Cocoa shell extract

An extract is prepared by treating cocoa shells with acidified ethanol. Other features of the invention appear in the following specification.

The present invention is concerned with a flavouring and colouring material 
extracted from the shells or husks of cocoa beans. 
In the processing of cocoa beans, the shells are removed after roasting, 
usually by winnowing techniques. Hitherto there has been little economic 
use for the shells, and they have generally been disposed of as refuse or 
burnt. 
It has now been found that a water-soluble flavouring and colouring 
material may be prepared by extracting the shells with acidified ethanol. 
The extracted material has a berry-like taste and a characteristic colour 
and is especially suitable for incorporation in soft drinks, especially 
carbonated beverages. 
According to the invention, a process for preparing a cocoa shell extract 
comprises extracting cocoa shells with an acidified ethanol solution and 
separating the resulting extract from the cocoa shell residues. 
The ethanol may be acidified with any non-toxic acid. Preferred acids are 
hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as tartaric 
acid and citric acid. Hydrochloric acid leads to an extract having a 
desirable characteristic red colour. 
The acidified ethanol solution preferably contains 85 to 90%, 
advantageously 85 to 87% of ethanol and the balance acid. Extraction is 
preferably performed under reflux and the cocoa shells are preferably 
first ground to a particle size of from 50 to 1000 microns, advantageously 
200 to 400 microns. Under the above preferred conditions, a reaction time 
within the range 30 minutes to 2 hours gives a highly satisfactory 
extract. 
Extraction produces a liquid phase containing acid, ethanol and the 
extracted components mixed with a residual sludge. After cooling the 
mixture, the liquid phase is separated from the sludge, preferably in a 
filter press, and the sludge is discarded. Generally the bulk of the 
ethanol is removed from the extract to give a concentrated flavouring 
extract and this is advantageously achieved by distillation, which is 
preferably performed at atmospheric pressure. The residual extract after 
distillation typically contains about 5% by weight of ethanol and has a 
solids content of from 30 to 50%. 
The separated sludge contains a considerable portion of ethanol and this is 
advantageously recovered by distilling the residue. The ethanol so 
obtained is normally combined with that recovered from the extract and may 
be used for extracting a fresh batch of cocoa shells. 
While the scope of the invention is not to be limited by theoretical 
considerations, it is believed that the ethanol/acid solution acts not 
only as a solvent for the flavouring and colouring components but also as 
a hydrolytic or alcoholytic and esterifying and transesterifying agent. 
Thus a number of components are obtained in the extract which are not 
present as such in the cocoa shells, at least in monomeric form and these 
compounds contribute to the characteristic colours and flavours obtained. 
The liquid extracts obtained by the process of the invention may be used in 
a number of ways. When the concentrated extract is added to water, 
preferably carbonated, in quantities of the order of 0.3 to 0.9% by weight 
a highly satisfactory soft drink is obtained. The flavour is further 
improved by the addition of sugar, citric acid, etc. 
The flavouring can be used in either liquid or powder form. When used in 
the liquid phase the concentrated liquid extract is preferably mixed with 
water and sugar to give a stable easily-dispersed syrup which may be added 
to about 6 times its bulk of water, according to taste. The syrup 
typically contains 71/2 parts by weight sucrose and 61/2 parts by weight 
liquid invert sugar to 1 part concentrated extract. After mixing with 
water the beverage may be centrifuged to give an improved sparkling 
appearance. 
The extract may equally be used in the solid form. The concentrated liquid 
extract is mixed with powdered solid material, typically about nine times 
its weight of sugar and other solids and the mixture is agglomerated and 
dried, for example in a fluidised bed drier. The resulting powder is mixed 
with about 8 times its own weight of water according to taste. An 
effervescent powder may be made by incorporating sodium bicarbonate and a 
solid acid such as citric acid. The powder may, if desired, be pressed 
into tablets. 
The extract according to the invention may also be used as a flavouring and 
colouring material for various confectionery and ice-cream products. For 
example, the extract may be incorporated in confectionery coatings which 
typically contain 30 to 35% fat, at a level of 1.5 to 3.0%. In addition 
the extract may further be used in gelatine-type desserts, chocolate 
pudding (tinted red), baked pudding (coloured and flavoured), ribbon candy 
(coloured and flavoured), dietetic coating (coloured or flavoured), dark 
chocolate coating (coloured or flavoured), chocolate cake frosting (tinted 
red), and cake frosting and filling (coloured and flavoured).

The following Examples are given only for the purpose of illustrating the 
invention. All parts and percentages are by weight. 
EXAMPLE 1 
The shells are separated from roasted cocoa beans and coarse ground in a 
mill to give a particle size of 200 to 800 microns. 
One part of the ground shells is then extracted with 3 parts of a mixture 
comprising 13% concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) and 87% ethanol. The 
mixture is refluxed under atmospheric pressure for about 90 minutes, to 
give a mixture of liquid cocoa bean shell extract and a sludge containing 
the insoluble residue from the shells. 
The mixture is then filtered in a filter press to yield about 1.5 parts of 
clear extract and about 2.5 parts of residual sludge. 
The sludge contains a considerable amount of alcohol even after filtering 
and this alcohol is preferably recovered by distillation. A conventional 
still may be used and the condensed alcohol may be recycled. A typical 
batch of 2.5 parts of sludge yields 1 to 1.5 parts of alcohol. 
To obtain a non-alcoholic extract, the alcohol is evaporated from the 
extract to give a concentrated extract containing the colouring and 
flavouring material and residual acid. The solids content of the 
concentrated extract is about 35 to 40% and a batch of 1.5 parts by weight 
of alcoholic extract yields 0.5-0.75 parts by weight alcohol and 0.75-1 
parts by weight concentrated extract. 
EXAMPLE 2 
A syrup base for a carbonated beverage is prepared from: 
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Sugar 7.51 parts 
Liquid invert syrup 6.51 parts 
Water 3.75 parts 
Concentrated cocoa bean shell 
extract 1.07 parts 
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For preparing a beverage, the syrup is mixed with 0.36 parts of 10% 
phosphoric acid, 5.00 parts stabiliser (Viscarin No. 402, 270 mesh, 1% 
soln.) and 79.80 parts of carbonated water. 
EXAMPLE 3 
A mixture is made of 10% concentrated cocoa bean shell extract, 87% sugar 
and 3% citric acid. The ingredients are mixed, and dried in a fluidised 
bed drier. When mixed with 8 times its weight of water, this powder gives 
a pleasant non-carbonated beverage. 
EXAMPLE 4 
A mixture is made of 10% concentrated cocoa bean shell extract, 84% sugar, 
3% citric acid and 3% sodium bicarbonate. The ingredients are mixed and 
agglomerated as in Example 3. When dissolved in 8 times its weight of 
water this powder gives an effervescent soft drink. 
This mixture may also be pressed into tablets for more convenient packing 
and handling. 
EXAMPLE 5 
15 to 30 parts by weight of the concentrated cocoa bean shell extract are 
mixed with 1000 parts by weight of a vegetable fat or cocoa butter coating 
and the viscosity is adjusted by adding vegetable fat and/or cocoa butter. 
The mixture is refined to give a product which is easily moulded. Other 
flavours, e.g. Maraschino cherry may be added as desired to give a 
confectionery coating composition. 
The approximate compositions of the fat and cocoa butter coating obtained 
are as follows: 
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Vegetable fat 
Cocoa butter 
coating coating 
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Milk solids 20 parts 28 parts 
Suguar 51 43 
Fat 28 -- 
Cocoa butter -- 28 
Lecithin 0.5 -- 
Water 0.5 0.7 
Flavours 0.03 0.03 
Cocoa bean shell extract 
1.5-3.0 1.5-3.0 
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EXAMPLE 6 
A canned retorted gelatine dessert based on cocoa bean shell extract 
flavour may be prepared from the following ingredients: 
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Concentrated cocoa bean shell extract 
50.0 parts 
Granulated sugar 350.0 
Locust bean gum 2.4 
Carrageenans 2.4 
Ascorbic acid 0.7 
Salt 0.5 
Calcium sulfate 0.5 
Water 493.5 
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The dry ingredients are blended, mixed in water at 38.degree. C. and the 
resulting slurry is filled into cans. The cans are closed and retorted at 
99.degree. C. for about 10 minutes after which the cans are cooled quickly 
to 18.degree. to 21.degree. C. and stored. The gelled dessert is ready to 
eat from the can or may be chilled if desired.