Image sensor and method for fabricating the same

An image sensor includes: a first inter-layer dielectric layer formed over a front side of a substrate including photoelectric conversion regions; isolation structures each of which penetrates through the first inter-layer dielectric layer and has a portion buried in the substrate; first metal lines formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer to correspond to the photoelectric conversion regions; and an optical filter and a light condenser formed over a back side of the substrate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0044249, filed on Apr. 14, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Exemplary embodiments relate to semiconductor device fabrication technology and, more particularly, to an image sensor and a method for fabricating the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

An image sensor is a device that converts optical images into electrical signals. Image sensors are divided into Charge Coupled Device (CCD) image sensors and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS). An image sensor includes a plurality of pixels, and each pixel outputs a pixel signal corresponding to incident light. Each pixel accumulates photocharges corresponding to the incident light through a photoelectric conversion element, such as a photodiode, and outputs pixel signals based on the accumulated photocharges.

The CMOS image sensors may be divided into Front-Side Illumination Image sensors (FIS) and Back-Side Illumination Image sensors (BIS). The back-side illumination image sensors have superior operation characteristics and production yield compared to other kinds of image sensors, such as CCD image sensors and front-side illumination image sensors.

A reflector is used to reflect incident light that missed the target photoelectric conversion element and redirect it back to the target photoelectric conversion element. Since some of the incident light reflected by the reflector does not land on the target photoelectric conversion element, but instead hits neighboring photoelectric conversion elements, crosstalk phenomenon occurs.

SUMMARY

An embodiment is directed to an image sensor that may reduce or eliminate the crosstalk phenomenon caused by image sensor reflectors, and a method for fabricating an image sensor with these properties.

Another embodiment is directed to an image sensor with improved device characteristics, and a method for fabricating the image sensor.

In accordance with an embodiment, an image sensor includes: a first inter-layer dielectric layer formed over a front side of a substrate, wherein the substrate includes photoelectric conversion regions; an isolation structure which penetrates through the first inter-layer dielectric layer between the photoelectric conversion regions and further extends into the substrate; first metal lines formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer and each aligned with the photoelectric conversion regions, and an optical filter and a light condenser formed over a back side of the substrate.

The image sensor may further include: pixel transistors formed over the front side of the substrate, wherein the first inter-layer dielectric layer is disposed over the pixel transistors. Contact plugs formed in the first inter-layer dielectric layer and coupling the pixel transistors with the first metal lines.

The isolation structure extends into the substrate between the photoelectric conversion regions.

In accordance with another embodiment, an image sensor includes: a substrate including a first region and a second region; photoelectric conversion regions formed in the substrate in the first region; a first inter-layer dielectric layer formed over a front side of the substrate in the first and the second regions; a first isolation structure formed in the first region, penetrating ugh the first inter-layer dielectric layer, and further extending into the substrate; a second isolation structure formed in the second region, penetrating through the first inter-layer dielectric layer, and further extending into the substrate, wherein the first isolation structure and the second isolation structure have different line widths and lengths; first metal lines formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer in the first region; and an optical filter and a light condenser formed over a back side of the substrate in the first region.

The image sensor may further include: a pad formed over the back side of the substrate in the second region and coupled to the second isolation structure, wherein the second isolation structure penetrates through the first inter-layer dielectric layer and the substrate in the second region. The image sensor may further include: pixel transistors formed over the front side of the substrate in the first region, wherein the first inter-layer dielectric layer is disposed over the pixel transistors. Contact plugs coupling the pixel transistors with the first metal lines.

The first isolation structure extends into the substrate between the photoelectric conversion regions. The second isolation structure has a wider line width than the first isolation structure.

In accordance with another embodiment, an image sensor includes: a substrate including a first region, a second region, and a third region; photoelectric conversion regions formed in the substrate in the first region; a first inter-layer dielectric layer formed over a front side of the substrate in the first, the second, and the third regions; a first isolation structure formed in the first region, penetrating through the first inter-layer dielectric layer, and extending into the substrate; a second isolation structure formed in the second region, penetrating through the first ter-layer dielectric layer, and extending into the substrate; a third isolation structure formed in the third region and penetrating through the first inter-layer dielectric layer and substrate; first metal lines formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer and in the first region; and an optical filter and a light condenser formed over a back side of the substrate in the first region.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a method for fabricating an image sensor includes: forming photoelectric conversion regions in a substrate in a first region, wherein the substrate includes the first region and a second region; forming a first inter-layer dielectric layer over a front side of the substrate in the first region; forming a first trench and a second trench in the first region and the second region, respectively, by etching the first inter-layer dielectric layer and the substrate in the first and the second regions, wherein the first trench and the second trench have different line widths and lengths, wherein the first trench is provided between the photoelectric conversion regions; forming a first isolation structure and a second isolation structure that gap-fill the first trench and the second trench, respectively; forming first metal lines over the first inter-layer dielectric layer in the first region to align with the photoelectric conversion regions; forming a second metal line over the first inter-layer dielectric layer in the second region to be coupled with the second isolation structure; forming an optical filter and a light condenser over a back side of the substrate in the first region.

The second trench has a wider line width than the first trench.

The first trench is formed to penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer and extend into the substrate.

The second trench of the second region is formed to penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer and the substrate through an etch process.

The first trench and the second trench are simultaneously formed, through a single masking process.

The first isolation structure and the second isolation structure may include an insulating material or a combination of an insulating material and a conductive material.

The second metal line in the second region contact the second isolation structure.

The method may further include: forming pixel transistors over the front side of the substrate in the first region, before for ring the first inter-layer dielectric layer.

The method may further include: forming contact plugs coupling the pixel transistors in the first region with the first metal lines and penetrating through the first inter-layer dielectric layer in the first region, before forming the first metal lines.

The method may further include: performing a thinning process on the back side of the substrate in the first region, before forming the optical filter and the light condenser.

The method may further include: forming pads over the back side of the substrate in the second region to contact the second isolation structure, after forming the optical filter and the light condenser.

In accordance with the other embodiment, an image sensor includes: first and second photoelectric conversion regions; first and second metal lines respectively coupled with the first and the second photoelectric conversion regions; and a first isolation structure extending from between the first and second metal lines to between the first and second photoelectric conversion regions. The image sensor may further include: a dielectric layer extending from between the first photoelectric conversion region and the first metal line to between the second photoelectric conversion region and the second metal line, wherein the first and second photoelectric conversion regions are provided in the substrate, and wherein the first isolation structure penetrates through the dielectric layer and extends into the substrate between the first photoelectric conversion region and the second photoelectric conversion region.

The image sensor may further include: a substrate including first and second regions, wherein the first and second photoelectric conversion regions are provided in the first region of the substrate, a third metal line provided in the second region at substantially the same level as the first and the second metal lines; and a second isolation structure formed in the second region, coupled to the third metal line, and extending into the substrate in parallel to the first isolation structure, wherein the second isolation structure has a greater width than the first structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments may, however, be modified in different forms and should not be construed as being restrictive or limiting. Throughout the disclosure, reference numerals refer to the same or like parts in the various figures and embodiments.

FIG. 1is a circuit diagram illustrating a unit pixel of an image sensor in accordance with an embodiment.FIG. 2is a layout of the unit pixel of the image sensor in accordance with the embodiment.

Referring toFIGS. 1 and 2, the unit pixel of the image sensor in accordance with the embodiment may include a photodiode PD, transfer transistor Tx, a floating diffusion region FD, a reset transistor Rx, a drive transistor Dx, and a selection transistor Sx.

The photodiode PD may be included in a photoelectric conversion region that receives light energy and generates and accumulates photocharges.

The transfer transistor Tx transfers the charges, or photoelectric current, accumulated by the photodiode PD, to the floating diffusion region FD, in response to a transfer control signal inputted into a gate.

The floating diffusion region FD receives the charges generated by the photodiode PD through the transfer transistor Tx and stores the received charges.

The reset transistor Rx is coupled between a power source voltage Vdd and the floating diffusion region FD, and resets the floating diffusion region FD by draining the charges stored in the floating diffusion region FD to the power source voltage in response to a reset signal RST.

The drive transistor Dx serves as a source follower buffer amplifier, and buffers a signal corresponding to the charges which are charged in the floating diffusion region FD.

The selection transistor Sx performs an addressing function and a switching function for selecting a unit pixel.

FIG. 3is a cross-sectional view illustrating an image sensor in accordance with a first embodiment.

Referring toFIG. 3, the image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment may include photoelectric conversion regions12, a first inter-layer dielectric layer13, and isolation structures14. The photoelectric conversion regions12are formed in a substrate11having a plurality of pixels. The first inter-layer dielectric layer13is formed over the front-side portion of the substrate11and includes a pixel transistor (not shown). The isolation structures14penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer13and extend in the substrate11in buried form. The image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment may further include first metal lines15that are formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer13to correspond to the photoelectric conversion regions12. Although not illustrated in the drawing, the image sensor may further include a stacked structure where inter-layer dielectric layers and metal lines are repeatedly stacked, if necessary.

Also, the image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment may further include an optical filter16and a light condensing pattern17that are formed on the back side of the substrate11.

The substrate11may include a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate may be in a monocrystalline state, and the semiconductor substrate may include a silicon-containing materials. In short, the substrate11may include a monocrystalline silicon-containing material. For example, the substrate11may be a bulk silicon substrate, or a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) substrate including a silicon epitaxial layer.

Each of the photoelectric conversion regions12may include a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements (not shown) that overlap with each other vertically, and each of the photoelectric conversion elements may be a photodiode including, an N-type impurity region and a P-type impurity region. The photoelectric conversion region12may penetrate through the substrate11, thus being exposed to both the front side and back side of the substrate11. Also, the photoelectric conversion region12may be exposed to the front side of the substrate11of the photoelectric conversion region12while being spaced apart from the back side of the substrate11by a predetermined gap.

The first inter-layer dielectric layer13may include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or a combination thereof. The first inter-layer dielectric layer13may include a pixel transistor, and may further include contact plugs (not shown) for coupling the first metal lines15with the pixel transistor. The pixel transistor may include a transfer transistor Tx for transferring photocharges generated in the photoelectric conversion regions12to the floating diffusion region FD.

The isolation structures14may penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer13and a portion of each isolation structure14may be buried in the substrate11and may be located between the photoelectric conversion regions12. The isolation structures14may prevent the light reflected by the first metal lines15, which both isolate the photoelectric conversion regions12from each other and act as reflectors, simultaneously, from entering the neighboring photoelectric conversion regions12. The isolation structures14may include an insulating material or a combination of an insulating material and a conductive material. For example, the conductive material may include tungsten (W) or polysilicon.

Particularly, the isolation structures14may be disposed to surround each photoelectric conversion region12to maximize its performance. However, disposition of the isolation structures14may be modified diversely.

The first metal lines15may include a metal. The first metal lines15serves as a reflector for reflecting and redirecting incident light that has not entered the photo electric conversion regions12back into the photoelectric conversion regions12. The first metal lines15may be disposed directly over the photoelectric conversion regions12.

Also, although the embodiment shows the first inter-layer dielectric layer13and the first metal lines15over the front side portion of the substrate11, the image sensor in accordance with an embodiment may further include a second inter-layer dielectric layer (not shown formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer13. The second inter-layer dielectric layer may be formed in a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure. The second inter-layer dielectric layer may include a stacked structure of a plurality of inter-layer dielectric layers and metal lines, which may constitute a signal generation circuit for generating (or outputting) pixel signals (or electrical signals) corresponding to the photocharges that are generated in the photoelectric conversion region12along with the pixel transistors and the first metal lines15.

The optical filter16may include color filters that are formed in an area corresponding to the photoelectric conversion regions12. For example, the optical filter16may be located directly over the photoelectric conversion regions12. For example, the optical filter16may include red, green and blue color filters that correspond to the photoelectric conversion regions12of red (R), green (G) and blue (B), respectively. Also, when an image sensor includes an infrared photoelectric conversion region, the optical filter16may include an infrared filter corresponding to an infrared ray receiving device.

The light condensing pattern17may include a plurality of micro lenses for guiding incident light entering from the back side of the substrate11to be focused onto the photoelectric conversion regions12of corresponding pixels. Among the incident light entering through the light condensing pattern17, light needed by the corresponding optical filter16, which is the color filters or the infrared filter, is selected, and the selected light may enter the photoelectric conversion region12of the corresponding pixel.

Meanwhile, the incident light that did not enter the photoelectric conversion region12of the corresponding pixel is reflected by the first metal lines15to go back to the photoelectric conversion region12. An example of this process is illustrated by the arrow mark ofFIG. 3and will be described below. The arrow mark ofFIG. 3illustrates the movement of incident light that did not enter the photoelectric conversion region12. As the arrow shows, the light that did not enter the photoelectric conversion regions12of the corresponding pixels does not go into the neighboring photoelectric conversion regions12due to the isolation structures14and the light is redirected to the first metal lines15. The incident light going to the first metal lines15does not go to the neighboring photoelectric conversion regions12as it is reflected by the first metal lines15, but instead goes back to the photoelectric conversion regions12of the corresponding pixels.

As described above, according to an embodiment, crosstalk due to incident light entering from the back side and crosstalk due to reflected light produced by a reflector may be suppressed by forming isolation structures14which penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer13and extend in the substrate11. To be specific, the isolation structures14isolate the first metal lines15that serve as the reflector from each other by being extended, not only between the photoelectric conversion regions12, but also, between the first inter-layer dielectric layer13.

FIG. 4is a cross-sectional vies illustrating an image sensor in accordance with a second embodiment.

Referring toFIG. 4, the image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment may include a substrate including a first region200and a second region300. The first region200may include a pixel region, and the second region300may include a pad region or a chip guard region. In the second embodiment, the second region300includes a pad region.

First, a substrate101of the first region200may include photoelectric conversion regions102, pixel transistors103, a first inter-layer dielectric layer104, first isolation structures107A, first metal lines109A, and contact plugs108. The photoelectric conversion regions102are formed in the substrate101. In another embodiment, the photoelectric conversion regions102may be formed over the substrate101. The pixel transistors103are formed over the front side of the substrate101. The first inter-layer dielectric layer104is formed over the front side of the substrate101and over the pixel transistors103. The first isolation structures107A penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and a portion of each first isolation structure107A extends into the substrate101. The first metal lines109A are formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and aligned to the photoelectric conversion regions102. The contact plugs108couple the pixel transistors103with the first metal lines109A. Also, the image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment may include an optical filter111and a light condensing pattern112on the back side of the substrate101.

The substrate101of the second region300may include the first inter-layer dielectric layer104, the second metal lines109B, pads113, and second isolation structures107B. The first inter-layer dielectric layer104is formed over the front side of the substrate101. The second metal lines109B are formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104. The pads113are formed on the back side of the substrate101. The second isolation structures107B penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and the substrate101to couple the second metal lines109B with the pads113. The second isolation structures107B may be wider and longer than the first isolation structures107A.

If the second region300includes a pad region rather than a chip guard region, the structure of the second region300may be different fromFIG. 4. For example, each of the second isolation structures107B may penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and extend into the substrate101. Thus, the second isolation structures107B are buried in the substrate101.

Furthermore, the substrate101of the second region300may include a second inter-layer dielectric layer110over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104of the first region200and the second region300. The second inter-layer dielectric layer110may be formed in a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure. The second inter-layer dielectric layer110may include a stacked structure of a plurality of inter-layer dielectric layers and metal lines, which may constitute a signal generation circuit for generating (or outputting) pixel signals (or electrical signals) corresponding to photocharges that are generated in the photoelectric conversion regions102, along with the pixel transistors103, the contact plugs108, and the first metal lines109A.

The photoelectric conversion regions102, the first inter-layer dielectric layer104, the first metal lines109A, the first isolation structures107A, the optical filter111and the light condensing pattern112that are formed in the first region200may be the same as those shown inFIG. 3.

In short, the substrate101corresponds to the reference numeral ‘11’ ofFIG. 3, and the substrate101may include a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate may be in a monocrystalline state and may include a silicon-containing material.

The photoelectric conversion regions102correspond to the reference numeral ‘12’ ofFIG. 3, and the photoelectric conversion regions102may include a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements (not shown) that overlap with each other vertically, and each of the photoelectric conversion elements may be a photodiode including an N-type impurity region and a P-type impurity region.

The pixel transistors103may include a transfer transistor Tx that transfers the photocharges generated in the photoelectric conversion regions102to floating diffusion regions FD.

The first inter-layer dielectric layer104corresponds to the reference numeral ‘13’ ofFIG. 3, and the first inter-layer dielectric layer104may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of an oxide, a nitride and an oxynitride.

The first metal lines109A correspond to the reference numeral ‘15’ ofFIG. 3, and the first metal lines109A may include metal. The first metal lines109A may function as a reflector that reflects and redirects incident light that did not enter the photoelectric conversion regions102back into the photoelectric conversion regions102. The first metal lines109A may align with the photoelectric conversion regions102.

The first metal lines109A and the pixel transistors103may be coupled with each other through the contact plugs108that penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104.

The first isolation structures107A correspond to the reference numeral ‘14’ ofFIG. 3, and the first isolation structures107A may penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104, and extend in the substrate101. As a result, a portion of each first isolation structure107A may be buried in the substrate101between the photoelectric conversion regions102. The first isolation structures107A may prevent reflected light produced by a reflector from proceeding to the neighboring photoelectric conversion regions102. The first metal lines109A simultaneously function as a reflector and an isolator for isolating the photoelectric conversion regions102from each other. The first isolation structures107A may include a dielectric material or a mixed structure of a dielectric material and a conductive material. The mixed structure may include a stacked structure of dielectric material and conductive material or a structure where a ring-type dielectric material surrounds a pillar-type conductive material. For example, the first isolation structures107A may be configured to surround each photoelectric conversion region102to maximize the effect. However, the disposition of the first isolation structures107A may be modified diversely.

The optical filter111corresponds to the reference numeral ‘16’ ofFIG. 3, and the optical filter111may include filters corresponding to the photoelectric conversion regions102. The light condensing pattern112may include a plurality of micro lenses for guiding incident light entering from the back side of the substrate101into the photoelectric conversion regions102of the corresponding pixels.

The second isolation structures107B of the second region300may function as through-vias that penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and the substrate101to couple the second metal lines109B with the pads113. The second isolation structures107B may include dielectric material and conductive material. The second isolation structures107B may include a structure where ring-type dielectric material surrounds the sidewalls of a pillar-type conductive material.

Particularly, in the second embodiment, the first isolation structures107A and the second isolation structures107B may be formed simultaneously through a one-time mask process, which will be described in detail below with the accompanying drawings. The first isolation structures107A and the second isolation structures107B may have different line widths and lengths.

FIGS. 5A to 5Eare cross-sectional views illustrating a method for fabricating the image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment shown inFIG. 4. To help in understanding the method, the same reference numerals are used.

Referring toFIG. 5A, a substrate101including a first region200and a second region300and having a plurality of pixels defined in the first region200is prepared. The substrate101may include a semiconductor substrate. The first region200may be a pixel region, and the second region300may be a pad region. However, in another embodiment, the second region300may be a chip guard region.

Subsequently photoelectric conversion regions102are formed over the substrate101in the first region200. In another embodiment, the photoelectric conversion regions102may be formed in the substrate101in the first region200. Each of the photoelectric conversion regions102may include a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements (not shown) that stack with each other vertically. Each of the photoelectric conversion elements may be a photodiode including an N-type impurity region and a P-type impurity region. The photodiodes may be formed through an impurity ion-implantation process. The photoelectric conversion region102may penetrate through the substrate101to be exposed to both front side and back sides of the substrate101. In this embodiment, the photoelectric conversion region102is exposed to the front side of the substrate101of the photoelectric conversion region102while being spaced apart from the back side of the substrate101by a predetermined gap.

Subsequently, pixel transistors103are formed on the front side of the substrate101. Each of the pixel transistors may be disposed to align with a portion of each photoelectric conversion region102, and the pixel transistors may include a transfer transistor Tx. Herein, although not illustrated in the second region300, a process of forming a predetermined structure may be performed, if necessary.

Subsequently, a first inter-layer dielectric layer104is formed over the front side of the substrate101and the pixel transistors103. The first inter-layer dielectric layer104may include an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, or a combination thereof.

Referring toFIG. 5B, a mask pattern105is formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104. The mask pattern105may include material having a different etch selectivity against the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and against the substrate101. The mask pattern105may be formed by coating an upper portion of the first inter-layer dielectric layer104with a photoresist layer, and performing a patterning process through an exposure and development process to form the mask pattern105. The mask pattern105may further include a hard mask under the photoresist layer to obtain a desirable etch selectivity, and may further include an anti-reflection layer under the photoresist layer for preventing reflection when the photoresist layer is subject to the exposure and development process.

Particularly, the isolation structure regions defined by the mask pattern105may have different line widths in the first region200and the second region300. This is to take advantage of the difference in etch rate through a loading effect.

Subsequently, first trenches106A and second trenches106B, which have different line widths and lengths between the first region200and the second region300, are formed by etching the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and the substrate101using the mask pattern105as an etch barrier.

The first trenches106A of the first region200may penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104between the photoelectric conversion regions102and extend in the substrate101.

The second trenches106B of the second region300may penetrate through both of the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and the substrate101. In another embodiment, the second trenches106B of the second region300may be formed, not to penetrate through the substrate101, but to extend into the substrate101by a predetermined depth in consideration of a subsequent thinning process that will be performed on the substrate101. The second trenches106B may have a wider line width than the first trenches106A.

In another embodiment where the second region300includes a chip guard region each of the second isolation structures107B may extend deeper than the first trenches106A but not penetrate through the substrate101. The second isolation structures107B may or may not be exposed by the substrate101upon completion of a subsequent thinning process.

As described, the trenches with different line widths, and, lengths may be formed using one mask pattern105. Under these circumstances, microloading effects and etch rates change de pending on line width. Thus, masking processes do not have to be performed several times, and thus production yield increases.

Subsequently, a curing process may be performed. As a result, dark current caused by defects, such as etch defects, may be prevented. The curing process may be performed at a temperature in which ions, which are implanted to increase the throughput of the device, are activated. Since the curing and/or activation process is performed before the formation of metal lines (not shown), the curing and/or activation process does not affect the characteristics of the device. Therefore, the curing process may be easily performed at a sufficiently high temperature. The curing process may be performed after isolation structures (not shown) are formed and before the metal lines (not shown) are formed.

Referring toFIG. 5C, the first isolation structures107A and the second isolation structures107B, respectively gap-filling the first trenches106A and the second trenches106B, are formed. The first isolation structures107A may include dielectric material or a mixed structure of dielectric material and conductive material. The second isolation structures107B may include dielectric material and conductive material.

To be specific, dielectric material may be formed over the substrate structure including the first trenches106A and the second trenches106B. The dielectric material may be formed through deposition process or through an oxidation process. The first trenches106A having a narrower line width may all be gap-filled with the dielectric material.

Subsequently, a spacer etch process may be performed in such a manner that the dielectric material remains on sidewalls of the second trenches106B. The dielectric material remaining on the sidewalls of the second trenches106B may prevent a short between the substrate101and conductive material, formed in a subsequent process, and facilitate the burying of the conductive material.

Subsequently, conductive material fills the second trenches106B. For example, the conductive material may include tungsten (W) or polysilicon. The remaining portions of the first trenches106A that are not filled with the dielectric material, if any, may be gap-filled with the conductive material. The conductive material filling the second trenches106B may serve as through-vias that couple the metal lines with pads in the subsequent process.

Subsequently, the dielectric material and the conductive material are etched until the first inter-layer dielectric layer104is exposed. The dielectric material and the conductive material may be etched through a planarization process. The planarization process may be a blanket etch process, such as an etch-back process, or a Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process. The mask pattern105(refer toFIG. 5B) may be removed before the dielectric material is exposed, or may be removed along with the dielectric material and the conductive material in the planarization process. As a result, the first isolation structures107A are separated from each other. Likewise, the second isolation structures107B are separated from the first isolation structures107B.

As a result, the first isolation structures107A may include dielectric material or a mixed structure of dielectric material and conductive material, and the second isolation structures107B may include a concentric structure where a ring-type dielectric material surrounds sidewalls of a pillar-type conductive material.

Referring toFIG. 5D, first metal lines109A and second metal lines109B are formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104. The first metal lines109A of the first region200may be coupled with the pixel transistors103by the contact plugs108, and the second metal lines109B of the second region300may contact the second isolation structures107B. Particularly, the first metal lines109A of the first region200may serve as a reflector for reflecting and redirecting incident light that did not enter the photoelectric conversion regions102, and the first metal lines109A of the first region200may align with the photoelectric conversion regions102.

Subsequently a second inter-layer dielectric layer110is formed over the first inter-layer dielectric layer104including the first metal lines109A. The second inter-layer dielectric layer110may include the same material as the first inter-layer dielectric layer104. The second inter-layer dielectric layer110may be formed in a single layer or a multi-layer structure, and it may further include a stacked structure of a plurality of inter-layer dielectric layers and metal lines.

Referring toFIG. 5E, the thickness of the substrate101is decreased by performing a thinning process on the back side of the substrate101. This is to increase light reception efficiency by reducing the distance it takes light to arrive at the photoelectric conversion regions102. The thinning process may be performed through a backgrinding process or a polishing process. When the second isolation structures107B are formed spaced apart from the back side of the substrate101by a predetermined thickness, the thinning process is performed to expose the second isolation structures107B on the back side of the substrate101so that the second isolation structures107B penetrate through the first inter-layer dielectric layer104and the substrate101.

Subsequently, an optical filter111and a light condensing pattern112are formed on the back side of the substrate101of the first region200. The optical filter111may include filters corresponding to the photoelectric conversion regions102. The light condensing pattern112may include a plurality of micro lenses for guiding incident light entering from the back side of the substrate101to the photoelectric conversion regions102of the corresponding pixels.

Subsequently, pads113may be formed to be coupled with the second isolation structures107B on the back side of the substrate101of the second region300.

Particularly the second isolation structures107B of the second region300are simultaneously formed when the first isolation structures107A are formed in this embodiment. In short, the second isolation structures107B that penetrate through the substrate101function as alignment keys for a subsequent deposition process, which is performed on the back side of the substrate101, after the thinning process. Accordingly, an additional process of forming an alignment key may be omitted, which was required in conventional art. Therefore, a fabrication process may be simplified and process margin and production yield may be improved.

According to an embodiment, crosstalk phenomenon caused by reflectors may be prevented by forming isolation structures that extend through an inter-layer dielectric layer.

According to an embodiment, trenches with different line widths and lengths may be concurrently formed through a single masking process by taking advantage of a loading effect, which simplifies the fabrication process.

According to an embodiment device characteristics may be improved because it is possible to perform a thermal treatment for curing the isolation structures before the formation of metal lines.