Interleaved piezoelectric tactile interface

A piezoelectric tactile input device and method in a computing environment. An embodiment disclosed herein includes a touch screen having several piezoelectric regions within a piezoelectric material layer that may generate a voltage when deformed in a localized area. The piezoelectric layer may be disposed between sensor layers of rows and columns of sensor traces for detecting the voltage generated at any particular piezoelectric region. The detected voltage signals may then be used to extrapolate the position of the localized area in which the piezoelectric layer was deformed (e.g., from a finger touch or a stylus). Further, because the piezoelectric layer generates a greater voltage in the presence of a greater pressure, the device may further decipher a relative level of force for the tactile input on the touch screen and detect multiple touch locations.

BACKGROUND

A tactile input interface is commonly known in the industry as a touch screen. Touch screens are growing in popularity and usage as a means for navigating and using a smart device, such as a personal computer, personal data assistant, or mobile phone. Thus, a user may input commands to devices via a tactile input, which may be a user's finger or a stylus configured to interact with a tactile input interface, e.g., a touch screen. Therefore, touch screens are often sensitive to small changes in input as a user moves a finger or a stylus, yet remain rugged enough for repeated use in varying conditions as well as for transport and shipping in lower pressure and colder conditions than what a device including the touch screen may typically experience after being deployed for use. For example, touch screen devices may be shipped in a cargo hold of an airplane that experiences both lower pressures and lower temperatures at higher altitude.

Although conventional touch screens may include requisite sensitivity for typical use, they often do not have a design that may be suited to withstand lower pressure environments or colder environments that may exist during transportation and shipping. Thus, conventional touch screens are subject to failure during these shipping conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the subject matter disclosed herein. The general principles described herein may be applied to embodiments and applications other than those detailed above without departing from the spirit and scope of the present detailed description. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed or suggested herein.

By way of overview, the subject matter disclosed herein may be a system and method for a tactile input interface (hereinafter, referred to as a touch screen) that may detect input by using a later of piezoelectric material. An embodiment disclosed herein includes a touch screen of a computing device having a piezoelectric material layer therein. The piezoelectric layer may generate a voltage when deformed in a localized area. The piezoelectric layer may also include a pattern of sensors for detecting the voltage generated. The detected voltage signals may then be used to extrapolate the position of the localized area in which the piezoelectric layer was deformed (e.g., from a finger touch or a stylus). Further, because the piezoelectric layer generates a greater voltage in the presence of a greater pressure, the device may further decipher a relative level of force for the tactile input on the touch screen. These and other aspects of the subject matter are discussed in greater detail below with respect toFIGS. 1-6.

FIG. 1is an exploded view of several layers of a touch screen system100having a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer102covering first and second indium tin oxide coated layers114and104. Such a touch screen system100may be suited to overlay a view screen of a computing device such that tactile input on the touch screen may control the computing device. Thus, a user who touches an area near a hyperlink may activate the hyperlink (just as a mouse click may initiate such a hyperlink actuation). Further, a user may slide a stylus or a finger along a path on the touch screen such that additional input commands are recognized, such as screen scrolling or drag-and-drop functionality. For the remainder of this disclosure, however, the specifics of touch screen input commands are not discussed in any greater detail as the focus of the discussion will remain on the touch screen itself and the manner in which tactile input is recognized and processed.

In the diagram ofFIG. 1, a touch screen system100includes a touch screen101overlaying a display assembly118of an associated device (wherein details of the device, other than the display assembly118, are not shown for simplistic illustrative purposes). The display assembly may be a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), a plasma display, or any other kind of suitable display suited to be used in a computing environment. The touch screen101may be a resistive dual-ITO-layer touch screen. Such a touch screen101includes several layers for providing an interface for a user to control the associated device. These layers include a glass-backer layer116, a first ITO coated layer114, an x-axis directional bus bar112, an adhesive paste layer110, an adhesive spacer layer108, a y-axis directional bus bar106, a second ITO coated layer104, and a PET layer102. These layers are discussed in greater detail below along with a brief discussion about the operation of a resistive dual-ITO layer touch screen101.

One concept underlying a restive touch screen101is that each layer is flexible. Thus, when a localized pressure is applied to an outer layer (such as by a user's finger or a stylus), each of the layers flexes slightly at the point of contact. By mounting first and second ITO coated layers114and104close together with a small air gap in between (on the order of microns), the first and second ITO coated layers114and104may contact each other when pressure is applied, thereby creating a conduction point for electrical signals. The electrical conduction at the point of contact may be sensed in a first directional coordinate (e.g., an x-axis direction), by the x-axis directional bus bar112.

Similarly, an orthogonal directional coordinate may also be sensed by the y-axis directional bus bar106. Together the x and y coordinates may be determined by these bus bars112and106such that associated circuitry may interpret the tactile input on the touch screen accordingly. The two ITO coated layers114and104are further spaced apart by not only the bus bars112and106, but also by an adhesive paste layer110and an adhesive spacer layer108. These adhesive layers provide requisite space between the ITO coated layers114and104and the bus bars112and106. A glass backer116provides a bottom layer for the touch screen101suited to overlay the display assembly118, and a PET layer102provides a top layer suited for external environment conditions.

There may be drawbacks to this resistive dual-ITO layer touch screen101. Such a resistive touch screen101does not have any reliable vent to properly facilitate air circulation underneath the PET layer102due to the requirements for disposing the dual-ITO coated layers114and104close to each other. A typical modulus of elasticity (Young's Modulus—a known manner of mathematically expressing a substance's tendency to deform wherein the smaller the modulus, the more flexible a material is) for the PET layer102is 3 GPa. A typical modulus of elasticity for the ITO coated layers114and104is 116 GPa. Thus, the PET layer102is more elastic than the ITO coated layers114and104by about forty times. This is a convenient ratio for operating conditions at most temperatures and ambient pressures. However, during shipment when using air cargo transportation, an air cargo hold may experience ambient air pressure as low as 0.5 ATM and temperatures near or below freezing. This may lead to a pillowing effect (development of air pockets where the layers begin to separate) on the PET layer102during air shipment. Empirical and analytical data suggest that the PET layer102may be strained due to the different pressure and temperature conditions while the ITO layers coated114and104(with higher modulus of elasticity) remain inelastic. As a result, the ITO coated layers114and104may break and be compromised, as the PET layer102layer stretches while the underlying ITO coated layers114and104do not. Although, this may be addressed by having a thicker PET layer102, such a thickness then leads to a larger activation force which in turn decreases the sensitivity of the touch panel to light touches. Further yet, general wear and tear on the touch screen101may also cause the various layers to fail because the small air gap between the ITO layers creates a greater probability of failure. Thus, instead of using a dual ITO layered touch screen101as discussed with respect toFIG. 1, a piezoelectric layer may be used in place of the dual ITO layers as is discussed further inFIGS. 2-5.

FIG. 2is a diagram of piezoelectric material201showing an electric voltage Vp that may be generated when the piezoelectric material is displaced. Piezoelectric materials may be of a crystal or ceramic structure and may be characterized as deforming slightly under the presence of an electric field. The reciprocal is also true in that when a piezoelectric material201is placed under deforming pressure, an electric voltage is generated. That is, the piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field).

Thus, inFIG. 2, when a force205is applied to the piezoelectric material201, an electric voltage Vp between the top and bottom of the piezoelectric material (e.g., the poling direction210) is generated. Piezoelectric material may be characterized as having crystal molecules that are dipoles—molecules that exhibit a pair of opposite charges disposed at opposite sides of a molecule. Thus, when a piezoelectric material undergoes poling, the individual dipole moments (wherein each dipole exhibits a dipole moment defined as a direction of an electric field that results from the separation of the positive and negative charge) become aligned. The direction of the alignment is called the poling direction. The voltage Vp is proportional to the amount of force205in a specific direction and may be used to detect the presence of a pressure at a specific location. Such detection techniques are discussed below with respect toFIGS. 3-5.

Potentially, piezoelectric materials may be manipulated to exhibit a piezoelectric characteristic through a process called poling. The process of poling involves aligning individual dipole moments (of the inherent crystal or ceramic molecules) in the material. When the piezoelectric material is subjected to a force, the voltage Vp is generated in the poling direction210. Such piezoelectric materials may be measured in terms of a piezoelectric voltage constant g. The piezoelectric voltage constant g may be defined as the electric field generated by a piezoelectric material per unit of force applied. Further, the direction of the force in relation to the direction of the poling garners different constants. Thus, for a force F1205in the same direction as the poling direction P1210, a first constant gF1P1governs the voltage generated. Similarly, for a force F2206in the orthogonal direction of the poling P1210, a different constant gF2P1governs the voltage generated.

By way of non-limiting example, suppose the piezoelectric material is a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, which may be well suited for this kind of use since it is almost completely transparent, yet is sufficiently rigid and durable for use as a see-through touch screen. PVDF film is available with the thickness as low as a few microns and may be manufactured to be a piezoelectric thin film transducer that is up to 98% transparent. Thus, a voltage Vp generated by the piezoelectric material when engaged with a vertical force F1may be defined by:
Vp=HF1gF1P1
where H is the height (thickness) of the piezoelectric material201and may be for this example 9 um. A typical force F1applied may be done so using a stylus having a tip area of 1 mm2at a force of 1 Newton. F1may be any location on the touch screen as the downward force from a pressure point from a stylus or finger will diminish accordingly as the measurement location gets further away from the source of the contact force (e.g., the stylus point of contact, for example). Further, the known piezoelectric constant gF1P1for PVDF film is:
gF1P1=0.330 V/m/N/m2
Therefore, the voltage Vp, for this example, at the point of stylus contact is be calculated to be:
Vp=HF1gF1P1=2.97 V
As the force of the pressure increases or decreases, the voltage Vp generated also proportionally increases or decreases.

Thus, the further away from the point of contact (stylus of finger point) of the force, the voltage Vp generated becomes smaller. As discussed inFIG. 3, measuring this voltage at various points in a piezoelectric layer (310as shown inFIG. 3) allows a processor (shown inFIG. 6) to determine the point of contact and the amount of force applied at the point of contact. For the purposes of the discussion herein, two piezoelectric constants will be used for various calculation; a first piezoelectric constant d31corresponding to a voltage generated in a first direction (e.g., x-direction) when a vertical force F1is applied and a second piezoelectric constant d32corresponding to a voltage generated in a transverse direction (e.g., y-direction) when the vertical force F1is applied.

FIG. 3is a diagram of a touch screen device300having a piezoelectric layer for sensing tactile input according to an embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. In this embodiment, a layer of piezoelectric material310may be disposed between first and second protective layers314and304. Further, this combination of layers (1314-310-304) is flanked on the bottom side by a glass backer116and on the top side by a protective layer302. Together, these layers form a touch screen301that overlays a display assembly118of the touch screen device300.

When a user touches the touch screen301with a finger or a stylus, a force is created in a downward direction (e.g., toward the display assembly118). Thus, a voltage is generated by the piezoelectric layer310localized around the point of pressure. This voltage diminishes as distance increases further away from the pressure point. A measure of voltage at specific locations allows a processor (not shown inFIG. 3) to calculate the position of the pressure point on the piezoelectric layer310as well as the relative force. As is discussed below, different embodiments and different methods may be used to determine the pressure point.

By using a piezoelectric layer310to sense tactile input, several advantages over conventional solutions may be realized. First, with a single piezoelectric layer310instead of two ITO layers (as is shown inFIG. 1), there are fewer layers and, therefore, fewer possibilities for failures to occur. Additionally, since the piezoelectric layer310, by its nature, generates its own voltage, there may be no need for an external voltage supply to supply power to the touch screen. Further, the voltage generated by the piezoelectric layer310may be harvested (as is discussed further below with respect toFIG. 6) to provide additional supply power for other components in the touch screen device300. Thus, the touch screen device300may realize a greater overall efficiency. Further yet, since the magnitude of voltage generated is proportional to the force of the pressure applied, the piezoelectric layer310may not only determine the location of the touch, but may also determine a relative pressure level of the touch. In contrast, a conventional touch screen may be incapable of determining the amount of force.

FIG. 4shows a top view of a piezoelectric layer ofFIG. 3having a pattern of indium-tin oxide (ITO) sensors420a-dsuited to detect displacement of the piezoelectric layer310according to an embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. In this embodiment, four ITO sensors420a-dare placed in four locations on the piezoelectric layer310. ITO sensors420a-d, much like the ITO layers114and104ofFIG. 1, are suited to be very thin (on the order of microns) and transparent to light. These locations may be a top-side ITO sensor420a, a right-side ITO sensor420b, a left-side ITO sensor420c, and a bottom-side ITO sensor420d. These positional names are arbitrary and merely used as a manner of identifying four different ITO sensors420a-dlocated in a pattern suited to differentiate detected voltage as a result of pressure applied at a point on the piezoelectric layer310.

When a force is applied at a point450on the piezoelectric layer310, voltages are generated surrounding the point450. The voltage will be strongest at the point450. Because the piezoelectric layer310is an interconnected rigid thin film, additional voltages will still be generated surrounding the point450, but with diminishing magnitude as the distance increases from the point450. Thus, a measure of the voltage generated at the piezoelectric layer where each of the ITO sensor points420a-dare located allows a processor (not shown inFIG. 4) to calculate the location of the point450based on the differential voltages detected at the sensor points420a-d. This may be likened to triangulation when detecting wireless signals; however, the mathematical operation may include a calculation of an intersection of circles having a radius that is inversely proportional to the voltage detected at the piezoelectric layer310at each respective ITO sensor420a-dlocation.

Thus, with a pressure at the point450, a first voltage may be measured at the top-side ITO sensor420a. A relatively similar voltage may also be measured at the left-side ITO sensor420cbecause this sensor is almost equidistant from the top-side ITO sensor420a. A smaller voltage may be measured at right-side ITO sensor420band the smallest voltage magnitude (as compared to ITO sensors420a-c) may be detected at the bottom-side ITO sensor420d. Knowing these four voltages detected at the four sensors420a-d, one may be able to extrapolate the positions of the pressure point450. Additionally, because the piezoelectric layer310generates larger voltages as the pressure increases at the point450, one may also extrapolate a relative amount of force at the pressure point450by compensating for the piezoelectric constant that is known for the material. It is also noted that the pressure point450need not be within any boundary created by the ITO sensors450a-d(e.g., between sensors or inside a diamond pattern in this embodiment). This mathematical concept is illustrated further with respect toFIG. 4B.

FIG. 4Bis a top view of a piezoelectric layer ofFIG. 3having a pattern of indium-tin oxide (ITO) sensors420a-dthat have detected displacement of the piezoelectric layer310and pinpointed the location according to an embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. The displacement in this example is at point460. Thus, at the first ITO sensor420a, a voltage or charge is detected in the piezoelectric layer310that yields a first magnitude. With its close proximity to the point460, one expects this voltage magnitude or charge magnitude to be larger than other more distant sensor locations. Thus, a proportional function may be used to indicate this detected voltage magnitude. In this example, the function is a circle421bhaving a radius that is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the measured voltage wherein the circle is centered at the sensor420a. In a similar manner, the other sensors420b-dalso measure a voltage or charge at each respective sensor location and generate a function proportional to the measured voltage (i.e., circles421b-d. With these four functions describing measured voltage, one may calculate the intersection of the four functions to be the actual pressure point460.

As can be appreciated in the art, the intersection of circles is but one functional relationship between sensor locations that may be used to calculate such a point460of magnitude. Thus, another functional relationship may be triangulation between any three sensors. As discussed above, a piezoelectric film may have three separate piezoelectric coefficients (e.g., d31, d32and d33, as discussed above) corresponding to an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis. In applications where the piezoelectric layer is very thin (e.g., a touch screen), charge contributions from the z-axis may be ignored. By denoting the magnitude of voltages measured then in the main Cartesian coordinates x and y as σx, and σy, and the electrode area as Sel, the resultant output charge on each sensing element is calculated as:
Q=(d31σx+d32σy)Sel.
Such a triangulation method is further illustrated inFIG. 4C.

FIG. 4Cis a top view of a piezoelectric layer ofFIG. 3having a pattern of indium-tin oxide (ITO) sensors that have detected displacement of the piezoelectric layer310and pinpointed the location according to another embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. Thus, as a pressure point470is generated, each sensor may detect a measurable voltage. Knowing the piezoelectric constant (d31and d32) in the two coordinates (x and y direction), one can determine a vector for the third leg of a created triangle. That is, by calculating a first leg481xand a second leg481y, one can determine a third leg associated with sensor420cthat intersects the point470. Similarly, one can calculate482xand482yto determine a third leg associated with sensor420athat also intersects point470. Then, these two calculated triangles may be used to calculation the intersection of the two triangles. Adding additional calculated triangles (e.g., from sensors420band420dthat are not shown) increases accuracy.

In other embodiments not shown, only three ITO sensors may be used to extrapolate positional information. Such an embodiment may not be as accurate or sensitive as a four sensor embodiment; however, the above-described method of extrapolating position and force of the point450still remain viable.

For example, maximum positioning error of a three ITO sensor embodiment when using a equilateral probe (i.e., a probe having a tip that is an equilateral triangle with equal length on each side) having a contact length of 7 mm is 2.23 mm. In yet other embodiments, there may be many more than four ITO sensors thereby greatly decreasing the maximum positioning error. Further, the locations of the ITO sensors may be of any pattern suited to extrapolate positional and pressure detection of the pressure point450. One such pattern may be to have four ITO sensors located at the four corners of the piezoelectric layer310. Other embodiments may include more than one piezoelectric layer310as discussed next with respect toFIG. 5.

With ITO sensors located in suitable positions, not only can point detections be determined (e.g., from a single point like a tip of a stylus), but also approximate shape of a probe that may be contacting the surface of a touch screen as several point detections are determined simultaneously. Thus, in an embodiment, a shaped probe (such as a human hand) may contact the touch screen in several places at once. By extrapolating all point sources at the same time, an approximate shape may be determined. Additional analysis of all detected voltage signals may result in a processor being able to assemble two-dimensional data as point sources within an x-y coordinate system. Thus, the shape of a tactile input may be determined.

FIG. 5is an exploded view of a touch screen device500having two piezoelectric layers510aand510bfor sensing tactile input according to an embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. In this embodiment, two distinct layers of piezoelectric material510aand510bmay be disposed between first and second protective layers314and304. Further, this combination of layers (314-510a/b-304) is flanked on the bottom side by a glass backer116and on the top side by a protective layer302. Together, these layers form a touch screen501that overlays a display assembly118of the touch screen device500.

When a user touches the touch screen501with a finger or a stylus, a force is created in a downward direction (e.g., toward the display assembly118). However, with two different piezoelectric layers510aan510b, different poling directions may be utilized to further enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of the touch screen501. By aligning the poling direction of the piezoelectric layer510ain a first transverse direction511a(e.g., orthogonal to the direction of downward pressure on the touch screen501), a voltage is generated (as described above with respect toFIG. 2) by the piezoelectric layer510alocalized around the point of pressure. This voltage diminishes as distance increases further away from the pressure point. A measure of voltage at specific location will allow a processor (not shown inFIG. 5) to calculate the position of the pressure point on the piezoelectric layer510aas well as the relative force. Simultaneously, the piezoelectric layer510bmay have a poling alignment in a second transverse direction511b, thereby generating a voltage in the piezoelectric layer510blocalized around the same point of pressure. A measure of voltage at specific location will allow a processor to calculate the position of the pressure point on the piezoelectric layer510bin a related but separate redundant manner. With redundant calculations generated from redundant detections on these two piezoelectric layers510aand510b, accuracy of the detection is increased. Further, the number of ITO sensors (not shown inFIG. 5) may be increased as better tactile detection resolution is desired. Further yet, the ITO sensors may also be disposed at the edges of the touch screen such that transparency is no longer an issue as well.

In another embodiment, only one layer510amay be present with a poling direction in the first transverse direction511awherein only this layer510ais used to detect tactile input. The second layer (e.g., second piezoelectric layer510b) as described above may increase input resolution but may not be needed in some applications. Each of the above described embodiments may be used within a larger computing environment as described below with respect toFIG. 6.

FIG. 6is a diagram of a system600having a touch screen device300ofFIGS. 2-5according to an embodiment of the subject disclosed herein. In this system600, a touch screen device300includes a piezoelectric layer (not shown in detail in the system600ofFIG. 6) with four ITO sensors420a-dfor detecting tactile input as discussed above with respect toFIG. 4. Each of these ITO sensors420a-dmay be electrically coupled to an analog-to-digital converter610suited to receive an analog voltage signal and process the voltage signal (representative of tactile input at a pressure point450by a user's finger or a stylus690) for use within a processor620. Together, these sensors420a-dand the ND converter610form a sensing circuit that may be configured to determine any tactile input on the piezoelectric layer. At the processor620, the various voltage signals detected allow the processor620to calculate the location on the touch screen300of the pressure point450as well as a relative pressure of the touch according one or more of the methods discussed above.

In an embodiment, the processor620may keep a data log of the tactile input calculations in a local memory630. Over time, intrinsic data about usage may be deduced and used to enhance the overall performance of the system. For example, if a user tends to use a specific level of pressure when using tactile input to manipulate the device, the processor algorithm for calculating the tactile input information may be adjusted to use or set maximum and minimum pressure levels for recognizing the input. Further, the collected intrinsic data may be communicated via a communications module650to a manufacturer to adjust newer models of the devices before they are manufactured as well as in the manufacture of devices suited for different but related applications.

In another embodiment, the electric charge generated from the piezoelectric material in the touch screen300may be harvested by a voltage-recovery circuit670to provide some compensating charge to a local battery680.

Additional Embodiments with Interleaved Sensor Layer

FIG. 7is an exploded view of a touch screen device700having a plurality of piezoelectric regions in a piezoelectric layer710for sensing tactile input according to another embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. In this embodiment, multiple concentrations of piezoelectric regions may be disposed in a layer of piezoelectric material710between first and second sensing layers711and712. Further, this combination of layers (712-710-711), as before, may be flanked on the bottom side by a glass backer716and on the top side by a front panel layer704and a protective overlay705. Together, all of these layers form a touch screen701that overlays a display assembly718of the touch screen device700.

In this embodiment, the upper sensing layer712may be associated with several rows of sensing traces (not shown in detail inFIG. 7) that form a series of aligned electrical-signal sensors that may be utilized to determine an x-coordinate in the context of a common x-y axis. That is, if a voltage signal is sensed on a particular sensing trace in sensor layer712, then one can deduce that this particular row corresponds to the x-coordinate of the tactile touch on the interface.

Similarly, the lower sensing layer711may be associated with several columns of aligned sensing traces (also not shown in detail inFIG. 7) that may be utilized to determine a y-coordinate. That is, if a voltage signal is sensed on a particular sensing trace in sensor layer711, then one can deduce that this particular column corresponds to the x-coordinate of the tactile touch on the interface. Thus, the upper sensing layer712and the lower sensing layer711may form a mesh of sensing traces that form intersections of each row and column. Further, the piezoelectric layer710may be made of circular regions of piezoelectric material, each region centered at the intersection of each row and column in the respective upper sensing layer712and lower sensing layer711. The aforementioned aspects of these layers are not shown in detail inFIG. 7and are better understood with respect toFIG. 8below.

FIG. 8is a plan view of two layers interposed of the touch screen device ofFIG. 7according to another embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein. Broadly, sensing layer712may actually be a plurality of aligned sensing traces arranged in parallel rows. As shown in the example ofFIG. 8, there are five such rows712a-712e. In embodiments, there may be any number of parallel rows of wire traces in signal layer712, the bulk of which are not shown herein for simplicity. In a similar manner, sensing layer711may also actually be a plurality of aligned sensing traces arranged in parallel columns (the choice of rows and columns are for descriptive reasons alone as rows tend to be depicted as horizontal and columns tend to be depicted as vertical). As shown in the example ofFIG. 8, there are five such columns711a-711eas well. In embodiments, there may be any number of parallel columns of wire traces in signal layer711, the bulk of which are not shown herein for simplicity. It is to be noted that each row712a-712eare electrically isolated from each other and that each column711a-711eare also electrically isolated from each other.

As can be seen, the rows712a-712eand columns711a-711eform a mesh whereby each row712a-712ecrosses each column711a-711eat one respective intersection. At each respective intersection, a piezoelectric region from a piezoelectric layer is disposed between the respective row and respective column. Thus, as is shown, piezoelectric region710ais disposed uniquely between row712aand column711e. In this continued example, piezoelectric regions710b-710eare all disposed between column711eand one of respective rows712b-712e. In this manner, if one particular piezoelectric region generates a voltage signal as described in previous embodiments, it will necessarily generate a voltage signal on one corresponding row and one corresponding column. Continuing the example, if a tactile input causes piezoelectric region710cto deform, a voltage is generated by the piezoelectric region that may be detected on both column711eand row712c. A coupled processor (FIG. 6) may then determine an x-y coordinate of the tactile input based on the detected row712cand column711e

In this embodiment,FIG. 8shows that the interleaved rows and columns are shown with diamond-body and neck pattern. Each row, such as row712aexhibits a series of diamond-shaped bodies, such as body712a1, that are coupled to each other by a narrow neck region. Similarly, each column, such as column711aalso exhibits a series of diamond-shaped bodies, such as body711a1, that are coupled to each other by a narrow neck region. It is the neck region of each row and column where the intersections occur. Thus, a circular-shaped piezoelectric region is disposed at each intersection between the respective upper sensor layer712row and respective lower sensor layer711column. Such a diamond-shaped body pattern creates a substantially uniform covering for each sensor layer while still remaining electrically isolated at all intersections by a layer of piezoelectric regions710.

Other body and neck patterns may also be used, such as oval-shaped, elliptical-shaped, circular-shaped bodies, rectangular-shaped bodies, etc., but are not shown in any FIG. for brevity. Other shapes for each piezoelectric regions is also contemplated, such as oval, elliptical, square, rectangular, or diamond as well.

With such an embodiment as shown inFIG. 7andFIG. 8, an interface700may also be part of the system ofFIG. 6and configured to determine multiple tactile input locations at the same time. As each piezoelectric region may generate an independent voltage signal when deformed, more than one row or column may also, therefore, detect the multiple generated signals from the multiple deformed piezoelectric regions. Such a detection capability allows for common two-finger tactile input maneuvers such as zooming in or out. Other multiple tactile input location commands may be recognized as well, such as collapse a window or swipe to another application. Further yet, detecting multiple deformations along with relative pressure at the deformation (e.g., differing voltage levels generated by differing pressure levels), the interface may determine a shape of tactile input, such as a thumb press or a hand press. Further, because the piezoelectric regions do not rely upon the capacitive nature of human finger, the interface may function with a stylus or while wearing gloves.

In other embodiments, the resolution of the rows and columns may be reduced whereby a particular tactile input location may occur over an area that does not correspond uniquely to one and only one piezoelectric region. For example, a tactile input may occur close to a first row and a first column such that the intersection of the first row and first column has a piezoelectric region that is deformed by a specific amount and therefore generates a correlated voltage signal. At the same time, the same tactile input may be close enough to a second row such that the piezoelectric region at the intersection of the first column and the second row is also deformed causing an additional relatively sized voltage signal. The voltage signal may be proportionally less since the deformation may be less than the first piezoelectric region. Therefore, based on the proportion of the first row's voltage signal to the second row's voltage signal, a coupled processor may extrapolate a distance between the two deformed piezoelectric regions in which the tactile input originated. Extrapolation of multiple signals may be conducted at any scale whereby all voltage signals that are detected at any row or column are taken into account. Thus, specific locations may be able to be calculated based on relative signal strength near various intersections using fewer piezoelectric regions. This leads to being able to use fewer rows and columns since any location may be extrapolated from various signal inputs.

While the subject matter discussed herein is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the claims to the specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.