Biological information detection apparatus

A biological information detection apparatus including a biological information detection and transmission unit mounted on a steering wheel for detecting and transmitting biological information of an operator of a motor vehicle; a biological information receiver mounted on a steering column that receives biological information detection and transmission unit; and a steering wheel position detector that detects a rotational position of the steering wheel; wherein the biological information detection and transmission unit includes a sensor for detecting biological information and generating a detection signal memory for storing the detection signal from the sensor; a transmitter for transmitting a detection signal from the memory; and a controller for controlling the storage of the detection signal in memory and the transmitting of the detection signal from the transmitter when the steering wheel position detector detects that the steering wheel is in a substantially straight driving position; and the biological information receiver includes a receiver which is mounted in a position whereby a detection signal from the transmitter can be received wirelessly when the steering wheel is in a substantially straight driving position.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to a biological information detection 
apparatus for detecting a driver's biological status information, such as 
heart beat rate and brain wave signals, while the person is driving or 
operating an automobile, boat, aircraft, or other vehicle. 
2. Discussion of the Related Art 
Devices have been proposed in recent years for monitoring the health of an 
operator of a motor vehicle by monitoring the operator's heart beat rate 
while driving to detect operator drowsiness, fatigue, irritability, or 
arrhythmia. Such devices typically have a sensor, such as a heart beat 
sensor, fastened to a steering wheel. The devices evaluate operator health 
based on the heart rate obtained from the heart beat sensor. A signal 
detected by such a sensor is typically transmitted by a wire harness 
inside the steering wheel, hub, and steering column to an evaluation 
device or other signal processing unit. These conventional monitoring 
devices are expensive because the steering wheel and column are generally 
standard safety components that must be redesigned in order to 
additionally incorporate the monitoring apparatus. 
To alleviate the costs of retrofitting, it is conceivable to use a standard 
steering wheel and column by transmitting detection signals from the 
sensor through a wire harness disposed externally to the steering wheel 
and column. However, in this configuration, the harness may be subject to 
short circuits as the steering wheel is turned during driving, and the 
wires may become wound around the steering wheel. This can lead to 
potentially dangerous situations while driving. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a biological information 
detection apparatus that substantially obviates one or more of the above 
problems due to the limitations and disadvantages of the related art. 
An object of the invention is to provide a biological information detection 
apparatus that does not require retrofitting the steering wheel or column 
and eliminates wire harness short circuits and winding of wire around the 
steering column. 
Another object of the invention is to provide a biological information 
detection apparatus in which a receiving means is preferably mounted in a 
position opposite a transmission means when the steering wheel is in a 
substantially straight driving position. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a biological 
information detection apparatus that comprises a diagnostic unit that 
diagnoses a health-related condition of an operator based on the detection 
signal received by the receiver, and a notification unit that notifies the 
operator of the diagnostic result obtained by the diagnostic unit. 
According to one aspect of the present invention, the transmitter contains 
a light-emitting element for transmitting the detection signal as an 
optical signal, and the receiver contains a receptor element for receiving 
said optical signal. 
According to another aspect of the present invention, the steering wheel 
position detector preferably comprises at least one light-emitting element 
and receptor element pair disposed in opposition on the steering wheel and 
steering column part when the steering wheel is in a substantially 
straight driving position. 
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the detection 
signal received by the receiver is wirelessly transmitted, and the 
diagnostic unit receives the wirelessly transmitted detection signal. 
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of 
the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, a biological 
information detection apparatus according to the present invention 
includes a biological information detection and transmission unit that is 
mounted on a steering wheel for detecting and transmitting biological 
information of an operator of a motor vehicle; a biological information 
receiver which is mounted on a steering column that receives biological 
information from the biological information detection and transmission 
unit; and a steering wheel position detector that detects a rotational 
position of the steering wheel. In this biological information detection 
apparatus the biological information detection and transmission unit 
includes a sensor for detecting biological information, memory for storing 
a detection signal from the sensor, a transmitter means for transmitting a 
detection signal from the memory, and a controller for controlling reading 
a detection signal stored in memory and the transmitting of the said 
detection signal from the transmitter when the steering wheel position 
detector detects that the steering wheel is in a substantially straight 
driving position. 
Furthermore, the biological information receiver includes a receiver which 
is mounted in a position whereby a detection signal from the transmitter 
can be received wirelessly when the steering wheel is in a substantially 
straight driving position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the 
present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying 
drawings. 
FIGS. 1 to 3 show a steering wheel assembly and steering column assembly 
according to the present invention. The steering wheel assembly 1 
comprises a steering wheel 2, a spoke 3 for supporting the steering wheel 
2, a hub 4 for supporting the spoke 3, and a steering shaft 5. The 
steering column part 6 axially supports the steering shaft 5 of the 
steering wheel assembly in a freely rotating manner. 
An infrared receptor 8 is mounted to the top center area of the hub 4 of 
the steering wheel part 1. Infrared emitters 9 and 10 are disposed on both 
sides of the infrared receptor 8. A pair of electrodes 14 and 15 are 
disposed on the surface on the right and left sides of the steering wheel 
2. These electrodes detect the driver's heart beat as the biological 
information of interest. A heart beat data transmission device 7 is 
disposed on a side of the hub 4, as a biological information detection and 
transmission unit. 
An infrared emitter 11 is located at the top middle of the steering column 
part 6, between two infrared receptors 12 and 13. The infrared receptor 8 
and infrared emitter 11, and the infrared emitters 9 and 10 and infrared 
receptors 12 and 13, are positioned such that they are mutually aligned 
when the steering wheel part 1 is positioned for driving in a 
substantially straight line. When the vehicle is steered in a straight 
line by means of the steering wheel 2, the infrared receptor 8 and 
infrared emitter 11, and the infrared emitters 9 and 10 and infrared 
receptors 12 and 13, are respectively positioned in opposition with no 
contact therebetween. The infrared receptor 8 and infrared emitter 11 
detect the turning position of the steering wheel part 1. The infrared 
emitter 11 and infrared receptors 12 and 13 are connected to a vehicle 
communications unit 26. 
FIG. 4 illustrates the heart beat data transmission device 7 according to a 
preferred embodiment of the invention. Reference numerals 8, 9, and 10 
denote the above-noted infrared receptor and infrared emitters. AC 
differential amplifier 16 detects a potential difference between 
electrodes 14 and 15. Low-pass filter 17 removes extraneous noise 
components from an output signal of the AC differential amplifier 16. 
Amplifier 18 amplifies low-pass filter 17 output. Analog-digital converter 
19 converts a heart beat signal from the amplifier 18 to a digital signal. 
CPU 20 controls the operation of the heart beat data transmission device 7 
based on the digital heart beat signal input from the A/D converter 19. 
Buffer 21 temporarily stores the digital heart beat signal. Drive circuit 
22 is for driving infrared emitter 9 based on a digital heart beat signal 
read from the buffer 21 and input by the CPU 20, drive circuit 23 is for 
amplifying to a specific signal level of a signal from infrared emitter 11 
that is received and photoelectrically converted by infrared receptor 8, 
end drive circuit 24 is for driving infrared emitter 10 based on a clock 
input thereto by the CPU 20. Clock generator 25 applies an operating clock 
to the CPU 20. 
FIG. 5 shows the vehicle communications unit 26. In this system, a heart 
beat signal is wirelessly transmitted from the heart beat data 
transmission device 7 to an external monitoring device 33 (FIG. 6), and a 
health condition of the vehicle operator is determined based on the heart 
beat signal. Vehicle communications unit 26 also contains a biological 
information receiver for the health condition result transmitted from the 
monitoring device 33. This vehicle communications unit 26 is mounted in 
the vehicle. 
Referring to FIG. 5, reference numerals 11, 12, and 13 denote the 
above-noted infrared emitter and infrared receptors; CPU 27 drives the 
infrared emitter 11 to cause an infrared beam to be generated, and 
controls the vehicle communications unit 26 based on signals from the 
infrared emitters 9 and 10 that are received and photoelectrically 
converted by the infrared receptors 12 and 13. Element 28 is a modulation 
circuit for modulating the digital heart beat signal output by the CPU 27. 
Amplifier 29 is for power amplifying the modulated signal from the 
modulation circuit 28. Demodulation circuit 30 is for demodulating a 
warning signal and heart beat data transmitted from the monitoring device 
33. Warning device 31 is driven by means of a signal from the demodulation 
circuit 30. In addition, element 32 shows a display monitor for 
graphically displaying a warning signal and heart beat data transmitted 
from the monitoring device 33, and ANT1 is an antenna for sending and 
receiving radio frequency signals with the monitoring device 33. 
FIG. 6 shows a monitoring device 33 containing a diagnostic system. In FIG. 
6, reference numeral 34 denotes a demodulation circuit for demodulating a 
modulated signal sent from the vehicle communications unit 26. CPU 35 
performs heart beat analysis based on a digital heart beat signal 
demodulated by the demodulation circuit 34, and diagnoses a health 
condition of the vehicle operator. Warning signal generator 36 is driven 
based on the analysis result from the CPU 35. Modulation circuit 37 is for 
modulating the warning signal from the warning signal generator 36. 
Amplifier 38 power amplifies the modulated signal from the modulation 
circuit 37. ANT2 is an antenna for sending and receiving radio frequency 
signals with the vehicle communications unit 26. 
The operation of the biological detecting apparatus now will be described. 
When an operator holds the steering wheel 2 with both hands in order to 
drive the vehicle, the operator's hands contact the pair of electrodes 14 
and 15 mounted on the surface of the steering wheel 2. The electrodes 14 
and 15 form a potential-type heart beat sensor such as is known in the 
art, and detect the pulse potential (cardiac action potential) between the 
driver's hands accompanying electric stimulation of the heart from the 
electrodes 14 and 15 to detect the heart beat. The voltage detected by the 
electrodes 14 and 15 is input to AC differential amplifier 16 to detect 
the potential difference between electrodes 14 and 15. The output from the 
AC differential amplifier 16 is input to the low-pass filter 17, which 
removes extraneous noise, such as noise produced by the vehicle, and 
passes only a 20-Hz heart beat signal component (approximately 20 Hz). The 
heart beat signal passed by the low-pass filter 17 is amplified to a 
specific level by the amplifier 18, and is then converted to a digital 
signal by the A/D converter 19. The digital heart beat signal waveform, 
that is, the digital cardiac action potential data, is input to the CPU 
20, and is temporarily stored in the buffer 21 by the CPU 20. The input 
time of the digital heart beat data to the CPU 20, which is indicative of 
the time that the driver's heart beat was detected, is also stored 
concurrently with the cardiac action potential data. It should be noted 
that the clock generator 25 supplies an operating clock to the CPU 20. 
A drive signal is applied to the infrared emitter 11 of the vehicle 
communications unit 26 by CPU 27, and the infrared emitter 11 is in a 
constantly emitting state while the vehicle is moving. When the driver is 
holding the steering wheel 2 of the steering wheel part 1 to drive the 
vehicle, the infrared receptor 8, disposed at the top middle part of the 
hub 4, and the infrared emitter 11, disposed at the top middle of the 
steering column part 6, become offset to a non-opposing position when the 
vehicle is not traveling in a straight line, such as when traveling 
through a curve. Since the steering wheel is tilted, the infrared receptor 
8 is unable to receive and detect light from the infrared emitter 11. When 
the steering wheel 2 is thus positioned, the heart beat data and time 
information stored to the buffer 21 are not read out and remain buffered, 
and new heart beat data output from the A/D converter 19 is stored with 
the corresponding time information in the buffer 21. 
On the other hand, when the vehicle is traveling straight, the infrared 
receptor 8, disposed on the hub 4, and the infrared emitter 11, disposed 
on the steering column part 6 are in opposing positions, and the infrared 
receptor 8 is thus positioned to receive light from the infrared emitter 
11. The infrared receptor 8 photoelectrically converts the detected light 
and generates a position detection signal as the detection signal is 
output therefrom to the drive circuit 23. When the detection signal 
amplified by the drive circuit 23 is applied to the CPU 20, the CPU 20 
determines that the steering wheel part 1 is in the driving straight 
position and reads and outputs the digital heart beat signal and time 
information stored in the buffer 21 to drive circuit 22. A synchronization 
clock is simultaneously output to drive circuit 24. Infrared emitters 9 
and 10 are driven by output from drive circuits 22 and 24 such that an 
infrared beam containing the digital heart beat signal and time 
information is emitted from infrared emitter 9, and an infrared beam 
containing the clock is emitted from infrared emitter 10. 
In this driving straight position, infrared emitter 9 and infrared receptor 
12, and infrared emitter 10 and infrared receptor 13, respectfully, are 
mutually opposed, and receptors 12 and 13 are able to receive infrared 
beams from the emitters 9 and 10. As a result, the digital heart beat 
signal and time information received and photoelectrically converted by 
infrared receptor 12, and the clock received and photoelectrically 
converted by infrared receptor 13, are input to CPU 27. CPU 27 is thus 
synchronized based on this clock, sequentially reads the digital heart 
beat signal and time information, and sequentially outputs to the 
modulation circuit 28 at a specific timing. The digital heart beat signal 
and time information are thus modulated with a specific carrier signal, 
power amplified by the amplifier 29, and transmitted from antenna ANT1. 
When the monitoring device 33 receives by means of antenna ANT2 the 
modulated signal carrying the digital heart beat signal and time 
information transmitted from the vehicle communications unit 26, the 
demodulation circuit 34 demodulates the received signal, and passes the 
demodulated signal to the CPU 35. Using a known method, the CPU 35 
calculates the heart rate and other heart beat data from a heart beat 
signal waveform (electrocardiographic signal), which changes over time and 
is obtained by the heart beat data transmission device 7. The CPU then 
performs a heart beat analysis and monitors irregularities, e.g., 
arrhythmia. If an abnormality is confirmed as a result of this analysis, 
the CPU 35 outputs a warning drive signal to the warning signal generator 
36, which generates a warning signal. This warning signal is modulated by 
the modulation circuit 37, power amplified by the amplifier 38, and then 
transmitted from the antenna ANT2. 
The warning signal transmitted from antenna ANT2 is received by antenna 
ANT1 of the vehicle communications unit 26 and demodulated by the 
demodulation circuit 30. To issue a warning by means of an audio signal or 
image, the demodulated warning signal is input to the warning device 31, 
which can be a speaker or display device installed in the vehicle. By 
recognizing this warning signal, the driver is informed that a 
health-related problem such as arrhythmia has been detected. 
FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show alternative versions of the heart beat detection 
electrodes mounted on the steering wheel 2 of the steering wheel part 1. 
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a plurality of electrodes 15 and 14' are 
alternately disposed on one right or left side of the steering wheel 2, 
and a plurality of electrodes 14 and 14' are alternately disposed on the 
other side. Electrodes 15 and 14', and electrodes 14 and 14' are 
electrically isolated. 
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, metal wire electrodes 15 and 14' are 
disposed parallel to each other following the line of the steering wheel 2 
on one right or left side of the steering wheel 2, and a similar metal 
wire electrode 14 is disposed on the other side similarly following the 
line of the steering wheel 2. 
The configuration of the differential amplifier 16 in a heart beat data 
transmission device suitable for use with heart beat detection electrodes 
is shown in FIG. 9. More specifically, electrode 15 and electrode 14 are 
connected to the non-inverted input and inverted input of differential 
amplifier 16, and electrode 14' is grounded. As a result, differential 
amplifier 16 outputs a potential difference between electrodes 14 and 15 
relative to the reference potential of electrode 14'. 
When an apparatus according to the invention is used in an operating system 
for a bus or taxi, the driver's biological information can be transmitted 
to the monitoring device 33 in real time. The driver's health condition 
can be analyzed by the monitoring device 33 while driving, and the driver 
can be immediately notified when a problem is detected. Since arrhythmia 
can result when operating a motor vehicle, due to stress or from fatigue, 
particularly in the elderly, major accidents can be prevented by informing 
the driver that a health-related problem has been detected. 
It should be farther noted that when the present invention is deployed in 
an operating system for a bus or taxi, the biological information 
detection apparatus can be configured so that the vehicle communications 
unit 26 only transmits biological information, and the driver is later 
notified directly when the driver's work duty is over and he or she 
returns to the monitoring center, garage, or other place where the 
monitoring device 33 is located. 
The present invention also can be adapted to a vehicle design system for 
use measuring how a driver's biological information changes when the 
steering wheel is turned. The resulting information can then be used to 
help design a steering wheel that is more comfortable for the driver to 
use. 
The present invention can be alternatively configured such that the heart 
beat analysis process is performed by the CPU 27 of the vehicle 
communications unit 26, the resulting electrocardiogram and other 
diagnostic information is successively displayed on a display monitor 32, 
heart beat data is stored to memory chronologically, and a warning device 
31 is driven to warn the driver when a problem is detected. In this case, 
the results of the analysis processed in the vehicle communications unit 
26 can be transmitted. Alternatively, it is not particularly necessary to 
provide the monitoring device 33. 
Furthermore, while a heart beat detection means using the potential 
difference between a pair of electrodes 14 and 15 is shown in the 
preferred embodiment, it is alternatively possible to provide an infrared 
emitter and an infrared receptor on the steering wheel 2 so that both 
elements are touched when the driver holds the steering wheel 2, and blood 
pulse information is thus detected. 
In addition, while the preferred embodiment of the invention has been 
described as detecting the heart beat as the biological information of 
interest, brain waves, blood pressure, and other biological signals can be 
detected. 
It will also be obvious that the infrared receptor 8 and infrared emitters 
9 and 10, and infrared emitter 11 and infrared receptors 12 and 13, can be 
respectively disposed to a side or bottom of the steering shaft 5 and 
steering column part 6, or to another desired location insofar as signals 
can be communicated between the respective elements. 
It should also be noted that a magnetic sensor can be used as the position 
detection means, the heart beat data transmission device 7 can be built in 
to the steering wheel part 1, and the vehicle communications unit 26 can 
be located in the trunk or other place inside the vehicle. 
As described above, it is possible by the present invention to reduce costs 
of retrofitting existing steering equipment, while preventing shorting or 
winding of a wire harness, when detecting vital biological status 
information received from sensors on the steering wheel. 
It is also possible to maintain high quality wireless data transmission for 
transmitting vital biological status information detected from sensors on 
a motor vehicle steering wheel, utilizing a steering wheel position 
detector that allows data transmission when the steering wheel is in a 
certain position. 
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and 
modifications can be made in the biological information detection 
apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit or 
scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the 
modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within 
the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.