3D tracking of an interventional instrument in 2D ultrasound guided interventions

An interventional instrument (30) having ultrasound sensors (S1, S2, S3, S4, . . . ) is tracked using an ultrasound imaging device (10) that acquires and displays a 2D ultrasound image of a visualization plane (18), and performs 2D ultrasound sweeps for a range of plane angles (θ) obtained by rotating the ultrasound probe (12) and encompassing the visualization plane angle. For each ultrasound sensor, an optimal plane is found based on its emitted signal strength over the range of plane angles, and the ultrasound sensor is located in its optimal plane by analyzing the sensor signal as a function of the timing of the beams fired by the ultrasound probe. These locations in their respective optimal planes are transformed to a 3D reference space using a transform (42) parameterized by plane angle, and a visual indicator is displayed of spatial information (T, L) for the interventional instrument generated from the locations of the one or more ultrasound sensors in the 3D reference space.

FIELD

The following relates generally to the medical arts, ultrasound-guided interventional procedure arts, prostate biopsy arts, and the like.

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures, such as biopsies, brachytherapy seed implantation, cryoablation, laser ablation, or so forth, utilize ultrasound imaging to guide the interventional instrument to the target tissue. For example, in a transperineal prostate intervention, ultrasound imaging using a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe, typically along with a guidance grid abutted against the perineum, is used to guide the needle insertion. The ultrasound imaging performed during the interventional procedure is usually two-dimensional (2D) imaging. To contextualize the 2D ultrasound images, a pre-acquired three-dimensional (3D)-TRUS ultrasound image and/or a 3D magnetic resonance (MR) image of the target region may be used (Kruecker et al., “Fusion of transrectal ultrasound with pre-acquired MRI for prostate biopsy guidance”, MEDICAMUNDI 52/1 2008/July at pages 25-31 (2008)). However, instrument contrast in ultrasound is usually poor, with intermittent instrument visibility, leading to the so-called “invisible tool” phenomenon.

To address poor instrument contrast in ultrasound, dedicated ultrasound sensors may be mounted on the interventional instrument (Mung et al., “Tool Tracking for Ultrasound-Guided Interventions”, G. Fichtinger, A. Martel, and T. Peters (Eds.): MICCAI 2011, Part I, LNCS 6891, pp. 153-60 (2011)). In one approach, the sensor serves as an active ultrasound transponder by re-radiating received ultrasound pulses. In another approach, the sensor outputs a voltage when the ultrasound signal is received. In either approach, the knowledge of the combination of the direction of the ultrasound beam that sonicates the sensor and the time interval between ultrasound pulse emission and the sensor response (“time of flight”) enables localization of the sensor. If this approach is used with real-time 3D-TRUS ultrasound imaging, then localization in the three-dimensional space is achievable.

However, in practice a 2D ultrasound is more commonly employed for live guidance during needle insertion. 2D ultrasound is faster, can be performed using a lower cost ultrasound transducer array, and the 2D image is readily displayed on a video display component of the ultrasound device display. More particularly, in transperineal prostate biopsy procedures, a pre-procedurally acquired 3D MR data set is used to delineate the target from where the biopsy sample will be taken. At the beginning of the biopsy procedure, a 3D-TRUS image set is acquired by scanning the TRUS probe manually from prostate base to apex (or by rotating the probe about an axis parallel to its own, from left lateral to right lateral extremes of the prostate (or vice versa), while imaging in sagittal orientation) and reconstructed from 2D TRUS image frames and the 3D-TRUS is registered to the previously acquired MR data set. Thereafter, the TRUS probe is used to acquire 2D images at the sagittal orientation (for a prostate procedure), for example using conventional brightness or B-mode imaging, to provide live 2D guidance as the biopsy needle is inserted. The TRUS probe is tracked using electromagnetic (EM) or some other TRUS probe spatial tracking technology, and the live 2D ultrasound images are thereby linked to the corresponding frame of the reconstructed 3D TRUS image, and therefore, to the MR data set, from the TRUS-MR registration.

SUMMARY

In one disclosed aspect, a tracking device is disclosed for tracking an interventional instrument that has one or more ultrasound sensors disposed with the interventional instrument. The tracking device comprises an ultrasound imaging device including an ultrasound probe configured to acquire a two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound image, and an electronic processor. The electronic processor is programmed to operate the ultrasound imaging device to perform an interventional instrument tracking method including: operating the ultrasound imaging device to display a 2D ultrasound image of a visualization plane; performing 2D ultrasound sweeps of a plurality of planes that encompasses the visualization plane and, for each 2D ultrasound plane of the plurality of planes, detecting a signal emitted by each ultrasound sensor in response to the 2D ultrasound sweep of the plane; for each ultrasound sensor, identifying an optimal plane of the plurality of planes for which the detected signal emitted by the ultrasound sensor is highest and identifying the location of the ultrasound sensor in the optimal plane, and identifying the location of the ultrasound sensor in a three dimensional (3D) reference space based on the location of the ultrasound sensor in the optimal plane and knowledge of how the optimal plane relates to the 3D space (e.g., 3D TRUS/MRI); and determining spatial information for the interventional instrument, including at least one of tip location and orientation of the interventional instrument, based on the identified locations of the one or more ultrasound sensors in the 3D reference space. The location of the ultrasound sensor in the optimal plane may be identified, for example, based on analyzing the sensor signal as a function of the timing of the beams fired by the ultrasound probe.

In another disclosed aspect, a tracking method is disclosed for tracking an interventional instrument that has one or more ultrasound sensors disposed with the interventional instrument. The tracking method comprises: operating an ultrasound imaging device including an ultrasound probe to display a two dimensional (2D) ultrasound image of a visualization plane; rotating the ultrasound probe about an axis to scan a plurality of planes spanning a range of plane angles that encompasses the plane angle of the visualization plane and, for each plane of the plurality of planes, operating the ultrasound imaging device to perform a 2D ultrasound sweep of the plane; during each 2D ultrasound sweep, detecting a signal emitted by each ultrasound sensor in response to the 2D ultrasound sweep; for each ultrasound sensor, identifying an optimal plane for which the signal emitted by the ultrasound sensor is highest and locating the ultrasound sensor in the optimal plane; determining the location of each ultrasound sensor in a three dimensional (3D) reference space by transforming the location of the ultrasound sensor in its optimal plane to the 3D reference space using a transform parameterized by plane angle; determining spatial information for the interventional instrument based on the locations of the one or more ultrasound sensors in the 3D reference space; and displaying a visual indicator of the determined spatial information for the interventional instrument on the displayed 2D ultrasound image of the visualization plane.

In another disclosed aspect, a tracking device is disclosed for tracking an interventional instrument that has one or more ultrasound sensors disposed with the interventional instrument. The tracking device comprises an ultrasound imaging device including an electronic processor and a display, and an ultrasound probe operatively connectable with the ultrasound imaging device and rotatable under control of the ultrasound imaging device to acquire a two dimensional ultrasound image at a plane defined by a plane angle. The ultrasound imaging device is programmed to: acquire and display a 2D ultrasound image of a visualization plane defined by a visualization plane angle; perform 2D ultrasound sweeps for a range of plane angles encompassing the visualization plane angle and, for each 2D ultrasound sweep, storing its plane angle and a signal emitted by each ultrasound sensor in response to the 2D ultrasound sweep; identify an optimal plane for each ultrasound sensor based on its emitted signal strength over the range of plane angles and locating the ultrasound sensor in its optimal plane by analyzing the sensor signal as a function of the timing of the beams fired by the ultrasound probe during the 2D ultrasound sweep of the optimal plane; transform the locations of the ultrasound sensors in their respective optimal planes to a three dimensional (3D) reference space using a 2D to 3D transform parameterized by plane angle; and display, on the displayed 2D ultrasound image, a visual indicator of spatial information for the interventional instrument generated from the locations of the one or more ultrasound sensors in the 3D reference space.

One advantage resides in providing three-dimensional interventional instrument information using 2D live ultrasound imaging during an interventional procedure.

Another advantage resides in providing more accurate and reliable interventional instrument tracking during an interventional procedure.

Another advantage resides in providing the foregoing advantages without the cost of providing ultrasound imaging and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe hardware capable of performing live 3D ultrasound imaging.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As described above, while pre-procedural MR images and/or reconstructed 3D TRUS images provide 3D context for planning a transperineal intervention, 2D TRUS images are often used for live guidance during needle insertion. In a typical orientation, the sagittal ultrasound array of the probe is used in the live guidance. In view of this, the imaged plane is sometimes referred to as a “sagittal” plane. However, it is to be understood that this sagittal plane is with respect to the sagittal array of the TRUS probe, and is not necessarily aligned with the sagittal plane of the patient. For example, the TRUS probe may be rotated about its axis, and the procedure is still deemed to be under “sagittal image guidance”, even though the imaged sagittal plane may be rotated or tilted respective to the sagittal plane of the patient. The terms “sagittal plane”, “sagittal image guidance”, and the like are to be understood as being used herein in this sense, i.e. the sagittal plane is the plane imaged using the sagittal array of the TRUS probe.

Use of 2D-TRUS imaging as the live guidance tool implicitly assumes that the needle lies in the sagittal plane imaged by the TRUS probe. However, due to anatomical constraints during needle insertion and needle-tissue interaction, it is generally not possible to ensure that the needle lies completely in the sagittal visualization plane during insertion, and in practice a given sagittal image usually contains only a portion of the needle. This leads to positional error and poor visibility of needles, and both degradation mechanisms increase with increasing deviation of the needle away from the ultrasound visualization plane. The needle is effectively “projected” onto the sagittal visualization plane, and the surgeon is not informed as to the 3D position and orientation of the needle in the body.

These problems could be overcome by performing 3D ultrasound imaging. However, this approach has substantial disadvantages, including potentially increased ultrasound imaging equipment cost and more complex (and potentially confusing) live visualization in the 3D image space. Typically, the surgeon is most comfortable viewing the conventional two-dimensional sagittal plane, rather than attempting to visualize the needle position in a 3D perspective or otherwise-displayed three-dimensional space representation.

Interventional instrument tracking devices and methods disclosed herein advantageously retain the conventional approach of sagittal plane visualization via 2D ultrasound imaging, with the modification that the ability to rotate the TRUS probe about its axis is leveraged to extract additional three-dimensional information. While described with illustrative reference to transperineal prostate intervention using a TRUS probe, the disclosed approaches are readily employed in ultrasound-guided interventions directed to other anatomy such as the liver and/or for performing other procedures such as brachytherapy seed implantation, cryo-ablation, laser ablation, or so forth.

With reference toFIG.1, an ultrasound-guided intervention system includes an ultrasound imaging device10operatively connected with an ultrasound probe12(for example using a suitable connecting cable and mating connectors). In the illustrative example, the ultrasound probe is a trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe12sized and shaped for insertion into the rectum of a patient. Such a TRUS probe is commonly used for performing transperineal prostate intervention. The TRUS probe12is generally cylindrical and as such has a defined axis14. An ultrasound transducer array16is located on a sidewall of the cylindrical TRUS probe12, so as to perform sonication and imaging of a two-dimensional (2D) image plane18. A stepper device such as a cable, fitting or other mechanical component that can be moved manually or a stepper device such as a stepper motor20can be operated to automatically rotate the TRUS probe12about the axis14, for example under control of an electronic processor (e.g. microprocessor or microcontroller) of the ultrasound imaging device10(although a separate electronic processor performing this control is alternatively contemplated). In an alternative embodiment, the stepper motor20is omitted, the stepper device is not motorized, and instead the TRUS probe12is rotated manually by the surgeon or other surgical team member. Rotation of the TRUS probe12about the axis14revolves the ultrasound transducer array16about the axis14, and hence the image plane can be rotated to a chosen angle, which is designated herein without loss of generality as the (image) plane angle θ.

For the illustrative example of a transperineal prostate intervention procedure, live guidance during needle insertion usually employs ultrasound imaging of the sagittal plane. Accordingly, in the examples herein the visualization plane is designated as the sagittal plane and, for convenience, is designated as θ=0°. It will be appreciated that other interventional procedures may employ a different visualization plane appropriate for the position and orientation of the ultrasound probe used to guide the interventional procedure.

Transperineal prostate intervention also commonly utilizes a guidance grid22positioned abutting against the perineum of the prostate patient (not shown), and an interventional instrument30(e.g., a biopsy needle) is guided through an entry point of the guidance grid22. Use of the optional guidance grid22provides a convenient tool for systematically sampling a region of the prostate by successively inserting the biopsy needle30through designated entry points of the grid22. It will be appreciated that in other ultrasound-guided interventions, the grid22may not be used, or if used may be positioned against some other portion of the anatomy depending upon the target tissue or organ.

The interventional instrument30includes one or more ultrasound sensors disposed with the interventional instrument; without loss of generality, the illustrative example includes four such ultrasound sensors S1, S2, S3, S4; however, the number of sensors can be one, two, three, the illustrative four, five, or more. In this context, the term “disposed with” encompasses ultrasound sensors disposed on a surface of the instrument30, or disposed sensors disposed inside the instrument30, e.g. embedded within the instrument30. Each ultrasound sensor S1, S2, S3, S4emits a signal in response to sonication by an ultrasound beam from the ultrasound transducer array16. The illustrative ultrasound sensors S1, S2, S3, S4are piezoelectric sensors that generate an electrical signal (e.g. a voltage) in response to sonication. Such sensors suitably comprise a piezoelectric material such as a composite film of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) copolymers, although substantially any biocompatible material exhibiting sufficiently strong piezoelectric effect may be used, e.g. with electrodes for extracting the electric signal response. Each piezoelectric sensor S1, S2, S3, S4suitably includes electrical leads/traces (not shown), e.g. secured to or disposed with (i.e. on or in) the needle30, to carry the piezoelectric sensor voltage off the interventional instrument30. Alternatively, a micro-radio transmitter may be integrated with the piezoelectric sensor to wirelessly output the sensor voltage. In alternative embodiments (not illustrated), the ultrasound sensors may be ultrasound-reflective sensors that re-radiate received ultrasound pulses, in which case the sensor signal is the re-radiated ultrasound pulse which may be received by the same ultrasound transducer array16that sonicates the ultrasound-reflective sensors.

It is to be appreciated that the disclosed components, e.g. the ultrasound probe12with its stepper motor20, and the interventional instrument30, are merely illustrative examples, and other hardware configurations implementing desired functionality may be employed. For example, the stepper motor may be located elsewhere and operatively connected with the TRUS probe12via a driveshaft and optional gearing. In other procedures, the ultrasound probe may be other than the illustrative TRUS probe12.

With continuing reference toFIG.1and with brief reference toFIG.2, for 2D ultrasound imaging a linear array of ultrasound transducers16, or more generally an array of ultrasound transducers16with a generally linear form factor, are typically used. Such a transducer array with linear form factor is conveniently mounted on the side of a generally cylindrical probe body, so that the disclosed approach of rotating the ultrasound probe about an axis (e.g. the cylinder axis) is generally applicable to many interventional procedures employing 2D ultrasound guidance.FIG.2shows an “end” view of the TRUS probe12, looking down the axis14, to illustrate how rotating the TRUS probe12away from the visualization plane (angle θ=0°)18to a positive angle, or alternatively to a negative angle, results in probing 2D imaging planes that are tilted compared with the θ=0° visualization plane18. In general, the imaging planes probed by such rotation contain (or pass close to) the rotational axis14(although the illustrative axis14is outside of the visualized portion of the image plane since it is “behind” the transducer array16).

As seen inFIG.2, the biopsy needle30does not (in general) lie precisely in the visualization plane18. As a result, of the four ultrasound sensors S1, S2, S3, S4, only one sensor S3lies in the visualization plane18. Two sensors S1, S2lie at negative angles (−θ) relative to the visualization plane18. One sensor S4lies at positive angle (+θ) relative to the visualization plane18. InFIG.1, this is diagrammatically shown by having the portion of the needle30lying “behind” the visualization plane18as viewed from the perspective ofFIG.1shown in dashed lines. This includes the sensor S4.

The sensor S3lying in the visualization plane18can be localized as follows. The ultrasound probe12performs a 2D ultrasound sweep of the plane18. During this sweep, the ultrasound beam is swept across the 2D plane18and, at some point, this beam intersects and sonicates the sensor S3. In response, the piezoelectric sensor S3emits a sensor voltage that is detected. A voltmeter32detects this voltage output by the ultrasound sensor S3. (More generally, the piezoelectric sensor may output some other electric signal such as a change in capacitance or an electric current, and an electric signal detector detects the electric signal emitted by the piezoelectric sensor in response to the 2D ultrasound sweep). The detected sensor signal is time stamped. The location of the ultrasound sensor S3in the visualization plane18can be determined based on time-of-flight and ultrasound beam angle information derived from the ultrasound scanner10. In this case, the time of flight corresponds to the time interval between emission of the ultrasound beam pulse and detection of the sensor voltage. This time, multiplied by the speed of sound in the prostate tissue, provides the distance from the ultrasound transducer16. This distance along with the ultrasound beam angle localizes the sensor S3in the plane18. (Note that if ultrasound-reflective sensors are used then the time-of-flight is the echo time interval between ultrasound pulse emission and detection of the re-emission in this case, the time interval times the speed of sound is two times the distance from the ultrasound transducer to the reflective sensor, and so a factor of 0.5 is applied). The skilled artisan will recognize that this 2D localization approach is similar to that employed in 2D brightness mode (b-mode) imaging, except that the response signal is due to the sensor rather than ultrasound reflection from imaged tissue.

Such a 2D localization approach might also detect the out-of-plane sensors S1, S2, and S4, if the elevational ultrasound beam spread is such that it also partially sonicates these sensors. In this case, the sensor signal responsive to the ultrasound beam will be weaker due to the partial sonication; if the sensor is too far outside of the plane18then it may not be sonicated at all leading to sensor “invisibility”. It will also be appreciated that the out-of-plane sensor, if sonicated, will be erroneously localized in the plane18(since it is assumed to lie in the plane) at the distance given by the time-of-flight. This positional error becomes larger with increasing distance of the sensor away from the visualization plane18.

With continuing reference toFIG.1, in embodiments disclosed herein, this error is corrected by the following approach implemented by a three-dimensional (3D) interventional instrument tracker40(e.g., in some implementations embodied by suitable programming of the microprocessor or microcontroller of the ultrasound imaging device10to control the transducer array16and stepper motor20, and reading the voltmeter32, to perform the disclosed approach). Instead of performing a single 2D ultrasound sweep of the single plane18, 2D ultrasound sweeps of a plurality of planes are performed. The various plane angles θ are reached via operation of the stepper motor20. The chosen plurality of planes encompasses (but does not necessarily include) the visualization plane18. For each 2D ultrasound sweep, a sensor signal emitted by each ultrasound sensor S1, S2, S3, S4in response to the 2D ultrasound sweep is detected. (In some cases the detected sensor signal may be a null signal, i.e. if the sensor is too far out of the plane of the 2D sweep then the detected sensor signal is zero). For each ultrasound sensor, an optimal plane is identified, from amongst the plurality of planes, for which the sensor signal emitted by the ultrasound sensor is highest. For this optimal plane, the ultrasound sensor is located using the time-of-flight and ultrasound beam angle information as already described for sensor S3. (In the case of sensor S3, the optimal plane is the visualization plane18since sensor S3lies in this plane18). Then, the location of each ultrasound sensor S1, S2, S3, S4is determined in a three dimensional (3D) reference space by transforming the location of each ultrasound sensor in its optimal plane to the 3D reference space. This is suitably done using a transform42parameterized by plane angle θ. Spatial information for the interventional instrument30(e.g. tip position and orientation) are determined based on the locations of the one or more ultrasound sensors S1, S2, S3, S4in the 3D reference space. In performing this transformation, position of the ultrasound probe12and particularly the angle θ may be monitored by the TRUS probe tracker34; alternatively, the angle may be determined from rotational encoding of the stepper motor20. A visual indicator of the determined spatial information for the interventional instrument (e.g., its tip position and/or a line indicating its orientation) is displayed on a display44of the ultrasound device10, e.g. superimposed on or otherwise displayed with a displayed 2D ultrasound image of the visualization plane (e.g. b-mode ultrasound video). Alternatively, the 3D orientation of the needle30may be displayed in a pre-acquired and reconstructed 3D-TRUS image, or in a pre-acquired and reconstructed 3D MRI data set. It is also contemplated for the spatial information to include a prediction of the needle trajectory, e.g. by extending the current needle orientation.

The ultrasound probe tracker34tracks the position and orientation of the ultrasound probe12respective to the 3D reference space. The probe tracker34may employ any suitable probe tracking technology. For example, the probe tracker34may employ electromagnetic tracking and comprise an electromagnetic (EM) field generator and illustrative EM sensors35disposed with (e.g. on or in) the ultrasound probe12. Alternatively, the probe tracker may employ optical tracking technology that detects optical reflectors or LEDs disposed with (on or in) the ultrasound probe, or may employ a robotic encoder comprising a multi jointed arm with spatial encoding joints, or so forth.

In summary, during needle insertion the TRUS probe12is rotated by a stepper device, e.g. by the stepper motor20, with the range of rotation of the image plane encompassing all the sensors S1, S2, S3, S4on the needle30. An optimal plane is identified for each sensor and its location in that optimal plane is determined. These locations are then transformed to a 3D reference space using a transform of the 2D location parameterized by the plane angle θ. The needle is preferably held stationary during probe rotation. In one approach, there can be ‘start’ and ‘stop’ buttons on the user interface, which the user can click to indicate the beginning and end of data acquisition during the probe rotation. The following quantities are acquired during the probe rotation: sensor voltages; 2D tracked sensor estimates in the plane of the 2D sweep based on time-of-flight and sonication beam angle in the 2D plane; and rotational positions (angles θ) of the TRUS probe. Each of these quantities (or each sample of these quantities) is time stamped. Interpolation may be employed to synchronize the data samples of the 2D positions and the angles θ.

Typically, it is not desired to have an ultrasound sensor positioned at the tip of the interventional instrument30, since this tip usually includes or embodies functional apparatus for performing a biopsy, ablation procedure, or the like. Accordingly, in a suitable approach the sensors S1, S2, S3, S4have pre-determined (i.e. known) positions along the needle30, and the position of the tip relative to these known positions of the sensors is also pre-determined (known) and can therefore be obtained from the tracked 3D positions of the sensors S1, S2, S3, S4on the needle30. In general, at least two ultrasound sensors along the needle30are needed to determine its orientation; however, if the guidance grid22is used then the second position for determining orientation may be a pre-determined (known) entry point of the guidance grid22through which the interventional instrument30is guided.

With reference toFIG.3, an illustrative method for determination of the interventional instrument tip and orientation using the device ofFIG.1is described. In an operation50, the 2D ultrasound sweeps are performed over an angle range encompassing the visualization plane18, and the plane angle θ and sensor voltages are recorded as time stamped values. The angle range is also preferably selected to encompass the likely positions of most, or all, of the ultrasound sensors S1, S2, S3, S4on the needle30.

With continuing reference toFIG.3and with further reference toFIG.4, in an operation52an optimal plane is identified for each sensor. This optimal plane is the plane for which the 2D ultrasound sweep yielded the largest sensor signal.FIG.4illustrates this operation52by plotting sensor voltage as a function of plane angle θ (i.e. rotational position of the TRUS probe12). Note thatFIG.4plots the sensors with different arbitrary voltage offsets so that the four curves for the four sensors S1, S2, S3, S4are spaced apart. For each sensor, a peak is observed in its voltage-vs-angle plot, and the plane angle corresponding to this peak is the optimal plane angle (and hence indexes the optimal plane) for that sensor. Note that for the example ofFIGS.1and2the sensor S3lies in the visualization plane18, so that the angle θ3=0 for this example. With continuing reference toFIG.3, in an operation54the 2D position of each sensor in its optimal plane is determined. This may be done using the time-of-flight and ultrasound beam angle information collected for the sensor in its optimal plane during the 2D ultrasound sweep of its optimal plane.

At this point, there are two pieces of information that have been collected for each sensor: its optimal plane (θ), and its 2D position in that optimal plane, denoted herein as p(x, y). In the illustrative example, these two pieces of information come from different sources: the optimal plane is measured by the TRUS probe tracker34; whereas the position p(x, y) in that plane is determined using the ultrasound device10and the voltmeter32. These values are synchronized in an operation56, for example by interpolation. In one suitable synchronization approach, data streams are acquired and stored in a common computer (e.g. the electronics of the ultrasound imaging device10). Hence, the system clock can be used to regulate/interpret the data. Persistence or interpolation is used to “fill in” missing data from the data stream acquired at a lower acquisition rate (usually this is p(x, y)) and is then temporally matched to the data stream captured at a higher frame rate (usually the TRUS probe angle θ). The synchronized data streams can then be combined to estimate the 3D orientation of the needle.

With brief reference toFIG.5, an illustrative interpolation approach for performing the synchronization operation56is described.FIG.5shows time stamps (column labeled “Time”), 2D sensor positions (column labeled “Needle tracking data”), and plane angle θ (column labeled “Probe tracking data”). To illustrate the interpolation consider that at time instant T4, there are missing entries in both the needle tracking and probe tracking data. The missing data may be interpolated using a weighted average of the data immediately preceding and succeeding the current time point T4. For the needle tracking data, this amounts to interpolating (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2), such as: (a4X1+b4X2, a4Y1+b4Y2), where possible values for the weights a4and b4are: a4=(T6−T4)/(T6−T3) and b4=(T4−T3)/(T6−T3). Similarly, c4=(T5−T4)/(T5−T3) and d4=(T4−T3)/(T5−T3). Note that this method must be implemented with some time lag, since it utilizes data before and after the missing entry for the interpolation.

With brief reference toFIG.6, in an alternative embodiment for performing the synchronization operation56, the latest data can be persisted until the next data point for that stream arrives. This technique can be performed in real-time without any time lag, but may suffer from slightly reduced accuracy as compared with the interpolation approach ofFIG.5.

With returning reference toFIG.3, in an operation60the 2D position of each sensor is transformed to the 3D reference space using the 2D-3D transformation(s)42which is parameterized by the plane angle θ. By “parameterized” it is meant that the transformation(s)42is dependent on the plane angle θ, or in other words the transform42operates to identify the location P(x, y, z) of the ultrasound sensor in the 3D reference space according to P(x, y, z)=Tprobe,θ×p(x, y), where Tprobe,θis the transformation42and p(x, y) is the location in the optimal plane. The precise formulation of the transformation42depends upon the selection, or definition, of the 3D reference space In one embodiment, the transformation42is as follows:
P(x,y,z)=TEM,θFG×TUSEM×p(x,y)
where TUSEMis the transformation from the optimal 2D-US image plane to the EM sensors35attached to the ultrasound probe12(available from the US probe calibration of the EM tracking system). The US probe calibration is typically independent of the probe position and is a pre-computed registration matrix. The other transform TEM,θFGis the transformation from the EM sensors35on the ultrasound probe12to the EM field generator (FG) of the TRUS probe tracker34, which establishes the 3D reference space coordinate system. This transformation TEM,θFGis a function of the optimal plane angle θ. More generally, if another probe tracking technology is used, then the transformation TEM,θFGis replaced by a suitable transformation into the 3D reference space coordinate system of that tracker.

With continuing reference toFIG.3and with further reference toFIG.7, in an operation62spatial information for the interventional instrument30(e.g. its tip position and orientation) is determined based on the 3D sensor positions P(x, y, z) and known inter-sensor and sensor-tip spacings. In one variant embodiment, this is also based on the pre-determined (known) entry point of the guidance grid22through which the interventional instrument30is guided.FIG.7illustrates this approach by illustrating the 3D reference space with the locations P(x, y, z) of each sensor S1, S2, S3, S4plotted. The entry point of the guidance grid22through which the interventional instrument30is guided is also plotted as a point E. The orientation of the needle30is then plotted as a line L passing through these points, suitably determined by linear regression. A tip position T of the tip of the interventional instrument30is suitably determined by the known tip-to-sensor spacings for the four sensors S1, S2, S3, S4measured along the best-fit line L. The tip position determined from the tip-to-sensor distance for each of the four sensors S1, S2, S3, S4may be averaged to provide greater accuracy.

In the illustrative embodiments, the stepper motor20is configured to rotate the ultrasound probe12about its axis14. In another contemplated embodiment, the stepper motor is configured to translate an ultrasound probe along a linear direction transverse to the 2D visualization plane (i.e. along a normal to the visualization plane), in which case the plurality of planes that encompasses the visualization plane is a set of parallel planes.