Drain system for use with a tile floor

A drain system includes a support frame installable in a tile floor that has a base portion and a wall portion that forms a seat for a drain cover within the support frame. The wall portion defines a cover-facing surface arranged to interface with the drain cover, and a tile-facing surface arranged to face one or more tiles surrounding the support frame. One or more material locking features are on the tile facing surface to help retain grout between the support frame and the surrounding tiles. During installation of the support frame in the tile floor, the vertical position of the support frame over the drain opening is adjustable and the support frame does not extend downwardly into the drain opening such that the support frame is floatable over the drain opening for lateral and rotational adjustment of the support frame relative to the drain opening.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to a drain system for installation with a tile floor.

BACKGROUND

Bathrooms, showers, and kitchens are often provided with tiled floors. In showers, a drain is typically placed in or near the center of the shower and the floor is sloped slightly towards the drain to ensure that water runs into the drain. As can be appreciated, tiling a floor that slopes in different directions towards the drain can be difficult and time consuming especially if localized reversed slopes and other slope anomalies are to be avoided. Moreover, tiling a floor can be even more challenging when the tiles approaching the drain are irregularly shaped, requiring excessive cutting or shifting of the tiles. Challenges also arise when the drain is an existing drain that must be replaced, height adjusted, or referenced as a benchmark to match the new tile surface.

For instance, traditional shower drain systems have a drain head or riser connecting to a lower drain via a threaded connection such that to make fine height adjustments one must rotate the drain head relative to the lower drain. This generally does not work well when the drain head is square or non-circular because surrounding tiles in a tile installation can prevent rotation. As such, fine height adjustments of square and non-circular drain heads have been required to be made before tiling around the drain head, and no vertical adjustment can be made when mortar and tile surround the drain head as they prevent rotation. In addition, the drain head is typically on the jobsite when the tile installer arrives and is often not located in an optimal position within the shower floor area. It also is often not installed vertical or plumb. Because the tile installer normally does not want to do plumbing, the tile installer is resigned to working around the poorly positioned drain head, and the threaded connection between the drain head and the lower drain often prevents the drain head from be corrected to plumb.

By way of another example, after a square drain head is raised to the needed height, the tile installer normally uses his or her best effort to make sure the drain head is aligned or square to a dominate wall before packing mortar around the drain head to immobilize it. The tile installer then does a tile layout where the he or she plans the layout of tile, such as mosaic tile, that will surround the drain head. During the subsequent tile installation, a relatively small drain cover fitted on the immobilized, square drain head often proves not to align with the surrounding mosaic tile as the tile installer desired or hoped for, frustrating the tile installer and disrupting the aesthetics of the installed mosaic tile floor.

Some drain systems have attempted to incorporate adjustable features to better align the drain head with surrounding tile. However, such drain systems have connections between the drain head and the lower drain that are known to be unstable and offer inadequate adjustability.

Accordingly, there is a need for a drain system that incorporates certain design improvements over other systems for streamlined and improved installation in a tile floor.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure advantageously provide drain systems that incorporate design improvements over other systems for streamlined and improved installation. The drain system embodiments can further be used with a wide variety of drain products, including retrofit and new installations.

According to an embodiment, a drain system includes a support frame installable in a tile floor. The support frame includes a base portion and a wall portion that forms a seat for a drain cover within the support frame. The wall portion defines a cover-facing surface arranged to interface with the drain cover, and a tile-facing surface arranged to face one or more tiles surrounding the support frame. One or more material locking features are on the tile facing surface to help retain grout between the support frame and the surrounding tiles.

During installation of the support frame in the tile floor, the vertical position of the support frame over the drain opening is adjustable and the support frame does not extend downwardly into the drain opening such that the support frame is floatable over the drain opening for lateral and rotational adjustment of the support frame relative to the drain opening. This floating configuration of the support frame is advantageous because it allows the support frame to be aligned or squared to a dominate wall or other benchmark, such as surrounding tiles, up until when the adjacent tiles are installed around the support frame during a tile installation, streamlining installation and improving the aesthetics of the tile floor.

The floating configuration of the support frame can also allow the drain system to be compatible with different drain components and projects. For instance, the support frame can be used in a retrofit application. If a drain installation includes a floor that is already title, an installer can simply apply a bonding agent to the support frame and selectively position the support cover the existing drain opening and then tile over the existing tile floor up to the support frame. This substantially decreases the time required to install the drain system when compared to prior art drain systems that require demolition and/or complicated tie ins to an existing drain fixture below the existing tile floor.

According to a variation, the vertical position and/or pitch of the support frame is adjustable relative to an underlying drain fixture. For instance, the drain system can include a plurality of set screws that can be selectively manipulated to adjust the position of the support frame relative to the underlying drain fixture. This beneficially can help ensure that the height and/or angle of the support frame better matches that of surrounding tiles at the junction between the support frame and the tiles, improving the look and function of the drain system. Moreover, the height of the support frame can be adjusted without having to rotate the support frame or a drain head as required in the prior art. The set screws also can provide stability at the level the set screws are set to until mortar solidifies around the support frame.

According to a variation, the drain cover comprises a construction plug, and the drain system includes a locking system that selectively locks the construction plug and the support frame together. This allows the construction plug and the support frame to move together when the construction plug is coupled to the support frame, which also can advantageously allow for adjustment of the vertical position, height, and/or angle of the support frame relative to the upper surface of an underlying drain fixture or other underlying surface during a tile floor installation. It also helps prevent unintentional removal of the construction plug from the support frame during an installation, increasing protection of the underlying drain fixture.

The drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, but instead are drawn to provide a better understanding of the components, and are not intended to be limiting in scope, but to provide exemplary illustrations. The figures illustrate exemplary configurations of drain systems, and in no way limit the structures or configurations of a drain system and components according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

A better understanding of different embodiments of the disclosure may be had from the following description read with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to like elements.

While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrative embodiments are in the drawings and are described below. It should be understood, however, there is no intention to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention covers all modifications, alternative constructions, combinations, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

It will be understood that unless a term is expressly defined in this application to possess a described meaning, there is no intent to limit the meaning of such term, either expressly or indirectly, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning.

Embodiments of the present disclosure advantageously provide drain systems that incorporate certain design improvements over other systems for streamlined and improved installation. The drain system embodiments can be easily height adjusted without having to rotate a riser or drain head as in the prior art. The drain system embodiments can also be aligned or squared with a dominate wall or other benchmark such as surrounding tiles up until when tiles are installed adjacent a support frame of the drain system during a tile installation. The drain system embodiments can further be used with a wide variety of drain products, including retrofit and new installations.

FIG. 1illustrates a drain system100according to an embodiment including a drain fixture102, a drain cover104, and a support frame106configured to support and position the drain cover104on the drain fixture102during and after the installation of one or more tiles adjacent to the support frame106. In the illustrated embodiment, the drain cover104can comprise a drain grate having a perforated configuration defining openings that allow water to drain through the drain cover104into a drain opening112below.

The drain fixture102is shown comprising a body108including an upper surface110defining a drain opening112and a lateral flange114surrounding the drain opening112, but in other embodiments the drain fixture102can comprise any suitable drain component on which the support frame106can be positioned as described below. For instance, the drain fixture102can comprise a round tile-in shower drain, an existing drain body in a tile floor, a square or round drain riser, or any other suitable drain component. The drain fixture102can be made of metal, plastic, ceramic, combinations thereof, or any other suitable material. As described below, the configuration of the support frame106allows it to be retrofitted with existing drain fixtures or different shaped drain fixtures to simplify and improve the installation of a tile floor surrounding the support frame106.

Referring toFIGS. 2 and 3, the support frame106includes a base portion116and a wall portion118projecting upwardly from the base portion116. The wall portion118defines a tile-facing surface120arranged to face adjacent tiles, and a cover-facing surface122opposing the tile-facing surface120and arranged to interface with the drain cover104. The base portion116extends radially inward from a lower end of the wall portion118and defines an opening124in communication with the drain opening112of the drain fixture102.

The base portion116and the wall portion118define a seat for the drain cover104with the support frame106. More particularly, the base portion116supports a lower surface of the drain cover104above the drain fixture102, and the cover-facing surface122of the wall portion118can engage with the outer periphery of the drain cover104to restrict or limit lateral movement of the drain cover104relative to the support frame106when the drain cover104is positioned in the support frame106. The wall portion118also provides a physical barrier between the drain cover104and the tiles surrounding the drain cover104. The support frame106thus retains and protects the drain cover104within a tile floor.

According to an embodiment, the base portion116defines a plurality of threaded holes126. The threaded holes126can be in corner areas or areas where two or more sides of the base portion116meet, and are configured to receive one or more set screws described below for adjusting the vertical position or height and/or angle of the support frame106relative to the drain fixture102during a tile installation. This is advantageous because the vertical position of the support frame106can be adjusted without having to rotate the support frame106or drain head as in the prior art. In addition, the angle of the support frame106can be adjusted as desired, such as correcting the support frame106to plumb. Moreover, the set screws provide stability at the level they are set to until mortar solidifies

Optionally, the base portion116can define a plurality of openings or slots128configured to allow mortar and/or another material to extend into the slots128and provide a mechanical lock between the base portion116and a filler material applied below the base portion116. The slots128can have a variety of shapes such as ovals, squares, rectangles and other available shapes that may be formed in the base portion116, and the slots128may be formed in any suitable pattern.

The support frame106and the drain cover104are shown having generally rectangular shapes. However, the shape and size of the support frame106can vary according to the shape and size of the drain cover104and/or tiles adjacent to the support frame106in a tile floor. For instance, the support frame106can comprise a molded plastic member including an outer periphery having a square shape arranged to mate or fit within a square opening defined by a plurality of square tiles surrounding the support frame106. In other embodiments, the support frame106can include an outer periphery having a honeycomb shape arranged to mate or fit within a honeycomb shaped opening defined by a plurality of hexagonal tiles surrounding the support frame106. In other embodiments, the support frame106can have a triangular, rectangular, diamond, irregular shape, combinations thereof, or any other suitable shape. Likewise, the inner periphery of the support frame106or the wall portion118can generally corresponding to the shape of the drain cover104. The versatility of the support frame106beneficially allow the drain system100to work with more tile shapes and drain cover shapes than existing drain systems.

According to a variation, the inner and outer peripheral shapes of the support frame106can be different from each other. For instance, the inner periphery of the support frame106can have a square shape arranged to mate with a drain cover having a square shape, and the outer periphery of the support frame106can have a hexagonal shape arranged to mate or fit within a hexagonal-shaped opening defined by a plurality of hexagonal tiles. The support frame106can be formed of a metal material such as aluminum or steel, or of a rigid polymeric or ceramic material. In other embodiments, the support frame106can be flexible or semiflexible to provide some tolerance in a fit between the drain cover104and/or the surrounding tiles. In other embodiments, the support frame106can comprise a molded plastic member.

At least the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118can include one or more material locking features129configured to help form mechanical or micromechanical bonds between the support frame106and tiles surrounding the support frame106during installation. This beneficially helps limit separation between the support frame106and the surrounding tiles during installation or over time, improving aesthetics of the drain system100and conveying water toward the drain opening112. The one or more material locking features129can be integrally formed on at least the tile-facing surface120, integrally molded onto at least the tile-facing surface120or attached thereto in any suitable manner.

In an embodiment, the one or more material locking features129comprise at least one fabric layer130that extends along the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118. The connection between the fabric layer130and the support frame106can be limited to the vertically extending portion of the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118. The fabric layer130can provide a smoother transition between the support frame106and adjacent tiles than in existing systems. The fabric layer130can also help create mechanical or micromechanical bonds between the support frame106and grout and/or other material applied to the fabric layer130.

According to a variation, the fabric layer130can include a first part132located on the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118and a cover-facing surface122may be included as a tileable flap134that is movable or foldable relative to a connection between the fabric layer130and a bottom of the wall portion118or a bottom of the support frame106. The first part132can be integrally molded onto the tile-facing surface120or attached in any suitable manner.

The tileable flap134can extend or drop below the first part132. The tileable flap134can extend below adjacent tiles and a substrate (e.g., thinset mortar) supporting the tiles, providing enhanced continuity between the support frame106and the tiles. The tileable flap134can be manufactured or trimmed such that an attachment area between the tileable flap134and adjacent tiles can be adjustable or customized as needed. For instance, the tileable flap134can have a greater length in a radial direction such that the tileable flap134can extend a greater distance below the surrounding substrate and/or tiles.

The tileable flap134can extend entirely around the outer periphery of the wall portion118. In an embodiment, the tileable flap134can define a plurality of cutouts135at the corner areas or areas where two or more sides of the tileable flap134meet. These cutouts135permit independent movement of tileable flap134along different sides of the wall portion118by allowing one side of the tileable flap134to fold without folding an adjacent side of the tileable flap134. In other embodiments, the cutouts135can be omitted and the tileable flap134can extend continuously around the outer periphery of the wall portion118. In other embodiments, the tileable flap134can extend only partially around the outer periphery of the wall portion118. In an embodiment, the fabric layer130is configured to retain both grout and/or mortar applied thereto.

The fabric layer130is preferably a polyester material comprising a non-woven material defining a plurality of open spaces. These open spaces can fill with grout and/or mortar applied to the fabric layer130to more securely attach the support frame106to tiles installed around the support frame106.

For instance, as grout is applied to the tile-facing surface120during a tile installation project, the grout can penetrate or extend into the open spaces on the first part132of the fabric layer130to mechanically and/or micromechanically lock the grout with the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118, which, in turn, helps retain the grout in the gap or space between the wall portion118and the tiles installed around the support frame106. This beneficially helps direct water flowing off the tiles toward the drain cover104and improves the aesthetic appearance of the drain system100. It also helps to retain the tiles and the drain system100in a desired configuration.

Likewise, as a substrate such as mortar (e.g. thinset) is applied to the tileable flap134of the fabric layer130to set tiles around the support frame106, the mortar can penetrate or extend into the open spaces of the tileable flap134. As the mortar sets, the mortar within and/or around the tileable flap134can mechanically and/or micromechanically bond with the tileable flap134, which, in turn, helps tie together the support frame106and the surrounding tiles and underlying substrate. This beneficially helps limit separation between the support frame106and the surrounding tiles during installation and over time, improving aesthetics of the drain system100. While the fabric layer130is described as a non-woven polyester material, in other embodiments, the fabric layer130can comprise other materials such as woven materials or other synthetic materials. The fabric layer130is preferably made from synthetic fibers to help prevent mold growth in the fabric layer130. Optionally, the tileable flap134can be omitted from the fabric layer130.

Optionally, the fabric layer130can include a weep structure or weeping configuration that allows water or other fluid to pass therethrough. For instance, when water seeps through grout or mortar over the tileable flap134of the fabric layer130, the weep structure of the tileable flap134can permit the water to weep through the tileable flap134and onto the lateral flange114of the drain fixture102, which, in turn, directs the water toward the drain opening112.

According to another embodiment shown inFIG. 3A, a layer115of sealant such as rubber urethane may be applied below the tileable flap134that is impermeable to prevent water from weeping out a lower surface of the tileable flap134. The tileable flap134can include a weeping configuration or weep structure that allows water to pass through the upper surface of the tileable flap134and then weep along a length of the tileable flap134within a thickness of the fabric layer130toward the drain opening112. According to a variation, a region of the tileable flap134toward the wall portion118can be open or unsealed such that water can weep out of the tileable flap134below the wall portion118and flow toward the drain opening112. It should be appreciated that at least a portion of the fabric layer130can have a hydrophilic configuration. For instance, the tileable flap134can include matte surfacing to break surface tension of fluids, allowing for a wicking effect. In other embodiments, the tileable flap can include a textured portion defining a hydrophilic surface that attracts and retains moisture in flow channels defined through the fabric layer130.

According to another variation, at least a lower part of the wall portion118can be arranged so that water can weep through the wall portion118and flow toward the drain opening112. For instance, the lower part of the wall portion118incorporating the fabric layer130can include a weep structure configured to allow water or other fluid to weep through the lower part of the wall portion118. In other embodiments, the lower part of the wall portion118can include a plurality of openings, recesses, or apertures configured to allow water or other fluid to weep through the lower part of the wall portion118.

Referring again toFIG. 3, the support frame106has a height H defined between the bottom and upper surfaces of the support frame106that is arranged to be shorter than existing drain systems and thus makes the support frame relatively low-profile compared to existing drain systems. For instance, the height H of the support frame106can generally correspond to the thickness of a tile and/or the thickness of the tile plus a substrate material attaching the tile to a base.

In addition, the support frame106is configured to not extend downwardly into the drain opening112such that a tile installer can float or freely move the support frame106over the top of the drain opening112on the upper surface110of the drain fixture102as installation requires. This floating configuration of the support frame106over the drain opening112allows for lateral adjustment and rotational adjustment of the support frame106relative to the drain opening112for optimized fit and decreased complexity of installation. For instance, the support frame106can be aligned or squared to a dominate wall or surrounding tiles up until when the nearest tiles are installed adjacent the support frame, streamlining installation and improving the aesthetics of the finished tile floor. This is advantageous over prior art drain systems including a square riser or drain head that must be squared to a dominate wall and immobilized prior to the actual tile installation, often resulting in undesired and unpleasant misalignments between a drain cover of the drain system and installed tiles, and precluding the ability to correct such misalignments.

As illustrated withFIGS. 4A-4C, the floating configuration of the support frame106allows for a degree of misalignment between the opening124of the support frame106and the drain opening112in various positions, which, in turn, allows the support frame106to accommodate different conditions that may present themselves during a tile installation. For instance, the position of the support frame106over the drain opening112can be moved between a first position shown inFIG. 4A, a second position shown inFIG. 4B, and a third position shown inFIG. 4C. This beneficially allows the position of the support frame106over the drain opening112to be adjusted as needed such as required due to the presence of a wall extending over the drain fixture102, and/or to accommodate tile anomalies or other undesirable conditions.

The floating configuration of the support frame106also allows the support frame106to be compatible with several different drain components. For instance, the support frame106can be used in a retrofit application. If a drain installation includes a floor that is already tiled, an installer can simply apply a bonding agent to the support frame106and selectively position the support frame106over the existing drain opening and then tile right over the existing tile floor up to the support frame106. This substantially decreases the time required to install the drain system when compared to other drain systems that require demolition and/or complicated tie ins to an existing drain fixture below the existing tile floor.

Referring now toFIG. 5, the support frame106can be adjustable in vertical position and/or pitch or angle relative to the drain fixture102. This beneficially helps ensure that the height and/or angle of the support frame106better matches that of surrounding tiles at the junction between the support frame106and the tiles, improving the look and function of the drain system100. For instance, the threaded holes126in the base portion116can receive one or more set screws136having lower ends arranged to engage the upper surface110of the drain fixture102. The set screws136can be arranged to support on, but do not attach the support frame106to, the drain fixture102. The set screws136are sufficiently rigid such that they at least in part support the support frame106on the drain fixture102outside of the drain opening112. They can thus provide stability at the level they are set to until mortar surrounding the support frame106solidifies.

The set screws136can be rotated in the threaded holes126to raise and/or lower the support frame106relative to the upper surface110of the drain fixture102.FIG. 5illustrates an exemplary system for adjusting the vertical position and/or angle of the support frame106on the upper surface110of the drain fixture102. The drain cover104is interchangeable with another drain cover comprising a construction plug138positionable in the opening124of the support frame106during a tile floor installation. The construction plug138can be temporary and have an upper surface having a solid or continuous or substantially continuous configuration arranged to prevent mortar and other debris from entering the drain opening112when the construction plug138is positioned on the support frame106.

The construction plug138also can reinforce the wall portion118against radially inward movement when the construction plug138is positioned on the support frame106. This has the effect of helping to prevent the wall portion118of the support frame106from being deformed by tiles forcing themselves against the tile-facing surface120of the wall portion118during an installation. The construction plug138can thus help the support frame106maintain its shape to properly receive the drain cover104(e.g. a drain grate) after a tile installation is complete.

In the illustrated embodiment, the construction plug138includes a plurality of access holes140corresponding to the threaded holes126in the base portion116. This beneficially allows the set screws136to be accessed through the construction plug138when the construction plug138is positioned in the support frame106.

With the construction plug138installed in the support frame106, a small amount of mortar can be applied over the tileable flap134of the fabric layer130. A leveler can then be positioned on top of the support frame106to determine how level the support frame106is relative to horizontal. The upper surface of the construction plug138is arranged to be flush or substantially flush with the upper surface of the wall portion118when the construction plug138is installed on the support frame106. This allows the upper surface of the construction plug138to provide a reference to help determine when the support frame106is level or at a desired angle.

It will be appreciated that the set screws136can include a tool connectable portion adapted to receive a screwdriver142or other tool to rotate the set screws136or resist rotation as needed. An installer can selectively insert the screwdriver142through the access holes140in the construction plug138to access and rotate the set screws136as needed to level the support frame106relative to horizontal before the mortar on the tileable flap134sets. Once the mortar is set, the construction plug138can be removed and any space defined between the bottom of the base portion116and the bottom of the set screws136can be filled with grout and/or another material to reinforce the base portion116against collapsing or bending during use, such as when a person steps on the drain cover104.

In other embodiments, the set screws136can be selectively rotated in the threaded holes126to adjust the vertical position or height of the support frame106relative to the upper surface110of the drain fixture102based on a thickness of specific tiles surrounding the support frame106. For instance, if the tiles surrounding the support frame106have a thickness of ¼ inch, the set screws136can be manipulated to adjust the vertical position or height of the upper surface of the wall portion118of the support frame106to match or correspond to that of the tiles. As the height of the support frame106is adjusted, the tileable flap134of the fabric layer130can drop or hang down to the underlying surface, bridging a distance between the support frame106and the underlying surface.

The low-profile bondable configuration of the support frame106can allow the drain system100to be easily positioned relative to an existing drain, a new drain, a floor, a wall, or any other position that installation requires.

In one exemplary installation process related to installing the drain system100in a tiled floor, the drain fixture102can be placed in position relative to an underlying base. In placing the drain fixture102, the drain opening112can be attached to a drainpipe or other underdrain structure, and the support frame106carrying the construction plug138can be positioned over the drain opening112. Formwork is placed and secured to the underlying base.

Once the drain fixture102is placed, a mortar material can then be applied to the underlying base to form a mortar bed up to the upper surface110of the drain fixture102, forming the appropriate slope towards the drain opening112. It will be appreciated that a mortar bed is exemplary only, and other possible beds exists. Optionally, a shower pan can be placed between the mortar bed and the underlying base.

Thinset mortar can be spread over the top of the mortar bed and the tileable flap134of the fabric layer130, and floor tiles can be set in the thinset mortar. The thinset mortar can be applied such that a small gap remains between the support frame106and the thinset mortar. As discussed above, openings in the structure of the fabric layer130beneficially allow the thinset mortar to form a mechanical or micromechanical lock with the tileable flap134, tying the support frame106and the thinset mortar together. As the thinset mortar dries, the vertical position and/or angle of the support frame106can be adjusted via the access holes140formed in the construction plug138, if needed, such that the set tiles are flush or substantially flush with the upper surface of the construction plug138. In addition, the lateral and/or rotational position of the support frame106can be adjusted relative to the set tiles as needed to create a smoother transition between the tiles and the support frame106.

Once the thinset mortar is dried, the set tiles can be grouted with the construction plug138in place. As discussed above, openings in the structure of the fabric layer130allow the grout to form a mechanical or micromechanical lock to the first part132of the fabric layer130. This has the effect of enhancing retention of the grout between the support frame106and the surrounding tiles, helping to convey water toward the drain opening112, and helping to retain the drain system100, the support frame106, and the tiles in their desired configuration.

After grouting, the construction plug138can be removed and a filler material such as grout, mortar, and/or other material can be applied below the base portion116to help reinforce the support frame106against collapsing or bending during use, such as when a person steps on the drain cover104. As discussed above, the slots128can help the filler material lock with the base portion116. In addition, the filler material can bond with the tileable flap134, helping to keep the filler material in place below the base portion116. After the filler material has dried, the installer can position the drain cover104in the support frame106and the drain system100is ready for use. The drain cover104and the construction plug138are sized and configured so that when the construction plug138is removed and the drain cover is installed in the support frame106, the upper surfaces of the drain cover104and the set tiles are substantially flush or flush with one another, enhancing the aesthetics and hydraulic properties of the drain system100.

The drain system100can thus allow for easier and faster installation of tile floors that are more appealing than existing systems and which exhibit improved hydraulic properties. In other embodiments, the drain system100can be positioned over an existing drain in a tiled floor and new tiles can be installed over the existing tiles such that new tiles when set are flush or substantially flush with the upper surface of the construction plug138. As such, when the construction plug is removed and the drain cover104is installed in the support frame106, the upper surfaces of the drain cover104and the new tiles are substantially flush or flush with one another.

FIGS. 6 and 7illustrated yet another embodiment of a drain system300including a drain cover304and a support frame306. It will be appreciated that the drain system300can include the same or similar features as the other embodiments described herein. For instance, the drain cover304can comprise a drain grate that is perforated to allow for water to drain therethrough. Like other embodiments, it will be appreciated that the drain cover304can be interchangeable with a construction plug arranged for use during a tile floor installation.

The support frame306comprises a molded plastic member having a hexagonal shape arranged to fit or mate within a hexagonal opening362defined by a plurality of hexagonal tiles364surrounding the support frame306. This allows the drain system300to be substantially seamlessly or seamlessly installed in a hexagonal pattern tile floor without having to cut the tiles to fit against the drain as in existing systems. The inner peripheral shape of the support frame306can also have a hexagonal shape arranged to receive the drain cover304having a corresponding hexagonal shape. While the support frame306is described having similar inner and outer peripheral shapes, in other embodiments, the support frame306can have an outer peripheral shape that is different than its inner peripheral shape. In other embodiments, the support frame306can be formed of metal or any other suitable material.

Like in other embodiments, the support frame306includes a base portion316and a wall portion318projecting upwardly from the base portion316. The base portion316extends radially inward from a lower end portion of the wall portion318and defines an opening324in communication with a drain opening of a drain fixture. The base portion316and the wall portion318define a seat for the drain cover304within the support frame306such that the support frame306can support and position the drain cover304within a tile floor.

As in previous embodiments, the support frame306includes one or more material locking features329comprising at least one fabric layer330extends along a tile-facing surface320of the wall portion318. The direct connection between the fabric layer330and the support frame306can be limited to a vertically extending portion of the tile-facing surface320of the wall portion318. The fabric layer330provides continuity between the support frame306and adjacent tiles. The fabric layer330also creates mechanical or micromechanical bonds between the support frame306and grout, or other material applied to the fabric layer330. This beneficially helps limit separation between the support frame306and the surrounding tiles over time, improving aesthetics of the drain system300and conveying water toward the drain opening.

The fabric layer330includes a first part332integrally molded into the tile-facing surface320of the wall portion318, and a tileable flap334that is movable or foldable relative to a connection between the fabric layer330and a bottom of the support frame306. The tileable flap334can extend entirely or partially around the outer periphery of the wall portion318. The tileable flap334has a circular shape in the illustrated embodiment but can have any suitable shape.

In the illustrated embodiment, the outer periphery of the support frame306includes one or more web portions374extending between angles formed in the wall portion318. These web portions374can be sized and configured to level or align top surfaces of tiles adjacent to the support frame306with the top of the support frame306. For instance, a height of the wall portion318between the top of the support frame306and the top of the web portions374can be tied to thicknesses of specific tiles such that when that tile is positioned on the web portions374, the top of the tile is substantially flush or flush with the top of the support frame306.

As such, the support frame306can be manufactured to fit different tile thicknesses to enhance the transition between the support frame and adjacent tiles. The support frame306and web portions374, for example, can be manufactured to help level tiles that are about ⅛-inch-thick, about ¼-inch-thick, about ⅜ inch-thick, or about ½ inch thick. In other embodiments, the support frame306can be adapted to work with tiles that are thicker or thinner.

FIGS. 8 and 9illustrates yet another embodiment of a drain system400including a support frame406configured to support and position a drain cover over a drain opening in a tile floor. It will be appreciated that the drain system400can include the same or similar features as the other embodiments described herein. The support frame406is shown having a honeycomb shape arranged to fit or mate within a honeycomb shaped opening462defined by a plurality of hexagonal tiles464surrounding the support frame406. This allows the drain system400to be substantially seamlessly or seamlessly installed in a hexagonal pattern tile floor without having to cut the tiles464to fit against the drain as in existing systems. The inner peripheral shape of the support frame406can also have a honeycomb shape arranged to receive a drain cover comprising a perforated drain grate or a construction plug438having a corresponding shape.

Like the previous embodiments, the support frame406includes a base portion416and a wall portion418projecting upwardly from the base portion416. The base portion416extends radially inward from a lower end portion of the wall portion418and defines an opening in communication with a drain opening of a drain fixture. The base portion416and the wall portion418define a seat for the drain cover within the support frame406such that the support frame406can support and position the drain cover within a tile floor.

In the illustrated embodiment, a circumferential flange474extends radially outward from the wall portion418. The flange474can be sized and configured to level or align the top surface of tiles adjacent to the support frame406with the top of the support frame406. For example, a height of the wall portion418between the top of the support frame406and the top of the flange474can be tied to thicknesses of specific tiles such that when the tile is positioned on the flange474, the top of the tile is substantially flush or flush with the top of the support frame406.

Like in other embodiments, at least the tile-facing surface420includes one or more material locking features429configured to improve a connection between the support frame406and surrounding tiles464. The material locking features429can comprise at least one fabric layer430extends along a tile-facing surface420of the wall portion418. The direct connection between the fabric layer430and the support frame406can be limited to a vertically extending portion of the tile-facing surface420of the wall portion418. As in previous embodiments, the fabric layer430provides continuity between the support frame406and the surrounding tiles464. The fabric layer430also creates mechanical or micromechanical bonds between the support frame406and grout, or another material applied to the fabric layer430. This beneficially helps limit undesirable separation between the support frame406and the surrounding tiles over time, and improving aesthetics of the drain system400.

The fabric layer430can include a first part432integrally molded into the tile-facing surface420of the wall portion418, and a tileable flap434that is movable or foldable relative to a connection between the fabric layer330and a bottom of the support frame406. In other embodiments, the tileable flap434can be omitted.

The support frame406can be adjustable in vertical position and/or pitch relative to an underlying drain fixture, helping to ensure that the height and/or angle of the support frame406better matches that of surrounding tiles464at the junction between the support frame406and the tiles464, improving the look and function of the drain system400. For instance, the construction plug438is provided to be positioned in the opening424of the support frame406. The construction plug438has an upper surface having a continuous or substantially continuous configuration arranged to prevent mortar and other debris from entering a drain opening of a drain fixture when the construction plug438is positioned on the support frame406.

According to a variation, a locking system440selectively locks the construction plug438and the support frame406together. This allows the construction plug438and the support frame406to move together when the construction plug438is coupled to the support frame406, which also can advantageously allow for adjustment of the vertical position or the height and/or angle of the support frame406relative to an upper surface of an underlying drain fixture or other underlying surface during a tile floor installation.

In an embodiment, the locking system440can include one or more snap lock features441that reversibly attach the construction plug438to the support frame406when the construction plug438is positioned on the support frame406. For instance, the snap lock features441can comprise a plurality of hook portions443defined on the construction plug438that interact with a one or more recesses445defined on the base portion416to hook the construction plug438to the support frame406at three, four, five, six, or any other number of suitable locations. In other embodiments, the snap lock features441can include male features defined by the construction plug438and corresponding female features defined by the support frame406or vice versa.

To remove the construction plug438from the support frame406, a force can be applied to the construction plug438that overcomes the engagement between the snap lock features441. It will be appreciated that the size, number, and configuration of the snap lock features441can be adjusted to vary the strength of the snap fit as needed. The snap lock features441are preferably configured so that the force required to remove the construction plug438from the support frame406is less than the force required to move the support frame406when it is set in mortar or other binding material. Therefore, when an installer lifts the construction plug438away from the support frame406, the support frame406remains set in the mortar but detaches from the construction plug438.

In an embodiment, the construction plug438can include a plurality of threaded holes426configured to receive one or more set screws having lower ends arranged to engage an upper surface of a drain fixture or other underlying surface. The set screws can be arranged to support the support frame406and the construction plug438on, but not attach them to the drain fixture. The set screws can be rotated in the threaded holes426to raise, lower, and/or angle the support frame406and the construction plug438relative to the upper surface of the drain fixture. The threaded holes426are preferably positioned such that the set screws locate radially inside of the base portion416or separate from the structure of the support frame406when inserted in the threaded holes426. In other embodiments, the threaded holes426can be aligned with corresponding threaded holes in the base portion416such that the set screws can both level and attach the support frame406and the construction plug438together, allowing for the snap-fit between the two components to be adjusted or omitted.

In use, a small amount of mortar can be applied around the support frame406with the construction plug438installed in the support frame406. For instance, the mortar can be applied over the tileable flap434of the fabric layer430. A leveler can then be positioned on top of the support frame406to determine how level the support frame406is relative to horizontal. An installer can then insert a screwdriver or other tool through the through the threaded holes426in the construction plug438to access and selectively rotate one or more of the set screws to level and/or adjust the height of the support frame406as needed before the mortar surrounding the support frame406is set.

Once the mortar is set, the set tiles464can be grouted with the construction plug438in place. As discussed above, openings in the structure of the fabric layer430allow the grout to form a mechanical or micromechanical lock to the fabric layer430. This has the effect of better retaining the grout between the support frame406and the surrounding tiles464, helping to direct water flow off the tiles toward a drain cover, and helping to retain the drain system400, the support frame406, and the tiles in their desired configuration.

After grouting, the construction plug438can be removed. To remove the construction plug438, a separating force can be applied to the construction plug438to break the snap-fit between the construction plug438and the support frame406now set in the mortar, which, in turn, allows the construction plug438and the set screws to be removed from the support frame406. Optionally, a filler material such as grout, mortar, and/or other material can then be applied below the base portion416to help reinforce the support frame406against collapsing or bending during use, such as when the drain cover is loaded (e.g., a person steps on the drain cover).

The installer can then position a drain cover having a perforated configuration in the support frame406and the drain system400is ready for use. The drain cover and the construction plug438can be sized and configured so that when the construction plug438is removed and the drain cover is installed in the support frame406, the upper surfaces of the drain cover and the set tiles are substantially flush or flush with one another, enhancing the aesthetics and hydraulic properties of the drain system400. The drain system400can thus allow for easier and faster installation of tile floors that are more appealing than existing systems and which exhibit improved hydraulic properties.

While the locking system440is described as a snap-lock system with hook members, it will be appreciate that in other embodiments the locking system can comprise any suitable coupling means such as an annular snap-fit, a cantilever snap-fit, a torsional snap-fit, a threaded connection, an adhesive attachment, or any other suitable type of reversible attachment.

FIGS. 10-19illustrate yet another embodiment of a drain system500including a support frame506configured to support and position a drain cover over a drain opening in a tile floor. It will be appreciated that the drain system500can include the same or similar features as other embodiments described herein. The drain cover can be a construction plug538(shown inFIGS. 10-14) and/or a drain cover504(shown inFIG. 15). Like in other embodiments, the support frame506can be floatable over the drain opening for lateral and/or rotational adjustment of the support frame506relative to the drain opening. The floating configuration of the support frame106allows for optimized fit and decreased complexity of installation. For instance, the support frame506can be aligned or squared to a dominate wall or other benchmark such as surrounding tiles up until when tiles are installed adjacent the support frame, streamlining installation and improving the aesthetics of the finished tile floor. This is advantageous over prior art drain systems that require a square riser or drain head of the drain system to be squared to a dominate wall and immobilized prior to the actual tile installation, often resulting in undesired and unpleasant misalignments between the drain system and installed tiles, and precluding the ability to correct such misalignments.

The support frame506includes a base portion516and a wall portion518projecting upwardly from the base portion516. The base portion516extends radially inward from a lower end portion of the wall portion518and defines an opening in communication with the drain opening of a drain fixture. The base portion516and the wall portion518define a seat for the drain cover within the support frame506such that the support frame506can support and position the drain cover within a tile floor. The wall portion518can define a cover-facing surface534arranged to interface with the drain cover, and a tile-facing surface520arranged to face tiles and/or grouting material surrounding the support frame506. The support frame506can be formed of ABS plastic or any other suitable material. Further, the support frame506may be provided in different sizes such as a 4-inch and 5-inch support frame506.

At least the tile-facing surface520includes one or more material locking features529configured to enhance a connection between the support frame506and surrounding tiles. In an embodiment, the one or more material locking features529comprise at least one fabric layer530extends along at least part of the tile-facing surface520. The fabric layer530can provide a smooth transition between the support frame506and adjacent tiles and can help create mechanical or micromechanical bonds between the support frame506and grout, or other material applied to the fabric layer530. This beneficially helps limit separation between the support frame506and the surrounding tiles during installation or over time.

According a variation, the fabric layer530can be integrally molded or otherwise attached onto the tile-facing surface520and a bottom surface of the base portion516. For instance, the fabric layer530can wrap around from the tile-facing surface520onto the bottom surface of the base portion516. In an embodiment, the fabric layer530terminates short of threads or cutouts defined on the base portion516as described below. In an embodiment, the fabric layer530may be omitted from the upper surface of the base portion516. In an embodiment, the fabric layer530can comprise a Polyethylene (PE) fabric or any other suitable fabric.

The construction plug538can have an upper surface having a continuous or substantially continuous configuration arranged to prevent mortar and other debris from entering the drain opening when the construction plug538is positioned on the support frame506. The construction plug538also can reinforce the wall portion518against radially inward movement when the construction plug538is positioned on the support frame506. This has the effect of helping to prevent the wall portion518of the support frame506from being deformed by tiles forcing themselves against the tile-facing surface520of the wall portion518during an installation. The construction plug538can thus help the support frame506maintain its shape to properly receive the drain cover (e.g. a drain grate) after a tile installation is complete.

Like the previous embodiment, a locking system540can selectively and temporarily lock the construction plug538and the support frame506together. This helps prevent unintentional removal of the construction plug538from the support frame506during an installation, increasing protection of the underlying drain fixture. It also allows the construction plug538and the support frame506to move together when the construction plug538is coupled to the support frame506, which also can advantageously allow for adjustment of a vertical position or height and/or angle of the support frame506relative to an upper surface510of an underlying drain fixture502or other underlying surface during a tile floor installation.

In the illustrated embodiment, the locking system540includes a plurality of fasteners or set screws536, a first plurality of openings526defined in the construction plug538, and a second plurality of openings544defined in the base portion516. The first openings526in the construction plug538align with the second openings544in the base portion516when the construction plug538is positioned on the support frame506. The set screws536have lower ends arranged to engage an upper surface of a drain fixture502(shown inFIG. 14) or another underlying surface. The set screws536are shown including enlarged, flattened head portions arranged to facilitate manual rotation but can include any suitable head configuration.

Referring toFIG. 12, the second openings544can comprise cutouts546in corner areas or areas where two or more sides of the support frame506meet. Each cutout546forms an arcuate or incomplete circular shape and defines at least one thread548having a partial configuration arranged to mesh with the threads on the set screws536. The at least one thread548can include one, two, or any suitable number of threads. Referring toFIG. 13, the first openings526can comprise through holes550formed in corner areas or areas where two or more sides of the construction plug538come together. Each through hole550has a circular cross section and defines at least one thread552having a partial circumferential configuration arranged to threadedly engage the set screws536. The at least one thread552can comprise one, two, three, or any other suitable number of threads.

The threads552are also be arranged to cooperate with the threads548on the base portion516such that the support frame506and construction plug538are held together as the set screw536is threaded into and out of the first and second openings526,544. In an embodiment, the threads548,552can have a common thread geometry and clocking to help ensure proper alignment and function regardless of the support frame506and the construction plug538being randomly rotated and assembled.

As seen inFIG. 13, the threads552can be circumferentially and vertically offset relative to the threads548in the second openings544. This can help locate both threads on a same thread or helical path configured to mesh with the set screws536and lock the support frame506and the construction plug538together. The circumferential offset of the threads also can improve the strength of the threaded connection between the support frame506and the construction plug538by anchoring the support frame506and the construction plug538to opposing sides of the set screws536.

While the threads548,552are described and shown as partial threads, in other embodiments, it will be appreciated the threads548can be partial and/or fully helical. For instance, in an embodiment, the threaded openings526in the support frame506can be offset radially outward in the base portion516such that the cutouts are circular holes in the base portion516and the threads548can extend completely or partially around the holes. The combination of the second openings544and the cutouts546beneficially help maintain the longitudinal alignment of the set screws536relative to the construction plug538and the support frame506and reduce production costs.

In use, a small amount of mortar material can be applied around and/or below the support frame506with the construction plug538installed in the support frame506and the set screws536coupling the construction plug538to the support frame506. A leveler can then be positioned on top of the support frame506to determine how level the support frame506is relative to horizontal.

An installer can then use fingers or a tool to selectively rotate one or more of the set screws536in the openings526,544to level, angle, and/or adjust the height of the support frame506and the construction plug538as needed before the mortar material surrounding and/or supporting the support frame506is set. Referring toFIG. 14, the set screws536support on, but do not attach the support frame506to the drain fixture502.

As discussed above, the threads548,552are arranged so that the construction plug538and the support frame506are held together as they move up and down the threads of the set screws536. This allows the installer to selectively rotate one or more of the set screws536to tilt, raise and/or lower the support frame506relative to the upper surface510of the drain fixture502. For instance, the installer can rotate all the set screws536together to raise or lower the entire support frame506. Alternatively, the installer can rotate two of the set screws536along one side of the support frame506to raise or lower that side relative to the opposite side, angling the support frame506. Alternatively, the installer can rotate one of the set screws536to raise or lower one region relative to the other regions of the support frame506. The set screws536thus can serve to vertically adjust the support frame506and provide stability at the level the set screws536are set until mortar is set.

Once the mortar is set, the set tiles can be grouted with the construction plug538in place. As discussed above, openings in the structure of the fabric layer530allow the grout material to form a mechanical or micromechanical lock to the fabric layer530.

According to a variation, a capture area A (shown inFIG. 19) is defined between an overhang formed by the construction plug538and a rounded upper surface of the wall portion518. The capture area A is arranged to capture and at least in part fill with the grouting material, improving the transition between the grouting material and the support frame506. After grouting, the set screws536and the construction plug538can be removed from the support frame506.

The installer can then position a drain cover504comprising a drain grate having a perforated configuration in the support frame506and the drain system500is ready for use as shown inFIG. 15. The drain cover504and the construction plug538are sized and configured so that when the construction plug538is removed and the drain cover504is installed in the support frame506, the upper surfaces of the drain cover504and the set tiles are substantially flush or flush with one another, enhancing the aesthetics and hydraulic properties of the drain system500. The drain system500can thus allow for easier and faster installation of tile floors that are more appealing than existing systems and which exhibit improved hydraulic properties.

Optionally, the drain system500can include an extension member560or skirt as shown inFIGS. 16 and 17. The extension member560can be coupled or attached to the bottom of the support frame506via the locking system540such that the extension member560, the support frame506, and the construction plug538are held together. This effectively increases an overall thickness of the drain system500as needed relative to the upper surface510of the drain fixture502. For example, in some installations, the upper surface510of the drain fixture directly below the support frame506can be recessed more than in other installations. To help accommodate this greater distance between the tile surface and the upper surface510, the extension member560can be selectively coupled or attached to the bottom of the support frame506via the locking system540. This increases the overall thickness of the drain system500to help span the distance between the upper surface510and the upper surface of the set tiles, which, in turn, helps the drain system500more easily match the upper surface of the drain cover504with the set tiles. It also provides structural support to the support frame506, helping to reinforce the support frame506against collapsing or bending during use. The extension member560or skirt can be formed of any suitable material.

In the illustrated embodiment, the extension member560comprises a frame member defining a thickness TT extending between an upper and lower surface. The thickness TT can be varied to fit different types of drain fixtures. For instance, the extension member560can be made in available in different sizes having a medium thickness TT, a small thickness TT, a large thickness TT, and/or an extra-large thickness TT.

The extension member560includes a wall portion562defining a grout facing surface564or outer perimeter, and an inner surface566opposing the grout facing surface564and defining the inner perimeter of the extension member560. The grout facing surface564can be radially inset relative to the tile-facing surface520of the support frame506. This beneficially leaves a greater portion of the bottom surface of the base portion516exposed, which, in turn, provides a greater attachment area between the support frame506and surrounding grout material.

According to a variation, the grout facing surface564defines one or more grout locking features configured to mechanically interlock the extension member560with surrounding grout material. The wall portion562can also provide a physical barrier that helps limit or prevent the grout material from entering a drain opening of the drain system500. This improves the aesthetics of the drain system500because the grout material is not exposed. It also helps prevent unintentional fouling of the drain fixture from the grout material.

Like the support frame506and the construction plug538, the inner periphery or inner surface566includes a third plurality of openings568configured to mechanically attach the extension member560to the support frame506. The third openings568can comprise receiving spaces or pockets570formed in the inner surface566of the wall portion562and vertically alignable with the first and second openings526,544. Each third opening568defines at least one thread572having a partial circumferential configuration arranged to threadedly engage the set screws536when the extend through the second openings544into the third openings568.

In an embodiment, the at least one thread572can comprise a quarter thread or one, two, three, or any other number of threads. The threads can have any suitable thread shape. As seen inFIG. 19, the set screw536can mesh with the thread552on the construction plug538, the thread548on the support frame506, and the thread572on the extension member560to lock all the components together. In an embodiment, the threads548,552, and572can have a common thread geometry and clocking. This beneficially helps ensure proper alignment and function regardless of the support frame506, the construction plug538, and the extension member560being randomly rotated and assembled.

While the drain system500is shown having a square shape, it will be appreciated that the drain system can be configured to have any suitable shape. Further, while the locking system is described as both a coupling and providing a height adjustment means, in other embodiments, it will be appreciated that the coupling means, and the height adjustment means can be separate.

FIGS. 20-22illustrate yet another embodiment of a drain system600. It will be appreciated that the drain system600can include the same or similar features as the other embodiments described herein. The drain system600comprises a support frame606configured to support and position a drain cover or a construction plug638over a drain opening in a tile floor, and a locking system640configured to selectively and temporarily lock the support frame606and the construction plug638together.

The drain system600is like the drain system500except that the support frame606and the construction plug638have a trapezoidal shape.

The locking system640includes a plurality of fasteners or set screws636, a first plurality of openings626defined in the construction plug638, and a second plurality of openings644defined on the support frame606. Like in the previous embodiment, the first and second openings626,644can each include at least one thread648,652configured to mesh with the set screws636and lock the support frame606and the construction plug638together. In the illustrated embodiment, the thread648and the thread652are partial threads but in other embodiments they can be complete and/or partial threads.

In the illustrated embodiment, the second openings644are formed in a plurality of tabs670removably attached to the base portion616rather than in the base portion616. In use, an installer can use fingers or a tool to selectively rotate one or more of the set screws636in the openings626,644to level, angle and/or adjust the vertical position or height of the support frame606and the construction plug638as needed before mortar material surrounding and/or supporting the support frame606is set. After the mortar material is set and grouting, the set screws636, the construction plug638, and the tabs670can be removed from the support frame606. This is beneficial because the vertical position of the support frame606can be adjusted without having to rotate the support frame606or drain head as in the prior art. In addition, the angle of the support frame606can be adjusted as desired. Moreover, the set screws636provide stability at the level they are set to until mortar solidifies.

According to a variation, each tab670includes a pair of breakage points for selectively separating the tab670from the base portion616upon the application of a target force to the tab670. The breakage points can be weaker than the remainder of the support frame606so that the installer can apply a force to the tabs670and cause the tabs670to break at the breakage points. In other embodiments, the tabs670can be cut away from the base portion616by the installer. In other embodiments, the tabs670may be remain attached to the base portion616after an installation.

The installer can then position a drain cover comprising a drain grate having a perforated configuration in the support frame606and the drain system600is ready for use. The drain system600, like other embodiments, can allow for easier and faster installation of tile floors that are more appealing than existing systems and which exhibit improved hydraulic properties.

FIG. 22illustrates yet another embodiment of a drain system700. It will be appreciated that the drain system700can have the same or similar features as the other embodiments described herein. The drain system700includes a support frame706alternatively having a cloud, penny, or irregularly shaped outer periphery.

The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. For instance, while the fabric layer is described attached to a vertically extending surface of the support frame, in other embodiments the fabric layer can be integrated with a vertically extending surface of a drain riser, a drain cover, a drain body, or other component to better lock grout between the component and adjacent tiles. While the support frame is generally described as being surrounded by a plurality of tiles, in other embodiments, the support frame can be surrounded by one tile. While set screws are described, in other embodiments the drain systems can include other vertical or height adjustment mechanisms. Additionally, the words “including,” “having,” and variants thereof (e.g., “includes” and “has”) as used herein, including the claims, shall be open ended and have the same meaning as the word “comprising” and variants thereof (e.g., “comprise” and “comprises”).