Wideband switching architecture

A communication method and wideband switching network in which wideband signals are communicated through the network with minimal crosstalk between the wideband signals. Minimal crosstalk is achieved by a network architecture and by grounding both ends of all unused video paths. Each stage of the network has a plurality of switching input and output arrays. Each input array has one input terminal and each output array has one output terminal. Output and input terminals of the input and output arrays, respectively, are interconnected to form a nonblocking stage. Each array is one integrated circuit (IC), and crosstalk is reduced by allowing only one wideband signal to be present in an IC at any one time and by grounding all unused output and inputs in the arrays.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention relates to a method and a wideband network for switching 
wideband signals and in particular, relates to reducing the crosstalk 
between video signals within the switching network. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The term "wideband signals" is defined to mean digital signals having a 
range of 1.544 million bits per second (Mbps) to 6 Mbps or full analog 
baseband color video signals. The high frequencies required for wideband 
transmission, as compared to those required for voice transmission, result 
in more severe crosstalk problems within the switching network. In 
particular, when a space division network is using a crosspoint array 
which is fabricated using semiconductor technology, the crosstalk problems 
become increasingly more pronounced at higher frequencies. There are two 
main contributors to crosstalk problems in a semiconductor crosspoint 
array. One is the leakage from the conductors within the semiconductor 
array to the substrate caused by the relatively poor insulating qualities 
of the substrate and the capacitive effect due to the close proximity of 
signals within the semiconductor array. The second factor is that a 
crosspoint's switching transistor's internal structure has capacitive 
coupling between the input and output when in the OFF state. At higher 
frequencies, this capacitance becomes a lower and lower impedance which 
results in increased crosstalk. As a signal is switched through a normal 
multistage telephone-type network, these factors cause the crosstalk to 
increase in a cumulative, linear manner. The total crosstalk is equal to 
the sum of the crosstalk for each stage of the network within the network. 
The approach taken by the prior art to eliminate this crosstalk problem has 
been to concentrate on the crosspoints themselves within the semiconductor 
array and attempt to reduce the OFF state capacitance of the crosspoint, 
to increase the dielectric isolation to the substrate and to physically 
distribute the conductors within the semiconductor array in a manner so as 
to reduce the capacitive coupling between conductors. These techniques 
have not been successful due to the basic limitations of the semiconductor 
devices and the fact that using these techniques has led to larger 
semiconductor chips, hence, lower yields and higher costs. 
In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for a switching network 
architecture which can utilize semiconductor arrays which are easy to 
manufacture and meet the necessary crosstalk requirements. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The foregoing problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved in 
accordance with the principles of this invention incorporated in an 
illustrative method and structured embodiment in which wideband signals 
are communicated through a wideband switching network with a minimum of 
crosstalk and noise between the wideband signals. 
The illustrative wideband switching system comprises a plurality of 
wideband signal sources connected to a plurality of wideband receivers by 
a multistage network which is controlled by a switch controller. Each 
stage comprises a plurality of switching elements with each switching 
element having a plurality of input and output switching arrays. Within a 
switching element, each input switching array has an output terminal 
connected to an input terminal of every output switching array. 
A departure in the art provided by this invention is that each switching 
array is one semiconductor part; and each input switching array has only 
one input terminal for connection to an external wideband signal and each 
output switching array has only one output terminal for transmitting a 
wideband signal. By reducing the number of external wideband signal 
connections to one per semiconductor part, crosstalk is reduced. 
Each input switching array has a pair of crosspoint devices associated with 
each output terminal. One crosspoint device is capable of connecting the 
associated output terminal to the input terminal, and the other crosspoint 
device is capable of connecting the associated output terminal 
illustratively to ground potential. The switch controller controls the 
crosspoint devices so that one output terminal is connected to the input 
terminal which is connected to the desired signal and the remaining output 
terminals are connected to ground potential. The connection of the 
remaining output terminals to ground potential reduces the effect of 
crosstalk within the switching input array by providing a low impedance 
path to ground for any undesired signals. 
Similarly, each output switching array has a pair of crosspoint devices 
associated with each input terminal. One crosspoint device is capable of 
connecting the associated input terminal to the output terminal and the 
other crosspoint device is capable of connecting the associated input 
terminal to ground potential. The switch controller controls the 
crosspoint devices so as to connect one input terminal which is connected 
to the desired signal to the output terminal and the remaining input 
terminals to ground potential which reduces crosstalk. 
To further reduce crosstalk, if no wideband signal is to be transmitted via 
a particular switching output array, the switching controller controls the 
crosspoint devices within the switching output array such that the output 
terminal is connected to an input terminal of the switching output array 
which is being connected to ground potential by a crosspoint device in an 
input switching array via the associated output terminal of that input 
switching array. 
The wideband switching network may be used to connect video vendors to 
video receivers for the reception of video signals. One video vendor can 
be transmitting simultaneously, the same video signal to one or more video 
receivers via the wideband switching network. 
The novel method is provided for communicating wideband signals from a 
wideband signal source to a wideband signal receiver. The steps involve 
communicating the wideband signal from the wideband signal source through 
an input array and transferring the signal from an output terminal of the 
input array through an output array to the wideband signal receiver while 
controlling all other terminals in the various arrays to known states to 
reduce crosstalk. The remaining terminals within the switching network are 
held to known states by the steps of connecting all other input and output 
terminals in the used output and input arrays, respectively, to ground, 
connecting all output terminals of all other input arrays to ground, 
connecting output terminals of other unused output terminals to ground via 
a connection to the used input array and connecting all other input 
terminals of the unused output arrays to ground.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
The following describes in greater detail, the manner in which the 
switching array functions to provide video service through a video 
switching network. FIG. 1 shows a telephone system which is capable of not 
only switching telephone voice conversations, but, also, in switching 
video information. Telephone switching office 100 consists of switching 
processor 104 which performs the necessary high level control functions to 
properly switch the voice conversations by setting up the necessary paths 
through voice switch 103. In addition, switching processor 104 provides 
access to the video vendors 106 through 107 for customers 101 through 102 
by setting up the necessary paths in video switch 105. The types of video 
services which would be provided by video vendors 106 through 107 would be 
movies, catalog service, reference information and travel information. 
Video switch 105 has two important characteristics. The first 
characteristic is that any video vendor is capable of transmitting to one 
or all of the customers attached to video switch 105. The second 
characteristic is that because of its architectural design, video switch 
105 is capable of providing high quality signals to customers 101 through 
102 by reducing crosstalk between the signals being supplied by video 
vendor 106 through 107. 
Details of video switch 105 are illustrated in FIG. 2. Video switch 105 
consists of video switch controller 201 and three network stages 202 
through 204. The network stages 202 through 204 form a nonblocking, 
broadcast switching network, such that, any video vendor can be 
simultaneously transmitting to one or all of the customer sites 101 
through 102. Video switch controller 201 receives commands from switching 
processor 104 directing that certain paths be set up in each of the 
network stages. Network stage 202 is comprised of 16 modules, two of which 
are illustrated as modules 210 and 211. Network stage 203 is comprised of 
31 modules, two of which are illustrated as modules 212 and 213. Network 
stage 204 comprises 64 modules which are illustrated by modules 214 and 
215. Each module is comprised of switching elements, each of which has an 
identical internal structure. The internal structure of the switching 
elements is detailed in FIG. 3. 
Network stage 202 has connected to it, 256 video vendors, of which video 
vendors 106 and 107 are examples. The internal structure of the modules 
which comprise network stage 202 is illustrated by module 210. Module 210 
has 16 input conductors 218 through 220, and 31 output conductors 244 
through 247. Module 210 has two switching elements 216 and 217. Module 210 
has 16 video vendors connected to it on its inputs and it has one output 
conductor connected to an input conductor of each of the modules which 
comprise network stage 203. For example, output conductor 244 from 
switching element 216 is connected to the input of module 212, and output 
conductor 247 from element 217 is connected to the input of module 213. 
This interconnection allows any module in stage 202 to set up path to any 
module in stage 203. 
Network stage 203 is comprised of 31 modules, of which module 212 is an 
example. Module 212 is comprised of four switching elements 224 through 
227. Each of the switching elements 224 through 227 is connected to one of 
the output conductors from each module of network stage 202. Module 212 
has 64 output conductors, each of which connects to one module in network 
stage 204. For example, output conductor 228 connects to module 214 and 
output conductor 229 connects to module 215. 
Network stage 204 is comprised of 64 modules, of which modules 214 and 215 
are examples. Module 214 has two switching elements 232 and 233, and has 
31 inputs and 16 outputs. Module 214 has one input connected to each of 
the modules which comprise network stage 203. Module 214 has an output 
conductor connected to each customer such as customer 101, via the 16 
output conductors 234 through 235. 
An example of the operation of the video switch 105 is given by the 
following example, which illustrates video vendor 106 transmitting to 
customer 101 and customer 102. Switching processor 104 via video switch 
controller 201 sets up the following connections by transmitting control 
signals via cables 240, 239, 238, 241, 242 and 243. Switching element 216 
is configured to take input conductor 218 and transmit the signals thereon 
to output conductor 244. Switching element 224 takes the signal being 
transmitted via conductor 244 and transfers this information to output 
conductor 228, and switching element 232 takes the information being 
transmitted via conductor 228 and transmits this information to customer 
101 via output conductor 234. Video vendor 106 transfers information to 
customer 102 through the following paths. The information being 
transmitted via conductor 244 is transferred by switching element 227 to 
conductor 229 for transmission to module 215. Module 215 takes the 
information being transmitted via conductor 229 and transmits this 
information to customer 102 via conductor 237. 
A detailed block diagram of switching element 216 is shown in FIG. 3, and 
the other switching elements are similar in construction. Switching 
element 216 is comprised of array selector 308 and 32 arrays, 300 through 
305. Arrays 300 through 302 are output arrays, and arrays 303 through 305 
are input arrays. Each array consists of one integrated circuit and has 
either only one input or on output terminal, depending on whether it is an 
input or output array, respectively. The output terminals and input 
terminals for input and output arrays, respectively, are connected to 
ground if not being used to transfer a signal. These two techniques reduce 
crosstalk by reducing the number of crosstalk sources and by providing low 
impedance paths to ground for spurious signals. A detailed description of 
an array is given in the following section describing FIG. 4. 
Array selector 308 decodes the address signals being transmitted via 
address bus 307 via cable 240 from video switch controller 201. The 
decoded information is used to determine which array is to store the 
information transmitted via data bus 306 into its internal latch. Array 
selector 308 decodes the information transmitted via address bus 307 and 
transmits a "1" on conductors 309 through 314 to the array which is to 
store the information being transmitted via data bus 306. 
For example, array 303 is responsive to the transmission of a "1" via 
conductor 309 from array selector 308 to store the information being 
transmitted via data bus 306. This information is used to control the 
operation of crosspoints 315 through 320. Array 303 consists of 32 
crosspoints and the crosspoints are grouped as pairs. For example, 
crosspoints 315 and 320 comprise one pair and crosspoints 316 and 319 
comprise another pair. With respect to each pair of crosspoints, one of 
the crosspoints is ON and the other is OFF. Within array 303, crosspoint 
315 is either connecting conductor 218 to conductor 321 or crosspoint 320 
is connecting conductor 321 to ground. Crosspoint pair 316 and 319 and 
crosspoint pair 317 and 318 function in the same manner, with respect to 
conductors 322 and 323. 
As an example of how switching element 216 functions in connecting the 16 
input conductors 218 through 220 to the 16 output conductors 244 through 
246, consider the manner in which the arrays would have to be set up by 
the video switch controller 201 via the array selector 308 and the control 
section of arrays 300 through 305 to connect input connector 218 to output 
connector 245. Within array 303, crosspoint 316 would be turned ON 
connecting conductor 218 to conductor 322; and within array 301, 
crosspoint 326 would be ON connecting conductor 322 to output conductor 
245. Also, within array 303, all of the crosspoints 318 through 320, 
except crosspoint 319, are ON connecting the 15 conductors 321 through 323 
to ground except for conductor 322. For example, crosspoint 320 is ON, 
thus, connecting conductor 321 to ground. Similarly, within array 300, 
crosspoint 325 is ON also connecting conductor 321 to ground, and this is 
true of all of the 15 arrays 300 through 302 except array 301. All of 
these arrays would connect the conductor from array 303 to ground. Array 
301 would ground all other input conductors. 
A second example is where input conductor 218 is to be simultaneously 
connected to output conductors 244, 245 and 246. Within array 303, input 
conductor 218 is connected to conductors 321, 322 and 323 by turning ON 
crosspoints 315, 316 and 317. Within array 300, crosspoint 324 is turned 
ON connecting conductor 321 to output conductor 244; in array 301, 
crosspoint 326 is turned ON connecting conductor 322 to output conductor 
245; and in array 302, crosspoint 328 connecting conductor 323 to output 
conductor 246. In this example, all other output conductors from array 303 
are connected to ground via crosspoints 318 through 320, with the 
exception of crosspoints 318, 319 and 320. In addition, the conductors 
connected to ground within array 303 are connected to ground also in the 
output arrays, with the exception of arrays 300, 301 and 302. 
In addition, if no signal is being transmitted through an output array, the 
output conductor of the array is connected to a grounded conductor from an 
input array. For the first example given above and assuming no signal 
being transmitted on output conductor 244, video switch controller 201 
turns crosspoint 324 ON which connects conductor 244 to ground via 
conductor 321, and crosspoint 320. The input crosspoints 330 and 331 are 
turned ON and output crosspoints 332 through 333 are turned OFF. The 
result is that output conductor 244 is connected to ground which reduces 
crosstalk being coupled into conductor 244. 
From the foregoing description of switching element 216 which is 
illustrative of all the switching elements in video switch 105 and the 
examples relating to that description, each of the input arrays 303 
through 305 has only one input conductor over which the video signal is 
transmitted. This means that there can be no crosstalk within any array 
between video signals, since, only one video signal is present in the 
array. Also, each output array 300 through 302 only has one output 
conductor for transmission of a video signal. Each array, regardless of 
whether it is an output or an input array, has only one video signal being 
transmitted through it at any point in time, and all other conductors, 
except for the conductors being used to transmit the video signal are 
grounded. This grounding of all unused conductors provides a low impedance 
path for any potential crosstalk sources. Each switching element achieves 
a two-crosspoint isolation effect, since the video signal transmitted 
through a crosspoint in an input array and a crosspoint in an output 
array. 
A detailed block diagram is shown of array 303 of FIG. 3 in FIG. 4, and is 
illustrative of all of the various arrays within video switch 105. The 
crosspoints 315 through 320 are bilateral switches which are capable of 
transmitting the video signal from the I terminal to the O terminal, or 
vice versa. A crosspoint is turned ON and will conduct the signal from 
either the I to the O terminal, or vice versa, when a "1" is present at 
the C input terminal. The crosspoints are controlled by the content of 
latches 401. The video switch controller 201 of FIG. 2 writes information 
into latches 401 by transmitting 16 bits on data bus 306 which is part of 
cable 240 and by transmitting address bits on address bus 307 which is 
also part of cable 240. Array selector 308 decodes the address bits being 
transmitted via address bus 307 and transmits a "1" on conductor 309 if 
the data is to be stored in latches 401. Latches 401 respond to the "1" 
being transmitted via conductor 309 to store the 16 bits being transmitted 
via data bus 306. 
Each crosspoint pair, such as, 315 and 320 has associated with it, one bit 
in latches 401 which is used to control the state of the particular 
crosspoint pair. For example, the state of the bit associated with 
crosspoint pair 315 and 320 is transmitted via conductor 402. If a "1" is 
being transmitted via conductor 402, then crosspoint 315 is turned ON 
since there is a "1" present at its C input and crosspoint 320 is turned 
OFF. Crosspoint 320 is turned OFF since inverter 403 inverts the "1" being 
transmitted via conductor 402 and transmits a "0" via conductor 404 to the 
C input of crosspoint 320. The other crosspoint pairs function in a 
similar manner. 
A detailed description of a crosspoint suitable for use as crosspoints 315 
through 318 is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,125,855 of J. A. Davis and W. 
J. Ooms. Davis describes a low loss, bilateral analog crosspoint suitable 
for fabrication in a semiconductor array, such as, array 303. 
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are merely 
illustrative of the principles of the invention and that other 
arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing 
from the spirit and scope of the invention.