Vertical Farming Apparatus And A Method Of Vertical Farming

A vertical farming apparatus comprises a frame for supporting plant troughs or pots, a base for supporting the frame, and an array of gutters supported by the frame. The array of gutters comprises an upper formation of gutters above a lower formation of gutters. Containers for housing plants are supported by and arranged to drain into a gutter in the array of gutters. An irrigation system is arranged to irrigate the containers. The lower formation of gutters is arranged in a tiered configuration such that each gutter in the lower formation is at least partially offset in a first horizontal direction from the other gutters in the lower formation and is at least partially offset in a first horizontal direction from the gutters in the upper formation. A supply system is arranged to supply gaseous carbon dioxide, air and mixtures of carbon dioxide and air to the containers interchangeably.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under the Paris Convention to United Kingdom Patent Application Number GB 2014046.3, filed on Sep. 7, 2020, and United Kingdom Patent Application Number GB 2107294.7, filed on May 21, 2021. The contents of each of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a vertical farming apparatus and, in particular, to a vertical farming apparatus comprising a frame, gutters, containers, an irrigation system and a supply system for suppling gas.

BACKGROUND

The use of vertical, hydroponic and intensive growth farming systems for the farming of certain crops, and in particular, fruit, salads and vegetable produce, has grown over recent years. These systems often aim to improve the farming and cultivation of fruits or vegetables by increasing growth of the produce, improving yield of the produce, making the harvesting of the produce easier and/or reducing the costs of the produce by, for example, reducing the land usage or labor requirements. Additionally, these farming systems may allow for the production of certain vegetables, salads and fruits in climates and environments where it would be challenging to grow them economically using traditional or standard farming methods.

One system used in this field involves placing the fruit, salads or vegetable plants on tables within a grow house or glasshouse or placing the plants in gutters that are suspended from the roof of the grow house or glasshouse. This advantageously makes harvesting produce easier and quicker as the plants and their produce are raised off the ground. However, such systems do not substantially reduce the production costs of the fruit and vegetable produce, as they do not typically increase the density of plants per unit area and therefore reduce the land usage.

Another system that is sometimes used to grow fruit, salads and vegetables is to stack plant pots or troughs in vertical columns with spacers in between each pot or trough. Stacking the plant troughs or pots vertically significantly increases the plant density per unit area, thereby reducing land usage and its associated costs. However, there are a number of significant drawbacks associated with stacking plants in vertical columns. First, the sunlight received by the plants in the lower portion of the column is often considerably less than the sunlight received by the plants in the upper portion of the column, as the trough or pots and plants above block their sunlight. This can cause varying levels of growth and ripening in a single column. Secondly, vertical columns are usually watered and fed by watering the topmost plant. The water and fertiliser is then allowed to trickle or seep downwards through each layer of the column sequentially via gravity. This can result in asymmetric growth of plants in a column due to the uneven and top heavy distribution of water and nutrients. Thirdly, the spacers that allow one plant pot or trough to be stacked on top of another typically impede sunlight and airflow around the plants. To overcome the problem of the spacer, complex systems are used to simulate airflow and circulation around the plants in the column.

Objects and aspects of the present invention seek to alleviate at least these problems with the prior art.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a vertical farming apparatus, the apparatus comprising a frame for supporting plant troughs or pots, a base for supporting the frame, an array of gutters supported by the frame, the array of gutters comprising an upper formation of gutters above a lower formation of gutters, a plurality of containers for housing plants, where each container is supported by and arranged to drain into a gutter in the array of gutters; and an irrigation system that is arranged to irrigate the containers; wherein the lower formation of gutters is arranged in a tiered configuration such that each gutter in the lower formation is at least partially offset in a first horizontal direction from the other gutters in the lower formation and is at least partially offset in a first horizontal direction from the gutters in the upper formation; said apparatus further comprising a supply system that is arranged to supply gaseous carbon dioxide, air and mixtures of carbon dioxide and air to the containers interchangeably.

In this way, an apparatus or system for vertically farming crops such as fruit, salads and vegetable plants is provided. In use, fruit, salads or vegetable plants are potted within a growth substrate in the containers that are supported by an array of gutters. The vertical farming apparatus of the present invention comprises several features that synergistically combine to provide the optimal environment for plants housed within the containers to grow.

Firstly, the tiered configuration ensures that each of the containers receives adequate light for plants to grow as discussed above. The tiered configuration and horizontal offsets of the lower formation of the array of gutters means that, in use, the plants supported on the gutters have vertical access to sunlight for increased levels of photosynthesis. This improves the growth and well-being of the crop and can result in an improved yield. Furthermore, since the tiered configuration also involves a vertical offset the plant density per unit area is increased when compared with tabletop crops or conventional farming methods. Additionally, the tiered configuration raises the crop off the ground thereby improving the ease and speed of harvesting and inspecting the crop and protecting the crop from cold or damp ground.

Secondly, the irrigation system irrigates the plants housed within the containers in use to ensure that the plants have the required amounts of water and nutrients. In this way, the water, nutrients, and food that is supplied to the plants can be closely controlled and monitored to provide the plants with the optimum environment.

Thirdly, the supply system is configured or arranged to supply both gaseous carbon dioxide, air, and mixtures thereof to the plants housed within the containers in use. In use, it is beneficial to supply gaseous carbon dioxide to the plants housed within the containers such that the plants have the required components for photosynthesis, which improves growth and crop yield. It is also beneficial to supply gas to the plants housed within the containers as, in use, the air turbulence moves the stems and leaves of the plant, which strengthens the structure of the crop, thereby improving growth and the ability to support ripening fruit. Additionally, the airflow across the leaves of the plant can cause temperature differentials to form across the leaves of the plant, which stimulate the plants natural day/night cycle by opening the stoma, thereby promoting photosynthesis. The airflow can also be used to passively, or actively, heat the plants to their preferred temperature, which can also stimulate the plants and promote growth.

Accordingly, through the combination of the above beneficial effects, the vertical farming apparatus can provide an optimal environment for growing plants, which can increase yields of the fruit, salads, or vegetables, reduce disease, accelerate growth, reduce energy consumption, and reduce land usage. Or, in other words, a key advantage of the present invention is that the vertical farming apparatus provides all of the main requirements for farming a crop with improved yield and reduced land usage.

In preferred embodiments, the supply system is configured to supply gases to each of the containers directly. More preferably, the supply system is configured to supply gases to each of the containers individually. In this way, the supply system is configured to supply the gases in close proximity to the containers, rather than a supply system that provides gases to the general vicinity of the vertical farming apparatus. Since the containers are supplied with gas directly or individually, the gas supply can be tuned to suit the individual need of the plants within each of container of plants on a specific gutter, thereby helping to provide a more optimal environment to the plants whilst simultaneously reducing the energy consumption of the supply system.

Preferably, the supply system comprises a plurality of gas conduits for supplying the gases to the containers. In use, the gas conduits supply gases to the plants housed within the containers.

Preferably, each of the gas conduits is supported by the frame. In this way, the gas conduits can be positioned proximate to the containers, and this can reduce the number of components surrounding or associated with the vertical farming apparatus.

Preferably, each of the gas conduits extends in a direction substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the gutters in the array of gutters. It is preferable for the gas conduits to extend in this direction in order to supply the gases more evenly along the length of the containers and gutters.

Preferably, each gas conduit is associated with a gutter in the array of gutters. “Associated with” is taken to mean that a specific gas conduit is arranged to supply gas to a specific container.

Preferably, each gas conduit is located underneath a gutter. Locating the gas conduit underneath the gutter has been found to be a beneficial position for the gas conduit such that it does not block light but is also close enough to the container such that it can supply the gasses to the containers and the plants housed therein in use.

Preferably, the gas conduits are lay flat tubes. The use of lay flat tubes is advantageous as they are relatively inexpensive and can be produced and procured at many different levels of gas permeability. In this way, the lay flat tubes can be swapped to suit the gas requirements, i.e., carbon dioxide consumption, of the crops.

Preferably, the gas conduits comprise micro holes for the egress of gas from the gas conduit. Micro holes have been found to be beneficial to ensure an even and continuous egress of gas from the gas conduits along the length of the gas conduit.

Preferably, the supply system is arranged to control the carbon dioxide level around the array of containers. Preferably, the supply system comprises a sensor that is configured to detect the levels of carbon dioxide proximate the containers. Preferably, the supply system comprises one or more sensors that are each configured to detect the levels of carbon dioxide proximate one or more containers.

Preferably, the supply system comprises a sensor that is configured to detect the airflow proximate the containers. Preferably, the supply system comprises one or more sensors that are each configured to detect the airflow proximate one or more containers.

Preferably, the supply system comprises a sensor that is configured to detect the temperature proximate the containers. Preferably, the supply system comprises one or more sensors that are each configured to detect the temperature proximate one or more containers.

Preferably, each of the sensors of the supply system is arranged to provide a signal to a controller that is arranged to control the supply system in response to the signal. In this way, the supply system comprises an environment control system that is arranged to control the carbon dioxide levels, airflow and/or temperature of the plants housed within the containers in use. The vertical farming apparatus of the present invention can therefore provide a controlled and optimal environment for the plants housed within the containers in use.

Preferably, the supply system is arranged to provide heat to the containers and the plant housed within the containers in use. That is, the air dispensed by the supply system is heated prior to it entering the gas conduits. By heating the plants in this way, the heat can be focused on the areas where it is needed most, i.e., in close proximity near the plants. This is much more energy and cost efficient than tradition methods of heating an entire glasshouse. The heated airflow from the supply system can also beneficially stimulate the plants, for example, by opening their stoma in the morning. In this preferred embodiment, typically air is heated and then pumped into the gas conduits of the supply system.

Preferably, the supply system is arranged to supply pressurized carbon dioxide, pressurized air or a pressurized mixture of carbon dioxide and air. By supplying pressurized gases, the amount of carbon dioxide and/or (heated) air supplied can be more accurately controlled and distributed to the containers.

Preferably, the irrigation system is configured to irrigate each of the containers directly. More preferably, the irrigation system is configured to irrigate each of the containers individually. In this way, the irrigation system is configured to be in close proximity to the containers such that each container is irrigated by its own portion of the irrigation. In other words, the irrigation system of this preferred embodiment does not comprise an overhead system, such as a sprinkler system, that sprays all of the containers together. Rather, the irrigation system of this preferred embodiment comprises multiple components, such as irrigation conduits, that each irrigate a different container individually. Since the containers are irrigated directly, the irrigation and flow of liquid nutrients can be tuned to suit the individual need of the plants within a specific container or on a specific gutter, thereby helping to provide a more optimal environment to the plants whilst simultaneously reducing the liquid consumption.

Preferably, the irrigation system comprises a plurality of irrigation conduits for irrigating the conduits. In use, the irrigation conduits irrigate the plants housed within the containers.

Preferably, the irrigation conduits extend in a direction substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the gutters in the array of gutters. It is preferable for the irrigation conduits to extend in this direction in order to supply liquid nutrient evenly along the length of the containers and gutters.

Preferably, each irrigation conduits is associated with a gutter in the array of gutters. “Associated with” is taken to mean that a specific irrigation conduit is arranged to irrigate a specific container.

Preferably, the associated irrigation conduit is located above its respective container. In this way, liquid nutrient that is dispensed from the irrigation conduit during use can irrigate the plants housed within the containers via gravity, thereby reducing energy and wastage.

Preferably, multiple irrigation conduits are associated with each gutter in the array of gutters. In this context, multiple conduits are arranged to irrigate a specific container. Having multiple conduits is beneficial for ensuring that the whole length and width of the container is evenly irrigated as the multiple irrigation conduits can compensate for differences between the other conduits.

Preferably, each of the associated irrigation conduits are located above their respective containers. In this way, liquid nutrient that is dispensed from the irrigation conduits during use can irrigated plants housed within the containers via gravity, thereby reducing energy and wastage from spraying. That is, the location of the irrigation conduits ensures even delivery along the length and width of the containers.

Preferably, each of the irrigation conduits is supported by the frame. In this way, the irrigation conduits can be positioned proximate to the containers, and this can reduce the number of components surrounding or associated with the vertical farming apparatus.

Preferably, the irrigation system is arranged such that the amount of liquid dispensed from each irrigation conduit can be controlled independently. This control is typically achieved by the provision of a controller within the irrigation system that it is arranged to control the pressure and volume of the liquid nutrient flowing through the irrigation conduits.

Preferably, the irrigation system comprises a sensor that is configured to detect the humidity proximate the containers. Preferably, the irrigation system comprises one or more sensors that are each configured to detect the humidity proximate one or more containers.

Preferably, the irrigation system comprises a sensor that is configured to detect the moisture content of the medium or substrate that is within the containers in use. Preferably, the irrigation system comprises one or more sensors that are each configured to detect the moisture content of the medium or substrate that is within one or more containers in use.

Preferably, each of the sensors of the irrigation system is arranged to provide a signal to a controller that is arranged to control the irrigation system in response to the signal. In this way, the irrigation system comprises an environment control system that is arranged to control the humidity and/or irrigation of the plants housed within the containers in use. The vertical farming apparatus of the present invention can therefore provide a controlled and optimal environment for the plants housed within the containers in use.

Preferably, each irrigation conduit is pressure compensated. Preferably, the pressure compensation is provided by a flow system that is arranged to allow a set flow of liquid nutrient to flow once a pressure threshold has been met.

Preferably, each container in the array of containers comprises a lid. Preferably, each container in the array of containers comprises a lid with one or more openings for plants to extend through. The openings allow sunlight to reach the plant before it has grown through the opening. The lids act to protect the substrate and root structure of the plant by, for example, helping to control the moisture and humidity of the substrate and root structure by limiting evaporation. Thus, the lids can reduce the water consumption of a plant grown in the vertical farming apparatus.

Preferably, the lid reversibly attaches to the container. In this way, the lid can be removed to plant or tend to the plants, to add substrate or maintain the plants.

Preferably, the lid is arranged to accept and accommodate the irrigation conduits in embodiments of the irrigation system comprising irrigation conduits. The lid acts as a cover to protect the plants and, as such, the lids can block some of the liquid nutrient being dispensed from overhead irrigation systems. In this preferred embodiment, this problem is overcome by positioning the irrigation conduit between the lid and the container or, in other words, the irrigation conduit extends through the space defined by the container and its lid. This positioning of the irrigation conduit improves the efficiency with which liquid nutrient is dispensed and the lid and container inhibit wastage of the liquid such that more is supplied to the substrate and plant in use.

Preferably, the irrigation conduits extend lengthwise over the containers and, thus, it is preferable that the lids comprise apertures, in addition to the openings, in order to accept and accommodate the irrigation conduits running underneath the lid.

The vertical farming apparatus and frame can further comprise the following optional features.

Preferably, each gutter in the array of gutters comprises a raised surface that is arranged to support one or more plant troughs or pots and a drainage surface below the raised surface that is arranged to accept drainage from the one or more plant troughs or pots that are supported by the raised surface in use. The gutters may advantageously comprise a raised surface for supporting the plant troughs or pots in use and a drainage surface below the raised surface. In use, the drainage surface is below the bottom of the container. Therefore, when the plants are irrigated the liquid nutrient drains through the container and onto the drainage surface of the gutter. This advantageously helps keep plants from being waterlogged and thereby improves root growth and helps prevent root rot.

The irrigation system may optionally comprise a fluid reservoir for storing liquid nutrient. The irrigation system may optionally comprise a pump, or the irrigation system can be gravity fed.

Each gutter in the array of gutters may have substantially the same dimensions as each of the other gutters in the array of gutters. By having each gutter in the array of gutters with the same dimensions the containers supported by the gutters can, in use, be moved between any or each gutter. Accordingly, the plants can be easily rearranged to sort by, for example, growth or ripening.

The offset in the first horizontal direction of each gutter to the other gutters in the lower formation of gutters may be equal to or greater than the width of said each gutter. Having an offset equal to or greater than the gutter may increase the amount of direct sunlight that plants supported by the lower formation of gutters receive with the trade-off of slightly decreasing plant density per unit area. Accordingly, it is envisaged that such an embodiment would be used predominantly for crops that require more direct sunlight.

Alternatively, the offset in the first horizontal direction of each gutter to the other gutters in the formation of gutters may be less than the width of said each gutter. Decreasing the horizontal offset to be below the width of the gutter may increase plant density per unit area with the trade-off of slightly decreasing the amount of direct sunlight that the plants supported by the lower formation of gutters receive. Accordingly, it is envisaged that such an embodiment would be used predominantly for crops that prefer shady conditions and/or where land usage is a key factor

The gutters in the array of gutters may be all aligned in a second horizontal direction. The second horizontal direction may be perpendicular to the first horizontal direction in which the gutters in the lower formation are offset. Aligning the gutters in the second horizontal direction may help to reduce the footprint of the apparatus and thereby increase plant density in use.

A gutter in the upper formation of gutters may be centrally aligned with the frame along both the first horizontal direction and the second horizontal direction. Alternatively, the gutter in the upper formation of gutters may be centrally aligned with the frame along only one of said horizontal directions. A first gutter in the upper formation of gutters may be centrally aligned with a second gutter in the upper formation along one or both of the first and second horizontal directions. Alternatively or additionally, a gutter in the upper formation of gutters may be centrally aligned with an uppermost gutter in the lower formation of gutters along one or both of the first and second horizontal directions.

Both the frame and the array of gutters may be symmetrical along a plane orthogonal to the first horizontal direction. In this way, the frame and array of gutters may comprise a plane of symmetry. Both the frame and the array of gutters may be symmetrical along a plane orthogonal to the second horizontal direction. The frame and array of gutters may be symmetrical along both planes. The frame may be an A-frame. The frame may be less than 2.5 metres tall. In this way, crops grown on the apparatus may be harvested without the need for sophisticated equipment suitable for working at height and the associated safety systems required.

The tiered configuration of the lower formation of gutters may resembles a V-shape or chevron. In this way, the offset in the first horizontal direction between the gutters above and/or below any gutter in the lower formation is equal. The upper and lower formation of gutters may resemble a rocket shape.

Each gutter may be rectilinear. In this way, the plants grown thereon may be arranged rectilinearly such that harvesting and other labor-intensive activities are able to be carried out efficiently.

The frame may comprise a first sub-frame and a second sub-frame and each gutter in the array of gutters may be supported by both the first sub-frame and second sub-frame simultaneously. The first sub-frame and the second sub-frame may not be connected or attached except by the gutters.

Each gutter in the array of gutters may be removable from frame. In this way, the gutters and containers that they support in use may be moved to a different position on the frame and cleaned. Furthermore, the gutters may have a shorter life span than the frame and making the gutters removable may increase the lifespan of the apparatus as whole.

The gas conduits may be arranged that is arranged to supply gaseous carbon dioxide to two or more gutters in the array of gutters in a series configuration. Having a conduit arranged in a series configuration may reduce the complexity of the system to supply the carbon dioxide.

Alternatively, or additionally, the apparatus may comprise two or more gas conduits that are arranged to supply gaseous carbon dioxide to two or more gutters in the array of gutters in a parallel configuration. Having conduits connected in a parallel configuration may mean that it is easier to ensure an even pressure of the gaseous carbon dioxide inside the two or more conduits in use and, therefore, a more even supply of carbon dioxide to the gutters in the array of gutters.

The irrigation lines may be arranged to supply water to two or more gutters in the array of gutters in a series configuration. Having a conduit arranged in a series configuration may reduce the complexity of the system to water and/or feed the plants in use.

Alternatively, or additionally, two or more irrigation lines may be arranged to supply water to two or more gutters in the array of gutters in a parallel configuration. Having irrigation lines connected in a parallel configuration may mean that it is easier to ensure an even water pressure inside the two or more irrigation lines in use and, therefore, a more even supply of water to the gutters in the array of gutters.

The apparatus may comprise a system for collecting and treating the drainage from the array of gutters. The collected and treated water may be supplied to the irrigation lines for resupply to the gutters. In this way, water waste may be reduced.

The frame may comprise a curved support member with curved portions arranged in a tiered configuration that support at least the lower formation of gutters. The frame may further comprise an upper support member that is supported by the curved support member. The upper support members may support one or more of the gutters of the upper formation of gutters.

The frame may comprise a vertical support member that extends from the base and supports at least the upper formation of gutters.

The frame may comprise one or more horizontal support members that extend from the vertical support member. Each horizontal support member may support a gutter from the lower formation of gutters.

The frame may comprise an insect habitat support for supporting a habitat for insects. The apparatus may comprise a habitat for insects. The habitat may only be suitable for insects that are deemed beneficial to the crop that is being farmed in use.

The apparatus may be arranged and/or configured for vertically farming strawberries. However, the farming of other crops is also envisaged.

In use, the containers may contain a growing or growth medium or substrate therein. The growing medium may be inert and may have zero ionic charge, which has been found to aid plant growth. The growing medium may comprise a clay ball substrate. Additionally, or alternatively, the growing medium may comprise any other known growing substrate such as perlite, vermiculite, mineral wool, or coir. The growing medium may be free draining. The growing medium may be recycled or reused.

Alternatively, the containers may be configured and arranged for the hydroponic growing of plants.

Typically, the vertical farming apparatus will be positioned within a grow room in use. The grow room may comprise a transparent or semi-transparent outer surface. The grow room may comprise a light diffusing outer surface. The grow room may be a green house, a poly tunnel, or any other known suitable structure. The grow room may be configured to control the heat, humidity, and air movement therein.

According to a second aspect there is provided one or more containers for housing strawberry plants and a supply system that is arranged to supply gaseous carbon dioxide, air and mixtures of carbon dioxide and air to the containers.

A second aspect of the invention may comprise any of the preferred features of the first aspect, especially those relating to the gas system gas conduits, containers, lid, irrigation system, and irrigation conduits.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a vertical farming method, the method comprising providing a frame for supporting gutters; providing gutters on the frame; providing containers on the gutters; providing an irrigation system for irrigating plants; supplying gaseous carbon dioxide to the containers via a supply system; and providing an airflow around the containers using the supply system.

In use, the containers will comprise plants and a substrate. The irrigation system will irrigate the plants and the supply of gaseous carbon dioxide and airflow will provide the advantages as discussed in relation to the first aspect.

Preferably, the airflow creates temperature differentials around the containers. This is beneficial for heating and/or stimulating the plants.

In this specification, a “vertical farming system” and a “vertical farming apparatus” are used interchangeably and are taken to have the same meaning.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made to the example embodiments of the present general inventive concept, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and illustrations. The example embodiments are described herein in order to explain the present general inventive concept by referring to the figures.

The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the structures and fabrication techniques described herein. Accordingly, various changes, modification, and equivalents of the structures and fabrication techniques described herein will be suggested to those of ordinary skill in the art. The progression of fabrication operations described are merely examples, however, and the sequence type of operations is not limited to that set forth herein and may be changed as is known in the art, with the exception of operations necessarily occurring in a certain order. Also, description of well-known functions and constructions may be simplified and/or omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.

FIG. 1ais a schematic of a vertical farming apparatus2in accordance with the present invention. The vertical farming apparatus2comprises a frame4for supporting the plants5that are to be farmed, e.g. strawberries and bell peppers, in a tiered configuration. The structure of frames in accordance with the present invention are discussed in detail below in relation toFIGS. 2 to 5.

To support the plants5, the apparatus2comprises an array of gutters6that are also in a tiered configuration, where each gutter6in the array of gutters6supports a container8for housing the plants5. Accordingly, the containers8and the plants5housed therein are also arranged in a tiered configuration. In this embodiment, the containers8are plant troughs and it is envisaged that other suitable containers such as plant pots, plant bags or hydroponic systems could be used. The tiered configuration of the gutters6is beneficial as the horizontal offset allows the plants5on the lower levels of the tiered configuration to receive more sunlight as the upper levels block less sunlight from reaching them compared to a vertical configuration.

The containers8each comprise a lid9. The lids9have a substantially triangular top portion, with a series of apertures (not shown) in the faces of the sides of the triangle. The series of apertures allow the plants5to grow unimpeded. The lids9assist in regulating the conditions of the medium or substrate (e.g. soil and compost) in which the plants5are growing in the containers8as they provide a enclosed environment bar the apertures and openings. For example, the lids9can help regulate humidity by reducing evaporation from the substrate or medium. In other embodiments, the containers8are provided without lids9, for example, where the containers8are grow bags.

The vertical farming apparatus2further comprises an irrigation system11. The irrigation system11may comprise a pump (not shown) and/or reservoir for supplying a liquid nutrient, such as water or liquid plant food to irrigation conduits13. In this embodiment, the irrigation system11comprises irrigation conduits13for irrigating plants5that are housed within the containers8. Other embodiments are envisaged where the plants5are watered by sprinklers, for example.

The irrigation conduits13extend above the containers8and are arranged to supply liquids, such as water, liquid nutrient or plant food, to the plants5housed within the containers8. In this embodiment, two irrigation conduits13extend above each container8and gutter6in a direction substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the containers8and gutters6. It has been found that two irrigation conduits13is particularly beneficial for providing an even supply along the length of the container and across the width of the container8. However, other numbers of irrigation conduits13per container8are envisaged.

The irrigation conduits13are housed between the lid9and the container8, with each container8and lid9being associated with two irrigation conduits13. The irrigation conduits13extend through openings15in either end of the lid9to connect to the remainder of the irrigation system11, such as the pump and/or reservoir. In this embodiment, the size of the rectangular openings15is designed to be complementary in size to the irrigation conduits13such that the lids9act to hold the irrigation conduits13in place and prevent them from moving and disturbing the plants. The irrigations conduits13can be connected to the remainder of the irrigation system in series or, as is preferred, in parallel. In the parallel configuration, the amount of liquid supplied to each irrigation conduit13is controllable by a controller (not shown) such that the amount of liquid supplied by the irrigation conduit13can be configured for each container13individually. Positioning the irrigation conduits13between the container8and the lid9has been found to be particularly beneficial as the lid9can act a barrier to prevent wastage.

The vertical farming apparatus2further comprises a supply system17that is arranged to supply, gaseous carbon dioxide, air and mixtures of gaseous carbon dioxide and air to the containers8and plants5housed therein. In this embodiment, the supply system17comprises gas conduits19that are located underneath each of the gutters6and are attached to the underside of each gutter6. The gases are typically pumped into the gas conduits19form a reservoir. Thus, each gutter6has a gas conduit19associated with it. The gas conduits19can be positioned anywhere on the frame4that is suitable for supplying gases to the plants5within its associated container8. In this embodiment, the gas conduit19is underneath the gutter6and container8as the gases supplied by the supply system17are typically heated by a heater (not shown) prior to being dispensed. In other envisaged embodiments the gas conduits19are located above the container8and lid9or between the container8and9.

The supply system17is arranged such that the gaseous carbon dioxide, air or a mixture thereof can be interchangeably pumped in the gas conduits19. That is, the supply system17can be controlled such that the gas dispensed by it is controlled. In this way, the gas dispensed can be controlled based on the needs or conditions of the plants5.

The gas conduits19in this embodiment are lay flat tubes, but other types of tubing or conduits are also envisaged. The gas conduits19comprise micro holes along their length and width that allows the gas being dispensed from the gas conduits19to be evenly dispensed along the length and width of the container8.

FIG. 1bdepicts the first vertical farming apparatus2with an alternative arrangement of gas conduits19. In this embodiment, in addition to the gas conduits19under each gutter6, additional are provided between the lower containers8. These additional gas conduits19are centrally aligned with the frame4such that they are all parallel and lie on the same plane. In this embodiment, the gas conduits19are supported on supports21that extend from the frame4.

As such, the lower gutters6and their associated containers8have the supply system17and gas conduit19between them such that they share the gas conduit19in addition to the gas conduit19underneath the gutter. Or, in other words, these additional gas conduits19supply gas to two containers each. This can be particularly advantageous for supplying air and carbon dioxide to the containers8simultaneously. For example, the centrally aligned gas conduits19can provide air to generate an airflow or heat the plants and the gas conduits19underneath the gutters6can provide carbon dioxide to the plants. The amount of gas dispensed from these so-called shared gas conduits19can be increased to compensate for that fact that they need to supply multiple containers8with gases.

FIGS. 2 to 5each depict part of a vertical farming system102,202,302,402in accordance with the present invention. In particular, theFIGS. 2 to 5each depict a frame104,204,4and404of the vertical farming systems102,202,302,402, where the frame104,204,4and404is supporting an array of gutters106,206,306,406. The array of gutters106,206,306,406support containers118,218,318,418for housing plants. The other components of the vertical farming system102,202,302,402, such as the irrigation system11and the supply system17, have been omitted fromFIGS. 2 to 5for clarity. These components of the vertical farming apparatus have been discussed in detailed above and can be applied to the frames104,204,4and404fromFIGS. 2 to 5.

FIG. 2is a perspective view of a portion of a second vertical farming apparatus102. The irrigation system and supply system of the present invention are omitted for clarity. The second vertical farming apparatus102comprises a frame104on which an array of gutters106is supported. The frame104comprises a first sub-frame104aand a second sub-frame104bthat are substantial identical in shape, size and configuration and are separate and not directly connected to one another.

The first sub-frame104aand the second sub-frame104beach comprise two legs108a,108bthat act as a base for supporting the frame104on a surface. The legs108a,108bresemble rods or poles. In use, the each of legs108a,108bextend in a vertical direction that is perpendicular to the ground. Each of the four legs108a,108bcomprises a pin110a,110bfor inserting into the ground to removably fix the frame104in position. Other methods of attaching the frame to the ground are envisaged such as tie-lines or providing apertures for receiving fixings. The legs108a,108bmay be extendable to allow their height to be adjusted such that the sub-frames104a,104band therefore the frame104can be levelled on uneven surfaces. Furthermore, it is envisaged that the legs108a,108bmay optionally comprise wheels or castors such that the frame104may be wheeled along the surface to move the frame104.

Each sub-frame104a,104bfurther comprises a lower support member112a,112b. The lower support members112a,112bare beam-like or rod-like and are attached to both their respective legs108a,108bof the base. The lower support members112a,112bextend in a direction substantially perpendicular to their respective legs108a,108band in a horizontal direction substantially parallel to the surface on which the base is supported. The lower support members112a,112bare longer than the gap between the legs108a,108bsuch that they extend to the sides of their respective sub-frame104a,104b.

Two gutters114are supported by the lower support members112a,112band extend between the lower support members112a,112b. The gutters114are supported by opposing ends of the lower support members112a,112band extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis for the first lower support member112ato the second lower support member112b. The gutters114resemble trays and comprise a raised surface114athat in use supports a plant trough118. The plant troughs118are removeable from the gutters114.

The gutters114further comprise a drainage surface114bbeneath the raised surface114a. In use, the drainage surface114breceives and collects drainage from the plant troughs118above. Raising the plant trough118from the drainage surface114bof the gutter114using the raised surface114ahelps to improve root growth and drainage from the plant trough118.

Both sub-frames104a,104bcomprise a vertical support member116a,116bthat is beam-like or rod-like and that extend from the middle of its respective lower support member112a,112b, i.e., the vertical support members116a,116bextend from a position equally distanced between the two ends of lower support member112a,112band their supported gutters114. The vertical support members116a,116bextends in a direction parallel with the legs108a,108bof the frame104. At the top of each vertical support member116another gutter114for supporting a plant trough118is provided.

Each sub-frame104a,104b, further comprises a middle support member120a,120b, and an upper support member122a,122bthat both extend from their respective vertical support members116a,116bin a direction substantially parallel with the lower support members112a,112band perpendicular to the vertical support members116a,116b.

The middle support members120a,120band the upper support members122a,122bare similar to the lower support members112a,112bin that are beam-like or rod-like and that each support member112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122bsupports two gutters114at positions adjacent to or proximate their ends. The lower support members112a,112b, the middle support members120a,120band the upper support members122a,122bare offset vertically from one another by at least the height of the plant trough118supported by the gutter114. In the arrangement depicted inFIGS. 1aand 1b, the vertical offset between the support members112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122bis approximately the height of the plant that will be grown in the plant trough118. Accordingly, different frames104may be designed and proportioned for different crops.

The middle support members120a,120bare longitudinally shorter than the lower support members112a,112band the upper support members122a,122bare longitudinally shorter than the middle support members120a,120b. This disparity in length gives the gutters114supported by the support members112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122ba tiered configuration that resembles a V-shape or a chevron. Or, in other words, the gutters114supported by one support member112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122bare horizontally offset from the gutters114supported by another supported member112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122b. The six gutters114supported by the support members112a,112b,120a,120b,122a,122bmay be a lower formation of gutters114and the gutter114supported by the vertical support members116a,116bmay be an upper formation of gutters114. Other numbers of gutters are envisaged. Although only one gutter114is shown as the upper formation, more than one gutter may be provided, as shown inFIG. 3. Together, the lower formation and upper formation form an array of gutters. Each gutter114in the array of gutters is horizontally offset from each other gutter114in the array of the gutters. One key aspect is achieving this horizontal offset between the gutters114, and plant troughs118, to allow vertical access to sunlight for the plants contained within the plant troughs118in use. Other frame designs can be used to achieve this and are envisaged.

The frame104is symmetrical about two planes. In total, the frame104of the second vertical farming apparatus102is shown to support seven plant troughs118thereon.

One of the sub-frames104a,104bmay be positioned vertically lower than the other. Alternatively, or additionally, the gutters114may be arranged such that the drainage surface114bfalls away from the raised surface114aalong a length of the gutter114. In this way, water draining into a gutter114may travel along a length of the gutter by gravity.

FIG. 3is an end cross-sectional view of a portion of a third vertical farming apparatus202. The third vertical farming apparatus202is shown positioned on the ground224. The third vertical farming apparatus202is also shown to support seven plant troughs218thereon, in the same arrangement and orientation as the first vertical farming apparatus102shown inFIGS. 1aand 1b. In this depiction, plant pots226and strawberry plants228are shown in position in the plant troughs218.

Although the third vertical farming apparatus202is shown to support seven plant troughs218thereon in the same arrangement and orientation and the first vertical farming apparatus, the frame is different. The frame includes two sub-frames204a(second sub-frame not shown) that include a curved frame member230which performs the roles of all frame members of the first vertical farming apparatus102except the vertical support members116a,116b. As such, the curved frame member230is configured to support six plant troughs218thereon, three on each side. The sub-frame204aincludes a vertical support member216awhich extends vertically from an upper central portion of the curved frame member230and supports a single plant trough218thereon.

The frame204is symmetrical about two planes. The use of a single curved frame member230reduces the need for joins or attachments between frame members, which may simplify construction and improve longevity.

FIG. 4is an end cross-sectional view of a portion of a fourth vertical farming apparatus302. The fourth vertical farming apparatus is similar in structure and design to the first vertical farming apparatus except that it does not comprise any lids. As such, the description of the fourth vertical farming apparatus302also applies to the first vertical farming apparatus2. The fourth vertical farming apparatus includes a curved frame member330that is similar to the curved frame member230of the first vertical farming apparatus202. Although similar, the curved frame member330of the first vertical farming apparatus302is configured to support five plant troughs318, two on each side and one on top.

Furthermore, the frame304includes an upper member332configured to support a plant trough318directly above the plant trough318supported on top of the curved frame member330. The upper member332has a substantially inverted U-shaped and is attached at each end to the curved frame member330. The upper member332includes a cross member334that extends between the two legs of the inverted U-shape and supports the plant trough318thereon. This upper member332may be incorporated into the first vertical farming apparatus102or the second vertical farming apparatus202to provide another plant trough directly above and in line with the uppermost plant trough shown inFIG. 1a,FIG. 1bandFIG. 2respectively.

FIG. 5is an end cross-sectional view of a fourth vertical farming apparatus402. The fourth vertical farming apparatus402includes a frame404configured to support six plant troughs418in a similar arrangement to the third vertical farming apparatus shown inFIG. 4. The frame404includes a generally inverted U-shaped frame member430that is shown to have two legs extending to the ground424and is also shown to support an uppermost plant trough418at the other end thereof.

The frame404also includes a lower support member412, a middle support member420and an upper support member422similar to those of the first vertical farming apparatus shown inFIG. 1a. Each of the support members412,420,422are oriented horizontally. The upper support member422extends between the two legs of the U-shaped frame member430and supports a plant trough418between the two legs, immediately below the uppermost plant trough418. The upper support member422is shown to have a length that is substantially the same as a width between the two legs of the U-shaped frame member430such that it does not extend substantially beyond the two legs.

The middle support member420has a greater length than the upper support member422and extends a first distance either side of the legs of the U-shaped frame member430. Plant troughs418are shown to be supported outside of each leg of the U-shaped frame member430adjacent to the U-shaped frame member430. The lower support member412has a greater length than the upper support member422and the middle support member420and extends a second distance, greater than the first distance, either side of the legs of the U-shaped frame member430. Plant troughs418are shown to be supported adjacent to the ends of the lower support member412and therefore outside of each leg of the U-shaped frame member430and spaced from the U-shaped frame member430.

The support members412,420,422support plant troughs418in a substantially inverted V-shape or chevron shape, below the uppermost plant trough418. Furthermore, the support members412,420,422may be releasably attached to the U-shaped frame member430such that their relative positions may be adjusted. This may be advantageous because plants generally increase in size as they grow and therefore require a greater spacing.

Although six or seven plant troughs are shown in the Figures, it is envisaged that any number of plant troughs may be provided. The frames may be arranged with more or less support members depending on the number of troughs to be supported. The apparatus, and therefore the plant troughs, may have any longitudinal length. Although some of the figures depicts a rectilinear apparatus, the apparatus may be curved to fit a curved room or the like. Furthermore, although some degree of spacing and scale may be inferred from the Figures, it is envisaged that any suitable spacing or apparatus size may be provided, which may be dependent on the crop being farmed. The apparatus may also comprise irrigation lines, conduits for conveying gaseous carbon dioxide to the plants and/or any other feature described herein.

Numerous variations, modifications, and additional embodiments are possible, and accordingly, all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the present general inventive concept. For example, regardless of the content of any portion of this application, unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim herein or of any application claiming priority hereto of any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence of such activities, or any particular interrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any element can be duplicated.

It is noted that the simplified diagrams and drawings included in the present application do not illustrate all the various connections and assemblies of the various components, however, those skilled in the art will understand how to implement such connections and assemblies, based on the illustrated components, figures, and descriptions provided herein, using sound engineering judgment. Numerous variations, modification, and additional embodiments are possible, and, accordingly, all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the present general inventive concept.

While the present general inventive concept has been illustrated by description of several example embodiments, and while the illustrative embodiments have been described in detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the general inventive concept to such descriptions and illustrations. Instead, the descriptions, drawings, and claims herein are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive, and additional embodiments will readily appear to those skilled in the art upon reading the above description and drawings. Additional modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of applicant's general inventive concept.