Unmanned aircraft having reduced acoustic signatures

Unmanned aircraft have aligned forward and aft propulsion systems possessing different performance and/or noise characteristics. According to some embodiments, unmanned aircraft have a forward engine and a forward tractor propeller and an aft engine and an aft pusher propeller. Selected ones of forward and aft propulsion systems will thus be provided to have greater and lesser operational flight performance characteristics and greater and lesser noise signature characteristics, respectively, as compared to the other. For example, the forward propulsion system may be provided with the greater operational flight performance and higher signature characteristics as compared to the aft propulsion system, while conversely the aft propulsion system may be provided with a lesser flight performance and lower noise signature characteristics as compared to the forward propulsion system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is related to U.S. Design patent application Ser. No. 29/702,045 filed on Aug. 16, 2019 entitled “Design For: Unmanned Aircraft”, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated hereinto by reference.

FIELD

The embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In specific embodiments, the present invention is directed to UAS having reduced acoustic signatures.

BACKGROUND

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) colloquially known as “drones” have obtained increased importance in the armed forces of many countries due to several desirable characteristics including, for example, (i) high autonomy, range and time on station abilities, (ii) advanced intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, (iii) adequate flight envelope, reduced observability both acoustically and by radar, and (iv) systems reliability (i.e., reliability of the data links with remotely-based controllers/pilots on which the UAS depend for flight mission accomplishments).

The vast majority of conventional UAS platforms are single engine, pusher propulsive layouts. Although such a conventional solution has several advantages, most notable is that only one propulsion system is required, it has less variables for optimization and decreased reliability as compared to a multi-engine design. For example, the propeller of single engine UAS must be optimized so as to concurrently maximize performance and decrease acoustic signature. Such a design requirement may be quite challenging since conflicting requirements may appear while optimizing the propeller design, e.g., tip speed, chord distribution, activity factor, diameter, and the number of blades, among other parameters.

The single engine design for conventional UAS also reduces the design space for hybrid electric propulsion, since a greater number of hybrid propulsion architectures can be considered for a multi-engine UAS design layout.

Therefore, one significant technical problem which the embodiments describe herein address is to de-couple the design restrictions described above from the aircraft design, thereby enabling a multi-engine propulsion concept for UAS with increased performance and decreased noise signature to be realized, while also enabling the conceptualization of a quieter hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) architecture. It is therefore towards providing solutions so such a problem that the embodiments described herein are directed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Generally, the embodiments disclosed herein are directed toward unmanned aircraft having aligned propulsion systems having different performance and/or noise characteristics. More specifically, according to some embodiments, unmanned aircraft are provided having a forward propulsion system comprising a forward engine and a forward tractor propeller and an aft propulsion system comprising an aft engine and an aft pusher propeller. Selected ones of forward and aft propulsion systems will thus be provided to have greater and lesser operational flight performance characteristics and/or greater and lesser noise signature characteristics, respectively, as compared to the other. By way of examples, the forward propulsion system may be provided with the greater operational flight performance and/or non-optimized noise signature characteristics as compared to the aft propulsion system, while conversely the aft propulsion system may be provided with a lesser flight performance and/or decreased noise signature characteristics as compared to the forward propulsion system.

A mode controller is preferably provided so as to allow for the controllably operation of the forward and/or aft engines and the forward tractor and/or aft pusher propellers in order to achieve at least first and second flight performance modes having greater and lesser noise characteristics. For example, the first flight performance mode may comprise a take-off and/or climb flight phase of the unmanned aircraft in which both the forward tractor and aft pusher propellers are in a thrust condition to provide thrust to the unmanned aircraft, while the second flight performance mode may comprise a quiet loiter flight phase of the unmanned aircraft in which the forward tractor propeller is in a feathered condition to provide no thrust to the unmanned aircraft and the aft pusher propeller, optimized for minimum noise signature, is in a thrust condition to provide thrust to the unmanned aircraft.

Thus, the unmanned aircraft may provide a variety of combinations of propulsive systems and propeller types so as to achieve the differential performance/noise characteristics between the forward and aft propulsion systems and thereby attain a variety of in-flight modes where increased flight performance or reduced in flight noise can be selected.

In one embodiment, the unmanned aircraft will include port and starboard fuselage booms and a central mid-wing airfoil joining the fuselage booms. Port and starboard wings are provided so as to extend outwardly from the port and starboard fuselage booms, respectively. A propulsion control pod supported by the central mid-wing airfoil is aligned with a central axis of the unmanned aircraft and includes forward and aft ends housing the forward and aft propulsion systems, respectively. An inverted V-shaped empennage is positioned between an aft portion of the port and starboard fuselage booms so as to provide yaw and pitch control to the aircraft.

These and other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more clear after careful consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

AccompanyingFIG.1depicts a UAS10in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In this connection, it will be observed that the UAS10is twin-engine, push-pull propulsive layout having a forward tractor propeller propulsion system12aand an aft pusher propeller propulsion system12bcoaxially aligned with one another relative to the central longitudinal axis Ac of the UAS10. The UAS10is configured to have twin fuselage booms10a,10bjoined by a central mid-wing airfoil10c. Port and starboard wings10p,10sextend laterally (relative to the longitudinal axis Ac) from their respective fuselage boom10a,10b. The tractor and pusher propeller propulsion systems12a,12bare housed at the forward and aft ends, respectively, of the propulsion control pod12supported by the mid-wing10c. The empennage14of the UAS10includes port and starboard ruddervators14p,14swhich upwardly and inwardly extend toward one another from the respective fuselage booms10a,10bso as to converge at an apex junction thereby forming an inverted V-shaped pitch and yaw control surface.

The UAS10includes an on-board controller20operably connected to the on-board systems, including the propulsive systems12a,12b, the fuel management systems, flight control servos and the like. An on-board mode controller20communicates via data links22(e.g., satellite or earth-based communications hubs) to a remote base control station24(e.g., a ground-, air- or naval-based control station providing human and/or computer control input to the UAS10to allow accomplishment of the flight mission) in order to allow propulsion mode control in a manner described below. As is known, an on-board flight controller (not shown) may also be connected to the control station24via the data links22to allow an operator to control the flight characteristics and profile of the UAS10. The mode controller20and/or the flight controller may also be pre-programmed to permit autonomous flight of the UAS10for a specific airborne mission.

The propulsion systems12a,12bcan be a variety of engine types and may include thermal engines, e.g., internal combustion in-line engines, rotating or reciprocating piston engines, gas turbine engines or the like. As seen in the embodiment schematically depicted byFIG.2, each of the propulsion systems12a,12bwill include respective mated engines and propellers12a-1,12b-1and12a-2,12b-2, respectively.

In the embodiment ofFIG.2, the engines12a-1,12b-1are combustion engines (e.g., internal combustion piston engines, turbine engines a combination thereof) that are supplied with suitable fuel for operation by on-board fuel tanks30a,30band30c. Therefore, the propulsion systems12a,12bcan be provided with a specific engine/propeller combination so as to be optimized for a specific objective function. By way of example, the forward engine12a-1/tractor propeller12a-2can be optimized for maximum performance, while aft engine12b-1/pusher propeller12b-2can be optimized for minimum noise. The inverse functions could also of course be provided, i.e., the forward engine12a-1/tractor propeller12a-2could be provided for optimum minimum noise characteristic while the aft engine12b-1/pusher propeller12b-2could be provided for optimum maximum performance characteristics.

Those skilled in this art will understand that the noise from the propellers12a-2,12b-2will dominate over the noise of the respective engines12a-1,12b-1. Therefore, the propellers12a-2,12b-2represent the on-board equipment where there is a greater opportunity for noise reduction optimization. Those skilled in this art will also understand that propellers optimized for minimum noise characteristics can be quite different from propellers optimized for maximum flight performance characteristics. In order to minimize noise, the propeller must exhibit a decreased airfoil loading by, for example, increasing the number of blades and blade chord or by the activity factor, while also having a decreased rotational speed.

By providing two independently optimized propulsion systems12a,12b, the UAS10in accordance with the embodiments herein can thus operate in both “maximum performance” and “quiet power” modes when necessary by suitable operational commands issued by the mode controller20. While in a “maximum performance mode”, both propulsion systems12a,12bcan thus be commanded to be operational, providing the maximum thrust possible for a given amount of power input. While in “quiet power” mode, however, that one of the engine/propeller combinations12a-1/12a-2or12b-1/12b-2as the case may be that is designed to be the “maximum performance” engine/propeller combination can be inactivated (e.g., by complete engine shut down and/or by feathering the propeller). While in the “quiet mode”, the UAS10may then powered by one of the propulsion systems12aor12bhaving the engine/propeller combination designated as the “minimum noise” propulsion system thereby taking full advantage of the minimum noise optimization criteria. One possible operational grid that can be commanded by the mode controller20whereby the forward propulsion system12ais provided with the “maximum performance” engine/propeller combination12a-1/12a-2, while the aft propulsion system12bis provided with the “minimum noise” engine/propeller combination12b-1/12b-2is summarized below in Table 1 over several flight phases of the UAS10.

Those skilled in the aeronautical arts will recognize that when a propeller is in a thrust condition, then thrust forces are being generated by that propeller to counteract the drag forces associated with the aircraft. Conversely, when a propeller is in a feathered condition, that propeller is providing no thrust forces to counteract the draft forces associated with the aircraft. The pitch of a controllable propeller of the variety employed in the embodiments herein can therefore be selective adjusted to provide the proper propeller angles of attack to develop desired thrust during various flight phases or be feathered to provide no thrust. During propeller feathered conditions, the associate engine may or may not be shut down since operation of the engine will not affect whether or not the propeller is generating thrust. However, in view of increased fuel efficiency (and hence range), it is typically desirable to have the engine shut down when a propeller associated with that engine is in a feathered condition.

An additional optional feature is the installation of a duct around the minimum noise propeller, further decreasing the aircraft acoustic signature. In accordance with the embodiment ofFIG.2described above, therefore, a duct40is installed around the aft propeller12b-2since the after propulsion system12bhaving the engine/propeller combination12b-1/12b-2is designed to be the minimum noise propulsion system as compared to the forward engine/propeller combination12a-1/12a-2. The duct40can be provided with suitable known acoustic linings (e.g., passive attenuation systems) which can be very effective at decreasing specific noise frequencies associated with the propeller12b-2. Logically of course the skilled person will realize that the adoption or not of the duct40must be a conclusion made for any particular form of the UAS10from a comprehensive design study taking into account the intended mission requirements since the duct40will necessarily disadvantageously increase cost, drag, weight and complexity, while advantageously contributing to a decrease in external noise.

A hybrid propulsion system is shown in accompanyingFIG.3whereby the aft combustion propulsion system12bis replaced by an electrically powered propulsion system50having an on-board electric motor50apowered by stored electrical energy in a battery pack50b. Generators50care operatively associated with the forward combustion engine12a-1and electrically interconnected to the battery pack50bso as to maintain and/or replenish stored electrical power by the battery pack50bwhen the forward engine12a-1is operated. Since the generators50cassociated with the engine12a-1can recharge the battery pack50bin-flight, the actual size of the battery pack50bcan be relatively small since it could be discharged and recharged several times by the generators50cduring a specific mission. The fuel tanks30a-30cmay also be sized so as to provide optimum range since they only need to provide fuel to the forward combustion engine12a-1of the propulsion system12a.

As is known, an electric motor50ais much quieter than a comparably powered combustion engine. Thus, with the embodiment provided byFIG.3, the noise-optimized propeller12b-2driven by the electric motor50acan be an extremely silent propulsion system for the a quiet power mode of operation. The possible operational modes of the embodiment of UAS10depicted inFIG.3over several flight phases are summarized below in Table 2.

Similar to the all combustion engine embodiment ofFIG.2and for a similar functional purpose, the hybrid propulsion embodiment ofFIG.3can optionally be provided with a duct40enclosing the aft propeller12b-2.

As discussed hereinabove, the low acoustic signature of any UAS is very important for its operational mission for which it was designed. The proposed embodiments discussed above therefore aim to reduce the noise signature of the UAS10thereby providing valuable acoustic stealth characteristics.

Therefore, while reference is made to a particular embodiment of the invention, various modifications within the skill of those in the art may be envisioned. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope thereof.