Electrically driven tremolo device

A motor driven tremolo generator adapted to be connected to the pressure regulating air reservoir for a pipe organ is disclosed. The tremolo generator consists of an elongated housing pivotally mounted at one end with a free end being adapted to produce a reciprocating motion for transmission to the pressure regulator. An electric drive motor is mounted at the first end of the housing near the pivot connection, and is connected to drive a rotatable shaft located at the second, or free end of the housing. An eccentrically mounted weight is carried by the shaft so that rotation of the drive motor causes the weight to cause the free end of the housing to oscillate with respect to the pivot point. At a point generally intermediate the pivotal connection and the location of the shaft carrying the concentric weight is a suitable linking mechanism which connects the housing to the center of the bellows, whereby the reciprocating motion of the housing is transmitted to the bellows. This superimposes on the bellows a periodic motion which produces a corresponding variation in the air pressure within the regulator and thereby produces a tremolo effect in the sound of the organ pipes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates, in general, to tremolo devices for pipe 
organs, and more particularly to a motor driven tremolo arm which is 
pivotally mounted at one end and interconnected with the wind supply for 
the organ so that a reciprocating motion of the free end of the tremolo 
device produces a periodic pressure variation in the wind supply to 
produce the desired tremolo effect in the sound produced by the organ 
pipes. 
It has long been known in the pipe organ art that tremolo effects can be 
produced in the speech of organ pipes by varying the pressure of the air 
supplied to those pipes. Such variations in air pressure cause 
corresponding variations in the amplitude and frequency of the sound 
produced by the pipes, with the sound from all of the pipes varying at the 
same time to produce a pleasing effect in the overall sound of the organ. 
One of the early techniques utilized in the production of tremolo, and a 
technique that is still commonly in use, is the provision of a dump valve 
which periodically vents pressurized air from the air supply of the organ. 
Although such a dump valve can be located elsewhere in the air supply 
system, it is usually found in the air pressure regulator, either mounted 
directly on the regulator box, or connected thereto by a short conduit. 
The pressure regulator is a variable reservoir which receives air from a 
suitable source of supply, such as a large blower fan, and directs the air 
to the wind chest which directly supplies air to the pipes. The regulator 
includes a bellows arrangement which is biased in accordance with the 
pressure to be maintained. The bellows collapses as pipe stops are opened 
to draw air out of the wind chest to thereby maintain the desired air 
pressure, and expands when the pipe stops are closed. Although the bellows 
is in substantially constant motion during the playing of the organ, the 
air pressure within the system remains essentially constant so that the 
pipes will remain in tune. 
The dump valve tremolo devices operate periodically to release air from the 
pressure regulator reservoir, thereby to superimpose on the air flow 
variation in pressure which are too rapid for compensation by the bellows 
and which thereby produce tremulant variations in the sound produced by 
the organ pipes. The dump valve is essentially a resonant device which, 
when activated, alternately opens and closes at a periodic rate which 
depends upon the design of the valve. Such devices are well known in the 
prior art, and are illustrated in patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 478,552 to 
Basset, No. 797,719 to Challinor, No. 1,243,644 to VanValkenbeurg, No. 
1,262,640 to Cloetens, and No. 2,633,047 to Glatter-Gotz. 
Although tremolo devices of the dump valve type have been used in the art 
for many years, they have not been entirely satisfactory, since they 
reduce the amount of air available to operate the pipes, and thus require 
a larger air supply than would normally be necessary. This increases the 
cost of the organ, requires additional space for installation, and 
increases the amount of noise produced by the air supply fan. Further, 
such tremolo devices often produce effects which change with the amount of 
air being delivered to the organ. Thus, a chord with a large number of 
notes played at one time may have a different tremolo than is produced 
when only one or two notes are played, and this may produce undesirable 
results. Furthermore, these devices are complex, and can easily get out of 
adjustment, as for example, with changes in ambient temperature. 
A solution to many of the difficulties encountered with the dump valve 
arrangement was provided a number of years ago with the introduction of a 
motor-driven counterweight device mounted directly on the air regulator 
bellows. Operation of the motor and consequent rotation of the 
counterweight superimposed on the motion of the bellows an oscillatory 
motion which produced the desired periodic variation in air pressure to 
provide the tremolo effect, without the loss of air experienced with dump 
valves. Although this was in some ways an improvement over the dumping 
valve arrangement, it was not entirely satisfactory since the rotation of 
the counterweight introduced not only vertical motion in the bellows, but 
horizontal components as well, since it was not possible to direct the 
force produced by the device at the center of the bellows. It was found 
that this multidirectional vagrant motion of the bellows resulted in a 
very high rate of wear on the bellows itself, which usually is made of 
leather or similar flexible material. Furthermore, because of this vagrant 
motion of the bellows, this device was very inefficient, required a large 
heavy motor for operation, and did not produce a good tremolo effect. 
Another difficulty with this direct-mounted motor driven tremolo device was 
that the motor and counterweight assembly added a considerable amount of 
weight to the bellows structure, thus changing the resonant frequency of 
the bellows and affecting the overall pressure of the system. 
An attempt to solve the difficulties experienced with the foregoing 
arrangement is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,018,682 to Imhoff, which 
utilizes a motor-driven cam wheel to produce tremolo effects. The cam 
wheel is connected to the bellows of an air pressure regulator by means of 
a drive rod connected to one end of a lever arm which extends across the 
top of the bellows. The center of the lever arm is connected to the 
bellows and the free end carries a lead weight. Rotation of the cam wheel 
causes the drive rod to move vertically, and causes the lever arm to pivot 
around its midpoint connection to the bellows. The lead weight on the free 
end of the lever arm provides inertia in the lever arm which thereby 
causes the bellows to be vertically displaced by the rotation of the cam 
wheel, with the size of the lead weight determining the amplitude of this 
displacement. 
Although the Imhoff device represented an improvement over the prior 
motor-driven tremolo device in that it reduced the amount of vagrant 
motion in the bellows, the Imhoff device may introduce other problems, for 
the numerous bearings required in the rod and lever arm arrangement can 
produce an unacceptable noise problem as the bearings wear. Furthermore, 
arrangements such as Imhoff do not entirely eliminate the vagrant motion 
of the bellows since the rotation of the cam wheel and the resultant 
pivotal motion of the drive rod may introduce a horizontal component in 
the drive force supplied to the bellows. In addition, the drive mechanism 
for Imhoff is large and must be mounted beside the air pressure regulator, 
thus requiring an excessive amount of space in an area where space is 
usually at a premium, for most organ installations are located in crowded 
quarters. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention overcomes the difficulties of the prior art as 
outlined above by the provision of an improved tremolo generator which 
consists of an elongated housing pivotally secured at one end and having a 
free end adapted for reciprocating motion. The first end of the housing 
carries a drive motor and the free end carries a shaft on which is mounted 
a counterweight, the shaft being driven by a suitable belt drive extending 
from the electric motor. Intermediate the ends of the elongated housing is 
a link which connects the housing to the center of a bellows for a pipe 
organ air pressure regulator whereby motion of the tremolo generator 
housing is transferred to the bellows as a linear motion of the connecting 
link. By locating the electric motor at the fixed end of the housing, the 
main weight of the tremolo device is removed from the bellows so that the 
device of the present invention does not have a substantial effect on the 
resonant characteristic of the bellows. Because one end of the housing is 
fixed, the motion of the connecting link is constrained to a substantially 
linear path, thus preventing the destructive side-to-side motion of the 
bellows that resulted from prior arrangements. The use of a driven 
eccentric weight arrangement allows accurate adjustment of the amplitude 
of the tremolo effect, while the direct mounting of the device adjacent 
the bellows eliminates unnecessary linkages, reduces noise, and increases 
the efficiency of the device. In addition, the use of an eccentric weight 
mounted on a driven shaft provides an improved ratio of the motion of the 
weight with respect to the motion of the bellows than was previously 
available, and thus further improves the efficiency of the device. All of 
these features combine to provide a tremolo generator which produces a 
clean, easily controlled tremolo effect throughout the dynamic range of 
the organ.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Turning now to a more detailed consideration of the present invention, 
there is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 a tremolo generator 10 constructed 
in accordance with the present invention. The generator includes a housing 
formed from first and second side rails 12 and 14 which are secured in 
spaced apart relationship by suitable braces 16, a partial cover 18 and 
cross brackets 20 and 22. The side rails 12 and 14 may take a variety of 
forms, but in the preferred embodiment illustrated herein they are in the 
form of sheet metal walls having upper and lower outwardly extending 
flanges 24 and 26, and 28 and 30, respectively. 
The housing cover 18 may extend the full length of the tremolo generator 
10, but in the preferred form covers only the end of the device which 
receives the rotating eccentric weights (to be described) so as to prevent 
injury when the generator is in operation. The housing cover 18 may 
include a top wall 32 and side walls 34 and 36, the side walls including 
outwardly turned flanges 38 and 40, respectively, by which the cover 18 is 
secured to the side rails 12 and 14 as by suitable nuts and bolts or other 
fasteners (not shown). 
A support shaft 42 extends between the side rails 12 and 14 and is 
journaled therein by suitable support bearings 44 for rotation. The shaft 
carries, within the space between the side rails 12 and 14, a bracket 46 
which is secured to the shaft for rotation therewith by means of a 
suitable key arrangement, a set screw 48, or by other suitable means. The 
bracket includes an arm portion 50 which is adapted to support a weight 52 
at a predetermined and adjustable distance from the axis of the shaft 42 
so that the weight is eccentrically mounted with respect to its axis of 
rotation. Adjustability of the position of the weight may be accomplished 
by providing arm 15 with an elongated slot 54 through which a threaded 
support bolt 56 may extend, whereby the weight may be fastened to the 
bracket by a suitable washer and nut 58 or other fastener. 
The weight 52 may comprise a plurality of discs 60 mounted on the threaded 
bolt 56. The discs are removable so that the number of discs can be varied 
to provide the desired weight, with the mounting slot 54 permitting 
adjustment of the length of the moment arm between the axis of the weight 
52, this moment arm being the distance between the axis of bolt 56 and the 
axis of shaft 42. 
Support shaft 42 extends through its journal bearing (not shown) in rail 14 
and receives a drive pulley 62 which may be secured to the outer end of 
the support shaft by any suitable means such as set screw 64. 
The shaft 42, the eccentrically mounted weight 52 and the pulley 62 are 
mounted at what may be termed the fre or distal end of the tremolo 
generator housing. The opposite, or fixed, end of the housing incorporates 
the cross bracket 22 which forms a part of the mounting assembly, 
generally indicated at 66, for the generator device. In the preferred 
embodiment illustrated herein, the mounting assembly consists essentially 
of a pair of hinged brackets, one of which is the cross bracket 22 and the 
other of which is a mounting bracket 68. These two brackets are secured 
together by a flexible sheet 70 which allows the mounting assembly to flex 
in a hinge-like manner but which provides a secure mounting for the 
tremolo generator. The sheet 70 may be any suitable material such as 
fabric-reinforced rubber which can withstand flexing while supporting the 
weight of the generator. 
The cross bracket 22 is constructed of upper and lower parallel plates 72 
and 74 between which is secured one end of the hinged sheet 70. The upper 
and lower plates 72 and 74 are clamped together and secured to the upper 
flanges 24 and 28 of side rails 12 and 14 by means of suitable fasteners 
76. In similar manner the mounting bracket 68 is comprised of upper and 
lower parallel plates 78 and 80 which receive and clamp the other end of 
hinge sheet 70, the portion 68 serving also as a mounting plate for 
securing the generator to a suitable support bracket such as that 
illustrated at 82 in FIG. 2. 
An electric drive motor 84 is mounted between side rails 12 and 14 at the 
fixed end of generator 10 as by suitable fasteners 86 and 88. The motor is 
a conventional single speed or variable speed motor which may be in the 
range of 1/50 to 1/10 HP for typical church organ use, and larger for 
theater organs. If a variable speed motor is used, it may be controlled 
either at the tremolo generator remote location such as the console of an 
organ with with the tremolo device is associated. The drive shaft 90 of 
the electric motor extends through a suitable opening 92 in side rail 14 
and receives a drive pulley 94 which may be secured to the shaft 90, as by 
a set screw 96. A conventional drive belt 98 extends between drive pulley 
94 and driven pulley 62 whereby rotation of the electric motor drives 
support shaft 42 to rotate bracket 50 and eccentric weight 52. 
Cross bracket 20 extends between side rails 12 and 14 and is secured to the 
upper flanges 24 and 28 thereof by suitable fasteners 100. The flanges 24 
and 28 include a plurality of holes for receiving fasteners 100 to permit 
longitudinal adjustment of the cross bracket with respect to the side 
rails and thus to permit variation in the distance between bracket 20 and 
the support shaft 42. 
The bracket 20 serves to support a linking assembly, generally indicated at 
102, which connects the tremolo generator to the bellows of an air 
reservoir. Although the linking assembly 102 may take numerous forms, in a 
preferred embodiment it includes an upper hinge assembly 104 which is 
generally similar to the mounting assembly 66 as described above in that 
it includes a hinge sheet 106 of flexible material secured at one end 
between a pair of upper mounting plates 108 and 110 and at a lower end 
between a lower plate 112 and a drive arm 114. The hinge sheet 106 is 
clamped between plates 108 and 110 by suitable fasteners 116 which also 
serve to secure the upper hinge assembly 104 to the cross brace 20. In the 
preferred form illustrated, the cross brace is generally L-shaped with an 
upstanding flange 118 receiving fasteners 116 to secure the link arm 102 
to the tremolo generator. As illustrated, the upper mounting plates 108 
and 110 are spaced from the lower plate 112 and the drive arm 114 to 
permit free flexing of sheet 106 but are sufficiently close together to 
insure that the sheet will not buckle but will transfer the motion of 
tremolo generator 10 through the linking arm 102 to the bellows of the air 
pressure regulator (to be described). 
The lower end of the drive arm 114 carries a suitable bracket assembly 119 
for securing the generator 10 to the air pressure regulator. As 
illustrated, assembly 119 may include a pair of L-shaped brackets 120 and 
122 each secured to a corresponding hinge sheet 124 and 126 by suitable 
mounting plates 128 and 130, respectively, the brackets being secured to 
the corresponding mounting plates and clamping the corresponding hinge 
sheets therebetween by means of fasteners 134 and 136, respectively. The 
hinge sheets are similarly clamped to the lower end of the drive arm 114 
by suitable mounting plates 132 and 134 and fasteners 136 and 138, 
respectively. Although the drive arm 114 is shown as being bifurcated at 
its lower end to form a pair of parallel legs 140 and 142 which support 
the brackets 120 and 122, respectively, it will be apparent that this 
arrangement is a preferred form, and that other interconnections between 
the drive arm 114 and the bellows may be provided. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated in diagrammatic form the 
manner in which the tremolo generator 10 may be mounted adjacent the 
bellows portion of an air pressure regulator 148 for a pipe organ. The 
regulator 148 includes a reservoir, or air chamber 150, which receives air 
by way of a suitable conduit (not shown) from a source of supply such as a 
conventional centrifugal or fan type blower. The reservoir 150 is an 
enclosed, air-tight chamber mounted in a convenient location with respect 
to the conventional wind chest which supplies air directly to the organ 
pipes, and is connected to the wind chest by means of a conduit 152. 
Mounted on top of the reservoir and covering either the entire reservoir 
or a part thereof, is a bellows 154 which usually has a generally 
rectangular cross-section. The bottom edge 155 of the bellows is secured 
to a top wall 156, with the interior of the bellows being open to the 
reservoir. The top wall 156 is connected by a suitable linkage (not shown) 
to a rectangular valve (also not shown) which is conventionally located in 
the air flow path between the blower and conduit 152. Motion of the 
bellows opens and closes the valve proportionally, so as to regulate the 
flow of air to the organ wind chest, and thus to regulate the pressure of 
the air supplied to the organ pipes. The top of the bellows is biased 
downwardly to close the bellows either by means of coil springs such as 
those illustrated at 158 and 160, by means of suitable weights (not shown) 
mounted on the top wall 156, or by a combination thereof. Although only 
two springs 158 and 160 are illustrated, it will be understood that 
usually four springs will be provided, one at each corner of the bellows, 
to provide an even distribution of the biasing force. The biasing elements 
tend to pull the bellows downwardly to the closed position, but when air 
is supplied under pressure to the reservoir, the bellows is inflated to 
move the top wall upwardly to a position of equilibrium between the 
pressure exerted by the biasing elements. When air is drawn from the 
reservoir by way of conduit 152, as when the organ pipes are activated, 
the pressure in the reservoir tends to drop, since the blower supplying 
air to the system normally cannot respond to rapid transient pressure 
changes. However, the bellows is capable of responding rapidly to a drop 
in pressure, and when this occurs, the biasing means collapses the bellows 
by an amount necessary to compensate for the change in air volume, opens 
the regulator valve to increase the air flow to maintain the pressure 
within the air supply system at the organ. Thus, in normal operation the 
air pressure regulator responds rapidly to demands for air to be delivered 
to the wind chest and organ pipes, thus preventing undesired variations in 
the speech of the organ pipes. 
The tremolo generator of the present invention provides a mechanism for 
superimposing on the normal pressure-regulating motion of the bellows 
pulsating or periodic variations in the motion of the bellows, and thus in 
the air pressure supplied to the organ pipes, to thereby produce 
corresponding variations in the speech of the pipes and thus to produce 
the desired tremolo effects. To accomplish this, the tremolo generator is 
secured to a suitable fixed bracket assembly such as that illustrated at 
82 which straddles the regulator and bellows assembly and, in the 
illustrated form, provides a horizontal bar 162 extending across and 
generally parallel to the upper wall 156 of the bellows. The bar 162 is 
spaced from the bellows sufficiently to allow free motion of the bellows 
and is adapted to receive the mounting bracket portion 68 of the hinge 
assembly 66 of the tremolo generator. Bracket 82 is at one side of the 
regulator so that the generator 10 can be mounted by means of hinge 
assembly 66 at a location spaced above and generally parallel to the 
horizontal upper wall 156 of the bellows. The generator 10 preferrably 
extends over the center point of wall 156 so that the linking arm 102 may 
be secured at the approximate center point of the bellows. 
The hinge assembly 66 allows the tremolo generator 10 to pivot with respect 
to the bracket assembly 82 so that the free end of the generator 10 moves 
in a direction generally perpendicular to the plane of wall 156. The 
tremolo generator is secured through linking arm 102 to the center of wall 
156 by means of the bracket assembly 119 so that vertical motion of wall 
156 results in pivotal motion of the generator about the hinge assembly 
66, and vice versa. In normal operation of the air regulator, vertical 
motion of the bellows 154 in response to changes in the air flow out of 
conduit 152 results in pivotal motion of the tremolo generator. Although 
the generator assembly introduced added weight to the wall 156, this 
weight is equivalent to a biasing weight and may be compensated by removal 
of auxiliary weights from the upper wall, by changes in the spring 
tension, or the like. It should be noted, however, that since the electric 
motor 84 is mounted very close to the hinge assembly 66, and in fact in 
the preferred form is located under the cross brace 22, the major weight 
of the motor, and thus of the tremolo assembly, is supported by the hinge 
assembly and does not appreciably affect the operation of the bellows. 
When it is desired to produce a tremolo effect, the electric motor 84 is 
energized to rotate drive shaft 90 and, by means of belt 98, the pulley 62 
and the support shaft 42. Rotation of shaft 42 causes the eccentrically 
mounted weight 52 to swing around the axis of the shaft, producing 
periodically varying forces on the side rails 12 and 14 of the generator 
housing. Because the hinge assembly 66 prevents longitudinal motion of the 
rails, but allows transverse motion with respect to the longitudinal axis 
of the housing, the transverse component of the forces produced by the 
rotating weights cause the generator housing to pivot alternately 
clockwise and counterclockwise about the hinge connection 66. This 
pivotal, or oscillatory motion of the generator 10 is transmitted by way 
of the linking arm 102 to the upper wall 156 of the bellows to produce a 
periodic reciprocating motion in the bellows at a rate which corresponds 
to the speed of rotation of shaft 42 and with an amplitude which 
corresponds to the mass of weight 52 and the length of its moment arm with 
respect to the axis of shaft 42. This reciprocating motion is superimposed 
on any movement of the bellows in response to air demands from the organ, 
and produces a corresponding variation in the air pressure delivered by 
conduit 152 to the organ pipes, resulting in the desired tremolo effects. 
Although the tremolo generator is shown in its preferred form as being 
mounted over the bellows of a conventional air pressure regulator and 
connected thereto by a relatively rigid link assembly 102, it will be 
apparent that numerous variations can be made to accomodate the generator 
10 to different bellows arrangements. Thus, for example, FIG. 3 
illustrates how the tremolo generator 10 may be adapted for use with an 
inverted reservoir arrangement for pipe organs, wherein the wind chest 
itself acts as a part of the air reservoir, thereby eliminating the need 
for a separately located bellows. Thus, in such an arrangement the bellows 
154 may be mounted directly to a wind chest 170, with the bellows being 
biased toward its closed position by means of a suitable springs 158 and 
160 as before. However, in the inverted arrangement, the bellows is 
located on the bottom of the wind chest, since the organ pipes generally 
indicated at 171, are mounted on the top thereof, so that the tremolo 
generator cannot be mounted in the manner described with respect to FIG. 
2. In this system, however, the generator 10 may be mounted in a generally 
horizontal position below the bellows, as by means of a fixed mounting 
block 172, and connected to the bellows by means of a modified linking 
arrangement which in this embodiment may be a rod or cable 174. If the 
generator 10 cannot be mounted directly below the bellows, the cable may 
be connected by way of one or more pulleys to provide the required 
periodic vertical force on the bellows. Again, although the weight of the 
tremolo generator will tend to affect the bias of the bellows, this can be 
compensated by suitable adjustment of the bias springs 158 and 160. 
Various other linking arrangements may be made to accomodate the tremolo 
generator of the invention to other air pressure regulator systems, or to 
separate bellows arrangements specifically used for tremolo production. 
Although the single eccentrically mounted weight of FIG. 1 provides 
satisfactory operation, additional adjustments in the tremolo effect may 
be provided through the use of two eccentric weights mounted on shaft 42 
and angularly adjustable to each other. This arrangement is illustrated in 
FIGS. 4 and 5, where, in addition to bracket 46 and its associated weight 
52, there is also provided a second bracket 46' and an associated weight 
52'. These two brackets may be angularly adjusted with respect to each 
other about shaft 42 and secured by corresponding set screws 48 and 48', 
the angular setting of these weights allowing variations in the amplitude 
of the motion produced by the tremolo generator and varying the depth of 
the motion of the bellows, without the need for adding or subtracting 
weights. 
Thus there has been described an improved tremolo generator device which 
may be utilized with any existing air regulator for a pipe organ to 
provide reliable, easily adjustable tremolo effects which are constant 
throughout the dynamic range of the organ and which does not adversely 
affect the operation of the air pressure regulator. The device is 
lightweight and simple to construct, yet is rugged and reliable and does 
not require constant maintenance. Further, because of the nature of the 
hinge arrangement provided, the generator is exceptionally quiet, the 
flexible hinges dampening any motor vibration so that it is not 
transmitted either to the mounting bracket or to the structure of the air 
pressure regulator. By using flexible reinforced sheet material, 
exceptionally long-wearing, low maintenance and low noise connections are 
obtained and, if any of the hinges should show signs of wear, they are 
easily replaceable by simply unbolting the fastening plates. 
Although numerous variations and modifications to the invention are 
described above will be evident to those of skill in the art, such 
variations are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention 
as defined in the following claims.