Method and apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface employing cross polarization

An apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface includes an apparatus for illuminating the surface, an apparatus for obtaining an image of the illuminated surface and providing an output signal representative of the obtained image, and an apparatus for limiting the exposure time of the image-obtaining apparatus to a selected fast exposure time less than the video frame rate of the image-obtaining apparatus. The image-obtaining apparatus may be a CCD-based camera. The CCD-based camera and the illumination apparatus may be mounted in a shroud having an opaque side wall. A first polarizing film may be provided intermediate the illumination apparatus and the surface, and a second polarizing film, having a polarization orientation orthogonal to that of the first polarizing film, may be provided intermediate the surface and the image-obtaining apparatus. Tip switches may be provided to prevent activation of the illumination apparatus and the image obtaining apparatus except when a lower edge of the shroud side wall is in contact with the surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to methods and devices for illuminating a surface 
and obtaining an image of the surface, and particularly to hand-held 
illumination and imaging devices for the purpose of reading labels having 
information in a code, such as a bar code, or an alphanumeric format. 
Devices for imaging of surfaces provide an electronic representation of an 
image of the surface of an object. The representation in electronic form 
is then stored or transmitted to an appropriate data processing apparatus. 
If information is stored in the label in alphanumeric format, the image 
would be transmitted to a data processing apparatus having character 
recognition capacity. Typically, however, routine information is printed 
in a code format. A common example is a bar code label affixed to the 
surface of a package. The bar-code label contains information about the 
package's origin, destination, order number, and the like. To retrieve the 
information from the bar code label, an appropriate imaging device 
electronically creates a digitized image of the bar code label. That image 
is then transferred to a processing computer. The processing computer 
deciphers the desired information from the digitized image. 
An imaging device can be either machine-mounted or hand-held. Portable 
hand-held devices are especially useful when processing is required at 
remote locations. Such devices are also useful when the objects to which 
labels have been applied may be in a variety of sizes or positions. 
The ability to retrieve data from the surface of an object depends largely 
on the quality of the digital image obtained by the imaging device. 
Glares, shadows and non-uniformity in illumination on the surface during 
the imaging process result in degradation of the digital image. More 
specifically, image processing software may be unable to reliably identify 
the optical characteristics (such as color) of every portion of the label. 
As a result, data will be lost. Uniform illumination over a surface is 
especially important when reading information on an alphanumeric label or 
in a two-dimensional encoded format where there is a minimum of 
redundancy. 
Non-uniform ambient light is one source of non-uniformity in illumination. 
A second problem, which is particularly common in shipping of packages and 
letters, results from the practice of placing a shiny protective layer, 
such as transparent tape, over the label. Such tape will cause specular 
reflection from the surface, which will obscure the image of the 
underlying label. 
A desirable goal in obtaining images of labels is to obtain the image as 
quickly as possible. This goal makes it desirable to be able to capture 
the entire image of a two-dimensional label substantially instantaneously. 
The use of charge-coupled device based cameras has been proposed for 
obtaining images of labels. However, CCD-based cameras are subject to the 
drawback that the photo-charges in the potential wells in the CCD array 
can exceed the capacity of the potential wells in the presence of intense 
illumination. Charges spill over into adjacent potential wells, which 
phenomenon is known as blooming. Blooming, of course, results in loss of 
information. 
Furthermore, relative motion of the camera and the substrate can cause 
blurring of the obtained image. For example, a normal video exposure time 
is 0.033 seconds. In that time, an object moving at 5 inches per second 
moves 0.165 inches, which, in 100 dpi image resolution, is 16.5 pixels. 
Such a pixel shift will provide a very blurred image, with resulting loss 
of data. 
It is an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for 
illumination and imaging of a surface which obtains accurate images in a 
short amount of time. 
It is a particular object of this invention to provide a method and 
apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface which employs a 
CCD-based camera which is not subject to blooming or to blurring. 
It is a further particular object of this invention to provide an apparatus 
and method for illumination and imaging of a surface which is not subject 
to specular reflection from the surface. 
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent 
from the detailed description of a preferred embodiment which follows. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface includes means for 
illuminating the surface, means for obtaining an image of the illuminated 
surface and providing an output signal representative of the obtained 
image, and shutter means for limiting the exposure time of the image 
obtaining means to a selected fast exposure time less than the video frame 
rate. 
An apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface includes a shroud 
having an opaque side wall, a lower edge of which side wall defines a 
bottom opening, means, mounted in the shroud, for illuminating the surface 
through the bottom opening, and means, comprising a CCD-based camera 
mounted in the shroud, for obtaining an image of the illuminated surface 
and providing an output signal representative of the obtained image. 
An apparatus for illumination and imaging of a surface includes means for 
illuminating the surface, means for obtaining an image of the illuminated 
surface and providing an output signal representative of the obtained 
image, first light polarizing means intermediate the illuminating means 
and the illuminated surface, and second light polarizing means, orthogonal 
to the first light polarizing means, intermediate the illuminated surface 
and the image obtaining means. 
A method for illumination and imaging of a surface includes the steps of 
illuminating the surface, obtaining an image of the illuminated surface 
while selectively limiting the exposure time to a selected fast exposure 
time less than the video frame rate and providing an output signal 
representative of the obtained image. 
A method for illumination and imaging of a surface, includes the steps of 
providing a shroud having an opaque side wall, a lower edge of which 
defines a bottom opening, employing a light source mounted in the shroud 
to illuminate the surface through the bottom opening, and employing a 
CCD-based camera mounted in the shroud for obtaining an image of the 
illuminated surface and providing an output signal representative of the 
obtained image. 
A method for illumination and imaging of a surface includes the steps of 
illuminating the surface with light polarized in a first direction, 
polarizing light reflected from the surface in a second direction, 
orthogonal to the first direction, obtaining an image of the illuminated 
surface from the polarized reflected light and providing an output signal 
representative of the obtained image.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is depicted an illuminating and imaging 
apparatus 10 according to the invention in use illuminating and imaging a 
label 14 applied to a planar upper surface of a package 12. Referring to 
FIG. 2, apparatus 10 includes shroud 20, camera 40, handle 60, and 
illumination apparatus 80. Shroud 20 has an opaque, vertical sidewall 22. 
Vertical sidewall 22 has a lower edge which defines a bottom opening 24, 
and has a top opening 26. In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, 
sidewall 22 includes four planar panels, so as to provide a square 
cross-section. It will be understood that the form of vertical sidewall 22 
may be selected as desired. For example, the vertical sidewall 22 may be 
rectangular, or cylindrical in plan. Ordinarily, vertical sidewall 22 will 
be selected so that the shape of bottom opening 24 is the same as the 
shape of a surface to be illuminated. The shape of the bottom opening 24 
may also be selected so as to be the same as the shape of the array of an 
imaging device. It will also be appreciated that vertical sidewall 22 need 
not be precisely vertical. 
Camera 40, which in the illustrated embodiment has a substantially 
cylindrical housing, is disposed through top opening 26 in shroud 20. 
Camera 40 is mounted in an upper portion of shroud 20 by bracket 42 on the 
side of the housing of camera 40. Camera 40 is secured to shroud 20 by a 
fastener 44 disposed through hole 28 through sidewall 22. Camera 40 is an 
apparatus that obtains an image of a surface, such as the surface of 
package 12 illustrated in FIG. 1, and produces a signal representative of 
the obtained image of the surface. Camera 40 may be, for example, a 
CCD-based camera. An example of a suitable CCD-based camera is a Pulnix 
TM-7X, with a Tamron 6.5 mm lens. Appropriate power and signal lines are 
provided through cable 70 to an external power supply (not shown), 
controller 110 and signal processor 120 (shown schematically in FIG. 4). 
The power supply provides electrical power for operation of camera 40 and 
illumination apparatus 80. The signal lines in cable 70 transmit control 
signals from controller 110 to camera 40 and trigger 85, and transmit from 
camera 40 to signal processor 120 an output signal representative of the 
image obtained by camera 40. 
Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2, handle 60 is mounted on the upper face of 
the housing of camera 40. Handle 60 is generally cylindrical, and provides 
a convenient hand grip for an operator. Preferably, there is provided a 
hand switch 62, which an operator can use for providing a signal to 
controller to begin the sequence of illuminating the surface and obtaining 
the image. Hand switch 62 may be an omnidirectional switch. 
Illumination apparatus device 80 is mounted in an upper portion of shroud 
20, mounted on horizontal plate 72, which is preferably mounted within an 
upper portion of shroud 20 about a lens of camera 40. In the illustrated 
embodiment, lighting apparatus 80 is a linear xenon flash lamp or strobe 
light. Illumination apparatus 80 includes a flash lamp tube 82, which is 
mounted in a reflector 84. Reflector 84 may have a surface of bubble 
alzac, or reflective aluminum. Suitable electrical connections (not shown) 
provide current to cause the flash lamp tube 82 to flash. Horizonal planar 
support plate 72 is provided with an aperture 74 therethrough for 
permitting light from the surface to pass through to camera 40. Suitable 
conventional fixtures may be provided for mounting flash tube 82 in 
reflector 84. 
There are further provided first polarizing film, or polarizer, 100 and 
second polarizing film, or analyzer, 102. First polarizing film 100 is 
provided beneath illumination apparatus 80. First polarizing film 100 is 
so positioned that all light emitted by illumination apparatus 80 is 
transmitted through first polarizing film 100 before reaching an 
illuminated surface through bottom opening 24 of shroud 20. Second 
polarizing film 102 is mounted on the aperture of camera 40. Second 
polarizing film 102 is thus so mounted that light reflected from a surface 
will pass through second polarizing film 102 before entering camera 40. 
First polarizing film 100 has a first selected polarization orientation, 
and second polarizing film 102 has a second selected polarization 
orientation, 90.degree. from the polarization orientation of first 
polarizing film 100. The use of the combination of first polarizing film 
100 in the path of light from illumination apparatus 80 to the surface, 
and second polarizing film 102, having a polarization orientation at a 
90.degree. angle from the polarization orientation of first polarizing 
film 100, in the path of light reflected from the illuminated surface to 
the camera 40, eliminates the effect of specular reflection of light from 
the surface. The use of first polarizing film 100 and second polarizing 
film 102 is particularly advantageous where apparatus 10 is used to read 
labels that may be covered with a shiny coating such as a transparent 
tape. 
Tip switches 130, 132 are provided at two opposite points on the lower edge 
of shroud 20. Tip switches 130, 132 are Closed when the respective points 
on the lower edge of shroud 20 engage a surface. As shown in FIG. 4, tip 
switches 130, 132 are connected in series with hand switch 62. The signal 
from hand switch 62 will only be transmitted when both lower edges of 
shroud 20 are in contact with a surface, such as the surface of package 12 
of FIG. 1. As a result, tip switches 130, 132 serve to prevent activation 
of illumination device 80 and of camera 40, except when the lower edge of 
shroud 20 is in contact with the surface. 
This configuration of tip switches 130, 132 serves both safety and image 
quality goals. First, illumination apparatus 80 cannot be inadvertently 
activated while directed at someone's eyes. Because the flash lamp 
intensity is high, eye discomfort could be caused if the device were 
activated while directed at someone's eyes. Second, the configuration of 
tip switches 130, 132 assumes that the camera cannot be activated while a 
gap exists between the points on the lower edge of shroud 20 where tip 
switches 130, 132 are located, and a surface. As a result, the quantity of 
ambient light reaching the surface will be minimized. If, as shown, the 
lower edge of shroud 20 lies in a plane, this configuration of tip 
switches 130, 132 assures that substantially no ambient light will reach a 
planar surface within the shroud. 
An electronic shutter is preferably provided for control of the CCD-based 
camera. A CCD-based camera conventionally allows charge to accumulate in 
the potential wells for a period of time equal to the video frame rate. At 
the end of this period of time, the charge is read out in accordance with 
conventional techniques. The video frame rate (or video frame length or 
video exposure time) is conventionally 1/30 seconds. However, it has been 
found by the inventors, in using device 10, that the illumination produced 
by illumination apparatus 80 is so great that the photo-charges in many of 
the potential wells of a CCD array will exceed the capacity of the 
potential wells, if charges are permitted to accumulate for a time equal 
to the video frame rate. In addition, it is desirable to reduce the 
exposure time as much as possible to prevent loss of clarity caused by 
relative movement of the camera and the label. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a flow chart illustrating the 
sequence of operation of an electronic shutter according to the invention. 
The electronic shutter is preferably provided in controller 110, either in 
software or hardware. At box 305, labeled "START VIDEO FRAME (T=0)," a new 
video frame has started. At the start of the video frame, at time T=0, 
there is no charge stored in any of the elements of the CCD array. 
Immediately after time T=0, each element in the CCD array is maintained in 
a shorted condition, so that no charge can accumulate in any of the 
elements of the CCD array. In other words, the electronic shutter is 
closed. This step is illustrated by box 310, labeled MAINTAIN CCD SHORTED. 
The time T from the beginning of the video frame is then continuously 
compared to a time equal to the length of a video frame less a selected 
fast exposure time. This is illustrated by box 315, labeled T=VIDEO FRAME 
LENGTH--SELECTED FAST EXPOSURE TIME? If the time T is less than the video 
frame rate less the selected fast exposure time, the controller continues 
to maintain the elements in the CCD array shorted, as indicated by the 
arrow marked "NO" leading from box 315. 
If the time T is equal to the video frame length less the selected fast 
exposure time, then, as indicated by box 320, labeled "ACTIVATE CCD ARRAY 
AND ILLUMINATION APATUS," the controller provides a signal so that the 
elements of the CCD array are no longer shorted, and the elements begin to 
accumulate charge. Simultaneously, illumination apparatus 80 is activated 
by a signal provided from the controller to trigger 85. As a result, the 
elements in the CCD array will be exposed to light reflected during 
illumination of the surface and will accumulate charge. 
Time T is compared to the length of the video frame, as shown by box 325, 
labeled T=VIDEO FRAME LENGTH? As long as the time T is less than the video 
frame length, the CCD array remains activated, and individual elements 
accumulate charge as light impinges on them. This is indicated by the 
arrow marked NO from box 325 to box 320. As shown by the arrow marked YES 
from box 325 to box 330, when the time is equal to the video frame length, 
the CCD array is read out, as indicated by box 330, labeled READ OUT CCD 
ARRAY. The process is then at an end, as indicated by box 335. 
It will be understood that by the foregoing process, the time that the 
elements in the CCD array are accumulating charge is maintained as short 
as possible. This will prevent blurring, due to relative movement of 
apparatus 10 and the surface, and will also prevent blooming due to 
excessive exposure time. The use of an electronic shutter provides precise 
control over the selected fast exposure time. In addition, the use of the 
electronic shutter, combined with activation of the illumination apparatus 
simultaneously with the opening of the electronic shutter, assures that 
the light reflected from the surface is primarily light generated by the 
illumination apparatus. The use of an electronic shutter thereby minimizes 
the influence of ambient light. This in particular assures that, with the 
use of first and second polarizing films 100, 102, oriented at a ninety 
degree angle to one another, as explained above, the glare from the 
surface will be eliminated or minimized. 
It is preferred that the selected fast exposure time be substantially 
shorter than the video frame rate, and preferably as fast as possible, 
provided that the illumination intensity is great enough. In a tested 
embodiment, a selected fast exposure time of one millisecond provided good 
results. This selected fast exposure time is thus 1/33 the video frame 
rate. The selected fast exposure time may be set, on an empirical basis, 
by those of skill in the art. If, after using a selected exposure time, 
blooming or blurring are observed, then the selected fast exposure time 
should be shortened. If after using a selected fast exposure time, 
obtained intensity levels were too low to distinguish different optical 
properties, the selected fast exposure time should be increased. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of an 
apparatus according to the invention with its controller and signal 
processor. Controller 110 provides control signals to camera 40 and 
illumination apparatus trigger circuit 85. Tip switches 130, 132, are 
disposed in the circuit intermediate switch 62 and controller 110. As 
explained above, the control signals from controller 110 provide for an 
electronic shutter to time operation of camera 40, as well as for timing 
of the triggering of illumination apparatus 80. Trigger circuit 85 
customarily includes an electrical energy storage device, such as one or 
more capacitors. Upon receipt of a signal from controller 110, trigger 
circuit 85 allows current to flow from such capacitors to illumination 
apparatus 80. Camera 40 provides a signal, representative of the light 
reflected from the surface, to signal processor 120. 
Many variations are possible within the scope of the invention. For 
example, the light source illumination apparatus 80 need not be a flash 
lamp. Illumination apparatus 80 may include, for example, an array of 
light-emitting diodes, a diffuse light source, or any other type of light 
source. An intense light source, such as a flash lamp, is advantageous in 
that it will tend to minimize the influence of ambient light on the total 
illumination of the surface. As a result, non-uniformities in ambient 
illumination will contribute relatively little to total illumination. 
Intense illumination, such as that from a flash lamp, also permits the 
aperture of the camera lens to be adjusted to a minimum, to provide the 
greatest depth of field. Depth of field is particularly useful when a 
label is applied to a curved surface, such as a tube. 
Shroud 20, in combination with illumination apparatus 80 and camera 40, is 
highly advantageous. Shroud 20, is opaque, and in operation has only 
bottom opening 24. As a result shroud 20 substantially eliminates the 
illumination of the surface by ambient light. As a result, illumination of 
the surface Fill be substantially entirely as a result of lighting 
apparatus 80. Thus, uniformity of illumination may be controlled. In 
addition, polarization of light illuminating the surface may be 
controlled, to reduce specular reflection. Control of the intensity of 
illumination is also achieved. This assures that the apparatus may 
successfully be used even where ambient illumination is very intense, such 
as in direct sunlight. The distance between the lens of camera 40 and the 
surface is maintained constant, thereby eliminating the need to refocus 
the camera. The device according to the invention can be implemented in a 
hand-held configuration. 
It will also be appreciated that a CCD-based camera, while advantageous, is 
not necessarily required for practice of certain embodiments of the 
invention. Rather, other devices may be used which obtain an image of the 
illuminated surface and provides an electronic output signal 
representative of the obtained image. A vidicon or similar device may 
conceivably also be employed. 
In a particularly preferred embodiment, given only by way of example, 
camera 40 is mounted three inches above the bottom edge of the shroud, and 
has a field of view 2.5 inches across. The shroud has dimensions of 3.75 
inches in height. The reflector 84 has an inner diameter of 0.8 inches, 
and extends in an arc of 225.degree.. The axis of the lamp is mounted 1.45 
inches away from the camera optical center, and 0.234 inches radially from 
the axis of the reflector 80. The selected short exposure time may be 
about 1 millisecond. 
It will be appreciated that there are considerable variations that can be 
accomplished in a method and apparatus of the invention without departing 
from its scope. As a result, although a preferred embodiment of the method 
and apparatus of the invention has been described above, it is emphasized 
that the invention is not limited to a preferred embodiment and there 
exist other alternative embodiments that are fully encompassed within the 
invention's scope, which is intended to be limited only by the scope of 
the appended claims.