Method and apparatus for converting synchronous narrowband signals into a SONET virtual tributary group for combining with broadband asynchronous transfer mode signals in an integrated telecommunications network

In the network of the invention, telephony and other narrow band services are provided using twisted pairs via existing fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) technology while the analog video and digital broadcast video are carried over a single coaxial cable to the customer premise. All customer subscriber lines are moved out of the central office and are distributed in the outside distribution plant via FITL technology. Data and digital video from the central office are distributed to a large number of field located optical network units (ONU) as ATM signals over optical fibers. The narrowband signals are converted to a SONET virtual tributary group and are combined with the digital video signals for delivery to the home.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates, generally, to telecommunications systems and, more 
particularly, to an integrated network for providing narrowband services 
such as telephony, and broadband services such as digital video, analog 
video, and ATM data. 
It will be appreciated that telephony services presently are provided over 
a narrowband network that is designed to provide voice to the home. A 
separate analog video service network, such as a cable television network, 
provides analog video service to the home. Moreover, both telephony 
service providers providers and cable television service providers are 
introducing broadband technologies such as asynchronous transfer mode 
(ATM) services in their respective networks to provide video or other 
broadband services. It is possible that ultimately these networks may 
become redundant insofar as some of the services they provide; however, it 
is likely that some services will remain the prime domain of one or the 
other of the networks such that a consumer that desires all of these 
services would be required to subscribe to a plurality of networks. From 
the consumer's perspective, the need to deal with two or more separate 
network operators is inconvenient and confusing. Moreover, because the 
networks are developing independently, it is also likely that different 
architectures and protocols may ultimately evolve. As a result, the cost 
of maintenance, implementation and expansion of services on two or more 
separate networks will be higher than if a single integrated network is 
developed, and this cost ultimately will be passed to the consumer. 
It would be advantageous if both broadband and narrowband services could be 
provided to the home over a single network. The integration of these 
various services into a single network would provide a simpler and more 
user friendly network for customer interface. Moreover, the cost for 
implementation, maintenance and expansion for a single integrated network 
would be less than for a plurality of independent networks each providing 
some, but not all, of the desired services. These savings could be passed 
on to the consumer resulting in lower total cost for the services to the 
customer. Finally, the use of a single integrated network would provide a 
consistent quality standard and facilitate the standardization of premise 
equipment and other network interfaces. 
One problem in the development of such a network is the need for an 
effective and economical mechanism for converting a standard interface, 
e.g. TR-303, provided by standard synchronous time division multiplexing 
digital signal carrier DS 1 s/E1s from the voice switched network into a 
virtual tributary group for transmission to the field elements. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In the network of the invention, telephony and other narrowband services 
are provided using twisted pairs via existing fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) 
technology while the analog video and digital broadcast video/data are 
carried over a single coaxial cable to the customer premise. In a 
significant change from existing telecommunications networks, all customer 
subscriber lines are moved out of the central office and are distributed 
in the outside distribution plant via FITL technology. Telephone and 
digital video from the central office are distributed to a large number of 
field located optical network units (ONU) as ATM signals over optical 
fibers. Specifically, the narrowband signals are encapsulated in SONET 
virtual tributaries such that they can be combined with switched digital 
video and digital broadcast video/data for delivery to the home. Analog 
video is transmitted to the ONUs over a separate frequency spectrum on 
coaxial cable. The ONUs are connected to a network interface device (NID) 
at the customer premise by a combination of twisted pair and coaxial 
cable. ATM technology is also used to carry the signaling and digital 
video and data throughout the network. The network of the invention 
supports narrowband services including analog telephony, integrated 
services digital network (ISDN), and the like; broadband services 
including analog video channels and ATM data streams for the 
unidirectional, uninterrupted transport of ATM formatted digital signals, 
and on-demand bidirectional digital data streams; and switched digital 
data streams such as "on demand" digital data, video telephony and video 
on demand and digital broadcast video.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, the overall architecture of the 
network of the invention is illustrated. Generally, the architecture 
comprises three interelated component areas--the broadband center 2, the 
central office 4 and the outside distribution plant 6. The broadband 
center 2 includes those elements that select, control and administer 
digital broadcast services and provides an interface between the video 
information providers (VIPs) 8 and the network. The central office 4 
includes those elements for switching the telephony and digital video and 
data signals from the source of the signals (i.e. the broadband center for 
video signals and other switches in the network for the telephony and data 
signals) to the outside distribution plant 6. The outside distribution 
plant 6 includes those elements for transmitting the video, data and 
telephony signals to the customer premise equipment (CPE) 21 such as 
telephones, multimedia equipment, personal computers, terminals or the 
like. The individual elements of the network architecture will be 
described in relation to the major service categories provided by the 
network-telephony, analog broadcast video, and digital video. 
Telephony 
The narrowband telephony architecture consists of two major central office 
elements: a switching system 10, and a host terminal 12. Switching system 
10 provides narrowband telephony call processing and can consist of the 
5ESS.RTM. switch manufactured and sold by AT&T and described in U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,592,048 issued to Beckner et al. on May 27, 1986 and in AT&T 
Technical Journal, Vol. 64, No. 6, Part 2, pp. 1305-1564, or other similar 
switching systems. Switching system 10 operates as is well known in the 
art to switch telephony signals through the network. The architecture of 
such a switching system is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 and includes 
a communication module 13 forming a hub and having a plurality of switch 
modules (SM) 14, and an administration module 16 emanating therefrom. Each 
switch module 14 is controlled by microprocessor 18 and provides call 
processing, time division switching, and signaling for the lines and 
trunks to which it is connected. Line units 20 provide interface to 
synchronous time division multiplexing digital signal carriers DS1s 22 
that comprise a standard TR-303 interface 23 and connect to the host 
terminal 12 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 3). Trunk units 24 provide interface to 
the trunks 25 that connect to other switches in the public switched 
network 26. The administration module 16 provides functions that can be 
centralized such as maintenance control, craft interface, text and data 
base management, and time slot allocation. The administration module 16 
consists of a control unit such as the AT&T 3B21D duplex processor 28 and 
main store memory 30. In some switching systems, the administration module 
is assisted by a separate processor that performs some administrative 
functions. The administration module 16 also includes an input/output 
processor 32 providing communication between the switching system 10 and 
peripheral devices 34 such as terminals, printers and the like. 
Communication module 13 is the hub of the switching system and allows 
communication between the administration module 12 and the switch modules 
14. Communication module 13 consists of a message switch that provides the 
administration module-to-switch module, and switch module-to-switch module 
message communication and a time multiplexed switch providing the switch 
module-to-switch module and switch module-to-administration module time 
slot connection for voice and data communication and the clock 
distribution. 
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, switching system 10 interfaces with host 
terminal 12 over a standard Bellcore TR-303 interface 23. The TR-303 
interface 23 is physically provided by standard synchronous time division 
multiplexing digital signal carrier DS1s. In the preferred embodiment, 
between two and fifty-six DS1s, divided into one or more virtual remote 
terminals, are used where no concentration is provided in the switching 
system. It will be appreciated that the actual number of DS1s used will 
depend upon the aggregate end-to-end traffic levels during peak intervals 
and the desired blocking probability. 
Host terminal 12 is a central office element serving as the integration 
point for all of the narrowband telephony and broadband digital signals 
destined for the CPEs 21. The main function of host terminal 12 is to 
adapt the digital signals from switching system 10 and the broadband 
center 2 to the format required by the broadband ONUs 36. Host terminal 12 
also performs concentration of the telephony channels delivered to the 
ONUs. 
Host terminal 12 is shown in detail in FIG. 3 and consists of a high 
bandwidth access resource manager (HBARM) 38. The HBARM 38 terminates the 
links of the TR-303 interface 23 from the switching system 10. 
Specifically, HBARM 38 consists of line interface units 40 that connect 
the individual DS1 links of the TR-303 interface 23 to a time slot 
interchanger 42 that, in turn, transmits and receives telephony signals to 
and from the digital distribution unit 44 over bus 45. The time slot 
interchanger 42 crossconnects feeder time slots from the links of the 
TR-303 interface 23 to distribution time slots on bus 45 in four equal 
groups of time slots where one of the four groups of time slots is 
connected to one of four distribution units 44. While only one digital 
distribution unit 44 is illustrated, it will be appreciated that up to 
four digital distribution units may be used, one communicating with each 
of the four groups of time slots from the time slot interchanger 42. The 
line interface unit 40 and time slot interchanger 42 communicate with 
bandwidth manager 46, system memory 48 and LAN interface 50 over bus 52. 
Bandwidth manager 46 controls the time slot interchanger 42 based on input 
from system memory 48. LAN interface 50 is connected to the element 
manager 52 (FIG. 1) over LAN 54 to remotely control the HBARM 38. 
The digital distribution unit 44 of the invention receives the telephony 
signals from the time slot interchanger 42 of the HBARM 38 over bus 45 and 
converts these synchronous signals to a SONET signal for delivery to the 
fiber loop access unit 60. The digital distribution unit 44 reverses this 
process for signals traveling from the fiber loop access unit 60 to the 
HBARM 38. Digital distribution unit 44 consists of a carrier group 
controller 58 that collects system bandwidth and converts it onto a 
synchronous parallel time slot bus 62 that is connected to VTG-rate 
transmit/receive units (VTRUS) 64. Up to 21 VIRUS per digital distribution 
unit may be used. Time slot bus 62 consists of 768 16-bit time slots. The 
carrier group controller 58 also maintains a time slot bus to ONU time 
slot map in each VTRU 64 and assigns the time slots on a first come, first 
serve basis. The VTRU 64 processes the signals and delivers the signals to 
SONET interface 66 as will hereinafter be described. 
Referring to FIG. 4, VTRU 64 is shown consisting of an elastic store 68 for 
transmitting and receiving signals to and from time slot bus 70. A second 
elastic store 72 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from a 
second time slot bus 74 can be provided for reliability. It is to be 
understood that time slot bus 70 and time slot bus 74 comprise the 
synchronous parallel time slot bus 62 described generally with reference 
to FIG. 3. A time slot assignment (TSA) memory 76, comprising a dual port 
RAM, maps any of the 768 16-bit time slots from the time slot buses 70 and 
74 to any channel in one of the four DS1 data streams 80. Specifically, 
selector 78 is controlled such that one byte of data from the 768 16-bit 
time slots on the time slot buses 70 and 74 are taken to populate the 96 
8-bit time slots of the four downstream DS1 data streams 80 according to 
the maps in memory 76 as set up by carrier group controller 58 (FIG. 3). A 
control link embedded in the time slot bus allows the carrier group 
controller 58 access to the VTRU to manage the memory 76 and controller 
82. Any idle time slots not having an assignment are populated with idle 
code. 
Signaling buffers 84 buffer the messages destined for the ONUs 36 and make 
any necessary translations into the corresponding proprietary message for 
the ONU data links. The data is also formatted into the ANSI T1 DS1 
format. The DS1 system interface logic 86 controls the serial steams for 
the system interface to the four DS1 framers 88. Each serial stream 
includes 24 time slots from the DS1 buffers 84 and eight time slots 
containing idle code. Each of the four serial streams from DS1 system 
interface 86 are delivered to the DS1 framers 88 such as the 1000BS DS1 
transceiver chip manufactured and sold by AT&T. The DS1 framers 58 extract 
and insert a facility data link into each DS1 used for ONU control. The 
framers also extract and buffer robbed-bit signaling from each DS1 and 
insert subscriber data transmitted in a time slot on the time slot bus 
into each DS1 in extended super frame formal (ESF) as defined in Bellcore 
TR-NWT-000499 "Transport System Service Requirements (TSGR): Common 
Requirements." 
The formatted DS1 signals are then transmitted to a virtual tributary group 
(VTG) framer 90 that can consist of an AT&T Vital.RTM. chip or other 
similar device. The VTG framer 90 includes synchronizers 92 for framing 
the ESF DS1 signal relative to the system clock and a 
multiplexer/demultiplexer 94 for formatting the four DS1 signals into a 
SONET VTG signal. The resulting SONET VTG signal 96 is a component of a 
SONET OC-3 that can be combined with the broadband digital signals in 
fiber loop access unit 60. It will be appreciated that this process is 
reversed for data flowing from the ONUs to switching system 11. 
Referring again to FIG. 3, the fiber loop access unit 60 combines the OC-3 
signals received from the digital distribution unit 44 via SONET interface 
66 over optical link 98 with the digital video programming from video 
trunks 100, and HICAP DS1 signals received over the HICAP trunks 102, and 
formats them for transmission to the ONUs 36. It will be appreciated that 
HICAP DS1 signals consist of 84 DS1s. In the illustrated embodiment, the 
fiber loop access unit 60 can consist of FLX Shelf manufactured and sold 
by BroadBand Technologies, Inc., of Research Triangle Park, N.C. The fiber 
loop access unit 60 includes an ATM network interface 104 for interfacing 
with the optical trunks 100 carrying the SDV and digital broadcast signals 
and ATM data from broadband center 2. A telephony signal processor 106 
receives the telephone signals from the digital distribution unit 44. The 
signals from the telephony signal processor 106 and ATM network interface 
104 are formatted and combined and are delivered to optical line units 108 
for subsequent delivery to the ONUs 36 over optical links 110. The fiber 
loop access unit 60 further includes a digital broadcast processor 112 for 
management of digital broadcast channel changes and data bases and a 
control processor 114 for overall management of fiber access loop unit 60. 
The digital broadcast processor 112 and the control processor 114 
communicate with the ATM network interface 104, optical line unit 108 and 
telephony signal processor 106 over bus 116. Control processor 64 also 
communicates with LAN 54 such that the fiber loop access unit 60 can be 
remotely controlled by element manager 52. 
Analog Broadcast Video 
The analog broadcast video architecture is designed to carry 77 channels 
with a bandwidth of 54-550 MHz. The architecture uses two stages of analog 
fiber distribution with the final link to the customer over coaxial cable. 
Referring to FIG. 1, the analog video headend 120 is typically located 
within a metropolitan serving area. The headend 120, as will be 
appreciated, receives analog video signals from video information 
providers 8 and routes and distributes this programming to the network. 
These signals are modulated on a per channel basis, via AM-VSB channels in 
the 54 to 550 MHz frequency range and combined for transmission on analog 
fiber/coaxial distribution network. 
The linear lightwave system, shown generally at 122 in FIG. 1, optically 
transports an ensemble of electrical RF channels from the analog headend 
120 to the video/power node 124 in the outside distribution plant 6. The 
linear lightwave system 122 consists of up to three fiber supertrunks 
where the RF band is split across the three fibers. The supertrunk 
transmitters 126 consist of up to three linear lightwave transmitters 
driving the three fibers. The supertrunk receiver 128 in each central 
office consists of up to three linear lightwave receivers and a combining 
filter. The filter takes the receiver outputs (each containing part of the 
RF bandwidth) and filters and combines them into a single electrical 
signal containing the entire bandwidth. The combined signal can then be 
split to send the signal containing the entire bandwidth to a plurality of 
video/power nodes 124 by lightwave transmitter 126. According to 
engineering rules based on the optical loss of the links, present 
technology allows the signal to be sent to up to four video/power nodes 
124. 
Each video/power node 124 includes two subsystems-- a power subsystem and a 
video subsystem. The power subsystem provides power to the ONUs 36 and RF 
active components. The video subsystem includes a linear lightwave 
receiver that provides optical to electrical conversion of the signal 
received from the linear lightwave transmitter 126. The electrical signal 
feeds to a 1:2 splitter, the outputs of which drive a pair of dual-output 
launch amplifiers. These amplifiers, in turn, supply up to the 77 AM-VSB 
channel to four distribution coaxial cables 128. Each coaxial cable is 
connected to several ONUs 36 to deliver the analog video to the CPE 21. 
Also, power and analog video are delivered to ONUs 36 over coaxial cable 
128. 
Digital Video And Data 
Digital video transmission consists of two different types-- switched 
digital video and broadcast digital video. Switched digital video (SDV) 
comprises interactive digital video services such as digital video on 
demand. A SDV video information provider via video server 130 will provide 
digital video signals, encapsulated in ATM cells, to the network of the 
invention for transmission to CPEs. Broadcast digital video (BDV) includes 
digital video signals compressed with an algorithm such as MPEG-2, ATM 
formatted programming where an ensemble of channels are packaged and 
broadcast to all host terminals within a serving area. At the host 
terminals 12 the digital broadcast signals are routed on an individual 
basis to each subscriber based on a combination of network-control 
instruction and end-user requests. In addition to video, digital data can 
be transmitted from a data source over the network elements to provide a 
variety of data services to the end user. 
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, the broadband center 2 includes a 
broadband switching system (BSS) 132 that supports both permanent virtual 
circuit and switched virtual circuit services. One such switch is the 
GlobeView.TM.--2000 switch manufactured and sold by AT&T. The BSS 132 has 
a capacity of up to 160 Gb/s and supports virtual path and virtual channel 
connections as defined in the ITV-T and ATM Forum broadband standards. The 
BSS 132 supports a variety of standard user/network interfaces (UNI) and 
network/network interfaces (NNI) including OC3c, STM-1 and include line 
cards that are modular hardware components that terminate facilities and 
provide ATM call processing functions. While a specific ATM switch 
architecture has been described, it will be appreciated that any ATM 
switch may be used provided it has the capability to terminate the UNI and 
NNI interfaces; switch ATM cells; terminate Q.2931 and BISUP signaling 
channels; set up SVC calls; and provide network management capabilities. 
A video manager 140 acts as a subscriber interface to provide subscribers 
with equal access to video information providers through a signaling path 
to establish and manage connections. The video manager 140 stores 
subscriber and video information provider related information and serves 
as a central repository for this information. It can provide this 
information to other network elements and information providers, creating 
a revenue opportunity for the service provider. The video manager also 
provides billing related measurements such as session counts, usage 
information or the like. The video administration module (VAM) 150 
performs provisioning, administration and support of digital broadcast 
services among the video information providers, network providers and 
subscribers. 
The OC3 signals from BSS 132 are delivered to a first 
multiplexer/demultiplexer 160 and to a second multiplexer/demultiplexer 
161 where the OC3 input signals are combined into a standard OC-12 SONET 
data stream. Both multiplexers 160 and 161 can consist of a DDM-2000 
manufactured and sold by AT&T or other suitable device. Within the 
network, the multiplexers 160 and 161 combine and optically transport many 
SONET STS-3c pipes between the broadband center 2 and central office 4. 
The STS-3c pipes carry: 1) bidirectional signaling for both switched 
digital video and digital broadcast video between the BSS ATM switch and 
the host terminal 12; 2) downstream switched digital video or data from 
the BSS ATM switch and the host terminal 12; and 3) downstream digital 
broadcast video from the program encoder packet multiplexers to the host 
terminal 12 unit. The output of multiplexer 161 is delivered to host 
terminal 12 over optical trunk 100 as previously described with respect to 
FIG. 3. 
A real-time program encoder 170 is used in the broadband center 2 to 
produce encoded digital broadcast video channels for distribution to host 
terminal 12 in central office 4. The program encoder 170 digitizes 
baseband NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) video and 
stereo-audio inputs, compresses them into formatted bit streams and 
performs the ATM adaptation layer functions. The resulting signal is 
multiplexed with other ATM channels which are then encapsulated as SONET 
OC-3C signals. 
Outside Distribution Plant 
Referring to FIG. 1, The ONUs 36 provide the interface between the outside 
distribution plant 6 and the host terminal 12. Each ONU 36 consists of two 
electrical subsystems--a narrowband subsystem and a broadband subsystem. 
The narrowband subsystem provides low speed (i.e. DS0 based) telephony 
services, and specials such ISDN, coin, party line and the like, over 
twisted pair drops to the CPE. The broadband subsystem provides the 
switched digital video services and data on twisted pairs to the tap 
combiners where the switched digital video signals are combined with 
analog video onto a single coaxial drop to the CPE. The ONU also contains 
a physical interface to terminate a coaxial cable which supplies the AMVSB 
channels and provides 60 VAC, 60 Hz or 90 VAC, 1 Hz to power the ONU. 
Referring more particularly to FIG. 5, the ONU broadband subsystem 178 
consists of an optical common control card 180 and a set of video 
transceivers 182 that interface to the twisted pairs 184. Such a broadband 
system can consist of FLX Node from BroadBand Technologies, Inc., of 
Research Triangle Park, N.C. The broadband system provides the optical 
interface to the host terminal 12 for both narrowband and broadband 
service. Moreover, the broadband system routes the telephony information 
to and from the narrowband subsystem and delivers the SDV to the 
appropriate twisted pair drivers. The optical common control card 180 
interfaces with host terminal 12 over two single-node fibers that 
terminate on standard optical connectors in the ONU. One fiber carries 
data from host terminal 12 to the ONU and the other fiber carries data 
from the ONU to the host terminal 12. The optical common control card 180 
demultiplexes the signals from the host terminal 12 and transports the 
telephony payload to the narrowband subsystem 171 over RS-422 formatted 
DS1s 174. Specifically, the telephony signals are delivered to a 
multiplexed bus interface unit (MXBIU) 170. 
MXBIU 170 is the interface to the optical transport network linking ONUs 36 
to host terminal 12 via OCC 80 for narrowband transmission. The MXBIU 170 
also is the interface for operations, administration, maintenance and 
provisioning functions and controls all controllable functions within the 
narrowband subsystem via control unit 173 that includes a processor and 
memory (not shown). The MXBIU 170 interfaces with the optical transport 
network through one to four DS1 links 174 via serial telephony interfaces 
using the extended superframe format (ESF). The 24-time slot DS is from 
host terminal 12 are converted to 32 16-bit time slots. The MXBIU 170 
multiplexes the 32 16-bit time slots onto 24 8-bit time slots of the DS1 
link, translating the signaling bits into the corresponding bit sequences 
of the ESF format. The signals from the MXBIU are delivered to channel 
units 172. Each channel unit 172 delivers the narrowband telephony 
signaling to the CPE. 
The narrowband subsystem also includes a ringing generator unit (RGU) 175 
for generating the standard 20 Hz ringing signal required for call alert 
for analog telephones. A channel and drop test unit (CDTU) 176 can 
optimally be provided to perform a standard set of channel and drop tests 
on the two-wire subscriber drops in response to control messages received 
from the MXBIU. 
The analog video signal from the video/power node 124 and the digital video 
and telephony signals from the ONU 36 are delivered to a plurality of 
pedestals 190, shown in FIG. 1. Each pedestal 190 may include a line 
extender amplifier if needed to provide RF signal amplification and slope 
equalization to compensate for the loss and frequency roll-off of the 
cable and taps in the video distribution network between the video/power 
node and the network interface device (NID) 202. The pedestals 190 also 
includes a tap/combiner 192 where the analog and digital video signals are 
combined onto a single drop to the customer premise equipment as shown in 
FIG. 6. The digital video signal 184 from the ONU is delivered to combiner 
192. The analog video signal from the video/power node is delivered to the 
tap 194 over coaxial cable. The tap 194 takes a given amount of energy 
from the incoming RF signal and passes the tapped signal to a splitter 
where it is divided among a plurality of drop ports 195. Each of the 
signals from each of the drop ports is delivered to a combiner 192. 
The combiner 192 combines the bandwidth extracted from the RF analog signal 
with the digital video signal arriving over the twisted pair from the ONU 
12, and delivers the combined signal to the coaxial drop cable. 
Specifically, the combiner 192 consists of a high pass filter 196 for 
filtering the RF signal from the tap and delivering the filtered signal to 
NID 202 over a coaxial drop cable. The combiner further includes a balun 
198 for adapting the balanced twisted-pair drop from the ONU to a 
single-ended signal. The single-ended signal is filtered in a low pass 
filter 200 before delivering the digital video signal to the coaxial drop. 
The use of the high pass and low pass filters maintains isolation between 
the two media. The combined signal from combiner is delivered to NID 202 
over the coaxial drop cable. 
The telephony twisted pair drop from the ONU is also routed to the NID 202 
via the combiner 192. The telephony signal is not combined on the coaxial 
drop cable. The telephony twisted pair drop and the coaxial drop cable 
terminate at NID 202. NID is located at the customer premise and includes 
a station protector for protecting the drops against lightning and 
electrical surges. The NID also serves as the FCC-required demarcation 
point between the network and the customer premise equipment. 
It is to be understood that the above description is only of one preferred 
embodiment of the invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by 
one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. 
The invention is thus limited only as defined in the accompanying claims.