ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING THE ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

Provided are an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The first ligand, L1, of the organometallic compound may include a first polycyclic coordinate ring in which four or more rings are condensed with each other and a second polycyclic coordinate ring in which three or more rings are condensed with each other.  M1(L1)n1(L2)n2  Formula 1.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0113780, filed on Sep. 7, 2022, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an organometallic compound, a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Self-emissive devices (for example, organic light-emitting devices) in light-emitting devices have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and/or response speed.

SUMMARY

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward an organometallic compound that may provide excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics, a light-emitting device having excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics by employing the organometallic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is provided:

M1(L1)n1(L2)n2,  Formula 1wherein, in Formula 1,M1may be a transition metal,L1may be a ligand represented by Formula 1A,L2may be a bidentate ligand,n1 and n2 may each independently be 1 or 2,

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound may include a first metal and a first ligand, wherein the first metal may be iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), or rhodium (Rh), the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand bonded to the first metal, the first ligand may include a first ring and a second ring which are directly bonded to the first metal, the first ring and the second ring may each independently be a C5-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group, the organometallic compound may be to emit first light, a photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the first light may include a first peak (λ1), which is a peak having a highest intensity (I1), and a second peak (λ2), which is a peak having a second-highest intensity (I2), and Condition 1 and Condition 2 may be satisfied:

a wavelength in which the first peak is exhibited is 610 nm to 640 nm, and

a ratio of an intensity of the second peak to an intensity of the first peak (I2/I1) is 0.1 to 0.2.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the organometallic compound.

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the present disclosure, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided for conciseness. In this regard, the embodiments of the present disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely described, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As utilized herein, the term “and/or” or “or” may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

In the present disclosure, a wavelength in which a peak of first light is exhibited (or a maximum emission wavelength) and a peak intensity of the first light may be evaluated from an emission spectrum of a film including the organometallic compound(see Evaluation Example 2).

In the present disclosure, the “first peak” may refer to a peak having a highest intensity in a photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the first light. The first peak may be separated by fitting the PL spectrum in a wavelength range less than a wavelength in which the highest intensity is exhibited by utilizing a normal distribution. A center wavelength of the separated first peak corresponds to λ1, and an intensity of the separated first peak corresponds to I1.

In the present disclosure, the “second peak” may refer to a peak having a second-highest intensity in the PL spectrum of the first light. The second peak may be separated by fitting the PL spectrum in the [λ1, λ1+60 nm] range by utilizing a normal distribution. A center wavelength of the separated second peak corresponds to λ2, and an intensity of the separated second peak corresponds to I2.

In the present disclosure, the “reorganization energy” may be calculated according to Equation 1 based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation:

In Equation 1,

G represents a reorganization energy value of the organometallic compound,

E(S0;S0) represents an energy value in a S0state in a S0structure of the organometallic compound (e.g., corresponding to C ofFIG.7), and E(S0;T1) represents an energy value in a S0state in a T1structure of the organometallic compound (e.g., corresponding to D ofFIG.7).

The S0structure may refer to a structure having a lowest energy in the S0state (e.g., corresponding to A ofFIG.7, a ground singlet state), and the T1structure may refer to a structure having a lowest energy in the T1state (e.g., corresponding to B ofFIG.7, a first triplet state).

According to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 is provided:

In Formula 1, M1may be a transition metal.

According to one or more embodiments, M1in Formula 1 may be a first-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a second-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, or a third-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements.

For example, in some embodiments, M1may be Ir.

In Formula 1, n1 and n2 may each independently be 1 or 2.

According to one or more embodiments, the sum of n1 and n2 may be 3.

For example, in some embodiments, n1 may be 2, and n2 may be 1.

In Formula 1, L1may be a ligand represented by Formula 1A:

In Formula 1A, X1may be C or N, and X2may be C or N.

For example, in some embodiments, X1may be N, and X2may be C.

In Formula 1A, ring CY1and CY2may each independently be a C5-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group.

According to one or more embodiments, ring CY1may be a polycyclic group in which four or more rings are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, ring CY1may include at least one 5-membered ring. For example, in some embodiments, a 5-membered ring of ring CY1may include at least one heteroatom.

According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 1A, a part represented by

may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY1(1) to CY1(4):

In Formulae CY1(1) to CY1(4),ring CY11and ring CY12 may each independently be a C5-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group,X1may be C or N,Y1may be O, S, Se, N(R1a), C(R1a)(R1b), or Si(R1a)(R1b),Y2may be O, S, Se, N(R1c), C(R1c)(R1d), or Si(R1c)(R1d),R11, R12, R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1dmay each independently be as described herein with respect to R1,a11 and a12 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and* and *″ may each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

According to one or more embodiments, ring CY11and CY12may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, or an isoquinoline group.

According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 1A, a part represented by

may be a group represented by any one selected from among Formulae CY1(1A) to CY1(4A):

In Formulae CY1(1A) to CY1(4A),X1may be C or N,Y1may be O, S, Se, N(R1a), C(R1a)(R1b), or Si(R1a)(R1b),Y2may be O, S, Se, N(R1c), C(R1c)(R1d), or Si(R1c)(R1d),R13, R14, R1a, R1b, R1c, and R1dmay each independently be as described herein with respect with R1,a13 and a14 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4, and* and *″ may each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

According to one or more embodiments, ring CY2may be a polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed with each other. For example, in some embodiments, ring CY2may be a polycyclic group in which two cyclic groups are condensed.

According to one or more embodiments, ring CY2may be i) a polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups selected from Group A1 are condensed with each other, ii) a polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups selected from Group A2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a polycyclic group in which at least one cyclic group selected from Group A1 and at least one cyclic group selected from Group A2 are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 1A, a part represented by

may be a group represented by any one selected from Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(5):

In Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(5),X2may be C or N,X11may be C(Z11) or N, X12may be C(Z12) or N, X13may be C(Z13) or N, X14may be C(Z14) or N,X21may be C(Z21) or N, X22may be C(Z22) or N, X23may be C(Z23) or N, X24may be C(Z24) or N,Y3may be O, S, Se, N(R3a), C(R3a)(R3b), Si(R3a)(R3b), or Ge(R3a)(R3b),R21, R22, Z11to Z14, Z21to Z24, R3a, and R3bmay each independently be as described herein with respect to R2, and*′ and *″ may each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

* in Formulae 9-1 to 9-61, 9-201 to 9-237, 10-1 to 10-129, and 10-201 to 10-350 indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ph is a phenyl group, TMS is a trimethylsilyl group, and TMG is a trimethylgermyl group.

In Formula 1A, a1 and a2 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10.

According to one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, L2may be a ligand re resented by Formula 1B:

In Formula 1B,

For example, in some embodiments, R33may be hydrogen or deuterium.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be any one selected from Compounds 1 to 12:

As the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 includes a ligand represented by Formula 1A, the organometallic compound may provide excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics. Accordingly, a light-emitting device employing the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may also have excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be to emit first light, a PL spectrum of the first light may include a first peak (λ1), which is a peak having a highest intensity (I1), and a second peak (λ2), which is a peak having a second-highest intensity (I2), and a wavelength in which the first peak is exhibited (a maximum emission wavelength or a maximum emission peak wavelength) may be 610 nm to 640 nm. For example, in some embodiments, the wavelength in which the first peak is exhibited may be 611 nm to 631 nm.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may be to emit the first light, the PL spectrum of the first light may include the first peak (λ1), which is a peak having a highest intensity (I1), and the second peak (λ2), which is a peak having a second-highest intensity (I2), and a ratio of an intensity of the second peak to an intensity of the first peak (I2/I1) may be less than or equal to 0.2. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of the intensity of the second peak to the intensity of the first peak (I2/I1) may be 0.1 to 0.2 or 0.136 to 0.160.

According to one or more embodiments, the reorganization energy of the organometallic compound may be less than or equal to 0.11 eV.

Synthesis methods of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples provided in the present disclosure.

According to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, an organometallic compound may include a first metal and a first ligand,wherein the organometallic compound may be to emit first light,a PL spectrum of the first light may include a first peak (λ1), which is a peak having a highest intensity (I1), and a second peak (λ2), which is a peak having a second-highest intensity (I2), and

Condition 1 and Condition 2 may be satisfied:

a wavelength in which the first peak is exhibited is 610 nm to 640 nm; and

a ratio of an intensity of the second peak to an intensity of the first peak (I2/I1) is 0.1 to 0.2.

When the first peak of the first light emitted by the organometallic compound is exhibited in the wavelength from 610 nm to 640 nm, and the ratio of the intensity of the first peak to the intensity of the second peak of the first light (I2/I1) is 0.1 to 0.2, the organometallic compound may have high color purity, and due to less electron vibronic coupling, non-radiative decay may be reduced, which leads to excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics.

Accordingly, a light-emitting device employing the organometallic compound may have excellent or suitable front (0°) emission efficiency and color purity characteristics, and by utilizing such light-emitting device, high-quality electronic apparatuses may be manufactured.

According to one or more embodiments, the reorganization energy of the organometallic compound may be less than or equal to 0.11 eV. When such a range is satisfied, the structural change due to excitation may be reduced, which leads to a small (e.g., narrow) full width at half maximum (FWHM). Moreover, less electron vibronic coupling may result in reduction of non-radiative decay, thereby facilitating provision of excellent or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics.

For example, in some embodiments, the first metal may be iridium (Ir).

The first ligand may be a bidentate ligand bonded to the first metal.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ligand may include a first ring and a second ring which are directly bonded to the first metal, and the first ring and the second ring may each independently be a C5-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ring and the second ring may each be a polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ring may be a polycyclic group in which four or more cyclic groups are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ring may include at least one 5-membered ring.

According to one or more embodiments, a 5-membered ring of the first ring may include at least one heteroatom, for example, oxygen (O), sulfur (S) atom, etc.

For example, in some embodiments, the first ring may be a polycyclic group in which three or four 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ring may include at least one nitrogen (N), and the nitrogen (N) may be directly bonded to the first metal. For example, in some embodiments, the first ring may include a pyridine group, and nitrogen (N) of the pyridine group may be bonded to the first metal through a coordination bond.

According to one or more embodiments, carbon (C) of the first ring may be directly bonded to carbon (C) of the second ring.

According to one or more embodiments, the second ring may be a polycyclic group in which three or more cyclic groups are condensed with each other.

For example, in some embodiments, the second ring may be i) a polycyclic group in which two 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring are condensed with each other, or ii) a polycyclic group in which three 6-membered rings are condensed with each other.

According to one or more embodiments, one carbon (C) of the second ring may be directly bonded to the first metal.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound including the first metal and the first ligand may further include a second ligand, and the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand bonded to the first metal.

According to one or more embodiments, the second ligand may include at least one oxygen (O). For example, in some embodiments, the second ligand may include two or more oxygens (O).

According to one or more embodiments, oxygen of the second ligand may be directly bonded to the first metal.

According to one or more embodiments, the second ligand may not include(e.g., may exclude) a ring directly bonded to the first metal.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound including the first metal and the first ligand may further include a second ligand and a third ligand, and the second ligand and the third ligand may be a bidentate ligand bonded to the first metal.

For example, in some embodiments, the second ligand and the third ligand may be identical to each other.

For example, in some embodiments, the second ligand and the third ligand may be different from each other.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound including the first metal and the first ligand may include at least one substituent Rx.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may each independently include at least one substituent Rx. For example, in some embodiments, the first ring and the second ring of the first ligand may each independently include at least one substituent Rx.

According to one or more embodiments, Rx may be:deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or a C1-C20alkyl group;a C1-C20alkyl group or a C3-C10cycloalkyl group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or any combination thereof; ora C3-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C20alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C20alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20alkyl group, a deuterated phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20alkyl)phenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a fluorinated biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may include at least one deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or a C1-C20alkyl group.

According to one or more embodiments, the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may each independently include deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or a C1-C20alkyl group.

According to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device (e.g., an organic light-emitting device) including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer; and the organometallic compound described above, is provided.

According to one or more embodiments, the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device may be an anode,the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device may be a cathode,the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode,the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

According to one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound of the present disclosure may be included between a pair of electrodes of the light-emitting device. Accordingly, the organometallic compound may be included in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, for example, in the emission layer of the interlayer.

According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include an emission layer, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound and a host, and in terms of weight, a content (e.g., amount) of the host in the emission layer may be greater than a content (e.g., amount) of the organometallic compound in the emission layer. For example, in some embodiments, the amount of the organometallic compound may be greater than or equal to 5 parts by weight and/or less than or equal to 15 parts by weight, based on the total weight of 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.

According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the dopant may include the organometallic compound. For example, the organometallic compound may act as a dopant. In some embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit red light.

According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit light having a CIE(x) value greater than or equal to 0.67.

According to one or more embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit light having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission spectrum from 40 nm to 47 nm.

According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one selected from a first capping layer located outside the first electrode and a second capping layer located outside the second electrode, and at least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the organometallic compound. More details for the first capping layer and/or second capping layer are as described in the specification.

According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include: a first capping layer located outside the first electrode and including the organometallic compound; a second capping layer located outside the second electrode and including the organometallic compound; or the first capping layer and the second capping layer.

The expression “(an interlayer) includes/including an organometallic compound” utilized herein may include an embodiment in which “(an interlayer) includes/including identical organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1” and/or an embodiment in which “(an interlayer) includes two or more different organometallic compounds represented by Formula 1.”

In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, only Compound 1. In this regard, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer of the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in substantially the same layer (for example, all of Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in the emission layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer, and Compound 2 may be present in the electron transport region).

The term “interlayer” as utilized herein may refer to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

According to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device is provided. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In some embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. For more details on the electronic apparatus, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to.

According to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device is provided.

For example, the electronic apparatus may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a TV, a billboard, indoor or outdoor illuminations and/or signal light, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a phone, a cell phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro displays, 3D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signage.

Description of FIG.1

FIG.1is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device10according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The organic light-emitting device10may include a first electrode110, an interlayer130, and a second electrode150.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device10according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device10will be described with reference toFIG.1.

First electrode110

InFIG.1, in some embodiments, a substrate may be additionally provided and located under the first electrode110or on the second electrode150. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be utilized. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

The first electrode110may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode110on the substrate. When the first electrode110is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode110may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.

The first electrode110may have a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first electrode110may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

The interlayer130may be on the first electrode110. The interlayer130may include an emission layer.

In one or more embodiments, the interlayer130may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode110and the emission layer, and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode150.

In one or more embodiments, the interlayer130may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.

In one or more embodiments, the interlayer130may include, i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode110and the second electrode150, and ii) a charge generation layer located between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer130includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device10may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Hole transport region in interlayer130

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron-blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

For example, in some embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, the layers of each structure being stacked sequentially from the first electrode110in the stated order.

In Formulae 201 and 202,L201to L204may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,L205may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q201)-*′, a C1-C20alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C20alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,R201to R204and Q201may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,R201and R202may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C1-C5alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C2-C5alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, to form a C8-C60polycyclic group (for example, a carbazole group and/or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a(for example, Compound HT16),R203and R204may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C1-C5alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C2-C5alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, to form a C8-C60polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, andna1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

For example, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

In one or more embodiments, ring CY201to ring CY204in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY204 to CY207.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY201 to CY217.

In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting) of a charge-generation material).

For example, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be −3.5 eV or less.

In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

Non-limiting examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include (e.g., may be) dipyrazino[2,3-f: 2′,3′-h] quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), and a compound represented by Formula 221:

In Formula 221,R221to R223may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, andat least one selected from among R221to R223may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group, each substituted with a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C1-C20alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof.

Non-limiting examples of the metal halide may include (e.g., may be) alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, transition metal halide, post-transition metal halide, and/or lanthanide metal halide.

Emission layer in interlayer130

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

The amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be from about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

In some embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

In Formula 301,

Ar301and L301may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R301may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q301)(Q302)(Q303), —N(Q301)(Q302), —B(Q301)(Q302), —C(═O)(Q301), —S(═O)2(Q301), or —P(═O)(Q301)(Q302),xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, andQ301to Q303may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q1.

For example, in some embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,ring A301to ring A304may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,X301may be O, S, N[(L304)xb4-R304], C(R304)(R305), or Si(R304)(R305),xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,L301, xb1, and R301may each be the same as described herein,L302to L304may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to with L301,xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xb1, andR302to R305and R311to R314may each be the same as described herein with respect to R301.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

For example, in some embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402,M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),L401may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein when xc1 is two or more, two or more of L401(s) may be identical to or different from each other,L402may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L402(s) may be identical to or different from each other,X401and X402may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,ring A401and ring A402may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group or a C1-C60heterocyclic group,T401may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q411)-*′, *—C(Q411)(Q412)-*′, *—C(Q411)═C(Q412)-*′, *—C(Q411)═*′, or *═C═*′,X403and X404may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q413), B(Q413), P(Q413), C(Q413)(Q414), or Si(Q413)(Q414),Q411to Q414may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,R401and R402may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C20alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C20alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q401)(Q402)(Q403), —N(Q401)(Q402), —B(Q401)(Q402), —C(═O)(Q401), —S(═O)2(Q401), or —P(═O)(Q401)(Q402),Q401to Q403may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

For example, in Formula 402, i) X401may be nitrogen, and X402may be carbon, or ii) each of X401and X402may be nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A401(s) among two or more of L401may optionally be bonded to each other via T402, which is a linking group, and/or two ring A402(s) among two or more of L401may optionally be bonded to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402and T403may each be the same as described herein with respect to T401.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one selected from among compounds PD1 to PD39, and/or any combination thereof:

Fluorescent Dopant

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

For example, in some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

wherein, in Formula 501,Ar501, L501to L503, R501, and R502may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, andxd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

For example, in some embodiments, Ar501in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

For example, in some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD36; 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4′-bis[4-(diphenylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); and/or any combination thereof:

Delayed Fluorescence Material

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

In the present disclosure, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.

In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to 0 eV and less than or equal to 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device10may be improved.

For example, in some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C3-C60cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group), and/or ii) a material including a C8-C60polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

Non-limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from among the compounds DF1 to DF9:

Quantum Dot

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

The term “quantum dot” as utilized herein may refer to a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths according to the size of the crystal.

The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and then growing a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled or selected through a process which costs lower, and is easier than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),

The quantum dot may include Group II-VI semiconductor compounds, Group III-V semiconductor compounds, Group III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.

Non-limiting examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may be: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS2, CulnS, CulnS2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, or AgAIO2; or any combination thereof.

The Group IV element or compound may include: a single element compound, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.

Each element included in a multi-element compound such as the binary compound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound may be present at a substantially uniform concentration or non-substantially uniform concentration in a particle.

In some embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is substantially uniform, or a core-shell dual structure. For example, the material included in the core and the material included in the shell may be different from each other.

The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

Non-limiting examples of the shell of the quantum dot may be an oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of the oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal may be a binary compound, such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, CO3O4, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, or CoMn2O4; and/or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of the semiconductor compound may be, as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; and/or any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AIAs, AIP, AISb, or any combination thereof.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. In some embodiments, because the light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

In some embodiments, the quantum dot may be in the form of a substantially spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, or a nanoplate particle.

Because the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having one or more suitable wavelength bands may be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by utilizing quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be implemented. In one or more embodiments, the size of the quantum dot may be selected to emit red, green, and/or blue light. In some embodiments, the size of the quantum dot may be configured to emit white light by combination of light of one or more suitable colors.

Electron Transport Region in Interlayer130

The electron-transporting region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

For example, the electron transport region may include an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being sequentially stacked from an emission layer in the stated order.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group.

For example, in some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar601]e11—[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21,  Formula 601wherein, in Formula 601,Ar601and L601may each independently be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10aor a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,xe11 may be 1,2, or 3,xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,R601may be a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q601)(Q602)(Q603), —C(═O)(Q601), —S(═O)2(Q601), or —P(═O)(Q601)(Q602),Q601to Q603may each be the same as described herein with respect to Q1,xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, andat least one selected from among Ar601, L601, and R601may each independently be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.

For example, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In some embodiments, Ar601in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

In some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

wherein, in Formula 601-1,X614may be N or C(R614), X615may be N or C(R615), X616may be N or C(R616), and at least one selected from among X614to X616may be N,L611to L613may each be the same as described herein with respect to L601,xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described herein with respect to xe1,R611to R613may each be the same as described herein with respect to R601, andR614to R616may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C20alkyl group, a C1-C20alkoxy group, a C3-C60carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C60heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.

For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,08)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), and/or any combination thereof:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode150.

The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, and ii) a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

The second electrode150may be on the interlayer130having a structure as described above. The second electrode150may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the material for the second electrode150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be utilized.

The second electrode150may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.

Capping Layer

A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode110, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the second electrode150. In some embodiments, the organic light-emitting device10may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode110, the interlayer130, and the second electrode150are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode110, the interlayer130, the second electrode150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode110, the interlayer130, the second electrode150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

In some embodiments, light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer130of the organic light-emitting device10may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. In some embodiment, light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer130of the organic light-emitting device10may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode150, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Consequently, the light extraction efficiency of the organic light-emitting device10is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the organic light-emitting device10may be improved.

Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or more (at 589 nm).

At least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

For example, in some embodiments, at least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include at least one selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one selected from Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, and/or any combination thereof:

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in one or more suitable films. Accordingly, according to one or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure, a film including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be provided. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, and/or the like), or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, and/or the like).

Electronic Apparatus

The organic light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus including the organic light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.

In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction in which light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, in one or more embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light (e.g., combined white light). For details on the light-emitting device, related description provided above may be referred to. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

A pixel-defining film may be located among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.

The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color conversion areas.

The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, in some embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In some embodiments, the first area may include a red quantum dot to emit red light, the second area may include a green quantum dot to emit green light, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) a quantum dot. For details on the quantum dot, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatter.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be to emit first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In some embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.

The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the organic light-emitting device, a biometric information collector. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).

Description of FIGS.2and3

FIG.2is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

The light-emitting apparatus ofFIG.2may include a substrate100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion300that seals the light-emitting device.

A TFT may be located on the buffer layer210. The TFT may include an activation layer220, a gate electrode240, a source electrode260, and a drain electrode270.

The activation layer220may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

A gate insulating film230for insulating the activation layer220from the gate electrode240may be located on the activation layer220, and the gate electrode240may be located on the gate insulating film230.

The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer280. The passivation layer280may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode110, an interlayer130, and a second electrode150.

The first electrode110may be located on the passivation layer280. The passivation layer280may be located to expose a portion of the drain electrode270, not fully covering the drain electrode270, and the first electrode110may be located to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode270.

A pixel defining layer290including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode110. The pixel defining layer290may expose a certain region of the first electrode110, and the interlayer130may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode110. The pixel defining layer290may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. In some embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer130may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer290to be located in the form of a common layer.

The second electrode150may be located on the interlayer130, and a capping layer170may be additionally formed on the second electrode150. The capping layer170may be formed to cover the second electrode150.

FIG.3shows a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

The light-emitting apparatus ofFIG.3is substantially the same as the light-emitting apparatus ofFIG.2, except that a light-shielding pattern500and a functional region400are additionally located on the encapsulation portion300. The functional region400may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device included in the light-emitting apparatus ofFIG.3may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Description of FIG.4

FIG.4is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment1including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic equipment1may be, as a device apparatus that displays a moving image or still image, portable electronic equipment, such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation, or a ultra mobile PC (UMPC), as well as one or more suitable products, such as a television, a laptop, a monitor, a billboard or an Internet of things (IOT). The electronic equipment1may be such a product above or a part thereof. In some embodiments, the electronic equipment1may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or kind display, or a head mounted display (HMD), or a part of the wearable device. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, in some embodiments, the electron equipment1may include a dashboard of a vehicle, a center fascia of a vehicle, a center information display arranged on a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display replacing a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for the rear seat of a vehicle or a display arranged on the back of the front seat, or a head up display (HUD) installed in the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, or a computer-generated hologram augmented-reality head up display (CGH AR HUD).FIG.4illustrates an embodiment in which the electronic equipment1is a smartphone for convenience of explanation.

The electronic equipment1may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device of the electronic equipment1may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely surround the display area DA. On the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged. On the non-display area NDA, a pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printing circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged.

In the electronic equipment1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as shown inFIG.4, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

FIG.5is a diagram illustrating an exterior of a vehicle1000as electronic equipment including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.FIGS.6A to6Care each a diagram schematically illustrating an interior of a vehicle1000according to one or more suitable embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIGS.5,6A,6B, and6C, the vehicle1000may refer to one or more suitable apparatuses for moving an object to be transported, such as a human, an object, or an animal, from a departure point to a destination. The vehicle1000may include a vehicle traveling on a road or a track, a vessel moving over a sea or a river, an airplane flying in the sky utilizing the action of air, and/or the like.

In one or more embodiments, the vehicle1000may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle1000may move in a set or predetermined direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle1000may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, or a train running on a track.

The vehicle1000may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the body. The exterior of the vehicle body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a filler/pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and/or the like. The chassis of the vehicle1000may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and/or the like.

The vehicle1000may include a side window glass1100, a front window glass1200, a side mirror1300, a cluster1400, a center fascia1500, a passenger seat dashboard1600, and a display device2.

The side window glass1100and the front window glass1200may be partitioned by a filler/pillar arranged between the side window glass1100and the front window glass1200.

The side window glass1100may be installed on the side of the vehicle1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass1100may be installed on a door of the vehicle1000. A plurality of side window glasses1100may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass1100may include a first side window glass1110and a second side window glass1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass1110may be arranged adjacent to the cluster1400. The second side window glass1120may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard1600.

In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses1100may be spaced apart from each other in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, the first side window glass1110and the second side window glass1120may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or the −x direction. In other words, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses1100may extend in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass1110and the second side window glass1120to each other may extend in the x direction or the −x direction.

The front window glass1200may be installed in the front of the vehicle1000. The front window glass1200may be arranged between the side window glasses1100facing each other.

The side mirror1300may provide a rear view of the vehicle1000. The side mirror1300may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one embodiment, a plurality of side mirrors1300may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors1300may be arranged outside the first side window glass1110. The other one of the plurality of side mirrors1300may be arranged outside the second side window glass1120.

The cluster1400may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster1400may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning lamp, a seat belt warning lamp, an odometer, a hodometer, an automatic shift selector indicator lamp, a door open warning lamp, an engine oil warning lamp, and/or a low fuel warning light.

The center fascia1500may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and/or a heater of a seat are disposed. The center fascia1500may be arranged on one side of the cluster1400.

A passenger seat dashboard1600may be spaced apart from the cluster1400with the center fascia1500arranged therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the cluster1400may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat, and the passenger seat dashboard1600may be disposed to correspond to a passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the cluster1400may be adjacent to the first side window glass1110, and the passenger seat dashboard1600may be adjacent to the second side window glass1120.

In one or more embodiments, the display device2may include a display panel3, and the display panel3may display an image. The display device2may be arranged inside the vehicle1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device2may be arranged between the side window glasses1100facing each other. The display device2may be arranged on at least one selected from among the cluster1400, the center fascia1500, and the passenger seat dashboard1600.

The display device2may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, a quantum dot display device, and/or the like. Hereinafter, as the display device2according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an organic light-emitting display device including the light-emitting device according to the present disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of display devices as described above may be utilized in embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring toFIG.6A, the display device2may be arranged on the center fascia1500. In one embodiment, the display device2may display navigation information. In another embodiment, the display device2may display audio, video, or information regarding vehicle settings.

Referring toFIG.6B, the display device2may be arranged on the cluster1400. When the display device2is arranged on the cluster1400, the cluster1400may display driving information and/or the like through the display device2. For example, in some embodiments, the cluster1400may be implemented digitally. The digital cluster1400may display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, a needle and a gauge of a tachometer and/or one or more suitable warning light icons may be displayed by a digital signal.

Referring toFIG.6C, the display device2may be arranged on the dashboard1600of the passenger seat. The display device2may be embedded in the passenger seat dashboard1600or arranged on the passenger seat dashboard1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device2arranged on the dashboard1600of the passenger seat may display an image related to information displayed on the cluster1400and/or information displayed on the center fascia1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device2arranged on the passenger seat dashboard1600may display information different from information displayed on the cluster1400and/or information displayed on the center fascia1500.

Manufacturing Method

Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The “cyclic group” as utilized herein may include the C3-C60carbocyclic group, and the C1-C60heterocyclic group.

The term “π electron-rich C3-C60cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and includes *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

the π electron-rich C3-C60cyclic group may be i) group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, iii) group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, the C3-C60carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, etc.),

the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group may be i) group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1, and at least one group T3 are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

The terms “the cyclic group, the C3-C60carbocyclic group, the C1-C60heterocyclic group, the π electron-rich C3-C60cyclic group, or the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60cyclic group” as utilized herein refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, the “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”

The term “C6-C60aryloxy group” as utilized herein indicates —OA102(wherein A102is a C6-C60aryl group), and the term “C6-C60arylthio group” as utilized herein indicates —SA103(wherein A103is a C6-C60aryl group).

The term “C7-C60arylalkyl group” utilized herein refers to —A104A105(where A104may be a C1-C54alkylene group, and A105may be a C6-C59aryl group), and the term C2-C60heteroarylalkyl group” utilized herein refers to —A106A107(where A106may be a C1-C59alkylene group, and A107may be a C1-C59heteroaryl group).

The term “R10a” as utilized herein refers to:

The term “heteroatom” as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Non-limiting examples of the heteroatom may include (e.g., may be)0, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combinations thereof.

“Ph” as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, “Me” as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, “Et” as utilized herein refers to an ethyl group, “tert-Bu” or “But” as utilized herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and “OMe” as utilized herein refers to a methoxy group.

The term “terphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60aryl group substituted with a C6-C60aryl group.

In the present disclosure, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may refer to those orthogonal to each other, or may refer to those in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

* and *′ as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

Hereinafter, compounds according to embodiments and light-emitting devices according to embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following synthesis examples and examples. The wording “B was utilized instead of A” utilized in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of B was utilized in place of A.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 3

Synthesis Example 1-1: Synthesis of Compound C1

2-chloroquinolin-3-ol (5.50 g, 30.6 mmol), dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-ylboronic acid (8.37 g, 36.7 mmol), Pd(II) acetate (0.17 g, 0.76 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (0.80 g, 3.06 mmol) were dissolved in dimethyl ether (100 mL). K2CO3(11.4 g, dissolved in 41 mL of H2O) was added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred in the nitrogen atmosphere for 18 hours. After dissolving the mixture and removing water therefrom, the resultant was concentrated utilizing 150 mL of ethyl acetate, extracted three times utilizing brine, dried utilizing anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then filtered, followed by evaporation of a solvent. The obtained material was purified by silica gel column chromatography utilizing 20% ethyl acetate/hexane as developing solvents to obtain 9.49 g of Compound C1 (yield: 95%).

Synthesis Example 1-2: Synthesis of Compound C2

After dissolving Compound C1 (1.68 g, 5.12 mmol) and 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (732 mg, 5.12 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), cesium carbonate (1.10 g, 5.63 mmol) was added thereto, and the resultant was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. The mixture was diluted in 500 mL of water, and after 4 hours, the precipitate was filtered and dried at 40° C. under vacuum to obtain 1.79 g of Compound C2 (yield: 78%).

Synthesis Example 1-3: Synthesis of Compound C3

0.05 M of a Compound C2 solution prepared by dissolving Compound C2 (1.77 g, 3.95 mmol) in ethyl acetate was reduced on a cartridge of 10% Pd/C in the H-Cube® substantially continuous hydrogenation reactor at a speed of 1 mL/min, and a solvent was evaporated to obtain 1.57 g of Compound C3 (yield: 95%).

Synthesis Example 1-4: Synthesis of Compound C4

A solution obtained by dissolving Compound C3 (1.53 g, 3.66 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (20 mL) was added dropwise to a suspension obtained by dissolving copper (I) bromide (630 mg, 4.40 mmol), lithium bromide (955 mg, 11 mmol), and tert-butyl nitrite (0.63 mL, 4.76 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (20 mL) at 60° C. After stirring the mixture for 30 minutes, a cooled mixture was diluted in ethyl acetate, and filtered utilizing diatomaceous earth. An organic layer was concentrated under vacuum, and a residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-heptane/ethyl acetate) to obtain 1.24 g of Compound C4 (yield: 70%).

Synthesis Example 1-5: Synthesis of Compound C5

Compound C4 (1.20 g, 2.49 mmol), Pd(OAc)2(2 mol %), and anhydrous cesium carbonate (1.62 g, 4.98 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous N-methylpyrrolidone (1.5 mL/mmol), and the solution was stirred at 135° C. A cooled reaction mixture was diluted in dichloromethane (DCM), filtered by utilizing a short plug of celite, and then concentrated under vacuum. The obtained mixture was purified by silica gel column chromatography utilizing DCM/EtOAc as an eluent to obtain 0.72 g of Compound C5 (yield: 72%).

Synthesis Example 1-6: Synthesis of Compound 3

After dissolving Compound C5 (1.78 mmol) in 2-ethoxyethanol (7.2 mL) in a round-bottom flask, IrCl3·3H2O (0.80 mmol) and water (2.4 mL) were added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred at 120° C. in the nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The precipitate was collected from the mixture, washed utilizing methanol and hexane, and then dried under vacuum to obtain Ir(III) chloro-bridged dimer. Ir(III) chloro-bridged dimer, acetylacetone (1.21 mmol), and Na2CO3(2.41 mmol) were mixed with 2-ethoxyethanol (8 mL), and the mixture was heated at a temperature of 100° C. for 6 hours. After cooling the mixture to room temperature, the precipitated solid was filtered and collected, and then washed utilizing ethanol and hexane, and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane to filter the solid. The solution was concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallized to obtain Compound 3 (yield: 32%).

The measurement results of1H NMR and HR-MS(High-Resolution Mass) of compounds including the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples are shown in Table 1. Synthesis methods of compounds other than the compounds of Synthesis Examples may be easily recognized by those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis paths and source materials.

Evaluation Example 1 Reorganization Energy and PL Spectrum Evaluation of Compound

1. Reorganization Energy Evaluation

The reorganization energy of the compound was evaluated according to the method indicated in Table 2 and the evaluation result is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 2ReorganizationAccording to the DFT calculation, theenergyenergy value in the S0 state in the(G)S0 structure of the compound (E(S0; S0),corresponding to C of FIG. 7) is subtractedfrom the energy value in the S0 state in theT1 structure of the compound (E(S0; T1),corresponding to D of FIG. 7).The DFT calculation was performed byutilizing a commercial program Gaussian 09,and the basis function 6-311G(d, p) andexchange-correlation functional B3LYP were utilized.

2. PL Spectrum Evaluation

PMMA and Compound 1 (4 wt % compared to PMMA) were mixed in CH2Cl2solution, and then, the resultant obtained therefrom was coated on a quartz substrate utilizing a spin coater, and then heat treated in an oven at 80° C., followed by cooling to room temperature to manufacture a Film 1 having a thickness of 40 nm.

Films 2 to 12, and CE1 to CE10 were manufactured in substantially the same manner as utilized in the manufacturing method of the Film 1, except that the compounds in Table 3 were utilized instead of Compound 1.

The emission spectrum of each of Films 1-12, and CE1 to CE10 was measured by utilizing a Quantaurus-QY Absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer of Hamamatsu Inc. (equipped with a xenon light source, a monochromator, a photonic multichannel analyzer, and an integrating sphere, and utilizing PLQY measurement software (Hamamatsu Photonics, Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan)). During measurement, the excitation wavelength was scanned from 320 nm to 380 nm at 10 nm intervals, and the spectrum measured at the excitation wavelength of 340 nm was utilized to obtain the wavelength in which the first peak of the compound included in each film (λ1, maximum emission wavelength), the ratio of the intensity of the second peak to the intensity of the firs peak (I2/I1), and FWHM. Results thereof are shown in Table 3.

From Table 3, it is confirmed that unlike Compounds CE1 to CE10, in Compounds 1 to 12, the wavelength in which the first peak of the PL spectrum of the first light emitted by (e.g., by each of) Compounds 1 to 12 is exhibited is 610 nm to 640 nm, and the intensity ratio of the second peak to the first peak is less than or equal to a value between 0.1 and 0.2. It is also confirmed that Compounds 1 to 12 have relatively small or equal reorganization energy and emit red light having a relatively small or equal FWHM, compared to Compounds CE1 to CE10.

As an anode, a 15 Ω/cm2(1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate available from Corning Inc. was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and then cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes. Then, the resultant ITO glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and HT40 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 250 Å.

H125 and H126 as a host and Compound 1 as a dopant were co-deposited on the hole transport layer (weight ratio=45:45:10) to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

ET37 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a buffer layer having a thickness of 50 Å. Then, ET46 and LiQ were co-deposited on the buffer layer at a weight ratio of 5:5 to from an electron transport layer having a thickness of 310 Å, Ag/Mg was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electrode having a thickness of 100 Å (cathode), and Compound CP01 was deposited on the electrode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 700 Å, thereby manufacturing a light-emitting device.

Examples 2 to 12 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10

Light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds in Table 4 were each utilized instead of Compound 1 in the formation of the emission layer.

Evaluation Example 2 Evaluation of Light-Emitting Device

The color purity (CIEx and CIEy coordinates) at 400 cd/m2and the frontal (0°) luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 12 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 were evaluated by utilizing a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A). Results thereof are shown in Table 4. The frontal efficiency (i.e., frontal luminescence efficiency) indicated in Table 4 is based on Comparative Example 1.

From Table 4, it is confirmed that the light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 12 emit red light while having improved frontal luminescence (i.e., emission) efficiency compared to the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 10.

By utilizing the organometallic compound of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device having excellent, desired, or suitable emission efficiency and color purity characteristics and a high-quality electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be manufactured.

In the present disclosure, singular expressions may include plural expressions unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprise,” “include,” or “have” when utilized in the present disclosure, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The “/” utilized below may be interpreted as “and” or as “or” depending on the situation.

Throughout the present disclosure, when a component such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate is mentioned to be placed “on” another component, it will be understood that it may be directly on another component or that another component may be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, “directly on” may refer to that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc., between a layer, a film, a region, a plate, etc. and the other part. For example, “directly on” may refer to two layers or two members are disposed without utilizing an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.

In the present disclosure, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc., may be utilized herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and/or layers, these elements, components, regions, and/or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another component.

As utilized herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure”.

In the present disclosure, when particles are spherical, “diameter” indicates a particle diameter or an average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, the “diameter” indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter (or size) of the particles may be measured utilizing a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer, may be utilized. When the size of the particles is measured utilizing a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter (or size) is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter (or size) of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol % in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100% in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size.