Sea water well and aquaculture preserve, and the combination with a power generation system

A power generation system of the ocean thermal energy conversion type including one of a closed or open system and a working fluid capable of undergoing a change in state from a liquid to a vapor state and back to the liquid state after expansion. The system includes an evaporator and a condenser, and a liquid line communicating a liquid (ocean water) at a required temperature to cause condensation of the working fluid after the working fluid has been evaporated and expanded through a turbine. The liquid line in communication with cold water is characterized by a well disposed in solid land adjacent the ocean and the direct supply of water either comprising a working fluid or for evaporating the working fluid. Water flow from the system may be released to an aquaculture preserve.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
The present invention concerns apparatus for ocean thermal energy 
conversion and the generation of power. The invention also concerns the 
use of the water outflow from the apparatus with an aquaculture operation. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The generation of power by the conversion to useful work of potential 
energy represented by the difference in temperatures between surface water 
and water at some depth below the surface is known. Typically, the 
operation is carried out using surface water having a temperature of at 
least about 21.degree. C. and more likely a temperature of about 
30.degree. C. or perhaps higher, while the water taken at some depth, for 
example, 2,000 feet or more below the surface will have a temperature of 
no more than about 10.degree. C. These temperature differences in waters 
at different levels generally will be found in tropical and sub-tropical 
ocean regions. 
Systems for the generation of power using water taken from different depths 
and having different temperatures have been characterized as ocean thermal 
energy conversion (OTEC) systems. The OTEC systems are known to include a 
closed cycle thermodynamic system having a working fluid that is 
evaporated following heat interchange between the warm surface water taken 
from an adjacent ocean region, expanded through a turbine to a lower 
pressure and, thereafter, condensed by the transfer of its latent heat of 
evaporation to the cold ocean water pumped from a lower ocean depth. It 
has been suggested that the working fluid may include propane, ethane, 
ammonia or n-hexane to name a few. These working fluids all have boiling 
points suitably lower than that of water at the same pressure. 
Typical of the prior art which discloses a system of the aforementioned 
type are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,055,145 (Mager et al) and 4,450,689 (Moe). 
Another prior art system of somewhat similar nature is U.S. Pat. No. 
4,087,975 (Owens). 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,050,262 (Nakanishi) discloses a system for the generation 
of power that uses discharge water, previously used as a coolant in a 
nuclear reactor in place of warm surface water in heat exchange with a 
working fluid to evaporate the working fluid. As previously discussed, the 
working fluid then is expanded within the closed system, and cold ocean 
water is used to condense the evaporated, expanded working fluid by 
transfer of the latent heat of evaporation. 
The OTEC Systems also include an open cycle energy conversion system which 
utilizes warm ocean water as a working fluid. To this end, the warm ocean 
water is introduced into a low pressure evaporator within which a small 
portion of the water flashes into water vapor. The water vapor is expanded 
through a turbine to a lower pressure and, then condensed by cold ocean 
water. Another form of open cycle energy conversion system may be 
characterized as a mist generating system which produces a water head that 
can be used to drive a hydro-electric generator. 
In order to derive the cold ocean water, the closed cycle systems of the 
prior art use a pipe which communicates at one end within a heat exchanger 
of the closed cycle system and extends to an open end at the proper depth 
for entry of water. As indicated, the depth may be about 2,000 feet or 
more and the pipe may extend off shore along the shore line and ocean 
floor, through a distance of about one mile, or so. Both OTEC Systems use 
a pipe which may be a polyethylene tube. 
The water that shall enter the pipe is pumped to the surface for use with 
the land based power generation facility along the shoreline. In the event 
that the power generation facility is a water based facility having its 
situs in the water, as a floating structure, then the pipe which 
communicates with the power generation facility will extend downward 
through the ocean water to the proper depth. 
The prior art has recognized that there may be problems attendant to the 
use of pipes disposed as previously discussed. These problems may have 
their genesis in an exposure of the pipe to forces induced by unfavorable 
wave, current and wind conditions. In addition, the pipe may create a 
hazard in navigable waters. Further still, the size of pipe to provide the 
water required may be enormous, to render costs of material and operation 
prohibitive. In an article appearing in the Honolulu Star Bulletin, dated 
May 8, 1986, Section B, page 6, it was stated "[T]he plant (referring to a 
100-megawatt plant) would also call for (sic) cold water intake pipe 80 
feet in diameter, running 8,000 feet offshore and 3,000 feet down." 
According to the prior art, the problems induced by unfavorable wave, 
current and wind conditions may be overcome by strengthening the 
connection of the pipe to the floating structure to withstand conditions 
of stress. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,288 (Finsterwalder et 
al). The problem of exposure of the pipe installed from the shoreline, 
along the ocean floor, is also addressed by Moe. According to Moe, the 
adverse effects on pipes which communicate ocean water from a depth, or 
for that matter from the surface of the ocean, to provide a source of warm 
and cold water to respective heat exchangers in a closed cycle 
thermodynamic system may be overcome by locating each heat exchanger in a 
separate cavity of the closed system and communicating the inflows and 
outflows of water between the heat exchangers and the water source. The 
cavities, according to Moe, are located in a rock area along the ocean 
floor, adjacent to the water source having sufficient depth to provide the 
required temperature differential, and the pipes are disposed so that 
their inlets and outlets extend through the rock area slightly into the 
water source at appropriate locations along the rock area. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention seeks to overcome the problems in ocean thermal 
energy conversion systems recognized by both Finsterwalder et al and Moe 
by the provision of an in-ground pipe or a number of in-ground pipes 
operating in tandem which communicate water at a temperature sufficiently 
low for condensing a vaporized expanded working fluid to the liquid state. 
Each pipe may be characterized by a well and well casing dug in the solid 
land adjacent the ocean and comprises the direct supply of water used in 
the condensation of the working fluid of an OTEC System of either closed 
or open type. The water following use in the system, rich in nutrient 
value, is discharged into a reservoir comprising an aquaculture preserve. 
Each well may be located in the solid land to extend to the source of water 
along any one of a vertical, angled or arcuate, "snaked" orientation. 
By use of a well, or a number of wells operating in tandem to communicate 
water to a condenser to condense a working fluid several important 
objectives are reached. To this end, the communication path for water is 
not subject to problems arising from unfavorable wave, current and wind 
conditions, and the well causes no hazard to navigation. Further, the 
water communicated to the condenser heat exchanger is substantially 
pollutant-free. In addition, the material cost in locating the 
communicating water path in a well as opposed to locating the same water 
path along the ocean floor is less, and greater depths may be reached more 
economically than by laying pipe or tubes on the ocean floor. Also, it is 
expected that the same volume of water may be brought from a well or 
several wells in tandem as may be brought from the source through a pipe 
of the size mentioned. 
Other advantages of the invention will become clear as the description to 
be read in conjunction with a view of the drawing figures continues.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
With reference first to FIG. 2, there is illustrated an ocean thermal 
energy conversion system for generation of power and an associated 
aquaculture operation. The system for power generation illustrated as a 
typical closed cycle system, is generally identified by the numeral 10, 
while an aquaculture operation is identified by the numeral 12. The 
aquaculture operation may be carried out in a lagoon 14 or man-made 
reservoir located alongside the ocean 16. 
The system for power generation includes a heat exchanger 18 and a heat 
exchanger 20 similar in design and operation. Both heat exchangers act 
upon a working fluid in a closed circuit. The working fluid in the system 
is one capable of undergoing vaporization from a liquid state, expansion 
and, then, condensation from the expanded, vapor state to that of the 
liquid state, once again. A working fluid, such as ammonia may be used. 
Systems for power generation which convert the useful work of potential 
energy represented by the difference in temperature between ocean water at 
or near the surface and water at some depth below the surface, as 
illustrated in FIG. 2, generally operate in the following manner. To this 
end, a pipe 22 is connected between heat exchanger 18 and the ocean water 
for purposes of communicating water to the heat exchanger. Pipe 22 
comprises an intake pipe and a pump 24 functions to pump the water to the 
heat exchanger. Heat exchanger 18 cooperates with an evaporator (not 
shown, but a part of a closed system which also includes a condenser) to 
vaporize the working fluid which is expanded in turbine 26. 
The closed system includes various connections including pipe 28 between 
the evaporator of heat exchanger 18 and turbine 26, pipe 30 between the 
turbine and the condenser of heat exchanger 20, and pipe 32 between the 
condenser and evaporator of the respective heat exchangers. A power output 
is provided by generator 34 connected by an output shaft 36 to the 
turbine. 
The complete operation includes a change of state of the working fluid from 
that of a liquid, to a vaporized, expanded state and, once again, to the 
liquid state prior to a second and each subsequent cycle of operation. To 
this end, heat exchanger 20 in cooperative arrangement with the condenser 
is connected to a source of ocean water at a temperature sufficiently cold 
to cause a rapid condensation of the expanded, vaporized working fluid. 
The water communicated to heat exchanger 18 may be at a temperature of 
about 30.degree. C., and the water communicated to heat exchanger 20 may 
be at a temperature of about 10.degree. C. The connection between heat 
exchanger 20 and the source of cold water is completed by an intake pipe 
38. The water is pumped to the heat exchanger by a pump 40. 
The outflow of water from heat exchanger 18 and heat exchanger 20 is 
connected to pipe 42 providing an outlet to lagoon 12. The connecting 
pipes include a pipe 44 and a pipe 46. The water discharged to the outlet 
pipe 42 will be at a temperature between the temperatures at the inlet to 
each heat exchanger. 
As may be apparent the pipe 38, rather than being disposed along the 
shoreline and ocean floor to communicate cold water to heat exchanger 20, 
is located within a well (see FIG. 3) in the land surface. In the broadest 
definition of the invention, the heat exchanger 20 may be used in either a 
closed or open cycle system to condense the working fluid. 
The location of the pipe in a land surface successfully overcomes the 
problems sustained by pipes and pumps from ocean waves and currents, and 
it avoids any possible hazard to water traffic in navigable waters. Also, 
the location of the pipe in a land surface is believed to result in a 
savings of material costs since a shorter length of pipe for water intake 
is required to reach the same depth. Further it is considered that colder 
water may be obtained from greater depths more economically than by laying 
pipe on the ocean floor. 
Turning now to FIG. 1, there is a schematic showing of the coast and 
coastal range which may be typical in some tropical and sub-tropical 
regions, such as the Hawaiian Archipelago. As a natural occurrence, there 
is evaporation to the atmosphere from warm water, and the formation of 
clouds with rain that falls along the coastal range and inland. As is 
typical in this area of the world, the rain water percolates through the 
ground forming a body 50 of fresh water below the surface at various 
locales. The fresh water body may have a lens-like contour and normally 
floats on sea water which not only surrounds the land mass but also fills 
the voids 52 therebelow. A zone of mixture separates the freshwater body 
and sea water. The upper surface of the body of fresh water may be located 
from a foot to several tens of feet above the mean sea level, and for 
every foot that the fresh water body stands above the mean sea level there 
will be a depression of about forty feet in the underlying salt water. 
According to the invention, sea water may be obtained from a well or series 
of wells, in tandem, drilled to a depth below the freshwater body. Deep 
wells may be drilled vertically since the intrusion of fresh water will 
not become a factor. Wells having less depth may be drilled at a seaward 
angle, or by "snaking" the well along a radius of curvature to avoid the 
freshwater body. The angle of the well, or the amount of curvature will be 
determined by the particular depth of the well required to reach the ocean 
water at the temperature desired. 
A well 60 for pipe 38 may be seen in FIG. 3. The well 60 is typical of each 
well in the event that a series of wells are located in tandem. The pipe 
38, below ground, may be characterized as a well casing 62. The well may 
be dug to any depth below the freshwater body in order to reach ocean 
water at the desired temperature. For example, a vertical well may be dug 
to a depth of about 700 feet or more. An angled well or a well in "snaked" 
orientation may be dug to other depths. FIG. 3 illustrates an open hole 64 
which extends below the length of the well to create a reservoir for water 
to be pumped. The open hole normally has a diameter less than the inner 
diameter of well casing 62 and preferably is dug following installation of 
well casing 62. 
The in ground well provides an additional advantage for systems for power 
generation in that the water to be pumped is not directly exposed to 
pollutants and debris in the ocean as may be the case with water to be 
pumped through pipes which extend from the shoreline and along the ocean 
floor. 
The internal diameter of the well 60 will be greater by a few inches than 
the outer diameter of the casing 62. As such, an annular space is provided 
around the casing. The annular space is used in the stabilization of the 
casing by packing to be described. The manner by which the well is dug is 
well known and outside the scope of the invention. 
According to the invention, the well casing may be steel, such as a 
corrosion resistant steel. Preferably the steel will have four to six 
times the atmospheric corrosion resistance of structural carbon steel. The 
steel will conform to ASTM designation A-242. Without any intent to limit 
the invention, but to describe a preferred embodiment of the same, the 
casing will be solid having a wall thickness of about 0.3125 inch, an 
inside diameter of about 16 inches and formed from individual casing 
lengths. The individual lengths will have bevelled ends suitable for butt 
welding. A casing shoe 66 is supported on the bottom length of casing to 
support the casing at the bottom of the well. The well casing may be 
closed by a plate 68 including a coupling 70 for connection with pipe 38. 
In addition, casing guides 72 may be located along the outside surface of 
the casing at thirty foot intervals, for example. Preferably, there will 
be three casing guides arranged at 120.degree. intervals for each section. 
The casing guides will be vertically aligned in the annular space, 
preferably in an ungrouted region. 
The annular space between the well casing 62 and the well 60 receives 
cement-grouting, rock stabilization and filter packing. To this end, a 
filter pack of gravel 74 may be located in the base of the well. The layer 
of filter pack gravel will extend to a height of about 75 feet in a well 
having a depth of about 700 feet. The filter pack gravel may consist of 
sound, durable, water worn, well-rounded particles of uniform size having 
an average specific gravity of not less than 2.5. The size of gravel will 
be determined by the dimension of the annular space which should exceed 
about 3 inches. A seal should extend throughout the next 8 feet or so. The 
seal should consist of individual two-foot layers of material including 
course aggregate 76, topped by fine aggregate 78, sand 80 and a concrete 
mix 82. The next 450 feet or so of annular space will be filled with 
cement grout 84 including a mixture of Portland cement, rock sand and 
water. If, at any particular location, there is a loss of the cement 
grout, the annular space at that location should be filled with rock 
stabilization 86. Thus, there may be intervals of cement grout and rock 
stabilization. The annular space throughout the last 150 feet or so of the 
well will be filled with cement grout 88.