The invention relates to a double-action, two-piece antenna structure whose first antenna part, preferably a helix antenna (1), is fixedly connected to the antenna port of a radio communications set, and the second antenna port, preferably a rod antenna (2), is movable with respect to the first antenna part. In an active position, the second antenna part (2) is coupled to the first antenna part (1), forming a serial connection whose electrical length is as great as or greater than the electrical length of the first antenna part alone.

The invention relates to an omnidirectional antenna intended for radio 
frequencies, which can be pushed partly inside the case of a radio set to 
save space and which operates as an antenna both when pushed in and pulled 
out. 
The development of portable data transmission devices has resulted in a 
trend in which transceivers, such as mobile phones which operate on radio 
frequencies, are made increasingly smaller and lighter. This sets great 
demands on antenna structures because users assume that antennas do not 
considerably increase the outer dimensions of otherwise small radio sets, 
especially when the device is not in use but is carried, e.g., in one's 
pocket or briefcase. On the other hand, the fluency and reliability of 
telecommunications links require that antennas possess good electrical 
properties, and a mobile station in a portable position should also be 
able to receive calls transmitted by a base station. More accurate 
information about messages and power levels, which should be transmitted 
and received by an antenna, are included in the specifications of each 
data transmission system, an example of which is the specification of the 
GSM system mentioned in publication "M.R.L. Hodges, The GSM radio 
interface, British Telecom Technological Journal", Vol. 8. No 1, No 1, 
1990. pp. 31-43. 
In the following, a mobile phone is examined as an example of a radio set 
but the examination also applies on a more general level of transceivers, 
for which requirements are presented concerning both size and operation. A 
general solution is to provide the mobile phone with a double-action 
antenna which is mainly pushed inside the case of the telephone during the 
transportation and storage position, and which can be pulled out by the 
user when necessary. These two positions are called the "passive position" 
and the "active position". The antenna is constructed so that an operating 
part of the antenna remains outside the telephone case also in the passive 
position, through which the telephone is able to receive call messages. 
However, the electric performance of the antenna is much better in the 
active position, so in order to achieve a successful telephone connection, 
the user should pull the antenna into the active position when starting a 
call. 
One double-action antenna solution is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,687. 
In this solution, the double-action antenna comprises, according to FIGS. 
1a and 1b, two conducting antenna elements which are placed sequentially 
in an elongated antenna structure without a mutual, electrically 
transmitted connection. The top of the antenna comprises a conductor which 
is wound into a cylindrical coil, i.e., the so-called helix part 1, which, 
in the longitudinal direction of the antenna, is essentially shorter than 
a straight conductor, so-called rod part 2 which functions as the arm of 
the antenna. While the antenna is in the active position (FIG. 1a), the 
transceiver unit of the telephone is coupled to its lower end through 
sliding coupling 3 and it uses only the rod part as an antenna. In the 
passive position (FIG. 1b), rod part 2 is fully pushed inside case 4 of 
the telephone and the transceiver unit is coupled to helix part 1 through 
the "neck" of the antenna. Matching circuit 9 matches the respective 
impedance of the antenna to correspond to the impedance of antenna port 11 
of the radio set. One drawback in this arrangement is that since the rod 
and the helix parts are not in electric contact with one another, while 
one part is active, the other one is redundant in a way. Such an 
arrangement does not save very much space. 
One antenna solution, which has been used in portable radio sets for a long 
time, is a telescopic antenna which comprises nested, cylindrical elements 
which slide with respect to one another. The telescopic structure is 
expensive and relatively difficult to manufacture and it does not tolerate 
mechanical stress very well, therefore, it has not been particularly 
successful in mobile phones. 
Patent publication WO 92/16980 presents a double-action antenna solution 
according to FIGS. 2a and 2b, comprising, in a similar manner as in the 
antenna presented in publication U.S. Pat. No, 5,204,687, sequential helix 
1 and rod 2 parts which, in this case, are interconnected by using an 
electrically conductive connection. The idea of the invention is to 
dimension the rod part 2 and its push-in case 5 so that in the passive 
position (FIG. 2b) the rod part is seen toward the helix part as a very 
high impedance and does not effect the operation of the helix part as an 
antenna. An incorrectly dimensioned rod part would cause undesired 
reflections or unnecessary attenuation on signals when pushed inside. In 
the structure of publication WO 92/16980, rod part 2 is preferably 
dimensioned into a length of half a wavelength. Half of the wavelength is 
about 30 cm on a frequency of 450 MHz and about 15 cm on a frequency of 
900 MHz, therefore, the rod part of half a wavelength according to 
publication WO 92/16980 is still fairly long for modern mobile phones. It 
is obvious that even shorter solutions in antenna structures should be 
reached. 
In addition to the said drawbacks, the problem with the above-described 
double-action antenna structures is that if the antenna is not in either 
one of the extreme positions, no radiating element is coupled to the 
antenna port of the transceiver circuit of the radio set. If this is not 
taken into account when designing the antenna structure, the antenna port 
is seen as an open terminal in the transceiver circuit direction, whereby 
a major part of the transmitter power is reflected back to the transceiver 
circuit from the antenna port. 
A solution to the latter problem is known from publications WO 94/10720 
(FIGS. 3a and 3b) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,576 (FIGS. 4a and 4b), in which 
only one antenna element 2 is movable and the other antenna element, the 
helix element 1 in the solutions disclosed, is attached to the body 4 of 
the radio set and coupled permanently to antenna port 11 of the 
transceiver circuit through matching circuit 9. When the mobile antenna 
element 2 is pushed in, i.e., into the passive position, only the fixed 
antenna element 1 is used as the antenna. In the active position, the 
mobile antenna element 2 is switched on either electromagnetically, as in 
publication U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,576 (FIG. 4b), or galvanically through 
sliding coupling 3, as in publication WO 94/10720 (FIG. 3b), in which the 
both antenna elements are coupled in parallel to antenna port 11 through 
matching circuit 9. In these antenna arrangements, mobile antenna element 
2 must also be provided with a length of half a wavelength to ensure 
sufficient electric performance, which was stated above as being 
impractical with respect to modern mobile phones. 
The object of the invention is to provide an antenna structure which 
operates when retracted, when partly pulled out, and when completely 
pulled out, in a manner required by a data transmission system, preferably 
a mobile phone system, and which is very small in size. The structure 
should be simple to manufacture and should, with respect to manufacturing 
costs, be well-adapted to mass production of mobile stations. 
The object is achieved by using an antenna arrangement comprising a first 
antenna part, preferably a helix part, and a second antenna part, 
preferably a rod part, of which the first antenna part is fixed to the 
antenna port of a radio set and the second antenna part moves, with 
respect to the first antenna part, between two extreme positions, forming 
a serial connection with the first part in one of the positions. 
The antenna structure according to the invention is characterized in that 
in relation to the first antenna part, the second antenna part can be 
moved into a position where it is coupled to the first antenna part at a 
point between the first and second ends of the first antenna part, forming 
a series connection, which couples to the antenna port of the radio set, 
with at least that portion of the first antenna part which is between the 
said point and the said first end. 
The invention is based on the idea of coupling, in the active position, the 
second part of the antenna as an extension of the first part, whereby they 
form a series connection. The first part is preferably a conductor wound 
into a cylindrical coil, i.e., a helix antenna, and the second part is 
preferably a straight conductor, i.e., a rod antenna. When connected in 
series, they form a rod antenna shortened by an inductance (coil) which, 
in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the antenna structure, is 
shorter than the straight rod antenna of a corresponding electrical 
length. The helix antenna or a part thereof, which is connected between 
the antenna port and the rod antenna, can be called a shortening coil in 
such an arrangement. When the mobile rod antenna is in the passive 
position or between the extreme positions, only the helix antenna is used 
as the antenna. 
The invention is described in more detail with reference to the appended 
figures in which: 
FIG. 1a presents the double-action antenna structure known from U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,204,687 with the antenna pulled out, 
FIG. 1b presents the double-action antenna structure known from U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,204,687 with the antenna retracted, 
FIG. 2a presents the double-action antenna structure known from patent 
publication WO 92/16980 with the antenna pulled out, 
FIG. 2b presents the double-action antenna structure known from patent 
publication WO 92/16980 with the antenna retracted, 
FIG. 3a presents the double-action antenna structure known from patent 
publication WO 94/10720 with the antenna retracted, 
FIG. 3b presents the double-action antenna structure known from patent 
publication WO 94/10720 with the antenna pulled out, 
FIG. 4a presents the double-action antenna structure known from U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,868,576 with the antenna retracted, 
FIG. 4b presents the double-action antenna structure known from U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,868,576 with the antenna pulled out, 
FIGS. 5a and 5b present one embodiment of the antenna structure according 
to the invention with the antenna retracted and with the antenna pulled 
out, 
FIGS. 6a and 6b present a second embodiment of the antenna structure 
according to the invention with the antenna retracted and with the antenna 
pulled out, 
FIGS. 7a and 7b present a third embodiment of the antenna structure 
according to the invention with the antenna retracted and with the antenna 
pulled out, 
FIGS. 8a and 8b present a fourth embodiment of the antenna structure 
according to the invention with the antenna retracted and with the antenna 
pulled out, 
FIGS. 9a and 9b present a fifth embodiment of the antenna structure 
according to the invention with the antenna retracted and with the antenna 
pulled out.

FIGS. 5a, 5b-9a, 9b present the double-action antenna structure according 
to the invention, comprising a helix part 1 and a rod part 2. Helix part 1 
is galvanically connected to the antenna port of the transceiver part of 
the radio communication set, or to the antenna-impedance matching circuit 
(not shown in the figures), through connecting part 12 made of conducting 
material, which also connects the antenna structure mechanically to the 
radio communication set (not shown in the figures). Enveloping helix part 
1, protective cover 13 made of elastic material is provided, protecting 
helix part 1 and the juncture between the helix part and connecting part 
12. Both the connecting part 12 and the protective cover 13 comprise, in 
the middle thereof, a hole in the direction of the symmetry axis of the 
structure, where the rod part 2 can be moved in the direction of the 
symmetry axis. 
In the embodiments presented in FIGS. 5a, 5b and 6a, 6b the cylindrical 
coil conductor comprising helix part 1 is wound in different ways at 
different points thereof. The lowest turns are wound at a slight angle, 
whereby they form a thick supportive spiral 1d to provide a firm 
correction between helix part 1 and connecting part 12. Since the galvanic 
contact between connecting part 12 and supportive spiral 1d short circuits 
these turns, they do not belong to the actual radiating helix element 
which consists of three parts 1a, 1b, and 1c in the embodiment of FIGS. 5 
and 6. The lowest part 1a is wound at a fairly loose ascending angle. 
Above that, there is part 1c of a smaller diameter and ascending angle, 
called herein a coupling thread, through which helix part 1 is coupled to 
the pulled-out rod part 2. The diameter of the highest part 1b is as large 
as the lowest part 1a, but its ascending angle is more dense. The angle in 
the different parts of the helix part will be dealt with later on in this 
text. 
Rod part 2 comprises radiating rod element 2a made of conducting material, 
and dielectric protective material 2b which covers it and is preferably 
made wider at the upper end thereof for a good grip. In the embodiment of 
FIGS. 5a and 5b, a bushing-like widening 2c made of conducting material is 
provided at the lower end of rod element 2a, forming a galvanic contact 
between the lower end of rod element 2a and coupling thread 1c of the 
helix part when rod element 2 has been pulled out so far that said 
widening 2c touches coupling thread 1c. In the embodiment of FIGS. 6a and 
6b, protective dielectric material 2b of the rod part is made wider at the 
lower end thereof so that rod part 2 cannot be pulled completely through 
coupling thread 1c. In this embodiment, the coupling between the lower end 
of rod element 2a and coupling thread 1c is effected through an 
electromagnetic field. 
In the passive position, the rod part 2 has been pushed into its lower 
position, i.e., inside the outer shell (not shown in the figures) of the 
radio set, for the most part. Its protective cover 2b made of dielectric 
material is preferably slightly longer at the upper end thereof than rod 
element 2a made of conducting material and placed inside of it, whereby 
conducting rod element 2a is completely pushed inside the radio set in the 
passive position and there is only dielectric material inside the 
radiating helix element 1a-1c. This is advantageous from the point of view 
of the operation of the antenna because a conducting material inside the 
radiating helix element, i.e., in the area between the highest and the 
lowest turns would have an adverse effect on the electric performance of 
the helix antenna. Since helix part 1 is coupled to the antenna port (not 
shown in the figures) of the radio set through the supportive thread 1d 
and the connecting part 12, it functions as the antenna of the radio set 
in the passive position. 
A user can pull the rod part 2 outside the outer shell (not shown) of the 
radio set for the most part, whereby conducting rod element 2a is coupled 
galvanically or through an electromagnetic field, at the lower end 
thereof, to coupling thread 1c of helix part 1 in the manner described 
above. In this case, the radiating antenna of the radio set consists of 
the lowest part 1a of the helix element and of rod element 2a, which are 
connected in series. The arrangement can be described by saying that rod 
element 2a replaces the uppermost part 1b of the helix element in the 
active position. This position, in which rod element 2a participates in 
the operation of the antenna by emitting RF-power, is called the active 
position as above. 
In the embodiments presented in FIGS. 5a, 5b and 6a, 6b the dimensions of 
the helix part 1 are specified so that, in the passive position, the 
electrical length of radiating helix element 1a-1c should be a fraction of 
the wavelength used, such as .lambda./4, 3.lambda./8, or .lambda./2. The 
length of rod element 2a is preferably one quarter of a wavelength. In 
order for the antenna-impedance matching circuit (not shown in the 
figures) belonging to the radio set to function properly in both the 
active and the passive positions, the emitting antenna has to have the 
same electrical length in both positions. This requires that the part of 
helix element 1 that is replaced by rod element 2a in the active position 
(the uppermost part 1b in FIGS. 5 and 6), is electrically as long as rod 
element 2a. When rod element 2a replaces the uppermost part 1b of the 
helix element, the electrical length of the operating antenna remains the 
same. 
It is also possible to dimension the parts 1a-1c of the helix element and 
the rod element 2a so that, in the active position, the electrical length 
of the antenna formed as the serial connection of the helix element and 
the rod element is greater than the electrical length of the mere 
radiating helix element 1a-1c in the passive position. This is carried out 
by lengthening the rod element and/or by forming said coupling thread 1c 
exactly at the upper part of helix part 1. If the length of rod element 2a 
is kept at .lambda./4, helix element 1a-1c is provided with a length of 
.lambda./4 or 3.lambda./8, and coupling thread 1c is formed at the upper 
part of the helix part, the electrical length of the antenna in the active 
position will be .lambda./2 or 5.lambda./8, correspondingly. In order for 
the antenna-impedance matching to function properly, two impedance 
matching circuits (not shown in the figures) have to be made in the radio 
set for the active and passive positions, of which the right one is 
respectively selected by using, e.g., a separate switch (not shown in the 
figures). 
In the embodiments presented in FIGS. 7a, 7b and 8a, 8b helix part 1 is 
designed with a similar supportive spiral 1d provided at its lower part, 
as the one described above, but the actual radiating helix element 1e is a 
conical, helical conductor with a tapering diameter and a thickening angle 
of ascend. Conical widening 2e is provided at the lower end of rod part 2, 
which can be made entirely of conducting material, as in FIGS. 7a, 7b, or 
coated with a dielectric material as in FIGS. 8a, 8b. The shape and size 
of widening cone 2e correspond to the shape and size of the inner part of 
conical helix part 1e at the upper end thereof. The antenna structure is 
coupled to the antenna port (not shown in the figures) of the radio set 
through the supportive spiral 1d of the helix part and the connecting part 
12 in a similar way as above. 
When rod part 2 is retracted, helix element 1e functions as the antenna of 
the radio set. When the user pulls the rod part 2 into the active 
position, the conical widening 2e at the lower end thereof is placed 
against the topmost turns of conical helix element 1e from the inside, 
short circuiting them either galvanically (FIGS. 7a, 7b) or through an 
electromagnetic field (FIGS. 8a, 8b). In this case, the serial connection 
formed by the non-short circuited turns 1f of the helix element 1e and by 
rod element 2a function as the antenna of the radio set. 
In the embodiments of FIGS. 7a, 7b and 8a, 8b, the dimensions of the helix 
1 and rod elements 2a adhere to the same principles that were described in 
connection with the above embodiments. If the radio set only comprises one 
antenna-impedance matching circuit (not shown in the figures), which 
should operate in an optimal way both in the active and in the passive 
positions, the total electrical length of helix element 1e has to be the 
same as the combined length of its non-short circuited turns 1f and the 
rod element 2a in the active position. If there are two matching circuits, 
the electrical length of the antenna can change between the active and the 
passive positions. 
FIGS. 9a and 9b present one embodiment of the invention in which the design 
of helix part 1 deviates from the embodiments described above. Supportive 
spiral part 1d and the coupling through it and the connecting part 12 to 
the antenna port (not shown in the figure) is similar to the one above, 
but the diameter of radiating helix element 1g is constant throughout the 
whole length thereof. An electrically conducting body 14 is provided 
inside the helix element 1, dividing the helix element 1g into upper 1h 
and lower 1i parts and connecting the lower part 1i of the helix element 
and the rod element 2a in series in the active position, in the same way 
as coupling thread 1c presented in the embodiments of FIGS. 5a, 5b and 6a, 
6b. In the passive position, rod element 2 is again retracted and helix 
element 1g functions as the antenna of the radio set. In the active 
position, the coupler widening or coupling sleeve 2f of the lower end of 
rod part 2 is in contact with the said conducting body, whereby the series 
connection formed by the lower part 1i of the helix element and by, rod 
element 2a functions as the antenna. The same observations arc true for 
the dimensions, which have been presented in connection with the previous 
embodiments. 
Generally, if the antenna structure according to the invention is used to 
implement a double-action antenna whose electrical length should be the 
same in the active and the passive positions, rod part 2 has to replace, 
in the active position, a part of helix part 1 which is of the same size 
as its own electrical length. In light of the dimension examples (rod 
element .lambda./4; helix element .lambda./4, 3.lambda./8, or .lambda./2) 
presented above, it means that above the point where the lower end of rod 
part 2 is coupled to helix part 1 there has to be a part of the helix part 
whose electrical length is greater than, or at least as great as the part 
below it. This requirement is preferably met by winding the upper part of 
the helix part more closely, i.e., with a smaller ascending angle than in 
the lower part. If the desired distribution of the electrical length is 
achieved by making the helix more dense in this way, the diameter of the 
helix turn can increase, remain the same, or decrease towards the upper 
end of the helix part. If the ascending angle of the helix thread is kept 
constant throughout the entire length of the helix part, the requirement 
for the distribution of the electrical length can be met by increasing the 
diameter of the helix turn towards its upper end. Otherwise, the structure 
according to the invention can be used only to implement a double-action 
antenna which requires discrete antenna-impedance matching circuits for 
the active and the passive positions. 
The antenna structure according to the invention is small in size and its 
electric performance is good. Some emitting element is continuously in 
connection with the antenna port of the radio set, whereby there is no 
danger of transmission signals reflecting back to the transceiver circuit. 
All the parts of the antenna structure are suitable for mass production, 
and no strict tolerance requirements need to be set for them, whereby 
manufacturing costs remain reasonaable. 
The above-presented embodiments are intended to illustrate the technical 
implementation of the antenna structure according to the invention, and 
the invention is not limited to them, but it is possible, for those 
skilled in the art, to also implement other embodiments on the basis of 
the characterizing features presented in the claims. The present invention 
is not restricted to any particular application but can be used in 
antennas in different applications and on different frequencies, 
preferably on radio frequencies, such as the UHF and the VHF. The 
structure is preferably used in mobile phone antennas.