Method, apparatus and system for enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation, multiphase close coupled heat exchanger system, super focused heat

A system for improving a steam oil ratio (SOR) includes a direct steam generator (DSG) boiler fluidly coupled with a downhole portion of a steam system via at least a DSG outlet, wherein the DSG boiler is configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

FIELD

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to a method, apparatus, and system for the optimization of oil and gas recovery using steam, a direct steam generator (DSG), an optional multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger system and super-heat.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Many steam boilers are used in the oil and gas recovery world such as Once Through Steam Generators (OTSG) and Drum Boilers. These steam boilers can be used to generate a saturated steam for enhanced oil and gas recovery.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a steam oil ratio (SOR). The system can include a direct steam generator (DSG) boiler fluidly coupled with a downhole portion of a steam system via at least a DSG outlet, wherein the DSG boiler is configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a SOR. The system can include a DSG boiler, wherein the DSG boiler is run in a manner to create super-heat. An additional super-heater can be run in series with the DSG boiler. A downhole portion of a steam system can be fluidly coupled with the additional super-heater via at least a DSG outlet, wherein the DSG boiler and the additional super-heater are configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a SOR. The system can include a DSG boiler, wherein the DSG boiler is run in a manner to create saturated steam. An additional super-heater can be run in series with the DSG boiler. A downhole portion of a steam system can be fluidly coupled with the additional super-heater via at least a DSG outlet, wherein the additional super-heater is configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a SOR. The system can include a DSG boiler. A multi-phase close-coupled heat exchanger can be fluidly coupled with the DSG boiler, where the DSG boiler is run in a manner to create super-heat. A downhole portion of a steam system can be fluidly coupled with the close coupled heat exchanger, wherein the DSG boiler is configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a SOR. The system can include a DSG boiler, wherein the DSG boiler is run in a manner to create super-heat. A multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger can be fluidly coupled with the DSG boiler. A super-heater can be run in series and fluidly coupled with the DSG boiler and the multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger system. A downhole portion of a steam system can be fluidly coupled with the super-heater, wherein the DSG boiler and the super-heater are configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system for improving a SOR. The system can include a DSG boiler, wherein the DSG boiler is run in a manner to create saturated steam. A multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger can be fluidly coupled with the DSG boiler. A super-heater can be run in series and fluidly coupled with the DSG boiler and the multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger system. A downhole portion of a steam system can be fluidly coupled with the super-heater, wherein the super-heater is configured to schedule super-heat delivered to the downhole portion to optimize the SOR associated with the system.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include a method for improving a SOR. The method can include providing super-heat with at least one of a direct steam generator (DSG) boiler and a super-heater fluidly coupled in series with a downhole portion of a steam system to the downhole portion of the steam system, wherein the DSG boiler is fluidly coupled with the super-heater via a DSG outlet and the super-heater is fluidly coupled with the downhole portion of the steam system via a super-heater outlet conduit. The method can include determining whether a condensate loss from the super-heater outlet conduit is greater than a defined condensate loss value. The method can include adjusting the amount of super-heat based on the determination of whether the condensate loss from the super-heater outlet conduit is greater than the defined condensate loss value.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/166,109 entitled “PLASMA ASSISTED, DIRTY WATER, DIRECT STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed on 26 May 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference as through fully set forth herein, discloses a number of DSG methods of steam generation which optionally included a super-heater and the use of super-heat. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/778,010 entitled “METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED OIL AND GAS RECOVERY WITH SUPER FOCUSED HEAT,” filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein, discloses the optimization of super heat for gas and oil recovery in applications not related to DSGs or multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger systems.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can include a system, method, and apparatus comprising a DSG, an optional multi-phase, close-coupled heat exchanger system, and an optional super-heater. Super-heated steam can be generated and utilized for enhanced oil and gas recovery. The scheduling and optimization of the super-heated steam can be scheduled or controlled by, for example, a math function. The scheduling and math function can be continuously improved through an iterative process using multiple feedbacks such as condensate flow, process temperature, process pressures, process flows, system energy, and Steam Oil Ratio (SOR) for optimization. Super-heat at the DSG can also be used to aid in impurity separation and minimize or eliminate blow down.

In enhanced oil and gas recovery, steam is often used. This can include the use of Steam Assisted Gravity Drain (SAGD), Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), and other types of oil and gas recovery. To date, a steam boiler can be utilized to generate a saturated steam, which can then be directed to melt out or mobilize the oil and gas in underground deposits. Typically, a Once Through Steam Generator (OTSG) or a Drum Boiler can be used to generate the steam, which is often saturated steam. The steam can then be pumped through a series of conduits or pipes, eventually traveling underground to the desired heavy oil or other desired deposit. The steam in most cases can be generated as saturated steam at the outlet of the boiler. The saturated steam can then be directed through the balance of the oil or gas recovery system. Much heat and steam energy can be lost in the process without the benefit of producing a product such as bitumen or heavy oil. The industry keeps score on a site's oil recovery efficiency with a Steam Oil Ratio. The SOR simply logs the metric of how many barrels of water in the form of steam are required to net a barrel of oil. SORs can range from approximately 2 to 6. All sites and operators desire the lowest operating SOR possible. The SOR at a site can directly relate to the cost of oil recovery.

Steam in its many forms has different heat transfer characteristics/coefficients. These heat transfer coefficients then directly relate to the amount of heat energy transferred from the steam as it passes through a system or pipe. The amount of heat energy transferred can vary dramatically. For example, at a given steam pressure and temperature, the heat energy transferred through a pipe can range from a factor of 1 for super-heated steam to an approximate factor of 10 for saturated steam to a factor of 4 for condensate.

Embodiments of the present disclosure use that characteristic of steam to minimize the amount of steam energy that is currently being wasted in existing enhanced oil or gas recovery systems. Embodiments of the present disclosure can utilize a mathematical model (implemented, for example, in the software or firmware of a control system) to schedule the super-heated steam. Embodiments of the present disclosure can utilize a feedback in the form of the SORs for continuous improvement or Kaizen in the mathematical model and oil recovery site.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to two specific and special steam systems known as Direct Steam Generation (DSG) systems and DSG systems combined with multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger systems.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can improve the efficiency of an enhanced oil or gas recovery site. As an example, SAGD can be used to describe one embodiment of this invention. Some embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to optimize any steam system or enhanced oil or gas recovery process.

FIG. 1depicts an apparatus and system for enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation, multi-phase close-coupled heat exchanger system, and super focused heat, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. As depicted inFIG. 1, water can be injected into a DSG boiler via feed conduit235at a first mass flow318(depicted as MO. In some embodiments, a production conduit202can be fluidly coupled to an oil separation system203and can carry the produced water and bitumen to oil separation system203. Crude oil conduit204can be fluidly coupled to the oil separation system203and can carry an end product of an SAGD operation. Separated water conduit205can be fluidly coupled to the oil separation system203and a feed water filtration system206. The feed conduit235can be fluidly coupled with the feed water filtration system206. In some embodiments, makeup water208can be introduced into the feed conduit235and can augment the water being fed through feed conduit235. The water can be processed by a DSG245(also referred to herein as DSG boiler) in this example, which can be provided oxygen and/or air via conduit241. In some embodiments, the DSG245can operate on fuels that include, but are not limited to well head gas, natural gas, propane, diesel, and/or bitumen.

In some embodiments, steam (e.g., saturated steam) can be produced by the DSG245and can flow through a saturated steam conduit215(e.g., DSG outlet conduit), which can be fluidly coupled with the DSG245and a separation system216(e.g., a blowdown and particulate cleaning system). In some embodiments, sorbents and/or additives can be injected into the saturated steam conduit215via sorbent/additive conduit237. An amount of blowdown303with second mass flow319(depicted as M2) can be typical in a conventional steam system but may not always be required in a DSG system. In some embodiments, mass flow at any location can be measured by a positive displacement meter with or without numerical mass correction, a turbine flow meter with or without numerical correction, a hot wire mass flow measurement, a Coriolis flow meter, a column and float system, or settling tanks and scale measurement, an orifice plate system, which are only a few examples of how mass flow can be measured. DSG systems can easily generate super-heated steam at their output without the aid of a secondary super-heater. A resulting third mass flow304of the steam (depicted as M3), which in some embodiments is at saturated conditions, but not limited to saturated conditions, is transferred into the super-heater227.

The super-heater227is optional, depending on whether the DSG245is chosen to be the only unit operated in a super-heat generation mode of operation. A multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger can be included and configured to transfer super-heat or configured to not transfer super-heat, which can affect the choice of including a second optional super-heater227. For example, if the DSG245is operated in a super-heat generation mode and the multiphase close-coupled heat exchanger is included and configured to transfer super-heat, the super-heater227may not be used. Conversely, if a close-coupled heat exchanger is not included and the DSG245is operated in a super-heat mode, then optional super-heater227may or may not be included. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a total super-heat can be produced from the DSG alone, or from a combination of a DSG in communication with an additional super-heater.

In some embodiments, steam (e.g., saturated steam, super-heated steam) can be fed from the separation system216via a conduit218to a condenser side219of a multiphase combined (close-coupled) heat exchanger238, as discussed herein. Condensate from the condenser side219can be fed to a separator tank221via conduit220, which can separate the hot side condensate into a water constituent and an exhaust constituent. The exhaust constituent can be processed via an optional air pollution control process243and fed to a turbo expander229via conduit236. Expanded exhaust constituents can be fed via an exhaust conduit232to an air pollution control process233before being exhausted via treated exhaust outlet234.

As discussed herein, in some embodiments, a control valve244can control a flow of condensate through condensate conduit224into the evaporator side225of the close-coupled heat exchanger238. Condensate can be fed into the evaporator side225of the close-coupled heat exchanger238via the condensate conduit224at a fourth mass flow318′ (depicted as M′4). The fourth mass flow318′ (M′4) can be similar with respect to the first mass flow318(MO) in the fact that they are mass flows associated with feedwater being fed to a final disposition to a down hole application. In some embodiments, the first mass flow318can be associated with the only feedwater origin if a close-coupled heat exchanger238is not incorporated; but the fourth mass flow can be associated with the more precise location of the feedwater if a close-coupled heat exchanger238and associated process equipment is utilized. In an example, depending on whether the close-coupled heat exchanger238is incorporated, either the first mass flow318or the fourth mass flow318′ can be associated with a mass flow of feedwater to a final feedwater processing step that turns feedwater into steam for delivery to the down hole application. The condensate in the evaporator side225of the close-coupled heat exchanger238can be converted to saturated steam or super-heated steam and can be fed through evaporator side steam conduit226to the steam injection conduit228, as discussed in relation toFIG. 1. In some embodiments, a heat exchanger can be fluidly coupled between the evaporator side of the close-coupled heat exchanger and a control valve244or between the control valve244and the separator tank21.

In some embodiments, the control valve244can control a flow of condensate through condensate conduit224into the evaporator side225of the close-coupled heat exchanger238. The condensate in the evaporator side225of the close-coupled heat exchanger238can be converted to saturated steam or super-heated steam and can be fed through evaporator side steam conduit226to an optional super-heater227.

The process equipment, such as the separator tank221, air pollution control process243, turbo expander229, air pollution control process233, control valve244, etc. can optionally be used, depending on whether the close-coupled heat exchanger238is incorporated. For example, the process equipment can be used if the close-coupled heat exchanger238is incorporated. Further details of the process equipment and additional aspects of the present disclosure will be made apparent upon review of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/166,109 entitled “PLASMA ASSISTED, DIRTY WATER, DIRECT STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed on 26 May 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference as through fully set forth herein.

The super-heater227can be powered by natural gas or any other energy source. In some embodiments it can be advantageous to operate the DSG245in a condition that produces super-heated steam at its outlet prior to separation system216. The super-heated steam production condition at the outlet of the DSG will help in crystalizing and separating out impurities in the feedwater flowing through feed conduit235and minimize or eliminate blowdown. The feedwater flowing through feed conduit235(e.g., DSG245feedwater) can be one or more of dirty water, salty water, and/or brine water including fossil water and/or sea water and/or combinations of produced water, make up water, and/or pond water from oil processing. Collection and separation system216is depicted as a conventional cyclone unit but could also be a box, baffle, and/or mesh separation system and/or any other separation system. DSG245can, in some embodiments, be operated in a conventional mode with a percentage of blowdown and no super-heat at the DSG outlet (e.g., saturated steam conduit215) directing the impurities into the separation system216. The super-heater outlet conduit306can have a super-heater outlet length represented by line307. The super-heater outlet conduit306can be used to direct steam to a down hole portion of the enhanced oil site. In some embodiments, heat can be lost from the super-heater outlet conduit306. Such heat loss is depicted as outlet heat loss320. In some embodiments, condensate can be lost from the super-heater outlet conduit306. Such condensate loss is depicted as outlet condensate loss mass flow323(also referred to herein as fifth mass flow323and depicted as Ms).

The super-heater outlet conduit306can be fluidly coupled to a down hole portion311of the steam system. In some embodiments, the down hole portion311of the steam system can have a down hole portion length represented by line310. In some embodiments, heat can be lost from the down hole portion311. Such heat loss is depicted as down hole heat loss321. Horizontal pipe section312in the oil recovery section of a SAGD system can include a perforated pipe system (e.g., perforated pipe section) that expels steam into the oil deposits to mobilize heavy oil (e.g., subterranean heavy oil) and can have a length represented by line313. Although the horizontal pipe section312is described as horizontal, the horizontal pipe section312can be disposed at a non-horizontal angle. In some embodiments, the perforated pipe system can ideally expel saturated steam with its superior heat energy being transferred into the oil deposits to mobilize the heavy oil. In an example, the heavy oil can melt out of formations in a continually expanding arc (e.g., melt out of formations located close to and away from the horizontal pipe section312) as depicted by arced lines314,315,316, and317, etc. eventually making a chamber325. The mobilized oil and spent (e.g., condensated) steam is then collected in collection pipe201, which is configured to collect the mobilized oil and spent steam, and lifted to the surface of the ground309to ground surface location (e.g., ground surface location324) via the collection pipe201for transport in production conduit202and further processing and eventual sale.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can provide for the addition of super-heat by any method at an optional super-heater227and potentially at DSG245to increase the energy of the steam and optimize the amount of super-heat in the steam to allow the steam mass flow to ideally be converted to saturated steam at and/or in horizontal pipe section312and ideally at the location of new work or heat transfer into the ever expanding chamber325for the mobilization of the bitumen at locations depicted by arced lines314,315,316,317, etc. As the heat loss and condensate loss is minimized in, for example, super-heater outlet conduit306and down hole portion311and the saturated steam is allowed to effectively deliver its stored energy to the bitumen at locations depicted by arced lines314,315,316,317, etc. and generally chamber325, the SOR will be improved and reduced numerically.

The amount of super-heat (e.g., the addition of super-heat by any method at optional super-heater227and potentially at DSG245) can be scheduled by many mathematical models in many embodiments. In some embodiments, an amount of super-heat can be increased until a mass flow at outlet condensate loss mass flow323(or a summation of outlet condensate mass flows at all measurement points or any combination thereof) is reduced to 0 (or within a defined threshold of 0). In some embodiments, a feedback control (e.g., proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID)) can be employed to increase super-heat (e.g., via super-heater227or the DSG245) until the mass flow at outlet condensate loss mass flow323(or a summation of outlet condensate mass flows at all measurement points or any combination thereof) is reduced to 0 (or within a defined threshold of 0) and then continue to increase super-heat (e.g., via super-heater227or the DSG245) until SOR is eventually minimized. In some embodiments, this process of feedback control can be used for continuous iterations and improvements in efficiency, or Kaizen. Upper limits of super-heated steam temperature boundary conditions can be employed.

In some embodiments, the feedback control can be implemented via a computing device, which can be a combination of hardware and instructions to share information. The hardware, for example can include a processing resource and/or a memory resource (e.g., computer-readable medium (CRM), database, etc.). A processing resource, as used herein, can include a number of processors capable of executing instructions stored by the memory resource. The processing resource can be integrated in a single device or distributed across multiple devices. The instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions (CRI)) can include instructions stored on the memory resource and executable by the processing resource to implement a desired function (e.g., increase super-heat, etc.).

The memory resource can be in communication with the processing resource. The memory resource, as used herein, can include a number of memory components capable of storing instructions that can be executed by the processing resource. Such memory resource can be a non-transitory CRM. The memory resource can be integrated in a single device or distributed across multiple devices. Further, the memory resource can be fully or partially integrated in the same device as the processing resource or it can be separate but accessible to that device and processing resource. Thus, it is noted that the computing device can be implemented on a support device and/or a collection of support devices, on a mobile device and/or a collection of mobile devices, and/or a combination of the support devices and the mobile devices.

The memory can be in communication with the processing resource via a communication link (e.g., path). The communication link can be local or remote to a computing device associated with the processing resource. Examples of a local communication link can include an electronic bus internal to a computing device where the memory resource is one of a volatile, non-volatile, fixed, and/or removable storage medium in communication with the processing resource via the electronic bus.

An example of an additional embodiment of a mathematical model to schedule the amount of super-heat injected can start the same with the elimination of condensate as described in the above model. The model can proceed after the mass flow at outlet condensate loss mass flow323(or a summation of outlet condensate mass flows at all measurement points or any combination thereof) has been reduced to 0 (or within a defined threshold of zero) to derive a coefficient “a” times super-heat quantity x, times the first mass flow318minus the second mass flow319and the fifth mass flow323. Coefficient “a” can be derived from the terms of a total of the derived heat loss of super-heater outlet conduit306(e.g., which can be derived from temperature measurements made at one or more locations along the super-heater outlet conduit306and/or an analytical heat loss model) per distance c, times super-heater outlet length307, plus the derived heat loss of down hole portion311(e.g., which can be derived from temperature measurements made at one or more locations along the down hole portion311and/or an analytical heat loss model) per distance d, times down hole portion length310, plus a distance unit of measure, times volume of chamber325, times a coefficient. In some embodiments, the distance unit of measure can be a length of the horizontal pipe section312that is in active communication with a bitumen product, potentially represented by line313. This model example ignores the conditions in the optional multi-phase close-coupled heat exchanger system section for clarity.

In some embodiments, the heat loss through the close-coupled heat exchanger system can also be accounted for in the addition of a quantity of super-heat. For the sake of clarity, this extra step has not been included. Again the SOR at a location disposed in and/or proximate to the collection pipe201(e.g., ground surface location24) can be used as a feedback or a metric to continuously iterate and optimize the level of superheat injected and continuously optimize the system or employ the principals of Kaizen. Again, upper limits of super-heated steam temperature boundary conditions can be employed. Process temperature feedbacks such as system pipe temperatures, process flows, process pressure feedbacks, system energy flow and many other feedbacks can be incorporated into ever exacting models with higher levels of sophistication to accurately schedule the optimum super-heat. Condensate flow and SOR are only two examples of feedbacks used in embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2depicts a flow chart associated with feedback control for controlling super-heat, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each block of the flow chart can represent an instruction, executable by a processor, as discussed herein. In some embodiments, each block of the flow chart can represent a method step, as discussed herein. The flow chart is depicted as starting at block350. At decision block352, a determination can be made of whether the condensate loss mass flow323(shown inFIG. 1and also referred to herein as fifth mass flow323and depicted as Ms) is greater than a value X. The value X can be a measured numerical value associated with the fifth mass flow323(e.g., measured in a manner analogous to that discussed herein). In some embodiments, the value X can be 0. However, the value X can be greater than 0, for example, a value that is close to 0 and/or within a defined threshold of 0. As previously discussed, as condensate loss is minimized in the super-heater outlet conduit306(FIG. 1), the saturated steam can be allowed to effectively deliver its stored energy to the bitumen and the SOR can be improved and reduced numerically. Thus, while it is not necessary that the value X be 0, efficiency of the system can be increased as the value X approaches 0. For example, the value X can be less than or equal to 1 gallon per hour (e.g., the value X can be in a range from 0 to 1 gallons per hour). However, the value X can be greater than 1 gallon per hour.

As depicted inFIG. 2, in response to a determination that the fifth mass flow323is less than the value X (e.g., NO), control can be transferred to decision block354, where a determination can be made of whether the SOR is greater than a value N (e.g., defined SOR value). The value N can be a determined numerical value associated with the SOR. In some embodiments, the value N can be defined by a user (e.g., received from a user via a user interface in communication with the computing device) and can be representative of a desired SOR. In response to a determination that the SOR is less than the value N (e.g. NO), control can be transferred to block356, which can include an executable instruction to hold process for time A and then proceed to start at block350. For example, block356can include an instruction to maintain a constant generation and/or temperature of super-heat (e.g., to not decrease or increase super-heat and/or to not decrease or increase super-heat outside of a defined range) for a particular time A. In some embodiments, the particular time A can be defined by a user. The particular time A can be 0 in some embodiments or a value greater than 0 (e.g., 1 second, 20 seconds, 3 minutes, 3 days, etc.). Upon the expiration of time A, the process can proceed to start block350.

In response to a determination that the SOR is greater than the value N (e.g. YES), control can be transferred to decision block358, where a determination can be made of whether a particular amount of super-heat generated and/or a temperature of the super-heat is less than a numerical value Y, which can be defined by a user. In some embodiments, the numerical value Y can be representative of an upper limit of a super-heated steam temperature boundary condition, as discussed herein. In response to a determination that the particular super-heat is greater than the value Y (e.g., NO), control can be transferred to block360, which can include an executable instruction to decrement (e.g., decrease via open loop and/or a feedback control) super-heat and hold process for time B, then proceed to start. For example, block360can include an instruction to decrement a generation and/or temperature of super-heat for a particular time B. The particular time B can be a value greater than 0 (e.g., 1 second, 20 seconds, 3 minutes, 3 days, etc.). Upon the expiration of time B, the process can proceed to start block350.

As depicted inFIG. 2, in response to a determination that the particular super-heat is less than the value Y (e.g., YES), control can be transferred to block362, which can include an executable instruction to increment (e.g., increase) super-heat. For example, block362can include an instruction to increment an amount and/or temperature of super-heat generated. In some embodiments, the amount and/or temperature of super-heat generated can be incremented for a defined time before control is transferred back to decision block354.

As depicted inFIG. 2, in response to a determination that the fifth mass flow323is greater than the value X (e.g., YES), control can be transferred to block364, which can include an executable instruction to increment super-heat. For example, block364can include an instruction to increment an amount and/or temperature of super-heat generated. In some embodiments, the amount and/or temperature of super-heat generated can be incremented for a defined time before control is transferred back to decision block366.

At decision block366, a determination can be made of whether a particular amount of super-heat generated and/or a temperature of the super-heat is greater than the numerical value Y (e.g., defined super-heat value), which can be defined by a user. In some embodiments, the numerical value Y can be representative of an upper limit of a super-heated steam temperature boundary condition, as discussed herein. In response to a determination that the particular super-heat is greater than the value Y (e.g., YES), control can be transferred to block368, which can include an executable instruction to decrement super-heat and hold process for time Z, then proceed to start. For example, block368can include an instruction to decrement a generation and/or temperature of super-heat for a particular time Z. The particular time Z can be a value greater than 0 (e.g., 1 second, 20 seconds, 3 minutes, 3 days, etc.). Upon the expiration of time B, the process can proceed to start block350. As discussed herein, a generation and/or temperature of super-heat can be incremented or decremented via use of feedback control, which can be implemented with the assistance of a feedback controller, such as a PID controller.

It will be further appreciated that for conciseness and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical,” “horizontal,” “up,” and “down” may be used herein with respect to the illustrated embodiments. However, these terms are not intended to be limiting and absolute.