Method and system for providing a handoff from a CDMA cellular telephone system

A mobile assisted handoff of a mobile station transitioning from a CDMA portion of a cellular telecommunication network to an analog portion of the network is provided as a function of a CDMA pilot signal transmitter located at each analog cell in the analog portion of the network. The mobile station monitors a CDMA pilot signal transmitted from each CDMA cell and each analog cell of the cellular telecommunication network, measures the signal strength of each received CDMA pilot signal and transmits the signal strength to the MTSO. The MTSO determines whether the pilot signal is associated with a CDMA base station or an analog base station. When the mobile station receives a pilot signal from an analog cell whose signal strength is above a first predetermined threshold and the received signal strengths of all pilot signals of the CDMA base stations with which the mobile station is currently in communication are below a second predetermined threshold, the MTSO directs a CDMA to analog handoff message to the mobile station.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates generally to wireless telecommunication 
systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and 
system for providing handoff of a mobile telephone from a CDMA cellular 
telecommunication system to an analog cellular telecommunication system. 
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
Wireless telecommunication systems provide information services 
traditionally provided by land-line or copper wire systems. Examples of 
wireless communications applications include Advanced Mobile Phone Service 
(AMPS) analog cellular service and AMPS-D digital cellular service in 
North America, and Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular service in Europe. 
Although the particular application may vary, the components of a wireless 
communication system are generally similar. For example, a wireless 
communication system usually includes a radio terminal or mobile station, 
a radio base station, a switch or network control device, often referred 
to as a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), and a network to which 
the wireless communications system provides access, such as the Public 
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). 
The various wireless communication applications use different modulation 
techniques for transmitting information to more efficiently utilize the 
limited available frequency spectrum. For example, frequency division 
multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and code 
division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques are used to build 
high-capacity multiple access systems. Telecommunication systems designed 
to communicate with many mobile stations occupying a common radio spectrum 
are referred to as multiple access systems. 
For example, in an FDMA analog cellular system, such as an AMPS analog 
cellular radio system, the available frequency spectrum is divided into a 
large number of radio channels, e.g., pairs of transmit and receive 
carrier frequencies, each of which corresponds to a message transmission 
channel. The bandwidth of each transmit and receive frequency channel is 
narrowband, generally 25-30 kHz. Thus, the FDMA system permits information 
to be transmitted in a bandwidth comparable to the bandwidth of the 
transmitted information, such as a voice signal. The cellular service area 
in the FDMA system is generally divided into a plurality of cells, each 
cell having a set of frequency channels selected so as to minimize 
co-channel interference between cells. 
Frequency division is often combined with time division so that 
transmission circuits are trunked in both the frequency and time domain, 
e.g., a FD/TDMA system. In a digital FD/TDMA (commonly referred to as 
TDMA) cellular system, a narrowband frequency channel is reformatted as a 
digital transmission path which is divided into a number of time slots. 
The data signals from different calls are interleaved into assigned time 
slots and sent out with a correspondingly higher bit rate, the time slot 
assigned to each mobile station being periodically repeated. Although the 
TDMA bandwidth may be somewhat larger than the FDMA bandwidth, a bandwidth 
of approximately 30 kHz is generally used for AMPS-D digital TDMA cellular 
systems. 
A very different approach to cellular multiple access modulation is CDMA. 
CDMA is a spread spectrum technique for transmitting information over a 
wireless communication system in which the bandwidth occupied by the 
transmitted signal is significantly greater than the bandwidth required by 
the baseband information signal (e.g., the voice signal). Thus, CDMA 
modulation spectrally spreads a narrowband information signal over a broad 
bandwidth by multiplex modulation, using a codeword to identify various 
signals sharing the same frequency channel. Recognition of the transmitted 
signal takes place by selecting the spectrally-coded signals using the 
appropriate codeword. In contrast to the narrowband channels of 
approximately 30 kHz used in FDMA and TDMA modulation techniques, a CDMA 
system generally employs a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz or greater. 
Regardless of the modulation technique used in a cellular telecommunication 
system, when a mobile station is in communication with its base station, 
for example to provide telephone service between a mobile station and a 
calling party, the cellular system must maintain uninterrupted service for 
the call despite movement of the mobile station through the cellular 
system. For example, in an analog cellular system, when the mobile station 
transitions from one cell to another cell, the mobile station must change 
frequencies because each cell supports a different set of frequencies. The 
process by which a cellular telecommunications system enables a mobile 
station to maintain an established connection when moving through cells of 
a cellular system is referred to as "handoff," and is generally controlled 
by the MTSO. 
In a conventional analog cellular system, a handoff is triggered when the 
base station currently providing the link between the mobile station and 
the MTSO detects that the received signal strength from the mobile station 
has dropped below a predetermined level. The low signal strength from the 
mobile station usually indicates that the mobile station is approaching 
the boundary of the cell. When the received signal strength is below the 
predetermined value, the base station requests the MTSO determine whether 
another base station, e.g., a neighboring base station, is receiving a 
stronger signal from the mobile station than the current base station. 
In response to the request from the current base station, the MTSO sends a 
message to the appropriate neighboring base stations to measure the 
received signal strength from the mobile station. The neighboring base 
stations, using a scanning receiver, monitor the frequency channel of the 
mobile station and measure the received signal strength, if possible. The 
measurements made by the neighboring stations are reported to the MTSO. If 
one of the neighboring base stations receives the mobile station signal 
above a predetermined level, then the MTSO directs a handoff of the mobile 
station from its current base station to a new base station in an 
adjoining cell. In particular, the MTSO informs the mobile station of a 
new frequency to be used with the new base station, while the MTSO also 
switches the call from the current base station to the new base station. 
If the handoff is unsuccessful, however, the call will be lost, e.g., 
terminated. This type of handoff is often referred to as a system-assisted 
handoff because the cellular system controls the detection of the need 
for, and the execution of, the handoff. 
Another type of handoff is referred to as a mobile-assisted handoff (MAHO). 
For example, in a digital CDMA cellular system, each base station 
transmits a CDMA pilot signal on a common frequency, each pilot signal 
being differentiated by its phase offset compared to other pilot signals. 
A mobile station located in a digital CDMA cellular system regularly 
monitors the pilot signal strength received from the various pilot signals 
of neighboring base stations. The mobile station detects when the received 
signal strength of a pilot signal from its current base station has 
dropped below a predetermined level and the received signal strength of a 
neighboring base station pilot signal exceeds a predetermined level. The 
mobile station transmits these signal strength measurements to the MTSO 
via the base station with which the mobile station is in communication. 
The MTSO directs a handoff from one base station to another base station 
based on the signal strength measurements made by the mobile station. 
A conventional narrowband analog cellular system, such as an AMPS FDMA 
cellular system, cannot support MAHO because in the analog system there is 
no pilot signal, the mobile station does not take measurements of the 
signals transmitted by the analog base station, and the handoff is 
controlled by the base stations and MTSO. Moreover, a 30 kHz analog cell 
base station cannot transmit a 1.25 MHz CDMA pilot signal. 
Similar to the CDMA system MAHO, in a digital TDMA cellular system, each 
base station can transmit a unique 30 kHz beacon signal that is received 
and measured by the mobile station and reported to the MTSO. Based on the 
frequency of the beacon signal, the MTSO can identify the cell site 
associated with each beacon signal. When the received beacon signal 
strength drops below a predetermined value, then the mobile station 
reports the measurement to the MTSO, via a base station, and the MTSO can 
direct a handoff of the mobile station to another base station, either 
analog or digital TDMA, associated with a sufficiently strong beacon 
signal. 
A TDMA to analog handoff is possible because both the TDMA system and the 
analog system are narrowband systems using 30 kHz frequency channels. 
Thus, a 30 kHz analog cell base station can support a TDMA MAHO handoff 
using a 30 kHz TDMA pilot signal. The TDMA MAHO has problems with false 
handoffs, however, because a mobile station can receive a 30 kHz signal 
that is not a beacon signal but rather is a communication signal from 
another mobile station. For example, a mobile station at a high elevation 
may transmit a 30 kHz signal on the same frequency as a particular beacon 
signal that is mistakenly detected as a beacon signal by another mobile 
station at a lower elevation, thus causing an unwarranted handoff and 
possibly a lost call. 
In CDMA cellular telecommunication systems, a handoff is usually 
accomplished via a "soft handoff" from one base station to another base 
station. In a soft handoff, the mobile station is in communication with 
more than one base station simultaneously, and thus the mobile station 
performs a "make before break" transition from one base station to another 
base station. The soft handoff is possible because in CDMA cellular 
telecommunication systems, numerous mobile stations communicate with each 
base station on the same frequency channel, each mobile station having a 
unique spreading code for distinguishing the information signals broadcast 
by the numerous mobile stations. Thus, when a mobile station moves from 
one CDMA cell to another CDMA cell, the same frequency is used in each 
CDMA cell and the unique spreading code identifies the mobile station to 
the new base station. 
In contrast to the soft handoff used in CDMA cellular systems, narrowband 
frequency modulation systems, such as FDMA and TDMA systems, employ a 
"hard handoff." The hard handoff, which is a "break before make" 
connection, is necessary in narrowband cellular systems because each 
mobile station is communicating with a base station on a particular 
narrowband frequency channel. The available frequency channels in 
adjoining cells differ, and thus when a mobile station moves from one cell 
to another cell, a new frequency channel must be used. 
The advantage of employing a narrowband modulation scheme, such as FDMA, 
would be defeated if such a system utilized a soft handoff. For example, a 
narrowband FDMA cellular telecommunication system using a soft handoff 
would require that the mobile station simultaneously communicate with at 
least two base stations in adjoining cells on either the same or different 
frequencies. If the mobile station communicated on the same frequency to 
two adjoining base stations, co-channel interference would result from two 
base stations broadcasting on the same frequency to the mobile station, 
precisely the type of interference the narrowband system was designed to 
avoid. Alternatively, requiring the mobile station transmit its 
communication signal to at least two base stations in adjoining cells on 
two separate frequencies simultaneously is not possible because such 
simultaneous communication capability is not possessed by conventional 
mobile stations. 
As spread spectrum modulation techniques, such as CDMA, are implemented 
within existing cellular telecommunications systems, compatibility issues 
arise regarding the integration of CDMA cell sites into existing analog 
cellular telecommunications systems. The commercial success of a cellular 
service provider is dependent in part on the provider's ability to provide 
seamless integration of new CDMA cell sites into existing analog systems, 
and in particular, the ability to have unnoticeable handoffs as a mobile 
station transitions from the CDMA portion of the system into the analog 
portion of the system. 
One problem with integrating CDMA cells into existing analog cellular 
systems is the inability of conventional mobile stations to support CDMA 
and analog communications simultaneously. Conventional mobile stations 
provide a dual mode capability for generating and receiving spread 
spectrum and narrowband signals. The mobile stations, however, can operate 
in only one mode at a time. Therefore, while a mobile station is 
communicating on the cellular system via a CDMA channel, e.g., a 1.25 MHz 
channel, it is not possible for the mobile station to simultaneously 
communicate via a narrowband channel of the system, e.g., a 30 kHz 
channel. 
Another problem is that a narrowband base station cannot receive a spread 
spectrum CDMA signal to measure the received signal strength necessary to 
perform a system-assisted handoff, as the CDMA signal is spread over a 
bandwidth that is larger than the narrowband channel which the narrowband 
base station is designed to receive. Also, a narrowband base station 
transmits a narrowband signal, e.g., a 30 kHz signal, and thus cannot 
provide a CDMA pilot signal to be received and measured by the mobile 
station to facilitate a MAHO to an analog base station. The handoff of a 
mobile station from a CDMA cell site to an analog cell site represents one 
of the more significant problems with integrating CDMA cell sites into 
existing cellular systems. 
Current approaches to the problem of handoff of a mobile station from a 
CDMA portion of a cellular telecommunications network to an analog portion 
of the telecommunications network are inefficient and affect performance. 
For example, an additional analog cell can be placed in the CDMA cell for 
an internal handoff of the mobile station prior to handoff of the mobile 
station to the existing analog system. 
Under this approach, when a handoff of a mobile station from the CDMA 
portion of the system to the analog portion is necessary, a handoff is 
first performed from the CDMA base station to the additional analog base 
station in the same cell, i.e., the CDMA cell is actually a digital/analog 
cell, capable of supporting both types of modulation. Assuming, however, 
that the mobile station is transitioning beyond the boundary of the 
digital/analog cell to an analog cell, another handoff is required to an 
analog base station of the existing analog system. Thus, two hard handoffs 
are required for the transition of a mobile station across only one 
boundary, whereas only one handoff would be desirable. 
In addition to requiring an unnecessary handoff within the CDMA cell, the 
above approach presents other problems. For example, the handoff from the 
CDMA base station to the analog base station in the same cell is a "blind 
handoff." As described above, the bandwidths of spread spectrum and 
narrowband frequency channels are incompatible, as are the types of 
modulation techniques. Thus, the CDMA to analog handoff in the same cell 
site is directed without the benefit of knowing that the target analog 
base station is indeed the best target base station, or with what strength 
the communication signals from the mobile station will actually be 
received by the target analog base station. As a result of the lack of 
information on the suitability of the handoff, it is possible that the 
handoff might not be properly executed, resulting in a lost call, e.g., 
termination of the call. 
Another problem with this approach to CDMA to analog handoffs is the 
necessity of reducing the available coverage area of the CDMA cell. A 
benefit of a CDMA cell, as well as digital cells generally, is that the 
cellular service area provided by the CDMA cell, often referred to as its 
"footprint," is larger than the footprint of conventional analog cells. 
However, in order to perform a CDMA to analog handoff within the CDMA cell 
that has a significant chance of success, the footprint of the CDMA cell 
must be reduced so that there is sufficiently strong analog coverage when 
the CDMA to analog handoff in the same cell site actually occurs. 
A further problem with this approach to CDMA to analog handoff is 
unwarranted handoffs to the analog portion of the cellular 
telecommunications system. For example, using the MAHO scheme that is 
implemented in a CDMA cellular system, a handoff is directed when the 
received signal strength of the pilot signal from a base station with 
which the mobile station is in communication drops below a predetermined 
level. Thus, a mobile station may enter an area within the coverage area 
of a CDMA cell but for some reason, the CDMA pilot signals received by the 
mobile station are attenuated. For example, the mobile station could enter 
an underground parking garage. If the pilot signals are below the 
predetermined value, then the MTSO will direct a handoff to the analog 
portion of the cellular system. The handoff, however, generally will not 
solve the problem of the mobile statiom's poor reception in the 
underground parking garage, and thus prematurely takes the mobile station 
off the CDMA portion of the cellular system. In conventional cellular 
systems having analog and CDMA portions, there is generally no provision 
for handoff from an analog portion of the system back to the CDMA portion 
of the system. Therefore, this approach to CDMA to analog handoff allows 
unwarranted and unnecessary handoffs to the analog portion of a cellular 
telecommunications system when the actual preference of the cellular 
system is to keep the mobile station on the digital portion of the system 
as long as possible. 
Another approach to CDMA to analog handoff is a direct handoff from the 
CDMA cell site to the desired analog cell site, thus avoiding an interim 
analog handoff. This approach, however, has some of the same problems as 
the above CDMA to analog handoff method. In particular, the direct handoff 
approach is a blind handoff to the analog cell site due to the lack of 
information available to the mobile station about the analog base station 
while the mobile station is in communication with the CDMA cell site. 
Therefore, a need exists for a method of directing a handoff of a mobile 
station from a spread spectrum portion of a cellular system to an analog 
portion of the cellular system which minimizes additional equipment costs, 
avoids unnecessary handoffs to the analog portion of the system, and 
ensures continuation of an existing call in the analog portion of the 
system upon completion of the handoff. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The method according to the present invention provides a mobile assisted 
handoff of a mobile station transitioning from a CDMA portion of a 
cellular telecommunications network to an analog portion of the network 
utilizing a CDMA pilot signal transmitter located at each analog cell in 
the analog portion of the network. 
According to the present invention, the mobile station constantly monitors 
the CDMA pilot signal transmitted from each CDMA cell. The mobile station 
also monitors the CDMA pilot signal transmitted from each analog cell. The 
mobile station measures the signal strength of each received CDMA pilot 
signal and transmits the signal strength to the MTSO via the base 
station(s) with which the mobile station is currently in communication. 
The MTSO includes the capability of distinguishing which base station, 
e.g., a CDMA base station or an analog base station, with which each pilot 
signal is associated based on the phase offset of the pilot signal 
relative to a time standard of the cellular system. 
When the mobile station receives a pilot signal from an analog cell whose 
signal strength is above a first predetermined threshold level, and the 
received signal strengths of all pilot signals of the CDMA base station 
with which the mobile station is currently in communication are below a 
second predetermined threshold level, the MTSO directs a CDMA to analog 
handoff message to the mobile station. As a result, the mobile station is 
handed off to the appropriate analog base station in the analog portion of 
the system. 
The method according to the present invention minimizes the additional 
equipment expenses needed for implementing an efficient and reliable CDMA 
to analog handoff by placing a conventional CDMA pilot signal transmitter 
at each analog cell site and providing the MTSO with the capability of 
recognizing and processing measurements made by a mobile station of CDMA 
pilot signals broadcast from analog cell sites. In addition, the method 
according to the present invention prevents unwarranted handoffs by 
directing a CDMA to analog handoff only when the CDMA pilot signal from an 
analog cell site is the best candidate for handling the mobile station 
compared to other CDMA cell pilot signals. 
In further embodiments of the present invention, the method provides for 
handoff of a mobile station from a CDMA cellular telecommunications system 
to a personal communications system (PCS) or to a digital TDMA cellular 
telecommunications system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 shows a cellular telecommunication system 1 according to the present 
invention having a digital portion 1A and an analog portion 1B. The 
digital portion 1A includes a plurality of (for example, five) digital 
cells 22, labeled D.sub.1 to D.sub.5. A digital cell 22 supports cellular 
telecommunication using digitally modulated signals, such as CDMA signals. 
The digital cells 22 also can be digital/analog cells, which have the 
capability of supporting both digital cellular communications and analog 
cellular communications. The analog portion 1B includes a plurality of 
(for example, eleven) analog cells 21, labeled A.sub.1 to A.sub.11. An 
analog cell 21 supports cellular telecommunication using analog signals, 
such as FDMA modulated signals. Each digital cell 22 includes a base 
station 12 and a digital pilot signal transmitter 51. Each analog cell 21 
includes a base station 11 and a digital pilot signal transmitter 50 
according to the present invention. 
FIG. 2 shows an exemplary digital pilot signal transmitter 50 according to 
the present invention that can be placed in an analog cell 21. The pilot 
signal transmitter 50 includes, for example, an input/output (I/O) device 
61 which allows connection via, for example, a dedicated phone line or 
wireless connection, to the MTSO 30 for parameter modification and for 
monitoring operation of the pilot signal transmitter 50. Coupled to the 
I/O device 61 is a line card shelf 62. Contained in the line card shelf 62 
are a pilot signal line card 63, a synchronization line card 64 and a 
paging signal line card 65. The pilot signal line card 63 generates a 
pilot signal compatible with the modulation architecture used in the 
digital portion 1B of the cellular system 1, e.g., CDMA modulation. The 
synchronization line card 64 provides for synchronization of the pilot 
signal generated by the pilot signal line card 63. The paging signal line 
card 65 provides for the generation of paging signals. The line cards 63, 
64 and 65 are powered by a power supply included in line card shelf 62. 
A synchronization source 66 is coupled to the synchronization line card 64 
for providing accurate timing for operation of the pilot signal 
transmitter 50. The synchronization source 66 can be, for example, a 
Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a LORAN receiver or a rubidium 
oscillator. The pilot signal transmitter 50 also includes a 
transmitter/low power amplifier stage 67 for taking the pilot signal 
generated by the pilot signal line card 63 from its baseband frequency to 
a radio frequency at the desired power level. A filter circuit 68 
eliminates any unnecessary noise signals and limits out-of-band emissions. 
A transmit antenna 69 is coupled to the filter circuit 68 for broadcasting 
the pilot signal generated by the pilot signal transmitter 50. 
The pilot signal transmitter 51 can have, for example, a similar 
construction to the pilot signal transmitter 50. The CDMA pilot signals 
generated by the pilot signal transmitters 50, 51 are similar except for 
the phase offset used to identify the location of each pilot signal 
transmitter. 
As shown in FIG. 1, the base stations 11, 12 are coupled to a Mobile 
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) 30 via a dedicated telephone line, 
cable, optical fiber or microwave link 25. The MTSO 30 typically provides 
system control to the base stations 11, 12. The MTSO 30 also controls the 
routing of telephone calls from a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 
to the appropriate base stations 11, 12 for transmission to a mobile 
station 40. 
A mobile station 40 is located in a vehicle 45 that is currently in a 
digital cell 22 and moving towards an analog cell 21. Thus, the mobile 
station 40 is transitioning from the digital portion 1A of the cellular 
system to the analog portion 1B of the system. The mobile station 40 
constantly monitors the pilot signals transmitted by each pilot signal 
transmitter 50, 51, both during idle time, i.e. no telephone call being 
processed, and busy times. 
While the mobile station 40 is located in the digital portion 1A of the 
cellular system 1, the mobile station 40 receives a digitally modulated 
telephone call routed from the MTSO 40 through a digital base station 12 
to the mobile station 40. The signal transmitted to the mobile station 40 
can be, for example, a CDMA signal. As the mobile station 40 moves across 
the boundary from its current digital cell 22 to a new candidate digital 
cell 22, for example from cell D.sub.2 to D.sub.1, the mobile station 40 
moves closer to the candidate digital cell D.sub.1 base station 12. 
Accordingly, a handoff is necessary from the current base station in cell 
D.sub.2 to the candidate base station in cell D.sub.1 to maintain the 
established connection for the telephone call. 
The handoff of the mobile station 40 from its current digital cell D.sub.2 
to the candidate digital cell D.sub.1 involves a mobile-assisted handoff 
(MAHO) wherein the mobile station 40 receives the pilot signal transmitted 
by each pilot signal transmitter 51 located in each digital cell 22 which 
is sufficiently strong to reach the mobile station 40. The pilot signal 
transmitter 51 can be incorporated into the base station 12 equipment or 
it can be a stand-alone device. The mobile station 40 measures the phase 
offset and power level (signal strength) of each received pilot signal and 
transmits the measurements to the MTSO 30, via its current base station 
12, so that the MTSO 30 can direct a handoff. The handoff is typically a 
soft handoff wherein the mobile station 40 communicates simultaneously 
with two or more base stations 12. Thus, the mobile station 40 transmits 
only one signal which may be received by multiple base stations 12, but 
signals to the mobile station 40 can be transmitted from multiple base 
stations 12. Based on the signal strength measurements made by the mobile 
station 40 and transmitted to the MTSO 30, the mobile station 40 
establishes and/or terminates communications with base stations 12 upon 
direction from the MTSO 30, thus completing the soft-handoff. 
As the mobile station 40 continues to move across the boundary from a 
digital cell 22 to an analog cell 21, for example, from cell D.sub.1 to 
cell A.sub.11, a handoff is necessary from the CDMA digital portion 1A of 
the cellular system to the analog portion 1B of the system in order to 
maintain the established connection for the telephone call involving the 
mobile station 40. Unlike the transition of the mobile station 40 from one 
digital cell 22 to another digital cell 22, when the mobile station 40 is 
crossing the boundary from a CDMA digital cell 22 to an analog cell 21, a 
soft handoff is not possible because the mobile station 40 cannot 
simultaneously communicate via a CDMA channel with a base station 12 and 
also via an analog channel with a base station 11. Thus, the MTSO 30 must 
provide a handoff message to the mobile station 40 for handoff to the 
analog base station 11. 
The message format for directing a handoff of a mobile station between CDMA 
cells and also from a CDMA cell to an analog cell is provided by the 
industry standard specification IS-95, for example. To facilitate CDMA 
handoffs, IS-95 classifies the pilot signal offsets of the CDMA pilot 
signals associated with each base station 12 into one of three sets: the 
ACTIVE SET; the CANDIDATE SET; and the REMAINING SET. 
The ACTIVE SET identifies the pilot signal offsets of the pilot signals 
associated with base stations 12 through which the mobile station 40 is to 
communicate. The CANDIDATE SET identifies the pilot signal offsets of the 
pilot signals associated with the base station 12 with which communication 
is likely or for which pilot signals have been received at the mobile 
station 40 with sufficient signal strength to be placed in the ACTIVE SET, 
but have not yet been placed in the ACTIVE SET. The REMAINING SET 
identifies the pilot signal offsets of the pilot signals associated with 
the remaining base station 12 in the cellular system 1, excluding those 
pilot signal offsets currently in the ACTIVE and CANDIDATE sets. By 
providing the mobile station 40 with the pilot signal offset information, 
the mobile station 40 knows during which time period it should be 
receiving a pilot signal. 
The MTSO 30 provides the mobile station 40 with an initial ACTIVE SET list 
of at least one pilot signal offset of a pilot signal from a pilot signal 
transmitter 51 associated with a base station 12 with which the mobile 
station is to communicate. The MTSO 30 also provides the mobile station 40 
with a CANDIDATE SET list of pilot signal offsets corresponding to base 
stations 12 with which communication is likely. For example, base stations 
which are in a geographic area near the mobile station 40 are placed in 
the CANDIDATE SET. 
According to the present invention, a CDMA pilot signal transmitter 50 is 
placed in each analog cell 21, thus associating a CDMA pilot signal with 
each analog base station 11. The MTSO 30 can identify the phase offset of 
the pilot signals broadcast from the analog cells 21 received by the 
mobile station 40 and transmitted to the MTSO 30, and thus associate the 
pilot signal with the analog base station 11. Therefore, the phase offsets 
of the pilot signals transmitted from the analog cells 21 can be 
incorporated into the IS-95 classifications. Pilot signal offsets 
associated with the pilot signals broadcast by pilot signal transmitters 
50 located in the analog cells 21, however, cannot be placed in the ACTIVE 
SET until the mobile station 40 is actually handed off to the analog base 
station 11 and communications with any base stations 12 have been 
terminated because a mobile station 40 cannot simultaneously communicate 
with digital base station 12 and an analog base station 11. 
The cellular system 1 according to the present invention thus includes a 
CDMA pilot signal transmitter 50 in each analog cell 21 for facilitating 
handoff of mobile station 40 from a CDMA cell 22 directly to an analog 
cell 21. Accordingly, the handoff method according to the present 
invention minimizes the additional equipment necessary for providing CDMA 
to analog handoffs and the possibility of lost calls. 
FIG. 3 is an illustrative flowchart of the process for handoff of the 
mobile station 40 as the mobile station 40 crosses the boundary from the 
digital cell 22 to the analog cell 21 according to the present invention. 
In step S0, the mobile station 40 is processing a CDMA modulated telephone 
call between the mobile station 40 and a calling party via the digital 
portion 1B of the cellular system 1. In step S1, the mobile station 40 
receives a pilot signal transmitted from a base station 11, 12 in the 
cellular system 1. The mobile station 40 measures the phase offset and the 
power level of the pilot signal and transmits the offset and signal 
strength measurements to the MTSO 30 via the base stations 12 with which 
the mobile station is in communication. 
The mobile station 40 continuously scans for pilot signals and can perform, 
for example, continuous measurements of the pilot signals transmitted by 
pilot signal transmitters 50, 51. In step S2, the MTSO 30 determines 
whether the signal strength of the pilot signal measured by the mobile 
station 40 exceeds a first predetermined threshold value, Threshold.sub.1, 
and therefore is eligible to be added to the ACTIVE SET or CANDIDATE SET. 
If the signal strength of the pilot signal measured by the mobile station 
40 is less than Threshold.sub.1, the pilot signal offset is not eligible 
to be added to the ACTIVE SET. 
If the signal strength of the pilot signal from a base station 12 with 
which the mobile station 40 is in communication drops below a second 
predetermined threshold value, T.sub.drop, then the pilot signal is 
dropped from the ACTIVE SET. In step S3, the MTSO 30 can direct 
termination of communications between the mobile station 40 and the base 
station 12 corresponding to the pilot signal having a signal strength 
measurement below T.sub.drop. The mobile station 40 then returns to step 
S1 and continues measuring the offset and signal strength of received 
pilot signals and forwarding the measurements to the MTSO 30 via the base 
stations 12. 
If the signal strength of a pilot signal received by the mobile station 40 
exceeds Threshold.sub.1, in step S4 the MTSO 30 determines whether the 
pilot signal is associated with a digital cell 22 or an analog cell 21. 
Based on the phase offset measurement made by the mobile station 40, the 
MTSO 30 can identify the pilot signal and its associated base station 11, 
12, (i.e., a CDMA base station 12 or an analog base station 11). If the 
pilot signal is associated with a CDMA digital cell 22, in step S5 the 
pilot signal offset is denoted by the MTSO 30 as eligible for inclusion in 
the ACTIVE SET or CANDIDATE SET stored in the mobile station 40. Depending 
on the availability of the base station 12 of the CDMA cell 22, the MTSO 
30 directs the mobile station 40 to establish communication with the new 
base station 12 via, for example, a soft handoff. The mobile station 40 
then continues monitoring for pilot signals in step S1. 
If the pilot signal has a signal strength which exceeds Threshold.sub.1 and 
is associated with an analog cell 21, the pilot signal offset can be 
included in the CANDIDATE SET. In step S6 the MTSO 30 determines whether 
the signal strength of any of the pilot signals in the ACTIVE SET exceed 
the second predetermined threshold value, T.sub.drop. If any of the pilot 
signals in the ACTIVE SET exceed T.sub.drop, then the mobile station 40 
remains on the digital portion 1B of the cellular system and in step S7 
the mobile station 40 returns to step S1 to continue monitoring the pilot 
signals. 
If, however, no pilot signals in the ACTIVE SET exceed T.sub.drop, in step 
S8 the MTSO sends a handoff message to the mobile station 40, via at least 
one of the base stations 12, directing the mobile station 40 to terminate 
communications with base stations 12 and to tune to an analog frequency of 
the analog cell 21. The MTSO 30 also directs the analog cell 21 base 
station 11 to tune a receiver to the same frequency provided to the mobile 
station 40 and the MTSO 30 reroutes the telephone call through the analog 
base station 11. Once the handoff of the mobile station 40 from the 
digital base station 12 to the analog base station 11 is completed, call 
processing is handled in a manner similar to call processing in 
conventional analog cellular systems. 
Although the present invention has been described with respect to handoff 
of a mobile station from a CDMA cell to an analog cell, the principles of 
the present invention also can be used for handoff of a mobile station 
from a CDMA cell to another wireless communication system or portion 
thereof having a different frequency band or modulation technique than the 
CDMA cell with which the mobile station is currently in communication. For 
example, the method according to the present invention can be used for 
handoff of a mobile station from a CDMA cellular telecommunications system 
to a personal communications system (PCS) or to a digital TDMA cellular 
telecommunications system.