Deflection distortion correcting circuit

A deflection distortion correcting circuit for CRT display with interlaced scanning is disclosed, which correct concurrently both linearity of vertical deflection and pairing of horizontal interlaced scanning lines which is caused by variation in anode voltage. This can be achieved simply and easily by combining an adder with a conventional cubic curve linearity correction circuit to introduce a pairing correcting component related to the variation in anode voltage into the cubic curve linearity correction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to a deflection distortion correcting circuit and 
more particularly to a deflection distortion correcting circuit for easily 
correcting both linearity of deflection and pairing of scanning lines in 
cathode ray tube display using interlaced scanning. 
2. Prior Art 
Cathode ray tube (hereinafter referred to as CRT) displays are widely used 
as computer terminals. One of the problems related to the deflecting 
system of CRT display is linearity. This is a phenomenon that deflection 
per unit deflection angle becomes larger in the periphery of the screen 
than the center because the radius of curvature of the tube surface is 
larger than the distance between the center of beam deflection and the 
tube surface. In order to solve the problem of deflection linearity, 
S-correction using the LC resonance or cubic curve correction using 
multipliers has been known. By these correction techniques, deflection 
linearity can be corrected to a degree that there is no practical problem. 
On the other hand, ordinary CRT displays use horizontal raster scanning, 
and in order to minimize flicker, interlaced scanning is used. Normally, 
2:1 interlaced scanning wherein two fields, odd and even, constitute one 
frame is used. When interlaced scanning is used, another problem was found 
to arise especially when display with high resolution is constituted. 
The anode current of a CRT increases when luminance is high and decreases 
when luminance is low. Since the output impedance of a high-voltage 
circuit is large, the anode voltage decreases with the increase of the 
anode current, and increases with the decrease of the anode current. The 
change in the anode voltage varies deflection sensitivity. Normally the 
variation of the anode voltage due to change in the anode current appears 
relatively slowly due to the action of capacitance of the anode. When 
interlaced scanning is not used, therefore, the position of the raster is 
only deviated partly or wholly and there is no practical problem. 
Especially when the deflection angle is as small as 70.degree.-90.degree., 
the deviation of position of scanning lines due to change in the anode 
voltage is insignificant. 
When interlaced scanning is used, however, there is normally difference 
between luminance levels in odd and even fields. This will be understood 
from the fact that when a character E is displayed on a 7.times.9 dot 
matrix, the first, fifth and ninth scanning lines are especially bright, 
leading odd field to have high luminance in this area and even field to 
have low luminance. When there is difference between the anode voltages in 
odd and even fields, the distances between odd and even scanning lines 
adjacent to each other become uneven and the scanning lines approach each 
other, causing so-called pairing phenomenon. In the worst case, odd and 
even scanning lines may overlap or change places with each other. The 
higher the scanning line density and the larger the deflection angle in 
the vertical direction, the more remarkable pairing appears. Since a 
larger deflection angle makes deflection sensitivity at the upper and 
lower parts of the screen larger, pairing is caused by small change in the 
anode voltage. For instance, when a wide angle CRT with a deflection angle 
of 114.degree. and a screen size of 17 inches is used with its long axis 
placed vertically to operate as a full page text display and interlaced 
scanning is carried out at a high density of about 100 lines/3 cm, pairing 
is caused unless the fluctuation of the anode voltage is controlled within 
.+-.0.04%. This value is practically nearly unachievable, and even if a 
considerable stabilization can be achieved by the use of a high precision 
voltage regulator or a large capacity power source, it will be very costly 
and bulky. 
It is therefore necessary in high resolution CRT display using interlaced 
scanning to solve the problem of pairing, and this problem must be solved 
easily and economically together with the problem of deflection linearity. 
Japanese Published Unexamined patent application No. 54-96329 discloses a 
display unit for minimizing display distortion by the addition of a 
compensating circuit controlling deflection current in response to the 
fluctuation of the anode voltage. This prior art suggests the method for 
controlling the amplitude of the deflection current by supplying a voltage 
##EQU1## 
(K.sub.B :constant) determined as a function of the square root of the 
anode voltage V.sub.H to a saw tooth wave generator for vertical 
deflection. However, only the concept is shown and the detailed technique 
for implementation is not disclosed. Further, no description is given as 
to how to correct both vertical deflection linearity and anode voltage 
variation. The problem of pairing is also not recognized. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a deflection 
distortion correction circuit which enables the correction of both 
deflection linearity and pairing easily and economically with a minimum 
number of components. 
Said object can be achieved by this invention which uses cubic curve 
linearity correction. It was found that pairing can easily be corrected by 
the use of cubic curve linearity correction. The cubic curve linearity 
correcting circuit includes two multipliers for cubing a saw tooth wave 
and an adder for adding the cubed output to the saw tooth wave. In this 
invention, an adder for pairing correction is inserted between the two 
multipliers of the cubic curve correcting circuit. To one input of the 
adder, the squared output of the first multiplier is supplied, and to the 
other input of the adder, the signal indicating change in the anode 
voltage is supplied. The output of the adder is supplied to one input of 
the second multiplier. The second multiplier receives the saw tooth wave 
to the other input thereof, and the multiplied output is added to the saw 
tooth wave. The added output is supplied to the output linear amplifier 
for driving the deflecting coil.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
This invention will now be described in detail with reference to the 
preferred embodiment. First, the principle of this invention is described. 
Although it is assumed in this embodiment that raster scanning lines are 
horizontal and the linearity of vertical deflection and the pairing of 
horizontal scanning lines are corrected, it will easily be understood that 
this invention may equally be applied to the case where raster scanning 
lines are vertical and the linearity of horizontal deflection and the 
pairing of vertical raster scanning lines are corrected. 
FIG. 1 shows a conventional vertical deflection circuit having a cubic 
curve vertical linearity correcting circuit 11. The saw tooth wave 
generator 10 generates a saw tooth wave for vertical deflection. The 
analog multiplier 12 squares the saw tooth wave and supplies the squared 
output to one input of the analog multiplier 14. The multiplier 14 
receives the saw tooth wave from the saw tooth wave generator 10 at the 
other input, and supplies the cubed output of the saw tooth wave to one 
input of the analog adder 16. The adder 16 receives the saw tooth wave at 
the other input and supplies the added output to the vertical output 
linear amplifier 18. The amplifier 18 drives the vertical deflection coil 
20. The multipliers and the adder can be constituted using an operational 
amplifier. 
In this case, the vertical deflection yoke current I.sub.D (t) is given by 
the following equation: 
EQU I.sub.D (t)=k(t-at.sup.3) (1) 
where k is a deflection factor, and a is a cubic curve correction factor 
determined by the used CRT, the deflection yoke and the operating 
conditions. When a 17-inch CRT with a deflecting angle of 114.degree. is 
used with its long axis placed vertically and interlaced scanning is 
performed at a line density of about 100 lines/3 cm, the values of a and t 
are: a=0.101, and -0.797.ltoreq.t.ltoreq.+0.797, respectively, while the 
value of k may vary depending on the deflection yoke and the anode 
voltage. Since the relation between the output voltage of the adder 16 and 
the deflection yoke current is linear, equation (1) indicates that the saw 
tooth wave voltage kt from the saw tooth generator 10 is subjected to the 
correction of the cubic curve component kat.sup.3. 
On the other hand, since the deflection angle of electron beam of the CRT 
is proportional to the deflection yoke current and is inversely 
proportional to the square root of the anode voltage, the deflection angle 
.THETA..sub.D can be given by the following equation: 
##EQU2## 
where I.sub.D is the deflection yoke current, V.sub.A is the anode voltage 
and l is a constant. 
If the anode voltage V.sub.A increases by .DELTA.V.sub.A, the deflection 
angle .THETA..sub.D ' is given by the following equation. 
##EQU3## 
Since V.sub.A &gt;&gt;.DELTA.V.sub.A (normally .DELTA.V.sub.A /V.sub.A is about 
10.sup.-3), equation (3) can be approximated as follows: 
##EQU4## 
If .THETA..sub.D =.THETA..sub.D ' regardless of the fluctuation of the 
anode voltage, pairing can be eliminated. The required vertical deflection 
yoke current I.sub.D ' is led from equations (2) and (4) as follows: 
##EQU5## 
Therefore, if the deflection yoke current is corrected as equation (5), 
pairing can be prevented. 
When equation (1) is substituted for equation (5), the following equation 
is obtained: 
##EQU6## 
Although the third term ka(.DELTA.V.sub.A /2 V.sub.A)t.sup.3 has some 
influence on the accuracy of correction, it is very small, and as 
described later, it can be adjusted finely to reflect this correction 
component in actual circuits. Therefore, it can be neglected on the 
constitution of basic circuits, and thus equation (6) can be approximated 
as follows: 
##EQU7## 
As apparent from equations (1) and (7), both vertical deflection linearity 
and pairing can practically be corrected if the correction component, 
kt(.DELTA.V.sub.A /2 V.sub.A), is introduced to equation (1). 
FIG. 2 is the block diagram of a vertical deflection circuit having a 
deflection distortion correcting circuit of this invention, and components 
corresponding to those in FIG. 1 are indicated with the same reference 
numbers. In this invention, an analog adder 26 for pairing correction is 
added. An anode voltage is applied to the terminal 22, and the circuit 24 
generates a signal indicating the change in the anode voltage at the 
positive terminal of the adder 26. This signal corresponds to 
(.DELTA.V.sub.A /2 V.sub.A) of equation (7). The negative terminal of the 
adder 26 is connected to the output of the multiplier 12. The multiplier 
12 generates at.sup.2 of equation (7) in response to the saw tooth wave 
voltage kt from the saw tooth wave generator 10. The output of the adder 
26 is connected to one input of the multiplier 14. Therefore, the 
multiplier 14 generates kt(.DELTA.V.sub.A /2 V.sub.A -at.sup.2) and the 
adder 16 generates equation (7). 
FIG. 3 shows the circuit configuration of a deflection distortion 
correcting circuit of this invention, and FIG. 4 illustrates operational 
waveforms as different points A-G in the circuit shown in FIG. 3. Note 
that FIG. 4 simply shows the waveforms and does not show the actual 
magnitudes. In FIG. 3, components corresponding to those in FIGS. 1 and 2 
are indicated using the same reference numbers. An anode voltage (e.g. 19 
kV) is supplied to the terminal 22. The anode voltage varies in response 
to the anode current. The waveform B in FIG. 4 shows an example of anode 
voltage variation. In actual operations, the anode voltage may vary in 
various patterns for each field. 
The anode voltage B is lowered to about 1/4000 by voltage dividing 
resistors R1 and R2 and supplied through the buffer circuit 23 to the AC 
coupling capacitor C1 so that the voltage corresponding to the change of 
the anode voltage is taken out. This voltage is applied to the positive 
terminal of the adder 26 by the variable resistor R3. The waveform at the 
point C in the circuit is shown in FIG. 4 as waveform C. The resistors R1 
and R2 are of 400 M.OMEGA. and 100 k.OMEGA., respectively. 
The output (waveform D) of the multiplier 12 which receives the saw tooth 
wave (waveform A) is applied to the negative terminal of the adder 26 
through the variable resistor R4, and the adder 26 supplies the output E 
to one input of the multiplier 14. The resistor R5 is the feedback 
resistor of the adder 26. 
The adder 16 consists of summing resistors R6 and R7 and a buffer circuit 
17, and receives the output F of the multiplier 14 through the resistor 
R6, and the saw tooth wave A through the resistor R7. The adder 16 
supplies the output waveform G to the vertical output linear amplifier 18. 
Buffer circuits 17 and 23 are current amplifiers for impedance conversion. 
The variable resistor R4 is used for controlling vertical linearity, and 
the variable resistor R3 is used for controlling pairing. By adjusting the 
variable resistor R3, the third term of equation (6), ka(.DELTA.V.sub.A /2 
V.sub.A)t.sup.3, which has been neglected can be compensated to a certain 
extent. This can be done by adjusting the factor of V.sub.A ' "2", in 
equation (7) with the resistor R3. When the factor of V.sub.A is 
represented by x and the deflection yoke current is represented by I.sub.D 
", equation (7) can be rewritten as equation (8). 
##EQU8## 
In equation (8), if x is determined so that the difference between I.sub.D 
' and I.sub.D " is minimum under the given conditions (a=0.101, 
-0.797.ltoreq.t.ltoreq.0.797), the approximation error can be minimized. 
In this example, x.perspectiveto.2.09. In actual operations, the resistor 
R3 may be finely adjusted while visually checking the test pattern 
displayed. 
According to this invention, therefore, pairing can be corrected very 
easily by introducing the change in the anode voltage into the at.sup.2 
component of the cubic curve linearity correction. Although an 
approximation method is used in this invention, correction with 
sufficiently high accuracy can be made. When the long axis of a 17-inch 
CRT with a deflection angle of 114.degree. is used in the vertical 
direction and 2:1 interlaced scanning at a line density of 100 lines/3 cm 
is made, it was found that no pairing occurs if anode voltage fluctuation 
is within .+-.1.5%. This is a range easily achievable with a conventional 
feedback type stabilized power source. 
Although a preferred example is described above, it will be recognized that 
this invention can be applied to deflection distortion correction using 
interlaced scanning other than 2:1. It will also be understood that this 
invention can be applied to horizontal deflection circuit with vertical 
raster scanning lines and more generally, to any deflecting circuit for 
deflecting the beam perpendicularly to raster scanning lines.