Printing continuous tone images on receivers having field-driven particles

An electronic printing apparatus responsive to a digital image for providing continuous tone optical density pixels forming an output image on a receiver includes a receiver including field-driven particles in a matrix that can change optical density in response to an applied electric field, the field-driven particles being responsive to fields of different amplitude and duration to change the optical density of the pixels formed in the receiver; an array of electrodes associated with the receiver for selectively applying electric fields according to the digital image forming pixels across the receiver; and electronic control circuitry coupled to the array and responsive to the digital images for computing appropriate voltage waveforms having amplitudes and durations selected so that, when the voltage array forms are applied to the array, fields are produced by the array and applied to the receiver to provide continuous tone pixels having optical densities corresponding to pixels in the digital image.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 
09/012,842 filed Jan. 23, 1998, entitled "Addressing Non-Emissive Color 
Reflective Receiver Device" to Wen et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 
09/035,606 filed Mar. 6, 1998, entitled "Forming Images on Receivers 
Having Field-Driven Particles" to MacLean et al(77429) and U.S. patent 
application Ser. No. 09/035,516 filed Mar. 5, 1998, entitled "Heat 
Assisted Image Formation in Receivers Having Field-Driven Particles" to 
Wen et al(77488). The disclosure of these related application is 
incorporated herein by reference. 
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to an electronic printing apparatus for producing 
images on a receiver comprising field-driven particles. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
There are several types of field-driven particles used in the field of 
non-emissive displays. One class uses the so-called electrophoretic 
particle that is based on the principle of movement of charged particles 
in an electric field. In an electrophoretic receiver, the charged 
particles containing different reflective optical densities can be moved 
by an electric field to or away from the viewing side of the receiver, 
which produces a contrast in the optical density. Another class of 
field-driven particles are particles carrying an electric dipole. Each 
pole of the particle is associated with a different optical densities 
(bi-chromatic). The electric dipole can be aligned by a pair of electrodes 
in two directions, which orient each of the two polar surfaces to the 
viewing direction. The different optical densities on the two halves of 
the particles thus produces a contrast in the optical densities. 
To produce a high quality image on a receiver having field-driven 
particles, it is desirable to produce multiple or continuous tone optical 
densities at each pixel. Tone scale is particularly important for 
displaying pictorial images. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide an image having 
continuous tone optical densities on a receiver having field-driven 
particles. 
This objects is achieved by an electronic printing apparatus responsive to 
a digital image for providing image pixels of continuous tone optical 
density in an output image on a receiver, comprising: 
a) a receiver including field-driven particles in a matrix, the 
field-driven particles being responsive to applied electric fields of 
different amplitude and duration to change the optical density on the 
receiver; 
b) an array of electrodes associated with the receiver for selectively 
applying electric fields according to the digital image to form image 
pixels across the receiver; and 
c) electronic control means coupled to the array and responsive to the 
digital images for computing properly modulated voltage waveforms selected 
so that, when the voltage waveforms are applied to the array, fields are 
produced by the array and applied to the receiver to provide continuous 
tone pixels having optical densities corresponding to the digital image. 
ADVANTAGES 
An advantage of the present invention is that the strength of the field 
applied to the field-driven particles can be varied or modulated to 
produce multiple optical densities at each pixel of the displayed image. 
An additional advantage of the present invention is that the duration of 
the field applied to the field-driven particles can be modulated to 
produce variable optical densities at each pixel of the displayed image. 
Another advantage of the present invention is that strength and/or duration 
of the field applied to the field driven particles can be varied according 
to the temperature of the receiver comprising the field-driven particles 
to accurately control the optical density on the receiver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 shows the electronic printing apparatus 10 in accordance to the 
present invention. The electronic printing apparatus 10 includes a 
processing unit 20, a logic and control electronics unit 30, a print head 
40, print head drive electronics 45, calibration look-up table 46, a 
receiver 50 that comprises field-driven particles in a matrix (see FIG. 
3), a receiver transport 60, and a receptacle 70. The print head 40 
includes an array of pairs of top electrodes 80 and bottom electrodes 90 
(only one pair being shown) corresponding to each pixel of the image 
forming position on the receiver 50. The receiver is used as a 
non-emissive display in a reflective or transmissive mode. The array of 
electrodes is contained in an electrode structure 110. The electrode 
structure 110 is formed using polystyrene as an insulating material. It is 
known that other insulating materials including ceramics and plastics can 
be used. An electric voltage is applied by logic and control electronics 
unit 30 across the pair of electrodes at each pixel location to produce 
the desired optical density at that pixel. An electrically grounded shield 
100 is provided to shield print head 40 from external electric fields. 
The receiver 50 is shown to be picked by a retard roller 120 from the 
receptacle 70. Other receiver feed mechanisms are also compatible with the 
present invention: for example, the receiver can be fed by single sheet or 
by a receiver roll equipped with cutter. The term "receptacle" will be 
understood to mean a device for receiving one or more receivers including 
a receiver tray, a receiver roll holder, a single sheet feed slot etc. 
During the printing process, the receiver 50 is supported by the platen 
130 and guided by the guiding plate 140, and is transported by the 
receiver transport mechanism 60. 
The electronic printing apparatus 10 in FIG. 1 is shown to further include 
a heater 150 and a heater control circuit 160. The heater 150 includes a 
heating element 152, a tube 154, a reflector 156 and a cover 158. The 
heater 150 is controlled by the heater control circuit 160 for providing 
thermal energy to receiver 50 before and/or during an electric field is 
applied to an area on the receiver 50 by electrodes 80 and 90. The purpose 
of the heater 150 is to increase the mobility of the field-driven 
particles 200 (FIG. 3) by increasing the temperature in the matrix 230 in 
the receiver 50 (FIG. 3). As it is well known in the art, the viscosities 
of the most common fluids comprising low molecular weight molecule or 
polymers decrease as the temperature increases (see for example, CRC 
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics edited by David R. Lide, CRC Press, Boca 
Raton). The mobility of colloidal particles driven by an external field is 
inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid the particles are 
immersed in. Thus decreased viscosity in the fluid 210 increases the 
mobility of the field-driven particles 200 in the electric field (FIG. 3). 
After the electric field is applied to the field-driven particles at each 
pixel, the field-driven particles are away from the heater and the 
temperature decreases. The viscosity of the fluid increases and the 
mobility of the field-driven particles are reduced. The spatial and 
orientational configuration of the field-driven particles are fixed for a 
stable display image. 
The heater 150 in FIG. 1 is shown to be a radiant heater in which the 
heating element 152 can be a coiled electrically resistive wire and the 
tube 154 can be made of quartz. The heating element 152 is surrounded by 
the tube 154 for protecting the heating element 152 from damage. The tube 
154 also provides physical support to the entire length of the heating 
element 152. In addition, the tube 154 electrically insulates the heating 
element 154 from the surroundings and protects the heating element 152 
from damaging other components in the heater 150. The material selected 
for heating element 152 and tube 154 should possess durability at high 
temperature through a multiplicity of thermal cycles. Examples of such 
materials as suitable for use heating element 152 are "NICHROME", a 
Nickel-Chromium Alloy, and iron chromium aluminum alloys. "NICHROME" is a 
trademark of Driver-Harris Company located in Harrison, N.J. Tube 154 may 
be quartz. It is appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that 
metal sheathed heating elements or exposed wire heaters may also be used. 
Electrical current flowing through heating element 152 causes heating 
element 152 to heat, thereby generating radiant heat emanating therefrom. 
Although a radiant heater is described above in relation to FIG. 1, it is 
understood that many other heater types are compatible with the present 
invention. For example, the heater can include contact type, a convection 
type etc. 
The heating element 152 and the tube 154 in the heater 150 are shown to be 
housed in a reflector 156 that is made of a substantially reflective 
material, such as polished aluminum, partially surrounds tube 154. The 
reflector 156 is preferably parabolic-shaped and is arranged so as to 
reflect the radiant heat energy onto to receiver 50. The reflector 156 
preferably reflects the heat at a high thermal efficiency ratio. As used 
herein, the terminology "thermal efficiency ratio" is defined to mean the 
quantity of heat energy reaching receiver 50 divided by the quantity of 
total heat energy emitted by heating element 152. 
The cover 158 is a substantially heat transparent. It is disposed across 
the open side of the reflector 156. The cover 158 may be a metal screen or 
sheet metal with punched holes for preventing receiver 50 from 
inadvertently contacting tube 154 while simultaneously allowing a 
sufficient quantity of radiant heat flux to pass through. A sensor 162 
which senses the temperature adjacent to the receiver 50 in the image 
forming position, provides a signal to the heater control circuit 160 
representative of the temperature of the receiver 50. A typical 
temperature range sensed by the sensor 162 is 30.degree. C. to 100.degree. 
C. The heater control circuit 160 adjusts the amount of the electric power 
applied by the heater 150, which determines the thermal energy applied to 
the receiver 50. The logic and control electronics unit 30 responds to the 
processing unit 20 and turns on the heat control circuit 160 before the 
processing unit delivers image data to the logic and control electronics 
units 30 for application to top electrodes 80. Before the logic and 
control electronics unit 30 delivers data to the electrodes 80 and 90, the 
temperature sensed by sensor 162 reaches a sufficient level indicating 
that the mobility of the field-driven particles in the matrix of the 
receiver 50 is high enough for efficient printing. 
The logic and control electronics unit 30 controls the amount of the heat 
applied to the receiver 50 via heater control 120. The logic and control 
electronics unit 30 also controls the pick-up of the receiver by retard 
roller 120 as well as the transport of the receiver by receiver transport 
60. The receiver temperature and receiver transport velocity are optimized 
for best display image quality. 
The digital image is input to processing unit which performs the commonly 
known image processing operations such as tone scale calibration, color 
transfer, halftoning etc. The processed pixel data are sent to the print 
head drive electronics 45. The print head drive electronics 45 
subsequently generates electric voltage signals of proper waveforms for 
each image pixel on the receiver 50 according to the calibration look-up 
table 46 and the temperature detected by the sensor 162. Details of the 
generation of these voltage waveforms will be described below. 
FIG. 2 shows a top view of the structure around the print head 40. For 
clarity reasons, only selected components are shown. The receiver 50 is 
shown to be transported under the print head 40 by the receiver transport 
mechanism 60. The print head 40 is shown to include a plurality of top 
electrodes 80, each corresponding to one pixel. The top electrodes 80 are 
located within holes in the electrode structure 110. The bottom electrodes 
90 of FIG. 1 are also disposed in an electrode structure 110. The 
electrodes are distributed in a linear fashion as shown in FIG. 2 to 
minimize electric field fringing effects between adjacent pixels printed 
on the receiver 50. Different printing resolutions are achievable across 
the receiver 50 by the different arrangements of the top electrodes 80, 
including different electrode spacing. The printing resolution down the 
receiver 50 can also be changed by controlling the receiver transport 
speed by the receiver transport mechanism 60 or the rate of printing by 
controlling the logic and control electronics unit 30. The heater 150, 
that is controlled by heater control circuit 160, is shown upstream to the 
print head 40. The heating element 152 and the tube 154 are also shown. 
FIGS. 3a and 3b show a cross sectional view of the receiver 50 of FIG. 1. 
The receiver 50 is shown to comprise a plurality of field-driven particles 
200. The field-driven particles 200 are exemplified by bi-chromatic 
particles, that is, half of the particle is white and the other half is of 
a different color density such as black, yellow, magenta, cyan, red, 
green, blue, etc. The bi-chromatic particles are electrically bi-polar. 
Each of the color surfaces (e.g. white and black) is aligned with one pole 
of the dipole direction. The stable field-driven particles 200 are 
suspended in a fluid 210 which are together encapsulated in a microcapsule 
220. The materials for fluid 210 can be oil and are also disclosed in the 
prior art below. The microcapsules 220 are distributed in matrix 230. An 
electric field induced in the microcapsule 220 align the field-driven 
particles 200 to a low energy direction in which the dipole opposes the 
electric field. When the field is removed the particles state remains 
unchanged. FIG. 3a shows the particle 200 in the white state as a result 
of field previously imposed by a negative top electrode 80 of FIG. 1 and 
positive bottom electrode 90 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3b shows the particle 200 in 
the black state as a result of field previously imposed by a positive top 
electrode 80 of FIG. 1 and negative bottom electrode 90 of FIG. 1. In the 
following discussion, this state is referred as the "up" state. The time 
t.sub.u is the duration or the width of the electric voltage pulse applied 
to the field-driven particles to produce the up state. 
The field-driven particles can include many different types, for example, 
the bi-chromatic dipolar particles and electrophoretic particles. In this 
regard, the following disclosures are herein incorporated in the present 
invention. Details of the fabrication of the bi-chromatic dipolar 
particles and their addressing configuration are disclosed in U.S. Pat. 
Nos. 4,143,103; 5,344,594; and 5,604,027; and in "A Newly Developed 
Electrical Twisting Ball Reflective receiver" by Saitoh et al p249-253, 
Proceedings of the SID, Vol. 23/4, 1982, the disclosure of these 
references are incorporated herein by reference. Another type of 
field-driven particle is disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO 97/04398. 
It is understood that the present invention is compatible with many other 
types of field-driven particles that can display different color densities 
under the influence of an electrically activated field. 
FIGS. 4a-d illustrate the first embodiment of the present invention for 
providing display image with continuous tone optical densities. A time 
duration "w" is spent on writing of each line of pixels. The peak voltages 
applied to the field-driven particles are "+V.sub.0 " corresponding to the 
"up" state (maximum density) and "-V.sub.0 " corresponding to the white 
state (minimum density). A negative voltage is applied to the field-driven 
particles at the beginning of each writing operation to produce an initial 
white state so that the writing of the new image information is 
independent from the last image on the receiver 50. The negative voltage 
is then followed by a pulse of positive voltage at "+V.sub.0 ". The 
positive voltage pulse has the effect of inducing the field-driven 
particles toward an "up" (and maximum density) state. For the bi-chromatic 
particles, the field provided by the positive voltage rotates the 
particles from the configuration shown in FIG. 3a to the configuration 
shown in FIG. 3b. The degree of the rotation is dependent on the duration 
of the positive voltage pulse. For the electrophoretic particles, the 
field provided by the positive voltage moves the particles toward the view 
direction to produce high optical density. The degree of the translation 
of the electrophoretic particles is controlled by the duration of the 
positive voltage pulse. FIGS. 4(a) to (d) show the positive voltage pulses 
with increased duration, which produces increased optical densities at the 
image pixel. The dependence of optical density on the duration of the 
positive voltage pulse is shown in FIG. 5. 
FIGS. 6a-d illustrate the second embodiment of the present invention for 
providing display image with continuous tone optical densities. A time 
duration "w is spent on writing of each line of pixels. In each writing 
line time, a negative voltage is first applied to the field-driven 
particles at the to produce an initial white state so that the writing of 
the new image information is independent from the last displayed image on 
the receiver 50. The negative voltage is then followed by a positive 
voltage pulse which has a fixed duration. The positive voltage pulse has 
the effect of inducing the field-driven particles toward an "up" (and 
maximum density) state. For the bi-chromatic particles, the field provided 
by the positive voltage rotates the particles from the configuration shown 
in FIG. 3a to the configuration shown in FIG. 3b. The degree of the 
rotation is dependent on the amplitude of the positive voltage pulse. For 
the electrophoretic particles, the field provided by the positive voltage 
moves the particles toward to away from the view direction to produce high 
optical density. The degree of the translation of the electrophoretic 
particles is controlled by the amplitude of the positive voltage pulse. 
FIGS. 6(a) to (d) show the positive voltage pulses with increased 
amplitude, which produces increased optical densities at the image pixel. 
The dependence of optical density on the amplitude of the positive voltage 
pulse is shown in FIG. 7. 
In a third embodiment of the present invention, the first and the second 
embodiments of the present invention can be combined. The positive voltage 
pulses can be modulated in both duration and the amplitudes to produce 
variable optical densities in the image pixels. By use of the term 
"modulate", it is meant that the area of the voltage waveform (its 
amplitude and duration) can be changed to provide a desired electric 
field. The voltage waveforms can include continuous or discrete pulses of 
square wave shape or of any desired shape which produces appropriate 
continuous tone pixel. 
It is understood that the present invention is only illustrated by the 
electronic printing apparatus 10 as shown in FIG. 1. The modulation of 
voltages applied to the field-driven particles in accordance with the 
present invention is not limited to the specific configuration of the 
electronic printing apparatus 10 as shown in FIG. 1. For example, 
electrodes and addressing circuitry can be provided inside the receiver 50 
on which the image is displayed. 
FIG. 8 presents a representation of a calibration look-up table 46. 
Calibration look-up table 46 contains the optimized pulse duration Tu(i,j) 
and amplitude A(i, j) settings (for ith temperature and jth optical 
density value) required to produced a variety of optical densities 
D.sub.1, D.sub.2 . . . D.sub.N at different temperatures T.sub.1, T.sub.2 
. . . T.sub.N as detected by sensor 162. This table is established by a 
calibration of the printer. It is understood however that this calibration 
could be accomplished at various times without affecting the invention. 
Referring to FIG. 1, a typical operation of the electronic printing 
apparatus 10 is described in the following. A user sends a digital image 
to processing unit 20. Processing unit 20 receives the digital image 
storing it in internal storage. All processes are controlled by processing 
unit 20 via logic and control electronics unit 30. A receiver 50 is picked 
from receptacle 70 by retard roller 120, which is controlled by logic and 
control electronics unit 30. The receiver 50 is advanced until the leading 
edge engages receiver transport 60. Retard roller 120 produces a retard 
tension against receiver transport 60 which controls receiver 50 motion. 
The receiver 50 is heated by heater 150 before or concurrent with writing 
an image area by print head 40. The amount of the heating power is 
controlled by heater control circuit 160 and which further controlled by 
the logic and control electronics unit 30. The heater applies thermal 
energy to the receiver 50 and raises the temperature of the fluid 210 in 
the microcapsule 220 (FIG. 3), which decreases the viscosity of the fluid 
210. The decreased viscosity in fluid 210 increases the mobility of the 
field-driven particles 200. The increased mobility of the field-driven 
particles 200 decreases the response time of the field-driven particles 
200 when an image area on the receiver 50 is applied with an electric 
field by the print head 40 as described previously and below. 
The logic and control electronics unit 30 is in communication with the 
heater control circuit 160. The heating power of the heater 150, the 
writing time of the print head 40, and the electric voltage across the top 
electrode 80 and the bottom electrode 90 can be optimized for the most 
desired image quality and printing productivity of the electronic printing 
apparatus 10. 
The digital image is input to the processing unit 20 in which the digital 
image is processed, as described above. The processed pixel data are sent 
to the print head drive electronics 45. The print head drive electronics 
45 communicates with the calibration look-up table 46 and the sensor 162 
and generates electric voltage signals of proper waveforms by modulating 
the duration or the amplitude of the voltage signals. As the receiver 50 
is moved past the image forming position between the array of pair of 
electrodes, the proper voltage waveforms are sent to the pair of the top 
and the bottom electrodes 80 and 90 print head 40 for producing the image 
pixels on the receiver 50. The electrodes generate an electric field which 
is applied to the receiver. Each pair of electrodes is driven in a 
complementary fashion, bottom electrode 90 presents a voltage of opposite 
polarity to the voltage produced by top electrode 80, each voltage 
referred to as ground. Each pixel location is driven according to the 
input digital image to produce the desired optical density. The optical 
densities are varied according to the input digital image by modulating 
the duration and/or the amplitude of the voltage applied to the electrodes 
as determined by the print head drive electronics 45 from the calibration 
look-up table 46. The pixel data is selected from the digital image data 
to adjust for the relative location of each electrode pair and transport 
motion. The receiver transport 60 advances the receiver 50 a displacement 
which corresponds to a pixel pitch. The next set of pixels are written 
according to the current position. The process is repeated until the 
entire image is written. The retard roller 120 disengages as the process 
continues and the receiver transport 60 continues to control receiver 50 
motion. The receiver transport 60 moves the receiver 50 out of the 
electronic printing apparatus 10 to eject the print. The receiver 
transport 60 and the retard roller 120 are close to the image forming 
position under the electrodes 80 and 90, this improves control over the 
receiver motion and improves print quality. 
After an image is written by the print head 40, the fluid 210 in the 
microcapsule 220 is cooled down and the mobility of the field-driven 
particles 200 is reduced, which helps to stabilize the image on the 
receiver 50. 
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to 
certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that 
variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope 
of the invention. 
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TS LIST 
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10 electronic printing apparatus 
20 processing unit 
30 logic and control electronics unit 
40 print head 
45 print head drive electronics 
46 calibration look-up table 
50 receiver 
60 receiver transport 
70 receptacle 
80 top electrode 
90 bottom electrode 
100 electrically grounded shield 
110 electrode structure 
120 retard roller 
130 platen 
140 guiding plate 
141 heater 
152 heating element 
154 tube 
156 reflector 
158 cover 
160 heater control circuit 
162 sensor 
200 field-driven particle 
210 fluid 
220 microcapsule 
230 matrix 
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