Rotary position sensors employing planar coils

A series of rotary sensors are disclosed. Each sensor consists of a drive coil which is a planar coil configuration separated from a sensing coil which is parallel to the drive coil. Interposed between the drive and sensing coils is a rotatable plate fabricated from a material capable of blocking a magnetic field induced in a drive coil from reaching or activating the sensing coil. The rotatable plate is shaped to allow predetermined amounts of flux to couple from the drive coil to the sensing coil as the plate is rotated. The shape of the plate therefore determines the signal provided at the sensing coil to enable one to provide such signals indicative of the angular movement of the plate between wide limits as from zero to 360.degree.. Other configurations utilizing a plurality of drive and sense coils and special shaped plates provide sine and cosine outputs as well as enable one to determine the quadrant of operation.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
This invention relates to planar coil configurations and more particularly 
to such structure employed as a rotary displacement sensor. 
There is a need for rotary sensors which are capable of providing an output 
according to a selected angle of rotation. The prior art shows many such 
devices but there does not exist such a sensor or transducer that is 
inexpensive and is capable of a wide range of operation. In most prior art 
sensors great difficulty is encountered in traversing a large angular 
range. There are sensors which will provide sine or cosine waveforms but 
these are relatively expensive and very complicated. 
The concept of using planar coil configurations to provide sensor operation 
as to convert linear or rotary motion to an electrical output signal has 
been described in my copending application entitled PLANAR COIL APATUS 
FOR PROVIDING MOTION SENSORS, SWITCHES AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES filed on 
Dec. 8, 1980 as Ser. No. 214,725, now abandoned. In this application, two 
planar coil members are positioned one above the other in a parallel plane 
to provide a space between the members. A ferromagnetic coupling member is 
movably, positioned in the space to thereby allow a magnetic filed induced 
in one coil to couple to the other coil when the member is moved out of 
the space and to prevent coupling of the magnetic field when the member is 
disposed within the space. As explained in that application, the planar 
coil configuration offers great advantages in regard to providing 
inexpensive and reliable transducer operation. 
The concept of using planar coils has also been described in my copending 
application entitled PLANAR COIL APATUS EMPLOYING A STATIONARY AND A 
MOVABLE BOARD filed on Feb. 9, 1981 as Ser. No. 232,654, now U.S. Pat. No. 
4,425,511. In this application a first stationary planar coil is located 
adjacent to another planar coil which may be fabricated on the same 
circuit board. A drive signal is applied to the input terminals of one of 
the coils. A second planar board is positioned above the first board and 
has located thereon a planar coil configuration which constitutes a closed 
loop. This board is moved with respect to the stationary board and 
magnetic flux is coupled via the closed loop from the drive coil to the 
other coil which is defined as a sense coil. In this configuration by 
monitoring the output of the sense coil a signal can be detected 
indicative of the distance that the movable board traversed. Therefore 
these sensors provide a signal indicative of the distance moved. 
As is known, prior art devices which operate as sensors may be variable 
resistance elements such as those used in displacement transducers as well 
as other sensing devices which are inductive or capacitive devices. These 
prior art devices are extremely expensive to manufacture and less reliable 
than the type of sensors using planar coils as above described. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,253,079 issued on Feb. 24, 1981 entitled DISPLACEMENT 
TRANSDUCERS EMPLOYING PRINTED COIL STRUCTURES by Amnon Brosh, the inventor 
herein disclosed the displacement transducer which includes a plurality of 
planar coil structures. The structures are located on separate planar 
boards each of which have a central aperture and are positioned in a 
stacked array separate from one another. A magnetic member is inserted 
into the aligned apertures to vary the coupling between the coils. Thus 
this Patent which was awarded to the inventor herein depicts the use of 
planar coil configuration employed in a displacement transducer. 
This application involves analog sensors and relates to the fabrication and 
construction of a rotary sensor structure utilizing planar coils. The 
structure to be described is extremely simple to construct while being 
reliable in operation. By using such a device one can provide electrical 
output signals which are indicative of angular movement over a wide range 
of angular positions as well as providing output waveforms which are 
proportional to sine or cosine functions. The apparatus to be described is 
extremely compact and simple to construct. 
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
A rotary displacement transducer comprising a first planar member having 
disposed on a surface thereof at least a first flat configuration 
manifesting a first coil, a second planar member having disposed on a 
surface thereof at least a second flat configuration manifesting a second 
coil, with said second member positioned apart from said first member and 
relatively parallel to and facing said first member to form a space 
therebetween, whereby any magnetic field induced in one of said members 
can couple to the other, a rotatable plate rotatably positioned in the 
space between said members and fabricated from a material sufficient to 
block said magnetic field, said plate being eccentric and shaped to permit 
selective coupling of said magnetic field between said coils as said plate 
is rotated with said coupling being a function of the shape of said plate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
A basic problem is to provide an analog sensor using an inductance which 
exhibits a linear analog output in an operating range in excess of 30 or 
-90.degree.. In regard to such a device there has always been a need for a 
rotary sensor which can measure or respond to an angular movement as close 
to 360.degree. as possible. No simple solution has evolved for providing 
such a transducer which possesses a linear output v. an angular position 
for changes in angle in excess of 180.degree.. 
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a planar coil configuration 10. As will 
be explained, the planar member 10 is a printed circuit board employing 
conventional printed circuit materials, such as glass, cloth, teflon or a 
paper base phenolic composition. It is of course understood that many 
materials can be employed for the circuit board 10 as are presently used 
to fabricate conventional printed circuits, as well as those structures 
which are employed in the fabrication of thick and thin film circuits. 
Mounted on the board 10 is a coil configuration 12. The coil is etched, 
stamped, printed or plated on the planar base member 10 and a suitable 
conductor material such as copper is used to construct the coil according 
to printed circuit techniques. As seen, the coil has terminals 14 and 15 
to which can be connected a drive source such as an AC or pulse generator 
for energizing the coil or an output circuit such as transistor detector 
or some other conventional circuit for responding to the electrical signal 
produced in the coil. The planar coil structure as shown in FIG. 1 can 
therefore be used as a drive coil or a sensing coil both of which 
components will be referred to in the following figures. 
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a side view of a rotary sensor 
according to this invention. A drive coil 16 of the type shown in FIG. 1 
has coupled to the input terminals a source of AC or pulse signals 20. 
Located relatively parallel to and spaced from the drive board 16 is a 
sensing planar coil 17. As indicated, both coils may have the structure 
shown in FIG. 1. Coupled to the terminals of the sensing coil 17 is an 
output circuit 21. The output circuit 21 may include a transistor 
amplifier having an input circuit coupled to the output terminals of the 
coil 17 and capable of providing a DC signal such as via a peak or average 
detector indicative of the intensity of a signal coupled to the coil. 
Located and disposed between the two coils is a rotatable plate or 
eccentric member 22. The member 22 may be fabricated from a ferromagnetic 
material or from a suitable metal which will operate to prevent coupling 
between coil 16 and coil 17 when the material is positioned to block the 
respective coils. The plate 22 is coupled to a shaft 23 which allows the 
user to rotate the member 22 with respect to the coils 16 and 17. 
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a front view of the plate 22 with 
respect to the coil 17. As can be seen from FIG. 3 the plate 22 is a cam 
like member having a definite pattern peripheral surface 24. As the plate 
23 is rotated the configuration progressively blocks coil 16 from coil 17 
and thus allows more flux to be coupled from coil 16 to coil 17 as plate 
22 is rotated. In this manner the plate 22 is shaped so that an increasing 
amount of flux or magnetic field is coupled from the drive coil 16 to the 
planar sensing coil 17. The spiral pattern on the periphery of the plate 
is formulated so that the radius at an angle is a linear function of that 
angle. This can be easily accomodated by machining the plate according to 
that relationship. In this manner the sense coil via the detector 21 will 
provide a linear output v. angular position as the plate 22 is rotated. 
Because of the structure one can obtain an angular position reading up to 
360.degree.. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the sense coil 17 and drive coil 
16 are completely separate from and isolated from the rotary plate 22. 
Referring to FIG. 4A, there is shown a rotary sensor which provides a 
balanced construction. In FIG. 4A there are two plates 30 and 31 secured 
to the rotatable shaft 32. Plate 30 has the configuration shown in FIG. 4B 
while plate 31 has the configuration shown in FIG. 4C. Located between the 
plates 30 and 31 is a drive coil 34. The drive coil 34 has a signal source 
(not shown) coupled to its terminals. Located on the other side of plate 
31 is a first sense coil 35. Located on the other side of plate 30 is a 
second sense coil 36. Coils 34, 35 and 36 are parallel to one another and 
arranged in the same plane and relatively congruent. In the sensor shown, 
as the shaft is rotated the amount of flux coupled from the drive coil 34 
to one sense coil 36 increases while the amount of flux coupled to the 
other sense coil 35 decreases in the same amount. In this manner one has a 
balanced output from the sense coils 35 and 36 over the full angular 
range. 
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown another embodiment of a plate 36 which 
can be employed with this invention. As can be seen, the plate 36 has a 
spiral pattern printed, stamped or otherwise formed on the circuit board 
37. As compared to the plate shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the plate shown in 
FIG. 5 is circular and completely symmetrical about the center. In any 
event, the pattern located on the plate 37 is unsymmetrical and will allow 
a predetermined coupling of the magnetic field as the circular plate is 
rotated. The board 37 may be fabricated from an insulator material which 
will not block a magnetic field. The spiral pattern on the board is then 
deposited by the use of conventional techniques employing a metal or 
ferromagnetic material. 
As one can see from FIG. 5, the circuit board 38 which may constitute a 
drive coil as 16 of FIG. 2 is located on one side of the board while the 
sense coil as 17 of FIG. 2 (not shown) is located on the other side of the 
board. As the board or plate is rotated a magnetic field is induced from 
one coil to the other depending upon the nature of the spiral pattern. In 
this manner the flux or magnetic field induced in the drive coil is 
concentrated at the center of the coil and hence the structure shown in 
FIG. 5 is extremely efficient and rugged. It is of course understood that 
the rotary sensors as depicted above can be extremely small and compact as 
the boards are relatively thin as are the rotatable plate members. 
Typically, the coils may be of about 1/4 of an inch in length and width 
and may be rectangular or circular. The boards may be less than a 1/4" in 
thickness and spaced apart by distances between 0.03125 to 0.125". 
Referring to FIG. 6A, there is shown a side view of a rotary sensor 
according to this invention which will provide a sine or cosine output as 
the plate 50 is rotated between the stationary drive board 51 and a 
parallel and stationary sense board 52. 
Referring to FIG. 6B, the drive board 51 contains four coils as 55, 56, 57 
and 58. Each coil is placed 90.degree. apart from the other and is of a 
same size. In a similar manner the sense board 52 has the exact same coil 
pattern and hence there is a corresponding coil on the sense board for 
each coil on the drive board. The coils on the drive board may be 
connected in series or in parallel and driven from a common drive source 
or a signal generator. The plate 50 is rotatable as coupled to a rotatable 
shaft 59. 
As seen in FIG. 6B, the plate 50 is shaped so that as it enters the coil 
the sense board will provide an output which varies as the sine of the 
angle. For example, coils 55 and 57 are perpendicular to coils 56 and 58 
and these coils with their corresponding sense coils will provide an 
output which varies as the cosine of the angle. 
Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown the output from coils 55 and 57 and the 
output from coils 56 and 58. As also can be seen from FIG. 7, the sensor 
which use the four sensing coils provides the further advantages to 
determine the quadrant that the rotor or rotary plate 50 is in. Assume 
that the coils 55 and 57 provide the output signal and that coils 56 and 
58 provide quadrant identification. In this manner it is a simple 
determination according to whether the output from coils 56 and 58 is 
positive or negative. Depending upon this polarity one can then determine 
the quadrant that the rotor is being operated in. Thus when the signal 
from coil 55 and 57 is positive during the first quadrant the output from 
coils 56 and 57 is also positive for the first quadrant. During the second 
quadrant the output of coils 55 and 57 is still positive while the output 
of coils 56 and 58 is negative. This unique condition defines the second 
quadrant. During the third quadrant the output of coil 55 and 57 is 
negative and the output of coils 56 and 58 is also negative. This defines 
the third quadrant or third 90.degree. interval. During the fourth 
quadrant the output of coils 55 and 57 is negative while the output of 
coils 56 and 58 is positive and this uniquely defines the fourth quadrant. 
It is simple of course to determine polarity as the output signal may be 
compared with the drive signal in a comparator which will therefore give 
an indication as to the polarity of the output of both coils 55 and 57 and 
coils 56 and 58. The output signal obtained from the coils as 55 and 57 
may be used in a data acquisition system along with the quadrant 
information from coils 56 and 58. In this manner one can extend this 
theory to determine the complete quadrant of operation over a 360.degree. 
rotation. According to this construction one can therefore achieve a 
complete analog sensor which is linear over a wide operating range of 
rotation. Such a sensor does not exist in the prior art. 
With the above considerations in mind it is seen that there is provided a 
number of rotary sensors which employ planar coils and which provide 
outputs indicative of any angle over a motion of 360.degree.. The sensors 
are extremely easy to construct and operate and will provide reliable 
operation over wide angular ranges. It will be of course apparent to those 
skilled in the art that one can vary the shape of the rotatable plate to 
obtain many different rotary relationships without departing from the 
principles of this invention.