Hemostatic agent

A hemostatic agent and method for preparation thereof are described, said hemostatic agent comprising a carrier in the shape of flake or fiber having thrombin and Factor XIII fixed thereto, wherein said carrier is composed of a biodegradable material having a water absorption capability of about 50 weight percent or more, said flake has a longer dimension of about 5000 microns or less, a shorter dimension of about 3000 microns or less, and a thickness of about 2000 microns or less, and said fiber has a single yarn fineness of about 30 deniers or less and a yarn length of about 10 mm or less.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a hemostatic agent. In more detail, the invention 
relates to a hemostatic agent suitable particularly as the agent for 
hemostasis after therapy or diagnosis, as in the case of direct puncture 
or biopsy. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In recent years, therapies including direct puncture and biopsy in the 
medical field have been numerously performed, but in such cases, 
hemorrhage is inevitably induced, and it is clinically very important to 
stop the bleeding promptly. Since direct puncture or biopsy damages the 
blood vessels, hemorrhage from the injured site is inevitably caused, and 
if this bleeding continues for many hours, death may result. Accordingly, 
it is important to stop such bleeding promptly and surely. 
However, no fully satisfactory hemostatic agent for such bleeding is known 
at present. That is, no hemostatic agent is known that can stop the 
bleeding from the injured site to the lacuna (pit) produced at the 
body-tissue or viscera by puncture or biopsy by easy filling of the lacuna 
with sol-like substance. 
Reasons why such hemostatics have not so far been produced is that, 
according to the general theories of hemostatic therapy, it is to be 
better in the use of hemostatic materials under dry state, or that it is 
necessary to apply strong compression to the bleeding site. 
In view of the above theories, it would never be favorably considered to 
use a sol-type agent for administration of hemostatics, and thus sol-type 
has never been considered to exert an appropriate hemostatic effect, and 
thus a sol-type agent has not been adopted for actual clinical practices. 
At present, for the hemostasis of the above mentioned bleeding, a rod-like 
material referred to as a "sounding" or inner tube of a biopsy needle or 
puncture needle is inserted to obtain physical stoppage of the bleeding 
hemostasis by forming a blood clot. Such a method requires a long time for 
completing hemostasis, and sometimes complete hemostasis cannot be 
obtained; that is, even when the hemostatic function of the patient is 
normal, it is not certain that complete hemostasis will be achieved even 
after continuing compression for 10-15 minutes. Further, it is not certain 
that the accident (accidental death) due to the bleeding (after bleeding) 
for a long time will be prevented. Moreover, the above technique may not 
achieve hemostasis in patients with reduced hemostatic function. 
In the patient with reduced hemostatic function, there may be the case that 
hemostasis cannot be achieved and that the direct puncture and biopsy 
themselves should be abondoned. 
Accordingly, the production of a hemostatic agent for obtaining prompt and 
complete hemostasis has been eagerly waited. 
For obtaining such hemostatic agents, there are several types of 
techniques. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,233 refers to the exerting effect of fixing Factor XIII 
with thrombin to gelatin as a wound heeling material by accelerating the 
formation of insoluble fibrin; however, there is no mention of the 
hemostatic effect. 
Trans. Am. Soi. Artif. Intern. Organs, Vol. XXVIII, 1982, pp464-468 and J. 
J. Artificial Organs (Jinko Zoki), Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981, pp1079-1082; Vol. 
11, No. 6, 1982, pp958-961 describes the use of the gelatin material on 
which Factor XIII and thrombin are fixed as a suitable occulding material 
for transcatheter embolization; that is, an absorbable gelatin sponge 
(e.g., Spongel, trademark of Yamanouchi Pharm. (5.times.2.5.times.0.5 cm)) 
is fixed with thrombin and Factor XIII, then sliced, followed by mixing 
with contrast medium to form a sol-material, and using it as occulding 
material. However, this method accelerates insoluble fibrinformation by 
infusing the material into the blood vessel through an angiographic 
catheter. Thus, it does not suggest the performance of hemostasis by 
applying this agent for bleeding at a lacuna-site from the injured blood 
vessel by administration into micro-lacunae or pits (pores) occurring in 
the tissues or viscera. In the above mentioned J. J. Jinko Zoki, Vol. 11, 
No. 6, 1982, p.959, it is simply noted that it is applicable as a topical 
hemostatic material among its possibilities for clinical application. 
Whereas the administration method estimated from this phrase is similar to 
the usual administration method of Spongel (trademark) used as carrier, 
that is, this material formed in the shape of a dry cuboid is pressee and 
attached on the bleeding site, and it does not contain any hint of a 
method to treat the hemorrhage after an operation with direct puncture or 
biopsy. As mentioned in the above, by the conventional techniques, there 
is no review and no clarification of the optimum state for hemostasis in 
the bleeding after direct puncture and/or biopsy. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
This invention is intended to provide a hemostatic agent particularly 
suitable for hemostasis after an operation with direct punctur or biopsy. 
For achieving such objectives, extensive research has been conducted and, 
as a result, the hemostasis agent produced by the fixation of Factor XIII 
and thrombin to a carrier in the specific shape of the biodegradable 
material (a substance absorbable in living tissues) having a water 
absorption capability of 50 weight percent or more has demonstrated the 
following features. 
(A) Sol-formation can be promptly conducted by mixing the material with a 
medium such as physiological saline solution and aqueous calcium chloride 
solution, etc., and it is easily infused into the bleeding site through a 
puncture needle or biopsy needle. 
(B) Since this is a sol-form with water as a medium, the compression effect 
against hemorrhage is lower, and yet, it shows excellent hemostatic 
effect. 
(C) This hemostatic effect is observed multiplicatively or synergically 
only under the presence of both thrombin and Factor XIII. 
Thus, the present invention is directed to a hemostatic agent comprising a 
carries in the shape of flake or fiber having thrombin and Factor XIII 
fixed thereto, wherein said carrier is composed of a biodegradable 
material having a water absorption capability of about 50 weight percent 
or more, said flake has a longer dimension of about 5,000 microns or less, 
a shorter dimension of about 3,000 microns or less, and a thickness of 
about 2,000 microns or less, and said fiber has a single yarn fineness of 
about 30 deniers or less and a yarn length of about 10 mm or less. 
For a main use of the hemostatis agent of this invention, the agent is 
mixed with media such as physiological saline solution or aqueous solution 
of CaCl.sub.2 for sol-formation, which is infused into a bleeding site by 
direct puncture or biopsy through a puncture-needle or biopsy needle. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Biodegradable material according to this invention should have a 
water-absorption capability of about 50 weight percent or more. When the 
water-absorption capability is less than about 50 weight percent, if it is 
mixed with a medium like water, the material is not transformed to an 
injectable sol-form promptly, e.g., within 2-3 minutes, and thus it is not 
suitable. On the other hand, a preferable water-absorption capability is 
less than 1000 weight percent, and that less than 500 weight percent is 
more preferable. 
It is difficult to obtain the smoothly injectable sol-form in the case of 
an excessively high water-absorption capability. Herein, water-absorption 
capability is defined by the formula shown the below. 
##EQU1## 
Said carrier material constituting the hemostatic agent of this invention 
should have a biodegradable property being absorbed into the living tissue 
so that there is no necessity of further action such as removal thereof 
after the initial application to the affected site. 
Preferable materials for this purpose include collagen, gelatin chitin, 
fibrinogen, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, glycolic acid-lactic acid 
copolymer, polyglutamic acid, amylose, and oxidized amylose. Gelatin, 
collagen and chitin are espesially favorably used. 
For the carrier of the flake type used in this invention, the longer 
dimension is generally about 5000 microns or less, and preferably is from 
200 to 1000 microns, the shorter dimension is generally about 3000 microns 
or less, and preferably is from 200 to 800 microns, and the thickness is 
generally about 2000 microns or less, preferably is 800 microns or less, 
and more preferably is from 50-800 microns (including micro-grain type). 
For the carrier of the fiber type used in this invention, the finess of a 
single yarn thereof is generally about 30 deniers or less, and preferably 
is from 0.5 to 15 deniers, and the yarn length is generally about 10 mm or 
less, preferably is less than 3 mm and more preferably is from 50 to 3000 
microns. 
Outside of the foregoing values, it is difficult to obtain a uniform 
sol-state by the media such as physiological saline solution, etc., and, 
also, clogging will tend to occur because sol-state substance does not 
pass through the syringe or catheter smoothly. Especially, substances with 
higher values than the above levels will tend to be defective when smooth 
flow is required through a syringe of 23-gauge, 25-gauge, or thinner 
diameters. 
Thrombin used for this invention is a protainase to convert fibrinogen into 
fibrin. Thrombin is isolated from human, bovine, swine blood, and the 
like. While in application for the treatment of man, it is preferable to 
use human thrombin. 
Factor XIII (also referred to as FXIII) used for this invention is called 
fibrin-stabilizing factor, and it directly acts on non-stabilizing fibrin, 
being involved in the formation of isopeptide bond among fibrin-molecules. 
Factor XIII is isolated from human or bovine blood or placenta; however, 
in application for human treatment, it is preferable to use Factor XIII 
derived from human sources. Factor XIII and thrombin can be fixed by 
bonding or adsorbing in the carrier, and for bonding, it is possible to 
adopt the conventionally well known covalent bond or ionic-bond, as 
described in O. Zaborsky, Immobilized Enzyme, CRC Press, 1973. 
For covalent bond of carrier with Factor XIII and thrombin, among the 
methods that may be used are: (1) use of dehydrating condensation agents 
such as dicyclo-hexyl carbodiimide, 
1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carboimide-metho-toleune sulphonate, 
etc.; (2) treatment with Factor XIII and thrombin after introducing a 
formyl group by the treatment of the carrier with glutaric aldehyde or 
polyaldehyde such as dialdehyde-starch, etc.; (3) introduction into the 
carrier with a chlorotriadzinyl group by cyanul chloride, an epoxy-group 
by polyglycidyl derivatives such as ethylene glycol, tetramethyl glycol, 
glycerin, etc., an isocyanate-group by polyisocyanates such as toluene 
diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, etc., an acid anhydride group by 
maleic acid polyanhydrides such as copolymers of maleic acid anhydride, an 
iminocarbonate group and a bromo-acetyl group by bromocyan instead of 
polyaldehyde. By such methods, it is possible to adopt the bonding methods 
of thrombin and Factor XIII by the use of function group formable of these 
covalent bonds. 
For ionic bond of thrombin and Factor XIII with the carrier, it is possible 
to use the carboxyl group of the carrier, or as mentioned above, the 
carrier introduced with a formyl group, an imino-carbonate group, a 
bromo-acetyl group, an acid anhydride group, an isocyanate group, an epoxy 
group, a chlorotriadzinyl group, is aminated by the treatment with 
polyamines such as polyethylene imine, etc., and it is carboxylated by the 
treatment with aminocarboxylic acids such as glycine, etc., therefore, 
ionic bond can be made for thrombin and Factor XIII with the carrier 
introduced with a carboxyl group and an amino-group as ion-exchange group. 
Among these, a favorable method is ionic-bonding with an amino group of 
thrombin and Factor XIII by the use of a carboxyl group possessed by the 
carrier, from the viewpoint of less inactivating degree for thrombin and 
Factor XIII. 
For adsorption of Factor XIII and thrombin into the carrier by physical 
adsorption method or entrapping method, it is possible to perform 
procedures as described below. 
The carrier-wettable solvent can be mixed with Factor XIII and thrombin for 
dissolution, and carrier is treated by the resultant solution and, as a 
result, Factor XIII and thrombin can be adsorbed physically. Under the 
mixed aqueous solution state, activity loss of Factor XIIIa (activated 
Factor XIII by thrombin) is so fast, thus it is better to suppress the 
treating time to not more than about 10 minutes, and preferably the 
treating time is from 3 to 5 minutes. As solvent, water is preferably 
used, and the most preferably adopted method in all fixing methods is to 
treat the carrier by aqueous solution of thrombin and Factor XIII. Also, 
the temperature of aqueous solution is preferably not more than 15.degree. 
C., and more preferably is from 0.degree. to 7.degree. C., because as the 
temperature of the solution increase activities of thrombin and Factor 
XIII decreases. The entrapping method covers Factor XIII and thrombin in 
micro-fine lattices of gel for inhibiting disconnection from the carrier. 
In either fixing method for Factor XIII and thrombin by the above mentioned 
methods, Factor XIII and thrombin may be simultaneously fixed, or Factor 
XIII may be fixed firstly, followed by fixation of thrombin. In the latter 
method, the order of the Factor XIII and thrombin to be fixed is not 
limited. Also, by previous and separate manufacture of the fixed Factor 
XIII and thrombin, these materials may be mixed or laminated. Moreover, 
upon manufacturing the hemostatic agent of this invention, it is possible 
to fix Ca-ion related to the activation of Factor XIII for the carrier. 
Further, for the manufacture of hemostatic agent of this invention, if 
desired, it is possible to fix drugs such as anti-plasmin agents, 
bacteriocides, antibiotics, hormones, and anti-cancer agents with the 
carrier as with the Factor XIII and thrombin. There is no particular 
limitation on the amounts of thrombin and Factor XIII fixed on the 
carrier, but for instance, in the use as hemostatic agent for the bleeding 
after biopsy in man, the amount of thrombin would generally be from 0.1 to 
5000 units, preferably from 1 to 10000 units per injection, more 
preferably from 10 to 5000 units, and most preferably from 75 to 750 
units. As to the amount of Factor XIII, the amount would generally be from 
0.001 to 50000 units per injection, preferably from 0.01 to 5000 units, 
more preferably from 0.25 to 1000 units and most preferably from 2 to 350 
units. 
In exceeding 50000 units of Factor XIII and thrombin, no-increase of 
hemostatic effect is obtained, and side effects may appear. Also, 
insufficient hemostatic effect may be obtained by using less than 0.1 unit 
and 0.001 unit, respectively. The desirable amount of hemostatic agent of 
this invention per injection is generally from 1 to 5000 mg, preferably 
from 10 to 1000 mg, and more preferably 50 to 500 mg. The injection of an 
amount exceeding 5000 mg will induce higher burden against the tissue of 
injecting site, while an injecting amount less than 1 mg shows 
insufficient hemostatic effect. The desirable fixing amount of thrombin to 
the carrier is from 0.001 to 1000 units per mg, more preferably from 0.05 
to 50 units per mg and most preferably from 0.5 to 5 units per mg. The 
desirable fixing amount of Factor XIII to the carrier is generally from 
0.0001 to 100 units per mg, preferably from 0.001 to 10 units, and most 
preferably from 0.01 to 2.5 units per mg. 
It is difficult to make uniform fixation of Factor XIII and thrombin with 
carrier in exceeding 100 and 1000 units per mg respectively. Even if 
fixation is made, hemostatic effect is not so elevated, and rather, it is 
unfavorable in considering the possibility of increasing side effects by 
the administration of drugs in more than a necessary amount. Moreover, 
hemostatic effect is insufficient at the amounts of less than 0.01 unit 
per mg and 0.001 unit per mg, respectively. The hemostatic effect is lower 
by fixing thrombin alone or Factor XIII alone. Synergistic effects can be 
obtained by fixing both simultaneously. 
The hemostatic agent of this invention is usually filled in a vial and an 
ampule made of glass or plastic material which are available for packing 
of medicine, and after sol-formation by the media such as water, etc., at 
the time of use, it is used by suction into a syringe. More particularly, 
it is conveniently injectable by connecting a syringe with puncture needle 
or biopsy needle after sol-formation in a syringe by inducing a liquid 
medium such as physiological saline solution, distilled water for 
injection or aqueous calcium chloride solution from the outside after 
filling the hemostatic agent in the syringe initially. 
Moreover, it is possible to conduct automatic mixing for this hemostatic 
agent by the invention with physiological saline solution, etc., by the 
action in breaking the negative pressure (i.e., lower than atmospheric 
pressure) at the time of use after previous setting of the container at 
negative pressure when being filled with hemostatic agent of this 
invention. The sol-concentration of the agent is generally from 5 to 500 
mg/ml, preferably from 10 to 250 mg/ml, and more preferably from 20 to 150 
mg/ml. The hemostatic effect tends to be insufficient at a 
sol-concentration less than 5 mg/ml, whereas a sol-concentration over 500 
mg/ml is too thick to be uniform or homogenous for use, or it is difficult 
for injection by a fine needle.

Hemostatic agent by this invention is most favorably used with the best 
hemostatic effect against bleeding after an operation with direct puncture 
or biopsy, and prompt hemostasis can be obtained thereby. Moreover, even 
conventionally inoperable cases with an increasing tendency toward 
bleeding by preoperative tests can be treated by the use of the hemostatic 
agent of the present invention. Moreover, the hemostatic agent by this 
invention exerts its efficacy for ordinary hemorrhage, namely, the 
bleeding by both surgical treatments and injuries. As in the following, 
detailed explanation is made on this invention with reference to examples. 
EXAMPLE 1 
Biodegradable powder gelatin (200 mg) {Gelform powder (product of Upjohn) 
with water-absorption capability of 500-800 weight percent, mixture of 
flake substance in its longest dimension from 20 .mu.m to 200 .mu.m} was 
soaked in 4 ml of mixture aqueous solution consisting of 3 ml of aqueous 
solution of thrombin powder {condensed dry preparation of human thrombin 
(product of Green Cross), dissolving 1 bottle thereof (500 units) in 5 ml 
of water.} and 1 ml of aqueous solution of fibrogamin {condensed dry 
preparation of Factor XIII (product of Hoechst, Behling Institute), 
dissolving 1 bottle in 25 ml of water.} for 2 minutes at 0.degree. C. 
Thereafter, by freezing and drying at -60.degree. C. for 30 hours, 
powder-gelatin was fixed with thrombin and Factor XIII by ionic-bonding 
and physical adsorption, and thus the hemostatic agent was obtained. 
The adsorbed amount of thrombin was about 300 units/300 mg and that of 
Factor XIII was about 10 units/200 mg. 3000 units/kg of heparin (Novo 
Heparin Inj., products of Novo Ind. A/S) was injected caudal venously in 
female rats (Crj; Spracue-Dawley rat, body weight about 500 g), and 
hepatic biopsy was performed by the use of a biopsy-needle (product of Top 
Co., Ltd., thin type, outer needle-thickness 1.70 mm, length 72.5 mm; 
inner needle thickness 1.40 mm). Immediately thereafter, distilled water 
for injection 0.1 ml was infused into the syringe in which 2 mg of the 
hemostatic agent previously prepared filed, and this syringe was mounted 
with outer cylinder of biopsy needle, then, while slowly drawing the outer 
cylinder, gel-formed hemostatic agent was infused. After drawing out the 
outer cylinder, bleeding was observed, thus the time up to hemostasis was 
measured, and the similar test was performed for 6 rats. As a result, the 
time until hemostasis was 32, 5, 4, 35, 2 and 18 seconds for the 
individual rats. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
Hepatic biopsy was performed for other 6 rats similar to Example 1. 
However, hemostatic agent was not infused as in Example 1, and compression 
hemostatic was performed by the use of ordinary sounding, then, the 
measured time until hemostasis was 540, 560, 590, 480, 390 and 420 seconds 
for the individual rats. 
EXAMPLES 2-5 AND COMATIVE EXAMPLES 2-6 
Heparin (Novo Heparion Inj. (Novo Ind. A/S) 7500 units/kg was caudal 
venously injected in female rats (Crj; Spracue-Dawley Rat, body weight 
about 200 g), then, hepatic biopsy was performed by the use of biopsy 
needle (Silverman Biopsy Needle, outerdiameter 3 mm, length 20 cm), 
immediately thereafter, distilled water 0.5 ml was infused into the 
syringe filled with 10 mg of hemostatic agent prepared by the producing 
method based on Example 1 as shown in Table 1, and after making it 
sol-formation, this syringe was mounted on the outer cylinder of 
biopsy-needle, and sol-agent was injected into the site of biopsy. 
Immediately after injection, outer cylinder of biopsy needle was drawn 
out, and the time up to hemostasis was measured. Similar test was 
performed in 3 rats, and the results are shown in Table 2. 
TABLE 1 
______________________________________ 
Used Hemostatic Agent 
Example No. Thrombin (unit)* 
Factor XIII (unit)* 
______________________________________ 
Comparative 
Example 
2 0 0 
3 75 0 
4 750 0 
5 0 2 
6 0 350 
Example 
2 75 2 
3 750 2 
4 75 350 
5 750 350 
______________________________________ 
Note. *For powder gelatin 150 mg, fixed thrombin units, and Factor XIII 
units 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Mean Value 
Time Needed for Hemostasis 
by 3-Times 
Rat No. 1 Rat No. 2 Rat No. 3 Test 
(second) (second) (second) (second) 
______________________________________ 
Compara- 
tive 
Example 
2 998 864 873 912 
3 762 728 878 789 
4 712 645 700 686 
5 884 813 892 863 
6 853 721 780 785 
Example 
2 244 213 224 227 
3 193 246 184 208 
4 239 203 194 212 
5 168 192 236 199 
______________________________________ 
As shown in Table 2, hemostatic time was remarkably long when both thrombin 
and Factor XIII showed "O", or either one showed "O" (i.e., in the 
comparative examples). While hemostatic time is extremely shortened when 
both exist. This fact shows that the hemostatic effect of the hemostatic 
agent of this invention shows a synergistic effect by the combination of 
thrombin and Factor XIII. 
EXAMPLE 6 
May pack (a temporary or emergency covering material for a cutaneous 
defect, which is a atherocollagen fiber aggregation, produced by Meiji 
Seika) was minced in a homogenizer, and 200 mg of fiber aggregation 
consisting of fiber with a maximum length of 2.5 mm with the single yarn 
fineness of maximum 10 deniers could be obtained, and its water-absorption 
capability was 98-weight percent. This substance was soaked in a mixture 
solution consisting of 5 ml of aqueous solution of thrombin powder 
condensed dry preparation of human thrombin (product of Green Cross), 
dissolving 2 bottles thereof (1000 units) in water 5 ml and 5 ml of 
aqueous solution of fibrogamine {condensed dry preparation of Factor XIII 
(Hoechst, Behling Laboratories), dissolving 2 bottles in water 5 ml} for 
one minute at 4.degree. C. Thereafter, the substance was frozen and dried 
at -40.degree. C. for 20 hours, and thus the hemostatic agent with Factor 
XIII fixed at about 2.5 units and thrombin fixed at about 5 units per mg 
of Maypack was obtained. This hemostatic agent 38 mg was formed into "sol" 
by 0.5 ml CaCl.sub.2 (2-weight percent), and it was injected into rats for 
hemostatic testing as in Example 1. The observed time until hemostasis was 
obtained were 13, 31, 4, 30, 4 and 3 seconds for the six individual rats 
tested. 
EXAMPLE 7 
Oxycellulose cotton (absorbable oxidized cellulose cotton type, product of 
Sankyo Co., Ltd.) 200 mg was washed in aqueous solution 200 ml of 
0.5N-calcium acetate at room temperature for 2 hours, followed by washing 
with water. Then, it was dried in air, and thus neutral oxycellulose 
cotton was obtained. This substance was a fiber aggregation consisting of 
fiber with water-absorption capability of 65 weight percent, and a fiber 
length maximum of 1500 microns and single-fiber fineness maximum of 3 
deniers. Treated in a manner analogous to Example 1, a substance with 
Factor XIII fixed at about 0.5 unit and thrombin fixed at about 1.5 unit 
per mg of neutralized oxycellulose cotton was obtained. This substance was 
combined at an amount of 40 mg with 1 ml of physiological solution, 
whereby, after 10 seconds, a uniform sol-form was obtained. The resultant 
sol smoothly passed through a B 23G-syringe needle. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 7 
From oxycellulose cotton as used in Example 7, the material with a fiber 
length over 15 mm was collected. Then, as analogous operation was made as 
in Example 7, except for the neutralizing operation by calcium acetate, 
and thus oxycellulose cotton fixed with Factor XIII and thrombin was 
obtained. Using this fixed oxycellulose cotton, the analogous test to that 
of Example 7 for passing through the needle of the syringe was conducted. 
However, no uniform sol was obtained, and the sol was not easily passed 
even through an 18G-needle. 
While this invention has been described in detail and with reference to 
specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the 
art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without 
departing from the spirit and scope thereof.