Containment ring for gas turbine engine

A casing for a gas turbine engine, including: at least one axial hairpin feature located proximate to either a forward flange or a rearward flange of the casing; and a central connecting portion extending from the at least one axial hairpin feature, the at least one axial hairpin feature being located between the central connecting portion and one of the forward flange or a rearward flange, the central connecting portion including a plurality of features that extend from the at least one axial hairpin features, each feature of the plurality of features has a pair of radially extending portions, each pair of radially extending portions are connected to each other by an upper portion and one of each pair of the radially extending portions of one of the plurality of features is connected to another one of a pair of radially extending portions of an adjacent feature of one of the plurality of features by a lower portion, wherein the upper portion is radially outward with respect to the lower portion such that a plurality of troughs and peaks are defined by the plurality of features.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to gas turbine engines, and more particularly to a containment ring for a gas turbine engine.

Gas turbine engines include rotating blades. In the event of a failure of any of the rotating blades it is desirable to contain the dislodged blade within the engine.

As such, it is desirable to provide an apparatus and method for blade containment in a gas turbine engine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Disclosed is a casing for a gas turbine engine, including: at least one axial hairpin feature located proximate to either a forward flange or a rearward flange of the casing; and a central connecting portion extending from the at least one axial hairpin feature, the at least one axial hairpin feature being located between the central connecting portion and one of the forward flange or a rearward flange, the central connecting portion including a plurality of features that extend from the at least one axial hairpin features, each feature of the plurality of features has a pair of radially extending portions, each pair of radially extending portions are connected to each other by an upper portion and one of each pair of the radially extending portions of one of the plurality of features is connected to another one of a pair of radially extending portions of an adjacent feature of one of the plurality of features by a lower portion, wherein the upper portion is radially outward with respect to the lower portion such that a plurality of troughs and peaks are defined by the plurality of features.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the at least one axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature is formed from a ductile metal.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the cavity of the at least one axial hairpin feature is filled with a lightweight bulk material and the lightweight bulk material is one of a potting material, foam or honeycomb.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the at least one axial hairpin feature is a first axial hairpin feature and a second axial hairpin feature, the first axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature; the second axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the second axial hairpin feature, and the second radially extending wall portion of the first axial hairpin feature is connected to the first radially extending wall portion of the second axial hairpin feature by the central connecting portion; and the plurality of features that extend between the first axial hairpin feature and the second axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the cavity of the first axial hairpin feature and the cavity of the second axial hairpin feature is filled with a lightweight bulk material and the lightweight bulk material is one of a potting material, foam or honeycomb.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the lightweight bulk material extends along the connecting portion.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the central connecting portion varies radially as it extends from the at least one axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first radially extending wall portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature is connected to either the forward flange or the rearward flange by a connecting portion which extends axially while the forward flange or the rearward flange extends radially therefrom.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the casing is a fan casing.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the pair of radially extending portions and the upper portion of each of the plurality of features define a cavity and the cavity is filled with a lightweight bulk material and the lightweight bulk material is one of a potting material, foam or honeycomb.

Also disclosed is a gas turbine engine, including: a fan having a plurality of fan blades; a casing surrounding the plurality of fan blades, the casing including: at least one axial hairpin feature located proximate to either a forward flange or a rearward flange of the casing; and a central connecting portion extending from the at least one axial hairpin feature, the at least one axial hairpin feature being located between the central connecting portion and one of the forward flange or a rearward flange, the central connecting portion including a plurality of features that extend from the at least one axial hairpin features, each feature of the plurality of features has a pair of radially extending portions, each pair of radially extending portions are connected to each other by an upper portion and one of each pair of the radially extending portions of one of the plurality of features is connected to another one of a pair of radially extending portions of an adjacent feature of one of the plurality of features by a lower portion, wherein the upper portion is radially outward with respect to the lower portion such that a plurality of troughs and peaks are defined by the plurality of features.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the at least one axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature is formed from a ductile metal.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the cavity of the at least one axial hairpin feature is filled with a lightweight bulk material and the lightweight bulk material is one of a potting material, foam or honeycomb.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the at least one axial hairpin feature is a first axial hairpin feature and a second axial hairpin feature, the first axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature; the second axial hairpin feature includes a first radially extending wall portion spaced from a second radially extending wall portion, the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion and the second radially extending wall portion are not connected to each other such that a cavity is defined by the first radially extending wall portion, the second radially extending wall portion and the axially extending portion of the second axial hairpin feature, and the second radially extending wall portion of the first axial hairpin feature is connected to the first radially extending wall portion of the second axial hairpin feature by the central connecting portion; and the plurality of features that extend between the first axial hairpin feature and the second axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the cavity of the first axial hairpin feature and the cavity of the second axial hairpin feature is filled with a potting material.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the potting material extends along the connecting portion.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the central connecting portion varies radially as it extends from the at least one axial hairpin feature.

In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first radially extending wall portion of the at least one axial hairpin feature is connected to either the forward flange or the rearward flange by a connecting portion which extends axially while the forward flange or the rearward flange extends radially therefrom and the pair of radially extending portions and the upper portion of each of the plurality of features define a cavity and the cavity is filled with a lightweight bulk material and the lightweight bulk material is one of a potting material, foam or honeycomb

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a turbofan gas turbine engine 10 of a type provided for use in subsonic flight, generally comprising in serial flow communication a fan 12 through which ambient air is propelled, a multi-stage compressor 14 for pressurizing the air, a combustor 16 in which the compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited for generating an annular stream of hot combustion gases, and a turbine section 18 for extracting energy from the combustion gases. The fan 12 includes a fan case 72 surrounding a circumferential array of fan blades 22 extending radially outwardly from a rotor 24 mounted for rotation about a central axis 26 of the engine 10.

It should be noted that the terms “radial”, “axial” and “circumferential” used throughout the description and the appended claims, are defined with respect to the central axis 26 of the engine 10. The terms “front”, “forward” “afore”, “aft” and after” used throughout the description and the appended claims are defined with respect to the flow direction of air being propelled through the engine.

In one non-limiting example, the fan 12 includes a plurality of fan blades 22. It is necessary to retain high energy debris resulting from a blade failure of any stage in the gas turbine engine 10 and this debris must be contained within the engine. In the case of a fan blade off, there are at least two dominant methods of achieving the containment of the fan blades 22. These may be referred to as hard wall and soft wall.

Hardwall containment relies upon a single ring of a strong material to contain the fan blade. This ring can be made of metal or composite, it may have ribs for stiffening specific areas, may have variable thickness or radius, and the fan case may include other layers (abradable and/or a blade tip blunting layer for example), but most of the energy is absorbed by the single containment ring. The advantage of hardwall containment is that it achieves containment reliably within a relatively small amount of space and with limited deflection, allowing the nacelle profile to be defined as tight as possible to the gas path to minimize powerplant drag. The disadvantages are that the forces generated in containment are very high, and are concentrated directly at the point of impact with limited redistribution around the ring, and the released blade remains in the gaspath, continuing to interact with the remaining blades, usually fracturing into multiple pieces, and travelling either upstream out the inlet or downstream out the exhaust and possibly interacting with structure along the way. The high, concentrated containment forces are transferred to the inlet, often driving heavier designs for inlet attachment flange and inlet structure. The blade remaining in the gaspath causes higher interaction forces with the following blade, sometimes driving increased blade weight to withstand these forces or in a few cases, causing multiple blades to release. The longer interaction also causes difficulties for trajectory predictions which are an important simulation validation point.

Soft wall containment relies on a multi-layered belt of dry Kevlar to contain the fan blade. The blade is allowed to pass through the structure of the fan cases (often a lightweight sandwich structure) and hit the Kevlar. The Kevlar belts slip and stretch significantly while absorbing the blade's kinetic energy, causing a large bulge. The longer distance across which the blade travels during containment means that the peak force on the fan case is lower compared to hardwall containment, and the belt effectively redistributes the containment force around the circumference of the case. These effects together usually allow the fan case and adjacent structure to be lighter compared to hardwall containment. In addition, because the released blade exits the gaspath entirely, it only briefly interacts with the remaining fan blades, allowing further weight reduction. While prediction of the released blade trajectory is not trivial in soft wall containment, it is less chaotic than hardwall systems because following containment the blade is trapped between the case structure and the Kevlar belt. The disadvantages of soft wall containment are that the Kevlar bulge is significant, driving the nacelle loft outward, increasing drag. The bulge also causes the need for a keep out zone all around the fan case through which no crucial or hazardous hardware may pass, further complicating the design.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portion of a casing 72 in accordance with the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the casing 72 is a fan casing 72 intended to retain fan blades 22 of the fan 12. It should be understood that while the casing 72 is illustrated as a fan casing the design of the casing 72 can be applied to other containment stages of the gas turbine engine (e.g., compressor section and turbine section).

As used herein forward or upstream and rearward or downstream refer are relative to the engine central longitudinal axis 26 and the direction gases flowing through the gas turbine engine 10. In addition, radially inward and radially outward also refer to the engine central longitudinal axis 26.

As used herein, “integral” or “integrally formed” is intended to cover a single unitary structure. In other words, the single unitary structure is not capable of being disassembled without cutting or destruction of the single unitary structure.

As illustrated in at least FIG. 2, the casing 72 has an outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 and an inner portion or inner ring or inner layer 73. Located between the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 and the inner portion or inner ring or inner layer 73 is a lightweight bulk material or material 75 such as a potting compound and/or a honeycomb or alternatively a foam, or a combination of a honeycomb material and a foam material or any other material suitable for absorption of a released blade and any combinations of the foregoing. Some materials 75 such as a damped elastomer or crushed metal foam could be used to control the damping characteristics of the case 72. In one non-limiting embodiment, the layer of honeycomb is NOMEX honeycomb or aluminum single or double flex honeycomb or corrugated aluminum. As used herein, NOMEX honeycomb refers to a honeycomb core formed from NOMEX paper sheets that are coated and bonded together with a phenolic resin. NOMEX paper may be defined as sheets formed from a synthetic aromatic polyamide polymer or a synthetic textile fiber or equivalents thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment, the foam may be aluminum or polymer open or closed cell foam.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 is formed from a ductile metal and the inner portion or inner ring or inner layer 73 is formed from a ductile metal. Alternatively, either one or both of the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 and the inner portion or inner ring or inner layer 73 are formed from a composite material, the composite material being anyone of glass, carbon, or aramid fiber reinforced epoxy or equivalents thereof.

In one embodiment an inner radial surface of the inner portion or inner layer 73 may be formed with a recessed area (not shown) for receipt of an abradable surface or layer such as a composite potting material. The abradable surface being aligned with rotating blades 22 of the fan 12. The recessed area and the abradable surface or layer are located on a radially inner surface of the inner portion or inner layer or gas path skin 73. Of course, embodiments of the present disclosure contemplate the inner portion or inner layer or gas path skin 73 without the recessed area and abradable surface or layer. The inner portion or inner layer or gas path skin 73 may also be configured to have perforations for acoustic purposes.

The outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 has at least one axial hairpin feature 74 which may be referred to as a filled axial hairpin feature 74 or an axial hairpin feature 74 depending on its configuration. The axial hairpin feature 74 is configured to absorb energy in a hard wall containment design while isolating neighboring flanges 76 from large local deflections. For example, the at least one filled axial hairpin feature or axial hairpin feature 74 would be located between one of the flanges 76 and a containment zone or area 77. The containment zone or area 77 is intended to refer to an area where a dislodged or released blade will contact.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the casing 72 is provided with only one filled axial hairpin feature or axial hairpin feature 74, which may be located forward or aft of the containment zone or area 77 and between one of the flanges 76 and the containment zone or area 77.

In another embodiment and as illustrated, the casing includes two filled axial hairpin features or two axial hairpin features 74 namely, a first filled axial hairpin feature 74 or first axial hairpin feature 74 located proximate to a forward flange 76 and a second filled axial hairpin feature 74 or second axial hairpin feature 74 located proximate to a rearward flange 76. As used herein forward or upstream and rearward or downstream refer are relative to the engine central longitudinal axis 26 and the direction gases flowing through the gas turbine engine 10. In addition, radially inward and radially outward also refer to the engine central longitudinal axis 26.

The flanges 76 may have openings 78 for bolts or fasteners (not shown) to pass therethrough in order to secure the casing 72 to engine 10.

Each filled axial hairpin feature or axial hairpin feature 74 includes a first radially extending wall portion 80 spaced from a second radially extending wall portion 82. Although, the wall portions 80 and 82 are referred to as radially extending it is understood that radially extending is intended to cover all configurations of radial extension (e.g., linear, orthogonal rounded, curved) unless otherwise noted and as long as some portion of the wall portions extends radially.

The first radially extending wall portion 80 being forward with respect to the second radially extending wall portion 82. In addition, the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the second radially extending wall portion 82 are connected to each other at one end by an axially extending portion 84 while an opposite end of the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the second radially extending wall portion 82 are not connected to each other such that a cavity 86 is defined by the first radially extending wall portion 80, the second radially extending wall portion 82 and the axially extending portion 84.

The first radially extending wall portion 80 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 is connected to a first or forward flange 76 by a connecting portion 88 which extends axially while the first or forward flange 76 extends radially therefrom. The second radially extending wall portion 82 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74 is connected to a second or rearward flange 76 by a connecting portion 90 which extends axially while the second or rearward flange 76 extends radially therefrom.

The second radially extending wall portion 82 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 is connected to the first radially extending wall portion 80 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74 by a central connecting portion 92 which defines the containment zone or 77.

As illustrated, the central connecting portion 92 may vary radially as it extends between the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 and the second first filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74. For example, the central connecting portion 92 may be configured to have a plurality of features 94 that extend between the axial hairpin features 74.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, each feature 94 has a pair of radially extending portions 93. Each pair of radially extending portions 93 are connected to each other by an upper portion 95 and one of each pair of the radially extending portions 93 of a feature 94 is connected to another one of a pair of radially extending portions 93 of an adjacent feature 94 by a lower portion 97. In other words, upper portions 95 are radially outward with respect to the lower portions 97 such that a plurality of troughs 101 and peaks 103 are defined by the features 94. The troughs and peaks extending between the axial hairpin features 74 or from one the axial hairpin feature 74 if only one feature 74 is employed. The pair of radially extending portions 93 and the upper portion 95 of each feature 94 define a cavity 99.

As such, the containment zone or area 77 of the central connecting portion 92 is lobed instead of axisymmetric so that the total circumferential length of the connecting portion 92 is greater than an outer circumference of the connecting portion 92. This would allow increased flexibility in the hoop direction in addition to the axial flexibility provided by the hairpins 74, which would in turn reduce the peak containment forces by absorbing the kinetic energy across a larger displacement.

Of course, various configurations of the central connecting portion 92 are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure and the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific configurations illustrated in the attached FIGS.

In one non-limiting embodiment, each cavity 86 of the first filled axial hairpin feature 74 and the second first filled axial hairpin feature 74 and each cavity 99 is filled with a potting compound and/or honeycomb 75 and the flanges 76, the first radially extending wall portions 80, the second radially extending wall portions 82, portions 84, connecting portion 88, connecting portion 90 and central connecting portion 92 are formed from a highly ductile metal. In one non-limiting embodiment, the flanges 76, the first radially extending wall portions 80, the second radially extending wall portions 82, portions 84, connecting portion 88, connecting portion 90 and central connecting portion 92 from or into a single unitary structure. In one embodiment, at least or only the first radially extending wall portions 80, the second radially extending wall portions 82, portions 84, and central connecting portion 92 are formed from the highly ductile metal. In one embodiment, at least or only the first radially extending wall portions 80, the second radially extending wall portions 82, portions 84, and central connecting portion 92 are formed from a single unitary structure.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the first radially extending wall portion 80 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 has a longer radially length than the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 such that an offset 98 is provided between the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74. Similarly, the first radially extending wall portion 80 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74 has a shorter radial length than the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74 such that an offset 98 is provided between the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74. Alternatively, the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the second radially extending wall portion 82 have a similar length in the radial direction such that no offset 98 is provided.

The filled nature of the first filled axial hairpin feature 74 and the second filled axial hairpin feature 74 eliminates possible dynamics concerns by allowing the structure to have a stiffness within the typical hard wall case range during normal operation. Under fan blade off (FBO), the hairpin features 74 open easily and allows an intermediate level of containment bulge, which reduces the peak containment forces without requiring a dramatically larger keep out zone or nacelle loft. At the same time, the hairpin feature's opening redistributes the forces acting on the adjacent flange 76, allowing a lighter weight, more compact design for the flange, fasteners and adjacent structure, and allowing the flanges to be located closer to the containment zone compared to conventional hard wall designs.

The hairpin feature geometry can vary, and may or may not include the aforementioned radial offsets 98 between adjacent surfaces, and could be of variable thickness material depending on the containment energies and geometries involved.

In addition and depending upon the point of impact under fan blade off (FBO), the radially extending portions 93 and the lower portion 97 of impacted features 94 can deflect outward radially.

As mentioned above, the cavities 86 of the hairpin features 74 and the cavities 99 of the features 94 may be filled with a material 75 such as a potting compound and/or a honeycomb or alternatively a foam, or any other material. Some materials 75 such as a damped elastomer or crushed metal foam could be used to control the damping characteristics of the case 72.

In one embodiment, the hard wall portion or the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 is made of reinforced composite such as carbon, glass, or aramid fiber reinforced epoxy or equivalents thereof as opposed to sheet metal or metal.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the dashed lines illustrate when the central connecting portion 92 defining the containment zone or area 77 has been contacted by a blade 22 that has been dislodged from the fan 12. As such, when the blade 22 has contacted the connecting portion 92 the connecting portion 92 has been displaced radially outward and the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the first filled axial hairpin feature or first axial hairpin feature 74 is displaced from the first radially extending wall portion 80 and the first radially extending wall portion 80 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74 is displaced from the second radially extending wall portion 82 of the second filled axial hairpin feature or second axial hairpin feature 74. In addition and depending on the point of impact the radially extending portions 93 and the lower portion 97 of impacted features 94 can deflect outward radially.

The filled nature of the first filled axial hairpin feature 74 and the second filled axial hairpin feature 74 eliminates possible dynamics concerns by allowing the structure to have a stiffness within the typical hard wall case range during normal operation. Under fan blade off (FBO), the hairpin features 74 open easily and allows an intermediate level of containment bulge, which reduces the peak containment forces without requiring a dramatically larger keep out zone or nacelle loft. At the same time, the hairpin feature's opening redistributes the forces acting on the adjacent flange 76, allowing a lighter weight, more compact design for the flange, fasteners and adjacent structure, and allowing the flanges to be located closer to the containment zone compared to conventional hard wall designs.

In addition, the features 94 allows an intermediate level of containment bulge, which reduces the peak containment forces without requiring a dramatically larger keep out zone or nacelle loft.

The hairpin feature geometry can vary, and may or may not include the aforementioned radial offsets 98 between adjacent surfaces, and could be of variable thickness material depending on the containment energies and geometries involved.

The plurality of troughs 101 and peaks 103 along with the axial hairpin feature(s) 74 form a ‘wrinkled’ outer skin on a fan case in a hard wall containment design. These wrinkles (e.g., troughs 101 and peaks 103) allow the containment layer to expand radially to a defined bulge point before fully engaging the material in tension. This effectively slows down the containment event, reducing the peak containment forces generated, and distributes the forces through a larger portion of the case, thereby reducing peak stresses and local stresses in the adjacent structure.

In the design shown, the axial arc path is the same at each angular position in the containment layer which means there will not be unnecessary local high strain areas forming at the edges of the containment area after the wrinkles straighten out and meaning that this shape could be formed from an axisymmetric shape. Other non-limiting options for wrinkle geometry with the same benefits exist including diamond patterned wrinkles like those observed in oil canning buckling. Non-limiting examples are shown in FIGS. 6A-6E

This geometry of the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 could be manufactured by machining a forging directly into this shape but could also be generated using hydroforming of sheet metal or other known complex shape forming methods.

The benefits of this design include reduced peak containment accelerations/forces, intermediate level of case bulge, improved distribution of forces and stresses for the case and adjacent structure, and a thinner containment shell. In the end the result is a lighter fan case and adjacent structure compared to a traditional hard wall fan case.

In an alternative embodiment, the hard wall portion of the outer portion or outer ring or outer layer 71 may be made of reinforced composite. This may be easier to manufacture, but also may be difficult to find a material or layup with sufficient net ductility to allow the wrinkles to straighten without fracture which is necessary to see the full benefits of the invention.