Weather data transmitting system

A system is disclosed for transmitting a sensed temperature from a transmitter to a remote receiver over a modulated carrier through the atmosphere. The transmitter and the receiver are battery powered and include timing circuitry having low power consumption. The transmitter and the receiver are both cyclically turned on for a relatively short period and off for a relative long period with the receiver's on cycle being synchronized with the occurrence of the transmission of the modulated carrier. The receiver further employs techniques to minimize the effect of noise on the reception of the transmitted data which can occur from extraneous signal sources broadcasting in the same frequency band or from environmental noise.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to systems for transmitting weather data, 
such as temperature, by atmospheric transmission of a modulated carrier 
between a transmitter located at a first location to a receiver located at 
a second location. More particularly, the present invention relates to 
systems of the aforementioned type in which the transmitter and receiver 
each have a low power consumption which permits their operation from a 
battery power supply over an extended time. 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
Systems for transmitting a sensed temperature from one location, such as 
the exterior of a building, to a second location, such as the interior of 
a building, over a wire cable are known. These systems typically sense an 
analog parameter such as the voltage drop across a forward biased diode to 
determine temperature. One disadvantage of these systems is the 
requirement that the wire cable must extend from the exterior to the 
interior which typically requires the drilling of a hole through an 
exterior wall which is time consuming and violates the integrity of the 
seal between the exterior and the interior. Moreover, these systems suffer 
from the further disadvantage that the length of the cable limits the 
distance between the transmitter and receiver. Finally, the cable may be 
subject to damage if it is exposed to contact which can interrupt 
transmission. 
Systems are known which measure the temperature of an object and transmit 
the measured temperature to a remote receiver. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 
2,818,732, 3,045,488, 3,549,989, 3,582,921, 3,609,728, 3,641,538, 
3,713,124, 3,766,535, 3,800,300, 3,949,388, 4,025,912, 4,140,999, 
4,180,199, 4,184,159, 4,268,818, 4,295,139, 4,356,486, 4,363,137, 
4,447,805, 4,471,354, 4,518,839, 4,518,962 and 4,557,608. None of the 
aforementioned patents provides a temperature measuring system having a 
battery powered transmitter and receiver which are operable over extended 
periods of time without the replacement of batteries. 
The Federal Communications Commission permits certain radio frequency 
ranges to be used for diverse usages such as radio telephones, garage door 
openers and personal safety devices without consideration that more than 
one transmitter may transmit on the same frequency band to create radio 
interference. In order to insure the transmission of valid data in these 
bands, it is necessary to discriminate valid data from extraneous signals 
and to discard the extraneous signals. A specific Federal Communications 
classification exists which regulates transmitters which are cyclically 
turned on for intervals of less than one second and are off for at least 
30 times this interval (47 C.F.R. .sctn.15.122). 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides a weather data transmitting system which 
transmits data from a transmitter to a remote receiver through the 
atmosphere by modulation of a carrier with both the transmitter and the 
receiver being battery powered. In view of the transmitter and the 
receiver being battery powered, the invention limits the consumption of 
power by the transmitter by limiting the time interval during which the 
transmitter is active to transmit weather data and limits the consumption 
of power by the receiver by limiting the time interval during which the 
receiver is active to receive transmitted data. A low power clock, which 
may be implemented in CMOS, is used to control the cyclical turning on and 
turning off of both the transmitter and the receiver. Synchronization of 
the receiver with the transmitter is produced by controlling the turning 
on of the receiver synchronously with the transmission of data by the 
transmitter to ensure that valid data is not lost. The overall time during 
an on and off cycle that the transmitter and the receiver are active may 
be adjusted to regulate the consumption of power to provide a long time 
interval during which the batteries do not have to be replaced. 
The receiver of the present invention further distinguishes valid data from 
noise which is present on the reception band of the receiver in a number 
of ways. First, the receiver is designed to be turned on for a short time 
interval synchronous with the reception of valid data and turned off for a 
relatively long period. Typically, the on period may be approximately one 
second and the off period may be approximately 180 seconds although the 
invention is not limited to these intervals. Since the receiver is 
synchronously turned on with transmissions of the transmitter for only a 
short period of time, statistically the probability of random noise within 
the frequency band of the receiver being received is reduced. Moreover, 
the receiver contains an internal timer which times the duration during 
which a signal within the reception band is received and compares that 
duration to the desired time length of transmissions of valid data by the 
transmitter. If the receiver receives a transmission in the frequency band 
of reception which differs in time duration from the desired transmission 
time length of valid data by an amount greater than a predetermined 
deviation, the receiver discards the data received during the transmission 
as invalid data. This technique eliminates transmissions occurring from 
radio telephones, garage door openers, personal safety devices, etc. in 
the frequency band of reception of the receiver which are permissive under 
Federal Communication Commission frequency allocations for the reason that 
it is statistically unlikely that transmissions from these sources would 
have a time duration close to the time duration of valid data that the 
transmitter is designed to transmit. Furthermore, a plurality of 
successive transmissions of data may be statistically averaged and used to 
compare the next received data transmission to determine if it is likely 
to be erroneous. For example, if the currently received data transmission 
varies by more than 15 or 20% from the average, the currently received 
data may be discarded unless it is determined that subsequent data 
transmissions are close in magnitude to the current data transmission 
which differ significantly from the previous average in which case the 
current data will be used to update the display of the transmitted data. 
In the preferred embodiment, a radio frequency carrier is FM modulated with 
a voltage controlled oscillator having a frequency which is a function of 
a sensed weather parameter to be transmitted such as temperature. The 
receiver receives the FM modulated carrier, detects it and produces a 
resultant count. The count is used as an address of the stored weather 
data to be displayed, such as temperature, contained in a memory located 
at the receiver. This mechanism provides both a simple and reliable way of 
transmitting weather data without requiring complicated signal processing 
by the receiver. The received data from each transmission may be broken up 
into a plurality of equal time intervals distributed over the entire 
length of the received data to facilitate the use of a smaller capacity 
counter for generating the address in a temperature memory of temperature 
data to be displayed and to lessen the number of temperature values which 
must be stored in memory. 
Preferably, the receiver is controlled by a programmed microprocessor. In 
view of the fact that the cyclical transmission of data by the transmitter 
occurs at a low frequency rate such as, but not limited to, once every 80 
seconds, it is possible to operate the microprocessor at the receiver at 
an extremely low clock rate which further lessens power consumption for 
the reason that CMOS circuitry, which is the preferred implementation of 
the receiver microprocessor, only consumes power during change in states. 
In a second embodiment of the present invention, the transmitter contains a 
plurality of sensors for detecting different weather parameters such as, 
but not limited to, temperature and wind speed. In this embodiment, the 
transmitter operates in the same manner as the embodiment in which a 
single sensor's data is transmitted except that the transmission interval 
during which the transmitter is active is time multiplexed to permit a 
plurality of different sensors data to be transmitted. The receiver 
functions identically to the receiver for processing the transmitted data 
from a single sensor except that the programmed microprocessor time 
multiplexes the processing of the received data synchronously with the 
transmission of the data to ensure the display of valid data on various 
display devices such as a temperature indicator, a wind speed indicator, 
and wind chill indicator. For example, if a temperature sensor and a wind 
speed sensor are utilized by the transmitter to transmit temperature and 
wind speed data, the receiver may be used to display the received 
temperature and wind speed data and to further display wind chill by the 
use of a look-up table at the receiver which utilizes the detected wind 
speed and temperature to address the corresponding wind chill in the 
look-up table for common variations in temperature and wind. 
A system for transmitting a temperature sensed by a sensor disposed at a 
first location to a second location by modulation of a carrier with a 
signal which is a function of the sensed temperature transmitted by 
atmospheric transmission of the carrier between the first and second 
locations in accordance with the invention includes a transmitter, which 
is cyclically turned on to transmit the carrier which has been modulated 
by the sensed temperature during a first time interval and turned off 
during a second time interval; a transmitter clock, coupled to the 
transmitter, for controlling the cyclical turning on and off of the 
transmitter during the first and second time intervals; a battery power 
supply for providing operating power to the transmitter; a receiver, 
disposed at the second location which is cyclically turned on for 
receiving the modulated carrier during a third time interval and turned 
off during a fourth time interval, the receiver including a detector for 
detecting the sensed temperature modulating the carrier, a display for 
displaying the sensed temperature, and a receiver clock for controlling 
the cyclical turning on and off of the receiver during the third and 
fourth time intervals, the fourth time interval starting in response to a 
change in the level of the received modulated carrier and a battery power 
supply for providing operating power to the receiver. The fourth time 
interval is less than or equal to the duration of the second time 
interval; the first time interval is equal to or less than the duration of 
the third time interval; and the sum of the first and second time 
intervals is equal to the sum of the third and fourth time intervals when 
the transmitter and receiver are synchronized. 
The receiver may further include a memory having a plurality of addressable 
locations with each location storing a temperature and circuitry for 
reading a temperature stored in the memory corresponding to the detected 
signal and wherein the display displays the temperature which has been 
read from the memory. The detected signal may be the address (pointer) in 
the memory which stores the temperature to be displayed. 
The transmitter includes a voltage controlled oscillator having an output 
frequency which varies in direct proportion to the sensed temperature. 
The transmitter and receiver clocks each have a source of a constant 
frequency signal; and a counter, coupled to the source of a constant 
frequency signal, for counting the cycles of the constant frequency signal 
and producing a plurality of selectable output signals each of a different 
duration, one of the outputs producing a signal of the first time interval 
or a signal of the third time interval and another of the outputs 
producing a signal of the second time interval or a signal of the fourth 
time interval. 
The receiver includes an audio detector for detecting the signal which 
modulates the carrier transmitted between the transmitter and the receiver 
which has a first level when the signal is within a predetermined 
frequency range for at least a predetermined time duration and a second 
level when a signal is not detected within the predetermined frequency 
range for the predetermined time duration. Further, a comparison is made 
to compare the duration of the signal of the first level with a 
predetermined duration and causing the detected signal to be used for 
addressing the temperature to be displayed when the duration of the signal 
of the first level differs from the predetermined duration by an amount 
less than a predetermined time duration. 
The audio detector produces a pulse train from the received carrier with 
the pulse train having a frequency proportional to the sensed temperature, 
and includes a counter for counting the number of pulses present in the 
pulse train which occur during a predetermined time interval with the 
count produced by the counter being the address of the location in the 
memory which stores the temperature to be displayed. 
The receiver further includes a detector for detecting when the modulated 
carrier is not detected during the third time interval for a predetermined 
number of the on and off cycles of the receiver and means responsive to 
the means for detecting for detecting when the modulated carrier is not 
being detected for a predetermined number of cycles for turning the 
receiver continually on until the modulated carrier is again received to 
ensure resynchronization of the receiver with the transmitter. 
As used herein "atmospheric transmission" means the transmission of data by 
broadcast from a transmitter antenna to a receiver antenna.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIG. 1 illustrates a system 10 for transmitting weather data from a 
transmitter 12 via a modulated carrier 14 which is sent as a series of 
cyclical transmissions to a receiver 16. The transmitter 12 contains one 
or more data sensors 18 which preferably sense weather data to be 
transmitted to the receiver 16 for display on a data display 20. The 
transmitter is battery powered by a battery 22 which may be a commercially 
available 9 volt battery such as that used for small radios. The receiver 
also contains a battery power supply 24 which may be three C cells. In the 
preferred embodiment of the invention, the modulated carrier 14 is 
modulated by the data sensed by the data sensors 18 and is sent as a 
series of short transmissions to the receiver 16 through the atmosphere. 
Each transmission of the modulated carrier may be approximately one second 
long followed by an off time of approximately 180 seconds although the 
invention is not limited thereto. The relatively short on time and the 
relatively long off time is important in conserving the power of the 
batteries 22 to provide a long time period during which the batteries do 
not require replacement. When the transmitter 12 is operated by a 9 volt 
commercially available battery in which the transmissions of the modulated 
carrier are on for a relatively short period of time and the transmitter 
is turned off for a relatively long period of time as explained above, it 
is possible to have the transmitter intermittently operated for a period 
of many months without battery replacement. Moreover, the transmitter is 
provided with a series of jumpers, not illustrated, in FIG. 1, which are 
explained below with reference to FIG. 2, that permit the selection of the 
relative on and off times of the transmitter to control the frequency of 
updating the data display 20 and the battery life. The receiver 16 also is 
turned on for a relatively short period of time and turned off for a 
relatively long period of time in a manner which is synchronous with the 
turning on and off of the transmitter 12 in a manner explained below in 
detail. The turning off of the receiver 16 is synchronized in response to 
the reception of the modulated carrier and the off time of the receiver 12 
is chosen to be less than or equal to the off time of the transmitter to 
ensure that the receiver is operating when the modulated carrier 14 is 
actually received. The rising edge or the trailing edge of the modulated 
carrier 14 may be used to synchronize the off interval of the receiver 16 
in a manner explained below. 
The data sensors 18 may be a single temperature sensor or a plurality of 
sensors of weather data such as, but not limited to, temperature and wind 
speed. The data display 20 contains a display, such as an LCD display, for 
each of the data items which are sensed by the data sensors 18. The data 
display may contain displays for temperature, wind speed, wind chill and 
other weather data. As will be explained below, wind chill may be computed 
from temperature and wind speed which are transmitted from the transmitter 
12. Both the transmitter 12 and receiver 16 preferably have a CMOS 
internal clock which provides the time base for the cyclical turning on 
and off of both the transmitter and the receiver. 
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter 12 in 
accordance with the present invention. The embodiment of FIG. 2 transmits 
a sensed temperature produced by temperature sensor 26. Preferably, the 
temperature sensor is a pair of series connected silicon diodes which have 
a known voltage characteristic which varies as a linear function of 
temperature. The diode drop of a silicon diode varies -2.2 millivolts per 
degree centigrade which permits the temperature to be accurately measured 
as a linear function of the diode drop. A temperature sensor signal 
conditioning circuit 28 is provided which senses the aforementioned 
characteristic of the series connected silicon diodes 26 to produce an 
output voltage V.sub.TEMP which is used to control the oscillation 
frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator 30 of conventional 
construction as described below. Specifically, the output voltage 
V.sub.TEMP is a linear function of the temperature which causes the 
voltage controlled oscillator 30 to vary in frequency in a linear manner 
with temperature. Battery 22 supplies operating power to the transmitter 
during the time that it is on and continually applies power to the CMOS 
clock which controls the on and off interval of the transmitter. 
The clock is comprised of the combination of a CMOS oscillator 32 and a 
CMOS counter 34 which may be a 12 bit counter. The counter 34 produces 
output signals controlling both the on time of the transmitter and the off 
time of the transmitter as follows. The CMOS oscillator 32 oscillates at a 
steady frequency f.sub.clk which is applied to the CMOS counter 34. The 
CMOS counter 34 has a plurality of outputs 36 which may be individually 
selected by a pair of jumpers 38 for selecting signals controlling the on 
and off times of the transmitter. The respective outputs of the counter 34 
are related to each other by division of powers of two such that each 
successive output represents the division of the frequency f.sub.clk by an 
additional factor of two. Thus, the signal controlling the relatively 
short on time of the transmitter 12 may be selected by choosing one of the 
outputs representing the division of the frequency f.sub.clk by a 
relatively low power 2 while the signal controlling the relatively long 
off time may be selected by the choosing one of the outputs representing a 
relatively high power of 2. The jumper 38 for selecting the on time 
applies a signal to the reset terminal of flip/flop 40. The jumper 38 for 
selecting the off time applies a signal to the set terminal of the 
flip/flop 40. Resetting of the flip/flop 40 causes the transistor switch 
42 to be closed to apply the potential of battery 22 to the various 
circuits in the transmitter requiring power including the voltage control 
oscillator 30 and FM modulator 44. The FM modulator 44 is comprised of an 
RF oscillator 46 which supplies the basic frequency of the modulated 
carrier 14 and an RF switch 48 having an input voltage which is the output 
from the voltage control oscillator 30 to cause FM modulation of the basic 
carrier frequency produced by the RF oscillator. An antenna 50 is provided 
for broadcasting the FM modulated carrier 14 to the receiver 16 via 
atmospheric transmission. A voltage regulator 52 regulates the voltage 
which is applied to both the temperature sensor signal conditioning 
circuit 28, the voltage control oscillator 30, and the low battery 
detector 54. The temperature sensor signal conditioning circuit 28 has the 
regulated voltage applied directly thereto and a voltage applied by a 
voltage divider comprised of a pair of resistors 56. The voltage provided 
by the voltage divider is used to provide the correct DC voltage offset 
required by the particular VCO. This DC voltage offset shifts the voltage 
controlled oscillator 30 into the desired audio frequency range. The low 
battery detector 54 detects if the battery voltage has dropped below a 
predetermined acceptable voltage. The output of the low battery detector 
(comparator) 54 is applied to the cathode of diode switch 58. Under normal 
operation, the output of the low battery detector 54 is high, which back 
biases diode switch 58. However, when the battery voltage goes below the 
predetermined value, the low battery detector 54 goes low, forward biasing 
the low battery diode switch 58, which causes a low level voltage signal 
to be applied to the voltage controlled oscillator 30. This low level 
voltage signal clamps the voltage controlled oscillator frequency to a 
preset frequency below the normal oscillation frequency range used for 
encoding valid temperatures which overrides the V.sub.TEMP. In one 
embodiment of the present invention, a frequency range between 500 and 
3000 Hz is used for frequency encoding the range of temperatures to be 
sensed by the present invention between -30.degree. F. and 120.degree. F. 
(and equivalent Centigrade temperatures) and a frequency of 300 Hz is 
utilized for transmitting a signal to the receiver that the transmitter 
battery is below suitable operating potential. 
In order to determine if the atmospheric transmission path of the modulated 
carrier 14 will severely attenuate the signal strength to a degree that 
valid data will not be received, a test potential may be applied when the 
battery 22 is initially inserted into the housing (not illustrated) of the 
transmitter 12 to cause a set frequency to be produced by the voltage 
controlled oscillator 30 which is preferably outside the frequency range 
for transmitting valid temperature data. The data display 20 of the 
receiver 16 may be checked upon powering up of the transmitter 12 for a 
display of the predetermined temperature (or other data) which is caused 
to be transmitted. If it is displayed, then the user may assume that a 
severely attenuated signal path has been avoided. A suitable 
implementation of circuitry to produce the test potential is described 
below with reference to FIG. 4. 
FIG. 3 illustrates an electrical schematic of an implementation of the 
transmitter illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 2 with the exception 
that the conventional FM modulator 44 and antenna 50 have been omitted. It 
should be noted that dotted lines have been placed around components in 
the electrical schematic which are correlated to the corresponding blocks 
of FIG. 2 by the addition of the corresponding reference numerals. 
Integrated circuits have been identified by their commercial designation. 
FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of a transmitter 12 in accordance 
with the present invention which senses a plurality of weather parameters 
which are transmitted to receiver 16 by time multiplexing of the modulated 
carrier 14. Like reference numerals are used in FIGS. 2 and 4 to identify 
like parts which will not hereinafter be discussed in detail. A plurality 
of sensors 60, which may be any number up to n sense parameters such as 
temperature, wind speed, etc. A CMOS logic circuit 62, which may be 
implemented in combinatorial logic, controls the operation of the 
transmitter 12 as explained below. The particular implementation of the 
CMOS logic circuit 62 is not part of the present invention as any 
implementation may be used. A plurality of outputs 64 are provided which 
respectively control a plurality of solid state CMOS switches 66 which 
individually control the time sequential application of the output of the 
sensors to the voltage to frequency converter 30. Only one of these 
switches is closed at any instant in time during the on interval of the 
transmitter to cause data to be transmitted to the voltage to frequency 
converter 30 which produces a frequency directly proportional to the 
sensed parameter. The solid state power switch 42 is controlled by an 
output of the CMOS logic 64 in a manner analogous to the control provided 
by the flip/flop 40 in the embodiment of FIG. 2. The low battery detector 
54 produces an output voltage which is applied to the CMOS logic 62 which 
causes switch 68 to close when the low battery detector signals that the 
battery voltage has dropped below a satisfactory level for normal 
operation. The voltage regulator 54 applies a regulated voltage to a 
voltage divider comprised of resistors 70. The potential applied by the 
closing of the switch 68 to the voltage to frequency converter 30 is 
analogous to the potential applied in the receiver embodiment of FIG. 2 to 
produce an output signal from the voltage to frequency converter such as 
300 cycles. A start up detector 70 is providing to detect when the battery 
22 is first installed. The start up detector 70 may be a circuit such as a 
flip/flop or Schmitt trigger. The output of the start up detector is 
applied to the CMOS logic 62. When the output signal from the start up 
detector 70 initially goes high, the CMOS logic causes switch 72 to close 
to apply a predetermined potential via the voltage regulator 54 to the 
input to the voltage frequency converter 30. The function of the 
predetermined voltage is to cause the carrier to be modulated by a 
particular frequency which is detected by the receiver and which causes 
the display of data demonstrating the reception of valid data from the 
transmitter 12. Thus, the user upon seeing the display of the data merely 
has to determine if it is identical to the test data which is known to be 
transmitted upon power up to determine if the transmission path through 
the atmosphere is not severely attenuated. A voltage divider having a pair 
of resistors 74, having relative magnitudes chosen to apply a 
predetermined potential to the voltage to frequency converter, causes the 
generation of the test transmission which may be used to determine if the 
receiver 16 is receiving a signal of sufficient magnitude to produce an 
error free data transmission. It should be noted that the embodiment of 
FIG. 2 may also be modified to include the generation of a test 
transmission in the manner described above to produce a carrier modulated 
with a predetermined signal which is received by the receiver 16 for the 
purpose of determining if a strong signal is being received to insure the 
error free transmission of data. 
FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate a block diagram of a receiver 16 in accordance 
with the present invention which processes a signal with the format 
transmitted by the transmitter 12 of FIGS. 1-3. Antenna 80 receives the 
cyclical transmissions of the modulated carrier 14 from the receiver 12. 
In one embodiment of the present invention, the carrier is 49.890 MHz 
although any frequency may be used. An RF receiver 82 of conventional 
design demodulates the FM signal to produce an audio signal output in the 
form of a pulse train having a primary frequency identical to the 
frequency outputted by the voltage controlled oscillator. The audio signal 
output is applied to an audio amplifier filter and signal conditioning 
circuit 84. The pulsating signal outputted from the RF receiver 82 is 
amplified to a suitable level and filtered by a pair of filters to 
eliminate both low frequency signals and high frequency signals outside 
the audio range to be processed by the receiver. Filtering of low 
frequency signals, such as 60 Hz signals produced from power lines, may be 
accomplished by a second order Butterworth high pass filter having an 
attenuation characteristic of a -12 dB per octave with the break frequency 
being at approximately 200 Hz. A second filter, which may be a second 
order Butterworth low pass filter having a -12 dB per octave attenuation 
characteristic with a break frequency of about 6000 Hz is also provided. 
The processing of the signal from the RF receiver 82 with the combination 
of the aforementioned two filters provides a signal envelope in a range 
which the receiver circuitry processes as potentially valid data. A 
detector 86 produces a high level signal when the audio signal is within 
the aforementioned signal envelope for a predetermined time interval so as 
to eliminate the effects of transients occurring within the signal 
envelope of the filters. The detector 86 may be implemented as an 
integration circuit having a suitable RC time constant having an output 
coupled to an operational amplifier used as a comparator with positive 
feedback. The output signal from the detector produces a high level signal 
when non-transient data within the pass band characteristic of the series 
connected Butterworth filters is present. A second temperature sensor 88, 
permits selective sensing of the temperature of the location of the 
receiver 16 such as when the receiver is located inside of a closed 
structure. The sensor 88 is comprised of a temperature sensor 26, a 
temperature sensor signal conditioning circuit 28 and a voltage to 
frequency converter 30 which are identical in construction to those 
described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Battery 24, which may be 
comprised of three C cells, provides operating power to the receiver 16 
through an on and off switch 90 which is manually closed when it is 
desired to operate the receiver to display the temperature at the location 
of the receiver 16. A first NAND gate 92 is provided for selectively 
gating the output signal from the audio amplifier filter and signal 
conditioning circuit 84 to the input of a second NAND gate 94 having an 
output coupled to the clock input of a binary counter 96. The counter 96 
is reset by a NAND gate 98 as described below. A NAND gate 100 selectively 
gates the temperature output produced by the temperature sensor 88 to the 
aforementioned binary counter 96. The selective gating through NAND gate 
92 of the output signal from the audio amplifier filter and signal 
conditioning circuit 84 or through NAND gate 100 from the output of the 
temperature sensor 88 permits the selection of the display of either the 
transmitted temperature data or the temperature at the location of the 
receiver 16. A low battery detector 54 is provided which is identical to 
the low battery detector of the transmitter of FIG. 2. A transistor switch 
102 is selectively closed by one of the outputs from a plurality of 
flip/flops 104 under the control of data outputted on data bus 106 by a 
program microprocessor 108 as described below. A transistor switch 110 is 
selectively closed by another of the outputs of the plurality of 
flip/flops 104 under the control of the aforementioned microprocessor 108. 
The closing of switch 110 controls the application of power to the RF 
receiver 82, audio amplifier filter and signal conditioning circuit 84 and 
detector 86. As is explained in more detail below, in this embodiment the 
closing of the switch 110 is synchronized with the transmissions 14 under 
the control of a software timer implemented by the microprocessor 108. 
Switch 112 is provided for selectively choosing the display of the 
temperature at the location of the receiver 16 or the transmitted 
temperature on the LCD temperature display 20. Switch 114 permits the 
selection of the display of either Fahrenheit or Centigrade temperatures 
for each temperature sensor 26. A plurality of tristate buffers 116 are 
provided for selectively transmitting the signal states respectfully of 
the detector 86, low battery detector 54, temperature selection switch 114 
and the temperature location switch 112 to the data bus 106 when an 
appropriate control signal is applied by address decoder 118. A CMOS 
oscillator 120 provides the signal 2f.sub.sc used to generate the basic 
frequency f.sub.sc for running the clock of the microprocessor 108. 
Preferably, the microprocessor 108 is implemented in CMOS. Because of the 
relatively long off time between successive transmissions of data from the 
transmitter 12, the clock rate of the microprocessor 108 may be chosen to 
be relatively low such as 100 kilocycles to substantially lessen the power 
drawn by the continually running microprocessor as a result of the fact 
that CMOS circuits only draw current when there is a change in state which 
is lessened with a lowering of the basic clock rate. A binary counter 122 
is provided for providing the basic clock rate of the microprocessor 108 
f.sub.sc and a basic interrupt frequency (f.sub.sc /n) which is used to 
drive a D type flip/flop 123 at a much lower frequency rate such as 4 
kilohertz to generate the interrupt signal IRQ which controls the cyclical 
entry of the microprocessor 108 into an interrupt mode. The interrupt 
frequency IRQ is chosen to be relatively low in view of the fact that data 
is typically transmitted only once every 180 seconds for a one second 
interval. The interrupt frequency IRQ is used to cause the address decoder 
118 to generate the latch signal for a buffer latch 124 to latch the count 
stored in binary counter 96 and to cause the resetting of the binary 
counter 96 at that time. The data latched in the buffer latch 124 is then 
read by the microprocessor 108 and stored in random access memory 126 in a 
manner described below to generate addresses for retrieving a temperature 
from the EPROM 128 for display on the LCD display 20. The stored count may 
be used as the actual address or used in calculating the address by adding 
the stored count to a constant offset to provide addresses in the desired 
sector of the EPROM 108. EPROM 128 stores the basic operating program of 
the microprocessor 108 and the temperature display of data for both 
Fahrenheit and Centigrade temperature scales. Two four-bit 1K RAMs 126 are 
configured together to provide 1K of 8-bit memory. Control logic 130 is 
provided which is configured for the specific microprocessor and 
associated memory which are designated by their commercial part numbers. A 
display driver 132 controls the LCD display. 
The microprocessor 108 is programmed in accordance with a program stored in 
EPROM 128. In this embodiment, the microprocessor 108 functions to control 
the on and off cycles which are synchronized with the on and off cycles of 
the transmitter 12 to provide high reliability reception of data and low 
power consumption decoding of the received analog signal outputted by the 
audio amplifier, filters, and signal conditioning circuit 84 or the 
temperature sensor 88 to control the display of a temperature on the LCD 
temperature display 20. The frequency of the pulsating output signal from 
both the audio amplifier, filters, and signal conditioning circuit 84 and 
the temperature sensor 88 is directly proportional to the temperature 
sensed by the temperature sensor 26 located at the transmitter 12 or the 
receiver 16. The microprocessor functions to produce a count by sampling 
the signal inputted to the binary counter 96 through NAND gate 94 over a 
predetermined time interval. This count is used as an address (pointer) of 
prestored temperature values in the EPROM 128. The capacity of the counter 
96 governs the number of data points of prestored temperature for both the 
display of Fahrenheit and Centigrade temperatures. Each number counted by 
the counter 96 is an address to a temperature to be displayed on both the 
Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales with the position of switch 114 
controlling the scale being displayed. Because the range of numbers 
counted by counter 96 will typically be larger than the integer range of 
degrees to be displayed, a range of sequential counts will address a 
corresponding series of storage locations in the EPROM having the same 
stored temperature to be displayed. For example, if the range of the 
temperature sensor is between -30.degree. F. and 120.degree. F., a total 
of 150.degree. of range is required to be displayed. If the corresponding 
frequency range of the voltage controlled oscillator 30 in the transmitter 
or the receiver is between 500 and 3000 Hz, each successive degree of 
temperature will result in approximately 16.6 Hz of change in the 
frequency of the voltage control oscillator. Thus, approximately seventeen 
discrete counts of the counter 96 will address the same temperature to be 
displayed. 
The synchronization of the transmitter 12 and receiver 16 on and off times 
is described with reference to FIGS. 6(a)-6(g). In the embodiment of the 
receiver 16 illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b), the on and off time 
intervals of the receiver 16 are controlled by the program of the 
microprocessor 108 stored in the EPROM 128 by a software timer controlled 
by the basic clock frequency f.sub.sc output by binary counter 122. In the 
alternative, the on and off intervals of the receiver 16 may be controlled 
by a counter with jumpers like that illustrated in FIG. 2 to choose the 
duration of both the on and off interval. However, if the on and off 
intervals of the transmitter 12 and receiver 16 are programmable to the 
user, then care must be taken to choose the same basic on and off times to 
avoid the loss of synchronization in data reception. 
FIG. 6(a) illustrates a timing diagram of the cyclical on and off intervals 
of the transmitter 12. The sum T of the intervals T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 is a 
constant time interval which repeats cyclically under the control of 
oscillator 32 and counter 34. The on time T.sub.1 of the transmitter 12 in 
a preferred embodiment is one second or less. The off time of the 
transmitter T.sub.2 in a preferred embodiment is 180 seconds. 
FIG. 6(b) illustrates a timing diagram of the cyclical on and off times of 
the receiver 16 synchronized with the on and off intervals of the 
transmitter 12. The receiver 16 is turned on for a time interval T.sub.3 
which is initiated prior to the on interval of the receiver 16 with 
T.sub.3 .gtoreq.T.sub.1. The receiver 16 is turned off for a time interval 
T.sub.4 with T.sub.4 .ltoreq.T.sub.2. The sum of the time intervals 
T.sub.3 and T.sub.4 is a constant time interval which repeats cyclically 
preferably under the control of a software based timer implemented in the 
microprocessor 108. The sum of T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 is equal to the sum of 
T.sub.3 and T.sub.4 when the transmitter 12 is synchronized to the 
receiver 16. 
FIG. 6(c) illustrates the audio transmission which preferably is the FM 
modulated carrier 14. The audio information which modulates the carrier is 
the signal outputted by voltage controlled oscillator 30 which varies in 
direct proportion to the sensed temperature. The audio transmission is 
detected by the RF receiver 82. 
FIG. 6(d) illustrates a software generated time interval T.sub.5 produced 
by microprocessor 108 which is keyed by the detector 86 output going high 
that is caused by the reception of the audio transmission of FIG. 6(c). 
The time interval T.sub.5 is chosen to be longer than T.sub.1 to insure 
that the receiver 16 is on for the entire duration of the audio 
transmission of FIG. 6(c). 
FIG. 6(e) illustrates a software generated time interval T.sub.6 produced 
by microprocessor 108 which is keyed by the detector 86 going high that is 
caused by the reception of the audio transmission of FIG. 6(c). The time 
interval T.sub.6 is chosen to be shorter than the sum of T.sub.1 and 
T.sub.2 to insure that the receiver is turned on prior to the 
transmissions 14 by the transmitter 12. 
FIG. 6(f) illustrates the sampling time interval T.sub.7 of the clock 96 
which is controlled by microprocessor 108 as explained above. The 
initiation of the sampling interval T.sub.7 is controlled by a software 
based timer T.sub.8 produced by microprocessor 108 which is keyed by the 
detector 86 going high. 
FIG. 6(g) illustrates a software based time interval T.sub.9 produced by 
microprocessor 108 which controls the ending of the sampling interval 
T.sub.7. The initiation of the timer T.sub.9 is keyed to the detector 86 
going high. The time prior to the leading edge and subsequent to the 
falling edge of the sampling interval T.sub.7 during which data 
transmissions 14 occur is not used to ensure that the receiver electronics 
have sufficient time to stabilize prior to detection of the transmitted 
date for display purposes. The length of the time interval T.sub.7 is used 
to scale the correlation between count and temperature. In other words, 
for a given clock frequency of the microprocessor 108, the shorter the 
time duration T.sub.7, the less the count which is counted by counter 96 
for any given temperature. T.sub.7 is equal to or less than T.sub.1. 
FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred implementation of the RF receiver 82 and 
audio amplifying filters and signal conditioning circuit 84 of FIGS. 5(a) 
and 5(b). Conventional integrated circuits are identified by their 
commercial designation. Like reference numerals are used in FIGS. 5(a), 
5(b) and 7. 
The receiver illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) may be used for the 
reception of time multiplexed data transmitted by the receiver of FIG. 4. 
To process time multiplexed data, the receiver of FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) is 
modified to have a different control program as described below with 
reference to the timing diagram of FIG. 8 and further the LCD display has 
a plurality of different displays such as but not limited to wind speed, 
temperature and wind chill. 
An example of the use of the receiver to display temperature, windspeed and 
windchill is as follows. With reference to FIG. 4, only two sensors are 
provided with sensor #1 being a temperature sensor as described in FIGS. 2 
and 3 and sensor #2 being a wind sensor of any known construction 
producing an output signal directly proportional to the sensed wind. The 
receiver 16 detects the transmitted audio frequency in accordance with the 
description of FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) above to cause the display of the 
temperature. Similarly, the receiver detects the transmitted audio 
frequency which is directly proportional to the sensed wind to cause the 
display of the windspeed. The counter 96 and buffer latch 124 generate the 
address of the windspeed to be displayed in a wind speed table set up in a 
manner analogous to the temperature tables described above. For each on 
cycle of the transmitter 12, the receiver 16 stores the detected windspeed 
and temperature. A table is stored in the EPROM 128 which converts the 
stored windspeed and temperature into a known windchill factor which is 
displayed on the LCD temperature display 20. The number of data points is 
a matter of choice. A suitable table is set forth below which has been 
obtained from "Climates of the United States", a U.S. Department of 
Commerce publication: 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Dry bulb temperature (.degree.F.) 
Wind speed (mph) 
45 
40 
35 
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 
-15 
-20 
-25 
-30 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
4 45 
40 
35 
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 
-15 
-20 
-25 
-30 
5 43 
37 
32 
27 22 16 11 6 0 -5 -10 
-15 
-21 
-26 
-31 
-36 
10 34 
26 
22 
16 10 3 -3 -9 -15 
-22 
-27 
-34 
-40 
-46 
-52 
-58 
15 29 
23 
16 
9 2 -5 -11 
-18 
-25 
-31 
-38 
-45 
-51 
-58 
-65 
-72 
20 26 
19 
12 
4 -3 -10 
-17 
-24 
-31 
-39 
-46 
-53 
-60 
-67 
-74 
-81 
25 23 
16 
8 1 -7 -15 
-22 
-29 
-36 
-44 
-51 
-59 
-66 
-74 
-81 
-88 
30 21 
13 
6 -2 -10 
-18 
-25 
-33 
-41 
-49 
-56 
-64 
-71 
-79 
-86 
-93 
35 20 
12 
4 -4 -12 
-20 
-27 
-35 
-43 
-52 
-58 
-67 
-74 
-82 
-89 
-97 
40 19 
11 
3 -5 -13 
-21 
-29 
-37 
-45 
-53 
-60 
-69 
-76 
-84 
-92 
-100 
45 18 
10 
2 -6 -14 
-22 
-30 
-38 
-46 
-54 
-62 
-70 
-78 
-85 
-93 
-102 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
For example, if the stored wind speed was 15 mph and the temperature was 
45.degree. F., the microprocessor 108 would process these parameters to 
cause the display on the LCD display 20 of 29.degree. F. FIGS. 8(a)-8(g) 
are a timing diagram of the signals present in a multiplexed transmission 
of data from two sensors in the transmitter of FIG. 4 and the reception 
thereof in the receiver of FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b). Like time intervals are 
identified in FIGS. 5(a)-5(g) and FIGS. 8(a)-8(g) by the same 
designations. 
FIG. 8(a) illustrates the parts of the time multiplexed output signal from 
the transmitter in interval T.sub.1 by the designations "sensor #1" and 
"sensor #2". Each of the intervals for sensor #1 and sensor #2 are equal 
to one-half of the total time T.sub.1. 
FIG. 8(b) illustrates the timing diagram of the receiver on interval 
T.sub.3 and the receiver off interval T.sub.4. As is apparent from a 
comparison of FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), interval T.sub.3 is longer than 
interval T.sub.1 although the amount of the difference in length is not 
critical. 
FIG. 8(c) illustrates the output signal from the detector 86. As is 
apparent from a comparison of FIGS. 8(a)and 8(c), the output signal from 
the detector 86 is synchronized with the transmission interval T.sub.1 of 
the transmitter 12. 
FIG. 8(d) illustrates a timing diagram of a software timer T.sub.10 which 
is implemented in the microprocessor 108. The duration of time interval 
T.sub.0 is chosen to control the initiation of sampling of the first 
multiplexed signal from sensor #1. The length of interval T.sub.10 should 
be sufficient to permit the receiver electronics to have stabilized. 
FIG. 8(e) illustrates a time diagram of the sample interval T.sub.s1 during 
which the counter 96 counts the number of counts in the output signal from 
the audio amplifier, filter and signal conditioning circuit 84. 
FIG. 8(f) illustrates a timing diagram of a software timer T.sub.11 which 
is implemented in microprocessor 108 to control the initiation of sampling 
of the signal from the sensor #2. The time interval T.sub.11 is keyed by 
the output signal from the detector 86 going high. The duration of 
interval T.sub.11 is chosen to be such that the interval T.sub.11 ends 
during the time period that sensor #2's signal is being received. 
FIG. 8(g) illustrates the sample interval T.sub.s2 which is initiated at 
the end of timer T.sub.11 which controls the sampling of the signal output 
from the audio amplifier filter and signal conditioning circuit 84 by the 
counter 96 during the transmission interval of the signal from sensor #2. 
As explained above, the microprocessor stores the resultant signals 
outputted by the buffer latch 124 as data to be displayed on the LCD 
display 20 and further processed in accordance with the discussion above. 
The simplest manner of decoding the output frequency from the audio 
amplifier, filters and signal conditioning circuit 84 or the temperature 
sensor 88 is to count all of the cycles transmitted by the transmitter 12 
or outputted by the temperature sensor 88. This can be accomplished by 
using the change in the detector 86 to the high level to control the 
gating of the output signal directly to the binary counter 96 with the 
sampling interval being equal to T.sub.1 (not illustrated in FIGS. 
6(a)-6(f) described above). The only limiting factor is the speed with 
which the detector 86, microprocessor 108 and gate 92 responds to the 
receipt of the modulated carrier. Alternatively, in order to avoid the 
possibility of erroneous counts occurring as a consequence of 
irregularities in the leading and trailing edges of the transmission of 
the modulated carrier 14 or because of instabilities in the receiver 18 as 
a result of initial turning on and off the microprocessor 108 may have the 
sampling interval less than T.sub.1 as illustrated in FIGS. 6(a) and 6(f) 
as described above so that sampling is initiated when the modulated 
carrier is likely to be up to level and the receiver is stable. At the 
time of initiation of sampling by the microprocessor 108, the 
microprocessor resets the binary counter via an output signal from the 
address decoder 118 by means of the NAND gate 98. Upon initiation of 
sampling, the sampling interval T.sub.7 is activated which has a time 
interval less than T.sub.1 and which ends prior to the ending of T.sub.1. 
At the end of T.sub.7, the buffer latch 124 is latched prior to the 
trailing edge of the transmission of the modulated carrier 14. This 
mechanism insures that data errors consequent from proximity to the 
leading and trailing edge of the modulated carrier 14 and receiver 
instability are avoided. 
In order to lessen the number of temperature data points which must be 
stored in the Fahrenheit and Centigrade tables of the EPROM, the pulse 
train applied to the clock 96 during a single transmission may be broken 
down into a plurality of equal intervals such as four. The counter 96 is 
set and reset for each of the four intervals within the transmission of 
the modulated carrier. An average count is computed for the four counts 
which is used as the address for fetching a temperature to be displayed. 
Averaging lessens the chance for error based upon a single sample of a 
duration equal to one of the four samples. Moreover, the capacity of the 
counter 96 and the number of data points in the temperature tables in the 
EPROM are lessened by dividing the transmission interval into equal 
intervals because a smaller number of counts can be counted during the 
smaller equal intervals than during the entire interval. 
A second mechanism for minimizing the effect of extraneous transmissions or 
noise which are present in the audio band which the audio amplifier, 
filters and signal conditioning circuit 84 are designed to pass is the 
activation of a software based timer implemented in the microprocessor 108 
in response to the output of the detector 86 going high to time the 
duration of the received signal. If the audio output signal has a duration 
differing by more than a predetermined magnitude from the predetermined 
time duration of transmission from the transmitter 12, such as one second, 
the resultant output data will not be utilized in updating of the LCD 
temperature display 20. 
An additional method of minimizing the possibility of erroneous data 
effecting the accuracy of the LCD temperature display 20 is to compute an 
average of the output count from the binary counter 96 during the last m 
transmissions of the modulated carrier 14 (m is an integer). Each 
successive output count from the binary counter 96 is compared with the 
average to determine if there is a difference greater than a predetermined 
difference which, for example, may be 15 or 20% of the average count. If 
the current count is less than or greater than the average by the 
difference, then the current count is buffered to determine if the next 
successive count differs from the buffered count by less than the 
predetermined difference in which case the buffered count and the current 
count is used to update the display on the LCD temperature display 20. 
A subroutine may be used to control the display of temperatures below zero 
without the storing of a sign bit in the actual temperature. This 
subroutine compares the output count from the buffer latch 124 with a 
predetermined number. If the count is below the predetermined number, the 
below zero sign is displayed. 
A subroutine may also be used to save the storage of a one in the hundred's 
place for displaying temperatures above one hundred degrees. This 
subroutine compares the output count from the buffer latch with a 
predetermined number. When the count is equal to or greater than the 
predetermined number, the "1" digit in the one hundred's place is 
displayed. 
The microprocessor 108 is programmed to detect the loss of reception of the 
modulated carrier 14. In this case a software based timer initiated by the 
transitions of the output signal of the detector 86 during the last 
correctly received modulated carrier produces the time intervals T.sub.3 
and T.sub.4 for any number of cycles in which a modulated carrier has not 
been correctly received. 
The possibility exists that the receiver 16 will lose synchronization in 
turning on when transmitter 12 transmits data which makes it statistically 
unlikely that valid data will be received. In order to achieve rapid 
resynchronization, the microprocessor monitors the output of the detector 
86. If the output of the detector 86 fails to go high during a time 
interval which is a plurality of cycles long, the receiver 16 is turned on 
continually until the modulated carrier 14 is again received which 
resynchronizes the system. 
Furthermore, when each transmission of the modulated carrier 14 is broken 
down into equal intervals at the receiver 16, the statistically aberrant 
counts such as the highest and lowest count may be discarded to further 
protect against noise. 
It should be understood that the averaging techniques described above 
regarding the embodiment transmitting a single sensor's data may be 
applied to embodiments of the invention transmitting data in a time 
multiplexed manner as described above. 
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred 
embodiments, it should be understood that numerous modifications may be 
made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended 
claims. It is intended that all such modifications fall within the scope 
of the invention.