Furnace for the heat treatment of lumpy to fine grained material

A furnace is disclosed for the heat treatment of mainly lumpy to fine grained material. The furnace is either a shaft furnace or a rotary furnace for the calcination or sintering of limestone, dolomite or magnesite. The calcination material passes through a preheating zone, a calcination zone and a cooling zone. The calcination zone has a gas feed and gas withdrawal device. A calcination device is provided in the calcination zone to which is connected a gas conveying device for the production of a hot gas circulation. The hot gas circulation device is situated between the gas withdrawal device and the calcination device and is provided as a conveying blower subjected to a cooling liquid.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to a furnace for the heat treatment of mostly lumpy 
to fine grained material, particularly shaft furnaces, rotary furnaces or 
the like. The furnace functions for the calcining or sintering of 
limestone, dolomite or magnesite, and wherein the calcining material 
passes through a preheating zone, a calcining zone, and a cooling zone. 
The calcination zone has a gas feed or gas discharge device, respectively, 
and a calcination device as well as a gas-conveying device for the 
production of a hot gas circulation. 
From German Pat. No. 1,034,090, a transverse flow shaft furnace is known 
which has gas collecting devices and heating devices. The hot gases 
required for the sintering of the calcining material are collected after 
flow-through of the material layer in the gas collecting devices and are 
reheated in the heating devices by means of injectors for the gas 
circulation. The conveyor means required for the gas circulation are in 
this connection provided as rigid injectors which circulate an essentially 
constant volume of fed-through hot gases. Disturbances occur with such a 
transverse or cross flow shaft furnace especially when, on account of an 
altered bulk density in the shaft and therefore altered pressure drag in 
the material column, the gas volume available to the particular injector 
is altered. 
From the German Pat. No. 1,558,057, a shaft furnace heated by transverse 
flow for the calcination of limestone is known, which has in the passage 
direction of the material a preheating zone, two calcination zones, and a 
cooling zone, whereby each calcination zone has quasi-closed hot gas 
circulation. The hot gas circulation is carried out such that each 
calcination zone is correlated with at least one jet blower or injector, 
respectively, which produces the kinetic energy necessary for the hot gas 
circulation. The circulation of the hot gases takes place from the 
injector into a calcination chamber, a gas collection chamber, the 
correlated calcination material layer, the discharging gas collection 
chamber, and through a circulation channel back to the injector. In the 
calcination chamber, fuel, and, as combustion air, cooling air from the 
cooling zone is introduced. Through the intensive hot gas circulation 
there results a very uniform calcination over the entire shaft 
cross-section. It has been shown, however, that with the trend towards 
always larger furnace units, that the initiation of jet blowers or 
injectors causes limits to be established for the maintenance of the gas 
circulation in each calcination zone. These limits have to do particularly 
with the high construction cost for these injectors. In the second place, 
with these injectors, for each calcination zone with large furnace units, 
only insufficient drops in pressure of up to about 70 mm water column can 
be produced, so that with the large furnace units, the kinetic energy 
required for the hot gas circulation can no longer be produced with 
injectors. Therefore, only furnace units up to 120 tons output per day are 
known. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Starting with the state of the art evaluated above, it is an object of the 
present invention to provide an improved heat-treatment furnace, 
particularly a shaft furnace for the calcination or sintering of 
limestone, dolomite or magnesite, so that with simple construction means, 
furnace units up to 400 tons per day output with low specific energy 
consumption and high thermal degree of efficiency may be constructed. 
This object is attained in that within the hot gas circulation, there is 
preferably arranged between the gas discharge device and the calcination 
device as a gas conveyor device a feed blower acted on with cooling means. 
Therefore, it is for the first time possible to provide directly in the 
hot gas circulation an optimally controllable gas conveyor device, which, 
in contrast with the rigid injectors previously used, produces in the 
calcination zone a drop in pressure of about 300 mm. water column, so that 
far greater quantities of gas per unit time may be concentrated on the 
calcination material to be calcined or sintered. This conveyor blower 
acted on with a cooling means may accordingly convey hot gases up to about 
1200.degree. C. in circulation between the gas withdrawal device and the 
calcination device, without the blower being subjected to thermal limiting 
stresses. The expensive construction structures for the arrangement of the 
injectors on the calcination shaft are eliminated, so that in all, the 
investment costs for the furnace installation may be appreciably lowered. 
In a development of the invention, it is provided that with a shaft furnace 
heated with transverse current with at least one calcination zone and gas 
supply or gas discharge chambers respectively arranged laterally on the 
shaft and correlated with each calcination zone, the cooled gas conveyor 
blower is arranged in the hot circulation channel between the gas 
withdrawal chamber and the calcination chamber, whereby an especially 
compact and sturdy furnace construction is attained. 
In a development of the invention, the conveyor blower is arranged outside 
on the shaft, and has its cooling apparatus attached with a closed loop 
cooling means conduit. This has the advantage that highly effective 
cooling means are supplied to the blower in a closed circulation, so that 
an exact adjustment of the temperatures may take place on the blower and 
the blower parts are in no case subjected to undesired high temperature 
ranges. In the second place, volatile constituents which are inclined to 
caking in the hot gases, are crystallized out directly on the relatively 
cold blower components and are re-conveyed back as solid components into 
the material fill, without the blower manifesting any cakings even with a 
very high content of volatile harmful components in the hot gases. 
Therefore high reliability operation of the blower and therewith of the 
entire furnace installation is attained. 
In a further embodiment of the invention, the heat exchanger of the blower 
or fan cooling apparatus serves as a heat exchanger for the fuels 
introduced into the calcination chamber. Therefore, an optimal utilization 
of the heat provided by the blower or fan is attained, and, particularly 
with oil-heated calcination chambers, through the preheating of the fuels, 
more rapid gasification in the calcination chamber and an optimal 
combustion without ignition delay is attained. 
In a further embodiment of the invention having a conveyor fan or blower, 
the blower shaft and/or the blower impeller or fan is constructed in 
hollow fashion and, in the blower hollow shaft or in the blower hollow 
fan, cooling means guiding devices are arranged, preferably cooling means 
conduits such that the blower parts may be cooled where the thermal load 
by means of the hot gases in the greatest. For this purpose the cooling 
means conduits of the blower shaft are in connection through a stationary 
distributor head with the stationary cooling means conduits of the heat 
exchanger, which advantageously is constructed as a honeycomb radiator or 
tubular radiator having air flowing therethrough. This embodiment is of 
advantage particularly when no fuel preheating is required with the heat 
exchanger, as for example with coal dust. The heat exchanging of the 
cooling means then takes place advantageously with the aid of a cooler 
having air flowing therethrough. 
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cooling means conduits in 
the hollow shaft of the blower are formed of a hollow cylinder aligned 
coaxially and spaced with respect to the hollow shaft. Therefore, through 
the resultant outer annular chamber the cooling means is supplied, and 
through the hollow cylinder the cooling means is discharged. With respect 
to the stationary distributor head, this results in an optimal conveyance 
of cooling means with the lowest hydraulic resistance. It is further 
suitable that the cooling means conduit in the blower fan or impeller 
advantageously runs in a meandering direction at the outer end of each fan 
blade, whereby it is insured that where high heat loads are to be expected 
on the blower blades, an optimal discharge of the heat through increased 
supply of cooling means is attained. 
Additionally, the hollow wheel of the blower may be joined through 
connecting conduits in the wheel hub with the hollow cylinder in the 
blower shaft, so that by simple construction, an optimal cooling means 
circulation is attained, particularly on the thermally stressed parts of 
the blower. 
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the 
conveyor blower and/or the blower parts are cooled by a cooling means, 
advantageously by means of a temperature-resistant, organic or inorganic 
liquid, which has a boiling point of more than 100.degree. C. and 
circulates in the closed circuit. Through this technique, with relatively 
low liquid temperature, a high heat discharge and therefore an improved 
cooling of the individual blower parts is attained, whereby peaks of heat 
on the blower parts may be diminished. In addition, the cross-sections of 
the cooler means conduits are selected so small, that even in 
complicatedly shaped blower parts, cooling means conduits may be disposed. 
Through the closed circulation of the cooling means, expensive, highly 
effective cooling means may be utilized, since new cooling liquid need not 
be constantly supplied. 
In a development of the invention, it is further provided that the cooling 
liquid for the blower is a heat carrying oil, particularly a silicon-oil, 
whereby it is attained with advantage that an operating temperature 
desired of more than 100.degree. C. is attained with a cooling means of 
the type commercially used. It is suitable that the operating temperature 
of the liquid is adjusted between 200.degree. and 270.degree. C., and 
preferably between 200.degree. and 220.degree. C. 
Furthermore, it is provided in an embodiment of the invention that the 
cooling liquid circulation for the conveyor blower is supervised by means 
of pressure controls, thermostats, flow meters, etc. Therefore, a directly 
operable reliable system is available for the supervision of the cooling 
circulation which immediately indicates a rise in temperature and/or a 
disturbance in flow-through of the cooling liquid, so that immediate 
countermeasures may be initiated. Therefore, a reliable cooling of the 
blower with reference to the characteristics of the material is insured.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
In FIG. 1 is shown a transverse current heated shaft furnace 1, partially 
in section. The furnace shaft 2 is separated into an upper preheating zone 
V, two calcination zones B.sub.1 /B.sub.2 arranged thereunder, and a 
cooling zone K. At the lower shaft end is located an apparatus, not 
illustrated in greater detail for the continuous withdrawal of the burnt 
material. 
In the calcination zone B.sub.2 as well as also in the calcination zone 
B.sub.1 above and not shown in greater detail, the rectangular shaft 2 
consists of two gas collecting chambers 3 and 4, arranged at both sides of 
the shaft, of which, the gas collection chamber 3 illustrates the gas 
supply chamber, and the gas collection chamber 4 the gas withdrawal 
chamber. Between these two chambers extends the shaft wall 6 provided with 
gas passage openings 5. Within the shaft moves the calcination material 7 
from above downwardly in a dense combustion or calcination material 
column. The gas supply chamber 3 is in connection with a calcination 
chamber 8 in which a calcination device 9 and a fresh-air conduit 13 is 
provided through which hot air is conducted out of the cooling zone K as 
combustion air into the calcination chamber 8. The gas withdrawal chamber 
4 has in the upper area a withdrawal opening 10 to which is attached a 
circulation channel 11, which is guided into the calcination chamber 8. In 
the circulation channel 11 is arranged a conveyor blower 12 acted on by 
cooling means for the maintenance of a closed hot gas circulation in the 
calcination zone B.sub.2. As the case may be, to the circulation channel 
11 may be attached a branch conduit from the fresh-air conduit 13. The 
calcination chamber 8, the calcination device 9 and the conveyor blower 12 
arranged in the circulation channel 11 are additionally arranged outside 
of the shaft as shown in broken lines. 
The conveyor blower 12 is attached to a cooling apparatus 14 arranged 
outside of the shaft with closed circuit cooling means. The feed of the 
cooling liquid to the hot gas blower 12 takes place in this connection 
through the conduit 15 and the return to the air-cooled heat cooler 16 
through the conduit 17. In the conduits 15, 17 are located the measuring 
and regulating devices required for the supervision of the circulation of 
cooling means, and indeed in each case in each feed and return conduit 15, 
17 a pressure monitor 18 and an emergency thermostat valve 19. 
Furthermore, the conduits 15 and 17 have flowmeters 20 for the cooling 
liquid which are constructed as aperture measuring devices with 
differential pressure manometers. For the rapid shut-off of the supply of 
cooling means, there is arranged in the conduit 15 a pneumatic valve 21. 
In the conduit for discharge of cooling means 17 there is arranged at the 
highest point of the circulation an equalization container 22 for the 
equalization of the change in volume of the cooling liquid and in front of 
the cooling means pump 23 is located an in-fill and after-fill container 
24 for the cooling means. The honeycomb radiator 16 is air-cooled and is 
equipped with a controllable cooling blower 25. A heat exchange 25' with 
the fuel for the calcination device 8 is also shown in schematic fashion 
by a dashed line. 
In FIG. 2 is shown on an enlarged scale the conveyor blower 12 particularly 
blower shaft 26 and blower fan wheel 27 for radial expulsion of air 
relative to an axis of the blower shaft and which is arranged outside on 
the shaft of the circulation channel 11. Both the blower shaft 26 as well 
as the blower wheel 27 are constructed in hollow fashion. In the hollow 
shaft 26 of the blower is arranged in coaxial spaced fashion a hollow 
cylinder 28 such that through the resulting outer annular chamber 32 the 
cooling means is supplied and is conveyed off through the hollow cylinder 
28. The cooling means annular chamber, as well as also the hollow 
cylinder, are in connection through a stationary distributor head 29 with 
the stationary cooling means conduits 15 and 17 which form with the air 
flow honeycomb radiator 16 in FIG. 1, a closed circulation for cooling 
means. The distributor head 29 is surrounded by a leakage housing, known 
per se. 
In the blower fan wheel 27 likewise constructed hollow, there are arranged 
on the outer end of each wheel blade 30 meandering baffle plates 31, to 
which the cooling means is conveyed from the annular chamber 32 of the 
blower shaft 26 through a conduit 23 arranged in the blower wheel. The 
inner chamber of the hollow wheel 27 of the blower is connected with the 
hollow cylinder 28 through a connecting conduit 34 which is arranged in 
the wheel-hub 35 of the blower wheel 27. 
The operation of the above described transverse current heated shaft 
furnace with cooler blower for the production of a closed hot gas 
circulation in the particular calcination zone B will now be described. 
The hot gases produced in the calcination chamber 8 flow out of the 
calcination chamber into the gas collection chamber 3. From there the hot 
gases pass through the gas passage apertures 5 in the shaft wall 6 
transversely to the passage direction of the calcination material into the 
densely packed calcination material layer, and then to the other side of 
the fill through the gas passage apertures 5 into the gas withdrawal 
chamber 4 and are collected there. From the gas withdrawal chamber 4, the 
hot gas is sucked through the withdrawal aperture 10 in the circulation 
channel 11 by means of the conveyor blower 12 which lies directly in a hot 
gas stream of approximately 800.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C. The conveyor 
blower 12 conveys the hot gas to the calcination chamber 8, into which 
fuels are introduced through the calcination device 9. There the fuels 
burn in an atmosphere enriched with oxygen, and with preheated fresh air. 
In this manner, there is supplied to the hot gas circulation in each 
calcination zone B the kinetic energy required for the multiple 
circulation of the hot gases in the calcination zone, whereby, with the 
blower within each calcination zone, an exact pressure drop adjustment of 
at least 350 mm water column is made possible. Therefore, an intensive gas 
circulation with a high volume of output is produced so that the quantity 
of heat is supplied to the calcination material located in the calcination 
zone even at a high calcination material feed through. This quantity of 
heat is necessary for an optimal combustion, so that even the finest 
stones may be burned. 
In order to prevent the gases from flowing through the shaft 2 in an upward 
vertical direction, there are arranged between each calcination zone 
B.sub.1 /B.sub.2 dense zones which prevent downflow of the hot gases into 
the calcination zone or preheating zone, respectively lying thereabove. 
The calcination material dropping into the cooling zone K out of the 
calcination zone is cooled in the same through cooling air 36 at a 
corresponding processing temperature, and processed further through 
withdrawal members not shown in greater detail. The cooling air heated in 
the cooling zone gives off to the calcination chamber 8 as combustion air 
the quantity of heat taken from the calcination material. 
A portion of the hot gases produced in the calcination zones B.sub.1 and 
B.sub.2 is deflected from the calcination zones and is conveyed through 
conduits extending into the furnace 1, not shown in greater detail, to the 
lumpy material in the preheating zone for preheating. 
The conveyor blower 12 is in connection through the distributor head 29 
with a closed cooling circulation 14 which is constructed as described 
above. The cooling of the blower with the cooling apparatus takes place by 
means of a temperature resistant heat carrier oil, particularly a silicon 
oil, which is regulated at an operating temperature between 200.degree. C. 
and 220.degree. C. In the stationary cooling means conduits of the cooling 
apparatus 14, corresponding regulating devices such as pressure monitor 
18, thermostat valve 19 and flowmeter 20 are arranged for the carrier oil. 
It is therefore possible to cool all blower parts lying in the hot gas 
flow (approximately 800.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C.) of the circulation 
channel 11, so that their temperature lies reliably below the maximal 
thermal stress of the material inserted. On the other hand, through the 
blower parts lying in the hot gas current heated to a maximum of 
240.degree. C., the harmful alkali or sulphur compounds inclined to caking 
are cooled in a shock manner out of the calcination material and 
crystallized out of the hot gases so that no deposits may form on the 
blower or on the blower blades, respectively, which either negatively 
influence the output characteristics of the blower or, however, lead to 
increased bearing loads on the blower. Through the use of the blower 
(cooled in closed circulation with a heat carrying oil) directly in the 
hot gas circulation of the calcination zone of a shaft furnace heated with 
a transverse flow, it has become possible for the first time to produce in 
each calcination zone such a high drop in pressure and to provide 
therewith such a high kinetic energy for the hot gas circulation, that 
furnace units are possible which have double the output compared with the 
transverse current furnaces previously equipped with injectors. 
The present invention is limited not only to shaft furnaces heated with 
transverse current for the calcination or sintering of limestone, dolomite 
or magnesite, but it may also be used where blowers must be inserted 
directly in a hot gas current, in order to produce for the gas requirement 
the required kinetic energy. 
Although various minor modifications may be suggested by those versed in 
the art, it should be understood that I wish to embody within the scope of 
the patent warranted hereon, all such embodiments as reasonably and 
properly come within the scope of my contribution to the art.