Method of fabricating welded PFA-to-PTFE structures

A method is described whereby perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) fluorocarbon resin is fusion bonded to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin to provide united sections thereof and to provide a bonded or welded interconnection between separate sections of PTFE resin. The welds are obtained under minimal positive pressure, generally below about 40 psi, at a temperature above the gel point of the PTFE resin, generally between 635.degree. F. and 710.degree. F., with subsequent slow cooling under pressures somewhat higher and generally ranging between about 59 psi and 150 psi.

The present invention relates to fluorocarbon resins, and methods for 
fabricating same. More specifically it relates to the perfluoroalkoxy 
fluorocarbon resins (hereinafter abbreviated PFA) and their use in 
combination with the tetrafluoroethylene resins (hereinafter abbreviated 
PTFE). 
It is well known that PTFE has certain outstanding chemical and electrical 
characteristics which could be utilized to better advantage if various 
problems in fabrication could be overcome. Because of its extremely high 
viscosity above its melting point of 327.degree. C. (621.degree. F.), more 
generally referred to as a gel point, the polymer cannot be processed by 
conventional thermoplastic techniques. One major drawback has been the 
difficulty in welding or fusing sintered PTFE to itself. 
Recently, there has been made available "Teflon" PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) 
fluorocarbon resin which approaches PTFE in chemical and electrical 
characteristics but differs therefrom in being melt-extrudable above its 
melting point which is nominally specified as lying between 302.degree. C. 
and 310.degree. C. (576.degree. F. and 590.degree. F.) by E. I. Du Pont de 
Nemours & Company (Inc.) of Wilmington, Del., its producer. At present, 
PFA resin is more costly than PTFE resin, a factor which diminishes its 
usefulness. 
The present invention seeks to obtain simultaneously the benefit of the 
lower cost of PTFE resin and the more versatile handling characteristics 
of PFA resin. It is predicated upon the discovery that PFA resin can be 
welded or fused to sintered PTFE resin such that the weld is at least as 
strong as the weaker resin. While this discovery will have wide ranging 
possibilities limited only by the imagination of the user, only one 
example should be sufficient to present the reader with the principles of 
practicing the method for making such weld and to provide the necessary 
guidelines for adapting the method to the fabrication of other articles. 
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,438, issued Apr. 16, 1963, on an application of 
A.N.T. St. John and William E. Titterton, assigned to the same assignee as 
the present application, there is disclosed a dip pipe assembly having a 
metal core which is lined and jacketed with sintered PTFE resin. Several 
methods are disclosed in said patent for establishing a fluid-tight seal 
between the liner and jacket at the free end of the core, i.e., the end 
which projects into the vessel or the like. Certain embodiments described 
therein rely upon the use of a special swaged or crimped ring or cup-like 
member to establish the seal while others rely upon an interposed strip of 
unfused PTFE tape which serves to bond the jacket to the liner when heated 
to about 720.degree. F. Unfortunately, experience has revealed that said 
seals are liable to fail in use, particularly in the face of the severe 
vibration to which a dip pipe is generally subjected. This problem is 
eliminated by the present invention. 
In its broadest sense, the present invention provides a method for 
producing a resin structure characterized by a section of PFA resin fused 
to a section of PTFE resin. For example, utilizing the subject method 
there is provided a dip pipe comprising a reinforcing tubular core having 
one end encased between a liner and a jacket of sintered PTFE resin whose 
ends, terminating adjacent said one end of said core, are united to 
establish a fluid-tight seal therebetween by an interconnecting body of 
PFA resin joined to said PTFE resin by fusion bonding. 
In accordance with the subject invention, there is provided a method of 
forming a fluorocarbon resin structure in which a body of PFA resin is 
fused to a body of sintered PTFE resin. The method comprises the steps of 
confining a quantity of particulate PFA resin in a zone contiguous to said 
body of sintered PTFE resin, heating said quantity of PFA resin and at 
least the PTFE resin which is adjacent said zone to a temperature above 
the gel point of said PTFE resin and above the melting point of said PFA 
resin to melt said PFA resin. Said elevated temperature is maintained 
while compacting said PFA resin against said PTFE resin under positive 
pressure just sufficient to urge said PFA resin melt at a very slow rate 
without fault producing flow therein into intimate surface contact with 
said PTFE resin until said former wets the surface of said latter over an 
area to be fused. After establishing said intimate contact, the conditions 
at the fusing interface are maintained static by increasing the pressure 
applied to said PFA resin to a predetermined level at a rate which is 
sufficiently slow so that there is a minimum tendency for said PFA resin 
to flow along the surface of said mating PTFE resin, and said resins are 
permitted to cool slowly without force cooling toward ambient temperature 
while maintaining said pressure near said predetermined level where said 
predetermined level is chosen sufficient to prevent the formation of sinks 
and voids in said PFA resin while cooling but below the level at which 
noticeable flow is induced in said PFA resin, and continuing said slow 
cooling at least until said PFA has solidified, thereafter completing said 
cooling and removing said pressure whereby said PFA resin becomes fused to 
said body of PTFE resin at the interface therebetween.

Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to designate 
the same or similar parts. Now referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, there is 
illustrated a mold assembly for producing an annulus having a principal 
body section 10 of PFA fused to an inset section 11 of sintered PTFE. The 
completed annulus, as best seen in FIG. 4, includes a through central 
aperture 12. The mold assembly includes a bottom plug 13 fitting snugly 
within a cylindrical shell 14 receiving a hollow cylindrical ram 15 which 
mates telescopingly with a central core pin 16 having a reduced diameter 
end 17 inserted in a central aperture in the bottom plug 13. The center of 
the plug 16 is provided with a thermocouple well 18 holding a thermocouple 
19 whose electrical connecting lead 20 may be attached to a suitable 
indicating or recording instrument, not shown. A deadweight 21 is shown 
resting upon the ram 15 for loading the same to apply pressure to the 
resin charge placed within the cavity formed between the bottom of said 
ram 15 and the bottom plate or plug 13. 
By way of example, a typical procedure for using the subject mold involved 
placing the ring or annulus 11 of sintered PTFE in the mold over the core 
pin 16 to rest on the bottom plug 13, as shown. Thereupon, a PFA charge, 
in pellet form, was poured into the shell 14 around the core pin 16 and 
leveled. Then the ram 15 was placed over the charge much as shown in FIG. 
1. Deadweight 21 weighing 26 pounds was then placed on top of the ram 15 
and the entire assembly was placed in an oven for heating the same. The 
assembly was left in the oven until the temperature as indicated by the 
thermocouple 19 stabilized at about 640.degree. F. The temperature was 
held at this level for 120 minutes. During this entire interval the PFA 
charge was subjected to a theoretical force of 5 psi as calculated from 
the dimensions of the mold and the combined weight of the deadweight 21 
and ram 15. 
At the end of the foregoing period of 120 minutes, the assembly was removed 
from the oven, the weight 21 removed and the mold was then placed between 
the platens of a small press. A relatively low elevated pressure, 
calculated at about 140 psi was gradually applied to the mold over a 
period of about 25 seconds. When said elevated pressure was attained, it 
was maintained while the mold was allowed to cool under ambient conditions 
down toward room temperature. Artificial or forced cooling was avoided. 
Both slow cooling and relatively low pressures are believed to be critical 
to the satisfactory practice of the subject process. When room temperature 
was reached, the resin annulus was removed from the mold yielding the 
structure shown in FIG. 4 which upon sectioning and testing demonstrated 
the existence of excellent fusion welds along all of the contacting 
surfaces of the two resins which welds resisted fracture at the weld point 
when subjected to tensile and shear stresses. Failures occurred in one or 
the other of the main resin bodies rather than at the weld. 
The conditions involved in the production of the annulus, as described 
above, were ideal because of the simple geometry. As will appear from the 
ensuing description, it is important that the geometry of the mold and the 
temperature and pressure parameters be controlled so that there is a 
minimum tendency for the PFA resin to flow relative to the surface of the 
mating PTFE resin to which a weld is to be established. 
From the foregoing it should be apparent that pressure is applied to the 
resin charge during two distinct phases of the molding procedure. During 
the first phase the charge is being heated to above its melting point and 
held at such elevated temperature for a period sufficient to ensure 
development of the weld. While published literature of the resin 
manufacturer recommends pressures of the order of 1000 to 4000 psi at 
700.degree. F. with 1000 to 2000 psi being preferred for transfer molding 
with PFA resin, it has been found that significantly lower pressures must 
be used when attempting to weld PFA resin to PTFE resin. As a general 
rule, the pressure employed during the above mentioned first phase should 
be just sufficient to urge the PFA resin melt at a very slow flow rate 
into intimate surface contact with the PTFE until the former wets the 
surface of the latter. Once contact or wetting is achieved, the conditions 
should be maintained static at the welding interface. The second phase 
involves slow cooling of the PFA resin until it solidifies and this must 
be accomplished under sufficient pressure to avoid the formation of voids 
and sinks within the PFA resin section. However, it is equally important 
that the pressure during phase two not exceed that at which significant 
flow is caused within the PFA resin material. The examples which are set 
forth herein are guidelines only. For each new molding geometry, based on 
the principles taught herein, the necessary temperature and pressure 
parameters will have to be ascertained empirically. 
For purposes of comparison, a test was run with the mold described with 
reference to FIG. 1 wherein the first phase of the procedure was 
substantially the same as that already described. That is, the mold was 
heated to a stabilization temperature of about 640.degree. F. and held at 
such temperature for 120 minutes with the resin charge subjected to a 
pressure of approximately 5 psi. However, during phase two (the cooling 
phase) the deadweight 21 was eliminated such that the charge was subjected 
only to the pressure of the ram 15, which pressure was calculated as being 
approximately 0.3 psi. The resultant annulus was found to have good welds 
between the PFA and PTFE resins but sinks and voids were found in the PFA 
resin section. 
Referring to FIG. 5, there is illustrated the free end of a dip pipe 30 
constructed in accordance with the present invention. Only the free end 
which normally projects into the vessel or container in which the dip pipe 
is installed is shown in FIG. 5. For further details the reader is 
directed to the disclosure in the above mentioned St. John et al. patent. 
As seen in FIG. 5, the dip pipe includes a cylindrical reinforcing tube or 
core 31 generally formed of metal such as steel or the like. A liner 32 
and a jacket 33 encase the core 31 with the end 34 of the liner extending 
for a distance beyond the lower end of the core 31 and with the end 35 of 
the jacket extending for a somewhat lesser distance beyond the end of said 
core 31. Both the liner 32 and the jacket 33 are formed from sintered 
extruded PTFE resin. As clearly shown in FIG. 5, the liner 32 has its 
diameter expanded slightly in the region 34 abutting in intimate contact 
the jacket end 35. The end 35 of the jacket is provided with a plurality 
of apertures circumferentially spaced therearound with one of the 
apertures being shown at 36. An annular body 37 of PFA resin surrounds the 
projecting portions or ends 34 and 35 of the liner and jacket, 
respectively, as well as a portion of the core 31 immediately adjacent the 
end thereof. The PFA resin material projects through the aperture 36 and, 
as will be apparent from the ensuing description, projects through all of 
the other apertures disposed around the end of the jacket to engage and 
bond to the projecting end 34 of the liner. All of the area of contact 
between the PFA resin body 37 and the surfaces of the liner 32 and jacket 
33 are characterized by a fusion bond or weld such as that described 
previously herein. Under certain circumstances a partial weld or weak weld 
may exist along the interface between the end 35 of the jacket and the end 
34 of the liner where they are in contact. However, such weld between 
sections of PTFE resin is characterized by being significantly weaker than 
the resin body such that any stresses applied thereacross will cause 
separation of the weld before fracture or failure of the PTFE resin 
material. This is not true of the welds formed between the PFA resin and 
the PTFE resin. 
The presently preferred procedure for producing the dip pipe 30 will now be 
explained. Reference should be had to FIG. 6. As described more fully in 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,050,786, issued Aug. 28, 1962, to the assignee of the 
subject application, a tube of sintered extruded PTFE resin can be 
prestressed such that, upon heating, the tube will tend to return to its 
original size. Such prestressing can be such as will cause an increase or 
a decrease in the girth thereof, as the case may be. By proper choice of 
the original size relative to the tubular core, it is possible to cause a 
jacket to shrink down upon, and a liner to expand within, the core and 
provide a strongly united assembly. It is also possible by proper choice 
of the stress relaxing temperature to cause the liner to draw away from 
the wall of the core developing a slip fit relative thereto. In the 
present instance, this is accomplished by relaxing the liner at about 
525.degree. .+-. 25.degree. F. What is desired is a clearance of a few 
thousandths of an inch. 
The preliminary structure shown in FIG. 6 is prepared by providing the core 
31, preferably of steel, with a "shrink fit" jacket 33. The inside of the 
core 31 is then furnished with a liner 32 by the foregoing heat expansion 
technique such that it makes a slip fit therewith. At this stage, the 
liner should project beyond the end 37a of the core 31 a greater distance 
than required. The liner is then slipped out of the core 31 and cut to the 
desired length such that it overhangs the end 37a of the core 31 by the 
desired amount "A" as shown on FIG. 6. Values for this and other 
significant dimensions will be found below. While the liner 32 is removed 
from the core 31, the jacket 33 is trimmed such that the projecting end 35 
has the desired dimension "B." At the same time the aperture 36 as well as 
the other identical apertures 38 and 39, for example, are punched with a 
suitable hole punch circumferentially around the lower end 35 of the 
jacket equally spaced thereabout. Satisfactory results have been obtained 
with apertures having a diameter of 3/16ths of an inch, although the size 
of such apertures does not appear to be critical. The liner 32 is then 
reinserted into the core 31 to produce the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 6. 
Referring now to FIG. 7, a cylindrical mold chamber 40, supporting a 
restraining ring 41 on a shoulder 42, is slipped over the sub-assembly of 
FIG. 6. The ring 41 is urged over the extending end 34 of the liner with 
which it makes a slip fit. Next, the mold core 43 is inserted within the 
liner 32. If the fit between the mold core 43 and the enlarged end 34 of 
the liner is a slip fit, there should be no difficulty in inserting the 
core 43 into the liner 32 to the position shown in FIG. 7. However, if 
sufficient interference is encountered between the core 43 and the 
enlarged or belled end of the liner, the latter may be heated with a hot 
air gun to soften it sufficiently such that it will expand enabling 
insertion of the core 43. Thereafter, clamp ring 44 is secured to the 
chamber 40 by a plurality of bolts such as that shown at 45 to effect a 
liquid tight seal. Suitable fluid seals may be used as required. 
The clearance between the inner diameter of the ring 41 and the outer 
diameter of the core 43 which faces the ring 41 should be such as to just 
accommodate the normal wall thickness of the liner 32. The ring 41 serves 
to anchor the end of liner 32 against the core 43 preventing separation 
therebetween during the subsequent molding cycle. 
When the sub-assembly consisting of the liner 32, core 31 and jacket 33 is 
installed in the mold, as shown in FIG. 7, the charge of PFA resin in the 
form of pellets or chips is poured into the cavity 46. A slight gap will 
be present between the liner and jacket at the ends thereof, but the PFA 
resin particles are sufficiently large that they do not enter said gap. 
Next, a cylindrical ram 47, split longitudinally, is placed around the 
jacket 33 and inserted between the surface of said jacket and the inner 
wall of the mold chamber 40. It is slipped down on top of the PFA charge. 
The size of the charge 46 should be selected such that the lower end 48 of 
the ram will not travel below the level of the end 37a of the core 31 
during the molding and cooling operation. Generally speaking, it has been 
found that the PFA resin in pellet form has a bulk factor such that its 
final volume after molding is about one-third its original loose volume 
prior to molding. The bulk factor of chips or reclaimed PFA resin appears 
to be somewhat greater than that of the pellet form and requires somewhat 
more original volume. The quantity of PFA resin to be employed in any 
molding procedure can be established readily by experiment. 
After the sub-assembly of FIG. 6 is installed in the mold as shown in FIG. 
7, and a thermocouple 49 is installed in the thermocouple well 50 in the 
ram 47, the mold assembly may be placed between pressure plates 51 and 52 
as shown in FIG. 8. The pressure plate 51 has a central aperture to 
accommodate the projecting portion of the dip pipe, as shown. Threaded 
rods 53 and 54 extend between the plates 52 and 51 projecting above the 
plate 51, as shown. Suitable nuts 55 and 56 secure the lower end of the 
rods 53 and 54, respectively, against the plate 52, while nuts 57 and 58, 
respectively, secure compression springs 59 and 60 to the projecting 
portions of rods 53 and 54 such that the springs bear against the plate 
51. It will be understood that the pressure which plate 51 applies to the 
ram 47 is adjustable through manipulation of nuts 57 and 58. Knowing the 
parameters of the springs 59 and 60, it is possible to predetermine the 
force applied to the plate 51 and thereby the pressure applied via the ram 
47 to the charge within the chamber 46 of the mold 40. 
Nuts 57 and 58 are not tightened to apply the first phase pressure to the 
ram 47. It will be understood that during the molding operation the ram 
will travel into the mold chamber 40 causing extension of the springs 59 
and 60. In known manner, this will result in a decrease in the spring 
force and in the pressure applied to the charge. For purpose of subsequent 
description, it will be sufficient to define the starting and finishing 
pressure during the first and second phases of the molding procedure as 
defined previously. 
After establishing the necessary starting pressure for phase one, the 
entire assembly is immersed, as shown in FIG. 8, in a suitable heat 
transfer medium such as a bath of hot salt 61 within a suitable tank 62. 
Care should be taken that the salt does not overflow the lip of the mold 
chamber 40. The temperature is monitored by the thermocouple 49 until it 
stablizes at the desired molding temperature. At the termination of the 
first phase of the procedure, the pressure is increased on the ram by 
tightening the nuts 57 and 58, while the mold assembly remains in the hot 
salt bath 61. The nuts are tightened slowly such that the pressure for 
commencing phase two is reached within about 5 to 7 minutes. Thereupon the 
entire assembly is removed from the hot salt bath 61 and permitted to cool 
toward room temperature without the use of forced cooling. As soon as the 
PFA resin charge has solidified, this may be assumed to occur when the 
temperature read by the thermocouple is in the neighborhood of 320.degree. 
F., the mold assembly may be immersed in a quench bath to hasten the final 
cooling. 
When the mold has reached room temperature, it may be disassembled and the 
dip pipe structure removed. Such structure will have the form shown in 
FIG. 9 by the phantom lines 63. Then, by suitable machining, the excess 
PFA resin material shown within the phantom lines 63 is removed to yield 
the final structure as shown in solid lines in FIG. 9 and in FIG. 5. 
By way of illustration, test run data obtained in the procedure of dip 
pipes of 11/8 inch nominal diameter will now be set forth furnishing 
ranges for the various parameters which were found to give both 
satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. In all of the runs, the material 
employed to form the jacket 33 was Dupont type T62 "Teflon" TFE 
fluorocarbon resin modified by the addition of 0.1% carbon black. The 
liner in each instance was formed from type CD123 "Fluon" 
polytetrafluoroethylene resin supplied by ICI America, Inc. of Wilmington, 
Del. This latter resin is a powder for use in paste extrusion. 
The PFA resin employed in the following runs is in each instance "Teflon" 
PFA Fluorocarbon resin type TE9705 supplied as translucent white pellets 
for extrusion and transfer molding by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. 
(Inc.) of Wilmington, Del. 
Data for the several runs is tabulated in the following Table I wherein 
dimensions "A" and "B" refer to those dimensions designated in FIG. 6. The 
column headed "No. Holes" indicates the number of apertures 36, etc., 
introduced around the circumference of the lower end of the jacket as seen 
in FIG. 6. All such holes are of 3/16th inch diameter and equally spaced. 
The significance of the numbered columns is as enumerated below the table. 
The results of the runs listed in the table may be summarized as follows. 
Each of runs 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 produced good welds between the PFA and PTFE 
resins. Only partial welds were obtained in runs 1 and 6 between the PFA 
and PTFE resins. 
Runs 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 produced molded PFA resin sections free from any 
defects. 
In run 3, voids developed in the PFA section and some portions of the 
jacket at its end 35 remained spaced from the liner end 34 permitting PFA 
resin to flow upward therebetween The voids in the PFA resin indicate when 
compared with run 2 that the pressure applied during the cooling phase, 
i.e., phase two, was marginal. Run 4 also resulted in voids in the PFA 
resin section confirming the marginal cooling pressure. In run 6, the end 
of the jacket after molding extended beyond the lower end 37a of the core 
by approximately 1/8 inch. The weld between the PFA resin and the PTFE 
resin underneath this overhang is only partial. This may be due to flow of 
the PFA resin up the inner face of the PTFE resin behind the 1/8 inch 
overhang as cooling pressure was applied. 
TABLE I 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
RUN DIMENSION 
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
No. "A" "B" 
HOLES MIN. 
.degree. F. 
MIN. 
psi 
psi 
psi 
psi 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
1 1 1/8 
1/2 0 45 660 
120 37 26 74 
63 
2 1 1/8 
1/2 8 34 680 
120 37 30 74 
59 
3 1 1/8 
1/2 0 35 685 
120 37 30 74 
63 
4 1 1/8 
1/2 16 40 680 
120 37 30 74 
57 
5 1 1/8 
1/2 16 31 685 
120 37 26 148 
133 
6 1 1/8 
0 0 36 680 
120 37 30 148 
131 
7 1 1/8 
1/2 16 34 680 
60 37 22 148 
133 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Column 1 = Time to reach temperature stabilization. 
Column 2 = Stabilization temperature as indiated by thermocouple. 
Column 3 = Time at stabilization temperature. 
Column 4 = Pressure at start of phase 1. 
Column 5 = Pressure at end of time in Col. 3, end of phase 1. 
Column 6 = Pressure at start of phase 2, cooling starts. 
Column 7 = Pressure at end of phase 2, cooling completed. 
Experience has demonstrated that with proper control the gap disappears 
from between the end 35 of the jacket 33 and the end 34 of the liner 32. 
Apparently, the ends of the jacket and liner are urged into contact before 
the PFA resin becomes flowable such that PFA resin does not penetrate 
between the two PTFE layers. Of course, the foregoing is true only when 
the "B" dimension of the jacket is sufficient to permit its deflection as 
a result of the dynamics of the molding operation. Run 6 above is an 
example of the defect developing when the "B" dimension is too small. 
The mold employed in performing the runs tabulated in Table I had a ram 
with a wall thickness at its point of contact with the resin of 
approximately 7/16 inch. This thickness was chosen arbitrarily for a 
number of practical reasons. For example, the space between the mold 
chamber 40 and the jacket 33 of the dip pipe must be sufficient to readily 
admit the resin charge of either pellets or chips and be such that axial 
flow of the melt along the welding surfaces is minimized during molding. 
The minimum gap is also determined by the minimum thickness of the ram 
that can be used without causing excessive pressure on the resin and fault 
producing flow therein. On the other hand, excessive cavity volume should 
be avoided to avoid unnecessary waste in connection with the expensive PFA 
resin component. 
Satisfactory welds have been achieved between PFA resin and both types T6C2 
and T6L of "Teflon" PTFE resin in addition to the two types of resin 
identified above. 
While molding temperatures between 640.degree. F. and 685.degree. F. have 
been mentioned in connection with the specific examples herein, it is 
believed that satisfactory results can be obtained between about 
635.degree. F. and about 710.degree. F., the latter temperature 
representing the highest usable temperature before onset of undue 
degradation of the resin. 
The description above relative to the preparation of the sub-assembly of 
FIG. 6 assumed a slip fit between the liner 32 and the core 31. However, 
if desired, the jacket 33 may first be applied snugly to the core 31. The 
end 35 could then be trimmed to length "B" and the apertures 36, 38, 39, 
and so forth, punched therein. Next, the liner 32 could be expanded at a 
lower temperature than the 525.degree. F. temperature mentioned above such 
that it makes a tight snug fit with the core 31. The liner end 34 is then 
trimmed to length A. 
Having described and presently preferred embodiments of the subject 
invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the subject art that 
various changes in detail may be introduced without departing from the 
true spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.