Compensating structures and reflector antenna systems employing the same

A compensating structure includes layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches configured to provide phase and/or amplitude distribution modification of feed primary patterns.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates generally to communication systems and, in particular, to multi band satellite or earth station antennas with coincident or multiple beams.

BACKGROUND ART

Satellite based communication systems provide an outstanding solution for the delivery of video to the consumer. However, to remain competitive with alternative delivery methods, such as cable and digital subscriber line, the satellite systems must provide a greater variety and quantity of content. Additionally, the introduction and migration to high definition television consumes larger amounts of the available spectrum. Thus, there is a continuously increasing requirement for greater bandwidth in satellite systems.

Initially, direct broadcast satellite systems operated in the Ku band, and received signals from a single satellite in geosynchronous orbit with a reflector less than one half meter in diameter. Increasing the capacity of such systems was achieved with multiple beams receiving signals from two or three satellites in geosynchronous orbits with 9 degree spacing. The reflector size was only slightly increased to compensate for the loss in gain on the offset beams.

To further increase capacity of such systems it is necessary to make use of satellites operating at Ka band with 2 degree orbital spacing. The antennas must be capable of receiving multiple beams in multiple bands while remaining less than 1 meter in diameter. However, the narrow beam angle of the ka band satellites forces the antenna feeds to be separated from each other by a distance that is proportional to the tangent of the beam angle and the reflector size. As a consequence, the antenna must be much greater than one meter in diameter to allow the feeds to be properly spaced such that the resulting beams are separated by two-degree angles. Large antennas are acceptable for some commercial operations; however they are unacceptable for consumer applications (e.g., where home owners associations limit the antenna dimensions to less than one meter).

It would be useful to be able to address the above deficiencies and to provide a small, multi-beam, multi-band reflector antenna with high efficiency and narrow beam separation.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In an example embodiment, a reflector antenna system includes (or is provided with) one or more differential gain compensating structures formed from multiple layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches providing phase and amplitude distribution modification of feed primary patterns. For purposes of the present description, the term “non-uniform array” means an array with conductive patches that are not equidistantly spaced and/or that are not equal in size. The non-uniform arrays of conductive patches provide a differential phase delay proportional to the conductor density and are arranged in layer pairs to minimize the reflection coefficient of the pairs. By way of example, the compensating structures function as lossless lenses to collimate, squint, de-squint, sector and compensate the primary radiation pattern, resulting in improved efficiency and interference rejection by modifying the secondary beam pointing angle, side lobe level and null locations in multiple beam, multiple band antennas.

In various embodiments, differential gain compensating structures according to the present invention serve to position multiple feeds, operating in different frequency bands, in convenient locations around the focus of a (small) reflector while achieving beam-pointing angles that are different than would occur from positioning the feeds without the differential gain compensating structures.

In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for changing the beam pointing angles of a multi-beam antenna is provided. In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for modifying the phase and amplitude of one feed in a different way than that of a second feed is provided. In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for increasing the illumination and spillover efficiency of an antenna system is provided. In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for improving the interference rejection from adjacent satellites or terrestrial sources by judicious placement of nulls or control of side lobe levels is provided. In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for producing coincident beams where multiple feed locations would otherwise preclude the coincident pointing angles is provided. In various embodiments, a system or mechanism for retrofitting additional feeds to an existing antenna system with physical constraints that preclude the desired beam pointing angles is provided.

Referring toFIG. 1A, according to an example embodiment, an antenna system100includes a reflector102, a feed104(H2) and a transmissive differential phase and amplitude compensating structure106configured as shown. Signal S2is communicated from the feed104(H2) through the compensating structure106where the signal is squinted inward towards the axis of the antenna and then squinted back out towards the center of the reflector102, where it is then reflected off the reflector surface108at an angle θ2with respect to the antenna axis110. The angle θ2is less than that which would be achievable without the compensating structure106.

Referring toFIGS. 1B and 1C, in this example embodiment, the compensating structure106includes multiple layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches G11, G12, G13and G14configured as shown. In this example embodiment, the layers are paired such that G11and G12form one layer pair and layers G13and G14form a second layer pair. In this example embodiment, the layers are separated by low dielectric constant foam, ER11and ER13, with a distance that is a quarter of the effective wavelength or less, such that each layer pair produces a very small reflection coefficient. Unrelated pairs are spaced much greater than a quarter wavelength, by a similar low dielectric constant foam, ER12, and do not significantly interact with each other. The low dielectric constant foam is, for example, Polystyrene or Polyimide foam with a density of between 2 pounds per cubic foot to 12 pounds per cubic foot.

Referring toFIG. 1B, signal S1is communicated from feed114(H1), which is located on the axis of the reflector antenna, through the compensating structure106, and is reflected off the reflector surface along the reflector axis. The compensating structure106shapes the primary radiation pattern from H1without squinting the signal S1.

The phase and amplitude distribution of the respective signals are modified by the compensating structure106such that the spherical phase fronts, WS1and WS2, surrounding feeds H1and H2, respectively, and centered along the axis and at X2from the axis, respectively, having cos(x−x2) amplitude distributions, are transposed into sin(x−x1)/(x−x1) or other non-linear phase and amplitude distribution at the far side of the compensating structure where, X1<X2.

The reactive near field distribution at the surface of the compensating structure106transforms to the radiating near field or far field in propagating towards the surface of the reflector, into a second spherical phase front, with a sector of uniform amplitude distribution across the aperture of the reflector. This sector pattern rolls off rapidly before reaching the edge of the reflector such that the secondary radiation pattern side lobes are minimized and the spillover energy is also minimized. In this example, the reflector surface is substantially parabolic or shaped to specifically eliminate any residual phase errors across the reflector surface, essentially converting the transformed non-linear waves into the desired plane waves, WP1(not shown) and WP2(FIG. 1A), radiating at the desired beam pointing angle θ2with respect to the axis110of the antenna. The entire system described above is passive and reciprocal, and as such, the same discussion holds true for both transmitting and receiving modes of the signals S1and S2.

Referring toFIG. 1C, the arrays are formed from conductive patches120on a supporting film122with dimensions that are functions of position x, y and z, with a width W (x,y,z) and length L (x,y,z), where W and L are less than a quarter wavelength across, and are arrayed with center to center conductor spacing of SW (x,y,z) and SL (x,y,z). The conductor density is related to the patch dimensions and patch spacing by
Density(x,y,z)=(L(x,y,z)*W(x,y,z))/(SL(x,y,z)*SW(x,y,z))
For densities approaching 100%, the patches120alternate on both sides of the supporting film122, such that there is always a gap between adjacent patches120of no less than the thickness of the supporting film122. At 100% density, the conductor pattern is a self-complementary structure on each side of the film122, with the conductor pattern on the top-side, being offset from the pattern on the bottom side by the width of the patch in two dimensions.

Referring toFIG. 1D, the desired transmission phase delay can be selected to obtain the optimum layer separation and conductor density. For example, to obtain a phase delay of 100 degrees, we enter the chart from the left side at the 100 degree line, moving across until intersecting the phase curve. At this point we move up or down the chart until intersecting the optimum separation curve. The ideal layer separation in free space wavelengths is then found on the right side of the chart at 0.095 wavelengths. Continuing down to the bottom of the chart we identify the required conductor density at 90%. Computation of the patch dimensions and spacing are then performed using the equation above.

Referring toFIG. 1E, the reflection coefficient versus frequency is shown for four different conductive layers with differing conductor densities. Trace1shows the frequency response for a single layer conductive array with resonant frequency at F3. The reflection coefficient rolls off very slowly as the operating frequency moves away from resonance. Trace2is a plot of a two-layer array with resonant frequency also at F3. The frequency response of the two-layer array rolls off much faster than the single layer array of comparable conductor density. In this case the conductor density and layer spacing are set such that the null below resonance occurs at frequency F0. Trace3is a plot of a two-layer array with resonant frequency now at F2, where F2is at a frequency lower than F3. However the conductor density and layer spacing is set such that the null below resonance remains at frequency F0. Trace4results from an array pair with conductor density and layer spacing set to provide a resonant frequency at F1and a null at frequency F0. F1occurs at a frequency lower than F2. The differences found in plots2,3and4are a result of the increasing conductor density producing a more rapid roll off of the reflection coefficient with frequency. It should be noted that the frequency of the null at F0is inversely proportional to the layer separation. Thus by properly selecting the conductor density and layer separation, the compensating structure106can provide different amounts of transmission phase delay while simultaneously providing a low reflection coefficient. It can be seen that the transmission phase delay through each layer is inversely proportional to the difference in frequency between F0and F1, or F0and F2, or F0and F3. Thus a high conductor density produces a rapid roll off from F1to F0, and an associated large phase delay compared to the layers with low conductor density and slow roll off between F3and F0. Adjusting the layer spacing maintains the low reflection coefficient at F0in the operating band.

FIGS. 1F–1Jillustrate example conductive array layers that produce different functions based on the principles discussed above. In various embodiments, each layer performs a different function. In various embodiments, several functions can be combined into a single layer. By way of example, the functions of the individual layers include collimating, squinting, de-squinting, sectoring and compensating of the primary radiation patterns of multiple feeds.

Referring toFIG. 1F, in an example embodiment, a collimating and compensating array layer130(G11) is configured with conductive patches as shown to narrow the radiation pattern coming from the feeds, H1and H2. The patch array pattern shown inFIG. 1Fprovides a collimating lens effect for three separate feeds. The conductor density is greatest at the center of the feed axis and decreases radially outward from the feed axis. This allows a transformation of a concave spherical phase front to a planar or convex phase front at the near field region adjacent to the feeds. The phase distribution and resulting radiation pattern of each feed can be modified independently when the array layer130is located closest to the feeds.

FIG. 1Gshows an example embodiment of a squinting array layer140(G12) configured with conductive patches as shown to squint the beam from the feed in one direction ranging from several degrees up to about 20 degrees. In this example embodiment, the density of the patch array varies such that a phase progression of 120 degrees per wavelength is achieved across the aperture of the feed. This produces a beam squint of 20 degrees for the primary radiation pattern from the feed. The layer G12squints the outer feed patterns in towards the axis of the antenna for feed H2and its mirror image on the opposite side of the antenna axis, but does not impact the pattern from feed H1.

FIG. 1Hshows an example embodiment of a de-squinting array layer150(G13) configured with conductive patches as shown. The de-squinting array layer G13is similar to the squinting grid G12, except that the conductive patches are extended to cover a larger area. With the conductive pattern of G13being nearly identical to that of G12, the pattern is de-squinted by the same amount as it is squinted. Thus the amplitude distribution of the original feed pattern, only modified by the collimating grid G11, is replicated in the plane of G13. However the phase distribution is significantly altered such that the phase center is transposed from a distance of X2from the antenna axis, to a distance of X1from the antenna axis. This facilitates the ability to achieve small beam separation angles of secondary radiation patterns that are not otherwise possible.

FIG. 1Jshows an example embodiment of a sectoring array layer160(G14) configured with conductive patches as shown to transform the cos(x) phase and amplitude distribution from the feed into a sin(x)/(x) phase and amplitude distribution at the plane of G14. The conductor density is set to provide a near 180 degree transmission phase delay in several narrow concentric rings surrounding the beam peak of the squinted/de-squinted feed pattern after passing through array layers G11, G12and G13. It is not necessary to have complete circular symmetry in this layer. The azimuth and elevation plane dimensions of the concentric rings can be different from each other to produce sector radiation patterns with different azimuth and elevation plane primary beamwidths.

In combination, the four array layers G11, G12, G13and G14transform a cos(x−x2) distribution at the feed aperture to a sin(x−x1)/(x−x1) distribution at the outer surface of the compensating structure106, where x1and x2are shown inFIG. 1B. The resulting primary radiation pattern illuminates the surface of the reflector with a spherical wave that appears to emanate from a point that has been transposed from position x1to position x2, with near uniform amplitude distribution and a rapid roll off near the edges of the reflector.

Other types of patches, loops, strips, slots or apertures can be utilized in the grids. Likewise their function can be combined with that of the dielectric to increase bandwidth of the system. Many different phase and amplitude distributions can be realized through the compensating structures described herein.

Various embodiments are directed to multi beam, multi band reflector antenna systems where the beam pointing angles are very small for the relative size of the antenna or the geometry of the antenna requires the feeds to be positioned in locations that would produce undesirable beam pointing angles and where high efficiency and significant off bore-sight rejection are required. An example embodiment of an antenna system includes a reflector, a multiplicity of feeds, and a compensating structure disposed between the feeds and the reflector. By way of example, the compensating structure includes multiple layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches. The dimensions of the patches are less than a quarter wavelength across. The layers are paired up and separated a distance such that each pair produces a very small reflection coefficient. The spacing of a related pair of layers is a quarter of the effective wavelength. Unrelated pairs are spaced much greater than a quarter wavelength, and are not affected by mutual coupling. Each layer performs different functions or can have several functions combined in a given layer. The functions of the individual layers include collimating, squinting, de-squinting, sectoring and compensating of the feed primary radiation pattern. The squinting and de-squinting array layers are used to re-locate the phase center position, x2, from one or more of the feeds to a location, x1, that is laterally displaced from its original position, while maintaining the illumination efficiency of the reflector. The collimating and sectoring arrays are used to transform a cos(x) distribution at the feed aperture to a sin(x)/(x) distribution at the outer surface of the compensating structure. Combining all of the above functions, the primary radiation pattern is transformed from a cos(x−x1) distribution at the feed aperture to a sin(x−x2)/(x−x2) distribution at the outer surface of the compensating structure. The resulting primary radiation pattern illuminates the surface of the reflector with a spherical wave emanating from a point that has been transposed from position x1to position x2, with near uniform amplitude distribution and a rapid roll off near the edges of the reflector. This produces a substantial increase in antenna efficiency while maintaining low side lobe levels on the secondary radiation pattern.

In the transmissive compensating structure, it has been observed that a useful range of phase shift is achieved simultaneously with very low reflection coefficient by using two identical layers of arrays with appropriate spacing. The arrays are non-uniform across the surface to provide a phase shift variation as a function of position. Depending on the amount of phase shift provided at each position, the separation between the two layers is set at that location specifically to achieve a low reflection coefficient. In addition to the element spacing or element dimensions not being uniform, the layer separation is not uniform. Thus, the relationship that phase shift is proportional to reflection coefficient is eliminated.

Making use of this principle, specific layer pairs can be configured to provide the functions of collimating, squinting, de-squinting, and sectoring the radiation pattern from the feed horn. Use of the layers described herein with a small reflector (on the order of 60 cm) and several feeds provides a multi-beam, multi-band antenna that has higher efficiency than is possible with prior systems, and beams pointing in directions not possible with reflectors of this small size. Consequently, the principles described herein allow smaller antennas to receive signals from geosynchronous satellites spaced 2 degrees apart than was previously possible utilizing prior approaches. By way of example, the principles described herein can be used for such purposes while operating at frequencies ranging from 10 GHz up to 30 GHz.

In an example embodiment, a compensating structure includes layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches configured to provide phase and/or amplitude distribution modification of feed primary patterns.

In an example embodiment, a compensating structure includes layers of conductive elements that function as lossless lenses, with specific behavior over different frequency bands.

In an example embodiment, an apparatus for modifying a feed pattern includes a compensating structure including layers of conductive patch arrays that are non-uniform and configured to provide a phase shift variation as a function of position.

In an example embodiment, an antenna system includes a reflector, feeds, and a compensating structure including multiple layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches configured to modify a feed radiation pattern according to one or more functions associated with the layers.

Referring toFIG. 2A, in another example embodiment, a reflective and transmissive differential phase and amplitude compensating dual frequency antenna system200includes a reflector202, feeds204(H1) and206(H2), and a compensating structure208configured as shown. The system200is a multi-beam, multi-band antenna system. In this example embodiment, the compensating structure208allows for retrofitting of the second feed horn, H2, to provide an additional signal, S2, to an existing antenna system. The feed horn, H2, is positioned in a more convenient location other than the image focal point, such as a location that does not produce any geometric optics blockage from the reflector aperture or the path between the feed horn, H1, and the reflector202. This allows for the potential of retrofitting to existing antenna designs without the resulting blockage and subsequent performance degradation.

The compensating structure208is configured such that its presence does not alter the signal, S1, from horn H1. However the compensating structure208is configured to modify the phase and amplitude of the signal, S2, from horn H2in such a way that eliminates the phase errors associated with the arbitrary positioning of the horn H2, and modifies the amplitude distribution such that the efficiency of the signal S2is improved relative to that of S1.

In this example embodiment, the signal S1is incident on the antenna system200with the far field planar wave front, WP1. It is then reflected towards horn H1with a non-linear phase front WN1, and passes through the compensating surface208such that the wave front WS1is identical to WN1.

The signal, S2, is also incident on the antenna system200from some arbitrary angle with the far field planar wave front, WP2. It is then reflected towards the compensating structure208, where it is further reflected into horn H2. The reflection is not characteristic of a flat surface and the compensating structure208transposes the non linear wave front WN2into the spherical wave front WS2and couples to horn H2with high efficiency.

FIGS. 2B and 2Cillustrate examples of compensating structures suitable for use with the antenna system200.FIG. 2Bshows an example reflective and transmissive differential phase and amplitude compensating structure200′ with discrete dielectric constant variation.FIG. 2Cshows an example reflective and transmissive differential phase and amplitude compensating structure200″ with continuous dielectric constant variation. InFIG. 2B, the dielectric constant variation is discrete, and denoted by values ER11, ER12, ER13and ER14. InFIG. 2C, the dielectric constant variation is continuous and a function of location ER11(X) and ER12(X), where X is the location on the surface of structure.

The grid G11, in this example embodiment, is a frequency selective surface with only one layer shown. It should be understood, however, that multiple grid layers can be used, with the resulting bandwidth being directly proportional to the number of grid layers. G11is configured as shown such that it is reflective at the frequency of S2and transparent at the frequency of S1.

The propagation delay from the surface of ER11(X) to the grid G11and back to the surface of ER11(X) along the path S2is a function of X. However ER12(X) can be varied such that the propagation delay of S1through both dielectric layers is constant for all values of X. This can be accomplished by providing a propagation delay from the surface of ER12(X) to the grid G11that compensates for the propagation delay from the grid G11to the surface of ER11(X) along the path of signal S1. Accordingly, this provides for independent control of the propagation delay of both S1and S2.

When the dielectric layers are thin, it is not possible to control the amplitude distribution of the signal. However, independent amplitude control of S1and S2can be obtained by adding additional layers to the structure or by making ER11(X) and ER12(X) thick relative to the wavelengths of signals S1and S2.

The required value of ER12(X) is found from

Alternatively it is also possible to perform the same function by replacing the dielectric layers with grids of phase shifting elements or a combination of grids and dielectric layers that vary as a function of X on both sides of the frequency selective surface G1, modifying the signal S2and then compensating the signal S1independently of S2.

In an example embodiment, an antenna system includes a satellite installation, and a mechanism for retrofitting additional bands and additional beams to the satellite installation without introducing degradations resulting from aperture blockage. By way of example, the satellite installation can be a Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) installation or a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) installation. By way of example, the mechanism for retrofitting includes a compensating structure positioned between a reflector and a feed of the DBS installation. In various embodiments, the compensating structure includes layers of non-uniform arrays of conductive patches configured to modify a feed radiation pattern according to one or more functions associated with the layers. In various embodiments, the compensating structure includes a frequency selective surface and a material that provides dielectric constant variation across the compensating structure.

Referring toFIG. 3A, in another example embodiment, a reflective differential phase compensating dual frequency antenna system300includes a reflector302, feeds304(H1) and306(H2), and a compensating structure308configured as shown. Referring toFIG. 3B, in this example embodiment, the compensating structure308includes grid G32(e.g., a solid conductive surface), grid G31(e.g., a grid of varying slots or patches), and dielectric slabs ER31and ER32(e.g., axially or transversely varying dielectric slabs) configured as shown.

Referring toFIG. 4A, in another example embodiment, a transmissive differential amplitude compensating antenna system400includes a reflector402, feeds404(H1) and406(H2), and a compensating structure408configured as shown. The principles described with reference toFIGS. 1A–1Ccan be used to provide the amplitude compensating functionality of the structure408for a transmissive system.

Although the present invention has been described in terms of the example embodiments above, numerous modifications and/or additions to the above-described embodiments would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the scope of the present invention extends to all such modifications and/or additions.