Apparatus and method for manipulating characteristics of inhaled air

Exemplary embodiments are directed to an apparatus for manipulating one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled. The apparatus includes an outer housing including an outer surface, a hollow interior, and at least one opening formed in the outer housing and extending between the outer surface and the hollow interior. The apparatus includes a manipulation enclosure disposed within the hollow interior of the outer housing, the manipulation enclosure capable of receiving therein an air characteristic manipulation component. A substantially continuous channel is formed between the manipulation enclosure and the outer housing.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for manipulating characteristics of inhaled air and, in particular, to a portable apparatus capable of controlling the temperature and/or humidity of air inhaled by the user.

BACKGROUND

A variety of devices exist in the industry for maintaining the comfort of an individual during hot temperatures. Such devices include, for example, cooling jackets, cooling watches, a robotic air conditioning unit that follows the user, or the like. For certain medical conditions, such as hot flashes, maintaining a cool environment can be helpful in reducing the discomfort of the user. However, traditional devices generally do not allow for manipulation of air to be inhaled by the user.

Thus, a need exists for a portable apparatus that allows a user to manipulate or change the characteristics of air directly inhaled by the user. These and other needs are addressed by the apparatus and method of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an exemplary apparatus for manipulating one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled is provided. The apparatus includes an outer housing including an outer surface, a hollow interior, and at least one opening formed in the outer housing and extending between the outer surface and the hollow interior. The apparatus includes a manipulation enclosure disposed within the hollow interior of the outer housing, the manipulation enclosure capable of receiving therein an air characteristic manipulation component. A substantially continuous channel is formed between the manipulation enclosure and the outer housing.

In some embodiments, the outer housing can define a substantially rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical configuration. The outer housing includes inner surfaces and one or more support structures extending inwardly into the hollow interior from one or more of the inner surfaces. In some embodiments, the support structures can extend inwardly from each inner surface of the outer housing. In some embodiments, rather than the outer housing, the manipulation enclosure can include one or more support structures extending outwardly into the hollow interior of the outer housing from outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, the outer housing can enclose all surfaces of the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a cover detachable from the outer housing for enclosing the manipulation enclosure within the outer housing. In such embodiments, the substantially continuous channel can also be formed between the manipulation enclosure and the cover.

In some embodiments, the cover can include one or more support structures extending inwardly into the hollow interior of the outer housing from an inner surface of the cover. In some embodiments, the manipulation cover can include one or more support structures extending outwardly into the hollow interior of the outer housing. The one or more support structures of the outer housing and the cover can abut outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure to form the substantially continuous channel around the manipulation enclosure. The substantially continuous channel can extend entirely around outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure. The substantially continuous channel can extend entirely around each side of the manipulation enclosure.

In some embodiments, a width or hydraulic diameter of the substantially continuous channel can be less than or equal to about 1.0 mm. In some embodiments, a width or hydraulic diameter of the substantially continuous channel can be about 1.0 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the width or hydraulic diameter of the substantially continuously channel can be substantially uniform around each outer surface of the manipulation enclosure.

In some embodiments, a front surface of the outer housing can include a recessed groove configured and dimensioned to at least partially received the cover therein. The cover includes at least one extension protruding from one surface of the cover (or from the apparatus if the apparatus does not include a cover), and at least one hole extending through the cover to fluidly connect the at least one extension with the substantially continuous channel. In such embodiments, the at least one extension can be configured to be at least partially inserted into a nostril of a user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a single, wider extension protruding from one end of the apparatus, the extension including an opening fluidly connected to the substantially continuous channel, and the opening configured to be placed at least partially around a bottom surface of a nose of a user to cover at least one nostril of the user with the extension. In some embodiments, the extension can also act as a cover for the apparatus. The outer housing can be configured to receive air through the at least one opening and into the substantially continuous channel, and the air characteristic manipulation component disposed within the manipulation enclosure is configured to modify at least one of a temperature or a humidity of the air prior to inhalation of modified air by a user.

In some embodiments, the outer housing can be fabricated from a flexible material that allows the outer housing to at least partially conform to a contoured area of a user's face. In some embodiments, the air characteristic manipulation component can be at least one of a thermal storage material, a phase change material, a desiccant, or water. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can include one or more passages formed therein, each of the one or more passages configured to allow air passage therethrough. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a feedback loop including one or more sensors configured to detect an ambient air temperature and a modified air temperature. In such embodiments, the apparatus can include a processing device configured to control manipulation of one or more characteristics of ambient air based on input from the one or more sensors of the ambient air temperature and the modified air temperature.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an exemplary apparatus for manipulating air to be inhaled is provided. The apparatus includes an outer housing including an outer surface, a hollow interior, and at least one opening formed in the outer housing and extending between the outer surface and the hollow interior. The apparatus includes a manipulation enclosure disposed within the hollow interior of the outer housing, the manipulation enclosure including an air characteristic manipulation component disposed therein. The apparatus includes a cover attached to the outer housing, the cover enclosing the manipulation enclosure within the hollow interior of the outer housing. A substantially continuous channel is formed between the manipulation enclosure and the outer housing, and between the manipulation enclosure and the cover. The outer housing is configured to receive air through the at least one opening and into the substantially continuous channel, and the air characteristic manipulation component is configured to modify at least one of a temperature or a humidity of the air prior to inhalation of modified air by a user. The substantially continuous channel extends entirely around each outer surface of the manipulation enclosure.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an exemplary method of manipulating air to be inhaled is provided. The method includes introducing air into an outer housing of an apparatus through at least one opening formed in the outer housing and extending between an outer surface of the outer housing and a hollow interior of the outer housing. The apparatus includes a manipulation enclosure disposed within the hollow interior of the outer housing, the manipulation enclosure capable of receiving therein an air characteristic manipulation component. A substantially continuous channel is formed between the manipulation enclosure and the outer housing. The method includes passing the air around at least a portion of the manipulation enclosure to modify at least one characteristic of the air. The method includes passing modified air out of the apparatus for inhalation by a user.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an exemplary apparatus for manipulating characteristics of inhaled air is provided. The apparatus generally includes an assembly of an outer housing, and a manipulation enclosure disposed within the outer housing and capable of receiving therein an air characteristic manipulation component. In some embodiments, the outer housing can fully enclose the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a cover capable of being coupled, engaged or interlocked with the housing to enclose the manipulation enclosure within the outer housing. The manipulation enclosure fits within the outer housing and the outer housing includes inner features or protrusions that space the manipulation enclosure away from the inner walls to define a substantially continuous air gap or channel between the manipulation enclosure and the outer housing. The air gap or channel allows for flow of air around the manipulation enclosure, thereby adjusting the temperature and/or humidity of the air prior to inhalation by the user. The air gap or channel in combination with the air characteristic manipulation component within the manipulation enclosure form a heat exchanger within the apparatus for manipulating one or more characteristics of the air prior to inhalation by the user.

By manipulating or changing the characteristics of air prior to inhalation by the user, the exemplary apparatus can provide thermal comfort to the user. The exemplary apparatus can also manipulate or change the characteristics of air prior to inhalation to alleviate discomfort for certain medical conditions, such as hot flashes, multiple sclerosis, cardiac arrest, or the like. For example, the apparatus is capable of quickly cooling the air to be inhaled by the user to provide targeted cooling of the brain or prioritizing cooling of the brain and the user. As a further example, respiratory cooling provided by the apparatus can prioritize cooling of the brain of the patient to provide quick comfort to the user. Although discussed herein as manipulating or changing temperature and/or humidity, it should be understood that the exemplary apparatus can manipulate or change a variety of one or more characteristics of the air, e.g., temperature, humidity, odor/smell, or the like. In some embodiments, in addition to manipulating the temperature and/or humidity of the inhaled air, the apparatus can manipulate the odor and/or smell of the inhaled air. In some embodiments, the apparatus can manipulate the odor and/or smell of the inhaled air separately from the temperature and/or humidity manipulation. The apparatus can operate both indoors and outdoors to provide thermal comfort to the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can be used to facilitate cooling for firefighters, athletes, or those in a thermal rehabilitation process. In some embodiments, the apparatus can be used as a replacement for traditional air conditioning systems, providing a solution having increased energy efficiency technology.

In some embodiments, the apparatus can be inserted or plugged into one or both nostrils during use. When inserted into both nostrils, the majority of the air manipulated by the apparatus can be inhaled by the user. In some embodiments, even with the apparatus inserted into both nostrils, the apparatus can provide a fraction of the air needed for inhalation (e.g., about 90%, about 85%, or the like), with the remaining air inhaled by the user coming from outside of the apparatus. When inserted into only a single nostril, only a partial amount of manipulated air by the apparatus is inhaled by the user. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can receive therein an air characteristic manipulation component (e.g., a phase change material (PCM)), and the apparatus can use latent and/or sensible heat of the phase change material to manipulate the characteristics of breathed air. The term “phase change material” can refer to any material that utilizes latent heat of fusion and/or vaporization for storage of thermal energy. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can receive therein an air characteristic manipulation component (e.g., a thermal storage material (TSM)), and the apparatus can use latent and/or sensible heat of the thermal storage material to manipulate the characteristics of breathed air. In some embodiments, a desiccant material (e.g., a hygroscopic material) can be used to manipulate the characteristics of breathed air, such as temperature and/or humidity. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can include a combination of a phase change material, a thermal storage material, and/or a desiccant material. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can include both a desiccant material, and a thermal storage material or a phase change material to manipulate the characteristics of breathed air in combination. In some embodiments, the apparatus only includes a single air characteristic manipulation component in the form of a phase change material, a thermal storage material, or a desiccant material. It should be understood that the material of the air characteristic manipulation component can be any type of material that can be used as a thermal energy source and/or heat sink. In some embodiments, any phase change material with a melting temperature of less than or equal to about 20° C. can be used. In some embodiments, water (H2O) can be used as a thermal storage material or a phase change material. Using water can provide an advantage of having very high latent heat of fusion (one of the highest) and a low melting point. Using water (as well as the other air characteristic manipulation components) provides a material that is safe to use on or near the eyes, skin and/or nostrils of the user. Water also provides a low material cost for operation of the apparatus.

The manipulation enclosure for receiving the air characteristic manipulation component can define a variety of different shapes and/or sizes (e.g., hollow sphere, arc of a hollow ring, ring, cube, cuboid, hollow cylinder, combination of arcs of hollow rings, or the like). The configuration of the manipulation enclosure can be selected to substantially match the topology of the features of the face, head, chin, neck, or the like, for proper positioning of the apparatus. In some embodiments, the outer housing of the apparatus can be formed from a partially flexible material (e.g., silicon rubber, or the like) to allow the apparatus to at least partially conform to the features of the face on which the apparatus is to be positioned. The overall shape of the manipulation enclosure can be selected to substantially match the configuration or shape of the outer housing to accommodate the manipulation enclosure within the outer housing in a spaced matter (e.g., to form the gap between the manipulation enclosure and the inner walls of the outer housing). The manipulation enclosure can include a hollow interior such that thermal storage material and/or phase change material can be filled into the hollow interior for operation of the heat exchanger In some embodiments, the material used for fabrication of one or more components of the apparatus can be food grade material.

The apparatus can be configured and dimensioned to be positioned in a space defined by or surrounding the nose, upper lip, lower lip and cheeks of the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can be configured and dimensioned to be positioned above the upper lip and below the nose of the user, with one or two inhalation projections at the top of the apparatus configured to be inserted into one or both nostrils, respectively, of the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can be configured and dimensioned to be positioned at least partially within the mouth or oral cavity of the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include one or more circular or non-circular tubes, channels or gaps that allow for air flow to facilitate thermal energy flow and/or material flow (when desiccant is used) between the air and the thermal storage material, phase change material, and/or desiccant material. Similar to nostril applications, when positioned at least partially within the mouth or oral cavity, the apparatus can supply substantially all or only part of the air to be inhaled by the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus can in combination connect to one or more nostrils of the user, and the mouth and/or oral cavity of the user.

In some embodiments, the miniature heat exchanger within the apparatus can include a substantially continuous gap between the outer housing and cover of the apparatus, and the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, the miniature heat exchanger within the apparatus for transferring thermal energy can include one or more circular or non-circular tubes, channels and/or gaps at least partially extending within the apparatus. In such embodiment, the heat exchanger aids in facilitating thermal energy flow and/or material flow between the air and the thermal storage material, phase change material, and/or the desiccant material. The miniature heat exchanger formed by the apparatus can be used to transfer heat between the air characteristic manipulation component within the manipulation enclosure and the air within the apparatus prior to inhalation of the air by the user. As used herein, the term “miniature heat exchanger” can refer to a micro-channel heat exchanger having tubes and/or channels with a hydraulic diameter (or gap with a width) of about, e.g., less than or equal to 1 mm, 1-10 mm, 1-9 mm, 1-8 mm, 1-7 mm, 1-6 mm, 1-5 mm, 1-4 mm, 1-3 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-8 mm, 3-7 mm, 4-6 mm, 2-10 mm, 3-10 mm, 4-10 mm, 5-10 mm, 6-10 mm, 7-10 mm, 8-10 mm, 9-10 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, or the like.

In some embodiments, the apparatus can manipulate or change characteristics of the complete volume of inhaled air (e.g., the entire volume of air inhaled into the apparatus and further inhaled by the user). In some embodiments, the apparatus can manipulate or change characteristics of a fraction of the total inhaled air. For example, the apparatus can manipulate or change characteristics of about, e.g., 50-99%, 50-95%, 55-90%, 60-85%, 65-80%, 70-75%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or the like, of the total air inhaled into the apparatus.

In some embodiments, the user can control or customize the percentage of air to be manipulated by the apparatus. In some embodiments, the user can control or customize the characteristics or conditions of the air supplied to the user through the apparatus. For example, the apparatus can include a user interface through which the user can adjust the temperature and/or humidity level to be provided to the user through the apparatus after passage around the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, the apparatus can manipulate a predetermined percentage of air to be inhaled by the user through the apparatus, and the user does not have control of such percentage. The temperature and/or humidity of the air inhaled into the apparatus can be further manipulated by the nasal cavity to reach alveolar conditions. For example, upon inhalation of air from the apparatus, the body of the user can lose or gain heat depending on the characteristics of the air supplied to the user from the apparatus. In particular, after manipulation by the apparatus, the air inhaled by the user can create a sensation of thermal comfort (in addition to other possible potential effects) to the user. Such effect of thermal comfort can be generated by the phenomenon referred to as nasal cooling or respiratory cooling (conditioning air inhaled by nose). Nasal cooling or respiratory cooling describes a process in which the body of the user attempts to change the characteristics of the inhaled air to match the alveolar conditions (e.g., characteristics of air by lungs).

The air inhaled by the user enters the lungs for exchange of oxygen and/or other constituents of air. The one or more paths in the body connecting the external environment (e.g., outside air) and the lungs have special capabilities/functions of manipulating the characteristics of inhaled air to ensure that the inhaled air is safe for the user. In the process of manipulating the characteristics of inhaled air, the body can lose or gain heat depending on the characteristics of the supplied air. For example, if the supplied air is cold and has a low humidity, the body can increase the temperature of the air and add moisture to the air to ensure the air is safe for the user. As used herein, the term “supplied air” refers to the air entering the body of the user, which may or may not be manipulated by the apparatus (e.g., depending on the percentage of air the apparatus is configured to manipulate). As an example, if the apparatus is being used, the supplied air is the air supplied from the apparatus for inhalation. As a further example, if the apparatus is not being used, the supplied air is the air inhaled from around the user.

The apparatus can take advantage of the body's natural phenomenon/process of manipulating characteristics of the breathed air to match (or substantially match) the alveolar conditions. For example, the apparatus can reduce the temperature and/or humidity of ambient air entering the body through the apparatus. The cooled air from the apparatus therefore travels through the passage/pathway to the lungs, where the passage/pathway can try to increase the temperature and/or humidity of the cooled air to match the alveolar conditions. Alveolar conditions are generally (but not necessarily) about 36° C. and about 90% relative humidity. When the cooled air is heated and receiving moisture, the body loses thermal energy or heat and thereby, the body is cooled.

During experimentation with the exemplary apparatus, it was recognized that manipulating the characteristics of inhaled or breathed air can have a significant effect on the thermal comfort of the user, and can further provide various other benefits. Experimentation further validated the hypothesis formed on the basis of scientific facts. Integrating the air characteristic manipulation component with a micro-channel heat exchanger unit allows for technology to be developed that can significantly manipulate the characteristics of breathed air without being too heavy and/or cumbersome to the user.

In some embodiments, the apparatus can include one or more sensors (e.g., a sensing or feedback system), and can use the one or more sensors to measure/detect characteristics of ambient air, such as temperature and/or humidity. A feedback loop within the apparatus can be in communication with the sensors to control the characteristics of the manipulated air within the apparatus based on the detected characteristics of ambient air. For example, if the sensors detect a temperature and/or humidity beyond a predetermined threshold value considered to provide comfort to the user, the feedback loop can control operation of the apparatus to ensure the desired characteristics of the manipulated air are maintained, resulting in continued comfort of the user. In some embodiments, the feedback loop and operation can be automatic. In some embodiments, the feedback loop and operation can be (at least partially) manually controlled by the user.

In some embodiments, a heat exchanging fluid (e.g., the breathed or supplied air) can flow completely around the manipulation enclosure (e.g., the thermal storage material or phase change material reservoir) in the gap available around the manipulation enclosure. The gap between the outer housing of the apparatus and the manipulation enclosure advantageously minimizes the heat exchange between the manipulation enclosure and any surface, material or fluid of the apparatus that is not assisting in manipulating the characteristics of air inside of the apparatus. Such design of the heat exchanger provides an efficient and effective manipulation of the air, and can increase the overall operational time of the apparatus. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure can be removable from the outer housing to allow for recharging of the manipulation enclosure, e.g., by freezing, or the like.

FIGS.1-3show perspective views of an exemplary apparatus100for manipulating or changing one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled by a user102. The apparatus100includes a body or outer housing104configured and dimensioned to be positioned between the upper lip and nose of the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can be positioned in a different area of the user102, e.g., the neck, face, head, or the like. The housing104includes a hollow interior capable of receiving a manipulation enclosure106. The manipulation enclosure106can, in turn, receive therein an air characteristic manipulation component108(e.g., a phase change material, a thermal storage material, a desiccant, combinations thereof, or the like). For example, the manipulation enclosure106can include a substantially hollow interior capable of receiving the manipulation component108. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure106can be configured such that the solid portion of the component108floats within the manipulation enclosure106above the melted portion of the component108to maintain the solid portion of the component108around the heat exchanger(s). Although illustrated as substantially rectangular in shape, it should be understood that the interior space for the manipulation enclosure106can be any shape and/or configuration. The manipulation enclosure106can be substantially complementary in shape to the interior of the housing104.

In some embodiments, the interior of the housing104can define a rectangular, curved shape (e.g., a mustache shape). In some embodiments, the interior of the housing104can be, e.g., a hollow sphere, a hollow cube, a hollow cuboid, a hollow cylinder, a hollow ring, or any other similar geometry. In some embodiments, the interior and the exterior of the housing104can be configured to substantially match the contour of the body of the user102where the apparatus100is to be positioned. For example, the apparatus100and/or the interior of the housing104can be contoured to substantially match the cheeks, chin, nose and/or lips of the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100and/or the interior of the housing104can be rigid in shape and may or may not match the contour of the location in which it is positioned on the user102.

In some embodiments, the apparatus100and/or the housing104can be fabricated from a flexible material, e.g., a food grade silicon rubber, or the like. The flexible material allows the apparatus100to deform at least slightly to fit or accommodate the contour of the user102. The overall shape of the apparatus100can thereby be customized to better fit each individual user102. In some embodiments, deformation of the shape of the apparatus100can be a result of a gravitational force and/or a physical constraint of the location of the body of the user102on which the apparatus100is positioned.

The apparatus100includes one or more extensions110,112extending from a top surface of the housing104. The extensions110,112can be configured and dimensioned to fit at least partially within the respective nostrils of the user102to maintain the apparatus100in the desired position on the face of the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include an extension capable of being inserted into one nostril of the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include two extensions capable of being inserted into respective nostrils of the user102(e.g., extensions110,112). In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include an extension capable of at least partially fitting and surrounding the outer surface of the nose of the user to provide modified air to at least one nostril of the user (see, e.g.,FIG.18).

In some embodiments, the extensions110,112in combination with the upper lip, for example, can assist in maintaining the desired position of the apparatus100on the face of the user102. The extensions110,112can define a substantially cylindrical shape with a hollow interior or passage114,116. In some embodiments, the outer diameter of each extension110,112can be about, e.g., 5-30 mm, 10-30 mm, 15-25 mm, 20-25 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, or the like. Air manipulated by the apparatus100can pass through the passages114,116and into the nasal airway of the user102. In some embodiments, the extensions110,112can maintain or assist in maintaining the position of the apparatus100relative to the user102, and direct manipulated air to the nostrils of the user102. In some embodiments, additional supports can be used to assist in maintaining the position of the apparatus100relative to the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include one or more handles extending from the outer housing104, with the handles capable of being grasped to maintain the desired position of the apparatus100. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can be simply held in the hand of the user with the outer housing104and/or other structures of the apparatus100acting as a handle or structure capable of being grasped. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include a wider extension structure with at least two openings formed therein for direction manipulated air into at least one nostril of the user102(see, e.g.,FIG.18). In such embodiment, the wider support structure can be positioned over the bottom portion of the nose of the user102, substantially fitting or matching the exterior bottom contour of the nose, with a substantially tight seal formed between the support structure and the nose. The wider support structure can assist in maintaining the position of the apparatus100relative to the nose of the user102.

In some embodiments, the apparatus100can include a single extension110,112, with the single extension110,112plugged or inserted into only one of the nostrils of the user102. In some embodiments, the apparatus100ofFIGS.1-3can be used such that only one of the extensions110,112is plugged or inserted into one of the nostrils of the user102, with the other extensions110,112moved sideways to avoid the second nostril of the user102. The extensions110,112can be fabricated from, e.g., a food grade rubber or silicon, a food grade plastic, any other food grade material, any other flexible material, any plastic, any polymer, or the like. The material of fabrication may provide flexibility to the extensions110,112such that the extensions110,112can at least partially conform to the inner walls of the nostrils of the user102for a better and substantially air tight fit. Although illustrated as cylindrical in shape, the extensions110,112can be of any shape, e.g., bulbous, tapered, or the like. In some embodiments, the extensions110,112can define a varying diameter or radius (e.g., an initially increasing radius up to a predetermined value in a direction away from the outer housing104, and subsequently a gradually decreasing radius). In some embodiments, the extensions110,112can include grooves and/or protrusions along the outer surface to enhance the grip of the extensions110,112within the nostrils of the user102, with such grooves and/or protrusions assisting in maintaining the position of the apparatus against the forces of gravity.

The apparatus100includes one or more heat exchangers114,116formed within the housing104. Although illustrated as two separated heat exchangers114,116with each heat exchanger114,116providing manipulated air to the respective extensions110,112, it should be understood that the apparatus100can include a single or combined heat exchanger114,116directing manipulated air to both extensions110,112. Each heat exchanger114,116can include one or more channels118,120(e.g., tubes, gaps, or the like). The channels118,120can extend from the bottom surface of the housing104to the top surface of the housing104, and connect to the respective inner passages114,116of the extensions110,112at the top surface of the housing104.

As shown inFIGS.1-3, each of the heat exchangers114,116can include a group of two or more of the channels118,120. In some embodiments, each channel118,120can define a uniform cross-section between the top and bottom surfaces of the housing104. In some embodiments, each channel118,120can change in cross-section between the top and bottom surfaces of the housing104(e.g., tapering outward, tapering inward, combinations thereof, or the like). In some embodiments, the outer surface of each of the channels118,120can be fabricated from a thermal conducting material to improve the thermal energy transfer from the component108to the air passing through the channels118,120. For example, the channels118,120can be formed from a cylindrical metal within a plastic housing such that the entire heat exchange surface, i.e., the surface between the air and the component108, is thermally conducting. The channels118,120are surrounded by the component108, thereby improving thermal conducting and energy transfer between the component108and the air passing through the channels118,120. In some embodiments, the outer surface of each of the channels118,120can be fabricated from a non-conducting material. In such embodiments, the proximity of the channels118,120to the component108and/or the thin walls of the channels118,120allows for thermal transfer without the use of a thermal conducting material.

In some embodiments, eight stainless steel tubes or channels118,120with thin walls can be used for each of the heat exchangers114,116. In some embodiments, the wall thickness for each of the channels118,120can be about, e.g., 0.01-2 mm, 0.01-1 mm, 0.01-0.5 mm, 0.01 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, or the like. In some embodiments, the effective length of the channels118,120(as measured between the top and bottom surfaces of the housing104) can be chosen to prevent fully formed fluid flow of breathed air. In the entry region of the fluid flow at the bottom surface of the housing104(e.g., not fully developed fluid flow), the heat transfer coefficient can be greater than for fully developed flow. The overall length of the channels118,120can be selected to maintain the non-fully developed fluid flow (e.g., turbulent) to improve energy transfer. In some embodiments, the length of each of the channels118,120can be substantially equal. In some embodiments, the length of the channels118,120can be different. For example, if “n” number of channels118,120are used in each of the heat exchangers114,116, one or more channels118,120can have a different length than all other “n−1” channels118,120. In some embodiments, the effective heat exchanging length of each channel118,120can be adjustable, allowing for the apparatus100to be customized in terms of the amount of heat exchanged. For example, if “n” number of channels118,120are used in each heat exchanger114,116, each channel118,120can have a different amount of variation or change in length than all other “n−1” channels118,120.

In some embodiments, the total effective cross-sectional area of all of the channels118,120(e.g., the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the channels118,120) can be equal to or greater than the effective breathing cross-sectional area of both nostrils and/or the mouth/oral cavity of the user102. In some embodiments, the total effective cross-sectional area of the channels118,120for the respective heat exchanger114,116can be equal to or greater than the effective breathing cross-sectional area of the respective nostril of the user102. In some embodiments, the total effective cross-sectional area of the channels118,120can be equal to or greater than about, e.g., 30-100%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30-60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-100%, 50-100%, 50-90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-100%, 70-100%, 80-100%, 90-100%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or the like, than the effective breathing cross-sectional area of both nostrils of the user102.

For example the average effective diameter of decongested nasal passages can be estimated at about 3 mm. If the apparatus100is manipulating the complete quality of air entering one decongested nostril, the effective area of all channels118,120used in the heat exchanger114,116is greater than the area of a cylinder with an internal diameter of about 3 mm (e.g., the cylinder representing the nasal passage). In some embodiments, the apparatus100can be configured such that the average effective diameter of the decongested nasal passage is not assumed to be 3 mm, e.g., about 1-5 mm, 1-4 mm, 1-3 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-5 mm, 3-5 mm, 4-5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, or the like.

During use, the user102places the apparatus100in the appropriate position of the user's body (e.g., between the nose and upper lip), and inserts one or more of the extensions110,112at least partially into the nostrils of the user102. Air is breathed in or inhaled at the bottom surface (as indicated by arrow122inFIG.1), and passes through one or more of the channels118,120(as indicated by arrow124inFIG.3). The air passes through the channels118,120along a substantially linear direction, although it should be understood that the air itself may be turbulent. As the air passes through the channels118,120, heat exchange occurs between the air and the component108disposed with the manipulation enclosure106, thereby cooling the air to a predetermined temperature. The humidity of the air can also be modified as the air passes through the channels118,120. The modified air exists the apparatus100through the extensions110,112(as indicated by arrow126ofFIG.3), and enters the air passages of the user102during inhalation. The user102thereby inhales air that has been modified by the apparatus100. In some embodiments, the apparatus100can modify the odor or smell of the air during manipulation such that the air inhaled by the user102includes a modified and more pleasant smell for the user102.

FIGS.4and5show perspective and cross-sectional views of an exemplary apparatus200for manipulating or changing one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled by a user. The apparatus200can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to the apparatus100, except for the distinctions noted here. The apparatus200includes a body with an outer housing202defining a substantially spherical shape. The outer housing202includes a hollow interior204configured to receive additional components of the apparatus200. The outer housing202includes one or more holes206,208extending into the hollow interior204from an outer surface on one side of the outer housing202, and two extensions210,212extending from the outer surface of the outer housing202on an opposing side of the outer housing202. Each extension210,212can define a substantially cylindrical or bulbous shape capable of confirming to the inner area of the respective nostrils of the user. The extensions210,212can be fabricated from a flexible material, e.g., silicon, rubber, or the like, to better conform with the inner walls of the nostrils of the user. Each extension210,212includes an inner passage214extending into the interior204of the outer housing202. The size of the inner passage214can be selected based on the estimated size of the uncongested nostril of the user (as discussed above).

The inner surface of the housing202includes one or more support structures216extending from the inner surface and towards the center of the housing202. The height of each of the support structures216(as measured between the uppermost point of the structure216and the inner surface of the housing202) can be about, e.g., less than or equal to 1 mm, 1-2 mm, 1.1-1.9 mm, 1.2-1.8 mm, 1.3-1.7 mm, 1.4-1.6 mm, 1-1.5 mm, 1-1.4 mm, 1-1.3 mm, 1-1.2 mm, 1-1.1 mm, 1.5-2 mm, 2-10 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2 mm, or the like. As discussed in greater detail below, the height of the support structures216assists in defining the width or hydraulic diameter of the channel218within the apparatus200. The apparatus200includes a manipulation enclosure222disposed within the interior of the housing202. The manipulation enclosure222is capable of receiving therein an air characteristic manipulation component220(e.g., a phase change material, a thermal storage material, a desiccant, combinations thereof, or the like). The manipulation enclosure222can define a shape substantially complementary to the outer housing202, but dimensioned smaller to fit within the outer housing202. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure222can define a hollow, spherical configuration (as shown inFIG.5). In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure222can be fabricated from a thermally conductive material, e.g., aluminum, or the like, to promote heat exchange between the air within the channel218and the component220.

The support structures216of the outer housing202maintain the manipulation enclosure222spaced from the inner wall of the outer housing202to define the substantially continuous micro-channel218around the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222. In particular, the support structures216abut the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222to maintain a predetermined distance between the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222and the inner surface of the outer housing202. As used herein, the term substantially continuous is understood to mean that the channel218passes around the entire outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222, except for the minor areas in which the support structures216are positioned against the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222. In some embodiments, minor areas of contact between the support structures216and the manipulation enclosure222can be about, e.g., 0.5%-5%, 0.5-4%, 0.5-3%, 0.5-2%, 0.5-1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, or the like, of the entire outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222. The substantially continuous channel218provides the greatest surface area for heat exchange to occur between the air within the channel218and the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure222. The design and configuration of the apparatus200assists in minimizing the heat exchange between the component220and any surface, material or fluid that is not assisting in manipulating the characteristics of air breathed in by the user. In some embodiments, the housing202can be fabricated from a material that is not a good conductor of heat (e.g., plastic, wood, combinations thereof, or the like) to reduce undesired manipulation of air passing through the apparatus200.

During use, the user places the apparatus200in the desired location on the face of the user, and inserts one or both of the extensions210,212into the respective nostril of the user. In some embodiments, if a wider nose extension is used (see, e.g.,FIG.18), the extension can be placed at least partially around a bottom portion of the nose of the user to enclose at least one nostril. As the user breathes in, air enters into the apparatus through the holes206,208(as indicated by arrow224ofFIG.4). The holes206,208are in fluid communication with the inner channel218such that any air that enters through the holes206,208travels within the channel218around the manipulation enclosure222(as indicated by arrows226,228ofFIG.5). The size of the holes206,208(or the area defined by the holes206,208) can be selected based on the effective nostril area of the user. As the air passes around the manipulation enclosure222in the channel218, a heat exchange occurs between the component220and the air to modify the temperature and/or humidity of the air. After the air has passed over the manipulation enclosure222, the modified air passes through the inner passage214of the extensions210,212(as indicated by arrow230ofFIG.5) and is inhaled by the user. The user thereby inhales air that has been modified by the apparatus200.

In some embodiments, the apparatus200can include a feedback loop for automatically or substantially automatically controlling the characteristics of the breathed air, e.g., temperature and/or humidity. The apparatus200can include one or more sensors to assist in operating the feedback loop. As an example the apparatus200can include one or more sensors232disposed at, near or within the holes206,208for detecting the characteristics of ambient air surrounding the apparatus200. The apparatus200can include one or more sensors234disposed at, near or within the passages214of the extensions210,212for detecting the characteristics of modified air to be inhaled by the user. The sensors232,234can be in communication with a processing device236(e.g., controlling or computing mechanism) for receiving and processing the data from the sensors232,234. In some embodiments, the processing device236can be part of or associated with a user interface238having a graphical user interface240capable of receiving input from the user. In some embodiments, the apparatus200can include one or more sensors242disposed at, near or within the component220for detecting the temperature, humidity and/or condition of the component220.

The data recorded by the sensors232,234,242can be transmitted to the processing device236for processing. The processing device236can be programmed to allow for manual and/or automatic control of the modification/manipulation of the characteristics of breathed air by the apparatus200. For manual control, the user can input into the user interface238the desired temperature and/or humidity of the inhaled air and, based on the data from the sensors232,234,242, the processing device236can adjust operation of the apparatus200to achieve the desired temperature and/or humidity input by the user. For automatic control, the processing device236can automatically adjust the manipulation of the air to be inhaled by the user based on the data from the sensors232,234,242.

FIGS.6-10are perspective, front and cross-sectional views of an outer housing302for an exemplary apparatus300for manipulating or changing one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled by a user,FIGS.11-13are perspective and cross-sectional views of a cover304of the apparatus300,FIG.14is a perspective view of a manipulation enclosure306capable of receiving an air characteristic manipulation component for the apparatus300, andFIGS.15-17are perspective and cross-sectional views of the assembled apparatus300. With reference toFIGS.6-10, the outer housing302includes a body defining a substantially rectangular configuration. Although illustrated as rectangular, it should be understood that the apparatus300generally can define any configuration as long as the substantially continuous heat transfer micro-channel discussed herein is maintained. The housing302can be fabricated from a non-thermal conducting material, e.g., plastic, polymer, wood, combinations thereof, or the like.

The outer housing302includes a top surface308, an opposing bottom surface310, a rear surface312, a front surface314, and side surfaces316,318(e.g., walls). The top and bottom surfaces308,310can be substantially parallel to each other, the front and rear surfaces314,312can be substantially parallel to each other, and the side surfaces316,318can be substantially parallel to each other. The outer housing302includes a hollow interior320. The inner walls associated with the top, bottom, rear and side surfaces308-312,316,318can include one or more support structures322extending inwardly therefrom. In some embodiments, the support structures322can be formed on the outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure instead of on the outer surfaces308-312,316,318of the outer housing302. In some embodiments, the support structures322can be on both the inner surfaces of the outer housing302and the outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure. In some embodiments, each of the support structures322can include tapered side walls324,326extending towards an inner platform328extending substantially parallel to the respective inner wall of the outer housing302(see, e.g.,FIG.9). As will be discussed in greater detail below, the support structures322create a substantially continuous channel within the apparatus300after assembly with the manipulation enclosure306.

In some embodiments, the front surface314of the outer housing302can include a recessed groove330formed therein, with the recessed groove330defining a step along the entire perimeter of the front surface314. The width and length of the groove330are configured and dimensioned to receive the cover304such that the cover304can be assembled with the outer housing302. The outer housing302and/or the cover304can include a rubber seal, for example, along the perimeter to ensure a substantially air tight seal between the outer housing302and the cover304. The cover304can include a locking mechanism to maintain the cover304secured to the outer housing302. Although illustrated as a recessed groove330, it should be understood that any engagement and/or interlocking interface can be used for assembly of the cover304with the housing302(e.g., a threaded cap, a snap fit connection, a friction fit connection, combinations thereof, or the like). In some embodiments, rather than a cover304, the apparatus300can include a housing302that completely surrounds each of the walls of the manipulation enclosure306.

The outer housing302includes a chamfered or angled cutout332,334on either side of the outer housing302. Each cutout332,334can extend from the rear surface312downward towards the bottom surface310, with the cutout332,334spaced from the top and front surfaces308,314. The depth of the cutouts332,334(as measured by the distance from one side surface316to the other side surface318) can be selected to be just sufficient enough to create an opening336,338leading into the hollow interior320of the outer housing302. In particular, the cutout332,334creates openings336,338at opposing inner corners of the hollow interior320such that air can enter into the hollow interior320from outside of the outer housing302. The size of the opening336,338can be selected to ensure that sufficient airflow is provided to the apparatus300and the user. In some embodiments, the size of the opening336,338can be selected based on the estimated size of the uncongested nostril of the user (as discussed above).

With reference toFIGS.11-13, the cover304includes a body with a substantially planar, rectangular configuration. As noted above, the configuration of the cover304can be selected to be substantially complementary to the recessed groove330formed in the outer housing302. The cover304can include a front surface340, a rear surface342, a top surface344, a bottom surface346, and side surfaces348,350. The front and rear surfaces340,342can be substantially parallel to each other, the top and bottom surfaces344,346can be substantially parallel to each other, and the side surfaces348,350can be substantially parallel to each other.

The cover304includes one or more holes352,354extending from the rear surface342to the front surface340. The holes352,354fluidly connect with respective extensions356,358protruding from the front surface340of the cover304. Each of the extensions356,358includes inner passages360,362extending therethrough. After assembly of the apparatus300, the holes352,354are in fluid communication with the hollow interior320of the outer housing302, and the holes352,354are further in fluid communication with the inner passages360,362to allow for inhalation of the modified air from the apparatus300through the extensions356,358. The extensions356,358can be fabricated from a flexible material, e.g., silicon, rubber, or the like, to allow for at least partial insertion in the nostrils of the user. In some embodiments, the extensions356,358can be fabricated from a non-flexible material, e.g., plastic, rigid rubber, or the like. In some embodiments, the rear surface342of the cover304can include two or more support structures364substantially similar to support structures322of the outer housing302to maintain the predetermined distance between the cover304and the manipulation enclosure306after assembly of the apparatus300, thereby maintaining the micro-channel between the outer housing302and the cover304, and the manipulation enclosure306.

With reference toFIG.14, the manipulation enclosure306for receiving an air characteristic manipulation component is provided. The manipulation enclosure306can define a substantially rectangular configuration complementary to the hollow interior320of the outer housing302. The manipulation enclosure306can include a front surface366, a rear surface368, a top surface370, a bottom surface372, and side surfaces374,376. The front and rear surfaces366,368can be substantially parallel to each other, the top and bottom surfaces370,372can be substantially parallel to each other, and the side surfaces374,376can be substantially parallel to each other. The manipulation enclosure306can define a substantially hollow interior that can be filled with or contains an air characteristic manipulation component, e.g., a thermal storage material, a phase change material, a desiccant, water, any phase change material with a melting temperature of less than 20° C., combinations thereof, or the like.

In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure306can include one or more passages378extending therethrough. For example, as shown inFIG.14, the manipulation enclosure306can include three passages378extending through the body of the manipulation enclosure306between the front and rear surfaces366,368. Each of the passages378can define a substantially uniform cross-section. In some embodiments, the cross-section of the passages378can be non-uniform. The passages378provide for additional air flow around the manipulation enclosure306to improve the efficiency of heat transfer during use of the apparatus300. Although illustrated as rectangular in configuration, it should be understood that the passages378can be any type of shape and/or configuration.

The manipulation enclosure306can be removed from the apparatus300. For example, if the air characteristic manipulation component is to be recharged, in some embodiments, the entire apparatus300can be placed in the freezer. In some embodiments, the manipulation enclosure306can be removed from the apparatus300and placed in the freezer on its own. The manipulation enclosure306can be interchangeable with other manipulation enclosures306. For example, while one manipulation enclosure306is recharging, another manipulation enclosure306having the same configuration can be placed within the apparatus300. It should be understood that the manipulation enclosures of the apparatus100,200,400discussed herein can be similarly removed from the respective apparatus100,200,400.

With reference toFIGS.15-17, perspective and cross-sectional views of the assembled apparatus300are provided. During assembly, the manipulation enclosure306can be inserted into the hollow interior320of the outer housing302. The support structures322abut the outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure306to create a micro-channel380between each of the outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure306and the inner surfaces of the outer housing302. In some embodiments, the micro-channel380can be formed only around some of the outer surfaces of the manipulation enclosure306. Next, the cover304can be positioned into the recessed groove330in the outer housing302. The support structures364of the cover304can abut the outer surface of the manipulation enclosure306to create a micro-channel380between the manipulation enclosure306and the cover302. The step formed by the recessed groove330can also assist in maintaining the distance of the cover302relative to the component306. The width or hydraulic diameter of the channel or micro-channel380as measured between the cover304and outer housing302, and the manipulation enclosure306can be about, e.g., less than or equal to 1 mm, 1-10 mm, 1-2 mm, 1.1-1.9 mm, 1.2-1.8 mm, 1.3-1.7 mm, 1.4-1.6 mm, 1-1.5 mm, 1-1.4 mm, 1-1.3 mm, 1-1.2 mm, 1-1.1 mm, 1.5-2 mm, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, 2 mm, or the like. The channel or micro-channel380creates a substantially continuous gap around the entire manipulation enclosure306for heat exchange.

During use, the user can position the apparatus300in the desired position, e.g., between the upper lip and nose of the user. The extensions356,358can be at least partially inserted into one or both the nostrils of the user to maintain the position of the apparatus300relative to the user. In some embodiments, a wider nose extension can be used and positioned at least partially around the bottom of the nose of the user (see, e.g.,FIG.18). As the user inhales, air can travel into the apparatus300through the openings336,338of the outer housing302and into the micro-channel380(as indicated by arrow382ofFIGS.16and17). The air can travel within the micro-channel380around the manipulation enclosure306to modify the temperature and/or humidity of the air (as indicated by arrow384ofFIGS.16and17). In some embodiments, the air can travel through the passages378in the manipulation enclosure306. The size and/or length of the micro-channel380and the passages378can be selected such that the air flow within the apparatus300remains substantially turbulent to enhance the heat transfer effect. The air can subsequently travel into, through and out of the extensions356,358, and into the nostrils of the user (as indicated by arrow386ofFIG.17). The characteristics of the air inhaled by the user can thereby be modified by the apparatus300prior to inhalation to provide comfort to the user.

FIG.18shows a perspective view of an exemplary apparatus400for manipulating or changing one or more characteristics of air to be inhaled by a user. The apparatus400can be substantially similar in structure and/or function to the apparatus100,200,300, except for the distinctions noted here. The apparatus400includes an outer housing402including therein a removable manipulation enclosure capable of receiving an air characteristic manipulation component (not shown). The structure of the manipulation enclosure and the inner surfaces of the outer housing402can form the micro-channel for passage of air around the manipulation enclosure. The distal end404of the outer housing402can include one or more openings for passage of air into the apparatus400as the user inhales air. The air introduced into the apparatus400from the distal end404can pass through the micro-channel around the manipulation enclosure, with the manipulation enclosure changing the humidity and/or temperature of the air prior to inhalation by the user.

Rather than including two extensions for at least partial insertion into the respective nostrils of the user, the apparatus400includes a single extension406detachably coupled to the proximal end of the outer housing402. The extension406can act as a cover for the outer housing402. The extension406can be fabricated from a flexible material, e.g., silicone, rubber, or the like. The extension406includes a wide opening408at the proximal end410of the apparatus400. In some embodiments, the opening408can include a flange or lip412extending along the entire perimeter of the opening408. The flange or lip412can define a substantially circular cross-section. In some embodiments, the opening408can define a substantially triangular configuration.

The opening408can be dimensioned to at least partially fit over the bottom portion of a nose of a user, thereby covering both nostrils of the user and the surrounding bottom area of the nose. Thus, rather than fitting individual extensions into each respective nostril, a single extension with a wide opening can be used to provide a more comfortable use of the apparatus400. The flange or lip412can assist in flexing and conforming to the shape of the user's nose. In some embodiments, the flange or lip412can assist in maintaining the apparatus400detachably secured to the nose of the user. In some embodiments, the opening408can be dimensioned to at least partially fit over the bottom portion of one nostril of the user.

The opening408extends into the apparatus400and fluidly connects with the micro-channel within the outer housing402such that modified air can be inhaled through the opening408. In some embodiments, the apparatus400can include one or more protrusions414extending from the extension406and/or the outer housing402. The protrusions414can be used as handles by the user, providing a gripping surface to assist in positioning and maintaining the position of the apparatus400relative to the nose of the user.