce the voltage across the first terminal end and the second terminal end. For example, the at least one second stationary magnet can be configured to maintain the slider in the third position. For example, the slider magnet can include a north pole located at a first surface of the slider magnet and a south pole located at a second surface of the slider magnet, the second surface opposite the first surface, and the first surface of the slider magnet can face a south pole of the at least one second stationary magnet when the slider is in the third position. For example, the rotating magnet, the at least one stationary magnet, and the at least one second stationary magnet can be substantially aligned in a common plane. For example, the rotating magnet and the at least one stationary magnet can be substantially aligned in a common plane. For example, the plurality of turns of wire, the rotating magnet, and the at least one stationary magnet can be disposed in a substrate, and the slider can be coupled to the substrate. For example, the slider can include at least one nub positioned to contact the substrate and to reduce friction when the slider is moved from the first position to the second position.

In another aspect, an electrical generator is provided and can include a nanomaterial substrate having a first terminal end and a second terminal end, a rotating magnet positioned in the nanomaterial substrate, at least one stationary magnet positioned about the nanomaterial substrate, and a slider movable relative to the rotating magnet in a direction tangential to an outer surface of the rotating magnet. The nanomaterial substrate can have a first terminal end and a second terminal end. The rotating magnet can have an axis of rotation and be rotatable within the nanomaterial substrate about the axis of rotation. The slider can be configured such that, when the slider is moved from a first position in which the slider is aligned with the rotating magnet to a second position in which the slider is aligned with the at least one stationary magnet, the slider causes rotation of the rotating magnet from a first rest position to a limit position established by the slider and the at least one stationary magnet. The rotating magnet can be configured to oscillate before coming to rest at a second rest position, whereby the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field of one or more of the at least one stationary magnet and the slider can induce a voltage across the first terminal end and the second terminal end.

In another aspect, an electrical generator is provided and can include a plurality of turns of wire forming a coil, a rotating magnet positioned in the coil, and a slider movable relative to the rotating magnet in a direction tangential to an outer surface of the rotating magnet. The plurality of turns of wire can include a first terminal end and a second terminal end. The rotating magnet can have an axis of rotation and can be rotatable within the coil about the axis of rotation. The slider can be configured such that, when the slider is moved from a first position in which the slider is aligned with the rotating magnet, to a second position in which the slider is not aligned with the rotating magnet, the slider causes rotation of the rotating magnet between a first rest position and a limit position. The rotating magnet can be configured to oscillate before coming to rest at a second rest position, whereby the rotation of the rotating magnet and/or an interaction of the rotating magnet with a magnetic field of the slider can induce a voltage across the first terminal end and the second terminal end.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Further, in the present disclosure, like-named components of the embodiments generally have similar features, and thus within a particular embodiment each feature of each like-named component is not necessarily fully elaborated upon. Additionally, to the extent that linear or circular dimensions are used in the description of the disclosed systems, devices, and methods, such dimensions are not intended to limit the types of shapes that can be used in conjunction with such systems, devices, and methods. A person skilled in the art will recognize that an equivalent to such linear and circular dimensions can easily be determined for any geometric shape.

In general, devices and systems for a tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator, and methods of use thereof, are provided. In an aspect, the generation of an induced voltage in a coil winding is provided, whose causation is determined by the forward and reverse tangential velocity of a magnet disposed and stationary within a moving slide component, where both the magnet and the slide component bi-directionally move in unison. This tangential velocity (motion), by magnetic momentum transfer influences the rotational movement of a disposed rotating magnet that is centered within an induction coil. Further, at a first end opposite to the center coil and rotating magnet is disposed a stationary magnet that is polarized to encourage, upon a first motion cause, by an external force (e.g., applied finger action) of the slide component, and the movable slide component's magnet to become magnetically attracted to the stationary magnet; and this attraction causes a first positional state change that keeps the slide component stationary at the first end of the coil center until an external force (e.g., applied finger action) produces a second positional state change. Once a second external force is applied the state change's action now causes the slide component to come to rest above the rotating magnet within the coil's center. Ergo, any positional state change causes a voltage pulse to be felt at the coil terminal ends, and this voltage is available for instant electrical energy, for a determined time duration, to be used for any useful application.

The tangentially actuated magnetic momentum transfer generator gives rise to at least two energy-producing mechanisms; one whereby tangential velocity of a magnetically coupled slider results in an angular velocity of a rotating member directly responsible for electromagnetic induction by Faraday's Law, with the angular velocity being in direct relation to energy output, and the kinetic energy from such a rotating member exhibiting inertial properties having been accelerated to a radian velocity by such an tangential actuation whereby this kinetic energy may be seen in the form of angular oscillations around a terminal rest angular equilibrium position experiencing a magnetic-based other restoring force from any angular displacement from the terminal rest equilibrium position.

FIG.2shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an energy harvesting generator300, andFIG.3shows an exploded perspective view of the energy harvesting generator300. As shown, the energy harvesting generator300includes a base substrate301coupled to a coil bobbin303having wire windings305. The coil bobbin303has a center rectangular through hole that surrounds the center protrusion325(shown inFIG.3), that is configured to hold and enclose a rotating magnet321and a centered through axle x1that protrudes at the left side319A and at the opposite right side319B of the rotating magnet321(seeFIG.11, discussed in further detail below). A slider guide311is mounted over the coil bobbin303and disposed on the left stationary magnet compartment301L and on the opposite right stationary magnet compartment301R. The slider guide has one end abutment wall311that is configured to act as a stop limit for a slider315coupled to the slider guide311and that contains a slider magnet317. Although slider magnet317is shown herein as a disk, in some implementations of the present subject matter, other magnet shapes (square, rectangle, oval, etc.) are possible and contemplated within the scope of this disclosure. As mentioned above, there are two stationary magnet compartments located at opposing ends of the device: a first left side compartment301L to hold a first stationary magnet327(shown inFIG.3), and a second right side compartment301R to hold a second stationary magnet307. In some implementations of the present subject matter, the first left side compartment301L and the second right side compartment301R may each include a cover disposed between slider magnet317and the first and second stationary magnets327,307respectively. In other implementations of the present subject matter, the first left side compartment301L and the second right side compartment301R are omitted, leaving the first and second stationary magnets327,307free-standing on base substrate301. In some implementations of the present subject matter, the first and second stationary magnets327,307are affixed on base substrate301. In some implementations of the present subject matter, in lieu of first stationary magnet327and second stationary magnet307, rotating magnets can be placed inside the first left side compartment301L and the second right side compartment301R. In addition, other types of magnet configurations for use in lieu of first stationary magnet327and second stationary magnet307are contemplated. Two exposed coil end terminals305A &305B are available for electrical connection to an electrical load for any useful purpose.

As shown inFIG.3, which is an exploded perspective view302exp of an exemplary embodiment of the energy harvesting generator has the base substrate301mounted with a disposed coil bobbin303with its wire winding305and the coil bobbin303has its center rectangular through hole that surrounds the center protrusion325, whose purpose is to hold and enclose the rotating magnet321and its centered through axle319that protrudes at the left side319A and at the opposite right side319B. Also mounted over the coil bobbin303and sustained on the left stationary magnet compartment301L and on the opposite right stationary magnet compartment301R is the slider guide311. The slider guide has one end abutment wall311W that is the stop limit for the slider315with its disposed and slider magnet317. There are two, at opposite ends, stationary magnet compartments; a first left side compartment301L to hold a first stationary magnet327, and a second right side compartment301R to hold a second bar magnet307. The freely rotating magnet321with its protruding through axle319A &319B is disposed within the rotating magnet shroud protrusion325and is held within the shroud protrusion325by and undercover309with two opposite ended axle support protrusions a first support protrusion309A and a second support protrusion309B. Two exposed coil winding305end terminals305A &305B are available for electrical connection to an electrical load for any useful purpose.

In some implementations, the energy harvesting generator can have one stationary magnet.FIG.4Ashows an exploded perspective view302x1of an exemplary embodiment of an energy harvesting generator that includes the components of the energy harvesting generator300shown inFIGS.2and3and described above, but differs in that the energy harvesting generator can include only one stationary magnet327disposed outside the coil winding305. However, in some implementations, such as that shown inFIGS.2and3and described above, the energy harvesting generator can include both a first stationary magnet327and a second stationary magnet307disposed opposite the first stationary magnet327.FIG.4Bshows an exploded perspective view302x2of the energy harvesting generator that shows the first stationary magnet327and the second stationary magnet307. In some implementations, an energy harvesting generator can have no stationary magnets.FIG.4Cshows an exploded perspective view302x3of an exemplary embodiment of an energy harvesting generator that includes the components of the energy harvesting generator300shown inFIGS.2and3and described above, but differs in that the energy harvesting generator does not include either of stationary magnets327,307disposed outside the coil winding305.

FIG.5shows a perspective view304A of the coil bobbin303of the generator300that has both top and bottom centralized notches323wfor wire channeling of the coil windings end terminals. In the present embodiment utilizing a coil winding, a coil bobbin is used but the coil embodiment itself is not limited to a coil bobbin; there are coil types do not have a physical bobbin structure that can be utilized, and that type consists only of the winding wire sans bobbin. In some implementations of the present subject matter, a substrate with conductive nanomaterials may be used in lieu of the winding wire to achieve a similar effect.

FIG.6Ashows an illustration of an initial action of a slider, including slider magnet317described above, that is used in some implementations of the present subject matter. As shown, the slider315, containing the disk magnet317, is pushed from its first initial state, at center position315C1over the rotating magnet321with its center axis x1and opposed ends319A and319B, and moved in the direction m1to a second distal rest position315L1where the slider315and its disk magnet317are disposed over a stationary magnet, such as first stationary magnet327. During this action, the rotating magnet321, under the mutual north-south pole attractive magnetic field influence of the moving slider317, produces a rotating torque on the rotating magnet321by a velocity eigen vector of the constant forward directional motion m1towards the first stationary magnet327whose velocity vector eigenvalues instantly change linearly and determine the velocity rate and duration of the counter-clockwise rotational action of the rotating magnet321. This rotational action of the rotating magnet321about its center axis x1causes the south pole r1and the north pole r2to realign from a up and down position with the South pole upward to an increasingly angular counterclockwise position that approaches a rotational inversion of the north and south poles respectively. During the time of the rotating magnet's321rotation with its axles319A &319B around the center axis x1, the rotating magnet's321magnetic flux lines impart a time rate change of flux in the coil and instantly inducing a voltage in the coil felt at the coil's end terminal connections. A result of this first action of instantly moving the slider315from center position315C1to stop position315L1is to create the mutual coupling magnetic fields of slider317and the rotating magnet's321field force that decreases by the inverse cube of the distance between their associated attractive magnetic poles. As the slider magnet317reaches its final position at315L1, the combination and magnetic interaction of slider magnet317and first stationary magnet327on rotating magnet321establishes anew equilibrium angular rest position of the rotating magnet321. As the rotating magnet321has a mass and thus a moment inertia, the kinetic energy induced by an angular velocity of rotating magnet321results in a damped alternating oscillatory action about the final equilibrium position until finally coming to the rest equilibrium state as shown inFIG.6A, in which the south pole of the rotating magnet321, denoted by “S,” is oriented downward. The induced voltage at the coil terminal ends will be a damped oscillatory waveform similar to the rotating magnet's321damped oscillatory angular motion.

FIG.6Bshows an illustration of a second action of slider315, as shown inFIG.6A, in which the slider315is pushed from its initial position315L2, which can correspond to315L1as shown inFIG.6A, that is distal from the rotating magnet321with its center axis x1and opposed ends319A and319B, and moved in the direction m2to a rest position315C2where the slider315and its slider magnet317are disposed over the rotating magnet321. During this action, the rotating magnet321under the mutual north-south pole attractive magnetic field influence of the moving m2slider magnet317, produces a rotating torque on the rotating magnet321by a velocity eigen vector of the constant backward directional motion m2towards the rotating magnet321whose velocity vector eigenvalues instantly change linearly and determine the velocity and duration of the clockwise rotational action of the rotating magnet321. This rotational action of the rotating magnet321about its opposite end axles319A &319B cause the north pole r2and the south pole r1to realign from an up-down position with the South pole facing down to an increasingly angular clockwise position that approaches a rotational up-down position with south pole upward. During the time of the rotating magnet's321rotation with its axles319A &319B about the center axis x1, the rotating magnet's321magnetic flux lines pass through the coil at right angles, resulting in a time rate change of flux in the coil and instantly inducing a voltage in the coil felt at the coil's end terminal connections. A result of this second backwards action of moving the slider315from position315L2to position315C2is to create the mutual coupling magnetic fields of slider magnet317and the rotating magnet's321field force that decreases to the inverse cube of the distance between their associated attractive magnetic poles. With slider magnet317in the315C2position, the magnetic attraction between slider magnet317and rotating magnet321, which are in close proximity to one another, dominates over magnetic influence of first stationary magnet327. This strong mutual attraction establishes an equilibrium angular rest position for rotating magnet321. As the rotating magnet321has a mass and thus a moment inertia, the kinetic energy induced by an angular velocity of rotating magnet321results in a damped alternating oscillatory action about the final equilibrium position until finally coming to the rest equilibrium state as shown inFIG.6B, in which the south pole of the rotating magnet321, denoted by “S,” is oriented toward the slider magnet317. The induced voltage at the coil terminal ends will be a damped oscillatory waveform similar to the rotating magnet's321damped oscillatory angular motion.

FIG.6Cis an illustration of a third action in which the slider315, as shown inFIG.6A, is pushed from an initial position315C3that is over the rotating magnet321and moved in the direction m3to a rest position315R1in which the slider315and its slider magnet317are disposed over a second stationary magnet307. During this action, the rotating magnet321under the mutual north-south pole attractive magnetic field influence of the moving m3slider magnet317, produces a rotating torque on the rotating magnet321by a velocity eigen vector of the constant forward directional motion m3towards the second stationary magnet307whose velocity vector eigenvalues instantly change linearly and determine the clockwise rotational action of the rotating magnet321. This rotational action of the rotating magnet321about its center axis x1causes the south pole r1and the north pole r3to realign from a up and down position with the south pole upward to an increasingly angular clockwise position that approaches a rotational inversion of the north and south poles respectively. During the time of the rotating magnet's321rotation with its axles319A &319B around a reference axis x1, the rotating magnet's321magnetic flux lines pass through the coil at right angles, resulting in a time rate of change of flux in the coil and instantly inducing a voltage in the coil felt at the coil's end terminal connections. A result of this first action of instantly moving the slider from position315C3to rest position315R1is to create the mutual coupling magnetic fields of slider magnet317and the rotating magnet's321field force that decreases to the inverse cube of the distance between their associated attractive magnetic poles. As the moving slider magnet317reaches its final position at315R1, the combination and magnetic interaction of slider magnet317, second stationary magnet307, and first stationary magnet327on rotating magnet321establishes a new equilibrium angular rest position for rotating magnet321. As the rotating magnet321has a mass and thus a moment inertia, the kinetic energy induced by an angular velocity of321results in a damped alternating oscillatory action about the final equilibrium position until finally coming to the rest equilibrium state as shown inFIG.6C, in which the South pole of the rotating magnet321, denoted by “S,” is oriented substantially downward. The induced voltage at the coil terminal ends will be a damped oscillatory waveform similar to the rotating magnet's321damped oscillatory angular motion.

The polarities of the magnets shown inFIGS.6A-6Cand described herein are indicated by the “N” and “S” notations shown inFIGS.6A-6C. The north poles of each magnet are denoted by the region of each magnet featuring an “N”, and the south poles of each magnet are denoted by the region of each magnet featuring an “S”. As shown inFIG.6A, the north pole of the slider magnet317, when the slider315is in position315C1, is oriented substantially toward the rotating magnet321, and the south pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially away from the rotating magnet321. As shown, when the slider315is in position315L1, the north pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially toward the first stationary magnet327, the south pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially away from the first stationary magnet327, the north pole of the first stationary magnet327is oriented substantially away from the slider magnet317, and the south pole of the first stationary magnet327is oriented substantially toward the slider magnet317. As shown inFIG.6B, when the slider315is in position315C2, the south pole of the rotating magnet321is oriented substantially toward the slider magnet317, the north pole of the rotating magnet is oriented substantially away from the slider magnet317, the north pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially toward the rotating magnet321, and the south pole of the slider magnet is oriented substantially away from the rotating magnet321. As shown inFIG.6C, when the slider315is in position315R1, the north pole of the second stationary magnet307is oriented substantially away from the slider magnet317, the south pole of the second stationary magnet307is oriented substantially toward the slider magnet317, the north pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially toward the second stationary magnet307, and the south pole of the slider magnet317is oriented substantially away from the second stationary magnet307. In some implementations of the present subject matter, the magnetic polarities of one or more of the first stationary magnet327(if present in the implementation), the second stationary magnet307(if present in the implementation), the slider magnet317, and the rotating magnet321shown inFIGS.6A-6Cand described herein may be reversed or inverted (e.g., from north to south, and from south to north) in various combinations.

As shown inFIGS.6A-6C, the magnetic polarities of the first and second stationary magnets327,307and the slider magnet317have substantially the same orientation relative to one another. However, in some implementations, the orientation of the polarities of one or more of the stationary magnets327,307and the slider magnet317may be modified such that the polarities of one or more of the magnets do not have substantially the same orientation relative to one another. An exemplary implementation of the present subject matter featuring a stationary magnet having such a modified magnetic polarity is schematically depicted inFIG.6D. The embodiment shown inFIG.6Dis substantially similar to the energy harvesting generator300embodiments described herein and shown inFIGS.2-4B, and can incorporate some or all of the components provided for use in the energy harvesting generator300as described herein. However, as shown, the embodiment ofFIG.6Dutilizes a stationary magnet327′ that has a magnetic polarity that is offset by 90 degrees relative to the slider magnet317. In this exemplary configuration, the south pole of the stationary magnet327′ is substantially oriented toward the rotating magnet321, and the north pole of the stationary magnet327′ is substantially oriented away from the rotating magnet321. In a first state, wherein the slider315and the slider magnet317are in position315C1, in which the slider magnet317and the slider315are disposed over the rotating magnet321, the north pole of the slider magnet317is substantially oriented toward the south pole of the rotating magnet321, the south pole of the slider magnet317is substantially oriented away from the rotating magnet321, and the north pole of the rotating magnet is substantially oriented away from the slider magnet317. When the slider315is moved between position315C1, and a position315L1in which the slider magnet317is disposed over the stationary magnet327′, the interaction of the magnetic fields generated by the slider magnet317and the rotating magnet321causes the rotating magnet321to rotate in the counterclockwise direction, such that the south pole of the rotating magnet321begins to become oriented toward the south pole of the stationary magnet327′, resulting in a repelling force that applies an opposing torque on rotating magnet321with respect to that which is created by the movement of slider magnet317. As this occurs, the interaction of the magnetic fields generated by the rotating magnet321and the stationary magnet327causes the rotating magnet321to rotate in the clockwise direction with a snap action as the slider magnet317continues to traverse to the left toward315L1, such that the north pole of the rotating magnet321begins to become attracted to the south pole of327and providing for dominant flux coupling. While slider magnet317becomes at rest with315L1position, rotating magnet321and first stationary magnet327interactions are dominant, and they will be aligned as shown inFIG.6Dwith rotating magnet321coming to rest at an angular equilibrium position as shown. As the rotating magnet321has a mass and thus a moment inertia, the kinetic energy induced by an angular velocity of321results in a damped alternating oscillatory action about the final equilibrium position until finally coming to the rest equilibrium state as shown inFIG.6D. The angular velocity of rotating magnet321during this repositioning due to the movement of slider315(and slider magnet317) to315L1will induce a voltage at the terminal ends of a coil (such as coil winding305and first and second terminal ends305A,305B) that is disposed around the rotating magnet321. The induced voltage at the coil terminal ends is a damped oscillatory waveform that corresponds to the rotating magnet's321velocity during travel and the damped oscillatory angular motion as it comes to rest.

FIG.7Ais a two dimensional illustration of a computer simulation, created using the program called “Vizimag,” of a static (e.g., no movement of the slider magnet317) magnetic field pattern based on distances between associated magnets of typical Gauss strength used in an exemplary embodiment of the present subject matter of magnetic momentum transfer that utilizes a first stationary magnet327, a rotating cylindrical magnet that is diametrically magnetized and free to rotate on its axles (319A &319B as shown inFIG.11) about its axis x1. In addition to this combination of magnets is the slidable magnet317, which is shown in its rest position (e.g., prior to being triggered)317a. The slidable magnet317, as illustrated inFIGS.6A-6C, is disposed within the slider component (shown inFIG.9B) and is free to slide along the slider guide311(shown inFIGS.8A-8B) once the slider315is actuated, and the sliding action is encouraged by the mechanical communication between the dual slider runner rails339s(shown inFIGS.9A-9B) and the runner guide channels331(shown inFIGS.8A-8B).

In this static state of an exemplary pre-initialized embodiment, the slider magnet317is positioned proximal at rest over the rotating magnet321and the magnetic attractive pole alignment between these two magnets offers a strong concentrated magnetic force field MF1that exist with these proximal magnet positions. There are also a number of magnetic lines of force that permeate and surround the coil305. In this configuration, the magnetic field lines are static (e.g., no movement of the magnets) in these regions FA1a& FA2aand are three dimensional volumetric in nature. With static nonmoving magnetic lines of force, the convention is to term them field lines of magnetic potential force, and when the lines of force are in motion, they are termed flux lines of magnetic kinetic force.

InFIG.7A, the exemplary embodiment shown is that which features a single stationary magnet327that in conjunction with the rotating magnet321establishes an encompassing magnetic field FA1aand FA2athroughout the coil windings. In a nonmoving static state, before any push action takes place on the slider mechanism315with its disposed slider magnet317that is positioned proximal over the rotating magnet321, the established magnetic field FA1aand FA2aremains static and there is no electromagnetic interaction of changing flux lines of force throughout the coil windings and thus no electrical power generated.

FIG.7Bis a two dimensional illustration of a computer simulation, created using “Vizimag,” of the magnetic field pattern of a generator in a state representative of an “ON” state of the device. (if the present subject matter is utilized as a battery-less and wireless remote switch), wherein the slider315(seeFIG.9A) and its disposed slider magnet317b(seeFIG.9B) are pushed (by an external force) forward to be disposed over the stationary magnet327. There exists a strong concentrated attractive magnetic field MF2that keeps the slider and magnet in an equilibrium state proximal over the stationary magnet327until there is a push force to move it in reverse action back to the center position and this represents an OFF state (if the present subject matter is utilized as a battery-less and wireless remote switch).

FIG.7Billustrates a state in which the exemplary embodiment utilizing the single stationary magnet327has been pushed by an external force to trigger the action of creating a changing magnetic flux FA1b& FA2bthroughout the coil winding305and causing the rotating magnet321yto rotate anti-clockwise as the mechanism behind the changing magnetic flux FA1b& FA2band where the slider magnet317moves to a position proximal over the stationary magnet327and held stationary with the aid of the mutual concentrated attractive magnetic field MF2of the stationary magnet327and the slider magnet317. This action now places the slider magnet317distal from the rotating magnet321. The translational movement of the slider magnet317to the position shown inFIG.7Bcauses an oscillation of the rotating magnet321, which establishes a voltage to be felt at the coil winding305end terminals305A &305B.

FIG.7Cis a two dimensional illustration of a computer simulation, created using “Vizimag,” of the magnetic field pattern of another embodiment of a generator wherein there exists a first stationary magnet327disposed at the first end of a coil winding305and an additional second stationary magnet307disposed at an opposite end of the coil305. As shown, in this configuration, there is during a movable slider magnet317at position317alocated over the rotating magnet321that is rotatable on its axles319A &319B about its axis x1(refer toFIG.11) and whose mutual attractive magnetic field between both the rotating magnet321and the slider magnet317disposed within the slider315(shown inFIG.11). During the depicted pre-triggered (not pushed by any force) state, there exists a strong attractive mutual magnetic force field MF1between the slider magnet317aand the rotating magnet321that is diametrically magnetized and free to rotate on its axles (319A &319B shown inFIG.11) about its axis x1. There are also a number of magnetic lines of force that permeate and surround the coil305, where the magnetic field lines are static (e.g., no movement) in these regions FA1a& FA2a, which are three dimensional volumetric in nature. With static nonmoving magnetic lines of force, the convention is to term them field lines of magnetic potential force, and when the lines of force are in motion, they are termed flux lines of magnetic kinetic force. Ergo, during the static period there is no movement nor are there any changes in the magnetic field regions FA1a& FA2apermeating through the coil windings and thus there is no induced voltage that is established at the coil winding ends305A &305B (shown inFIG.3).

InFIG.7C, the exemplary embodiment shown is that which features two opposite stationary magnets327&307on opposite side of the coil winding305and both are proximal to the coil winding305on each of their magnetic attractive poles and distal from each other's magnetic attractive poles. During a non-triggered state (no push external force applied) the slider magnet317is proximal over the rotating magnet321and there is a strong concentrated magnetic field between the slider magnet317and the rotating magnet321and the pole alignment of the rotating magnet is South pole facing upward and its North pole facing downward, which is attracted to the same pole alignment of the slider magnet317that is South pole upward and North pole downward. As there is no state change, there is no flux change and no induced voltage at the output terminals305A &305B.

FIG.7Dis a two-dimensional illustration of a computer simulation, created using “Vizimag,” illustrating a state in which the slider315(seeFIG.2) has been pushed in the direction of second stationary magnet307. The triggered action of the slider315and its disposed slider magnet's317movement changes the magnetic flux density and direction throughout the coil windings and the sample enclosed regions of the coil volume has magnetic flux lines passing through at right angles to the coil windings, thus by Faraday's Law inducing a voltage determined mathematically by the number of turns of the windings and the time derivative of the flux density changes. (Faraday's Law Vinduced=−NΔΦ/Δt, holds that the induced voltage (electromotive force) is directly proportional to the number of turns and the time derivative of the magnetic flux Φ, which is a vector, and when flux changes by ΔΦ in a time Δt. If voltage (emf—electromotiveforce) is induced in a coil, N is its number of turns. The minus sign means that the voltage (emf—electromotiveforce) creates a current I in a closed loop that generates a magnetic field B that oppose the change in flux ΔΦ—this opposition is known as Lenz's law).

FIG.7Dillustrates that the action of pushing (by an external force) the slider magnet317to the right of the rotating magnet321(as shown therein) and that causes the rotation of rotating magnet321. The translational movement of the slider magnet317to the position shown inFIG.7Dcauses an oscillation of the rotating magnet321, which establishes a voltage at the coil terminals305A &305B.

FIG.7Dillustrates a state in which the slider magnet317of the exemplary embodiment of the generator utilizing two stationary magnets327,307has been moved to be located over the second stationary magnet307. The movement of the components of the generator includes the instant movement of the slider magnet317from the proximal center position (where there is a strong mutual attractive magnetic field MF1seen inFIG.7Cbetween the slider magnet317and the rotating magnet321) to the right end where the slider magnet317is distal from the rotating magnet321and located over the second stationary magnet307where there now exists a strong attractive magnetic field MF2. During this state change there are significant changes in the magnetic flux lines FA1b& FA2bthat permeate the coil305and by Faraday's Law induce a voltage that is felt at the coil terminal ends305A &305B.

FIG.8Ashows a perspective view306A of the slider guide311where the elongated structure313has disposed the slider315(with its disposed slider magnet317) and is free to slide along the side rail guides331and the abutment wall311W is for stopping the slider315at the end of its travel during a push movement of the slider315.

FIG.8Bis a perspective view306B the underside view of the slider guide311wherein there are, at opposite ends of the slider a pair of protrusions329pfor inserting the rail on top of the coil bobbin303. Each of the two pairs of protrusions329pare configured to snap into matching holes in the two opposite end stationary magnet enclosures301L &301R.

FIG.9Ashows a top perspective view308A of the slider315. As shown, the slider315includes a heightened surface343sfor applying a finger for pushing, inner surface guide clearance tabs337r&3371that are in mechanical communication with the lower inner surface333of the runner rail guide as shown inFIGS.8A-8B, As shown, the slider315also includes top nubs335tdisposed on side tabs341located on opposite sides of the slider315that can be in contact with an enclosure cover to reduce friction during movement of the slider315, instead of a more voluminous construction that increases friction.

FIG.9Billustrates a bottom perspective view308B of the slider315. As shown, the slider315includes an arrangement of friction reducing nubs335udisposed on the underside surface areas the right and left of the slider magnet317that reduces friction during sliding along the elongated structure313(onFIGS.8A-8B). The side rails339sare fitted for movement and disposed on both sides of the runner rail side guides331that are shown inFIGS.8A-8B.

FIG.10Ashows a top perspective view310A of the base substrate345T for the generator comprised of the flat base planar surface301both left and right stationary magnet enclosures301R &301L each with two through holes329sfor the runner rail fittings329p(shown inFIG.8B). There is a solid centered rectangular protrusion325with a rectangular through hole325wwith an enclosed region less in volume that that of the centered rectangular solid protrusion325. The coil bobbin303(shown inFIG.2) is inserted in and over the solid rectangular protrusion for support and allowing for maximum proximal closeness to the stationary magnets327&307when either one or both magnets are utilized in the exemplary embodiments described and shown herein.

FIG.10Bshows a bottom perspective view310B of the base substrate345B showing the bottom side of a through holed protrusion325wthat contains two blind extrusions325c1&325c2where the rotating magnet's321two opposite end axles319A &319B are disposed within allowing the cylindrical magnet321(shown inFIG.11) to rotate freely 360 degrees of rotation. As shown inFIG.10Bthe base substrate345B has two through holes391A &391B for the end terminal wires305A &305B of the coil winding305to pass through, respectively, and there are two extrusions393A &393B acting as wire guides for the coil terminal wires305A &305B, respectively.

InFIG.11shows multiple views of the rotating magnet321, which includes a front view312A, a side view312B, and a perspective view312C. As shown in the front view312A of the rotating magnet321, the magnet321is a Neodymium cylindrical magnet that has a solid non-magnetic metal rod319disposed and passing through the rotating magnet center along its axis x1, and the non-magnetic metal rod319is equally extended beyond the length of the rotating magnet (which is diametrically poled through its diameter) so that there exists two opposite ended support axles of rotation319A &319B. As further shown inFIG.11, the side view312B shows the poles of the diametrically poled rotating magnet321; and, in the perspective view312C also included inFIG.11, the rotating magnet with its built in axles319A &319B is present without a separate enclosure to support a magnet that lacks axles for rotation. The inclusion of a disposed non-magnetic metal rod319can allow for faster production techniques and can provide a closer proximal distance between the magnets and the coil windings305; since the magnetic field varies to the inverse cube of the coil to magnet separation (in air) distance, thus optimizing the overall power performance of the present subject matter.

FIG.12Ais a typical measured output waveform during a slider push moving from a center position to an end position (seeFIG.6A). The oscilloscope waveforms show that there initially is a positive going large voltage spike402followed by a negative pulse yielding a value of +30.4 volts p-p405for a time measured along a horizontal base line of zero volts reference403, and as the rotating magnet bi-directionally rotates for a few cycles after the push is completed, a fast ring-down of the alternating waveform is shown in the effective window of useful duration401, and based on a minimum oscilloscope trigger level t11of +3.4 volts DC that gives for that initial pulse a useful window of 6 milliseconds. Then for the second cycle negative going second pulse404, its effective window is approximately 4 milliseconds, and finally a third lesser positive going pulse406that gives a window of 4 milliseconds. As such, a significant generated voltage is available for a duration of 14 milliseconds to supply energy to a load.

InFIG.12B, is a typical measured output waveform during a slider push moving from an end position to the center position (seeFIG.6B). The oscilloscope waveforms show that there initially is a negative going large voltage spike408yielding a value of −30.4 volts p-p405for a time measured along a horizontal base line of zero volts reference403, and as the rotating magnet bi-directionally rotates for a few cycles after the push is completed, a fast ring-down of the alternating waveform is shown in the effective window of useful duration401, and based on a minimum oscilloscope trigger level t12of −3.4 volts DC that gives for that initial pulse a useful window of 6 milliseconds. Then for the second cycle positive going second pulse410, its effective window is approximately 4 milliseconds, and finally a third lesser negative going pulse412that gives a window of 4 milliseconds. As such, a significant generated voltage is available for a duration of 14 milliseconds to supply energy to a load.