Fuse saving tester for fused circuit

In one form, tester for an electrical system, such as for a vehicle, develops repetitively applied, short duration, control current pulses for reducing load current pulses through the electrical system. An operator connects a pair of input contacts across a fuse holder. A circuit between the input contacts is closed momentarily and repetitively to produce repetitive current pulses from the electricity source through the system. A perceptible alert is produced when the magnitude of the current pulse exceeds that of a prescribed reference current value. In another form, a tester for an electrical system is designed to plug into the fuse terminals in a fuse box. The tester can include a plurality of interchangeable circuit breaker modules to allow the tester to be used on circuits having differing current ratings.

BACKGROUND

This application relates to testers and, in particular, to testers for testing fused circuits, such as short circuit or grounded circuit detectors and indicators.

Many electrical systems include a plurality of fused circuits, the fuses of which are disposed in a central fuse panel or box. It is often convenient to test the circuits at the fuse panel, if it is at a relatively easily-accessible location. When testing circuits at the fuse panel, the tester is often applied to the circuit being tested, in parallel with the fuse. When testing for short circuits, however, this procedure may result in blowing the fuse.

It is known to provide circuit testers with a built-in circuit breaker, which can be connected to a fuse panel in place of a fuse for testing the fused circuit. One such device is sold by Snap-on Tools Company under the designation YA809, which is a short circuit locator. YA809 has a breaker with a single high-current rating and, when YA809 is connected to circuits having a lower current rating, this permits the flow of potentially damaging currents in the circuit being tested. Furthermore, YA809 requires the technician to be at the location of the fuse panel in order to view the provided visual indicator. This may be inconvenient, the technician may need to be elsewhere along the tested circuit while the testing is being conducted. Another diagnostic technique for locating a short or current flow path carrying a current excess is to repeatedly replace the blown fuse until the fault is located. This can waste a large number of fuses before testing is successfully completed. A more practical method of testing is to momentarily provide current flow by a resettable breaker and attempting to locate the short.

One tester model has a 30-A self-resetting thermal breaker that is installed across the blown fuse and repetitively allows current flow to the short circuit in the form of current pulses. The breaker opens after a short thermal delay and then automatically resets after cooling down. A magnetic field surrounding the shorted wiring is generated during the momentary high current pulses as a result of the repetitive breaker action. The tester includes a needle magnetic detector that deflects in response to magnetic field. By moving the magnetic detector along the wiring harness, the user is able to locate the short when the meter stops deflecting.

The tester can be difficult to use because the detector must be in close proximity to the wiring to work. Additionally, the repetition rate of the thermal breaker is on the order of tens of seconds, which causes the technician to wait a long time at a location for the thermal breaker to close in order to see if the short is in that location. Such waiting period creates difficulties when the location of short is difficult to reach. The longer duration of current pulse also causes exposure of the electrical system to a potentially damaging high level of current for a longer period during each pulse. Thermal breakers are prone to premature failure and instability in that their shut-off current depends on temperature, age and other external elements.

Another circuit tester, instead of allowing high current flow, uses high frequency AC signals transmitted into a short circuit and an associated receiver that is moved along the wiring. The tester works while power to the electrical system is either on or off. The short is located when the signal drops to zero. Thus the time taken to insure proper connection slows down locating the short. The cost of such systems is relatively high making it a less desirable tool.

Accordingly, there exists a need for a tester for electrical systems that reacts to a short circuit condition more quickly, locating electrical faults faster without subjecting the system to damaging high current flow for long periods. There is further need for a tester that can test electrical systems independent of the polarity of contacts in the circuit under test. There also exists a need for a tester that is operated by setting the breaker current limit in order to quickly find the level of current the circuit is drawing.

SUMMARY

This application discloses an improved tester for electrical circuits, which avoids the disadvantages of prior testers, while affording additional structural and operating advantages.

There is disclosed a tester which can be plugged directly into a fuse panel in substitution for a fuse of a fused circuit.

There is further disclosed a tester which can be used for testing circuits of different current ratings without danger of exceeding the current rating of any circuit.

There is further disclosed a tester, which provides both audible and visual indications of test results.

There is further disclosed a tester which is of simple, compact and economical construction.

There is further disclosed a method of testing fused circuits without risk of blown fuses.

A switch is applied across the terminals of a fuse in a circuit under test, in which the switch is momentarily and repetitively closed to produce a short duration current pulse in the circuit, and in which the magnitude of the current pulse is compared with that of a prescribed reference current.

A method of testing an electrical system for current flow exceeding a prescribed value includes connecting a pair of contacts across a fuse holder for a fuse having a predetermined rating momentarily closing a circuit between the contacts to produce a current pulse through the electrical system, comparing the magnitude of the current pulse with a prescribed reference current value, and producing a perceptible signal when the magnitude of the current pulse exceeds that of the prescribed reference current value.

A diagnostic tester for electrical systems includes a pair of contacts for connection across a fuse holder for a fuse having a predetermined rating. A switch is controlled for momentarily closing between the contacts to produce a current pulse through the electrical system. A comparator compares the magnitude of the current pulse with a prescribed reference current value. An output device is connected for producing a perceptible signal that indicates when the magnitude of the current pulse exceeds that of the prescribed reference current value.

In one form, the current pulse is repeated until an operator identifies the location of circuit fault. The pulse duration is short enough so as not to damage the system during the current pulse. Seating test contacts in the fuse receptacle connects the pair of contacts. The tester input voltage is independent of the polarity of the connection to the pair of contacts. A potentiometer indicates and adjusts the prescribed current setting to provide a threshold proportional to the current rating of corresponding fuse.

A tester for testing an electrical system for excessive current flow includes a pair of contacts for connection across a fuse holder for a fuse having a predetermined rating. A switch is provided to momentarily close between the contacts to produce a control pulse through the electrical system. A microprocessor is programmed to momentarily close the switch to generate a current pulse through the circuit under test, compare the pulse with a prescribed reference current value and produce a perceptible signal when the magnitude of the current pulse exceeds that of the prescribed reference current value.

Momentarily closing a circuit between a pair of contacts produces a current pulse through the system. Subsequently, the electrical system is tested for current flow exceeding a prescribed value by comparing the magnitude of the current pulse with the prescribed value.

In one form, the current pulse is controlled to have a width within the range of 10–20 ms. The repetition rate of the pulse can be on the order of one pulse per second.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring toFIG. 1, there is illustrated an electrical system tester, generally designated by the numeral10, including a housing11containing a circuit breaking device12(seeFIG. 5), which may be a self-resetting thermal breaker of a particular current load rating, such as 20 amps. The housing11has a reduced-width and thickness projection13extending from one end thereof carrying a pair of spade terminals14, designed to plug directly into mating terminals of a fuse panel, such as that of an automotive vehicle, the terminals14being identical of those of a fuse which is normally mounted in the fuse panel. The housing11has an opening15therein for viewing a suitable visual indicator, such as an LED flasher, and also has an opening16for an audible annunciator device, such as a suitable beeper. The tester10is adapted to be plugged directly into a fuse panel in place of a fuse of the same current rating for testing for shorted circuits, the circuit breaking device within the tester10preventing current overloads on the circuit without risk of wasting a fuse. It will be appreciated that, in use, a test assembly may comprise a plurality of test units10, each having a different current rating sufficient to cover all of the fuse ratings in a given fuse panel.

Referring toFIG. 2, there is illustrated a tester10A, which is substantially the same as the tester10ofFIG. 1, except that instead of having spade terminals directly mounted on the projection13, the circuitry in the tester10A is coupled by a cable17, including wire conductors, to a fuse adapter plug18, which carries spade terminals19adapted to be plugged directly into the associated fuse panel. This permits the housing of the tester10A to be disposed at some distance from the fuse panel to facilitate seeing the visual indicator, in the event that the fuse panel is located in a difficult-to-see location.

Referring toFIG. 3, there is illustrated a tester assembly20, including a housing21provided at one end thereof with a socket22and having at the other end thereof a reduced thickness and width projection23carrying a pair of spade terminals24. The housing21has a visible and audible indicator holes25and26. The tester assembly20also includes a circuit breaker module27, which includes a circuit breaking device12like that in the tester10, the breaker module having a pair of terminals28adapted to be connected with corresponding terminals29in the housing21when the breaker module27is disposed in the socket22. The breaker module27has a predetermined current rating, such as 20 amps, corresponding to the current rating of a fuse to be replaced by the tester assembly20. The breaker module27is a form of male coupling and fits within socket22, which is a form of a female coupling.

In use, the housing21is plugged directly into the associated fuse panel in substitution for a fuse of a circuit to be tested, in the same manner as was described above for the tester10ofFIG. 1. It will be appreciated that the tester assembly20may include a plurality of breaker modules27, respectively having different current ratings corresponding, respectively, to the different current ratings of the various fuses in a particular fuse panel or the like. Thus, for example, if the tester assembly20were to be used to test a circuit fused at 10 amps, a 10-amp breaker module27would be plugged into the socket22. This arrangement has the advantage of being able to test circuits having a variety of different current ratings, while requiring only a single test and indicator circuit.

Referring toFIG. 4, there is illustrated a tester assembly20A, which is substantially the same as the tester assembly20ofFIG. 3, except that in place of the spade terminals24directly mounted on the projection23, the circuitry in the housing21is connected by a cable17to a plug18carrying terminals19, like those of the tester10A ofFIG. 2, for plugging into a fuse panel while allowing the housing21to be disposed at some distance from the panel.

Referring toFIG. 5, there is illustrated a circuit of the type disposed in the testers10and10A and in the housing21of the tester assemblies20and20A, described above. The circuit has terminals31, which are respectively directly connected to the spade terminals14or24or to the conductors of the cable17. The terminals31are respectively connected to terminals of a diode bridge32, the output terminals of which are connected to the terminals of an audible annunciator or beeper33. Connected in series across the beeper33are a resister34and an LED35. It will be appreciated that the beeper33is disposed in the housing11or21immediately beneath the audible indicator hole16or26, while the LED35is disposed so as to be visible through the visible indicator hole15or25. The circuit30also includes the circuit breaking device12, which in the case of the testers10or10A would be hard-wired across the terminals31and, in the case of the tester assemblies20and20A, would be disposed in the breaker module27so as to be capable of being plugged into the socket22.

Referring now toFIGS. 6–10, there is illustrated a tester assembly40which includes a main housing41, which may include two molded members42and43joined together by suitable means. The housing41has a reduced-thickness neck44projecting from one end thereof. Disposed in the housing41is a circuit board45carrying circuitry which may be essentially like that illustrated inFIG. 5, and including an audible annunciator or beeper46and a visible annunciator, such as an LED47, and having a pair of contact terminals48which extend into the neck44for cooperation therewith to define a socket. The terminals48are also respectively connected to adjacent ends of conductors49which form a cable, the opposite end of which is connected to a socket50.

The tester assembly40also includes a plurality of plug adapters, three of which are illustrated and are respectively designated51A,51and51C. The adapters51A–C are respectively provided with spade terminals53A,53B and53C of different sizes for respectively plugging into different-sized fuse sockets in a fuse panel. While three of the adapters51A–C are illustrated, it will be appreciated that any number could be provided, depending upon the number of different types of fuse panel connector terminals with which the tester assembly40is intended to be used. Each of the plug adapters51A–C is also provided at the opposite end thereof with a pair of terminals54adapted to be plugged into the socket50.

The tester assembly40also includes a plurality of breaker modules60(one illustrated), which are similar to the breaker modules27described above in connection withFIG. 3, and respectively have different current ratings. The breaker module60has a body or housing61which may include two molded body members62and63adapted to be secured together by any suitable means. The body61has a projecting neck64at one end thereof and may house a suitable circuit board65carrying a circuit breaker66of a specified current capacity. The breaker module60also includes a pair of terminal68, which may be disposed in the neck64and are adapted to mate with the terminals48of the main housing41when the neck64of the breaker module60is plugged into the neck44of the main housing41. It will be appreciated that the tester assembly40affords increased flexibility, providing not only a plurality of different current-capacity breaker modules, but also a plurality of different plug adapters, so that the tester assembly40may be plugged into a circuit in replacement for any of a variety of different types of fuses.

The electrical system tester shown inFIGS. 13–17provides rapid repetition rate, short duration current pulses that are applied to produce pulses of load current through the electrical system. Generation of high repetition rate, short duration pulses results in a shorter ON period and less current flow through the system. The operator connects a pair of terminals across a fuse holder while the amperage rating of the blown or removed fuse is set on a potentiometer dial or other reference level indicator. To close the circuit momentarily and respectively and hence, produce load current, a train of current pulses is sent through the system by momentarily and repetitively closing a switch between the terminals in a manner to be described.

A perceptible alert adjustable to turn on at or above a selected current level is produced, thus indicating excessive current draw in the circuit. If the alert is not turned on, the fuse may have blown prematurely, or the short may have been intermittent or non-recurring. If a short exists, the alert pulses on and off which indicates that the circuit is drawing more current than the fuse can carry. A magnetic field is generated surrounding the shorted wiring during the momentary high current pulses. The operator moves a magnetic sensor along the wire to scan and locate the short where the sensor stops indicating current flow. Alternatively, the operator can “jiggle” the wires until the alert stops pulsing.

A potentiometer or other reference adjustment device is manually operated to adjust the amplitude of current pulses according to the current rating of the blown or removed fuse. By adjusting the potentiometer upward until the alert stops, the amount of current drawn by the circuit is indicated.

FIG. 11shows a diagram of an electrical system in a vehicle. System110has a plurality of circuits powered by battery112which supplies DC power to various electrical loads such as light, motorized parts and other DC components as depicted by loads114. A set of fuses116is included in fuse box118and positioned in fuse holders120in a removable configuration. Each fuse is in series with its corresponding circuit and has amperage to match the current carried by that circuit. The fuse current rating is such that it trips or blows before excessive current damages the main components in the event a short circuit occurs or a part of the circuit draws a large amount of current.

FIG. 12shows a typical fuse used in automotive electrical circuits. Fuse130has a resistive element132that may be protected inside an insulating encasing such as tube138. The resistance of element132determines the current rating of the fuse as higher resistance corresponds to higher rating where lower resistance provides a low current rating for the fuse. Conductive heads134and136, connected to both ends of the fuse, make contact with conductive receptacles by being seated in fuse holders120, as shown inFIG. 11.

Referring toFIG. 13, the external configuration of the electrical tester is described showing an example of the housing and external features of the tester. Housing181holds and shelters the circuitry of the electrical system as well as providing various terminals on its outer surface for indicators and connection to other devices. LED windows182and alarm audio output186provide perceptible diagnostic indicators. Compartment184is positioned on one of the surfaces of housing181and provides a place for removable batteries allowing the tester to be portable. Alternatively, an AC adapter may be connected to AC outlet185for providing power when batteries are not in use. Connector outlet188provides the terminal for plugging tester cord154which in turn is connected to tester inlet plug150having plug inserts152. A pair of removable terminals such as alligator clips or other appropriate connectors are implemented to connect the, tester inlet plug to the fuse circuit across fuse holder120, shown inFIG. 11. Housing181further includes dial190which sweeps across current scale192marked to indicate current rating scales for the test. The dial selects a current rating from the current scale and sets the tester to currents typical of automotive circuits.

An example of a circuit diagram of the electrical system tester is shown inFIG. 14. The tester includes a pair of input terminals220for use across fuse holder120, shown inFIG. 11. Resistor R1is wired in series with a normally open contact of electromechanical relay200. The contact momentarily and repeatedly closes to produce a short duration current pulse from an electricity source through the input terminals and the fuse holder in the electrical circuit. An input voltage develops across R1determined by the current flow through the resistor according to Ohm's law.

The input voltage is applied to the tester circuit through full-bridge rectifier202comprised of diodes D1–D4to provide a positive voltage signal through current limiting resistor R2. This input voltage is independent of direction of connection of the pair of contacts across the input terminals. That is, the use of the full-bridge rectifier allows the connection of contacts across the fuse holder be made without the need for complying with the polarity, thus speeding up the testing process. In a full-bridge rectifier, current flows through two diodes in any one direction. In case of germanium diodes, for example, the total voltage drop is approximately 0.6 volt, which is twice the 0.3-volt drop across each diode.

Capacitor C1is connected across the rectifier terminals and is charged by the input voltage pulses through resistor R1. The network of C1-R1provides a low-pass filter function and stores the input voltage momentarily. The stored voltage across capacitor C1is presented to a differential amplifier circuit comprising first operational amplifier204and resistors R3–R6. Resistor values are chosen to provide a stage gain of −1. The operational amplifier may be a discrete component or a part of an integrated circuit with multiple amplifiers IC1on one single chip, such as LM324. The output of this amplifier is referenced to common bus in the circuit and pulses toward the negative power supply rail, −V, synchronized with the voltage across C1.

The output from the differential amplifier is coupled through resistor R7to a voltage comparator circuit, comprised of a second operational amplifier206. A trip point reference, for indicating the amperage rating of the blown or removed fuse, is provided by a voltage divider circuit comprised of resistors R8–R10and connected between circuit common and the negative power supply rail, −V. Resistor R9is an adjustable resistor or potentiometer mounted on the front panel of the housing, for selecting the comparator trip point. As shown inFIG. 13, dial190is attached to the shaft of resistor R9on the negative input of operational amplifier204and selects different amperage settings on scale192. Changing the resistance value facilitates the operator adjustments to the tester according to the amperage rating of the blown or removed fuse. Resistor R11, connected across operational amplifier206as the feedback resistor, provides hysteresis to the comparator for stability. Capacitor C5is connected between the negative input of the operational amplifier206and negative power supply to minimize noise on the comparator reference.

The output from the comparator is used to switch an alarm208when the comparator output is high. The switching is achieved by coupling the comparator output through resistor R12to drive transistor Q1, energizing alarm208. The alarm generates an audible alert sound to be outputted from audio alarm186, as shown inFIG. 13. The alarm may be a lighted indicator or a device generating any humanly perceptible signal. As an example, an alarm sounder MSR-320 may be used to generate the audible alarm signal. The alarm stays on during the period that the voltage across capacitor C1remains larger than the set-point voltage of the comparator. This time period is substantially longer than the relay contact closure to allow audible perception by the operator. A typical on-time period for the alarm may be approximately 100 milliseconds.

Further referring toFIG. 14, a pulsating astable oscillator is configured to generate control pulses across relay200, which momentarily and repeatedly closes the circuit between contacts220. Thus, current pulses from the electricity source are generated through the electrical system under test. The oscillator incorporates operational amplifier210and resistors R13–R16where resistor R14is connected across the operational amplifier as the feedback resistor. Resistors R15and R16are each in series with one of stabilizing diodes D5and D6connected across operational amplifier210. Resistor R15and diode D5set output current pulse duration where resistor R16and diode D6set repetition rate of the pulse train. Capacitor C2, connected between the negative input of operational amplifier210and the negative power supply.

As shown inFIG. 14. the output of the oscillator drives transistor Q2through resistor R17. The transistor is on when the output of the oscillator is low for approximately 10 milliseconds. In its ON-state, transistor Q2energizes the coil of relay200, thus closing the contacts arranged across a fuse holder as described above with respect to the electrical system tester. Resistor R18, shunting transistor Q2, insures that transistor Q2is switched off as the high output of the operational amplifier falls approximately 1.5 volts below the positive supply rail, +V. Thus, contacts220may be momentarily and repeatedly closed as transistor Q2switches on and off and energizes the coil of relay200during its ON state. Additionally, diode D7is positioned across switch200and shunts inductively generated noise spikes across relay coil200as the current pulses are generated.

The output of operational amplifier210further drives an indicator device to signal the operator of the tester of the time period during which the current pulse is on. An indicator device may be a light emitting diode (LED), audio alarm or any perceptible signal. For example, as shown inFIG. 16, LED212through resistor R19is connected between the output of operational amplifier210and the negative power supply. LED212lights up when the output of the oscillator is high for approximately 1 second, to indicate that the current pulse is generated. LED212may be mounted on tester housing box181under one of LED windows182.

A microprocessor in lieu of discrete circuitry may be used to control the momentarily closing of the contacts across a fuse holder to produce a current pulse from an electricity source through the electrical system. An example of such system is described inFIG. 15, showing microprocessor-based system300, which includes microprocessor302, memory device304and 1/O port306for communicating information and instructions. Microprocessor302is programmed to generate a control pulse for momentarily and repeatedly closing the circuit across fuse holder120, as shown inFIG. 11, of a predetermined frequency and pulse width. The processor is further programmed to compare the magnitude of the current pulse drawn by the electrical circuit under test from the electricity source with a prescribed reference current value as set by the current rating of the blown or removed fuse. Analogue to digital (A/D) converter308is the gateway for receiving the current setting from dial190, shown inFIG. 13, and providing a digital current threshold setting to microprocessor302. Additionally, A/D converter308receives and converts current levels drawn by the circuit under test to provide digital current pulse readings corresponding to the excessive current drawn by the circuit. The current pulse readings are then sent to microprocessor302, through 1/O port306.

The microprocessor compares the current pulse readings from the circuit under test with the threshold rating of the fuse. If the electrical system draws more current than the threshold level, signal320is generated to switch an alarm on, indicating the presence of current through the electrical system above the rating of its corresponding fuse. The microprocessor is further programmed to keep the alarm on long enough for the operator to perceive the signal. The signal may be an audible, a visible signal such as an LED or both. Other indicators, similar to those described in reference toFIG. 14, may be activated by output signals of the microprocessor.FIG. 15further shows display device310and input device312connected to the microprocessor through 1/O ports306for programming the microprocessor-based system as well as performing tests.

Referring toFIG. 16(A), control pulses400represent the pattern of momentarily and repeatedly closing of the contacts across the fuse holder of a blown or removed fuse. The repetition rate of the pulse may be on the order of one pulse per second. Pulses are controlled to have a width within the range of 10–20 ms. Both the microprocessor ofFIG. 15and the circuit ofFIG. 14may be programmed or designed to provide control pulses within the specified frequency and duration.

FIG. 16(B)shows current pulses450, having the same frequency as control pulses400, representing the current drawn by the electrical circuit under test from the electricity source. Current level470denotes a prescribed reference current value or a threshold level representing the current rating of the blown or removed fuse as set by dial190on the front of housing180shown inFIG. 13. Current pulses460demonstrate current drawn by the electrical circuit from the electricity source which may be in excess of threshold level470in the event a short circuit exists or a part of the circuit draws excessive current. The comparator circuit or the programmed microprocessor-based system compares the amplitude of pulses460with threshold current level470. The tester generates a perceptible alarm upon detection of current drawn by the electrical circuit in excess of the prescribed reference current.

A magnetic detector may be used to locate a short when excessive current drawn by the electrical circuit is detected. The detector indicates a magnetic field surrounding the shorted wiring during the momentary high current pulses as a result of the repetitive switching action. An example of such magnetic sensor is described inFIG. 17showing sensor500having housing508upon which conductive loop506for sensing magnetic field is attached. Ports510and512provide connections to ground and power supply respectively. The presence of magnetic field is shown by deflection of needle504or other kinds of indicators, such as strip gauges or digital displays, positioned in display window502. By moving the magnetic sensor along the wiring of the circuit under test, a short is located when the sensor stops indicating current flow. The magnetic sensor may be a separate unit or an integral part of the disclosed electrical system tester. Other modifications may be made to the housing of the tester to provide for an integrated or detachable magnetic sensor coupled with the tester.

The electrical system tester ofFIGS. 13–15derives power from a 9-volt battery and a voltage regulator that provides a regulated 5-volt supply between the negative power supply rail, −V, and circuit common. It is obvious that alternative power supply arrangements can be included. Depending on the particular design and configuration, removable power cells, AC adapters and other sources of power can be added to the tester. The power supply can be a removable unit inserted in a battery receptacle with or without a port for connection to an AC adapter.

The power supply unit in the described electrical system testers can have various configurations depending on the specific application. For example, the power supply can be in the form of various types of batteries capable of supplying the requisite power supply. The batteries can be conventional alkaline batteries, high quality Lithium ion batteries, or customized power cells. The batteries may be rechargeable in order to provide convenient and repeated use. Such rechargeable batteries can be in the form of Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) or Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries. It should be noted however, that any other type of rechargeable battery capable of providing the requisite power output could be used in the present electrical system testers.

It is apparent that the construction of the disclosed electrical system testers can be such that a compact, hand-held and simple version of the device is provided. The testers can be constructed from materials that provide impact protection so that the tester withstands repeated falls from various heights.

The embodiments described herein can include any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery, an alternator and the like, providing any appropriate voltage, such as about 13 Volts, about 43 Volts and the like.

The embodiments described herein can be used with any desired system or engine. Those systems or engines may comprises items utilizing fossil fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane and the like, electricity, such as that generated by battery, magneto, solar cell and the like, wind and hybrids or combinations thereof Those systems or engines may be incorporated into another systems, such as an automobile, a truck, a boat or ship, a motorcycle, a generator, an airplane and the like.

The described tester ofFIGS. 13–15advantageously allows an operator to test electrical systems for current flow that exceeds a prescribed reference current value by producing high frequency current pulses through the system. Indicators signal the presence of current level above the reference current value. The operator then determines the location of circuit fault in a short period of time without long term exposure of the electrical system to dangerously high levels of current sent through the system during each pulse.

From the foregoing, it can be seen that there has been provided an improved test apparatus for testing shorted or grounded circuits, which provides both visible and audible indications and can be plugged directly into a variety of different types of fuse panels in place of a fuse of a fused circuit to be tested, while affording effective overload protection during a test.

While particular embodiments have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles of the testing technique in its broader aspects. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation.