System for and method for closed loop electrophoretic deposition of phosphor materials on semiconductor devices

One close loop system and method for electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of phosphor material on light emitting diodes (LEDs). The system comprises a deposition chamber sealed from ambient air. A mixture of phosphor material and solution is provided to the chamber with the mixture also being sealed from ambient air. A carrier holds a batch of LEDs in the chamber with the mixture contacting the areas of the LEDs for phosphor deposition. A voltage supply applies a voltage to the LEDs and the mixture to cause the phosphor material to deposit on the LEDs at the mixture contacting areas.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to electrophoretic deposition of semiconductor devices and more particularly to electrophoretic deposition of light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a phosphor using a close loop system.

2. Description of the Related Art

LEDs are solid-state devices that convert electric energy to light and they generally comprise an active layer of semiconductor material sandwiched between two oppositely doped layers. When a bias is applied across the doped layers, holes and electrons are injected into the active layer where they recombine to generate light that is emitted omnidirectionally from the active layer and from all surfaces of the LED. Recent advances in LEDs (such as Group III nitride based LEDs) have resulted in highly efficient light sources that surpass the efficiency of filament-based light sources, providing light with equal or greater brightness in relation to input power.

One disadvantage of conventional LEDs used for lighting applications is that they cannot generate white light from their active layers. One way to produce white light from conventional LEDs is to combine different wavelengths of light from different LEDs. For example, white light can be produced by combining the light from red, green and blue emitting LEDs, or combining the light from blue and yellow LEDs.

Light from a single blue emitting LED has been converted to white light by coating the LED with a yellow phosphor, polymer or dye, with a typical phosphor being cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG). [See Nichia Corp. white LED, Part No. NSPW300BS, NSPW312BS, etc.; See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,316 to Lowery, “Multiple Encapsulation of Phosphor-LED Devices”]. The surrounding phosphor material “downconverts” the wavelength of some of the LED's blue light, changing its color to yellow. For example, if a nitride-based blue emitting LED is surrounded by a yellow phosphor, some of the blue light passes through the phosphor without being changed while a substantial portion of the light is downconverted to yellow. The LED emits both blue and yellow light, which combine to provide a white light.

One conventional method for coating an LED with a phosphor layer utilizes a syringe or nozzle for injecting a phosphor containing epoxy or resin over the LED. One disadvantage of this method is that it is often difficult to control the phosphor layer's geometry and thickness. As a result, light emitting from the LED at different angles can pass through different amounts of conversion material, which can result in an LED with non-uniform color temperature as a function of viewing angle. Using the syringe method the geometry and thickness of the epoxy containing the conversion material is hard to control, and as a result, it is difficult to consistently reproduce LEDs with the same or similar emission characteristics.

Another method for coating an LED is by stencil printing, which is described in European Patent Application EP 1198016 A2 to Lowery. Multiple light emitting semiconductor devices are arranged on a substrate with a desired distance between adjacent LEDs. The stencil is provided having openings that align with the LEDs, with the holes being slightly larger than the LEDs and the stencil being thicker than the LEDs. A stencil is positioned on the substrate with each of the LEDs located within a respective opening in the stencil. A composition is then deposited in the stencil openings, covering the LEDs, with a typical composition being a phosphor in a silicone polymer that can be cured by heat or light. After the holes are filled, the stencil is removed from the substrate and the stenciling composition is cured to a solid state.

Like the syringe method above, it can be difficult to control the geometry and layer thickness of the phosphor containing polymer using the stenciling method. The stenciling composition may not fully fill the stencil opening such that the resulting layer is not uniform. The phosphor containing composition can also stick to the stencil opening which reduces the amount of composition remaining on the LED. These problems can result in LEDs having non-uniform color temperature and LEDs that are difficult to consistently reproduce with the same or similar emission characteristics.

Another conventional method for coating LEDs with a phosphor utilizes electrophoretic deposition. The conversion material particles are suspended in an electrolyte based solution. A plurality of LEDs are arranged on a conductive substrate that is then almost completely immersed in the electrolyte solution. One electrode from a power source is coupled to the conductive substrate at a location that is not immersed in the solution, and the other electrode is arranged in the electrolyte solution. The bias from the power source is applied across the electrodes, which causes current to pass through the solution to the substrate and its LEDs. This creates an electric field that causes the conversion material to be drawn to the LEDs, covering the LEDs with the conversion material.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Basically, and in general terms, the present invention directed to improved systems and methods for electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of materials on semiconductor devices. One embodiment of a system according to the present invention for depositing a material on a semiconductor device, comprises a chamber holding a semiconductor device with the chamber sealed from ambient air. A liquid mixture of deposition material is in said chamber with the mixture also being sealed from ambient air. A voltage supply applies a voltage to the semiconductor device and the mixture to cause the material to deposit on the semiconductor device.

One method according to the present invention for depositing a material on a semiconductor device comprises providing a chamber for holding a semiconductor device, the chamber sealed from ambient air. A mixture of material and solution is provided with the mixture placed in the chamber while being sealed from ambient air. A voltage is applied to the semiconductor device and the mixture to cause the material to deposit on the semiconductor device.

One embodiment of a light emitting diode according to the present invention comprises active semiconductor layers emitting light in response to an electric bias. A layer of conversion material covers at least a portion of the active semiconductor layers with the conversion material converting at least some of the light emitted by the semiconductor layers. The conversion material is deposited on said active layers using close loop electrophoretic deposition (EPD).

One embodiment of a system for depositing a material on a plurality of semiconductor devices also comprises a deposition chamber sealed from ambient air. A mixture of deposition material and solution is in the chamber with mixture also sealed from ambient air. A carrier holds a batch of semiconductor devices with the mixture contacting the areas of the semiconductor devices for material deposition. The semiconductor devices can also come in wafer form as well as individual devices on a carrier. A voltage supply applies a voltage to the semiconductor devices and the mixture to cause the material to deposit on the semiconductor devices at the mixture contacting areas.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to close loop systems and methods for electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of material on semiconductor devices. For purposes of this invention, close loop means that the solution containing the deposition material is not exposed to the ambient prior to or during the EPD process. In some embodiments, the solution is also not exposed to the surrounding ambient after the deposition process so that the solution can be used in subsequent EPD processes.

Close loop systems according to the present invention can deposit materials in solutions that are not contaminated by impurities and contaminants. Particularly, the solutions are free of water or moisture in the form of humidity that in the ambient air can be absorbed by the deposition solution. By being free of impurities and water, a uniform layer of the materials can be deposited on the semiconductor devices with the thickness of the layer being repeatable in subsequent EPD processes.

One embodiment of an EPD system according to the present invention is used to deposit a layer of conversion material on one or more light emitting diode (LED), with the preferred conversion material being phosphors. The EPD system utilizes one or more phosphor mixed in a solution in a close loop arrangement to protect the phosphor/solution combination from the surrounding ambient. This allows the system to deposit a quality, uniform layer of phosphor material on the LED, with the deposition of the layer being repeatable in subsequent deposition processes.

It may also be desirable to incorporate light scattering particles into an LED. Light scattering particles, which act to diffuse light for the purpose of improving the color mixing of LED emitted light and phosphor emitted light, can be added to the LED. The light scattering particles may be mixed into the phosphor deposition, or may be applied separately, prior to or subsequent to the phosphor deposition. Examples of the materials having light scattering particles are SiO2, TiO2, or alumina.

The electrophoretic deposition according to the present invention occurs only onto conductive surfaces of the LED and its mounting elements, which are exposed to the EPD solution. The deposition area can be defined by providing mechanical masks with hole structures as discussed further below.

In another embodiment the electrically conductive area for the EPD deposition is defined by applying a dielectric mask directly onto the LED structure itself (LED device and/or mounting element). Such a mask can be a dielectric coating (i.e. silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon nitride (Si3N4) or photo-resist, other silicone or dielectric organic or inorganic coatings. The opening in the respective dielectric mask coating, which exposes all or part of the LED device would define the deposition area during the EPD process.

In another aspect of the invention, the invention relates to a batch EPD processing of semiconductor devices that allows the devices to be encapsulated after EPD processing without further handling that could damage the device or the material deposited on the device. This batch processing is particularly applicable to processing LEDs such that the LED can be covered by a uniform layer of phosphor and then encapsulated without further handling. This batch processing is particularly useful in processing vertical geometry LEDs wherein the pads and wire bonds used to apply an electrical signal to the LEDs can be applied to the LEDs prior to EPD processing. The LEDs can then go directly to encapsulating without further handling.

It will be understood that when an element or component is referred to as being “on” another “connected to” another element or component, it can be directly on or connected to the other element or intervening elements or components may also be present. It will be understood that if part of an element, such as a surface, is referred to as “inner”, it is farther from the outside of the device than other parts of the element. Furthermore, relative terms such as “beneath”, “below”, “top” or “bottom” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer or region to another element, layer or region. It will be understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. Finally, the term “directly” means that there are no intervening elements.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements and components, these elements and components should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element or component from another.

FIG. 1shows one embodiment of a close loop EPD system10according to the present invention comprising an EPD chamber or bath fixture (“chamber”)12arranged to deposit a material on semiconductor devices. It is understood that the other systems according to the present invention can take many different forms and can have many different components arranged in many different ways. As shown, the system10and chamber12are particularly arranged for depositing one or more phosphor on semiconductor devices, and in particular LEDs. The chamber12has a vertical orientation to assist in the flow of a phosphor solution through the chamber12and to minimize settling of the phosphor particles. In other embodiments, however, the chamber12can have other orientations such as angled or horizontal.

The chamber12has a carrier opening14and the system10further comprises a device carrier16for holding semiconductor devices18. The carrier16can be arranged in many different ways to hold different semiconductor devices18, with the carrier16as shown arranged to hold a plurality of LEDs to allow batch deposition of material on the LEDs during the EPD process. In the system10, the LEDs18are vertical geometry devices with a lower contact at its lower surface and a wire bond18ato its upper surface. It is understood, however, that the system10can be used with other semiconductor devices, and in particular with lateral geometry LEDs. The carrier16has a size and shape that allows it to be mounted to the chamber12, at the chamber opening14, with a seal between the carrier18and the chamber12. This allows for the carrier16to hold the semiconductor devices18vertically in a chamber12, with the chamber sealed from the ambient air.

The chamber12further comprises a chamber inlet20and a chamber outlet22, along with an inlet valve24to control gasses or liquids that are introduced into the chamber12. An outlet valve26controls the destination of gasses or liquids leaving the chamber. The input and output valves24and26have a sealed connection to the chamber inlet20and outlet22, respectively, to prevent introduction of ambient air into the inlet20or outlet22or the liquid/gas entering or leaving the chamber through the valves. This keeps the chamber sealed from and the liquid/gas free from moisture or other contaminants from the surrounding ambient. The input valve24is a single valve that controls the flow of liquid or gas from three sources34a-cto the chamber inlet20, and valve26controls the flow from a chamber outlet to three outlet lines52a-c. It is understood, however, that the same control can be provided by more than one valve. For example, the three lines34a-cproviding liquid or gas to the inlet20can each have a respective valve to control from its line to the inlet20. A similar arrangement can be provided at the outlet lines52a-cfrom the outlet22.

The system10also comprises a computer controlled voltage source28that is coupled across an anode30that is vertically arranged in the chamber12, and a cathode32in the carrier16. The voltage source applies a voltage across the anode30and cathode32during the EPD deposition process to cause the phosphor in the chamber's phosphor/solution to deposit on the semiconductor devices. The voltage source28can apply different voltage levels across the anode30and cathode32to start and stop the deposition process and control the rate of deposition.

As mentioned, the inlet valve24accepts three input lines34a-c, each coming from a different source and the valve24controls which, if any, of the gas/liquid carried in three input lines34a-cis introduced into the chamber12. The first input line34acarries gas from the gas source36that can be many different gasses, with suitable gas being Dry N2. The gas source36and its connection to input line34aare sealed so that the gas is not exposed to the surrounding ambient.

The second input line34bcarries liquid from a first bath38that preferably holds the material solution mixture40. Many different solution mixtures can be used with a preferred mixture being a conversion material and solution mixture for depositing a light conversion material on LEDs. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the mixture comprises a phosphor as the conversion material that is mixed in an alcohol solution, although it is understood that other solutions can be used. The alcohol solution can also have electrolytes added to assist in current conduction during the deposition process. In other embodiments, the mixture can comprise more than one phosphor in a solution, with the mixture used to deposit multiple phosphors on the LEDs.

The following is a list of some of the phosphors that can be used alone or in combination as the conversion material, grouped by the re-emitted color that each emits following excitation. It is understood that other phosphors not included in this list can also be used.

Orange

White

From the list above, the following phosphors are preferred for use as the conversion material based on certain desirable characteristic. Each is excited in the blue and/or UV wavelength spectrum, provides a desirable peak emission, has efficient light conversion, and has acceptable Stokes shift.
Red
Lu2O3: Eu3+
(Sr2-xLax)(Ce1-xEux)O4
Sr2Ce1-xEuxO4
Sr2-xEuxCeO4
SrTiO3:Pr3+,Ga3+
Yellow/Green
Y3Al5O12: Ce3+
(Sr,Ca,Ba)(Al,Ga)2S4:Eu2+
Ba2(Mg,Zn)Si2O7:Eu2+
Gd0.46Sr0.31Al1.23OxF1.38:Eu2+0.06
(Ba1-x-ySrxCay)SiO4:Eu
Ba2SiO4:Eu2+

The first bath38containing the phosphor/solution mixture, and its connection to input line34b, are also sealed such that the mixture40is not exposed to the ambient air in the bath30or input line34b. The mixture40is moved through the second input line34bby a first closed pump42that is also sealed to the ambient air. Depending on the type of material (phosphor) and solution, the material can settle in the first bath38. To help keep the concentration of material uniform in the solution, the first bath38can also comprise a conventional stirrer44that helps keep the phosphor material from settling in the solution.

The third input line34ccarries liquid from a second bath46that holds the rinsing liquid48that can be many different liquids, but is preferably isopropanol. The second bath46and its connection to the third input line are also sealed from the ambient air, and the liquid48is moved through the third inlet line34cby a second closed pump50that is also sealed from the ambient air.

The outlet valve26has three outlet lines52a-cand the valve26is controlled to open the chamber12to one (or none) of the outlet lines52a-cto carry gas/liquid from the chamber12. The first outlet line52ais open to the ambient air and serves as a vent when exhausting the contents of the chamber12. The second outlet line52bcarries liquid to the first bath38, usually during or after the EPD deposition process. The outlet line52bhas a sealed connection between the valve26and the bath38so that the mixture40carried on line52bis not exposed to the ambient air, the third outlet line52ccarries liquid to the second bath46and usually carries the rinsing liquid48. The outlet line52chas a sealed connection between the valve26and bath46so that the liquid carried in the outlet line is not exposed to the ambient air. A filtering and electrolyte removal system54can be included to filter out phosphors and electrolytes in the rinsing liquid after it passes through the chamber12. This is particularly useful when re-circulating the rinsing liquid during rinsing of the chamber12. In the embodiment shown, the filtering system54is on the outlet line52cso that liquid from the chamber passing through outlet line52cpasses through the filter. The filter system, however, can be in other locations in the system10. In another embodiment, the filtering system54can be arranged to filter the liquid in the second bath46, such as by coupling the filtering system54to the bath46. Still in other embodiments, filters can be used that filter out only the phosphor material.

FIGS. 2-7show the system ofFIG. 1in operation. Referring toFIG. 2, the carrier16is mounted to the chamber12at the chamber opening14. A seal is created between the carrier16and the chamber12such that the chamber12is sealed. Many different sealing devices or compounds can be used according to the present invention, such as gaskets or sealant compounds such as silicone or epoxies, with a suitable sealing device being an O-ring56around the chamber opening. The carrier can be mounted in place using many different mounting devices such as screws, clamps, brackets, etc., with suitable mounting devices being conventional toggle clamps. When the carrier16is mounted in place over opening15, a close loop system is created, i.e. the gas source36, baths38,46, inlets lines34a-c, outlet lines52b-c, inlet20, outlet22and chamber12are connected together such that they are sealed from the ambient air. The only line that is open to the ambient air is outlet line52aused for venting as described below.

Air is typically trapped in the chamber12when the carrier16is mounted to the chamber12, which can introduce unwanted moisture. Moisture can also be on the interior of the chamber12or the surfaces of the carrier12and semiconductor devices18in the chamber. To prevent this trapped moisture air from being introduced into the phosphor solution during the deposition process, this moisture should be purged from the chamber12.FIG. 3illustrates one embodiment of this purging step, wherein the gas supply36is opened to supply a dry N2gas to the inlet line34a. Inlet valve24opens the first input line34ato the chamber inlet20, and to the chamber12which introduces the gas into the chamber12. The outlet valve26opens the chamber outlet22to the first outlet line52a. This allows the dry N2gas from the gas source36to enter the chamber12and pass through to eliminate residual moisture in the chamber12. The N2gas then passes out of the chamber12and is vented from the system10through the first outlet52a. The inlet and outlet valves24,26are typically closed after the purging step is completed.

Referring now toFIG. 4, after the purging step is complete, the phosphor solution can be introduced into the chamber12. While the stirrer44is operating, the inlet valve24opens to the second input line34band the outlet valve26opens to the second outlet line52b. This allows the first closed pump42to move the phosphor solution40from the first bath38to the chamber12, and for phosphor solution passing through the chamber12to move back to the first bath38. During this process a voltage is applied from the voltage source28to deposit a phosphor on the semiconductor devices (LEDs)18. In most embodiments, the flow of the phosphor solution continues during the deposition process to minimize settling of particles during deposition and so that the concentration of phosphors in the phosphor solution is to be maintained. This continuous flow is particularly applicable to depositing films composed of large particle size phosphors or films requiring long deposition times on the LEDs. In other embodiments the chamber can be filled and the flow of phosphor solution stopped during the deposition process by closing the outlet valve26. This process can be used when the phosphor solution contains fine particles that are suspended in the solution or settle slowly. This process can also be used when depositing thin phosphor layers over a relatively short deposition time so that the deposition can be completed before the particles settle.

Referring now toFIG. 5, after the deposition process is complete, the phosphor solution is drained from the chamber12by closing the inlet valve24and leaving the outlet valve26open to the second outlet line52buntil the chamber12is empty. As an optional step, the interior of the chamber12can be rinsed to remove any remaining phosphor, with the rinse not being forceful enough to remove the deposited phosphor material on the LEDs. During the rinse process the inlet valve24is opened to the third input line34cand the outlet valve26is opened to the third outlet line52c. This allows the second closed pump50(also sealed from ambient air) to move rinsing liquid from the second bath46and to flow through the chamber12. The rinsing liquid is then returned to the second bath46with any phosphor or electrolytes being filtered from the rinsing liquid by the filtering system54.

Referring now toFIG. 6, after the rinsing liquid has been drained from the chamber12, the chamber12can again be purged by the Dry N2gas using the same process as described above inFIG. 3. This purging step is designed to dry out any residual rinsing liquid and to prevent evaporative cooling and subsequent condensation of water onto the semiconductor devices (LEDs)18. Referring now toFIG. 7, after purging, the carrier18is removed from the chamber opening14and the semiconductor devices18can be removed from the carrier16.

FIG. 8shows another embodiment of an EPD system80according to the present invention that operates similar to the system10described above inFIGS. 1-7. The system80also comprises a vertically oriented chamber that is arranged to hold a carrier and its semiconductor devices vertically. The chamber82has a chamber inlet84and chamber outlet86to allow gas or liquid to enter and exit the chamber82. In this embodiment there are separate input and output valves for the purge gas and each of the liquids. For the Dry N2purge gas, a gas input valve88is included near the top of the chamber82, and when the valve88is open purge gas enters the chamber82through the chamber inlet84. A gas outlet valve90at the bottom of the chamber82opens to allow the purge gas to exit the chamber. In other system embodiments, the gas can enter at the bottom of the chamber82and exit at the top.

The system80also comprises a phosphor solution inlet line92, a phosphor solution outlet line94, a phosphor solution inlet valve96and a phosphor solution outlet valve98. The inlet and outlet lines92,94enter a closed first bath100holding the phosphor solution. As described above, the bath100can have a stirrer (not shown) to keep the phosphor from settling in the solution. The inlet line92runs from the bath100to the chamber inlet84. When the inlet valve96is open, a closed pump102can cause the phosphor solution to move through the inlet line92and enter the chamber82. When the outlet valve98is open, the phosphor solution returns to the bath100.

Similar to the system10described above, semiconductor devices99are held on a carrier in the chamber opening101. The chamber82further comprises an anode (not shown) arranged in the chamber82and a cathode (not shown) in the carrier. While the phosphor solution runs through the chamber, a voltage can be applied across the anode and cathode to cause deposition of phosphor on the semiconductor devices99.

The system80also comprises a rinsing inlet line104, rinsing outlet line106, a rinsing inlet valve108and a rinsing outlet valve110. The inlet and outlet lines104,106enter a closed second bath112holding a rinsing liquid. After deposition of the phosphor material on the semiconductor devices and draining of the phosphor solution from the chamber82, the chamber can be rinsed. When the inlet valve108is open, a second closed pump114can cause the rinsing liquid to move through the inlet line104and enter the chamber82. When the outlet valve110is open, the rinsing liquid returns to the bath112through the outlet line106. A filtering system can be included on the outlet line106to remove phosphors and electrolytes from the rinsing liquid.

The system80includes a circulating path for the phosphor solution and rinsing liquid that allows the two to continue moving through most of their respective inlet lines without entering the chamber82. A phosphor solution circulating line116and phosphor circulating valve118are used to keep the phosphor solution circulating. In this operating mode, the phosphor solution inlet valve96is closed and the phosphor closed pump moves the phosphor solution through the inlet line92until it reaches the inlet valve96. At that point the phosphor solution moves through the phosphor circulating line, back to the bath100through the open phosphor circulating valve118. The rinsing liquid circulating line120and valve122work similarly with the rinsing liquid inlet valve108, inlet line106and pump114to circulate the rinsing liquid. This arrangement allows for the rinsing liquid and phosphor liquid to be moving through their respective inlet lines such that the chamber82will experience quick introduction of the liquids when the desired inlet valves are open.

The system80can also include many other features beyond those shown inFIG. 8. The chamber82can include structures that disperse the phosphor solution as it enters the chamber to provide for more uniform distribution of the phosphor particles in the phosphor solution passing by the semiconductor devices. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to the system as shown or the features included.

FIGS. 9 and 10show one embodiment of a chamber120according to the present invention that can be used in the system10and80described above and shown inFIGS. 1-8. The carrier is preferably arranged vertically and has back121and front122that are mounted. The front has an opening123to accept a carrier having a number of semiconductor devices such as LEDs. An anode124is mounted to the back121on standoffs125that provide separation between the anode124and the back. This separation brings the anode124in closer proximity to the LEDs for more uniform and efficient phosphor deposition. Many different types of anodes can be used and/or arranged in different ways, such as a metal plate also arranged on standoffs, or as shown, a metal mesh on standoffs. The mesh can allow for a more uniform deposition of phosphor materials by allowing the phosphor material to pass through the mesh openings during the deposition process. At the same time the mesh provides substantially the same electric field in the chamber compared to a plate, when a voltage is applied across the anode and cathode.

The carrier120further comprises an inlet126at its top, and an outlet127at its bottom, with the inlet126allowing gas or liquid to pass into the chamber and the outlet127allowing the same to pass out. The chamber also includes clamps (not shown), such as toggle clamps, that are typically mounted around the opening123and used to hold the carrier in the opening with a seal between the tow.

The close loop EPD systems10and80described above can be used to deposit phosphor materials on one or a plurality of semiconductor devices. Referring again toFIGS. 1-7, the system10is particularly adapted to depositing phosphor materials on a plurality of LEDs18that are mounted in a carrier with contacts (projections) each of which is arranged to make electrical contact with one of the LEDs18to carry the electric signal from the cathode32to the LEDs18. In the system10the contacts are spring contacts33that carry the cathodes electric signal and provide an upward force on the LEDs. A mask35can also be included over the LEDs18having openings where the phosphor is deposited on the LEDs18only in the openings. In one embodiment, the LEDs18can be mounted to submounts, and the opening allow phosphor deposition on the LEDs and the area on the submount in the vicinity of the LEDs. This simultaneous deposition of phosphors on a plurality of LEDs is commonly referred to as batch processing.

Referring now toFIGS. 11-15, one embodiment of batch processing device according to the present invention is shown that is adapted for use in a close loop EPD system according to the present invention. The bottom fixture130is shown inFIG. 11, having an array of spring loaded contacts132, arranged so that each will contact a respective one of the LEDs during phosphor deposition. The bottom fixture is electrically connected to the cathode and arranged so that each of the spring loaded contacts carries the electric signal from the cathode. When a bias is applied to the cathode at the carrier, it is transmitted through the bottom fixture130, through the spring loaded contacts132, and to the LEDs.

FIG. 12shows an array of LEDs mounted substrates/submounts134and arranged on the bottom fixture130with each of the spring loaded contacts in electrical contact with a respective one of the LED submounts134. Each of the LED submounts134has a centrally mounted LED136with the necessary wire bonding. Referring now toFIG. 13, the carrier is completed by a top fixture138that is mounted in place over the LED submounts134by pins or screws. The top fixture138has an array of LED holes140, each of which is aligned over a respective one of the LEDs136, as best shown inFIG. 12. Each of the LED holes140also has an O-ring142to provide a seal between each of the holes and its respective LED substrate134.

The carrier as shown inFIG. 14is mounted into the chamber in the EPD systems. During the EPD deposition process, the phosphor material is deposited only on those areas of the LED submounts134and LEDs136exposed by the LED holes140. The O-rings142prevent the phosphor solution from being deposited in other areas of the LED substrates. Referring now toFIG. 15, after processing, the top fixture can be removed to reveal the LED submounts134. As shown, the phosphor material is only deposited on the portion of the LED substrates134exposed through the holes140, including the LEDs136.

The batch processing carrier is particularly adapted to processing many LEDs in one run, with the phosphor material only being deposited in the desired area. This method also allows for the deposition of phosphor material on an LED after it is mounted to substrate and wire bonded. The processing is useful for coating vertical geometry LEDs after wire bonding, which further allows the LEDs to go from phosphor deposition to encapsulation without further handling.

The carrier can be arranged in a plurality of LEDs in many different ways using many different components.FIG. 16-18show another embodiment of a carrier bottom fixture/plate150according to the present invention. Instead of utilizing spring contacts, the bottom fixture150comprises a plurality of individual posts152each of which has a flat top surface that allows a respective LED substrate (not shown) to sit on the flat surface of its post during phosphor deposition. The bottom fixture150can be made of many different materials but is preferably made of a conductive material, such as copper. This allows for the electric signal from the cathode to be coupled to the bottom plate and the cathodes electric signal transmitted to the LED substrate through the posts.

FIGS. 19-21show another embodiment of a carrier top plate160according to the present invention having LED holes162. As shown inFIGS. 22-24, the top plate162is positioned on the bottom plate150with each of the LED holes162aligned with one of the bottom plate posts152. Each of the posts152holds a respective one of the LED substrates and when the top plate160is mounted to the bottom plate150, a portion of each of the submounts is sandwiched between its one of the posts152and the surface surrounding its one of the holes162. The LED on each of the LED submounts is arranged in its one of the holes162and a sealing device, such as an O-ring, can be included to provide a seal around each of the holes162and the LED submount. During phosphor deposition, the phosphor material is deposited on the LED and the area of the submount exposed through the top plate holes162. The top plate160can be made of many different materials, with a suitable material being anodized aluminum. The top plate160can also be mounted to the bottom plate using many conventional mounting methods such screws, clamps, brackets, etc.

The carrier can have additional components to further enhance uniform deposition of phosphors according to the present invention. For example, in some embodiments the magnitude of the electric field at the edges of the anode and cathode can be higher than at their center. The electric field between the anode and cathode drives deposition of the phosphor material, so in some instances more phosphor can deposit at the edges where the electric field can be stronger. This can lead to non-uniformity of deposition at the semiconductor devices connected to the cathode.

FIGS. 25-29show one embodiment of a device arranged to address this potential problem. Referring first toFIGS. 26 and 25, a cathode field plate180is shown that is designed to be mounted on a carrier to reduce the edge effect at the cathode. The field plate180has an opening182sized so that the field plate180can be placed on the top surface of the carrier with the LEDs in the opening. The field plate180can be made of many different materials, but is preferable made of stainless steel.

FIGS. 27-29show the cathode field plate180, the carrier bottom plate184, and carrier top plate186. During the deposition process, the field plate draws most of the edge effect electric field so that it is applied to the field plate, not the cathode and LEDs connected to the cathode. This results in a more uniform electric field across the LEDs and more uniform deposition of phosphors on the LEDs.

Carriers and EPD systems according to the present invention can be arranged in many different ways beyond those described above. In one embodiment, the carrier can be arranged to accommodate more than one batch of LEDs. In such a system, the chamber can have a single anode and cathode to apply an electric field to the LEDs. Alternatively, the system can have more than one anode and/or cathode to apply different electric fields to the batches or to apply different electric fields to one of the batches.

FIG. 30shows one embodiment of a multiple batch carrier200according to the present invention having a bottom plate202, with two sets of posts204, and a top plate206with two sets of holes208. Each of the holes208is aligned with a respective one of the posts to hold an LED substrate as described above. By having two sets of posts204and holes208, more LEDs can be processed per phosphor deposition run. This arrangement could require a larger opening in the deposition chamber to accommodate the larger carrier. The anode and cathode may also be larger or multiple anodes and cathodes can be used. The carrier200can also comprise a field plate (not shown) to promote a more uniform electric field applied to the LEDs.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred configurations thereof, other versions are possible. For example batch system described above can be arranged to be used in other EPD systems beyond those according to the present invention. The EPD systems described above are only two examples of the many different embodiments of EPD systems according to the present invention. As mentioned the systems and batch processing according to the invention can be used to coat many different types of semiconductor devices (e.g., lasers, Schottky diodes, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, etc.) with different materials beyond those described above. Other modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.