Negative load control and energy utilizing system

Compensated controls for a negative type load which, without degrading the quality of the control, permit direct use of the fluid power energy of the negative load for control of a resistive or positive type load, thereby greatly increasing the efficiency of the control system.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention generally relates to negative load controls and more 
particularly relates to compensated negative load controls, which divert, 
during control of negative load, the energy of such load to perform useful 
work in a hydraulic system, without the energy of the negative load being 
converted into heat by throttling. 
BACKGROUND ART 
Without exception all of the hydraulic controls of the present art are 
based on the principle of throttling, which converts the energy of flow 
and pressure into heat. 
In this specification a negative type load means an aiding type load, while 
a positive type load means a resistive type load that is a load which 
absorbs energy supplied from the pump to perform useful work. 
During control of positive load, depending on the type of hydraulic system 
and especially on the type of pump used in the system, various amounts of 
throttling take place. The less the amount of throttling used in control 
of a positive load the more efficient the fluid power and control system. 
The amount of throttling in control of positive type loads was greatly 
reduced by the introduction of load responsive, or load sensing systems, 
in which only a relatively small amount of throttling takes place such as, 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,694, issued Oct. 7, 1969 to T. Budzich. 
Through application of the principle of variable pressure differential to 
such a load responsive system, the efficiency of such system can be still 
further increased by further reduction in throttling and the already high 
quality of the control of such a load responsive system and its valves can 
be further increased. Such a system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,195, 
issue Aug. 25, 1981 to T. Budzich. However, those increases in efficiency 
and reduction in throttling of these load responsive systems only applies 
to the control of positive load, while the control of negative load, in 
all known compensated systems of the present art is done by totally 
converting, by the throttling process, the pressure-flow energy directly 
into heat. A typical system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,744,517, issued 
July 10, 1973 to T. Budzich. Various negative load controls of the present 
art have this common feature. The only difference between those controls 
being the quality of the control, which for example was greatly improved 
through application of the concept of compensation. 
Generation of heat, by throttling the fluid, not only represents a 
reduction in the efficiency of the system, but also introduces other 
parasitic effects, like for example an increase in temperature of the 
working fluid, necessitating the use of heat exchangers of various types 
and generally reducing the useful life of the fluid. Like, for example, 
the hydraulic oil and increasing the hazard to the operators of such 
systems. 
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
In one aspect of the present invention a fluid power and control system is 
provided having a valve assembly interposed between an outlet port of a 
fluid motor which controls a negative type load and subjected to negative 
load pressure, fluid exhaust means maintained at a relatively low pressure 
level and absorbing means maintained at a relatively high variable 
pressure level during control of the negative load. The valve assembly 
comprises flow control means operative to control the velocity of fluid 
flow from the fluid motor in response to an external control signal so 
that the velocity of the fluid motor can be controlled at a relatively 
constant level proportional to the magnitude of the external control 
signal and independent of the magnitude of the negative load pressure. The 
flow control means includes flow sensing means for sensing the magnitude 
of the fluid flow from the fluid motor, fully throttling means for 
directing fluid flow from the fluid motor to the exhaust means, and 
recovery means for diverting on a priority basis fluid flow from the fluid 
motor to the absorbing means. The recovery means is operatively responsive 
to the flow sensing means. 
It is therefore a principal object of this invention to use the energy of 
the negative load in a hydraulic system to perform useful work in control 
of positive loads, without the energy being converted, by throttling, into 
heat. 
It is another object of this invention to use the flow and pressure, 
generated in control of negative load, to supplement directly the pump 
flow, thus reducing the size of the system pump. 
It is another object of this invention to reduce the amount of heat 
generated by throttling in control of negative load, thus reducing the 
temperature of the system oil. 
It is another object of this invention to divert the flow at negative load 
pressure in control of negative load, without degrading the quality of the 
control. 
It is another object of this invention to divert the flow at negative load 
pressure without converting the energy of such flow into heat, while using 
the compensating controls of the negative load without degrading the high 
quality of such controls. 
It is another object of this invention to divert, on a priority basis, the 
flow at negative load pressure to control positive type loads, within the 
capability of the control system to absorb such flow and pressure energy 
and to throttle the excess flow by a throttling type compensated control, 
in order to maintain the quality of the control. 
It is still another object of this invention to reduce the amount of 
throttling performed by the negative load controls by diverting some of 
the flow into the recovery circuit thus reducing the flow forces induced 
by throttling in the negative load controls, thereby increasing the 
quality of these controls. 
It is still another object of this invention to increase the response and 
stability of the negative load controls of a compensated type, by a 
reduction in the flow forces acting on those controls, especially when 
controlling large flows at high negative load pressures. 
Briefly the foregoing and other additional objects and advantages of this 
invention are accomplished by providing a new concept in control of 
negative load, which permits utilization of the energy of the negative 
load in control of positive type loads and reduction in the amount of the 
energy of the negative load converted into heat, without degrading the 
quality of the negative load controls, thereby increasing the efficiency 
of the system and reducing the temperature of the working fluid. 
Additional objects of this invention will become apparent when referring to 
the preferred embodiments of this invention as shown in the accompanying 
drawings and described in the following detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring now to FIG. 1, a valve assembly, generally designated as 10, is 
shown interposed between a fluid motor 11 of a cylinder type 11b, well 
known in the art, which is subjected to a unidirectional load W, and 
absorbing means 12 and fluid exhaust means 13a. The fluid motor 11, 
subjected to negative load W, has a piston chamber 14 and a piston rod 
chamber 15 connected through the fluid exhaust means 13a to reservoir 
means 13. An outlet port 11a of the piston chamber 14, subjected to 
negative load pressure, is connected by lines 16 and 17 to a port 18 
communicating with first control chamber 19 in the valve assembly 10. The 
piston chamber 14 is also connected by line 20 to a first inlet chamber 
21, while also being connected by line 22 with a second inlet chamber 23. 
Line 20 passes through metering orifice means 24 composed of schematically 
shown orifice 25, the area of which can be varied by schematically shown 
means 26 responsive to an external control signal 27. In the embodiment of 
FIG. 1 variable orifice means 24 provides flow sensing means 24 a, used to 
determine outlet flow from fluid motor 11, which in turn provides a 
control signal 27e to the valve assembly 10. Flow sensing means 24a is a 
device measuring directly, or indirectly fluid flow out of fluid motor 11. 
This measurement of fluid flow can be indirectly established by measuring 
the velocity of the piston rod of the cylinder type fluid motor 11b, once 
the dimensions of such motor are known, or by measuring the RPM of a 
rotary type fluid motor 11c (FIG. 3), once the volume displacement per 
revolution of such motor is known. The control signal 27e is a signal 
proportional to fluid flow out of the fluid motor and can be derived 
either from direct measurement of the fluid flow, velocity of the load, or 
rotational speed of the load. The control signal 27e can be transmitted to 
flow control means, generally designated as 51a, in an electrical, fluid 
power or mechanical form. In most embodiments, as shown on the drawings in 
FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, this control signal 27e, which indicates the quantity 
of fluid flow, takes the form of a control pressure differential developed 
across the orifice 25. 
The valve assembly 10 has a housing 28 provided with an exhaust chamber 29 
connected by third duct means 30a with reservoir means 13, and a bypass 
chamber 30 connected by first duct means 31 and check valve means 32 to 
absorbing means 12. The housing 28 also has a second control chamber 33. 
The housing 28 is also provided with a bore 34 interconnecting first 
control chamber 19, the first inlet chamber 21, the exhaust chamber 29, 
the second inlet chamber 23, the bypass chamber 30 and the second control 
chamber 33. A first compensating spool means 35 is slidably disposed in 
the bore 34. The first compensating spool means 35 is provided with fully 
throttling means 36 including first throttling slots 37 terminating in 
first cut-off edges 38 and first flow diverting means 39, which includes 
first low resistance flow passage 39a, in communication with first control 
throttling means 40, including second throttling slots 41 terminating in 
second cut-off edges 42. Spring biasing means 43, positioned in the second 
control chamber 33, biases the first compensating spool means 35 towards 
the position as shown in FIG. 1 and opposes force generating means 35b. 
The second inlet chamber 23 is connected by passages 44 and 45 and damping 
orifice 46 with second control chamber 33. 
Absorbing means 12 is connected by line 50 with other components 50a of the 
fluid power and control system. Flow control means 51a is composed of 
first compensating spool means 35 including fully throttling means 36, 
first control throttling means 40, first flow diverting means 39 and is 
operable to control the pressure differential across the metering orifice 
means 24, in turn controlling the fluid flow through metering orifice 
means 24 and therefore in turn controlling the velocity of the negative 
load W. The flow at negative load pressure, passing through metering 
orifice means 24, is selectively diverted, in a manner as will be 
described in greater detail later in the specification, to reservoir means 
13 and absorbing means 12. Flow control means 51a is a control element 
which, by controlling the combined fluid flow from the motor 11 to 
absorbing means 12 with a minimum amount of throttling and fully 
throttling means 36, controls the fluid flow out of the motor 11 in a way 
as determined by the magnitude of the control signal 27e, while providing 
priority for the flow to absorbing means 12. 
The first compensating spool means 35 of the flow control means 51a of FIG. 
1 includes recovery means 51. The recovery means 51 includes the first 
flow diverting means 39 and the first control throttling means 40 and is 
positioned between the second inlet chamber 23 and the bypass chamber 30, 
and the fully throttling means 36 is positioned between the first inlet 
chamber 21 and the exhaust chamber 29 and is also provided with means 51b 
responsive to control signal 27e. The means 51b responsive to the control 
signal 27e is part of the flow control means 51a and controls by the 
action of the force generating means 35b the throttling action of the 
fully throttling means 36 and the bypass action of the recovery means 5. 
Means 51c responsive to the pressure differential across the variable 
orifice means 24 is also part of the flow control means 51a and includes 
the cross-sectional area of compensating spool means 35 subjected to 
upstream and downstream pressures existing at metering orifice means 24. 
Recovery means 51 and fully throttling means 36 are connected by stem 35c 
and constitute first flow priority means 35a. First priority means 35a of 
the embodiment of FIG. 1 is established by relative placement of recovery 
means 51 in respect to fully throttling means 36, on the first 
compensating spool means 35. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 2 is 
very similar to that of FIG. 1 and like components are designated by like 
numerals. The valve assembly 10 of FIG. 2 is identical to that of FIG. 1 
and so are the other major system components. In the embodiments of most 
of the figures of this invention, sensing means 24a is in the form of a 
variable orifice 25, well known in the art. Means 26, operable to change 
the area of the metering orifice means 24, not only can be influenced by 
the type of sensing means 24a, but also by the specific requirements for 
generation of the control signals used in the fluid power and control 
system. In FIG. 2 four different types of means 26, namely means 26a, 
26b, 26c and 26d are schematically shown. Although a combination of means 
26 can be used, it is most likely that only one type of means, namely 26a, 
26b, 26c or 26d, will be used at one time. Likewise, the external control 
signal 27 can be generated in various forms as schematically illustrated 
in FIG. 2. These four types of external control signal 27a, 27b, 27c and 
27d could be used in combination, but normally would be used individually. 
Means 26a responding to the external control digital signal 27a is of an 
electrical digital type and may take many forms, well known in the art, 
like for example a stepper motor. Means 26b responds to an electrical 
analog type signal 27b and can be in the form of a solenoid. Means 26c 
responds to a fluid power type control signal 27c and can be some type of 
fluid motor and means 26d responds to a mechanical type control signal 
27d, which, in a well known manner, can be manually generated. If flow 
sensing means 24a is in the form of a variable orifice, the output of 
means 26a, 26b, 26c and 26d is usually of a mechanical type, in the form 
of linear displacement or angular displacement. The sensing means 24a 
includes means 27f operable to sense the pressure differential across the 
variable orifice means 24. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 3 is 
very similar to that of FIG. 1 and like components are designated by like 
numerals. The valve assembly 10a of FIG. 3 is similar to the valve 
assembly 10 of FIG. 1, the only difference between the control valves 10 
and 10a being that in valve assembly 10a a spool 35d is not provided with 
passages 44 and 45, which are present in the first compensating spool 35 
of FIG. 1. Also a spring 43a of FIG. 3 performs a different function and 
has different characteristics from spring biasing means 43 of FIG. 1. The 
basic difference between the systems of FIGS. 1 and 3 is that the valve 
assembly 10a of FIG. 3 is of a two stage type and the system is provided 
with a servo type control 16e which includes amplifying means 16a, 
differential amplifier 16b which responds to an external control signal 27 
in the form of command signal C, signal amplifying means 16c, and a first 
stage control 16d. The first stage control 16d, well known in the art, 
which may have a pilot valve amplifying section of a valve known in the 
art as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,389, issued to T. Budzich on June 8, 
1982, or can be a first stage of a well-known servo valve of a 
flapper-nozzle type. The signal amplifying means 16c may take the form of 
a torque motor driving a flapper-nozzle assembly. In this form the first 
stage control 16d responds to an electrical analog type control signal 
27b, which in a closed loop servo system can be a well-known error signal. 
The servo type control 16e of FIG. 3 can respond to flow control signal 
F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3, or F.sub.4 generated by different types of the 
sensing means 24a. 
If the valve assembly 10a of the system had perfect flow metering 
characteristics, the flow represented by the flow control signals F.sub.1, 
F.sub.2, F.sub.3, or F.sub.4 would be the same as requested by the command 
signal C. However, since that is not totally realistic, the flow control 
signals F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3, and F.sub.4 become feedback signals to 
correct through the analog control signal 27b, which can be an error 
signal, the actual flow to the desired flow as represented by the command 
signal C (which can be external control signal 27). 
The sensing means 24a can be in the form of a control signal generating 
means 24b responsive to the linear velocity of the cylinder type fluid 
motor 11b as shown in FIG. 3 as a fragmented portion of the fluid motor 
11. It should be recognized that the fragmented portion 11b could be 
readily applied to any cylinder type fluid motor without departing from 
the essence of the invention. The control signal generating means 24b is 
provided with a signal generating means 24e which generates the flow 
control signal F.sub.1. The sensing means 24a can also be in the form of a 
control signal generating means 24d responsive to the angular velocity of 
a rotary type fluid motor 11c. The signal generating means 24d is provided 
with a signal generating means 24c which generates the flow control signal 
F.sub.2. As previously described, the sensing means 24a could be in the 
form of a control orifice means 24 to establish a pressure differential 
.DELTA.P and generate the flow control signal F.sub.3. Furthermore the 
sensing means 24a could be in the form of a flow meter 24f, well-known in 
the art, to generate the flow control signal F.sub.4. Each of these flow 
control signals F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3, and F.sub.4 can either directly 
become the control signal 27e to valve assembly 10 or through the closed 
loop servo type control 16e effectively become the control signal 27e 
responsive to the command signal C. 
The amplifying means 16a of the servo type control 16e receives the 
respective flow control signals F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3, F.sub.4 and 
directs a feedback signal F.sub.a to the differential amplifier 16b which 
is responding to the external command signal C. An error signal 27b is 
generated by the differential means 16b and directed to the signal 
amplifying means 16c and the first stage control 16d. The first stage 
control 16d conditions a power input P to produce the control signal 27e. 
Referring now to FIG. 4 the fluid power and control system of FIG. 4 is 
very similar to that of FIG. 1 and like components are designated by like 
numerals. A control valve, generally designated as 52, is interposed 
between the outlet port 11a of the cylinder type fluid motor 11 and the 
absorbing means 12 and reservoir means 13. The absorbing means 12 includes 
converting means 12a and accumulator means 59. A housing 54 is provided 
with a second compensating spool means 55 in sliding engagement with the 
bore 34 and which is slightly different from the first compensating spool 
means 35 of FIG. 1. The only difference between control valves 10 and 52 
is that an additional bypass chamber 56 is provided and communicates 
through second duct means 57 and second check valve means 58 with 
accumulator means 59, while also a third inlet chamber 60 is provided and 
connected to line 20 by line 22a. The second compensating spool means 55 
is provided with second flow diverting means 61, including second low 
resistance flow passage 61a, and is connected to second control throttling 
means 62, which includes third throttling slots 63 terminating in third 
cut-off edges 64. 
Flow control means 51a of FIG. 4 includes second compensating spool means 
55 provided with recovery means 51 positioned between the second inlet 
chamber 23 and the bypass chamber 30. Recovery means 51 includes first 
flow diverting means 39 and first control throttling means 40. Fully 
throttling means 36 is positioned between first inlet chamber 21 and 
exhaust chamber 29. Second means 51e responsive to the control signal 27e 
including the second control throttling means 62 is positioned between 
third inlet chamber 60 and bypass chamber 56 and includes second flow 
diverting means 61. Fully throttling means 36, second control throttling 
means 62 and first control throttling means 40 are positioned on second 
compensating spool means 55 in such a way that they constitute first flow 
priority means 55a, second priority means 55b, and third priority means 
55c. First flow priority means 55a, of the embodiment of FIG. 4, is 
established by relative placement of first flow diverting means 39 in 
respect to second flow diverting means 61 on second compensating spool 
means 55. Second priority means 55b of the embodiment of FIG. 4 is 
established by relative placement of second flow diverting means 61 in 
respect to fully throttling means 36 on the second compensating spool 55. 
The above combination of converting means 12a and accumulator means 59 in 
FIG. 4 is provided with flow control and transfer means schematically 
shown and generally designated as 84. 
Referring now to FIG. 5, the control components of FIG. 5 are very similar 
to those of FIG. 1, like components being designated by like numerals. 
However, variable orifice means 24 of FIG. 1 is substituted in FIG. 5 by a 
direction control valve assembly generally designated as 87. The direction 
control spool 88 of FIG. 5 includes metering ports 75, 76, 77 and 78 and 
is centered by a biasing spring 89 towards its neutral position. The 
direction control valve assembly 87 being provided with a first chamber 
90, subjected to pressure of control signal A and a second chamber 91, 
subjected to pressure of control signal B. The control signals A and B may 
be generated by any conventional means, such as, a hydraulic pilot system 
or proportional solenoid valves. First cylinder port 92, of the direction 
control valve assembly 87, is connected by lines 93 and 94 to the piston 
chamber 14, while second cylinder port 95 is connected by lines 96 and 97 
to the piston rod chamber 15. The piston chamber 14 is also connected by 
lines 94 and 98 to an external logic module, generally designated as 99, 
which is also connected by lines 97 and 100 to the piston rod chamber 15. 
The external logic module 99 is also connected by lines 101 and 102 to the 
pressure of control signals A and B and is operable to generate a positive 
load control pressure signal L.sub.P which is transmitted through line 103 
to the positive load compensator 74 and negative load control pressure 
signal L.sub.N which is transmitted through line 104 to the first control 
chamber 19 of the valve assembly 10 of both FIGS. 1 and 6. 
Positive load compensator 74 is shown in detail in FIG. 5 and is provided 
with a chamber 105 connected by discharge line 81 to the system pump 79, a 
supply chamber 106 connected by line 107 to the direction control valve 
assembly 87. The supply chamber 106 cooperates with a bore 108 which 
slidably guides a throttling spool 109. The throttling spool 109 is 
provided with throttling ports 110 and is biased towards the position 
shown by a control spring 111 contained in space 111a. Lines 98 and 100 
are connected by anticavitational valves 112 and 113 for one way fluid 
flow with reservoir means 13. 
Referring now to FIG. 6, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 6 is 
very similar to that of FIG. 5, like components being designated by like 
numerals. The basic difference between the systems of FIG. 6 and FIG. 5 is 
that the valve assembly 10 of FIG. 5 is substituted by the control valve 
52 of FIG. 4, with the control valve 52 being connected to converting 
means 12a and accumulator means 59. 
Referring now back to FIG. 1, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 1 
shows an energy recovery type valve provided with the feature of 
compensation. The feature of compensation is characterized by the fact 
that the flow from the source of pressure fluid is made proportional to 
the pressure differential across a variable control orifice, although it 
can be achieved in a number of different ways, which will be described 
later in this specification. With a constant pressure differential being 
maintained across such an orifice, the flow through the orifice becomes 
directly proportional to the area of the orifice, irrespective of the 
magnitude of the fluid pressure supplied from the source of fluid 
pressure. 
If the source of fluid pressure is a pump, the energy in the form of fluid 
flow at a specific pressure, is supplied through the compensating control 
to the fluid motor, which then controls a resistive or positive type load. 
In such a system, in order to control the velocity of the load, the 
constant pressure differential across the variable orifice is maintained 
by the throttling process, which converts fluid power energy into heat. 
Without exception, all of the controls of the present art known use this 
type of control. This type of conversion of fluid power energy into heat 
is irreversible and the ability of the fluid power energy to perform 
useful work in a fluid power and control system is lost. Since the control 
pressure differential across a variable orifice, which is converted by 
throttling into heat, represents only a very small percentage of the total 
pressure available at the pump outlet, the conversion to heat by 
throttling represents only a small percentage of the total power developed 
by the pump. Therefore, a very large percentage of the total power can be 
used in control of a positive type load, without being converted to heat. 
The principle of operation of such positive load compensating controls is 
known in the art, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,694 issued to T. Budzich 
on Oct. 7, 1969. 
Since the pressure differential determines the amount of fluid power energy 
converted to heat, the level of the pressure differential has a great 
influence on the efficiency of the system and therefore should be kept as 
low as possible. However, since the level of the pressure differential 
determines the gain and therefore the response of the compensated control, 
the selection of this level always represents a compromise. By variation 
in this level of the pressure differential, during controlling action of 
the control of a resistive type load, as long as this pressure 
differential is maintained constant at any specific level, very beneficial 
results can be obtained and the flow through the variable orifice can be 
controlled by two parameters and those are areas of the orifice and the 
level of the pressure differential. 
When the source of pressure is a fluid motor, subjected to an aiding or 
negative type load, all the fluid power controls, including compensating 
type controls of the present art, are based on the principle of fully 
throttling the fluid power energy of the negative type load, thereby 
converting all the energy into heat. The compensating controls of negative 
type loads, based on the principle of constant pressure differential, are 
known in the art as shown by U.S. Pat. No. 3,744,517 issued to T. Budzich 
on July 10, 1973. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 1 the source of pressure fluid is the piston 
chamber 14 of the cylinder type fluid motor 11 that is subjected to 
negative load W. The fluid flow at negative load pressure, passes from 
piston chamber 14 through metering orifice means 24 to the valve assembly 
10, which controls the pressure differential developed by throttling the 
fluid flow across the metering orifice means 24. Variable control orifice 
means 24, schematically shown on FIG. 1, may take many forms and the flow 
area of the orifice 25 can be varied in many ways by schematically shown 
means 26, in response to the external control signal 27. For example, 
metering orifice means 24 can be a throttling port of a direction control 
valve, well known in the art, in which case means 26 would take the form 
of a direction control spool or a balanced poppet. The displacement of the 
spool 35 is dictated by the magnitude of the external control signal 27. 
The control of the direction control spool or balanced poppet may be 
accomplished by varying the control pressure of fluid power generated 
external control signal 27, or a solenoid which controls the displacement 
of such spool or poppet in response to an electrical control signal, or a 
stepper motor, or any number of various mechanical, hydraulic, 
electrohydraulic or electrical devices, the simplest of those being just 
manual control input. 
The negative load energy recovery control of the compensated type of FIG. 1 
controls the pressure differential across variable orifice means 24, thus 
controlling the flow at negative load pressure from the piston chamber 14, 
in response to the external control signal 27, in turn controlling the 
velocity of the negative load W. 
In the control of FIG. 1 the flow, passing through metering orifice means 
24, can be diverted either by valve assembly 10 to fluid fluid exhaust 
means 13a, or to absorbing means 12, or to both, as long as the pressure 
differential across the control orifice means 24 is fully controlled. 
Absorbing means 12 can take many forms, but it principally receives the 
fluid power energy at negative load pressure, without converting it to 
heat by throttling and delivers it by line 50 to other parts of the fluid 
power and control system schematically shown as 50a, where this energy, in 
the form of fluid power energy, can be made to perform useful work in 
control of resistive or positive type loads, without being converted into 
heat and therefore not only increases the efficiency of the system, but 
also increases the capability of such a system to perform useful work. 
These benefits are obtained in the control of FIG. 1, without degrading in 
any way whatsoever the quality of the control of the negative load W. 
Assume that variable orifice means 24, in response to the external control 
signal 27 is in the fully closed position. The negative load pressure from 
the piston chamber 14 is transmitted through lines 16 and 17 to port 18 
and first control chamber 19 to act on the force generating means 35b, 
where it generates a force on first compensating spool means 35 equal to 
the product of the negative load pressure and the cross-sectional area of 
the first compensating spool means 35. Since the downstream side of the 
variable orifice means 24 is connected through line 20, first inlet 
chamber 21, first throttling slots 37, exhaust chamber 29 and line 30a to 
the fluid exhaust means 13a, first compensating spool means 35 moves all 
the way to the right against the biasing force of spring biasing means 43, 
isolating first and second inlet chambers 21 and 23 by first and second 
cut-off edges 38 and 42 from the exhaust chamber 29 and also from the 
bypass chamber 30. The downstream side of the variable orifice means 24 is 
also simultaneously connected through line 22, second inlet chamber 23, 
passages 44 and 45 and damping orifice 46 to the second control chamber 
33, which is maintained either at an intermediate low pressure, or 
atmospheric pressure through various types of leakage means, well-known in 
the art. 
Assume that variable orifice means 24 is actuated in response to the 
external control signal 27 to provide a certain specific area of flow 
through the orifice 25 which corresponding to a specific velocity of the 
negative load W. Assume also that in the first mode of operation the flow 
absorbing capability of absorbing means 12 is higher than that dictated by 
the area of flow of the orifice 25. Then the pressure in line 20 will rise 
automatically transmitting this higher pressure through line 22, second 
inlet chamber 23, passages 44 and 45 and damping orifice 46 to the second 
control chamber 33. The pressure in the second control chamber 33 reacting 
on the cross-sectional area of first compensating spool means 35, together 
with biasing force of spring biasing means 43, moves the first 
compensating spool means 35 into a modulating position in a well-known 
manner, controlling by throttling fluid flow at negative load pressure 
from the second inlet chamber 23 to the bypass chamber 30 and through the 
first duct means 31 and check valve means 32 to the absorbing means 12. 
This control of the fluid flow maintains the pressure differential 
developed by throttling across control orifice means 24 at a level 
equivalent to the biasing load of spring biasing means 43. In this control 
mode, the amount of throttling at the first control throttling means 40 is 
determined by how much the flow absorbing capacity of absorbing means 12 
exceeds the flow rate, as determined by the flow area setting of metering 
orifice means 24. The smaller this difference the smaller the amount of 
throttling done by first control throttling means 40. In its modulating 
position, the first compensating spool means 35 is subjected to the force 
generating means 35b established by the cumulative effect of pressures in 
the first control chamber 19, the second control chamber 33, and the 
biasing force of spring biasing means 43. 
Assume that in the second mode of operation the rate of flow, as determined 
by the setting of the metering orifice means 24, equals the flow absorbing 
capability of absorbing means 12. Then the first compensating spool means 
35 moves further from right to left, with the flow to absorbing means 12 
being diverted by first flow diverting means 39. The first flow diverting 
means 39 includes the first low resistance flow passage 39a. The low 
resistance flow passage 39a permits the transmittal of flow from the 
second inlet chamber 23 to the bypass chamber 30 at minimum resistance 
level and can be in many forms. The flow transfer at negative load 
pressure less the pressure differential across metering orifice means 24 
is then delivered to absorbing means 12, with absolutely minimum 
throttling loss, thus permitting maximum recovery of the energy of the 
negative load in the form of fluid power energy. The fluid power energy 
then can be utilized to perform useful work in the fluid power and control 
system 50a. There are different ways and means of changing the flow 
absorbing capacity of absorbing means 12 in such a way that the flow to 
absorbing means 12 is transferred with a minimum amount of throttling, 
thus permitting maximum utilization of the energy of the negative load in 
fluid power form. While working in the first and second modes of operating 
first cut-off edge 38 fully isolates the first inlet chamber 21 from the 
exhaust chamber 29, thus isolating the piston chamber 14 from fluid 
exhaust means 13a. 
Assume that in the third mode of operation the flow from the piston chamber 
14, as determined by the setting of metering orifice means 24, exceeds the 
flow absorbing capability of absorbing means 12. Then first compensating 
spool means 35 moves further from right to left, throttling, by fully 
throttling means 36, the difference between the flow passing through 
metering orifice means 24 and the flow diverted through first flow 
diverting means 39 to absorbing means 12. In this new modulating position 
fully throttling means 36 fully converts by throttling into heat the 
energy, the excess flow that absorbing means 12 is not capable of 
absorbing, while the integrity of the compensating control in this mode of 
operation is not affected. 
Assume that in the fourth mode of operation, the flow absorbing capability 
of absorbing means 12 is zero. Then first compensating spool means 35 
moves further to the left, fully throttling and therefore converting to 
heat, by fully throttling means 36, all of the energy of the negative load 
as determined by the flow setting of the metering orifice means 24. 
Consequently, all the energy of the negative load that is converted into 
heat with fluid flow is passed to the fluid exhaust means 13a. This 
converting of fluid flow to the fluid exhaust means 13a is the normal 
operation of the state of the art compensating control as shown by U.S. 
Pat. No. 3,744,517 issued to T. Budzich on July 10, 1973. 
As stated above in the second mode of operation, in which the maximum 
amount of negative load energy is recovered to perform useful work, the 
only throttling loss takes place due to the pressure differential 
controlled by throttling across metering orifice means 24. 
One of the most important features of the negative load compensating and 
diverting control of FIG. 1 is that the negative load energy recovery 
circuit, part of which is recovery means 51 and absorbing means 12, has 
absolute priority, due to the first flow priority means 35a, over the 
fully throttling means 36 connected to fluid exhaust means 13a. Therefore, 
on a priority basis, all of the energy of the negative load is recovered 
first and only the excess energy, which cannot be used, is fully throttled 
and converted to heat. 
Another important advantage of the control of FIG. 1 is the reduction in 
throttling in modes one, two and three, with the corresponding reduction 
in the flow forces, acting on the compensating spool 35 of the valve 
assembly 10, being substantially reduced, with no significant flow forces 
existing in mode two. This results in a compensated control with much 
improved control characteristics than that of the state of the art 
compensating controls, in which the full amount of fluid power energy of 
the negative load is always converted to heat and therefore such controls 
are subjected to maximum flow forces. 
Referring now back to FIG. 2, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 2 
performs an identical function and works in an identical way, as that 
described in detail when referring to FIG. 1, the fluid flow from the 
fluid motor 11 is controlled by variation in the area of variable orifice 
means 24, while the pressure differential, across the variable orifice 25, 
is maintained at a relatively constant level by the valve assembly 10. The 
area of variable orifice means 24 is varied in response to the external 
control signal 27, which, depending on the specific application or the 
type of the fluid power and control system, can take many forms. In 
systems interfaced with electronic computing circuits the external control 
signal 27a can be of an electrical digital type, or signal 27b can be of 
an electrical analog type. Such signals will be transformed into 
mechanical linear or rotational motion by means 26a or 26b, in order to 
control the area of the variable orifice 25. In other systems, this area 
can be varied by fluid power type external control signals 27c, or 
mechanical type external control signals 27d, using means 26c or 26d. 
Referring now back to FIG. 3, the fluid power and control system of FIG. 3 
uses an identical valve assembly 10a as that of FIG. 1, but with flow 
passages 44 and 45 not provided in compensating spool 35. The control 
valve of FIG. 3 is of a two state type and uses a first stage 16d, 
provided with signal amplifying means 16c. The first stage means 16d could 
be a torque motor driven flapper-nozzle control, well known in the art. 
The control arrangement of FIG. 3 shows a servo system of a closed loop 
type. In such a system, the sensing means 24a may be any device measuring 
directly, or indirectly fluid flow out of the fluid motor 11. The direct 
flow measurement may be obtained by use of any type of flow meter or 
through the use of orifice means 24, if available. The measurement of 
fluid flow can also be indirectly established by measuring the 
displacement or velocity of the piston rod of a cylinder type fluid motor, 
once the dimensions of such motor are known, see means 24b, or by 
measuring the angular displacement, or angular velocity of a rotary type 
fluid motor, once the volume displacement per revolution of such motor is 
known, see means 24d. Sensing means 24a is provided with signal generating 
means 24e and 24c, which generate a control signal proportional to fluid 
flow out of the fluid motor and as stated above can be derived from either 
direct measurement of fluid flow, linear displacement or velocity of the 
load, or angular displacement, or angular velocity of the load. The 
resulting control signal can be transmitted, in a well known manner, using 
conventional state of the art components, in electrical form as control 
signal F.sub.1, F.sub.2, F.sub.3, or F.sub.4, to amplifying means 16a, 
which produce signal F.sub.a, which in the control arrangement of FIG. 3 
is a feedback signal. In a well-known manner, third means 16b, responsive 
to command signal C (external control 27), can be in the form of a 
differential amplifier 16b, well-known in the art, which in response to 
command signal C and feedback signal F.sub.a produces an analog control 
signal 27b, which is the error signal of the servo system. 
Referring back to FIG. 4, the negative load pressure is generated in the 
piston chamber 14 of the cylinder type fluid motor 11 and is connected by 
line 16 through metering orifice means 24, described in great detail when 
referring to FIG. 1, to the control valve 52. In control valve 52, which 
is very similar to the valve assembly 10 of FIG. 1, third inlet chamber 60 
and bypass chamber 56 are interposed between the exhaust chamber 29 and 
second inlet chamber 23 of FIG. 1 and second flow diverting means 61 
together with second control throttling means 62, having third throttling 
slots 63 and third cut-off edges 64 are used to functionally interconnect 
third inlet chamber 60 and bypass chamber 56. With the variable control 
orifice 25 closed, second compensating spool means 55 is displaced all the 
way to the right, in a manner as described in FIG. 1. 
In the first mode of operation of the control system of FIG. 4, it is 
assumed that the absorbing capacity of converting means 12a is higher than 
the controlled flow, as dictated by the flow area of metering orifice 
means 24. Then, the throttling action of first control throttling means 40 
is identical to that as described when referring to FIG. 1. 
In the second mode of operation of the control system of FIG. 4, it is 
assumed that the flow absorbing capability of converting means 12a is 
equal to the controlled flow, as determined by the setting of the metering 
orifice means 24 and, in a manner as described when referring to FIG. 1, 
the total flow at negative load pressure, less the pressure differential 
throttled in metering orifice means 24, is delivered to converting means 
12a and the other branch of the fluid power and control system 50a, 
capable of using this fluid power energy in control of resistive, or 
positive type loads. 
In the third mode of operation of the control system of FIG. 4, with the 
converting means 12a incapable of absorbing full flow at control level, 
the second compensating spool means 55 moves further to the left, with 
second control throttling means 62 throttling the fluid flow and diverting 
it through second duct means 57 and second check valve means 58 to 
accumulator means 59. Therefore, in this mode of operation the excess 
flow, equal to the difference between the flow controlled at the metering 
orifice means 24 and the flow being absorbed by converting means 12a, is 
diverted to accumulator means 59, gradually filling the accumulator. 
Accumulator means 59 and converting means 12a constitute absorbing means 
12. 
In the fourth mode of operation of the control system of FIG. 4, with 
accumulator means 59 full, second compensating spool means 55 moves 
further to the left and throttles, by fully throttling means 36, fluid 
flow, equal to the difference between the flow as determined by metering 
orifice means 24 and the flow absorbed by converting means 12a, directly 
to fluid exhaust means 13a. The total energy of the excess flow to the 
fluid exhaust means 13a is converted into heat and passed with the flow 
directly to reservoir means 13. 
The introduction of second flow diverting means 61 and second control 
throttling means 62 delivering the flow to accumulator means 59 results in 
much better utilization of the energy of the negative load. By introducing 
an additional mode of operation of the control, additional storage of 
energy of the negative load in a reversible form in accumulator means 59 
is provided, which otherwise, with the use of valve assembly 10 of FIG. 1, 
would be fully converted into heat. Accumulator means 59, in the form of 
various types of accumulators of the present art, store fluid power energy 
either by compressing a mechanical spring or by further compressing a 
volume of compressed gas, divided by a bladder type elastomeric floating 
barrier from the system oil. When charging the accumulator means 59 by the 
introduction of flow, the pressure of oil in the accumulator means 59 is 
gradually increased up to a specific maximum level. Therefore, in the 
process of storing the fluid power energy in an accumulator type device, 
at the beginning of the filling process, a comparatively large amount of 
energy is converted by second control throttling means 62 into heat, this 
amount of throttling being gradually reduced, as the accumulator means 59 
is being filled, and the difference between negative load pressure and the 
gas charge pressure of the accumulator is reduced. Therefore, utilization 
of negative load energy by absorbing means 12 and second circuit 50a can 
be much more efficient than the inherently inefficient process of storing 
this energy in the accumulator. However, any excess flow, which cannot be 
absorbed by converting means 12a in the arrangement of FIG. 4 is stored in 
accumulator means 59 and can be used during part of the duty cycle of the 
machine, which does not control negative type loads. 
In the fifth mode of operation of the control system of FIG. 4, all the 
negative load energy is throttled by fully throttling means 36. This is 
the condition in which the converting means 12a cannot absorb any flow and 
accumulator means 59 is full. This fifth mode of operation of FIG. 4 is 
identical to the fourth mode of operation of FIG. 1 and was described in 
great detail when referring to FIG. 1. 
The control arrangement of FIG. 4, and the control arrangement of FIG. 1 
have one basic common advantage and that is the priority feature 
permitting utilization of negative load energy first, before throttling it 
to fluid exhaust means 13a. The arrangement of FIG. 4 has first flow 
priority means 55a operable to divert flow at negative load pressure to 
converting means 12a, second flow priority means 55b operable to divert 
the negative load energy to accumulator means 59, and third flow priority 
means 55c operable to divert negative load energy to converting means 12a, 
once accumulator means 59 is full and only after the first, second and 
third priorities are satisfied can the excess fluid flow be fully 
throttled to the reservoir means 13. 
The advantage resulting from either reduction, or elimination of flow 
forces acting on first and second compensation spools means 35 and 55 of 
FIGS. 1 and 4, obtained by reduction in the amount of throttling, results 
in improvement in the control characteristics of those controls. 
Check valve means 32 in FIG. 1 and check valves means 32 and 58 in FIG. 4 
were introduced to prevent any back flow from converting means 12a and the 
accumulator means 59 of absorbing means 12 to piston chamber 14, which 
would disturb the proportionality of the control. The flow from 
accumulator means 59 being the most harmful. Converting means 12a and 
accumulator means 59 are interconnected, for fluid flow, by control and 
transfer means 84. Once the pressure level in converting means 12a drops 
below the pressure level of the fluid in accumulator means 59, pressurized 
fluid from accumulator means 59 transfers to the converting means 12a. 
Referring back to FIG. 5, the control arrangement of FIG. 5 is similar to 
that of FIG. 1 with variable orifice 25 in FIG. 5 being substituted by 
direction control valve assembly 87, well-known in the art. The direction 
control valve assembly 87 is provided with first and second chambers 90 
and 91 and biasing spring 89. The biasing spring 89, in a well-known 
manner, biases the direction control spool 88 towards the neutral 
position. The direction control spool 88 is displaced from its neutral 
position in either direction by subjecting the first chamber 90 to control 
pressure signal A or the second chamber 91 to control pressure signal B. 
The positive load compensator 74 is of a form well-known in the art which, 
in a well-known manner, by the use of throttling port 110 positioned on 
the spool 109, throttles the fluid flow supplied from system pump 79 
through discharge line 8 to maintain a constant pressure differential 
across variable orifice means created by displacement of metering port 77 
or 78 of the direction control spool 88. In a well-known manner, the 
throttling spool 109 of the positive load compensator 74 is subjected to 
the biasing force of control spring 111 and positive load pressure L.sub.P 
in space 111a, which is supplied from external logic module 99. 
The external logic module 99 is operable to identify whether the fluid 
motor 11 is subjected to positive or negative load pressure and to 
transmit either a positive load pressure L.sub.P control signal to the 
space 111a of the positive load compensator 74, or a negative load 
pressure L.sub.N control signal to the first control chamber 19. The 
external logic module 99 is subjected to control pressure signals A and B 
and the pressures in piston chamber 14 and piston rod chamber 15. 
Additional details of the external logic module 99 may be obtained by 
reviewing U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,194 issued to T. Budzich on Sept. 9, 1986. 
Referring back to FIG. 6, the control arrangement of FIG. 6 is very similar 
to that of FIG. 5 with the exception that valve assembly 10 of FIG. 5 is 
substituted by the control valve 52 of FIG. 4 and absorbing means 12 is 
supplemented by accumulator means 59 and converting means 12a. 
Although the preferred embodiments of this invention have been shown and 
described in detail, it is recognized that the invention is not limited to 
the precise form and structure shown. Various modifications and 
rearrangements, as will occur to those skilled in the art upon full 
comprehension of this invention, may be resorted to without departing from 
the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.