Bi-loop heat recovery system for an oil fired furnace

A heating system for dwellings or other enclosures includes a furnace in which a burner is isolated from a hot air or water system, and receives substantially all of its combustion air from outside the enclosure and preheated. A heat exchanger is provided between exhaust gases from the burner of the furnace and the combustion air.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to a bi-loop heat recovery system for a conventional 
oil-fired heating system, and particularly to a heating system of the type 
suitable for heating a dwelling or other enclosure. 
2. State of the Art 
In conventional heating systems, air from the enclosure to be heated 
provides oxygen for combustion; and when the system is in operation, 
products of combustion together with any excess air are exhausted through 
a stack or other vent to the atmosphere. The air which is drawn into the 
furnace for combustion purposes and then discharges to the atmosphere 
must, of course, be replaced in the enclosure; and in conventional systems 
this takes place by the drawing of cold outside air through the most 
permeable portions of the structure of the enclosure, namely, gaps around 
window sashes, doors, down fireplace flues and the like. Even when such a 
system is not in operation, heated house air continues to be discharged 
through the stack because of buoyancy (differential temperature) and a 
venturi effect (suction) caused by wind across the stack which induces 
drafts into the enclosure. The passage of air often creates palpable 
drafts or cold spots. Moreover, since an entire building's heated (moist) 
air can be drawn through the furnace and exhausted to the atmosphere at 
rates ranging and at times exceeding 1-2 ft. .sup.3 /sec., considerable 
heat and moisture losses are characteristic of conventional systems of the 
above-described type. Furthermore, in an effort to save energy individuals 
are insulating their homes and closing off all drafts and air leaks. All 
fuel-burning appliances need air in order to burn the fuel properly. If a 
furnace is "starved" of its necessary intake air, it will operate 
inefficiently. 
It has therefore been proposed that heat losses can be reduced in heating 
systems by supplying fresh air to the return air stream. For example, in 
U.S. Pat. No. 2,962,218, issued Nov. 29, 1960, to Dibert, it was suggested 
that a preheated stream of cool external air be used to equalize the air 
pressure within the enclosure with outside atmospheric pressure, for a 
resultant reduction in seepage of external air. Similarly, in U.S. Pat. 
No. 1,726,727, issued Sept. 3, 1929, to Wood, a furnace is proposed in 
which fresh air may be preheated and then mixed with a supply stream drawn 
from return air. 
It should be understood that conventional heating systems can produce toxic 
carbon monoxide which represents a serious health risk. In particular, if 
the flue of a conventional furnace becomes blocked, the products of 
combustion, which can include carbon monoxide, can flow into the living 
space. Other malfunctions of a furnace can also result in carbon monoxide 
entering the living space. The severity of this and other furnace 
operating hazards has been recognized by the United States Consumer 
Product Safety Commission which found that between July, 1975, and July, 
1976, an estimated 426 deaths were caused by carbon monoxide poisoning due 
to furnace malfunctions. In the past the only practical solution to this 
problem has been to insure that a furnace is properly operated and 
maintained. 
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS 
The present invention is directed to an oil-fired heating system for 
residences or other such buildings in which the problems of "induced" 
drafts and resulting heat losses and losses of cooled, conditioned air in 
the summer are reduced or eliminated by an arrangement in which 
substantially all of the air used by the heating unit for combustion 
purposes is drawn directly from outside the enclosure and preheated before 
combustion. In such a system the products of combustion are substantially 
free of heated (moist) air from the interior of the enclosure, thus 
reducing the tendency of the furnace to draw cold (dry) air into the 
heated interior of the enclosure, while providing the furnace with 
adequate air for combustion and at an intake air temperature that is 
significantly higher than existing outside ambient air levels. 
It is another object of this invention to provide a furnace system in which 
the wiring inside the furnace is prevented from overheating. In 
particular, the present system provides admission of air which has not 
been preheated into the furnace. 
Furthermore, retrofit of this bi-loop system on an existing furnace will 
not produce an adverse effect on the design and operating characteristics 
of the furnace established by the manufacturer. To the contrary, the 
bi-loop system enhances furnace efficiency and reduces or eliminates the 
need for an auxiliary humidification system. 
Another unique feature of the bi-loop system is the maintenance of equal 
atmospheric pressure at points common to the burner and vent. That is, a 
common duct point supplies air to the burner and barometric draft 
regulator. 
The foregoing and other objects of this invention are realized, in a 
presently preferred form of the invention, by a system in which a furnace 
is provided with a burner substantially isolated from the air in the 
enclosure, but supplying heat for the enclosure by indirect heat exchange. 
An exhaust duct is provided for conducting exhaust gases away from the 
burner and out of the enclosure. Supply and return conduits conduct the 
working fluid to be heated (which may be water, steam, or air) from the 
interior of the enclosure through the furnace. An air supply duct extends 
from outside the enclosure directly to the burner, and air in the duct is 
preheated by indirect heat exchange before entry into the burner. Openings 
are provided in the furnace to admit ambient air to prevent any 
overheating within the furnace.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring now to the drawings in detail, wherein like numerals indicate 
like elements, there is seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 a conventional oil-fired 
heating system, designated generally by the reference numeral 10, the 
heating system being disposed within an enclosure 12. The enclosure 12 may 
be the basement of a building for residential or other use. 
Disposed within the enclosure 12 and forming a part of the heating system 
10 is a furnace designated generally by the reference numeral 14. The 
furnace 14 is conventional, and includes an oil burner nozzle 15, and oil 
pump and blower assembly 16. The oil pump and blower 16 pulls air from the 
interior of the furnace 14 through intake port 18 formed in the blower, 
and pumps oil from a source, not shown, and blows air and oil into the 
burner nozzle 15 for combustion. A wall 11 is located in the furnace 14 to 
form a heating zone containing the burner nozzle 15 and a second zone 
called a vestibule to contain the oil pump and blower assembly 16. 
Electrical wiring and electric circuits, not shown, are contained with the 
vestibule to the right of wall 11 to operate the blower assembly 16. A 
heating element 19 is represented as a conduit in a hot air system, but 
the principles of the present invention can also be applied to steam or 
hot water heating systems. 
The furnace 14 has an air-intake pipe 20, and a return pipe 22, which are 
connected together by the heating element 19. The return pipe 22 has at 
its remote end (not shown) suitable outlets for heating the interior of 
the building. 
The above-mentioned burner nozzle 15 applies heat to the air as the air 
passes through the heating element 19. Exhaust gases from the nozzle 15 
leave the furnace 14 through an exhaust duct 30, and then flow to an 
exhaust stack 31 located on the roof of the building. 
A combustion, draft and ventilation air inlet 32 is formed in the side of 
the furnace 14 to permit air from inside the enclosure 12 to enter the 
furnace to provide oxygen for combustion of fuel and draft air which rises 
with products of combustion. A barometric draft regulator is formed in the 
exhaust duct 30 to provide proper draft. A port 17 is formed in the upper 
end of the vestibule. Thus, air enters the vestibule through port 32, 
rises through the vestibule and exits via port 17 thereby preventing the 
wiring from overheating. 
It should now be apparent that in the illustrated conventional form of the 
heating system, air traversing the heating element 19 can acquire heat by 
indirect heat exchange from the nozzle 15, and that the air thus heated is 
distributed through the return pipe 22 to desired parts of the building. 
Air for combustion, draft and ventilation on the other hand, enters the 
enclosure 12 via window 37 or other appropriate opening and flows into the 
furnace through inlet 32. The combustion products and draft air pass to 
the atmosphere through the exhaust duct 30 and the stack, while air leaves 
the vestibule through port 17. 
Turning now to FIGS. 3 and 4, there is illustrated a preferred form of the 
present invention installed in conjunction with the conventional heating 
system 10. A heat exchanger 40 is connected in heat flow communication 
with the exhaust duct 30, as will be discussed hereinafter. The 
illustrated heat exchanger 40 includes a rectangular conduit which 
encloses the exhaust duct 30, and inlet and outports 42 and 44, 
respectively, are formed in opposite ends of the heat exchanger. An inlet 
duct 46 is connected between the inlet port 42 and a specially designed 
vent cap 48 mounted in the window 37. 
A duct 49 with flexible characteristics along part of its length and with a 
slip-fit joint is coupled to the outlet port 44 of the heat exchanger 40, 
and the duct 49 is in turn coupled to the inlet port 18 of the blower 16. 
The duct 49 passes through the wall of the furnace 14 and has its end 
coupled to the inlet port 18. 
Turning now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated the barometric draft regulator 
60, including a circular plate 62 pivotably mounted on a rod 64 to 
selectively open and close to permit desired flow through housing 66. 
In accordance with the system shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 a conduit 56 is 
connected to the air inlet duct 46 near the vent cap 48. The conduit 56 is 
connected at its other end to a Y-shaped connector 67 which has a 
removable cap 68 connected to one leg. The third leg of the Y-shaped 
connector 67 is connected to the barometric draft regulator housing 66. In 
operation, when the furnace is functioning, circular plate 62 is 
maintained generally in a position to partially obstruct the flow of air 
through conduit 67. The orientation of the plate 62 is a function of 
furnace draft passing through conduit 30 and of the positioning of a 
counterweight 65. Therefore, installation of the Y-shaped connector 67 
must provide for free and unimpeded movement of the circular plate 62. 
Adjustment of the draft regulator to obtain proper draft can be 
accomplished by removing the access hole cap 68, and adjusting the 
counterweight 65, then replacing the cap. It should be appreciated that 
hot gases rising through the stack 31 can induce excessive air to flow 
into the furnace. The draft regulator prevents this by admitting air into 
conduit 30 via conduit 56. The rate of flow through conduit 56 is 
controlled by the plate 62. 
Optionally, a vent damper 69 installed in duct 46 downstream of the 
connection with duct 56 would be operated by a motor under the control of 
a temperature sensor located in exhaust duct 30 so that when the burner is 
not burning fuel, the vent damper will stop the flow of outside air 
through duct 46. In a furnace having water as a heat-conveying medium, 
this feature is advantageous because when the burner is off, cold air is 
not admitted to the furnace through conduit 46 and thereby the hot water 
in the furnace is not cooled by outside air. 
In operation of the system illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, air for combustion 
enters through the specially designed vent cap 48 and flows through the 
heat exchanger 40 thereby acquiring heat. The heated combustion air thence 
flows through the duct 49, into the blower 16 and thence into the burner 
15 for combustion therein. The rising products of combustion heat the air 
in the air intake pipe 19, and thereafter the products of combustion leave 
the furnace via exhaust duct 30. Ventilation air is admitted into the 
furnace via air inlet 32 and discharged through port 17. 
One aspect of the present invention is conversion of the aforementioned 
conventional heating system to the present system whereby the conversion 
can be accomplished easily and with little alteration of the existing 
furnace system. Conversion of the existing conventional heating system 
shown in FIG. 1 to the presently preferred bi-loop system shown in FIGS. 3 
and 4 can now be understood. Initially a length of the exhaust duct 30, 
having substantially the same length as the heat exchanger 40, is removed. 
Then the heat exchanger 40 is connected to the exhaust duct 30 in place of 
the removed section. Next, the specially designed vent cap 48 is installed 
in the window 37, and the inlet duct 46 is connected between the vent cap 
48 and the inlet port 42. Then the duct 49 is coupled to the heat 
exchanger 40; a hole is cut in the side of the furnace; and the duct 49 is 
inserted through the hole. The duct 49 is then coupled to the inlet air 
port 18 of the blower 16. In practice, selected ducts forming the present 
system are crimped at their ends so that they can be fitted into other 
uncrimped ducts quickly and easily while providing an effective joint 
therebetween. 
Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6 there is illustrated the preferred form of the 
heat exchanger 40. The illustrated heat exchanger 40 includes a 
substantially rectangular conduit 70 with an inlet port 74 formed in its 
upper right, andan outlet port 72 formed in its lower left end. The inlet 
and outlet ports can optionally be located 90.degree. from one another, as 
well as 180.degree. as in the illustrated configuration. A conduit 76, 
having a diameter substantially less than that of the conduit 70 extends 
through the conduit 70 parallel to the axis thereof. Two annular end caps 
77 and 80 are affixed one to each end of the conduit 70 to cover the space 
between the conduits 70 and 76 and sealingly couple to the conduits. A 
plurality of radially-extending fins 78 are affixed within the conduit 70 
to extend longitudinally for part of the length of the conduit 70 but 
spaced apart from the end caps 77 and 80 to provide for annular mixing 
chambers 82 and 84. The fins extend radially from the inner conduit 76 
toward but separated from the outer conduit 70. The interior of conduit 76 
can be considered a first zone of the heat exchanger, and the space 
between the conduits 76 and 70 a second zone. In operation, hot gas from 
the furnace flows through the inner conduit 76, i.e., the first zone, as 
illustrated by the arrows, thereby heating the fins 78. Cold air from the 
conduit 46 flows between the fins 78 in the second zone and acquired heat 
therefrom, and the heated air flows through conduit 49 and thence to the 
blower of the furnace. 
It can now be understood that the system illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 
includes two bi-loop features. In particular, one loop includes the stack 
31, exhaust duct 30, furnace 14, duct 49, heat exchanger 40, and the inlet 
conduit 46. The second bi-loop feature includes conduit 56, duct 30, and 
stack 31. 
It should be appreciated that this bi-loop configuration insures that equal 
atmospheric pressure is maintained at points common to the burner and the 
draft regulator 60. That is, air is supplied from a single source, vent 
cap 48. 
Another important feature of the present bi-loop system can now be 
understood. According to conventional systems, such as illustrated in 
FIGS. 1 and 2, the burner receives combustion air from within the 
enclosure 12. Outside air is admitted into enclosure 12 via window 36. It 
is becoming increasingly popular to seal basements and the like to prevent 
entry of cold outside air, and thus openings such as window 37 are often 
blocked. This can result in inadequate oxygen for combustion being 
available to the burner, and carbon monoxide can be generated and enter 
the enclosure 12 through port 32. 
The present bi-loop system, on the other hand, insures adequate oxygen is 
supplied to the burner so that carbon monoxide is not produced to 
accumulate in the enclosure 12. In particular, the system includes 
conduits 46 and 49 which convey air directly from the space outside the 
enclosure 12 to the furnace. 
Additionally, it should be appreciated that the wiring inside the furnace 
vestibule is not allowed to overheat because air is admitted into the 
furnace via port 32 to flow through the vestibule and thence out through 
port 17.