Seam design for seamed felts

An improved loop construction for use in closing the ends of an open papermaker's fabric is disclosed. The loop construction, as disclosed, is elongated to achieve a minimum loop length. The loop is formed by an arcuate portion which defines the free end of the loop and adjacent crossing portions which are interwoven with the fabric body in a repeated pattern. As a result of the disclosed construction, the continuous arcuate portion of the seaming loop is positioned vertically with respect to a plane through the horizontal plane of the fabric and the crossing portions are within 15.degree. of the perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the fabric.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to a joint construction for a papermakers 
fabric. More particularly, the invention relates to pintle seamed joints 
for papermakers wet press felts. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In conventional papermaking machines, wet felts convey the sheet of paper, 
paperboard, etc., from the wire or cylindrical mold through various water 
removing equipment. 
Such wet felts are often woven endless and are applied as such to the rolls 
of the papermaking machine. The installation of endless wet felts in the 
past has required cessation of operations for extended periods of time 
with the resultant loss of production from the paper machine. 
Recent developments have resulted in greater use of seamed press felts 
which are joined or seamed by a pintle to simulate the endless condition. 
This construction is generally described as a pintle seamed joint. The 
inability to produce a pintle seamed joint geometry which does not differ 
substantially from the plane of the fabric body has been a major fault 
with this newer construction. 
In view of the prior failures, the present invention teaches the use of 
stuffer yarns in an extended fabric weave loop adjacent the seam area. 
Although this is occasionally contray to the theory of continuing the same 
weave through the seam fabric area, the invention permits greater control 
over the seam configuration and in fact results in a more uniform fabric 
geometry at the seam. 
U.S. Pat. No. 2,883,734 provided a wet felt of a woven open-ended strip 
construction which was made endless by joining together the extensions of 
yarn from the weave of the felt at the joining ends thereof. One end of 
the wet felt is fed through the dryer section of the machine, until it 
completes a full loop. The yarn extensions at the joining ends of the felt 
are continuous with the weave system thereof and are used for joining 
together the two ends of the felt, and a textile yarn or cord is used to 
secure both sets of yarn extensions together and retain the two ends of 
the felt connected together to form an endless belt structure. Thus, the 
wet felt is installed without having to disassemble the machine. 
The art is replete with descriptions of seam constructions for papermakers 
felts; see for example the disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,883,734; 
3,283,388; 3,309,790; 4,123,022; 4,141,388; 4,186,780 and 4,364,421. In 
general, the seam constructions of the prior art have not been entirely 
satisfactory for all purposes and applications. The problem with the seam 
constructions of the prior art, is its geometry. That is, because the 
surface of the felt is not smooth there is an increased likelihood of 
sheet marking. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,590 issued Feb. 19, 1985 to Smith, attempts to solve 
this problem via a composite pintle including a polyester core and an 
outer low-melt polymeric sheath which has been softened and deformed. This 
composite pintle exhibits a profile which occupies void areas in the mesh 
of the helical fabric in the area of the pintle joint.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Certain terminology will be used in the following description for the 
purpose of simplified disclosure and is not intended to be limiting. 
FIG. 1 is a portion of a prior art seam construction in a woven fabric 
which includes a plurality of machine direction yarns 1 interwoven with a 
plurality of cross machine direction yarns 4. In order to seam the fabric, 
a plurality of integral contiguous seaming loops 2 are formed at each 
terminal end of the woven fabric. The seaming loops 2 are formed using 
techniques known in the art. To place the fabric in service, loops from 
each end of the fabric are intermeshed to form a channel and a pintle, 
such as 3, is inserted to retain the fabric ends together in a 
substantially continuous, endless structure. 
In the prior art construction, the machine direction yarn 1 is looped, 
reversed and passed in a mirror image weave with the end cross machine 
direction yarn 4. This may be done during weaving, which is preferable, or 
in a subsequent operation. The machine direction yarn 1 then forms a 
crossover 5 and a loop 2. The center to center distance between the last 
cross machine direction yarn 4 and the pintle channel or eye of loop 2 is 
designed D. The distance X indicates the overall free length of the loop 2 
from the center of the crossover 5. The distance C is the length of the 
crossover portion between yarn 4 and the pintle 3 in the eye of loop 2. 
The distance E is the length of the contact between the forward and 
rearward sections of the yarn forming the crossover 5. 
The prior art seam construction is deficient in that the distance D is such 
that the length C of the crossover portion is substantially elongated 
beyond the length E and a surface void or gap G is created in the 
respective paper carrying and machine side surface planes of the felt. The 
void or gap G tends to leave markings on the sheet, even after a batt is 
secured to the fabric. The prior art attempts to reduce the size of G, 
have not been altogether successful. 
FIG. 2 is a partial view of the forward section of the machine direction 
yarn 1 from FIG. 1. The solid plane F indicates a plane along the 
longitudinal axis of the forward section of the yarn forming crossover 5. 
The broken plane R indicates a plane along the longitudinal axis of the 
rearward section of the yarn forming crossover 5 and is a mirror image of 
the forward section. The plane H indicates the horizontal plane of the 
woven fabric through the center of the eye of loop 2. The plane v 
indicates the vertical plane perpendicular to plane H. The obtuse angle 
.beta. is directly related to the distances C and D. The greater these 
lengths differ, the more the angle .beta. will exceed 90.degree.. The 
acute angle .alpha. is likewise related to the distance C and D. As those 
lengths increase .alpha. is further decreased from 90.degree.. 
It has been found that in order to eliminate or substantially reduce the 
gap G, the angles .alpha. and .beta. should approach each other and 
90.degree. as closely as possible and the difference between planes F and 
R should approach zero. Stated in another way, the difference between the 
distances c and E approaches zero. 
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, FIG. 3, a machine direction 
yarn 11 extends over the end cross machine direction yarn 14, is formed 
into a loop of the length L and weaves back into the fabric in a mirror 
image. This produces crossover 18 and the loop 12. The loop length L, as 
shown, is at least three times the average diameter of the cross machine 
direction yarns plus the projected pintle diameter and the machine 
direction yarn diameter. As illustrated L is four times the average 
diameter plus the pintle and the machine direction yarn diameter. 
Accordingly, an elongated aperture 19 is created between the free end of 
the loop 12 and the contiguous fixed end thereof at crossover 18. Aperture 
19 always has a length of at least three times the average diameter of the 
cross machine direction yarn. A number of stuffers 16 are inserted in the 
aperture or channel 19 between the pintle 13 and the crossover 12. The 
remaining space in between the stuffers and the pintle accommodates the 
corresponding loop from the opposite end of the fabric. The addition of 
the stuffers 16 alters the loop geometry, at the crossover 18, to almost 
90.degree. and physically maintains that position. 
Generally, the more stuffers that can be inserted, the easier it becomes to 
form the optimum 90.degree. angle. That is, the angles .alpha. and .beta. 
come closer together and will more nearly approximate 90.degree.. 
Likewise, the distances C and E approach each other and the difference is 
ideally zero. Note that in the invention the distance E is measured to the 
first stuffer 16 which occupies the position of the pintle in the prior 
art construction. This is contrary to the prior art seam loop 
construction, where increasing the length of the loop increased the 
difference between the angle. It will be understood that as the length L 
increases, the amount of stuffers increases to create the required 
geometry. As can be seen by comparing FIGS. 1 and 3, the size of the 
geometrical void G is considerably smaller in the invention (FIG. 3) than 
the prior art (FIG. 1). 
FIG. 4 is a partial view of the machine direction yarn 11 in FIG. 3 and is 
comparable to FIG. 2. The angle .beta. indicates the angle from the plane 
H to the vertical plane V of the machine direction yarn at the crossover 
18. To get the best results the angle .beta. should approximate 
90.degree.. With an approximately 90.degree. angle, the dimension of the 
geometrical void in the surface of the seam construction will be 
minimized. This is indicated by the rearward portion of crossover 18 which 
is shown in phantom. Note that the crossover portions are nearly vertical 
and aligned with each other. 
FIG. 5 shows the seam construction of FIG. 3 with a batt 20 thereon. The 
batt can be needled into the stuffers 16 in the same manner as with the 
cross machine direction yarns 4. This enables the batt to be strongly 
anchored to the seam. In addition, the stuffers provide control over 
differences in the permeability and density between the seam area and the 
woven fabric. 
In FIGS. 6 and 7, the prime numbers indicate the identical counterparts of 
the opposing end of the woven fabric. 
FIG. 6 shows a partial surface view of the opposing terminal ends 17 and 
17' of the endless fabric belt, without a batt, being interconnected via 
the pintle 13. 
FIG. 7 is a cross section of FIG. 6 which more clearly shows the minimum 
geometrical voids G and G' and the final seam construction. 
To place the woven fabric of the invention in service, it is fitted around 
the usual cylinders with the terminal ends 17 a nd 17' juxtapositioned. 
The end loops 12 are then intermeshed to form the pintle channel 15. The 
free end of respective loop abuts the stuffers of the opposite end. A 
pintle 13 is passed through the pintle channel 15 to interconnect the 
fabric ends. Although an optimum 90.degree. angle at the crossovers 18 and 
18' minimizes the voids G and G', it is very difficult to obtain such 
complete control of the yarns. In practice, crossover portions, 18 and 18' 
which form a substantially vertical plane perpendicular to the horizontal 
plane of the fabric at about 90.degree..+-.15.degree. will provide the 
benefits of the invention. 
FIG. 8 is a side view of a seam construction in accordance with an 
alternate embodiment of the invention. This embodiment shows that the 
invention is equally applicable to multi-layered fabrics. In multi-layered 
fabrics, plural layers of cross machine direction yarns 34 are used to 
interweave with machine direction yarns 31. When plural layers of cross 
machine direction yarns are used, a corresponding increase in stuffer 
material 36 is used. This creates the same loop geometry 32 that is 
obtained in the preferred embodiment. Multiple pintles 33 may be used. 
FIG. 9 is a side view of another seam construction in accordance with an 
alternate embodiment of the invention. This embodiment also pertains to 
the use of multi-layered fabrics. As described above, multi-layered 
fabrics use plural layers of cross machine direction yarns 44 interwoven 
with machined direction yarns 41. Accordingly, for every increase in cross 
machine direction yarns a corresponding increase of stuffer material is 
used. However, this construction illustrates the use of a single layer of 
stuffer material 46 that equal the required stuffer area. Multiple pintles 
43 may still be used. 
With respect to actual construction of the fabric and the seaming loops, it 
is recognized that the fabric may be flat woven and the seaming loops 
formed through known loop forming techniques or back weaving. Likewise, 
the fabric may be woven endless or circular and that the loops be formed 
in the loom as part of the weaving process. These weaving techniques will 
be known to those skilled in the art. In the known techniques, a looping 
wire or similar device is used to form the actul loop and to simulate the 
pintle location during weaving. The stuffers will be placed within the 
loop aperture during weaving in the usual manner of applying stuffers to 
the woven fabric. During weaving, the stuffers are merely laid in the 
weave as it progresses on the loom without interweaving. Similarly, the 
stuffers may be inserted in a previously woven fabric during loop 
formation or back weaving. 
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the machine 
direction yarns of the fabric are woven as the cross machine direction 
yarns in an endless loom. Accordingly, the terms machine direction and 
cross machine direction will apply to the fabric on the papermaking 
machine and do not refer to its loom position. 
With reference again to FIG. 5, it will be appreciated that the batt zo can 
be applied to the woven fabric through needling or the application of 
adhesives. When needling is utilized it will generally stabilize the 
location of the stuffers through intermingling of fibers. When adhesives 
are utilized but do not penetrate to the level of the stuffers, it is 
preferred to fix the stuffer by other means. Thus, the stuffers may be 
retained relative to each other and the fabric by an adhesive. Likewise, 
the stuffers may be retained by application of a suitable material at the 
selvages of the fabric. Generally, papermakers fabric are subjected to 
heat setting and further processing which assist in stabilizing the 
fabric. The actual stabilizing method is subject to design considerations 
and will be known to those skilled in the art. 
With respect to the yarns employed in the present invention, it is 
preferred to utilize continuous monofilament yarns. However, it is 
recognized that multi-filament yarns and cotton count yarns may be 
utilized. With respect to the stuffer yarns, it will be recognized that 
the stuffers may be of the same material as the remainder of the fabric or 
may be selected for certain characteristics. Those skilled in the art will 
recognize that stuffer yarns are often spun yarns or cotton count yarns 
which are selected to achieve certain characteristics of permeability and 
density in the seam area. 
With respect to the yarn geometry, the present description has referred to 
circular yarns which may be generally described by their diameter or axis, 
see FIG. 3. However, shaped yarns, as shown in FIG. 10, compare with 
circular yarns and may be utilized in the present invention. By way of 
further explaining the invention, assume that the cross machine direction 
yarns are generally flat and rectangular as depicted in FIG. 10. ln this 
case, the horizontal axis yarn 52 will be treated as the longitudinal or 
horizontal component of the yarn for determining the length of the loop 
and the required aperture. The vertical axis 50 will correspond generally 
to yarn diameter in a circular yarn and will determine the height of the 
stuffer. 
A one to one correlation between the stuffers and the cross machine 
direction yarns is not required. Accordingly, one or more circular 
stuffers having a diameter which conforms to the vertical axis of the 
shaped monofilamet may be combined to produce the total horizontal length 
required in the aperture. 
In accordance with the above, it will be recognized that multilayer 
constructions will not require a one to one correlation between the 
stuffers and the cross machine direction yarns. Once again, it is the 
relationship between the total stuffer geometry and the cross machine 
direction geometries which must be harmonized. 
In general, the desired elongated loop may be initially formed by placing 
the machine direction yarns under tension. However, the application of 
tension to the fabric in the machine direction will often result in crimp 
interchange and shifting of the cross machine direction yarns. 
Accordingly, the stuffers may be utilized to preserve the weave structure 
and to prevent loop crushing. In addition, utilization of stuffers enables 
a loop structure having a gauge or caliper which is substantially 
identical to that of the fabric. Utilization of a smaller diameter pintle 
wire will reduce loop caliper. Although the elongated loop will not have 
the same rotational tendencies of the prior art loop, the stuffers help to 
maintain fabric caliper throughout the length of the elongated loop. By 
selecting stuffers which have an average diameter which is less than that 
of the cross machine direction yarns, it is possible to compensate for the 
crimp in the fabric weave and to obtain substantially the same caliper 
throughout the fabric and seam area. Furthermore, stuffers reduce the 
amount of tension which is required to preserve the elongated loop and 
ease in manufacturing of the base fabric. Stuffers present additional 
advantages which will be discussed in more detail hereinafter. 
With reference again to FIG. 7, it will be noticed that alternate stuffers 
among the stuffers 16 and 16' are shown with different cross hatching than 
in the prior figures. The differential cross hatching illustrated a 
construction in which certain of the stuffer yarns do not form part of the 
final running felt. Accordingly, selected stuffers are comprised of 
removable yarns. In the preferred embodiment, the removable stuffers are 
dissolving yarns, such as Solvron two-ply which is available from Hickory, 
N.C. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, fusible yarns are used 
in place of the soluble yarns. Thus, with reference to FIG. 7, the 
selected stuffer yarns 16 would be fusible yarns, such as fusible Wonder 
Thread monofilament nylon which is available from the Shakespeare Company 
in Columbia, S.C. 
At present, soluble yarns are preferred as the removable yarns due to their 
ability to be removed after installation of the felt on the papermaking 
equipment. The soluble yarns may be retained in the finished manufactured 
felt to preserve loop geometry. After the fabric is installed and placed 
under tension, the yarns are dissolved from the felts. Since it is 
desirable to have the option of removing the yarns during the 
manufacturing or at the installation, soluble yarns are preferred. 
With the use of fusible or meltable yarns in the alternative embodiment, 
the felt after the needling of batt 20 thereto is subjected to the yarn 
manufacturers suggested temperature and pressure in order to melt or 
remove the fusible yarns 16. As a result of the melting operation, the 
fusible yarns Will be dispersed throughout the felt and voids in the seam 
structure will be created as is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. 
FIG. 11 shows one half of the seam COnstruction of FIG. 7 with a batt 20 
thereon. The batt can be needled into the stuffers 16 in the same manner 
as with the cross machine direction yarns 4. This enables the batt to be 
strongly anchored to the seam. In addition, the stuffers provide control 
over differences in the permeability and density between the seam area and 
the woven fabric and permit balancing of the same between the fabric and 
the seam. 
FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate the construction of FIG. 11 with selected 
stuffers removed. FIG. 12 illustrates batt material 20 on the paper 
supporting surface only and FIG. 13 illustrates batt material on both 
surfaces. 
With respect to the pintle, it will be understood by those skilled in the 
art that one or more pintles may be used and that the pintles are not 
required to bear a one to one relationship with the cross machine 
direction yarns. However, it is expected that the actual dimensions of the 
pintle to be used with the fabric are considered in designing the loop 
geometry. 
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the many modifications to the 
above described preferred embodiments may be made without departing from 
the spirit and scope of the invention.