Process and apparatus for controlling the deposition of a liquid on to a moving surface

Process and apparatus for controlling the deposition of a liquid on to a moving surface. A jet of liquid (3) is deposited from a reservoir outlet (2) on to a moving surface (4) located below the outlet. Deposition is effected by discharging a jet of the liquid on to the underside of a curved guide member (5) which is disposed between the outlet and the moving surface and which is oriented so as to cause the liquid to flow down the member on its underside so that its direction of flow approaches the direction of travel of the moving surface. The invention is particularly advantageous in the production of paper webs, especially multi-layer paper webs on a Fourdrinier paper-making machine.

This invention relates to a process and apparatus for controlling the 
deposition of a liquid on to a moving surface. 
In the field of papermaking, it is often necessary to deposit a liquid, 
which may contain a dispersion of solids eg fibres, on to a moving 
surface, for example in forming, coating or impregnating a paper web. 
However, the manner in which such deposition has hitherto been made has 
resulted in a number of disadvantages described below. 
1. The formation of a web of paper on a Fourdrinier machine is achieved by 
allowing papermaking stock to flow freely from the slice of a head box (a 
reservoir outlet) on to a moving wire which retains the fibres while 
allowing the water to drain through. During the process of formation, 
fibres on the wire side of the web tend to be oriented in the machine 
direction whereas fibres on the upper side are generally oriented in a 
more random fashion. This difference in fibre orientation results in a 
paper web having an undesirable tendency to curl. 
2. The production of paper webs of commercially acceptable uniformity 
requires that the jet of stock be discharged from the slice not only in 
the same direction as the moving wire but also at substantially the same 
speed. This latter requirement is usually achieved by maintaining the 
level of stock in the head box at a particular height above the slice. 
But, for high speed production, i.e. at speeds in excess of 500 m/min, the 
hydrostatic head at the slice must be augmented by pressurising the inside 
of the head box, because otherwise the required height is so great as to 
necessitate the use of a very large and unwieldy head box construction. 
Even so, the head box still has to be constructed to withstand the 
increased internal pressure, and as a result becomes progressively more 
sturdy and therefore more expensive as the speed and the corresponding 
intensity of pressure are increased. In addition, the pressurising of the 
inside of the head box requires expensive air pressure supply and control 
devices. 
3. The production of a multi-layer web on a Fourdrinier machine requires 
successive deposition of stocks on to the wire from a series of head 
boxes. Secondary and any successive head boxes are suspended clear above 
the wire but at a practicable minimum height of, for example, 2 to 5 cm. 
However, if stock is deposited onto a layer which is incompletely drained 
and not held down by suction on to the wire, then the layer tends to 
disrupt in a gross manner because of the impact with which the stock hits 
the layer. If the layer is completely drained and held down on the wire 
before the stock is deposited thereon, then the drainage of the water 
through the layer takes an excessively long time and the bonding between 
the layers is generally poor. 
4. During the papermaking process it is frequently necessary to apply, for 
instance, coating mixes, dyes, solutions of binders, sizes, and/or 
chemical additives on to the surface of a moving web, such as a wet paper 
web. At present, such coating or impregnating operations are carried out 
with the aid of a spray, a roll or a size press, or a secondary head box. 
However, sprays do not evenly distribute the liquid over the web and tend 
to become blocked particularly when the liquid contains a dispersion of 
solids. With size presses and rolls, such as dandy rolls, the amount of 
coating or impregnating liquid which can be applied to a web is limited by 
the disruption caused to its surface when the roll separates therefrom. 
And with secondary head boxes, it is desirable to apply the liquid as a 
foam in order to minimise disruption of the web, in which case undesirable 
chemicals may have to be added. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process and apparatus 
which overcome or have the capability to overcome or at least 
substantially to reduce the above disadvantages. 
Accordingly, the present invention provides in a first aspect a process for 
controlling the deposition of a liquid from a reservoir outlet onto a 
moving surface located below the outlet, which process includes 
discharging a jet of the liquid from the outlet on to the underside of a 
downwardly extending curved guide member which is disposed between the 
outlet and the moving surface and which is oriented so as to cause the 
liquid to flow down the member on its underside so that its direction of 
flow approaches the direction of travel of the moving surface. 
In a second aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for 
controlling the deposition of a liquid on to a moving surface, comprising 
a reservoir having an outlet, and a curved guide member downwardly 
extending from above and adjacent to the outlet and having an curved 
underside on to which a jet of liquid can be discharged from the outlet, 
the guide member being oriented so as to be capable of causing the liquid 
to flow down the member on its underside so that its direction of flow 
approaches the direction of travel of the moving surface. 
In particular, the present invention provides a head box assembly for 
controlling the deposition of paper-making stock on to the moving wire of 
a paper-making machine, which assembly comprises a head box having a slice 
and a curved guide member downwardly extending from above and adjacent to 
the slice and having an underside on to which a jet of paper-making stock 
can be discharged from the slice, the guide member being oriented so as to 
be capable of causing the stock to flow down the member on its underside 
so that its direction of flow approaches the direction of travel of the 
moving wire. 
The process of the present invention is most advantageous if contact of the 
liquid with the moving surface is achieved prior to the liquid leaving the 
guide member. However, included within the scope of the invention is the 
possibility that the liquid leaves the guide member first and then 
contacts the moving surface. Although this possibility is less preferred, 
it does represent an improvement over the prior art methods of liquid 
deposition since the height through which the liquid freely falls can be 
reduced significantly. 
Preferably, the underside of the guide member is convex to the liquid, and 
the jet meets the convex surface substantially tangentially thereto. Also, 
it is further preferred that the liquid leaves the convex surface at a 
point whose tangent is substantially parallel to the direction of the 
moving surface. 
The underside of the guide member is generally plain. Alternatively, the 
underside may have a plurality of recesses or steps disposed in a 
direction transverse to the direction of flow of the liquid. 
In the most preferred form, the guide member is a flexible plate with a 
plain underside and a length and/or radius of curvature which is capable 
of adjustment. Also, to facilitate the attainment of the most suitable 
orientation of the guide member relative to the jet and the moving 
surface, the member is preferably capable of pivotal movement about an 
axis transverse to the direction of flow of the liquid. 
When the moving surface is convex to the liquid, the underside of the guide 
member is advantageously concave to the liquid. 
Although the guide member is preferably secured to the reservoir, the 
present invention includes within its scope the possibility that the guide 
member is separate from the reservoir. In this latter arrangement, an 
impermeable web may be secured with advantage at one end to the outlet and 
at the other end to the guide member so as to stabilize the jet 
therebetween. Further stabilization of the jet may be achieved by allowing 
the web to be concave thereto. 
It is believed that when the underside of the guide member is convex, the 
liquid is retained thereon by the Coanda effect but when the underside of 
the guide member is concave the liquid is retained thereon by the reverse 
of the Taylor instability effect. However, the physics of the systems have 
not been completely elucidated and the applicants do not wish to be bound 
by any particular theory relating thereto. 
The stability of the jet may be substantially improved by the use of a 
flexible impermeable apron attached at one end to the bottom of the outlet 
and free at the other. A further significant improvement can be achieved 
by the provision of a pair of side plates which extend downwardly from the 
guide member so as to retain the liquid between the two side plates. An 
even further improvement in the jet's stability, particularly as it is 
discharged from the outlet, can be achieved by employing a recess in the 
wall of the outlet over which the jet flows, the recess extending 
transversely to the direction of flow of the liquid. 
Although the process of the present invention has been described herein 
with particular reference to the formation, coating or impregnation of 
webs, especially paper webs, it is not limited thereto, but has 
application in any field where there is a need for controlled deposition 
of a liquid onto a moving surface. It is however very suited to the 
production of paper on a Fourdrinier machine, particularly multi-layer 
paper. 
The present invention will now be further described with reference to a 
number of specific embodiments which should not be construed as limiting 
the scope of the invention in any way.

FIGS. 1 to 8 show apparatuses comprising a reservoir 1, in part, having an 
outlet 2 through which liquid 3 may flow. A surface 4 moving in the 
direction indicated is located below and spaced apart from a lower surface 
of the outlet 2. 
With the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, a jet of liquid 3 is discharged from 
the outlet 2 and is deposited directly on to the moving surface 4--there 
is no control over the deposition, the jet of liquid 3 falling freely from 
the outlet 2 on to the surface 4. In contrast, with the apparatuses shown 
in FIGS. 2 to 8, the jet of liquid 3 is discharged from the outlet 2 on to 
the curved underside 17 of a downwardly extending curved guide member 5 
which controls deposition of liquid 3 on to the moving surface 4 by 
causing it to flow down the underside 17 of the guide member 5 so that its 
direction of flow approaches the direction of travel of the moving surface 
4. A lower surface of the jet is exposed to ambient pressure during flow 
along the underside surface of the guide member 5 (see also FIG. 9). 
According to the present invention, an end of the guide member 5 remote 
from the reservoir outlet 2 is arranged in a predetermined fixed spaced 
relationship from the moving surface 4. 
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, the guide member 5 is an extension of the 
top of the outlet 2. Liquid 3 discharged from the outlet along the guide 
member 5 travels though a vertical distance h+H.sub.1, h being equal to 
the hydrostatic pressure in the reservoir. FIG. 3 shows how apparatus 
according to the invention can be used to increase jet speed without 
increasing the pressure in the reservoir. The reservoir is positioned at a 
height H.sub.2 above the moving surface where H.sub.2 is greater than 
H.sub.1. The speed of the jet when it reaches the moving surface 4 is thus 
greater than that of the jet shown in FIG. 2 but h (hydrostatic pressure) 
remains the same. Such apparatus may therefore be used with advantage in 
any process involving high-speed controlled liquid deposition such as 
high-speed production of paper. 
FIG. 4 shows a configuration of apparatus in which the guide member 5 is 
separate from the reservoir 1. An impermeable web 6 which is concave to 
the liquid 3 leaving the outlet 2 is provided between the outlet 2 and the 
guide member 5. The guide member 5, which is convex to the liquid 3, is 
secured at each end to an arm 8 connected to a shaft 7 which extends 
transversely to the direction of flow of the liquid 3 and about which the 
member 5 can pivot. The orientation of the underside 17 of the member 5 
relative to the jet and the moving surface 4 can thus be altered. A 
flexible impermeable apron 13 made from polyester film is attached to the 
bottom of the outlet 2 at one end and is left free at the other end. In 
use, the apron 13 substantially improves the stability of the jet of 
liquid 3 by being drawn up by and against the jet. 
In the apparatus shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the underside 17 of guide member 5 
has a plurality of steps 18 disposed in a direction transverse to the 
direction of flow of the liquid and arranged so that the surface presented 
to the jet is overall essentially convex. In use, the steps 18 
(particularly those of FIG. 7) encourage the formation of a vortex in the 
region 9 between successive steps 18. This has the effect of enhancing the 
tendency of the liquid to flow along the underside 17 of the member 5. In 
addition, the apparatus of FIG. 5 has a recess 10 in the wall of the 
outlet 2 over which the liquid flows. The recess 10, which extends 
transversely to the direction of flow of the liquid, improves the 
stability of the jet especially during discharge from the outlet 2. 
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 7, the underside 17 of the guide member 5 
has a plurality of recesses 14 which extend transversely to the direction 
of flow of the liquid 3. The use of the guide member 5 encourages the 
formation of vortices in the recesses 14 with a consequent increased 
tendency for the liquid to flow down and against underside 17. 
FIG. 8 illustrates application of the invention to controlled deposition of 
liquid onto a moving surface that is convex to the liquid. In this case 
the guide member 5 is concave to the liquid 3. 
FIG. 9 shows the wet end of a Fourdrinier paper-making machine 11. Above 
the machine are suspended two head boxes 1 and 1' each having a slice 2 
through which paper-making stock 3 may flow, the machine thus being 
adapted for the production of a two layered web. Extending from the slice 
2 of the second head box 1' is a guide member 5, the slice 2 and the guide 
member 5 being similar to the outlet 2 and guide member 5 shown in more 
detail in FIG. 4. The controlled deposition of the stock 3 from the second 
head box 1' avoids disruption of the partly formed web 12 on the moving 
wire 4 even if the web 12 is not fully drained or held down by suction. 
In FIGS. 10 and 11, there is shown part of a preferred headbox assembly in 
which a flexible metal guide member 5 is attached to the slice 2. The 
radius of curvature of the guide member 5 can be altered and an adjustment 
screw 15 is provided for this purpose. The length of the guide member 5 
can also be altered by means of a screw 16. A flexible impermeable apron 
13 (not shown in FIG. 10) made from a polyester is attached to the bottom 
wall of the slice 2 and a reel adjuster 13' is provided to alter the 
length of the apron 13. A side plate 14 is provided at each side of the 
guide member 5 and extends downwardly therefrom so as to retain and 
stabilise the liquid jet between the side plates 14. In use, the slice 2 
is attached to the head box and paper-making stock 3 enters from the head 
box as shown by the arrow, passes through the slice 2 and is discharged 
onto the curved underside 17 of the guide member 5 down which it flows 
until it is deposited on a moving surface (not shown) below the slice 2. 
In so doing, the liquid jet draws up the apron 13 against itself thereby 
improving the stability of the liquid as it flows down the underside 17. 
Because the present invention allows a liquid to be deposited in a 
controlled manner on to a moving surface, a web of paper can now be 
produced on a Fourdrinier machine with a more random orientation of the 
fibres on the wire side of the web that has been obtained hitherto with 
conventional processes and apparatuses for the deposition of paper stock. 
The problem of curl is thus reduced. 
Additionally, the use of the present invention allows the coating or 
impregnation of a moving web to be carried out with minimal disruption of 
the web. 
The invention will now be illustrated by three examples. 
EXAMPLE 1 
A Fourdrinier paper-making machine having a head box assembly modified as 
shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 was used to prepare paper webs from stock which 
was a mixture of 50% hardwood kraft pulp and 50% softwood kraft pulp 
beaten to a wetness of 30.degree. on the Schopper-Riegler scale. The slice 
opening was 15 mm vertically and 5 mm horizontally (distances a and b on 
FIG. 11), the radius of curvature of the underside of the guide member was 
2.5 cm and the distance from the bottom of the slice to the moving wire 
was 4 cm. The stock was deposited on the wire at 0.45% solids (by weight) 
and the wire itself was moving at 70 m/min. The paper web formed had a 
substance of 80 gm.sup.-2, showed a good formation and was acceptably 
streak-free. 
EXAMPLE 2 
A Fourdrinier paper-making machine as shown in FIG. 9 having a second head 
box assembly modified as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 was used to prepare two 
layer paper webs in which the second layer was made from stock of the same 
composition as that used in Example 1 but diluted to a consistency of 0.3% 
solids (by weight) before deposition. The slice opening was 7 mm 
vertically, the other dimensions being as for Example 1. The stock 
supplied to the first head box was dyed blue. The two-layer web was dried 
and the paper produced was found to be acceptably streak-free. The two 
layers of the web were found to be visually distinct, deposition of the 
second layer on the first layer having caused substantially no disruption 
of the first layer. 
EXAMPLE 3 
The Fourdrinier paper making machine shown in FIG. 9 was used to prepare 
two-layer paper webs from stock comprising a 50:50 blend by weight of 
softwood and hardwood pulp, with a loading of Celite 281 (a diatomaceous 
earth) in the top layer. The resulting two-layered paper had a substance 
of 40 gm.sup.-2 and exhibited good properties including good bonding 
between the layers, the lower of which was not characterised by the 
disruption associated with two-layer paper webs prepared on a Fourdrinier 
paper making machine without the use of the present invention.