UHF RFID tag for marking underground assets and locations and method of using same

A marker for locating and identify assets which includes an ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag optimized for use below ground and able to more effectively communicate with a RFID reader through a lossy medium such as soil and air. The markers include a reflector which is sized relatively larger than the tag to help focus the forward pattern of the tag more tightly in a forward direction normal to the spiral surface. In addition, the tag includes a chip configured for the soil in which it is to be buried, and an antenna polarized to match the polarization of an RFID reader antenna that is part of a system that includes the marker and reader.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the field of asset location and marking. The present disclosure more specifically relates to the field of ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for marking underground assets and locations, RFID readers for use with same, and methods of using such tags and readers.

BACKGROUND

Underground infrastructure and asset location includes and is the process of locating, identifying, and labeling assets which are buried below the earth's surface at varying depths. These assets may include survey markers, communication lines, power distribution, natural gas, cable television, fiber optics, storm drains, water mains, and wastewater pipes, etc. These systems are often run underground; some by the very nature of their function, others for convenience or aesthetics.

Before digging, local governments often require that the underground system's locations be denoted and approved (e.g., if it is to be in a public right-of-way). Also, owners commonly require location and identification of assets to facilitate management and maintenance. Because of the many different types of materials that go into manufacturing each of the different types of underground assets, different detection and location methods are typically used. For metal pipes and cables, magnetic locators or electromagnetic equipment consisting of a transmitter and a receiver are often utilized. For other types of pipe, such as those made of plastic or concrete, other types of radio or ultrasonic location systems are commonly required. Location by these technical means is often necessary because maps of subsurface assets tend to lack the pinpoint accuracy and/or precision needed to ensure proper clearance or facilitate maintenance or repair. This is especially an issue in older or remote areas, any maps of which may be dated and/or inaccurate, or may be missing entirely. In limited cases, a few utilities and assets are “permanently” marked with short exposed posts which are vulnerable to damage or accidental removal.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are well-known and typically include an integrated circuit that is operatively coupled to an antenna. The integrated circuit typically includes some amount of memory in which a tag identifier is stored, with possibly other information related to the tag and/or the item(s) with which the tag is associated. When an RFID reader or interrogator transmits energy via its reader antenna to interrogate the RFID tag, the tag responds with information from which the reader can obtain the RFID tag identifier and any other information. The identifier and other information may be utilized to determine characteristics of the RFID-tagged items(s). The tag may also have a battery, or it may have no battery and be powered by a capacitor using energy from an external reader.

RFID tags typically operate in low frequency (less than 100 MHz) or high frequency (more than 100 MHz) modes. High frequency tags can have their data read at greater distances that lower frequency tags. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) tags are a subset of high frequency tags and operate in a range of higher frequencies between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3000 MHz), also known as the decimeter band or decimeter wave as the wavelengths of UHF waves range from one to ten decimeters (10 cm to 1 meter).

Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) is a proven technology that has been used been used extensively above ground as a logical replacement to the aging barcode system. UHF RFID has taken over identification of much of the retail product market and is used for tracking location and status of product in all phases of manufacture and sales. This explosive adoption has been possible due to technological advances resulting in low hardware cost relative to the exceptional improvement in inventory control and tracking.

In a typical UHF RFID system, a reader and tag communicate using variations in amplitude of reflected signals called “backscatter modulation” or backscatter communication. With backscatter communication, the radio frequency wave must propagate both from the reader to the tag (Forward Link) where it is used to energize the tag, and then a portion is reflected back from the tag to the reader (Reverse Link). Backscatter communication results in a reduction in the power density (strength) of an electromagnetic wave as the wave propagates through space. This is called path loss. Path loss may be due to many effects, such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, and absorption. Path loss is largely influenced by environment, propagation medium, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the relative location of the antennas.

These losses affect both the signal transmitted from the reader to the tag (Forward Link) and the backscattered return signal from the tag to the reader (Reverse Link) and limit read range such that tags buried in depths may be subject to interference that renders them unreliable.

As such, UHF RFID tags are not typically used below ground. Radiated UHF RF waves do not penetrate soil, earth, or water well, and the higher frequencies are attenuated and inhibited more such that transmission of such waves through the earth has been generally impracticable. In the case of reading tags buried in the soil, the soil properties and moisture content play a significant role in signal attenuation and maximum read depth.

Because they are not typically used below ground, conventional UHF RFID tags are adapted or configured to communicate in air. Such tags typically use and include a patch antenna because it is simple to fabricate, easy to implement, low profile and compact, and light weight. Such tags work well for typical above-ground tracking and location uses such as logistics and supply chain management, item level inventory tracking, race timing, attendee tracking, materials management, access control, IT assets tracking, tool tracking, library materials tracking, etc.

Such known UHF RFID tags with patch antennas may be sensitive to interference and, depending upon several soil parameters including permittivity, permeability, and resistivity, may have limited read range potential when buried below the Earth's surface or provided in or around other various lossy mediums (e.g., underwater, concrete walls, wood beams, etc.). This is especially true of known passive UHF RFID tags. The UHF RF signal is attenuated by both soil surface reflection loss and adsorption loss due to the soil properties and electrolyte content.

SUMMARY

There is a need for UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that can communicate (read/write/respond) at greater distances from an RFID reader, and/or has an improved read range through a lossy medium such as soil;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that has a cross polarized or circularly polarized tag adapted to transmit UHF RIFD through air and/or a lossy medium such as soil;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that includes a more efficient antenna design than that of a patch antenna;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that works as well or better in lossy mediums than in air;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that helps focus (e.g., by using a reflector) an otherwise omnidirectional tag in a more specific or limited direction (e.g., to increase gain in that direction);

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application the performance of which is not strongly affected by the presence of magnets and magnetic fields, or metallic objects;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application having an antenna or antenna type that may be fine-tuned to be better adapted to specific soil conditions surrounding the tag;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application having an antenna or antenna type that may be self-tuning;

There is also a need for a UHF RFID tag, marker, or the like of a type disclosed in the present application that can be circularly polarized to “match” the polarization of an RFID reader (e.g., right hand or left hand polarization) to provide advantages such as better performance; and

There is also a need for a tag that is relatively inexpensive to manufacture but provides a high gain.

Accordingly, an improved UHF RFID tag, marker, and antenna and method of using same are provided.

In various examples of embodiments disclosed herein, the tags and markers have been optimized and/or designed to include unique high gain antennas with a focused radiation pattern. UHF RFID makes use of unlicensed bands; for example in the North America, maximum allowed EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) is four Watts. Most local telecom authorities control the radiated energy to minimize interference with other wireless devices that share the same band or with wireless devices that share adjacent frequencies. RFID readers typically transmit with a power of thirty dBm and are limited by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to have EIRP of no greater than thirty-six dBm. This means that the reader antenna can have no greater than a six dB gain. This also suggests that, for a maximum allowed radiated power, the read distance is inversely proportionate to the path loss. There is no limit on tag antenna gain however and high gain commercial RFID tags can have gains of much more than six dB.

In various embodiments, disclosed herein are various high gain UHF RFID tags and markers that are optimized for a soil or lossy medium, or air. Polarization, losses, mismatch losses, and/or pattern focus have all been addressed in the various embodiments of the disclosed integrated reader-tag matched system. The various embodiments of low loss high gain designs disclosed herein result in exceptional read depths up to sixty percent greater in a lossy soil environment than known tags. The tags disclosed herein are unique designs and are all highly directional and typically exhibit between six dB and ten dB gain.

Accordingly an apparatus for locating assets is provided, the apparatus comprising: a housing having a top and a bottom; an ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification tag provided in the housing, the tag having a rear side facing the bottom of the housing and a front side facing the top of the housing, the front side having a chip and a dual spiral antenna provided thereon; a reflector provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; and a permanent magnet provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; wherein the antenna has an antenna outside dimension; and wherein the reflector has a reflector outside dimension greater than the antenna outside dimension.

Accordingly an apparatus for locating assets is provided, the apparatus comprising: a housing having a top and a bottom; an ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification tag provided in the housing, the tag having a rear side facing the bottom of the housing and a front side facing the top of the housing, the front side having a chip and a Yagi antenna provided thereon; a reflector provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; and a permanent magnet provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; wherein the antenna has an antenna outside dimension; and wherein the reflector has a reflector outside dimension greater than the antenna outside dimension.

Accordingly an apparatus for locating assets is provided, the apparatus comprising: a housing having a top and a bottom; an ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification tag provided in the housing, the tag having a rear side facing the bottom of the housing and a front side facing the top of the housing, the front side having a chip and a backfire helix antenna provided thereon; a reflector provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; and a permanent magnet provided in the housing between the rear side of the tag and the bottom of the housing; wherein the antenna has an antenna outside dimension; and wherein the reflector has a reflector outside dimension greater than the antenna outside dimension.

It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary to the understanding of the invention or render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring toFIG. 1, an example of an RFID system50is illustrated. In various embodiments, RFID system50includes a marker100and an RFID reader1000. In various embodiments, RFID reader1000includes an antenna1010electrically connected to a transceiver1020.

Referring toFIG. 2, example embodiments of marker100and marker100with marker retaining member200are illustrated. As illustrated, mark retaining member200includes a saddle member or semicircular or C-shaped member210adapted or configured to be provided around and/or coupled to the outside radius of a pipe or conduit (not shown), and a fitting or sleeve220coupled to the saddle member210. As illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3, in various embodiments, the fitting or sleeve is configured to retain marker100relative to retaining member200by at least partially fitting over or enclosing marker100and/or its housing.

Referring now toFIG. 3, additional details of an example embodiment of marker100with retaining member200are illustrated. Marker100includes an RFID tag110and a reflector150. In various embodiments, RFID tag110is positioned over the reflector150. In various embodiments, RFID tag110is provided in an upper part of marker100and reflector150is provided in a lower part of marker100. In various embodiments, RFID tag110is provided in spaced relation to reflector150and, when in the Earth, between the Earth's surface and reflector150. In various embodiments, marker100also includes a magnet160. In various embodiments, reflector150is provided between RFID tag100and magnet160.

In various embodiments, marker100includes a housing170, and RFID tag110and reflector150are enclosed in housing170. In various embodiments, housing170includes a lower enclosure175having an outside dimension (e.g., diameter) configured to fit within fitting220of retaining member200, and an upper enclosure or cap180having an outside dimension (e.g., diameter) configured to fit over outside dimension (e.g., diameter) of lower enclosure175. In various embodiments, upper enclosure180has a wall thickness of approximately one-quarter inch. Retaining member fitting220has an inner surface and may have a step225provided on the inner surface to help retain marker100provided in retaining member220relative to the retaining member200. Housing170(e.g., lower enclosure175) may also include a rim185sized larger than an interior or inside dimension of fitting220of retaining member200to help retain marker100relative to retaining member200.

In various embodiments, housing170is made of plastic such as PVC. It should be appreciated, however, that the housing may be made of any number of materials or combinations of materials. In various embodiments, RFID tag110is housed in an approximately six-inch diameter by approximately four-inch tall cylinder (e.g., of commercial PVC pipe) housing170.

In various embodiments, RFID tag110is passive. It should be appreciated, however that the RFID tag may instead be an active tag. Referring now toFIG. 4, in various embodiments, RFID tag110includes an integrated circuit or chip120(such as a silicon chip) and an antenna130, provided or mounted on or in a printed current board (PCB)140. Silicon sensitivity is typically defined in pertinent part as the minimum received radio frequency power necessary to switch on an RFID tag. Silicon sensitivity is one of the more important tag limitations and can impact backscatter signal strength. The greater a tag's silicon chip sensitivity (smaller numerical value), the longer the read distance at which the tag can communicate with the reader.

There are two primary factors that affect the chip sensitivity value: (1) silicon fabrication process and (2) radio frequency front-end electronic design. In various embodiments, chip120of RFID tag110is a high sensitivity chip having a sensitivity range from −18 dBm to −21 dBm. In various embodiments, tag110includes a Higgs 3 RFID chip. It should be appreciated, however, that other know chips (such as a Impinj Monza R4 RFID chip, a RFMicron Magnus-S2 chip, a Quanray Qstar-2A chip, a Impinj Monza 4 chip, or a Impinj Monza R6 chip) or later developed chips having a different (e.g., improved, greater or otherwise optimized) sensitivity, may also be utilized. For example, a Qstar-2A may be a good chip to improve read range as it has relatively higher real impedance, while allows for higher antenna performance bandwidth. While the tags described in more detail herein include or incorporate passive RFID chips, it should be appreciated that active chips and sensor chips may also be incorporated, included or utilized.

In various embodiments, antenna130of RFID tag110is a dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna130is a four-inch to six-inch diameter dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna130is formed of a layer of conductive material deposited in a dual spiral pattern on printed circuit board140. The antenna could also be formed from a wire shaped into a spiral pattern and coupled to the printed circuit board. The antenna may be implemented on FR-4 (or FR-1 or FR-2, e.g., for cost reduction) material. In various embodiments, tag110is approximately five inches in diameter. In various embodiments, antenna130is a four and three-quarter inch diameter dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna130is circularly polarized. In various embodiments, antenna130is right hand circularly polarized. In various examples of embodiments, antenna130is right hand circularly polarized to match a right hand polarization of a reader antenna. In such embodiments, the matching polarization of the tag and reader antenna help give the reader and tag system up to about a three dB gain or increase over systems without matching polarization.

In various embodiments, antenna130operates at a high frequency (e.g., a frequency in the range of 890 MHz and 940 MHz and, more particularly at a frequency of approximately 915 MHz). In various embodiments, tag110provides in excess of six dB gain and is not prone to detuning due to proximity of soil. In various embodiments, tag110provides in excess of ten dB gain and may provide additional read range through soil approximately one foot over a tag with a six dB gain.

In various embodiments, tag110includes an impedance matching circuit electrically connected to chip120. The matching circuit may be integrated with chip120. In various embodiments, the matching circuit is also electrically connected to antenna130. In various embodiments, tag110is impedance matched for a lossy medium and configured to operate reliably in average soil at a depth of about of twenty-four to thirty-six inches. In various embodiments, the spiral geometry is also optimized to lower impedance.

In various embodiments, matching impedance between antenna130and tag chip120at an operating frequency (e.g., ultrahigh frequency, 860 to 960 MHz) helps optimize efficiency. Soil in close proximately to the tag or tag surface changes the antenna input impedance but, in various embodiments, it may be compensated for using a customized network.

Referring again toFIG. 3, in various embodiments, reflector150is made of a metal (e.g., aluminum). In various embodiments, reflector150is made of one or more metals, or combination of metals. However, the reflector may also be implemented with foil, sheet metal, or PCB. In various embodiments, the marker includes a rear metal (e.g., steel) plate and may include an attachment point for customer specified fixtures or equipment.

In various embodiments, reflector150is sized larger than tag110. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 3, the reflector diameter, width and/or area is greater than the comparable dimension of the tag. In various embodiments, reflector150and its position and/or orientation relative to tag110serves up to several purposes. For example, reflector150may reflect energy radiated from the back of the antenna back toward the antenna (or in the direction of the surface of the Earth such as when the mark is underground). In addition, the larger reflector dimension or diameter (e.g., relative to the tag) helps cause the electromagnetic pattern emitted from the tag to be focused more tightly in a forward direction normal to the spiral surface.

In various embodiments, a spacing S1between reflector150and tag110(and antenna) is optimized to help insure that the reflected wave reinforces the electromagnetic wave emitted from the forward side of the spiral, to help increase forward gain. In various examples of embodiments, spacing S1is in a range of approximately two inches to three and one half inches. In various embodiments, spacing S1ranges from about two and one-half inches to three inches. In various embodiments, spacing S1is approximately two and three-quarters inches (or seventy millimeters).

Referring now toFIGS. 5-8, a second embodiment of a marker300is illustrated. In various embodiments, marker300includes a reflector350spaced from an RFID tag310in a housing370. In various embodiments, RFID tag310includes a dual spiral, circularly polarized antenna that operates at a high or ultra-high frequency (e.g., a frequency in the range of 890 MHz and 940 MHz and, more particularly, of approximately 915 MHz). In various embodiments, marker300shown inFIGS. 4-5is about one and one-half inches tall (with tag310spaced about one inch over, above or from reflector350(e.g., to help increase forward gain)) and impedance matched for air. In various embodiments, marker300inFIGS. 4-5is configured to operate reliably in average soil at a depth of less than about twenty-four inches. In various embodiments, marker300includes a magnet360. In various embodiments, magnet360is provided in spacing between tag310and reflector350.

In various embodiments, chip320of RFID tag310is a high sensitivity chip having a sensitivity range from negative eighteen dBm to negative twenty dBm. In various embodiments, tag310includes a Higgs 3 RFID chip. It should be appreciated, however, that other chips (such as a Impinj Monza R4 RFID chip, a RFMicron Magnus-S2 chip, a Quanray Qstar-2A chip, a Impinj Monza 4 chip, or a Impinj Monza R6 chip) may also be utilized. While the tags described in more detail herein include or incorporate passive RFID chips, it should be appreciated that active chips and sensor chips may also be incorporated, included or utilized.

In various embodiments, antenna330of RFID tag310is a dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna330is a four-inch to six-inch diameter dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna330is formed of a layer of conductive material deposited in a dual spiral pattern on printed circuit board340. The antenna could also be formed from a wire shaped into a spiral pattern and coupled to the printed circuit board. The antenna may be implemented on FR-4 (or FR-1 or FR-2, e.g., for cost reduction) material. In various embodiments, tag310is approximately five inches in diameter. In various embodiments, antenna330is a four and three-quarter inch diameter dual spiral antenna. In various embodiments, antenna430is circularly polarized. In various embodiments, antenna430is right hand circularly polarized. In various examples of embodiments, antenna430is right hand circularly polarized to match a right hand polarization of a reader antenna. In such embodiments, the matching polarization of the tag and reader antenna help give the reader and tag system up to about a three dB gain or increase over systems without matching polarization.

In various embodiments, reflector350is made of a metal (e.g., aluminum). In various embodiments, reflector350is made of one or more metals, or combination of metals. However, the reflector may also be implemented with foil, sheet metal, or PCB. In various embodiments, the marker includes a rear metal (e.g., steel) plate and may include an attachment point for customer specified fixtures or equipment.

In various embodiments, reflector350is sized larger than tag310. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 6-7, the reflector diameter, width and/or area is greater than the comparable dimension of the tag. In various embodiments, reflector350and its position and/or orientation relative to tag310serves up to several purposes. For example, reflector350may reflect energy radiated from the back of the antenna back toward the antenna (or in the direction of the surface of the Earth such as when the mark is underground). In addition, the larger reflector dimension or diameter (e.g., relative to the tag) helps cause the electromagnetic pattern emitted from the tag to be focused more tightly in a forward direction normal to the spiral surface.

In various embodiments, a spacing S2between reflector350and tag310(and antenna330) is optimized to help insure that the reflected wave reinforces the electromagnetic wave emitted from the forward side of the spiral, to help increase forward gain. In various examples of embodiments, spacing S2is in a range of approximately one-half inch to one and one half inches. In various embodiments, spacing S2ranges from about three-quarter inch to one and one-quarter inches. In various embodiments, spacing S2is approximately one inch.

The invention is further illustrated in the following Example which is presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation.

Simulations of a marker according to various embodiments were conducted. The tag included a reflector backed spiral antenna with a dual arm/differential spiral ˜4.75″ in diameter and a reflector (˜6″ diameter) provided ˜2.75″ from or behind the spiral. In various embodiments, the spiral antenna had a Zo of 188Ω, which was relatively high compared to the tag integrated circuit. The tag also did not include a plastic housing. Referring now toFIGS. 9-10, the gain was ˜7.6 dBi with good free space efficiency and the axial ratio was low for good circularly polarized performance, despite relatively high Zo compared to the chip and less than optimally matched impedance.

Referring now toFIGS. 11 and 12, a third exemplary embodiment of an RFID marker400is illustrated. Referring more specifically, in various embodiments, RFID marker400includes an RFID tag410. In various embodiments, RFID tag410includes a crossed driven elements420and an RFID chip430.

In various embodiments, RFID tag410includes a cross-element Yagi antenna440. In various embodiments, antenna440includes two orthogonal Yagi arrays or directors450(e.g., that are driven out of phase). In various embodiments, antenna440operates at a high or ultrahigh frequency (e.g., a frequency in the range of 890 MHz and 940 MHz and, more particularly of approximately 915 MHz). According to various embodiments, a reflector460is provided behind driven elements420. According to various embodiments, directors450are placed in front of driven element420.

In various embodiments, the RFID tag includes four dual six-inch element, crossed Yagi antennas. However, the RFID tag may include more (e.g., five) dual element, crossed Yagi antennas.

In various embodiments, a lossless combiner/phase shifter may be provided between Yagi antenna directors450(e.g., in the form of an inductor/capacitor network). For example, the input impedance of antenna440may be lowered, so ˜15-25Ω is achievable which could make matching a reader to chip430more manageable.

In various embodiments, a standard Yagi in free space with elements that are approximately six inches long and approximately two inches apart may be used. However, the dimensions could be reduced by plastic loading.

For example, in various embodiments, one or more directors450, driven element420, and reflector460may be provided on and spaced apart by material. For example, it may be relatively easy and cost effective to manufacture the elements on double-sided RF4 material. FR-1/2 material may also be a cost effective material on which to provide driven elements420, directors450, and reflector460.

The elements disclosed could be reduced in size, for example, by use of materials with higher dielectric constants. For example, the FREQTIS® brand material available from Polyplastics, being a low loss material, with ∈r=4.5-20 may be utilized. As another example, an injection moldable plastic (e.g., with ∈r>5) may also be utilized.

In various embodiments, RFID tag410is approximately six inches in diameter, eleven inches in length and provides circular polarization. In various embodiments, RFID tag410provides about 10 dB gain and is relatively immune (or not prone) to detuning due to the proximity of soil. In various embodiments, tag410is housed in an approximately six inch diameter by twelve inch tall cylinder housing (e.g., of commercial PVC pipe). In various embodiments, the marker has a rear steel plate may include an attachment point for customer specified fixtures. In various embodiments, the tag is configured to operate reliably in average soil up to forty-eight inches deep.

The invention is further illustrated in the following Example which is presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation.

A dual Yagi antenna as illustrated inFIG. 13was modeled with no dielectric or plastics. The antenna measured ˜6.25″ (159 mm) across and ˜6.7″ (170 mm) high, with reflector460the longest in length and lengths tapering slightly to second director450at ˜5.7″ (144.8). Referring now toFIGS. 14-16, in testing, the four element configuration shown inFIG. 13produced ˜9.6 dBi of gain and a bandwidth of about 3.3-3.8%. As can be seen fromFIG. 15, the circular polarization performance of the antenna inFIG. 13during testing was good.

In various embodiments, additional elements (such as a fifth element or more) may be added. For example, adding another element may take the gain to ˜11 dBi while adding ˜2.8″ (72 mm) to the overall length. In various embodiments, the second embodiment or “Yagi” antenna may be further optimized to cover the 900 MHz band with some margin, and possibly the 800 and 900 MHz bands.

In various embodiments, the antenna may be a loop Yagi. In various embodiments, the loop Yagi includes a ˜4.5″ driven ring and smaller rings for the reflector (˜4.3″)/directors (˜2.9″) that would be ˜1.3″ apart.

A fourth exemplary embodiment of an RFID tag may also be utilized. Referring toFIG. 17, in various embodiments, the fourth exemplary embodiment of an RFID tag is a post tag500, which includes a backfire helix antenna530wrapped around a robust dielectric post540which can be driven into the soil. In various embodiments, post tag500is approximately 2.4 inches in diameter and approximately 7.3 inches in length. In various embodiments, post tag500(or antenna530) is circularly polarized, provides about 6 dB gain, and is relatively immune (or not prone) to detuning due to the proximity of soil. In various embodiments, post tag antenna530operates at a high frequency (e.g., a frequency in the range of 890 MHz and 940 MHz and, more particularly of approximately 915 MHz).

In various embodiments, post tag500is configured for reliable reading from the surface to twenty-four inch depths. As can be seen fromFIG. 18, the circular polarization performance of antenna530during testing was good.

In various embodiments, the RFID tag antenna of the various disclosed embodiments is circularly polarized. This polarization works well in tracking and locating below ground or hidden assets and tags as the orientation of such tags is typically unknown and/or may change over time. In various embodiments, the tag antenna is elliptically or circularly polarized to “match” the polarization of an RFID reader (e.g., right hand or left hand polarization) to provide advantages such as better performance.

Referring now toFIG. 19, a vertical dotted line indicates an approximate thirty-six inch soil depth for the second embodiment of a marker and tag and an approximate forty-seven inch soil depth for the third embodiment of a marker tag disclosed herein. The simulation illustrated inFIG. 19assumes relative soil permittivity of thirty and soil conductivity of six hundred twenty-five micro Siemens per centimeter.

While passive RFID tags are generally disclosed herein, it should also be appreciated that active or semi-active tags could also be utilized to improve impedance and sensitivity, and/or reduce any reverse link limitations of passive tags. The tags disclosed may contain information to locate and identify assets precisely and facilitate any required maintenance, repair or tracking.

In various embodiments, the RFID tag also includes sensors. Such sensors may include temperature sensors, leak detection sensors, chemical and gas sensors, movement sensors, moisture level sensors, etc. Sensor readings may be stored on the tag and communicated to a reader. Such readings can also be communicated to and stored in the cloud.

In various embodiments, the disclosed tags are included in a system that also includes a UHF RFID reader (e.g., a handheld UHF RFID reader). In various embodiments, the UHF RFID reader has a receiver sensitivity of roughly −78 dBm. It should be appreciated that any known of later-developed UHF RFID reader, having a different (e.g., greater, improved, or otherwise optimized) sensitivity may be utilized in the scope of this disclosure.

In operation, in various embodiments, read depth versus soil type is estimated or determined (e.g., using a comparison graph). The great variability of soil moisture content and mixture makes precise depth prediction untenable. The soils and materials are ordered based on their relative ability to support an electromagnetic field. They have low conductivity and low permittivity in the air and light sands; and high conductivity and high permittivity in the wet clay and water.

In some cases, tags may need to be placed some distance between the asset and the surface to improve the reliability of the reading of and writing to the tag. Then, in various embodiments, soil type selection and depth selection are used in association withFIG. 16to determine tag selection.

In various embodiments, the tag can be installed closer to the surface to improve reliability. In addition, another tag with greater read depth may be selected and it is not necessary to locate them further from the surface.

In various embodiments, after the tags are selected they are placed. For example, depending upon the desired placement (e.g., a hole placement, a trench placement, or a roadbed placement), the tags may be provided below grade or another surface such as a road surface. Once placed, the tags may be located and the disclosed subsurface RFID system is designed to optimize the read depth through lossy soil. In various embodiments, the tag is located using one or more of the following stored references:

3. property drawings

4. GPS location

5. magnetic location

One or more of these references may be stored in the cloud.

In various embodiments, the approximate surface location above the UHF RFID is determined using a combination of existing surface marking, GPS coordinates, and/or magnetic location. The underground passive marker tag may be co-located with a permanent magnet. In various embodiments, after the general location of the tag is determined to within roughly one-half meter, an RFID reader using a high gain circularly polarized antenna is directed at the Earth's surface and a read is initiated. In various embodiments, to reach the tag the signal may first go through the air (e.g., eighteen inches of air) where it then strikes the soil. As the signal enters the soil there is likely some surface reflection loss. In various embodiments, the signal propagates down through the soil to the tag. The composition of soil may vary significantly greatly and the resulting attenuation of the signal may result in read depth uncertainty.

In various embodiments, the UHF RFID tag of the present disclosure could be utilized with GPS and magnetic locating for the identification of the underground infrastructure and site-specific assets. In various embodiments, the UHF RFID tag of the present disclosure may be provided in a system also comprising an above ground portable RFID reader/writer coupled with a magnetic locator that reads and writes subsurface tags. In various embodiments, the RFID reader has a Bluetooth data link incorporated that can be paired with any approved GPS enabled cellphone. For example, Applicant has developed a software application that collects the RFID data and passes it on to a cloud or the user-specified application as described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,235,823, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

It should be noted that references to relative positions (e.g., “top” and “bottom”) in this description are merely used to identify various elements as are oriented in the Figures. It should be recognized that the orientation of particular components may vary greatly depending on the application in which they are used.

It is also important to note that the construction and arrangement of the system, methods, and devices as shown in the various examples of embodiments is illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited. For example, elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements show as multiple parts may be integrally formed, the operation of the interfaces may be reversed or otherwise varied, the length or width of the structures and/or members or connector or other elements of the system may be varied, the nature or number of adjustment positions provided between the elements may be varied (e.g., by variations in the number of engagement slots or size of the engagement slots or type of engagement). The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the various examples of embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present inventions.

While this invention has been described in conjunction with the examples of embodiments outlined above, various alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements and/or substantial equivalents, whether known or that are or may be presently foreseen, may become apparent to those having at least ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the examples of embodiments of the invention, as set forth above, are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is intended to embrace all known or earlier developed alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements and/or substantial equivalents.