Microfluidic device, system, and method for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel

There is provided a microfluidic device for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel. The microfluidic device comprises a first microfluidic channel extending between a first inlet and a first outlet, a second microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a first point of the first microfluidic channel to a second outlet via a first valve, a third microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a second point of the first microfluidic channel to a second inlet via a second valve, the second point being located between the first point and the first outlet, and at least one circuit for opening the first valve and the second valve. The first and the second valves are arranged to be initially closed, Upon opening of the first and the second valve during use, the flow direction through the first microfluidic channel between the first point and the second point is reversed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 18155088.0, filed on Feb. 5, 2018, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a microfluidic device and a microfluidic system for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel. The disclosure also relates to a method for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel using the microfluidic system, and a diagnostic device comprising the microfluidic device.

BACKGROUND

Microfluidics deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale. Technology based on microfluidics are used for example in ink-jet printer heads, DNA chips and within lab-on-a-chip technology. In microfluidic applications, fluids are typically moved, mixed, separated or otherwise processed. In many applications, passive fluid control is used. This may be realized by utilizing the capillary forces that arise within the sub-millimeter tubes. By careful engineering of a so called capillary driven fluidic system, it may be possible to perform control and manipulation of fluids.

In some applications of microfluidics, it may be desirable to reverse the flow of fluid through a microfluidic channel. An example of such an application is cell purification where cells or microparticles are to be separated from other material in a sample fluid. For that purpose the microfluidic channel may include a cell trapping structure which traps or captures cells or microparticles when fluid flow is in a first direction and releases the cells when the fluid flow direction is reversed.

There is thus a need for microfluidic devices which allows for reversing a fluid flow through a microfluidic channel.

SUMMARY

Example embodiments provides a microfluidic device for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel. The microfluidic device comprises a first microfluidic channel extending between a first inlet and a first outlet, a second microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a first point of the first microfluidic channel to a second outlet via a first valve, a third microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a second point of the first microfluidic channel to a second inlet via a second valve, the second point being located between the first point and the first outlet, and at least one circuit for opening the first valve and for opening the second valve. The first and the second valves are arranged to be initially closed, thereby causing fluid to initially flow in a first direction in the first microfluidic channel from the first inlet to the first outlet during use. However, upon opening both the first and second valves during use, the flow direction through the first microfluidic channel between the first point and the second point is reversed, and fluid flows from the second inlet via the first microfluidic channel to the second outlet.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In view of the above, it is an object to provide a microfluidic device, a system, and a method which allows for reversing a fluid flow through a microfluidic channel.

According to a first aspect, there is provided a microfluidic device for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel, comprising:

a first microfluidic channel extending between a first inlet and a first outlet,

a second microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a first point of the first microfluidic channel to a second outlet via a first valve,

a third microfluidic channel which fluidically connects a second point of the first microfluidic channel to a second inlet via a second valve, the second point being located between the first point and the first outlet,

wherein the first valve and the second valve are arranged to be initially closed to prevent fluid from the first microfluidic channel to reach the second outlet and the second inlet, respectively, such that, during use, fluid initially flows in the first microfluidic channel in a first direction from the first inlet to the first outlet, and

at least one circuit for opening the first valve and for opening the second valve,

wherein, upon the at least one circuit opening the first valve and the second valve during use, a flow direction through the first microfluidic channel between the first point and the second point is reversed from the first direction to a second direction as fluid flows from the second inlet via the first microfluidic channel to the second outlet.

The first and the second valve are thus arranged to control the flow in the first, second, and third microfluidic channels. Initially, when closed, the first and the second valve stop fluid flow in the second and the third microfluidic channel, and fluid flow is restricted to the first microfluidic channel in the direction from the first inlet to the first outlet. However, when the valves are opened as triggered by the at least one circuit, fluid flow is enabled also in the second and third microfluidic channels, and a fluid flow from the second inlet to the second outlet via the first microfluidic channel is established, thereby reversing the flow direction through the first microfluidic channel.

The first inlet may be any suitable inlet for receiving a fluid. The fluid may be a sample fluid. The first inlet may hence be a sample inlet. The sample fluid may, for instance, be a body fluid such as blood, saliva, or urine.

The second inlet may be any suitable inlet for receiving a fluid. The fluid may be a buffer fluid used in connection to analyzing a sample fluid. The second inlet may hence be a buffer inlet. The buffer fluid may, for instance, be a saline solution.

The at least one circuit may be any circuit suitable for opening the first valve and the second valve. The at least one circuit may be at least one actuating circuit. The at least one circuit may include a first circuit for opening the first valve and a second circuit for opening the second valve.

The first and the second outlet may be any suitable outlet to which a pump, such as a capillary pump or a vacuum source, may be connected.

A microfluidic channel is any suitable channel having a width and height being measured on a sub-millimeter scale, such as in tens of microns or even less. The microfluidic channels are typically capillary channels, i.e., having a width and a height being of such dimension that a fluid held therein is propelled to move forward by means of capillary forces.

The valves may be microfluidic valves, such as, for instance, capillary valves. Capillary valves typically stop the advancing liquid-vapor interface by an abrupt change in geometry that prevents further wetting by the liquid. As an example, the valves may be capillary trigger valves. Such valves are arranged to open up for passage of the fluid entering the valve through a main input upon the valve being reached by a control fluid entering the valve through a separate control input. As another example, the valves could be actuated electrically, such as being electrically-triggered capillary stop valves. The fluid is then actuated by using an electrode that advances the liquid-vapor interface through electrostatic forces past the abrupt change in geometry allowing the liquid vapor interface to proceed further downstream of the valve.

The microfluidic device may further comprise:

a first flow conduit with flow resistance R1arranged in the first microfluidic channel between the first inlet and the first point, a second flow conduit with flow resistance R2arranged in the first microfluidic channel between the second point and the first outlet, a third flow conduit with flow resistance R3arranged in the second microfluidic channel between the first point and the first valve. The first flow conduit controls the flow rate from the first inlet, the second flow conduit controls the flow rate into the first outlet, and the third flow conduit controls the flow rate into the second outlet.

The flow conduits may generally be flow resistors having flow resistances R1, R2, R3.

The flow resistances of the flow conduits may satisfy the following condition:

where pin,buffer, and pin,sampleare capillary pressures at the second inlet and the first inlet, respectively, ppump,1and ppump,2are the negative pressures of pumps which during use are connected to the first outlet and to the second outlet, respectively, and RC3is the flow resistance of the third microfluidic channel.

The above condition on the flow resistances and the pressures is a sufficient condition for establishing a reverse flow in the first microfluidic channel as will be demonstrated later.

As mentioned above, one possible application of the microfluidic device is to trap particles, such as cells or micro particles, in fluid provided to the first inlet. For that purpose, the microfluidic device may further comprise a particle trap, i.e., a particle trapping structure, arranged in the first microfluidic channel between the first point and the second point.

For example, the particle trap may be arranged to trap particles if the flow direction through the particle trap is in the first direction. The particle trap may further be arranged to release particles if the flow direction through the particle trap is in the second direction.

The at least one circuit may trigger the first valve to open in different ways. In particular, the at least one circuit may be arranged to trigger the first valve to be opened by using electrical signals or by using fluid from the second inlet. Both these ways of implementing the at least one circuit enable a design of the microfluidic device which allows the pumps to be off-chip, i.e., to be connected to the microfluidic device as separate entities.

According to embodiments, the at least one circuit includes a first microfluidic circuit which fluidically connects the first valve to the second inlet, such that, during use, the first valve is triggered to be opened as it is reached by fluid from the second inlet via the first microfluidic circuit. In this way, the first valve is hence triggered to open by using fluid from the second inlet.

According to other embodiments, the at least one circuit includes an electric circuit configured to electrically trigger the first valve to be opened. In this way, the first valve is hence triggered to open by using electrical signals, and no direct fluid passage from the second inlet to the first valve is needed.

It is to be understood that designs are also possible where the first valve is triggered by using fluid from the first inlet. For instance, the at least one circuit may comprise a microfluidic circuit which provides a direct fluid connection between the first inlet and the first valve (i.e., a fluid connection which is separate from the fluid connection provided by the first microfluidic channel and the second microfluidic channel). Such a design would also enable the pumps to be off-chip.

The at least one circuit may trigger the second valve to open by using fluid from the second inlet. For example, the at least one circuit may include a portion of the third microfluidic channel that fluidically connects the second valve to the second inlet, such that, during use, the second valve is triggered to be opened as it is reached by fluid from the second inlet via said portion of the third microfluidic channel.

With this arrangement, the second valve is thus triggered to open as it is reached by fluid from the second inlet. The timing of the opening of the second valve may be achieved in different ways. For example, the timing may be achieved by adding fluid to the second inlet at a desired point in time, such as at a point in time when it is desirable to reverse the flow in the first microfluidic channel.

However, in some situations it may be advantageous to control the timing automatically and more precisely. For that purpose, the microfluidic device may comprise means, such as a third valve, for controlling the provision of fluid from the second inlet to the second valve. More specifically, the portion of the third microfluidic channel may fluidically connect the second valve to the second inlet via a third valve which is arranged to be initially closed so as to prevent fluid from the second inlet to reach the second valve.

The third valve may be triggered to open in different ways, such as by using electrical signals or by using fluid from the second inlet. As an example of the latter, the at least one circuit may further include a second microfluidic circuit which fluidically connects the third valve to the second inlet, such that, during use, the third valve is triggered to be opened as it is reached by fluid from the second inlet via the second microfluidic circuit. By way of example, the second microfluidic circuit may be a microfluidic channel interconnecting the second inlet and the third valve. The length and dimensions of that microfluidic channel may be designed such that fluid from the second inlet reaches, and thereby triggers, the third valve after a predetermined time from entering the channel. As an example, of the former, the microfluidic device may further include an electric circuit configured to electrically trigger the third valve to be opened.

In some applications, the microfluidic device may be used to detect particles in a fluid. For that purpose, a portion of the second microfluidic channel that fluidically connects the first valve to the second pump inlet may include a detection channel for detection of particles in a fluid held by the detection channel.

The microfluidic device may have an open design, meaning that the microfluidic channels are non-covered, and thereby may exchange air with the surroundings. Alternatively, the microfluidic device may have, at least partly, a closed design, meaning that at least some (but typically all) of the microfluidic channels are covered by an air-tight cover. As such a cover prevents air from escaping the microfluidic channels, one may arrive at a situation where air get trapped in the microfluidic channels, resulting in problems with triggering the valves. In particular, such a problem could occur at the second valve if the third microfluidic channel is covered. To resolve that issue, when at least the third microfluidic channel is provided with an air-tight cover, a vent may be connected to the second valve to allow air to escape from the second valve.

According to a second aspect, there is provided a microfluidic system for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel, comprising:

a microfluidic device of the first aspect,

a first pump connected to the first outlet, and

a second pump connected to the second outlet.

According to a third aspect, there is provided a method for reversing a flow through a microfluidic channel using the microfluidic system of the second aspect, comprising:

providing a sample fluid to the first inlet, thereby establishing an initial flow of sample fluid in the first microfluidic channel in a first direction from the first inlet to the first outlet;

providing a buffer fluid to the second inlet; and

opening, using the at least one circuit, the first valve and the second valve, thereby reversing a flow direction through the first microfluidic channel between the first point and the second point from the first direction to a second direction as buffer fluid flows from the second inlet via the first microfluidic channel to the second outlet.

According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a diagnostic device comprising the microfluidic device according to the first aspect. For example, the microfluidic device may form part of chip or a cartridge included in the diagnostic device for self-diagnostic purposes.

The second, third, and fourth aspects may generally have the same features and advantages as the first aspect. It is further noted that the inventive concepts relate to all possible combinations of features unless explicitly stated otherwise.

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1illustrates a microfluidic system12. The microfluidic system12includes a microfluidic device4, a first pump P1, and a second pump P2. The first pump P1is connected to a first outlet5of the microfluidic device4, and the second pump P2is connected to a second outlet9of the microfluidic device4. The first and the second pumps P1, P2may, for instance, be capillary pumps which are porous structures that sustains flow by generating a given capillary pressure, or vacuum sources. The pressures generated by the first pump P1and the second pump P2are denoted by ppump,1and ppump,2, respectively.

The microfluidic device4and the pumps P1, P2may be separate entities. For example, the microfluidic device4may be implemented on a chip, such as a semiconductor or a plastic chip, to which the pumps are P1, P2are connected. Alternatively, the microfluidic device4and one or both of the pumps P1, P2may be implemented on the same chip. Fabrication methods for the microfluidic device4, and the structures thereof, such as the microfluidic channels, flow resistors, and valves, include, but are not limited to, etching techniques.

The microfluidic device4comprises a first microfluidic channel1which extends between a first inlet7and the first outlet5. The first microfluidic channel1may be referred to as a primary channel.

The microfluidic device4further comprises a second microfluidic channel2a,2b. The second microfluidic channel2a,2bfluidically connects the first microfluidic channel1to the second outlet9via a first valve V1. In more detail, the second microfluidic channel2a,2bcomprises a first portion2awhich connects a first point CP1of the first microfluidic channel1to an inlet of the first valve V1, and a second portion2bwhich connects an outlet of the first valve V1to the second outlet9.

The microfluidic device4further comprises a third microfluidic channel3a,3bwhich fluidically connects the first microfluidic channel1to a second inlet8via a second valve V2. More specifically, the third microfluidic channel has a first portion3awhich connects a second point CP2of the first microfluidic channel1to an inlet of the second valve V2, and a second portion3bwhich connects an outlet of the second valve V2to the second inlet8. The second point CP2is located between the first point CP1and the first outlet5.

Optionally, a particle trap6, a reaction chamber or similar, depending on the application, may arranged in the first microfluidic channel1between the first point CP1and the second point CP2. The particle trap6may be arranged to trap particles such as cells or micro particles in a sample provided at the first inlet7. The particle trap6may be arranged to trap particles as a flow direction through the particle trap is in a first direction, from the first inlet to the first outlet5, and to release particles as a flow direction through the particle trap6is in the reverse direction. Many techniques for particle trapping exist, utilizing methods such as optical, acoustic, magnetic, electrohydrodynamic, or purely hydrodynamic forces. Hydrodynamic traps, for example, utilize arrays of structures with constrictions designed to trap particles when flowing in one direction. The structures typically allow particles to bypass around the structure once one particle is trapped within the structure so that the trap does not clog. The structures may then release the particles once flow is reversed in the trap with the particles flowing unhindered by the structures in the reverse flow direction. In order to facilitate detection of particles, the portion2bof the second microfluidic channel may include a detection channel for detection of particles (as, for instance, released from the particle trap) in the fluid. Detection of the particles may be through, for example, optical or electrical means.

The microfluidic device4is a capillary-driven microfluidic network. In particular, all channels of the microfluidic device4, such as the first, second, and third microfluidic channels1,2a,2b,3a,3bare capillary channels, meaning that their traverse cross-sections are sufficiently small to allow capillary forces (a combination of surface tension and adhesive forces between the liquid fluid and the channel walls) to propel the fluid held therein.

The microfluidic device4may further comprise a first flow conduit with flow resistance R1, a second flow conduit with flow resistance R2, and a third flow conduit with flow resistance R3. The first flow conduit with flow resistance R1controls the flow rate from the sample input7, the second flow conduit with flow resistance R2controls the flow rate into the first outlet5, and the third flow conduit with flow resistance R3controls the flow rate into the second outlet9. The flow conduits may be microfluidic channels of certain cross-sectional dimension and length to generate the required resistance. In some embodiments, one or more of the flow conduits may be left out. Generally, the flow resistance of the first microfluidic channel between points CP1and CP2and the flow resistance of the third microfluidic channel3a,3bare assumed to be much smaller than the resistance R1, R2, and R3of the flow conduits.

Each of the first and the second valve V1, V2may be in a closed position and in an open position. When the first valve V1is in a closed position it prevents fluid from the first microfluidic channel1to reach the second outlet9. Similarly, when the second valve V2is in a closed position it prevents fluid from the first microfluidic channel1to reach the second inlet8. Both the first and the second valve V1, V2are arranged to be initially closed, i.e., they are in a closed position as the microfluidic device4is first taken into use. When the first valve V1is in an open position, it allows a flow in the direction towards the second outlet9. When the second valve V2, which is a one-way valve, is in an open position, it allows a flow in the direction from the second inlet8towards the first microfluidic channel1.

The first and the second valves V1and V2may be trigger valves, such as capillary trigger valves. The trigger valves may be passive, meaning that they may be passively triggered, such as by means of a fluid triggering the valve to open, or active, meaning that they are actively triggered, such as by means of an electrical control signal.

In order to control the opening of the first and the second valve V1, V2, the microfluidic device4comprises at least one circuit11arranged to open the first valve V1and the second valve V2. The at least one circuit11may be arranged to trigger the first valve V1to be opened by using electrical signals or by using fluid. The example embodiment ofFIG. 1is an example of the latter. In more detail, the at least one circuit11includes a first microfluidic circuit T1which fluidically connects the second inlet8to a trigger channel of the first valve V1. The first microfluidic circuit T1may be a microfluidic channel having a certain cross-sectional dimension and length so that the fluid takes a given amount of time to traverse the channel. In that way, the timing of the opening of the valve V1may be controlled.

In an alternative embodiment, illustrated inFIG. 2, the at least one circuit11instead includes an electric circuit C1configured to electrically trigger the first valve V1to open, such as by sending an electric control signal to the first valve V1. The electric circuit C1may be controlled by a controller13configured to generate the electric control signal. The controller13may be controlled to generate the electric control signal after a predetermined amount of time from, for instance, provision of a sample at the first inlet. In that way, the timing of the opening of the valve V1may be controlled. The at least one circuit11is arranged to trigger the second valve V2to be opened. As shown in the example embodiments ofFIGS. 1 and 2, the second valve V2may be triggered as fluid from the second inlet8reaches the second valve V2via portion3bof the third microfluidic channel3a,3b. The at least one circuit11may thus be said to include the portion3bof the third microfluidic channel3a,3b.

The timing of the opening of the second valve V2as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2is dependent on when a fluid is provided to the second inlet8. In order to be able to more precisely control the opening of the second valve V2, the at least one circuit11may control the provision of fluid from the second inlet8to the second valve V2by using a third valve V3as shown inFIGS. 3 and 4. More specifically, a third valve V3is arranged in the portion3bof the third microfluidic channel, such that the portion3bof the third microfluidic channel fluidically connects the second valve V2to the second inlet8via the third valve V3.

Similar to the first and the second valves, the third valve V3may be a trigger valve, such as capillary trigger valve. The trigger valve may be passive, meaning that it may be passively triggered, such as by means of a fluid triggering the valve to open, or active, meaning that it is actively triggered, such as by means of an electrical control signal.

The third valve V3is arranged to be initially closed so as to prevent fluid from the second inlet8to reach the second valve V2. The at least one circuit11may further be arranged to trigger the third valve V3to be opened, e.g., by using electrical signals or by using fluid from the second inlet8. As the third valve V3is opened, fluid from the second inlet8is allowed to flow to the second valve V2, thereby triggering the second valve V2to be opened.

In the example embodiment ofFIG. 3, the third valve V3is triggered by means of fluid from the second inlet8. For this purpose, the at least one circuit11includes a second microfluidic circuit T2which is separate from the portion3bof the third microfluidic channel and which fluidically connects a trigger channel of the third valve V3to the second inlet8. As fluid from the second inlet8reaches the third valve V3via the second microfluidic circuit T2, during use, the third valve V3will be opened, thereby allowing fluid from the second inlet8to flow through the third valve V3towards the second valve V2via channel3b. The second microfluidic circuit T2may be a microfluidic channel having a certain cross-sectional dimension and length so that the fluid takes a given amount of time to traverse the channel. In that way, the timing of the opening of the valve V3(and thus also V2) may be controlled.

In an alternative embodiment, illustrated inFIG. 4, the at least one circuit11instead includes a second electric circuit C2configured to electrically trigger the third valve V3to open, such as by sending an electric control signal to the first valve V3. The electric circuit C2may be controlled by a controller13configured to generate the electric control signal. The controller13may be controlled to generate the electric control signal after a predetermined amount of time from, for instance, provision of a sample at the first inlet. In that way, the timing of the opening of the valve V3may be controlled.

The controller13may be implemented in software or hardware, or a combination thereof. For example, it may include a processor, such as a microprocessor, which in association with a non-transitory computer-readable storing computer code instructions is arranged to control the electric circuit C1and/or C2to open the first and/or the second valve V1, V2to open. Alternatively, or additionally, the controller13may include circuitry, such as an integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or similar, specifically designed for the purpose of controlling the electric circuit C1and/or C2to open the first and/or the second valve V1, V2to open.

In the example embodiment ofFIG. 3both the first valve V1and the third valve V3are actuated to open by using fluid from the second inlet8, and in the example embodiment ofFIG. 4both the first valve V1and the third valve V3are actuated to open by using electrical signals. However, it is to be understood that these embodiments may be combined such that one of first and the third valve V1, V3is actuated by using electrical signals, and the other by using fluid from the second inlet. Embodiments may also be envisaged where one, or both, of the first valve V1and the third valve V3are actuated by using fluid from the first inlet (i.e., the first microfluidic circuit T1, may instead interconnect the first valve V1with the first inlet7and/or the second microfluidic circuit T2may interconnect the second valve V2with the first inlet7).

Any of the example embodiments may have an open or a closed design, meaning that the microfluidic device4and the channels thereof either have an open top surface, thereby allowing air to escape from the channels, or a covered top surface, thereby preventing air to escape from the channel. In the latter case, there is a risk of air being trapped in the channels. In particular, there is a risk that air is trapped in the third microfluidic channel3a,3bat the second valve V2. If that happens, the trapped air may prevent fluid from the second inlet8to reach the second valve V2, thereby preventing the second valve from being opened. In order to allow air to escape, the second valve V2may be provided with a vent10, such as a vent hole, which allows air to escape.

A method for reversing a flow through the first microfluidic channel1using the microfluidic system described above will now be described with reference toFIGS. 1-4, and the flow chart ofFIG. 5.

In step S02, a sample fluid, such as blood, urine or similar, is provided to the first inlet7. Upon provision of sample fluid to the first inlet7, capillary forces in the first microfluidic channel1causes the sample fluid to be drawn into the first flow conduit with flow resistance R1. Upon reaching the first point CP1, the flow splits and proceeds simultaneously through the third flow conduit with flow resistance R3located in the portion2aof the second microfluidic channel and the first microfluidic channel1toward the second point CP2. After the sample fluid fills the third flow conduit with flow resistance R3, the flow is stopped by the first valve V1which is in its closed position. The flow continues in the first microfluidic channel1until it reaches the second point CP2. Upon reaching the second point CP2, the flow splits and proceeds simultaneously into the portion3aof the third microfluidic channel and into the second flow conduit with flow resistance R2. The sample fluid fills the portion3aof the third microfluidic channel until it reaches the second valve V2which is in its closed position. Further, after filling the second flow conduit with flow resistance R2, the sample fluid flows into the first capillary pump P1, which sustains a flow for a given period of time.

Meanwhile, buffer fluid, such as a saline solution, is provided to the second inlet8. In case the microfluidic system has the design shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, the buffer fluid fills up the portion of the third microfluidic channel extending between the second inlet8until it reaches the third valve V3which is in its closed position. In case the microfluidic system has the design shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, the buffer fluid proceeds towards the second valve V2.

In step S06, the first and the second valve V1, V2are opened by using the at least one circuit11. In case the microfluidic system has the design ofFIG. 1 or 2, the second valve V2is opened as the buffer fluid reaches the second valve V2through the portion3bor the third microfluidic channel. In case the microfluidic system has the design ofFIG. 3 or 4, the third valve V3is actuated to open by means of the second microfluidic circuit T2or the second electric circuit C2after a desired time has elapsed. Once the third valve V3has been opened, the flow proceeds in the portion3bof the third microfluidic channel until it reaches the second valve V2, thereby triggering the second valve V2to open. Meanwhile, the first valve V1is opened by means of the first microfluidic circuit T1shown inFIGS. 1 and 3, or by means of the first electric circuit C1. The mutual timing of the of the opening of the first and the second valve V1, V2is not important, since a reverse flow is not established until both the first and the second valve V1, V2have been opened. Once both the first and the second valve V1, V2have been opened, the flow of buffer fluid proceeds through the portion3aof the third microfluidic channel, via the first and the second microfluidic channel1,2a,2binto the second pump P2.

FIG. 6Aillustrates the flow direction of the flow in the first microfluidic channel when the first and the second valves V1and V2are closed. The nodal pressure at the first inlet is denoted by pin,sample. The pin,samplemay be equal to 0 gauge pressure, i.e. equal to atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the first pump P1is denoted ppump,1, which is a negative pressure, i.e., below atmospheric pressure. In other words, pin,sample>ppump,1. Since the flow stops at valves V1and V2, there is no flow through the third flow conduit with resistance R3and the channel3a. The flow in the first capillary channel1proceeds from high pressure to low pressure, i.e., in the direction from the first inlet7to the first outlet5as indicated by the arrow inFIG. 6Asince pin,sample>ppump,1. In other words, flow in channel1proceeds from CP1towards CP2in a first direction.

FIG. 6Aillustrates the flow direction of the flow in the first microfluidic channel1between points CP1and CP2when the first and the second valves V1and V2are open. The nodal pressure at the end of channel3bis equal to the pressure at the second inlet8and is denoted by pin,buffer. The pin,buffermay be equal to 0 gauge pressure, i.e. equal to atmospheric pressure. Further the nodal pressure at the end of channel2bis equal to the pressure of the second pump P2and is denoted by ppump,2, which is a negative pressure, i.e., below atmospheric pressure. This induces a reverse flow condition in the first microfluidic channel1between points CP1and CP2. It also induces a flow from the first inlet7into the capillary pump P2. This flow can be mitigated by increasing the resistance R1of the first flow conduit. A flow is also induced from the second inlet8into capillary pump P1. This flow can be mitigated by increasing the resistance R2of the second flow conduit.

The following equations describe the flows in the microfluidic device4when the first and the second valves V1and V2are open. Generally, Q denotes a flow, p denotes a pressure, and R describes a flow resistance. The flow Q1through the first flow conduit with resistance R1is described given by:
Pin,sample−pCP1=R1Q1,
where pCP1is the pressure at point CP1. The flow Q1through the first microfluidic channel1between points CP1and CP2is described by:
pCP2−pCP1=RC1QC1,
where pCP2is the pressure at point CP2and RC1is the flow resistance of the first microfluidic channel between points CP1and CP2. The flow Q3through the third flow flow conduit with flow resistance R3is described by:
pCP1−ppump,2=(R3+RC2b)Q3,
where RC2bis the flow resistance in portion2bof the second microfluidic channel. The flow Q2through the second flow conduit with flow resistance R2is described by:
pCP2−ppump,1=R2Q2
The flow QC3in the third microfluidic channel3a,3bis described by:
pin,buffer−pCP2=RC3QC3
where RC3is the flow resistance in the third microfluidic channel3a,3b. Further, the following equations regarding the split of the flows at points CP1and CP2should be fulfilled:
Q1+QC1=Q3
QC1+Q2=QC3
Solving for the flow QC1gives:

QC⁢⁢1=pin,buffer⁡(R1⁢R2+R2⁢R3+R2⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b)-ppump,2⁡(R1⁢R2+R1⁢RC⁢⁢3)-pin,sample⁡(R2⁢R3+R3⁢RC⁢⁢3+R2⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b+RC⁢⁢3⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b)+Ppump,1⁡(R1⁢RC⁢⁢3+R3⁢RC⁢⁢3+RC⁢⁢3⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b)R1⁢R2⁢R3+R1⁢R2⁢RC⁢⁢1+R1⁢R2⁢RC⁢⁢3+R2⁢R3⁢RC⁢⁢1+R1⁢R3⁢RC⁢⁢3+R1⁢R2⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b+R2⁢R3⁢RC⁢⁢3+R1⁢RC⁢⁢1⁢RC⁢⁢3+R3⁢RC⁢⁢1⁢RC⁢⁢3+R2⁢RC⁢⁢1⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b+R1⁢RC⁢⁢3⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b+R2⁢RC⁢⁢3⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b+RC⁢⁢1⁢RC⁢⁢3⁢RC⁢⁢2⁢b
The reverse flow condition is satisfied if QC1>0 so that

pin,buffer⁡(R1⁢R2+R2⁡(R3+RC⁢⁢2⁢b))-ppump,2⁡(R1⁡(R2+RC⁢⁢3))-pin,sample⁡(R2+RC⁢⁢3)⁢(R3+RC⁢⁢2⁢b)+ppump,1⁡(R1⁢RC⁢⁢3+RC⁢⁢3⁡(R3+RC⁢⁢2⁢b))>0.
Assuming that:
RC2b<<R3
RC3<<R2
then the inequality can be simplified to:

pin,buffer⁡(R1+R3)⁢R2-ppump,2⁡(R1⁢R2)-pin,sample⁡(R2⁢R3)+ppump,1⁡(R1+R3)⁢RC⁢⁢3>0.
The above simplified inequality thus gives a sufficient condition, expressed in terms of flow resistances and pressures for having a reverse flow in the first microfluidic channel1between points CP1and CP2as the first and the second valves V1and V2are opened.

As further mentioned above, the purpose of resistance R3is to control the flow rate into the first pump P1. During forward flow operation, the sum of resistances R1+R2influences the flow rate through the first microfluidic channel1between points CP1and CP2, i.e., through particle trap6if available, according to pin,sample−ppump,1=(R1+R2)QC1. The purpose of R3is to control the flow rate into the second pump P2during reverse flow operation. The resistance R1acts to limit the amount of sample flow from the first inlet7from flowing into the portion2bof the second microfluidic channel, which may serve as a detection channel.

To illustrate, for a target flow rate through the particle trap6of 1 μL/min in the first direction and using pumps P1, P2with pressures of −3 kPa (assuming pin,sampleand pin,bufferbeing at 0 gauge pressure) then R1+R2=3 kPa*min/μL.

For R1much greater than the flow resistances RC1and RC3of the first and the third microfluidic channels, the flow rate through the particle trap in reverse flow condition is largely independent on the precise value of R2, assuming a fixed value of R3. In this case, to reach a target flow rate of 1 μL/min in reverse flow condition, R3should approximately be 3 kPa*min/μL (equivalent to a channel 50 μm wide by 50 μm high by 39.5 mm long, for reference). However, during reverse flow condition, it is generally desired to have a low flow rate coming from the first inlet7compared to the flow rate through the particle trap6(to minimize polluting the released particles from the trap with the sample) To minimize this flow rate, there is an optimum relation between R1and R2, namely R1=R2. R1and R2should thus approximately both be equal to 1.5 kPa*min/μL in this example. For R3=3 kPa*min/μL, the resulting flow rate from the first inlet is approximately 3 nL/min (i.e., much lower than the flow rate through the particle trap6).

If, on the other hand, R1is much smaller than R2and R3, and comparable in size to the flow resistances RC1and RC3of the first and the third microfluidic channels, the amount of sample fluid flowing through the portion2bof the second microfluidic channel, which may serve as a detection channel, increases drastically. Again, for a target reverse particle trap flow rate of 1 μL/min, R3is approximately 0.8 kPa*min/μL, while the flow rate from the first inlet7in the second microfluidic channel is about 3 μL/min. Reverse flow is still achievable under this conditions but depending on the application, the high sample flow rate relative to the particle trap flow rate may or may not be acceptable.

The embodiments herein are not limited to the above described examples. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used. Therefore, this disclosure should not be limited to the specific form set forth herein. This disclosure is limited only by the appended claims and other embodiments than the mentioned above are equally possible within the scope of the claims.