Apparatus and method for converting a low voltage AC wiring circuit to a high speed data communications link

An apparatus for converting a low voltage alternating current (AC) wiring circuit to a high speed data communications link, comprising a primary coupling circuit and a secondary coupling circuit. The apparatus provides low voltage AC power to a data device and couples data signals between the data device and the AC power line via the converted low voltage AC wiring circuit. An example is provided for retrofitting a door chime system to a high speed data link such as a video camera system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to data communications and, more particularly, to converting a low voltage AC wiring circuit such as doorbell, or other low voltage control or signaling wiring to a data communications link.

2. Background and Description of the Prior Art

A conventional doorbell system in a residence is very limited in its functionality. If someone in the house wishes to determine the identity of a person at an entrance to a residence, the resident must typically go to the entrance and personally investigate, unless the residence is equipped with an intercom system to enable two-way communication with the person outside the entrance. One problem with the conventional system is that the person inside the house must be present at the door to determine the identity of the visitor. In addition, the conventional system cannot determine the identity of the visitor without disclosing the fact that someone is present inside the house. Further, even with an intercom facility it is not always possible to ascertain with certainty that the person outside the entrance is a person the resident would want to admit inside the house or even to have a conversation with the person.

One prior art solution is to install a closed circuit television system camera at the entrance connected via wiring to a closed circuit TV monitor located within the residence. Such systems tend to be bulky and expensive, and often require technical expertise to install correctly. Another disadvantage of the closed circuit television system is the requirement for additional wiring which may be a substantial expense in many kinds and sizes of residences.

Another prior art solution comprises a unit resembling a desktop telephone having a handset and a display and a second unit resembling a small intercom type unit having a small TV camera, a speaker microphone and a operating control. The camera unit is mounted adjacent the entrance to the residence and the desktop unit is located somewhere within the residence. The two units are connected via dedicated wiring and allows monitoring the entrance and permits two-way communication with the person at the entrance who has rung the doorbell. The call button on the outdoor camera unit may activate an indoor door chime, the camera, and an intercom if it is desired to do so. Even if the visitor does not press the call button but merely knocks on the door, the system has a monitor mode whereby the person inside can activate the camera to provide a visual image of the visitor. This video door phone has the same disadvantage the conventional closed circuit television systems does in that it also requires special wiring and expertise to connect the camera unit to the inside desktop monitoring unit.

Video door chime products similar to those described in the preceding paragraph are also available in versions having a wireless interface between an entry station outside a residence and a receiving station within the residence. While these units provide an alternative to a system that requires the installation of wiring or cabling, such systems tend to be expensive or subject to interference effects with the RF transmission, of the type often encountered with cordless phone products. Such interference can be more troublesome with wireless units because of the greater bandwidth demands placed on a video monitoring system.

What is needed is a system for providing communication between a visitor at an entrance to a residence or business that overcomes the disadvantages noted above and which may be easily installed by a homeowner of average mechanical skills.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, there are described herein systems configured to utilize the existing wiring of a conventional doorbell system, including an adapter for configuring a doorbell wiring circuit for use with any data communications device, so that the system or device will be easy to install in existing residences. Such a system would be inexpensive and readily marketed as a turnkey system to enable homeowners of average mechanical skills to retrofit the doorbell wiring of existing residences for enhanced utility.

Thus, an apparatus and method are disclosed for converting any type of low voltage alternating current (AC) wiring circuit to a high speed data communications link, comprising a primary coupling circuit and a secondary coupling circuit. The primary circuit provides low voltage AC power to the low voltage wiring circuit and couples data signals between the low voltage AC wiring circuit and the high voltage AC power line. The secondary circuit provides low voltage AC power to the data communications device and couples high speed data signals between the data device and the low voltage AC wiring circuit. This embodiment enables converting any type of low voltage AC, control or signaling circuit found in a typical residence, such as used in a door chime, home security, or HVAC system, to a high speed data communications link.

In another aspect, an exemplary apparatus for converting a doorbell wiring circuit to a data communications link is provided comprising an entry unit coupled to the doorbell wiring circuit at an entrance of a building. Data signals are coupled from a video camera at the entry unit via the doorbell wiring circuit to a transceiver unit coupled to the doorbell wiring circuit at terminals of a door chime unit in the building. The transceiver further comprises a receiving circuit, for receiving the signal output from the doorbell wiring circuit and converting the signal output to wireless data, and a transmitting circuit for transmitting the wireless data to a monitor unit within the building.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein is presented in two forms. The embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings have several features to solve the problem of providing a video doorbell or a high speed data communications link on an existing low voltage AC wiring circuit in a residence. The described apparatus may be retrofitted without additional wiring. Briefly stated, the invention maximizes the use of the existing low voltage wiring, supplementing it with devices to provide the additional communications paths needed. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1 and 3, a system for converting the wiring for activating a door chime or doorbell to a video monitoring system comprises two separate units, an entry station which replaces or connects to the original doorbell button, and a transceiver unit which is installed at or near the existing chime assembly within the residence. The transceiver receives the data from the entry station or unit and transmits the data to a video monitor unit via a wired or a wireless communications link. The video monitor unit may illustratively be a conventional television set equipped with a set top box, a base phone with a video display, a cordless phone having a video display, or a personal computer equipped with a receiving unit that couples to the PC via a USB terminal or other monitor device coupled via a power line link such as HomePlug® , for example. Alternatively, a wireless link may be used such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has recently authorized at very limited power levels for use in the band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 Ghz, for example.

In a second form, the embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 4, any existing low voltage AC control or signaling circuit in a residence or other small building unit may be adapted to provide a high speed data communications link without having to install new wiring to provide the data link. InFIGS. 2 and 4, the system for converting the low voltage AC wiring circuit comprises two separate units, a primary coupler which converts the high voltage AC of the house wiring to a low voltage and provides a separate, isolated data path, is coupled between one end of the low voltage AC wiring circuit and the standard high voltage AC line in the residence. A second apparatus, called a secondary coupler, couples between the opposite end of the low voltage AC wiring circuit and provides separate terminals for the filtered, stepped-down AC voltage to power the connected device and to provide an isolated, high speed data port for the connected data device. This embodiment provides a general example of the invention that may be adapted to couple a variety of data communication devices to a low voltage AC wiring circuit.

Referring toFIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram of a system10comprising an entry unit12coupled to a transceiver unit14via a two-wire, low voltage AC line16used as both a high speed data link and a circuit for providing 12 to 18 Volts AC (VAC) to the entry unit12. The transceiver unit14is coupled to terminals of an existing door chime transformer18via wires22and24, and to terminals of a door chime20via wires26and28. The connections to the door chime20are typically to terminals of a solenoid or other activating device that causes the chime to sound upon receiving a triggering signal. The transformer18is connected to the 120 VAC power line—the standard power line present in most homes in the U.S.A. today—via wires30and32. Persons skilled in the art will readily note that the systems described herein may be used in residences or buildings having other AC line voltages such as 220 VAC or 240VAC merely by revising the step-up or step-down ration of a transformer in the coupling unit, to be described. A doorbell button34is connected to the entry unit12via the wires36and38. A monitor unit40may be provided elsewhere in the residence which receives and displays signals representing a video image transmitted from the transceiver unit14via the RF link42. The RF wireless link42may be implemented by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, and the like. Alternatively, the RF link42may be provided by a wired link (not shown inFIG. 1) as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. Examples may include USB, Firewire, HomePlug® , etc.

In a conventional door chime system, the pair of wires, (which will be re-wired as the low voltage AC line16, in the description to follow) that connect the chime unit20and its door chime transformer18(which steps down the household AC power line voltage from 120 VAC to approximately 18 VAC) forms a series circuit extending from one side of the low voltage secondary winding of the door chime transformer18through the SPST doorbell switch in series, and though the solenoid winding (not shown) or other activating circuit (not shown) for the door chime20to the other side of the low voltage secondary winding of the transformer18. Thus, the two wires one finds in the wall of the household or residence actually provide a series path that includes the doorbell button and connects one side of the secondary winding of transformer20to one side of the door chime solenoid.

In the conversion of this two wire doorbell button circuit to a high speed data communications link, these two wires are wired differently—as a pair of wires that couple both sides of the secondary winding of the low voltage transformer located inside the residence to the entry unit located outside the residence near an entrance. In this way, the converted circuit—low voltage AC line16—provides both the low voltage AC power to the entry unit and the high speed data communications link between the entry unit12and the transceiver unit14. The low voltage AC line16may be utilized to implement any of several types of power line carrier systems for high speed data communication including, but not limited to HomePlug® , CEBus, etc. The doorbell button34is then re-connected to the entry unit12via the wires36,38. The advantage of this design is that no separate wiring needs to be installed in the residence to connect the entry unit device(s) outside the residence to the transceiver unit within the residence, thus eliminating a major cost factor and greatly simplifying installation, usually well within the capability of a homeowner familiar with the use of simple hand tools. The present invention also enables a variety of devices to be converted in a typical home environment without having to pull additional wiring to install the link between the units of the system being installed.

Referring toFIG. 2, there is illustrated a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention, a more generalized system50for converting a low voltage AC wiring circuit56to a high speed data communications link. The system50includes a primary coupler52coupled to a secondary coupler54via the two-wire, low voltage AC line56used as both a high speed data link and a circuit for providing 12 to 18 Volts AC (VAC) to a connected data device such as an entry unit64or other device. The upstream or high voltage side of the primary coupler52is coupled via wires60,62to the high voltage AC power line at terminals80,82respectively. The high voltage AC power line connected to the terminals80,82may in turn be connected to, or have connected to it, any number of power line data communications devices, represented by a monitor (or other) unit58, that may communicate with the entry or other unit64. The use of the AC power line as a medium for the connection of high speed data communications devices is well known, as represented by the HomePlug® , CEBus, and other standard specifications. In the embodiments described herein, the entry unit64and the monitor unit58ofFIG. 2(as well as the corresponding structures in the other illustrative examples) may be devices that are constructed and utilized in compliance with the HomePlug® specification, for example.

Continuing withFIG. 2, the low voltage AC power provided on the line56may be coupled from secondary coupler54via the nodes66,68to the entry unit64. Similarly, the high speed data (also referred to as the RF data herein) may be coupled from the secondary coupler via the nodes70,72to the entry unit64. As will be described in conjunction withFIG. 4, the secondary coupler provides separate, isolated circuits for the low voltage (and low frequency) AC voltage and the high speed (and high frequency) data signals to the connected entry (or other) unit64. Further, the primary coupler52provides both a stepped-down AC voltage to the line56and an isolated, bidirectional RF data path along the line56for use by the connected data device or entry unit64. The entry unit64may be equipped with a control button74coupled to the entry unit64via first76and second78wires. Such control button74may be used to provide a triggering signal for operating a chime or other device.

As should be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art, the system50represented by the second embodiment illustrated inFIG. 2, may be adapted for many applications requiring the conversion of a low voltage AC power line or control line to a high speed data communications link. In the description accompanyingFIG. 4herein below, apparatus for one embodiment of the primary and secondary couplers52,54will be described in detail. Although some of the component values are provided, persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the circuits ofFIG. 4are readily adaptable for coupling data communications devices that are operable on a low voltage AC wiring circuit to the conventional high voltage AC power line circuits, in any of the standard line voltages or frequencies available world wide.

Referring toFIG. 3, there is illustrated a block diagram of one implementation of the embodiment ofFIG. 1adapted to provide a retrofitted video entrance monitor system100based on a residential door chime system. The wiring for the door chime is converted to a high speed communications data link according to the present invention. The entry station102may include such structures as a small CMOS camera, a microphone/speaker unit, a doorbell switch, a digital encoder/decoder for audio/video signals similar to the H.323 (ITU) specification, and a DSL/home plug modem for communication via the existing home doorbell wiring. The entry station102may also include a simple AC/DC power supply circuit to convert the doorbell AC voltage coupled from the transceiver unit104via the low voltage AC line106to the necessary DC voltages to operate the electronics in the entry station. A battery or energy storage capacitor may be included in the entry station to retain DC voltage when the circuit is broken. The aforementioned structures and components are widely and readily available from a variety of sources and will not be described further in detail. The entry station102is connected to an existing terminal of the doorbell switch which leads to one terminal on the secondary side of the doorbell transformer108and typically supplies AC current through the doorbell button124for operating the solenoid (not shown) of the doorbell chime unit110when the doorbell button124is pressed.

In the illustrative embodiment ofFIG. 3, the entry unit102is coupled via the low voltage AC wiring106to the secondary terminals112,114of the doorbell transformer108. The low voltage terminals of the transformer108are, in turn, connected respectively to terminals190,192of the transceiver unit104. The low voltage AC wiring106is connected to terminals148,150of the entry unit102. Within the entry unit102, a digital encoder140includes a communication interface circuit142that is coupled to the terminals148,150(and to the low voltage AC wiring106) through isolation capacitors144,146. Capacitors144,146permit the passage of high frequency data signals, while blocking low frequency AC power voltages. Also coupled to the terminals148,150of the entry unit102through isolating inductors154,156is a power supply152. Power supply152may include an energy storage capacitor or a battery (not shown), a solar energy source, a signal-derived power source or other low voltage circuit technology as an alternative embodiment. The entry unit102may also include a control processor160coupled via a bus166to the encoder140and via a control line174to a video camera170. The doorbell button124may be coupled to the control processor160via lines162,164connected to the terminals126,128of the entry unit102. The control processor160may also be coupled to an audio transducer176via a control/signal line180. The audio transducer176, which may include a separate microphone and loudspeaker or be a single unit having a dual function, may then be coupled to the encoder via a signal line178. In an alternative embodiment to the video camera170and/or the audio transducer176, other devices or sensors such as a motion detector (not shown inFIG. 3) may be provided as an operative feature of the entry unit102.

A transceiver unit104, which is installed near the existing doorbell chime unit110within the residence may also be powered by the 18 volt (nominal) AC secondary voltage of the doorbell transformer108. The transceiver unit104includes a two-way communication interface circuit coupled to the doorbell transformer secondary wiring in order to communicate audio and video data signals between itself and the entry station. The communication interface also operates as a home plug modem and has the ability to modulate and demodulate the respective signals. The transceiver unit104may further include a wireless transceiver system for communicating with the remotely located video monitor unit and display as described previously. The wireless link may, for example, be selected from the group of wireless communications standards including 900 megahertz, 2.4 gigahertz, 5.8 gigahertz, UWB, “Bluetooth,” or WI-FI. In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver104and the video monitor unit130may each be configured as a HomePlug® unit that utilizes the AC power line as a communication medium.

InFIG. 3, the transceiver unit104of the illustrative embodiment includes receiving circuits200, a power supply212, and a transmitting circuit230. The receiving circuits200, which include an A-to-D data converter202, a data receiver204, and the communications interface circuit206, is coupled via isolation capacitors208,210to the terminals190,192. Also connected to the terminals190,192is a power supply212that is connected to the terminals190,192via isolating inductors214,216. The isolating inductors214,216permit the passage of the low frequency AC power signal while blocking the high frequency data signals. An output of the A-to-D converter200is coupled to an input of the transmitting circuit230via a line232. An output of the transmitting circuit230is coupled via a line234to an antenna236for transmitting the data over the RF channel medium132to a video monitor unit130. The terminals116,118of a chime unit, which may be an originally existing chime in the location of the system100, may be coupled to terminals194,196of the transceiver unit104. Operating current for the chime unit may, in the illustrative embodiment, be provided by a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)220having an anode connected to an output240of the power supply212and a cathode connected to the terminal196. A gate control terminal of the SCR is connected to a control output222of the data receiver204, and may, for example, be activated responsive to a data signal transmitted by the control processor160in the entry unit102when the doorbell switch124is pressed.

In several “hands-free” alternate embodiments, the entry unit102may be activated by methods or devices other than a person pressing a button such as the doorbell switch124. For example, doorbell switch124may be replaced by a sensor device (not shown) responsive to motion or infra red thermal energy of a person near the entry unit102. In another alternative embodiment, the presence of changes in the pixel content of a detected image of the video camera170, the video camera170being operated in an “always on” mode, may be detected and used to provide an activation signal to the entry unit102. The doorbell switch124is thus representative of various ways of providing an activation signal to the entry unit102.

In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 3, the structures in the entry unit102and the transceiver unit104containing the encoder140and the receiver/decoder204may be implemented using integrated circuit chips compatible with the HomePlug® 1.0 Specification. Such chips are available from Intellon Corporation (See, www.intellon.com, the INT51XX, for example) or Cogency Semiconductor, Inc. (See www.cogency.com, the CS1100, for example).

The video monitor unit130, though it may not necessarily be part of the present invention may, for example, include a compatible wireless link receiving device (not shown) to receive the video and audio information transmitted by the wireless transceiver and to convert the signals for video or audio reproduction at the respective receiving device. The video monitor unit130may be provided in several ways. Although not illustrated in the present figures, each of the video monitoring devices described are well known and understood. For example, a television set may be equipped with set top box which receives the wireless signal from the transceiver and demodulates it to present the video screen and audio to the TV sound system. Similarly, a base phone may be equipped with a wireless receiving device which demodulates and provides the video and audio to the respective systems in the base phone for reproduction. If the wireless link employs a cordless phone, frequency or channel, a cordless phone equipped with a video display can easily form the interface between receiving the wireless signals from the transceiver and providing the video and audio to the person in the residence. Similarly to the television set embodiment, a personal computer may have an adjunct box which acts as a receiving device for the wireless signals form the transceiver and demodulates them for communication with the PC over a USB link.

In operation, this system is activated when a person desiring entry presses the doorbell switch124to activate the circuitry in the entry unit102and in the transceiver unit104. Upon activation in the entry unit102, the video camera170switches on and the digital encoder/decoder140stands by to convert video and audio signals from the entry unit102for transmission along the doorbell wiring circuit106to the transceiver unit104located within the residence. The signals may be coordinated with the operation of the door chime110or may be transmitted immediately following the release of the doorbell switch124. Upon receiving audio and video signals from the entry unit102, the transmitting circuit230in the transceiver unit104modulates and transmits the wireless signal to the respective monitor unit130for display and communication between the person at the location of the monitor unit130and the person at the entry unit102. If the monitor unit130should be a base phone or a cordless phone and it does not include a video display, an adjunct box may be provided to convert the wireless signals from the transceiver unit104into video and audio for use by the telephone device.

This design for a retrofit video doorbell has several advantages. The obvious advantage is to make use of the existing doorbell wiring to provide the link between the entry unit and the existing chime and a wireless transceiver unit which is connected to the chime for both electrical power and for communication between the units. Communication signals between the transceiver and the receiving station within the residence are conducted over a wireless link selected for the purpose. This system is usable with a variety of receiving devices which may be readily and simply converted with suitable adapters to interface between the wireless signals and the particular receiving device selected by the user.

Referring toFIG. 4, there is illustrated a circuit diagram of one implementation of the primary and secondary couplers to the low voltage AC wiring of the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 2. The coupling system250includes a primary coupler252and a secondary coupler254. The primary coupler is connected between the high voltage AC power line (e.g., 120VAC, though in some applications the power line voltage may be 240 VAC as in other countries of the world) via an AC plug260and a low voltage AC wiring circuit256. The secondary coupler254is connected between the low voltage AC wiring circuit256having conductors306,308and a data communications device via conductors338,340. As described, the low voltage AC wiring256may be a two-wire circuit installed within the walls, or routed in an attic or crawl space, of the building. In the example previously described, the wiring may be wiring for a doorbell circuit, or, in some installations it may be part of the control or signaling circuit of a security or HVAC system in the building.

Continuing withFIG. 4, the primary coupler252will be described. The AC plug260includes pins262,264for each side of the AC line and a ground pin266to enable connecting the primary coupler to a three-wire AC power line circuit in the building of interest. A first pin262is connected to a node268and a second pin264is connected to a node270. The ground pin266may be connected to a chassis terminal or to a ground reference conductor (not shown) in the circuit on the primary side of the high frequency isolation transformer272. Connected between the node268and node270may be a transient absorbing device such as an MOV, type ERZ-VOD471. Connected between the node268and one side of the primary winding274of the high frequency isolation transformer272is a parallel network of a first capacitor278and a first resistor280, forming a high-pass filter for the high frequency data signals. A similar high pass filter network consisting of second capacitor284in parallel with second resistor286may be connected between the node270and the other side of the primary winding274. The secondary winding276of the high frequency isolation transformer272is connected on one side through a third series capacitor301to anode302and on the other side through a fourth series capacitor303to a node304. The third and fourth capacitors301,303provide isolation for the high frequency data signals on the secondary winding of the high frequency isolation transformer272from the low frequency power line voltages that also appear at nodes302,304and on the low voltage AC wiring circuit256.

The portion of the primary coupler252described in the preceding paragraph forms the RF or data signal isolation path of the primary coupler252. Connected in parallel with the high frequency isolation portion of the primary coupler252is a step-down transformer288that converts the high voltage AC present at the AC plug260to a low voltage AC, which may typically be in the range of 12 VAC to 18 VAC, that is connected through first and second isolating inductors298,300to the nodes302,304. The nodes302,304may also function as terminals for connecting the low voltage AC wiring circuit256to the secondary side of the primary coupler252. In this illustrative example, the first and second isolating inductors298,300may each have an inductance value of approximately 10 microhenries (uH), which pass the low frequency AC voltages while blocking the high frequency data signals. Thus, the primary coupler252provides separate, parallel paths through it for the low frequency AC voltage used to provide a source of power to the data communication device connected to the secondary coupler254and for the high frequency data signals received and transmitted by the data communication device.

The secondary coupler254connected between the low voltage AC wiring circuit256and the data communications device (not shown inFIG. 4, but see, e.g., the entry unit64illustrated inFIG. 2described herein above), provides isolated paths for the low voltage AC power and the high frequency data signals to the connected data communications device. The first and second conductors306,308of the low voltage AC wiring circuit256are connected to nodes310and312in the secondary coupler254. Connected between the nodes310,312(and across the low voltage AC power line) are first and second clamping diodes314,316connected in back-to-back fashion to limit transient energy appearing on the low voltage or secondary side of the coupling system250. Node310is connected via line318and through high frequency bypass capacitor334to anode338. Similarly, node312is connected via line320and through high frequency bypass capacitor336to a node340. Lines318,320form the high frequency data signal path through the secondary coupler254to the connected data communications device, which may be connected to the nodes338,340. Also connected to the nodes310,312are first and second filtered paths330,332, which supply low voltage AC power to the connected data communications device (see entry unit64inFIG. 2). The first filtered path330is connected to node310via a third inductor326; the second filtered path332is connected to node312via a fourth inductor328. In this illustrative example, the third and fourth inductors326,328may each have an inductance value of approximately 10 microhenries (uH), which pass the low frequency power line AC (corresponding to the low voltage AC) while blocking the high frequency data signals. The low voltage AC, thus filtered, is provided to the connected data communications device via the first and second filtered paths330,332.

A number of alternative embodiments are possible with the present invention. For example, the entry unit ofFIGS. 1,2, and3may be equipped with a motion detector to activate the circuitry so that it is in a ready condition to provide video and audio information before a person at the entry decides to actually press a push button announcing his or her presence. Thus, a person inside may have the ability to monitor the entry without the knowledge of the person who has triggered the motion detector.

In another embodiment, if a television receiver is used as the monitoring device within the house and the receiver is equipped with picture-in-picture (P-I-P) feature, the P-I-P feature may be used to display the video information from the entry station along with whatever programming is in play at the television set. Further, other receiving devices that provide video and audio signals may be used as substitutes for a television receiver, such as a VCR or DVD recorder which includes a television tuner.

As previously mentioned a number of alternatives are available for the frequency of the wireless link between the transceiver and the receiver in the video monitoring device. In addition, in households having a number of possible monitoring devices, the system may be configured to enable selection of a monitoring device depending upon whether the device is in use or is available for use by the retrofit doorbell system. Moreover, the system may be adapted for remote control by personal computer or integrated into a home security system in such a way as to provide additional functionality and control. An example of the latter, would be the use of the doorbell button on the entry station to activate lighting or other appliances via a home security system such as the X10 system.

While the invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it is not thus limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.