Abnormality diagnostic device for a particulate filter

Diagnostic accuracy is improved when abnormality diagnosis of a particulate filter is carried out by using a PM sensor arranged in an exhaust passage downstream of the particulate filter. An abnormality diagnostic device for a particulate filter includes a PM sensor arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the particulate filter so as to output a signal corresponding to an amount of PM deposited in between electrodes which constitute a sensor element, and a filter diagnostic unit to carry out filter diagnostic processing in which abnormality of the particulate filter is diagnosed based on an output value of the PM sensor, wherein it is decided whether to carry out the filter diagnostic processing based on a degree of variation in the output value of the PM sensor before the filter diagnostic processing is carried out.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-181766 filed on Sep. 5, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an abnormality diagnostic device for a particulate filter which is arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine for trapping PM (Particulate Matter) in exhaust gas.

Description of the Related Art

In the past, there has been known a technology in which a particulate filter (hereinafter also simply referred to as “a filter”) for trapping PM in exhaust gas is arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine. A failure such as melting loss, damage, etc., may occur in the filter. If such a failure of the filter occurs, an amount of PM, which flows out from the filter without being trapped thereby, will increase. When an abnormality occurs in the filter, such as a failure of the filter, removal of the filter from the exhaust passage, etc., an increase of PM to be released into the atmosphere will be caused. Accordingly, there has been developed a technology in which a PM sensor is arranged in the exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter, so that an abnormality diagnosis of the filter is carried out based on an output value of the PM sensor. As the PM sensor used for such an abnormality diagnosis of the filter, there has been known one which has a pair of electrodes as a sensor element, and which outputs a signal corresponding to an amount of the PM deposited in between the electrodes.

In addition, in Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 2011-179467, there is disclosed a technology in which the presence or absence of a failure of a filter is determined by making a comparison between an output value of a PM sensor, which is arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter, and an estimated value of an amount of PM deposition in the PM sensor. With the technology described in this reference, an amount of PM flowing out from the filter is estimated when assuming that the filter is in a predetermined state. Then, the estimated value of the amount of PM deposition in the PM sensor is calculated based on an integrated value of the amount of outflowing PM. By making a comparison between the estimated value of the amount of PM deposition thus calculated and an actual output value of the PM sensor, it becomes possible to grasp the state or condition of the filter.

Moreover, in Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 2012-122399, there is also disclosed a technology in which failure diagnosis of a filter is made based on the timing at which electrical energization or conduction is started due to the deposition of PM between the electrodes of a PM sensor which is arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter. With this technology described in this reference, in cases where the timing at which electrical conduction or energization between the electrodes of the PM sensor has started earlier than or before a start timing of electrical conduction or energization where it is assumed that the filter has failed, a determination is made that the filter is in failure.

Further, in Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 2012-077716, there is disclosed a technology with respect to the detection of an abnormality in a PM sensor. With the technology described in this reference, the PM deposited in between electrodes of the PM sensor is combusted and removed by being heated by means of a heater. Then, an abnormality in the PM sensor is detected based on a change in the resistance value between the electrodes with respect to a combustion removal period of time.

PRIOR ART REFERENCES

Patent Literatures

SUMMARY

As described above, when a failure of a filter occurs, the amount of PM flowing out from the filter increases. Accordingly, the amount of PM trapped between the electrodes of a PM sensor, which is arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter, increases. As a result, the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes of the PM sensor becomes larger in comparison with the case where the filter is in a normal state. This is also the same as in the case where the filter has been removed from the exhaust passage. For that reason, it becomes possible to carry out abnormality diagnosis of the filter based on an output value of the PM sensor at a predetermined time.

On the other hand, it has been found that the following phenomenon may occur: a part of the PM discharged from the internal combustion engine, before arriving at the PM sensor, once adheres to a wall surface of the exhaust passage, or various kinds of structure arranged in the exhaust passage (hereinafter, referred to as “exhaust system structure”), such as a downstream side end face of the filter, a catalyst, a reducing agent addition device, and so on, and then, the PM thus adhered peels off and arrives at the PM sensor, so that it is trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor. When such a phenomenon has occurred, the amount of PM trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor will increase more than that in normal or ordinary time, in spite of the fact that the filter is in the normal state. Accordingly, in cases where the phenomena as mentioned above has occurred, when abnormality diagnosis of the filter is carried out based on the output value of the PM sensor, there is a fear that a wrong diagnosis may be made that abnormality of the filter has occurred, in spite of the fact that the filter is actually in the normal state.

Embodiments of the present invention have been made in view of the problems as mentioned above, and has for an object to improve diagnostic accuracy in the case of carrying out abnormality diagnosis of a filter by using an output value of a PM sensor arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter.

Embodiments of the present invention are to decide whether filter diagnostic processing is carried out based on a degree of variation in an output value of a PM sensor before the time when the filter diagnostic processing is carried out in which abnormality of a filter is diagnosed based on the output value of the PM sensor.

More specifically, an abnormality diagnostic device for a particulate filter according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which abnormality of the particulate filter is arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine for trapping PM in exhaust gas is diagnosed, comprises:

a PM sensor that is arranged in the exhaust passage at the downstream side of the particulate filter, has a pair of electrodes as a sensor element, and outputs a signal corresponding to an amount of PM deposition when the electrodes are made conductive with each other due to the deposition of PM between said electrodes;

a sensor regeneration unit that carries out sensor regeneration processing in which the PM deposited between the electrodes of the PM sensor is removed;

a voltage application unit that starts voltage application to the electrodes of said PM sensor at a predetermined voltage application time after the execution of the sensor regeneration processing by said sensor regeneration unit ends;

a filter diagnostic unit that carries out filter diagnostic processing in which abnormality of the particulate filter is diagnosed based on an output value of said PM sensor when a predetermined determination period of time has elapsed from the voltage application time;

a monitor unit that continuously monitors the output signal of the PM sensor on and after said voltage application time; and

a decision unit that decides whether the filter diagnostic processing is to be carried out by the filter diagnostic unit, based on a degree of variation in the output value of said PM sensor monitored by said monitor unit on and after an output starting time at which the output value of said PM sensor begins to go up from zero, in a period of time in which said determination period of time elapses after said voltage application time.

In the PM sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention, when an amount of PM deposited in between the electrodes, which constitute a sensor element, becomes equal to or more than a fixed amount, the electrodes are made conductive with each other due to the PM thus deposited. Here, an amount of PM deposition between the electrodes of the PM sensor at which the electrodes are put into a conductive state by due to the PM is referred to as “an effective amount of PM deposition”. In other words, in the PM sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention, when the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes reaches the effective amount of PM deposition after voltage application to the electrodes due to the voltage application unit is started, the output value of the PM sensor begins to go up from zero. Hereinafter, the time at which the output value of the PM sensor begins to go up from zero is referred to as “the output starting time”.

Here, the PM contained in the exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine is referred to as “ordinary PM”. On the other hand, the PM, which once adhered to a wall surface of the exhaust passage or an exhaust system structure and then peeled off from the wall surface or the exhaust system structure, is referred to as “peeled PM”. When PM adheres to the wall surface of the exhaust passage or the exhaust system structure, the PM deposits and condenses on the wall surface or the exhaust system structure. The PM thus condensed peels off to become “the peeled PM”. For that reason, the size of the peeled PM is larger than that of the ordinary PM.

When the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes of the PM sensor is gradually increased to reach the effective amount of PM deposition by the ordinary PM being trapped between the electrodes, the electrodes are made conductive with each other through the ordinary PM, so that the output value of the PM sensor begins to rise or increase. Then, thereafter, when the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes gradually increases due to the continued trapping of the ordinary PM, the output value of the PM sensor gradually rises or increases in accordance with the increasing amount of PM deposition. On the other hand, in cases where the peeled PM is trapped in between the electrodes in a state where the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, the size of the peeled PM is larger than that of the ordinary PM, so the electrodes will be made electrically conductive with each other due to the peeled PM. In addition, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped in a state where the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes is equal to or larger than the effective amount of PM deposition, too, the electrodes will be made electrically conductive with each other due to the peeled PM in a position which is different from that in which the electrodes are electrically conductive with each other through the ordinary PM. For that reason, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the output value of the PM sensor exhibits a behavior different from that where the ordinary PM has been trapped between the electrodes.

Accordingly, in an embodiment of the present invention, the output signal of the PM sensor, on and after the voltage application time at which the voltage application to the electrodes of the PM sensor is started by the voltage application unit, is continuously monitored by the monitor unit. With this, it becomes possible to grasp the behavior of the output value of the PM sensor in a continuous manner. Then, based on the degree of variation in the output value of the PM sensor on and after the output starting time in the period of time in which the determination period of time elapses from the voltage application time, it is decided by the decision unit whether the filter diagnostic processing is to be carried out by the filter diagnostic unit. In other words, when the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor on and after the output starting time shows that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the decision unit decides that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out.

According to this, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor before the determination period of time has elapsed from the voltage application time, the filter diagnostic processing will not be carried out. For that reason, it is possible to suppress the filter diagnostic unit from making an erroneous diagnosis that abnormality of the filter has occurred, resulting from the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, in spite of the fact that the filter is actually in a normal state. Accordingly, according to an embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to improve diagnostic accuracy in the case of carrying out abnormality diagnosis of the filter by using the output value of the PM sensor.

The abnormality diagnostic device for a filter according to embodiments of the present invention may be further provided with a rise rate calculation unit that calculates a rate of rise of an sensor output, which is an amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor monitored by the monitor unit, per unit amount of increase of a reference amount of PM deposition between the electrodes. Here, the reference amount of PM deposition is an estimated value of the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes of the PM sensor in the case of assuming that the filter is in a reference failure state. The reference failure state is a failure state in which the extent of a failure is the smallest among the states in which it should be determined that abnormality has occurred in the filter, in the abnormality diagnosis of the filter. Then, the rate of rise of the sensor output is an amount of rise of an actual output value of the PM sensor in a period of time in which the estimated reference amount of PM deposition increases by a unit amount. In embodiments of the present invention, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output calculated by the rise rate calculation unit has become larger than a predetermined first determination rise rate on and after the output starting time, the decision unit may decide that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out.

In the case where the electrodes are made conductive with each other by the peeled PM being trapped in a state where the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor will go up at the output starting time more rapidly than in the case where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes becomes equal to or more than the effective amount of PM deposition due to the gradually increasing amount of deposition of the ordinary PM. In addition, when the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor after the output starting time, the electrodes are made conductive with each other through the peeled PM also in a position different from that in which the electrodes are conductive with each other through the ordinary PM in the electrodes. In this case, too, the output value of the PM sensor will go up more rapidly, as compared with the case in which the output value of the PM sensor goes up in accordance with the gradually increasing amount of PM deposition between the electrodes by trapping of the ordinary PM. For that reason, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor has gone up rapidly on and after the output starting time, the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor.

Accordingly, in the above-mentioned configuration, in the case where on and after the output starting time, the rate of rise of the sensor output has become larger than the predetermined first determination rise rate, it is decided by the decision unit that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out. According to this, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit will not be carried out.

Here, note that in the above-mentioned configuration, the first determination rise rate may be set to a value equal to or larger than a maximum value of the rate of rise of the sensor output (hereinafter referred to as an “ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output”) when the output value of the PM sensor increases according to the increasing amount of PM deposition, where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes has been increased by trapping of the ordinary PM between the electrodes. Here, the maximum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output can be specified, for example, as an ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter does not exist in the exhaust passage.

In embodiments of the present invention, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output calculated by the rise rate calculation unit has become smaller than a predetermined second determination rise rate after the output starting time, the decision unit may decide that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out.

The ordinary PM is continuously trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor. For that reason, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor begins to go up from zero when the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor goes up continuously in accordance with the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM, even after the output starting time. This is the same as the case where the filter is in a normal state, and in the case where abnormality has occurred in the filter. On the other hand, peeling of the PM from the wall surface of the exhaust passage does not occur continuously. For that reason, the peeled PM is not continuously trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor. Accordingly, a rapid rise in the output value of the PM sensor resulting from the peeled PM trapped between the electrodes is temporary. For that reason, in the case where the electrodes are made conductive with each other by the peeled PM being trapped in the state where the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor goes up rapidly at the output starting time, as stated above, but thereafter, the output value of the PM sensor will not go up substantially until the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM reaches the effective amount of PM deposition by continuous trapping of the ordinary PM. In other words, after the output value of the PM sensor has gone up rapidly at the output starting time, there will occur a period of time during which the output value of the PM sensor does not go up substantially. In addition, after the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, a part of the peeled PM may be desorbed from between the electrodes. In this case, the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes will be decreased, so that the output value of the PM sensor decreases. If that is a case, the rate of rise of the sensor output will become a negative value. Accordingly, in cases where after the output starting time, there has occurred a period of time in which the output value of the PM sensor does not go up substantially or the rate of rise of the sensor output has become a negative value, the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor.

Accordingly, in the above-mentioned configuration, in the case where after the output starting time, the rate of rise of the sensor output has become smaller than the predetermined second determination rise rate, it is decided by the decision unit that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out. According to this, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit will not be carried out.

Here, note that in the above-mentioned configuration, the second determination rise rate may be set as a value equal to or less than a minimum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output. Here, the minimum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output can be specified, for example, as an ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter has not been deteriorated (i.e., the filter is new).

Moreover, in embodiments of the present invention, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output calculated by the rise rate calculation unit decreased after the output starting time, the decision unit may also decide that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out.

As mentioned above, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor begins to go up because the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor goes up continuously in accordance with the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM, even after the output starting time. At this time, the larger the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the larger the amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor occurs with respect to an amount of increase in the amount of PM deposition. Accordingly, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor goes up in accordance with the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes, the rate of rise of the sensor output will go up gradually on and after the output starting time. On the other hand, the rapid rise in the output value of the PM sensor resulting from the peeled PM trapped between the electrodes is temporary. Thus, in the case where the electrodes are made conductive with each other by the peeled PM being trapped in the state where the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, there occurs a period of time during which the output value of the PM sensor does not go up substantially, after the output value of the PM sensor has gone up rapidly at the output starting time. In addition, even in cases where the output value of the PM sensor has gone up rapidly due to the peeled PM being trapped, after the output value of the PM sensor began to go up because the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the rate of rise of the sensor output decreases to a value corresponding to the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM, after the rapid rise of the output value of the PM sensor. Moreover, in cases where a part of the peeled PM has desorbed from between the electrodes after the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the rate of rise of the sensor output decreases to a negative value. Accordingly, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output decreased after the output starting time, the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor.

Accordingly, in the above-mentioned configuration, in the case where the rate of rise of the sensor output decreased after the output starting time, it is decided by the decision unit that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not to be carried out. According to this, in cases where the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes of the PM sensor, the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit will not be carried out.

Here, note that in cases where the abnormality diagnostic device for a particulate filter according to the present invention is provided with an electronic control unit (ECU) which controls the internal combustion engine, or a sensor control unit (SCU) which controls the PM sensor, the ECU or SCU may have a function to determine whether it has the output starting time has occurred after the voltage application time.

According to embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to improve diagnostic accuracy in the case of carrying out abnormality diagnosis of a filter by using an output value of a PM sensor arranged in an exhaust passage at the downstream side of the filter.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the attached drawings. However, the dimensions, materials, shapes, relative arrangements and so on of component parts described in the embodiments are not intended to limit the technical scope of the present invention to these alone in particular as long as there are no specific statements.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1is a view showing the schematic construction of an internal combustion engine and its intake and exhaust systems according to an embodiment of the present invention. The internal combustion engine1shown inFIG. 1is an internal combustion engine of compression ignition type (diesel engine) using light oil as fuel. Here, note that the internal combustion engine1may also be an internal combustion engine of spark ignition type using gasoline, etc., as fuel.

The internal combustion engine1is provided with a fuel injection valve3for injecting fuel into a cylinder2. Here, note that in cases where the internal combustion engine1is an internal combustion engine of spark ignition type, the fuel injection valve3may be constructed such that fuel is injected to an intake port.

The internal combustion engine1is connected to an intake passage4. In the intake passage4, there are arranged an air flow meter40and an intake throttle valve41. The air flow meter40is a sensor that outputs an electrical signal corresponding to an amount (mass) of intake air (air) flowing in the intake passage4. The intake throttle valve41is arranged in the intake passage4at the downstream side of the air flow meter40. The intake throttle valve41serves to adjust the amount of intake air in the internal combustion engine1by changing the channel cross section of the intake passage4.

The internal combustion engine1is connected to an exhaust passage5. In the exhaust passage5, there are arranged an oxidation catalyst50and a particulate filter (hereinafter, referred to as a “filter”)51. The filter51is arranged in the exhaust passage5at the downstream side of the oxidation catalyst50. The filter51is a wall flow type filter composed of a porous substrate, and serves to trap PM contained in the exhaust gas.

A fuel addition valve52is arranged in the exhaust passage5at the upstream side of the oxidation catalyst50. The fuel addition valve52adds fuel into the exhaust gas flowing through the interior of the exhaust passage5. A temperature sensor54and a PM sensor55are arranged in the exhaust passage5at the downstream side of the filter51. The temperature sensor54outputs a signal corresponding to the temperature of the exhaust gas. The PM sensor55outputs an electrical signal which has a correlation with an amount of PM flowing out of the filter51.

Here, a schematic construction of the PM sensor55will be explained based onFIG. 2.FIG. 2is a view showing the schematic construction of the PM sensor55. The PM sensor55is an electrode type PM sensor. Here, note that inFIG. 2, one pair of electrodes is illustrated, but instead, a plurality of pairs of electrodes may be provided.

The PM sensor55is provided with a sensor element553, an ammeter554, a heater555, and a cover556. The sensor element553is composed of a pair of electrodes551,552which are arranged on a front surface of a plate-shaped insulating material550in a mutually spaced apart manner. The ammeter554measures an electric current flowing between the electrodes551,552. The heater555is an electrically heated type heater which is arranged on a back surface of the insulating material550. The cover556serves to cover the sensor element553. A plurality of through holes557are formed in the cover556. Electric power is supplied to the electrodes551,552and the heater555of the PM sensor55from a power supply60which is provided outside the PM sensor55. Then, from the PM sensor55, there is outputted an output value corresponding to the value of the current measured by the ammeter554. This output value of the PM sensor55is inputted to a monitor unit101in an ECU10. In other words, in this embodiment, it is possible to monitor the output value of the PM sensor55continuously by means of the monitor unit101of the ECU10. Here, note that in cases where the PM sensor55is provided with a sensor control unit (SCU) which controls the PM sensor55, the SCU may be provided with a monitor unit which monitors the output value of the PM sensor55in a continuous manner.

When the PM sensor55constructed as mentioned above is mounted on the exhaust passage5, a part of the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust passage5passes through the through holes557, so that it flows into the cover556. Then, the PM contained in the exhaust gas having flowed into the cover556is trapped between the electrodes551,552. At this time, when a voltage is applied to the electrodes551,552, trapping of the PM between the electrodes551,552is promoted.

Here, the relation between the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552and the output value of the PM sensor55will be explained based onFIG. 3. InFIG. 3, the axis of abscissa represents the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552, and the axis of ordinate represents the output value of the PM sensor55. When PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552, the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552increases gradually. At this time, in cases where a voltage is applied between the electrodes551,552, the electrodes551,552become conductive with each other through PM having electric conductivity, at the time when a fixed amount of PM deposits between the electrodes551,552is connected from one electrode551to the other electrode552. However, when the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552is less than a fixed amount, the electrodes551,552are in a non-conductive state. Here, an amount of PM deposition at which the electrodes551,552become conductive with each other is referred to as an “effective amount of PM deposition”.

As shown inFIG. 3, the electrodes551,552are in a non-conductive state until the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, and hence, the output value of the PM sensor55is zero. Then, when the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor55becomes larger than zero. After the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552has reached the effective amount of PM deposition, an electric resistance between the electrodes551,552becomes smaller in accordance with the increase in the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552. As a result, the electric current flowing between the electrodes551,552becomes large. Accordingly, the output value of the PM sensor55becomes larger in accordance with the increase in the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552. Hereinafter, the time at which the output value of the PM sensor55begins to go up from zero is referred to as an “output starting time”. In addition, the larger the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, the larger an amount of decrease in the electric resistance between the electrodes551,552will occur, and hence, the larger the amount of increase of the electric current flowing between the electrodes551,552. For that reason, the larger the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, the larger the amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55will occur.

Here, reverting toFIG. 1, the electronic control unit (ECU)10is provided in combination with the internal combustion engine1. This ECU10is a unit that controls an operating state, etc., of the internal combustion engine1. A variety of kinds of sensors such as an accelerator position sensor7, a crank position sensor8, etc. In addition to the above-mentioned air flowmeter40, the temperature sensor and54and the PM sensor55, are electrically connected to the ECU10. The accelerator position sensor7is a sensor which outputs an electrical signal correlated with an amount of operation (accelerator opening) of an unillustrated accelerator pedal. The crank position sensor8is a sensor which outputs an electrical signal correlated with the rotational position of an engine output shaft (crankshaft) of the internal combustion engine1. The output signals of these sensors are inputted to the ECU10. In addition, a variety of kinds of equipment such as the above-mentioned fuel injection valve3, the intake throttle valve41, the fuel addition valve52, and so on are electrically connected to the ECU10. The ECU10controls the above-mentioned variety of kinds of equipment based on the output signals of the individual sensors as mentioned above. For example, the ECU10carries out filter regeneration processing in which the PM deposited on the filter51is removed by performing the addition of fuel from the fuel injection valve52. In the filter regeneration processing, the temperature of the filter51is caused to rise due to the heat of oxidation generated by the oxidation of fuel added from the fuel addition valve52in the oxidation catalyst50. As a result, the PM deposited on the filter51is burned and removed.

Here, note that in this embodiment, in the exhaust passage5, an NOx selective catalytic reduction catalyst is not provided that serves to reduce the NOx in the exhaust gas by using ammonia as a reducing agent. Also, a urea addition valve is not provided that serves to supply urea to the NOx selective catalytic reduction catalyst. However, the present invention can also be applied to an internal combustion engine which has an NOx selective catalytic reduction catalyst and a urea addition valve arranged in an exhaust passage. In this case, the NOx selective catalytic reduction catalyst and the urea addition valve may be arranged either at the upstream side or at the downstream side of a PM sensor.

In the filter51, a failure such as damage, melting loss, etc., may occur, resulting from a temperature rise accompanying the execution of the above-mentioned filter regeneration processing. When such a failure of the filter51occurs, or when filter abnormality such as removal of the filter51from the exhaust passage5occurs, an increase of PM to be released into the atmosphere will be caused. Accordingly, in this embodiment, abnormality diagnosis of the filter51, which determines the presence or absence of filter abnormality, is carried out by using the output value of the PM sensor55. In the following, a failure diagnosis method for a filter according to this embodiment will be explained.

In the abnormality diagnosis method for a filter in this embodiment, first, sensor regeneration processing is carried out in order to remove the PM deposited between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Specifically, by supplying electric power to the heater555from the power supply60, the sensor element553is heated by means of the heater555. As a result, the PM deposited between the electrodes551,552is oxidized and removed. Here, note that in the sensor regeneration processing, by adjusting the amount of power supply to the heater555, the temperature of the sensor element553is controlled to a temperature at which the PM can be oxidized.

After the PM deposited between the electrodes551,552is removed by the sensor regeneration processing, voltage application to the electrodes551,552from the power supply is started. Hereinafter, the time when the voltage application to the electrodes551,552is started is referred to as the “voltage application time”. Here, note that the electrodes551,552are at high temperature for a while after the end of the sensor regeneration processing. For that reason, a cooling-off period for cooling the electrodes551,552may be interposed between from the end of the sensor regeneration processing until the voltage application time.

Here, the behavior of the output value of the PM sensor55on and after the start of the voltage application to the electrodes551,552will be explained based onFIG. 4.FIG. 4is a view showing the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55after a voltage application time. InFIG. 4, the axis of abscissa represents a period of time elapsed from the voltage application time, and the axis of ordinate represents the output value of the PM sensor55. In addition, inFIG. 4, a line L1indicates the change overtime of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is normal, and a line L2indicates the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is in failure. Here, note that the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is removed from the exhaust passage5exhibits the same tendency as in the case where the filter51is in failure, with respect to the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is in a normal state. Moreover, inFIG. 4, ts1indicates the output starting time in the case where the filter51is in the normal state, and ts2indicates the output starting time in the case where the filter51is in failure. Note that the behavior of the output value of the PM sensor55as shown inFIG. 4can be monitored by the monitor unit101of the ECU10.

When the filter51fails, the PM trapping efficiency of the filter51decreases. For that reason, an amount of PM flowing out of the filter51per unit time (i.e., an amount of outflow PM) increases. With this, the amount of the PM, which arrives at the PM sensor55and is trapped between the electrodes551,552, also increases. In other words, the rate of increase of the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552becomes large. As a result, when the filter51is in failure, the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552will reach an effective amount of PM deposition at an earlier period of time compared to when the filter51is in the normal state. Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 4, in cases where the filter51is in failure, a period of time from the voltage application time until the output starting time becomes shorter (ts2<ts1) in comparison with the case where the filter51is in the normal state. In addition, when the filter51is in failure, the rate of increase of the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552on and after the output starting time also becomes larger, in comparison with the time when the filter51is in the normal state. Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 4, in cases where the filter51is in failure, an amount of rise per unit time of the output value of the PM sensor55on and after the output starting time becomes larger, in comparison with the case where the filter51is in the normal state.

Between the time when the filter51is in the normal state, and the time when abnormality has occurred in the filter51, the differences as mentioned above occur in the behavior of the output value of the PM sensor55. As a result of abnormality occurring in the filter51, the output value of the PM sensor55after the lapse of a fixed period of time from the voltage application time becomes larger than that in the case where the filter51is in the normal state. Accordingly, in the abnormality diagnosis method for a filter according to this embodiment, the output value of the PM sensor55at a determination point in time td after the lapse of a predetermined determination period of time dtd from the voltage application time is read in. Then, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor55thus read in is equal to or larger than a predetermined abnormality determination value Sth, a determination is made that abnormality of the PM sensor55has occurred.

Here, the determination period of time dtd is set as a period of time from the voltage application time until a reference value of the amount of PM deposition (hereinafter, referred to as a “reference amount of PM deposition”) between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55reaches a predetermined determination amount. The reference amount of PM deposition is a value which is estimated by assuming that the filter51is in the reference failure state. The reference failure state is a failure state in which the extent of a failure is the smallest among the states in which it should be determined that abnormality has occurred in the filter51, in the abnormality diagnosis of the filter. In other words, even if the filter51is in a state where it has deteriorated to some extent, when that state is better than the reference failure state, a determination is made in the abnormality diagnosis of the filter that the filter51is in the normal state. In addition, the failure determination value Sth is set to the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is the determination amount of PM deposition.

The reference amount of PM deposition is calculated by estimating an amount of the PM trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55(hereinafter, simply referred to as an “amount of trapped PM”) when it is assumed that the filter51is in the reference failure state, and then integrating this estimated value of the amount of trapped PM. Here, note that even in the case where the state of the filter51itself is the same, the amount of outflow PM from the filter51varies according to an operating state of the internal combustion engine1(e.g., an amount of fuel injection from the fuel injection valve3, the flow rate of the exhaust gas, etc.) or the amount of PM deposition in the filter51. In addition, the rate or proportion of the PM trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55(hereinafter, referred to as a PM trapping rate) among the amount of PM contained in the exhaust gas also varies according to the flow rate of the exhaust gas. For that reason, at the time of estimating the amount of trapped PM on the assumption that the filter51is in the reference failure state, the operating state of the internal combustion engine1and the amount of PM deposition in the filter51are also taken into consideration. Here, note that as a specific calculation method of the reference amount of PM deposition, there can be used any well-known method.

In this embodiment, a part of the PM in the exhaust gas adheres to a wall surface of the exhaust passage5, a downstream side end face of the filter51, or an exhaust system structure such as the oxidation catalyst50, and so on. Then, there may occur a phenomenon in which peeled PM, which is the PM once having adhered to the wall surface of the exhaust passage5or the exhaust system structure and thereafter having peeled from the wall surface or the exhaust system structure, arrives at the PM sensor55, so that it is trapped by the electrodes551,552. Hereinafter, in cases where such a phenomenon has occurred, an influence which the peeled PM has on the output value of the PM sensor55will be explained based onFIGS. 5(a), 5(b)and6.FIGS. 5(a), 5(b)are image views showing how PM deposits between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55.FIG. 5(a)shows how PM deposits by ordinary PM contained in the exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine1being trapped between the electrodes551,552. On the other hand,FIG. 5(b)shows how PM, including ordinary PM and deposits by peeled PM, are trapped between the electrodes551,552.

In addition,FIG. 6is another view showing the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55on and after the voltage application time, similar toFIG. 4. InFIG. 6, the axis of abscissa represents the period of time elapsed from the voltage application time, and the axis of ordinate represents the output value of the PM sensor55. Moreover, inFIG. 6, similarly toFIG. 4, a line L1indicates the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is in a normal state, and a line L2indicates the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is in failure. Here, note that each of the lines L1, L2shows the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552increases by the ordinary PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Further, inFIG. 6, each of lines L3, L4and L5shows the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the filter51is in the normal state. However, each of the lines L3, L4and L5shows the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the peeled PM, in addition to the ordinary PM, is trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55.

When PM adheres to the wall surface of the exhaust passage5or the exhaust system structure, the PM deposits and condenses on the wall surface or the exhaust system structure. The PM thus condensed peels off to become “peeled PM”. Thus, the size of the peeled PM is larger than that of the ordinary PM. For that reason, when the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, as shown inFIG. 5(b), the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552will increase rapidly, in comparison with the time when only the ordinary PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, as shown inFIG. 5(a). As a result, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up rapidly.

Here, the lines L3, L4inFIG. 6each show the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552in a state where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition. In such a case, because the size of the peeled PM is larger than that of the ordinary PM, the electrodes551,552will be made conductive with each other by the peeled PM. For that reason, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up rapidly at the output starting time (in other words, the slopes of the tangents of the lines L3, L14at the output starting time become very much larger than those of the lines L1, L2at the output starting time). Accordingly, the output value of the PM sensor55will go up to a greater extent at the output starting time than in the case where the amount of PM deposition exceeds the effective amount of PM deposition due to the gradually increasing amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552. As a result, there is a fear that although the filter51is in the normal state, the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td may become larger than the abnormality determination value Sth.

The line L5inFIG. 6shows the change over time of the output value of the PM sensor55in the case where the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552after the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55has exceeded the effective amount of PM deposition by the trapping of the ordinary PM. In such a case, the electrodes551,552will also become conductive with each other by the peeled PM, too, at a position in the electrodes551,552different from that at which the electrodes551,552are conductive with each other through the ordinary PM (e.g., it will be in a state shown inFIG. 5(b)). Then, at the time when the peeled PM is trapped, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up rapidly (in other words, the slope of the tangent of the line L5becomes large to a great extent in the middle of this line L5). In such a case, too, there is a fear that although the filter51is in the normal state, the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td may become larger than the abnormality determination value Sth.

However, peeling of the PM from the wall surface of the exhaust passage5does not occur continuously. For that reason, although the ordinary PM is continuously trapped between the electrodes5551,552, the peeled PM is not trapped continuously. Accordingly, as shown by the lines L3, L4and L5inFIG. 6, a rapid rise in the output value of the PM sensor55by the trapping of the peeled PM between the electrodes551,552is temporary.

Moreover, as shown by the line L3inFIG. 6, in the case where the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly due to the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552in the state where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, thereafter, there occurs a period of time in which the output value of the PM sensor55does not appreciably rise, but becomes substantially constant. This is because the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, and hence, even if the ordinary PM is trapped, the resistance value between the electrodes551,552does not change for a while after the electrodes551,552has become conductive between each other due to the peeled PM. In this case, when the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor55begins to go up again in accordance with the increase in the amount of deposition thereof. In addition, as shown by the line L5inFIG. 6, in the case where the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly due to the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552and the PM sensor55is in the state where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552has become equal to or more than the effective amount of PM deposition, thereafter, too, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up in accordance with the increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552. Moreover, on the line L4inFIG. 6, the output value of the PM sensor55decreases after going up rapidly at the output starting time. This is because after the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552, a part of the peeled PM thus trapped desorbs from between the electrodes551,552, so that the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552decreases.

As mentioned above, when the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55in a period of time on and after the voltage application time and before the determination time, the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td may become larger than the abnormality determination value Sth, though the filter51is in the normal state. As a result, in cases where abnormality diagnosis of the filter is carried out by using the output value of the PM sensor55, as mentioned above, there is a possibility that a wrong diagnosis may be made that abnormality of the filter51has occurred, though the filter51is in the normal state.

[Method for Deciding Whether to Carry out Filter Abnormality Diagnosis]

Accordingly, in this embodiment, the output signal of the PM sensor55on and after the voltage application time is continuously monitored in the monitor unit101of the ECU10. Then, based on the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor55on and after the output starting time in a period of time from the voltage application time to the determination time, monitored by the monitor unit101, it is decided whether to carry out abnormality diagnosis of the filter using the output value of the PM sensor55. In other words, when the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor55shows that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, a decision is made that abnormality diagnosis of the filter is not to be carried out.

Specifically, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output has become larger than a predetermined first determination rise rate on and after the output starting time, a decision is made based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td that filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out, which is processing to diagnose abnormality of the filter51. Here, the rate of rise of the sensor output is an amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55per unit increase amount of the reference amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55(i.e., an amount of rise of the actual output value of the PM sensor55in a period of time in which a unit amount of the estimated reference amount of PM deposition increases). In addition, the first determination rise rate is set to a maximum value of an ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output, which is a rate of rise of the sensor output at the time the output value of the PM sensor55increases according to the increasing amount of PM deposition, when the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552has been increased by trapping of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552. As stated above, in the case where the peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up more rapidly than in the case where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552increases by the ordinary PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552. Here, the reference amount of PM deposition is an estimated value of the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552in the case of assuming that the filter51is in the reference failure state. Accordingly, in the case where the actual output value of the PM sensor55goes up rapidly due to the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552, the rate of rise of the sensor output will go up rapidly. For that reason, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output has exceeded the first determination rise rate on and after the output starting time, it can be judged that the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor55shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Accordingly, in this embodiment, in such a case, a decision is made that the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out.

[Abnormality Diagnosis Flow for Filter]

Hereinafter, reference will be made to an abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this embodiment, based onFIGS. 7 and 8.FIGS. 7 and 8are flow charts showing the abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this embodiment. This flow has been stored in advance in the ECU10, and is repeatedly carried out by the ECU10at a predetermined interval during the operation of the internal combustion engine1. Here, note that in cases where the PM sensor55is provided with an SCU, this flow may be carried out by the SCU.

In this flow, first in step S101, it is determined whether a predetermined filter diagnosis preparatory condition has been established. Here, the filter diagnosis preparatory condition is a condition for carrying out the sensor regeneration processing prior to the filter diagnostic processing. This filter diagnosis preparatory condition is set such that an execution frequency of the filter diagnostic processing can be secured or obtained to a necessary and sufficient extent. As the filter diagnosis preparatory condition, the following can be mentioned by way of example: the operating state of the internal combustion engine1is a steady state operation, and at the same time, a predetermined period of time has elapsed from the last execution of the filter diagnostic processing, or a predetermined period of time has elapsed from the start of the current operation of the internal combustion engine1, etc. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S101, the execution of this flow is ended.

On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S101, then in step S102, it is determined whether the PM sensor55is in the normal state. In this embodiment, an abnormality diagnosis flow for the PM sensor55is carried out as a routine outside of this flow, and the result of the diagnosis is stored in the ECU10. Then, in step S102, the result of the abnormality or failure diagnosis of the PM sensor55stored in the ECU10is read in. Here, note that as a failure diagnosis method for the PM sensor55, there may be adopted any well-known method. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S102, the execution of this flow is ended.

On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S102, then in step S103, sensor regeneration processing is started. That is, the supply of electric power from the power supply60to the heater555is started. Then, the temperature of the sensor element553is controlled to a temperature at which the PM can be oxidized. Subsequently, in step S104, it is determined whether a predetermined regeneration period of time dtr has passed after the sensor regeneration processing is started in step S103. Here, the regeneration period of time dtr may be a fixed value which has been set in advance based on experiments, etc., as a sufficient period of time to remove the PM deposited between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. In addition, the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552at the time of the start of the sensor regeneration processing may be estimated, and the regeneration period of time dtr may be set based on the amount of PM deposition thus estimated. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S104, the processing of the step S104is carried out again. On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S104, then in step S105, the sensor regeneration processing is ended. That is, the supply of electric power from the power supply60to the heater555is stopped. The amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55at this point in time becomes substantially zero.

Subsequently, in step S106, the application of voltage to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is started. With this, PM begins to deposit again between the electrodes551,552. Here, note that, as stated above, a cooling-off period for cooling the electrodes551,552may be provided from the end of the sensor regeneration processing until the start of the voltage application to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Thereafter, in step S107, it is determined whether the output value Sout of the PM sensor55is larger than zero. When the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55has become equal to or more than the effective amount of PM deposition, an affirmative determination will be made in step S107. The time when the affirmative determination is made in step S107corresponds to the output starting time.

In cases where a negative determination is made in step S107, then in step S108, a reference amount of PM deposition Qpme is calculated. Here, the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme is calculated based on the operating state of the internal combustion engine1and the amount of PM deposition in the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51is in the reference failure state. Here, note that the amount of PM deposition in the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51is in the reference failure state can be calculated by estimating the amount of PM trapped by the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51is in the reference failure state, and the amount of PM removal which is oxidized and removed from the filter51by a rise in the temperature of the exhaust gas, and by integrating these estimated values. Subsequently, in step S109, it is determined whether the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme calculated in step S108is equal to or more than a determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, the processing of the step S107is carried out again. On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S109, i.e., in cases where the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme has reached the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0, while the output value of the PM sensor55is maintained at zero, it can be judged that the determination period of time dtd has passed from the voltage application time, before the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55reaches the effective amount of PM deposition. In this case, the processing of step S118to be described later is carried out.

On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S107, then in step S110, the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout of the PM sensor55is calculated. At this time, in step S110, the rate of rise of the sensor output at the output starting time will be calculated.

Subsequently, in step S111, a first determination rise rate Rth1is calculated. As stated above, the first determination rise rate Rth1is calculated as the maximum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output. Accordingly, for example, the first determination rise rate Rth1may be calculated as the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter51does not exist in the exhaust passage5. Here, even in cases where the filter51does not exist in the exhaust passage5, the amount of PM discharged from the internal combustion engine1is varied according to the operating state of the internal combustion engine1. In addition, as stated above, the PM trapping rate also varies according to the flow rate of the exhaust gas. Accordingly, first of all, the amount of deposition of ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552in the case of assuming that the filter51does not exist in the exhaust passage5is estimated based on the operating state of the internal combustion engine1. Then, the first determination rise rate Rth1may be calculated based on an amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55according to an increased amount of the estimated amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552, and an increased amount of the reference amount of PM deposition.

Thereafter, in step S112, it is determined whether the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout calculated in step S110is equal to or less than the first determination rise rate Rth1calculated in step S111. In cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S112, it can be judged that the peeled PM has not been trapped between the electrodes551,552at the current point in time. In this case, then in step S113, the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme is calculated by the same method as in step S108.

Subsequently, in step S114, it is determined whether the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme calculated in step S113is equal to or more than the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S114, the processing of the step S110is carried out again. In this case, in step S110, the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout at a time after the output starting time will be calculated. On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S114, it can be judged that the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time, without the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Accordingly, in this case, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing is carried out based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td. For that reason, when an affirmative determination is made in step S114, then in step S115, the filter diagnostic processing is carried out. Specifically, it is determined whether the output value Sout of the PM sensor55at the time when the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme has reached the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0(i.e., the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td) is equal to or more than the abnormality determination value Sth. In cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S115, then in step S116, a determination is made that an abnormality has occurred in the filter51. On the other hand, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S115, then in step S118, a determination is made that no abnormality has occurred in the filter51, i.e., the filter51is in the normal state. Here, note that in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S109, the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time, without the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, and the output value Sout of the PM sensor55at the time when the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme has reached the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0is zero, and hence is of course smaller than the abnormality determination value Sth. For that reason, in this case, then in step S118, a determination is made that the filter51is in the normal state. After the determination of abnormality or normality of the filter51in step S116or S118has been made, in step S117, the application of voltage to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is stopped.

In addition, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, i.e., in cases where it is determined that the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout is larger than the first determination rise rate Rth1, it can be judged that the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, before the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time. Accordingly, in this case, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td is not to be carried out. For that reason, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, then in step S117, the application of voltage to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is stopped. In other words, the voltage application to the electrodes551,552is stopped, without carrying out the filter diagnostic processing. Here, note that in cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, it is not necessary to stop the voltage application to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55immediately. In other words, even in cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme may be calculated, and the voltage application to the electrodes551,552may be continued until the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme thus calculated reaches the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0. However, in this case, too, the filter diagnostic processing is not carried out, when the reference amount of PM deposition Qpme reaches the determination amount of PM deposition Qpm0, i.e., based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td. In addition, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S112, in order to remove the peeled PM trapped between the electrodes551,552, the execution of the sensor regeneration processing may be started, and the processing after step S103may be carried out again. Cases when a negative determination is made in step S112, and the filter diagnostic processing is not carried out but instead other processings are carried out, correspond to the expression “said decision unit decides that the filter diagnostic processing by the filter diagnostic unit is not carried out” in embodiments of the present invention.

According to the above-mentioned abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter, in cases where the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55before the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time, the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out. For that reason, in the filter diagnostic processing, it is possible to suppress an erroneous or wrong diagnosis that abnormality of the filter51has occurred, resulting from the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, in spite of the fact that the filter51is actually in the normal state. Accordingly, it is possible to enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis in the filter diagnostic processing.

Here, note that in the abnormality diagnosis for a filter according to this embodiment, the first determination rise rate Rth1, which is a threshold value at the time of deciding whether to carry out the filter diagnostic processing, may be set to a value which is larger than the maximum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output. For example, the first determination rise rate Rth1may be set to a value which is larger than the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter51does not exist in the exhaust passage5. In addition, the first determination rise rate Rth1may be set to a predetermined fixed value. In this case, the first determination rise rate Rth1is set, based on experiments, etc., as a threshold value with which it can be judged that the output value of the PM sensor55went up because peeled PM is trapped between the electrodes551,552, and is stored in the ECU10in advance.

Moreover, in this embodiment, the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout is calculated as a parameter used for the abnormality diagnosis of the filter, but instead of this, a value correlated with the rate of rise of the sensor output may be used as such a parameter. For example, a difference between a first output value of the PM sensor55and a reference amount of PM deposition at the time when the first output value was detected is defined as a first output difference, and a difference between a second output value of the PM sensor55after the lapse of a predetermined period of time from the time when the first output value was outputted and a reference amount of PM deposition at the time when the second output value was detected is defined as a second output difference, wherein abnormality diagnosis may be carried out by using, as a parameter, a difference between the first output difference and the second output difference, or a ratio of these values.

Second Embodiment

This second embodiment is different from the above-mentioned first embodiment in a specific determination method for determining whether to execute or carry out filter diagnostic processing. In this second embodiment, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output became smaller than a predetermined second determination rise rate after the output starting time, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out. Here, the second determination rise rate is set to a minimum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output.

As mentioned above, a rapid rise in the output value of the PM sensor55by the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552is temporary. In addition, as shown by the line L3inFIG. 6, in the case where the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly by the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552in the state where the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55has not reached the effective amount of PM deposition, thereafter, there occurs a period of time in which the output value of the PM sensor55becomes substantially constant. In this case, the rate of rise of the sensor output becomes substantially zero. Moreover, as shown by the line L4inFIG. 6, in cases where after the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552, a part of the peeled PM thus trapped desorbs from between the electrodes551,552, the output value of the PM sensor55decreases. In this case, the rate of rise of the sensor output becomes a negative value. As a result, in the case where on and after the output starting time, the rate of rise of the sensor output became smaller than the second determination rise rate, it can be judged that the degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor55shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. Accordingly, in this second embodiment, in such a case, a decision is made that the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out.

[Abnormality Diagnosis Flow for Filter]

Hereinafter, reference will be made to an abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this second embodiment, based onFIG. 9.FIG. 9is a flow chart showing a part of the abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this second embodiment. Here, note that in the abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this second embodiment, the other part of the flow before step S208is the same as the flow (from step S101to step S109) shown inFIG. 7. In addition, steps from S113to S118are the same as those in the flow shown inFIG. 8. For that reason, the explanation of the part of the flow of this second embodiment which has been already described is omitted. This flow has been stored in advance in the ECU10, and is repeatedly carried out by the ECU10at a predetermined interval during the operation of the internal combustion engine1. Here, note that in cases where the PM sensor55is provided with an SCU, this flow may be carried out by the SCU.

In this flow, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S107of the flow shown inFIG. 7, then in step S210, it is determined whether a predetermined period of time dt0has elapsed from the time when the output value of the PM sensor55began to go up from zero (i.e., from the output starting time). Here, the predetermined period of time dt0is set as a period of time in which if the predetermined period of time dt0has elapsed from the output starting time, a judgment can be made as to whether the peeled PM has been trapped, based on whether the rate of rise of the sensor output is smaller than the second determination rise rate. The predetermined period of time dt0can be beforehand determined based on experiments, etc. In cases where a negative determination is made in step S210, the processing of the step S210is carried out again.

On the other hand, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S210, then in step S211, the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout of the PM sensor55is calculated. In other words, in step S211, the rate of rise of the sensor output later than the output starting time will be calculated.

Subsequently, in step S212, a second determination rise rate Rth2is calculated. As stated above, the second determination rise rate Rth2is calculated as the minimum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output. Accordingly, for example, the second determination rise rate Rth2may be calculated as the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated (i.e., the filter51is a new one). Here, the amount of PM outflowing from the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated varies according to the operating state of the internal combustion engine1and the amount of PM deposition in the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated. In addition, as stated above, the PM trapping rate also varies according to the flow rate of the exhaust gas. Accordingly, first of all, the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated is estimated based on the operating state of the internal combustion engine1and the amount of PM deposition in the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated. Then, the second determination rise rate Rth2may be calculated based on an amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55according to an increased amount of the estimated amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552, and an increased amount of the reference amount of PM deposition. Here, note that the amount of PM deposition in the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated can be calculated by estimating the amount of PM trapped by the filter51in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated, and the amount of PM removal which is oxidized and removed from the filter51by a rise in the temperature of the exhaust gas, and by integrating these estimated values.

Thereafter, in step S213, it is determined whether the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout calculated in step S211is equal to or more than the second determination rise rate Rth2calculated in step S212. In cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S211, it can be judged that the peeled PM has not been trapped between the electrodes551,552at the current point in time. In this case, the processing of step S113is then carried out. In addition, in this flow, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S114, then, the processing of the steps from S104to S213is carried out again.

On the other hand, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S213, i.e., in cases where it is determined that the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout is smaller than the second determination rise rate Rth2, it can be judged that the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, before the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time. Accordingly, in this case, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td is not to be carried out. For that reason, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S213, then in step S117, the application of voltage to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is stopped, similarly as in the case where a negative determination is made in step S112of the flow shown inFIG. 8. Here, note that in this case, other processing may be carried out, similarly as in the case where a negative determination is made in step S112of the flow shown inFIG. 8.

According to the above-mentioned abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter, in cases where after the voltage application time, the output value of the PM sensor55began to go up from zero by the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out. For that reason, in the filter diagnostic processing, it is possible to suppress an erroneous or wrong diagnosis that abnormality of the filter51has occurred, resulting from the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, in spite of the fact that the filter51is actually in the normal state.

Here, note that in the abnormality diagnosis for a filter according to this second embodiment, the second determination rise rate Rth2, which is a threshold value at the time of deciding whether to carry out the filter diagnostic processing, may be set to a value which is smaller than the minimum value of the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output. For example, the second determination rise rate Rth2may be set to a value which is smaller than the ordinary rate of rise of the sensor output in the case of assuming that the filter51has not been deteriorated. In addition, the second determination rise rate Rth2may be set to a predetermined fixed value. In this case, the second determination rise rate Rth2is set, based on experiments, etc., as a threshold value with which it can be judged that the output value of the PM sensor55became substantially constant or decreased after having gone up rapidly resulting from the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552, and is stored in the ECU10in advance.

Further, in this second embodiment, too, the rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout is calculated as a parameter used for the abnormality diagnosis of the filter, but instead of this, a value correlated with the rate of rise of the sensor output may be used as such a parameter, similar to the abnormality diagnosis of the filter according to the first embodiment.

Third Embodiment

This third embodiment is different from the above-mentioned first embodiment in a specific determination method for determining whether to execute or carry out filter diagnostic processing. In this third embodiment, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output decreased after the output starting time, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out.

As mentioned above, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor55begins to go up because the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552reaches the effective amount of PM deposition, the output value of the PM sensor55goes up continuously in accordance with the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM, after the output starting time, too. Thus, the larger the amount of PM deposition between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, the larger becomes the amount of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55with respect to the amount of increase in the amount of PM deposition. Accordingly, in cases where the output value of the PM sensor55goes up in accordance with the continuous increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552, the rate of rise of the sensor output will go up gradually on and after the output starting time.

On the other hand, the rapid rise in the output value of the PM sensor55due to the peeled PM trapped between the electrodes551,552is temporary. Then, even in cases where the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly due to the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, thereafter, the output value of the PM sensor55becomes substantially constant, as shown by the line L3inFIG. 6, or the output value of the PM sensor55decreases, as shown by the line L4inFIG. 6, or the degree of rise of the output value of the PM sensor55becomes to such an extent so as to correspond to the increase in the amount of deposition of the ordinary PM between the electrodes551,552, as shown by the line L5inFIG. 6. For that reason, after the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly, the rate of rise of the sensor output will become lower, in any of the above cases, than the rate of rise of the sensor output at the time when the output value of the PM sensor55has gone up rapidly. Accordingly, in cases where the rate of rise of the sensor output decreased after the output starting time, it can be judged that this degree of variation of the output value of the PM sensor55shows, with high probability, that the peeled PM has been trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55. As a result, in this third embodiment, in such a case, a decision is made that the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out.

Abnormality Diagnosis Flow for Filter

Hereinafter, reference will be made to an abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this third embodiment, based onFIG. 10.FIG. 10is a flow chart showing a part of the abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this third embodiment. Here, note that in the abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter according to this third embodiment, the other part of the flow before step S308is the same as the flow (from step S101to step S109) shown inFIG. 7. In addition, steps from S113to S118are the same as those in the flow shown inFIG. 8. For that reason, the explanation of the part of the flow of this third embodiment which has been already described is omitted. This flow has been stored in advance in the ECU10, and is repeatedly carried out by the ECU10at a predetermined interval during the operation of the internal combustion engine1. Here, note that in cases where the PM sensor55is provided with an SCU, this flow may be carried out by the SCU.

In this flow, in cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S107of the flow shown inFIG. 7, then in step S310, a rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout1of the PM sensor55is calculated. Hereinafter, the rate of rise of the sensor output calculated in step S310is referred to as a “first sensor output rise rate Rsout1”. Subsequently, in step S311, a rate of rise of the sensor output Rsout2of the PM sensor55, after the lapse of a predetermined period of time from the time when the first sensor output rise rate Rsout1is calculated in step S310, is calculated. Hereinafter, the rate of rise of the sensor output calculated in step S311is referred to as a “second sensor output rise rate Rsout2”.

Thereafter, in step S312, it is determined whether the first sensor output rise rate Rsout1calculated in step S310is equal to or less than the second sensor output rise rate Rsout2calculated in step S311. In cases where an affirmative determination is made in step S312, it can be judged that the peeled PM has not been trapped between the electrodes551,552at the current point in time. In this case, the processing of step S111is then carried out. In addition, in this flow, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S114, then, the processing of the steps from S310to S312is carried out again. In other words, a comparison between the rates of rise of the sensor output before and after a predetermined period of time is carried out in a repeated manner.

On the other hand, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S212, i.e., in cases where it is determined that the rate of rise of the sensor output has decreased, it can be judged that the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, before the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time. Accordingly, in this case, it is decided that the filter diagnostic processing based on the output value of the PM sensor55at the determination time td is not to be carried out. For that reason, in cases where a negative determination is made in step S312, then in step S115, the application of voltage to the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55is stopped, similarly as in the case where a negative determination is made in step S112of the flow shown inFIG. 8. Here, note that in this case, other processing may be carried out, similarly as in the case where a negative determination is made in step S112of the flow shown inFIG. 8.

According to the above-mentioned abnormality diagnosis flow for a filter, in cases where the peeled PM was trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55before the determination period of time dtd has elapsed from the voltage application time, the filter diagnostic processing is not to be carried out. For that reason, in the filter diagnostic processing, it is possible to suppress an erroneous or wrong diagnosis that abnormality of the filter51has occurred, resulting from the peeled PM being trapped between the electrodes551,552of the PM sensor55, in spite of the fact that the filter51is actually in the normal state.

Here, note that in this third embodiment, the rates of rise of the sensor output Rsout1, Rsout2are calculated as parameters used for the abnormality diagnosis of the filter, but instead of this, values correlated with the rates of rise of the sensor output may be used as such parameters, similar to the first embodiment.