Method of detecting manual trips in an intelligent electronic device

A method of detecting manual trips and reclose operations in an intelligent electronic device, e.g., electronic trip unit or protective relay, is presented. The intelligent electronic device includes a microcontroller and associated memories. An algorithm (program) stored in a memory of the intelligent electronic device detects manual trips when the following conditions are satisfied: (1) no trip event message has been issued by the trip unit within the reaction time required to trip the circuit breaker; (2) current becomes zero on all phases of the line; and (3) voltage downstream from the circuit breaker becomes zero on all phases. Reclose operations are detected when load side voltages on all phases return from 0V to nominal levels of the line side of the breaker.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
 The present invention relates generally to intelligent electronic devices,
 e.g., electronic trip units and protective relays. More specifically, the
 present invention relates to a method of detecting manual open (trip) or
 reclose operations in an intelligent electronic device.
 Intelligent electronic devices are well known. By way of example, an
 electronic trip unit (one such intelligent electronic device) typically
 comprises voltage and current sensors which provide analog signals
 indicative of the power line signals. The analog signals are converted by
 an A/D (analog/digital) converter to digital signals which are processed
 by a microcontroller. The trip unit further includes RAM (random access
 memory), ROM (read only memory) and EEPROM (electronic erasable
 programmable read only memory) all of which interface with the
 microcontroller. The ROM includes trip unit application code, e.g., main
 functionality firmware, including initializing parameters, and boot code.
 The EEPROM includes operational parameters for the application code.
 These electronic trip units have included a feature to count the number of
 trips by category, e.g., instantaneous, short time, long time, ground
 fault, or manual. However, not all manual trips are counted.
 Manual trips are initiated via either remotely issued commands, or locally
 issued commands. Remotely issued commands are received as a network
 command by the trip unit and then executed. Locally issued commands are
 commands to open or close the breaker that are not processed by the trip
 unit, e.g., when an operator turns a breaker handle on or off manually,
 pushes a trip or reclose button or a trip or reclose signal is received
 via an auxiliary contact input to the breaker. Locally issued commands are
 not easily detected and therefore the resulting manual operations are not
 counted. Being able to count all breaker operations whether manual or
 automatic, locally or remotely generated is required to properly assess
 breaker contact wear.
 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
 An electronic trip unit is described herein by way of example only, as the
 present invention applies to other intelligent electronic devices as well.
 The electronic trip unit comprising voltage and current sensors which
 provide analog signals indicative of the power line signals. The analog
 signals are converted by an A/D (analog/digital) converter to digital
 signals which are processed by a microcontroller. The trip unit further
 includes RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory) and EEPROM
 (electronic erasable programmable read only memory) all of which
 communicate with the microcontroller. The ROM includes trip unit
 application code, e.g., main functionality firmware, including
 initializing parameters, and boot code. The application code includes code
 for the manual trip detection algorithm of the present invention. The
 EEPROM includes operational parameters which may be stored in the trip
 unit at the factory, but can also be remotely downloaded.
 In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the manual operation detection
 algorithm detects manual operations initiated via remotely issued commands
 directly. Additionally, the algorithm detects manual operations initiated
 via locally issued commands when the following conditions are satisfied:
 (1) no trip or reclose event message has been issued by the trip unit
 within the reaction time required to operate the circuit breaker
 (trip/open); (2) current becomes zero on all phases of the line; and (3)
 voltage downstream (load side) from the circuit breaker becomes zero on
 all phases (reclose, voltage downstream (load side) from the circuit
 breaker goes from 0V on all phases to nominal voltage on all phases).
 The present invention is useful in determining contact wear. Contact wear
 is directly proportional to the energy dissipated through the contacts as
 breakers are tripped. Additionally, some types of faults have more severe
 affects on contact wear than others, e.g., ground faults will wear down
 circuit breakers more quickly than manual trips. Therefore, it is
 advantageous to the analysis of contact wear that the present invention
 provides for a more accurate determination of the number of total trips
 per fault type by taking into account both the locally issued and remotely
 issued manual trips.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
 Referring to FIG. 1, a general schematic of a trip unit is generally shown
 at 30. It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to
 electronic trip units but is directed to intelligent electronic devices
 capable of controlling circuit breakers in general. Trip unit 30 comprises
 a voltage sensor 32 which provides analog signals indicative of voltage
 measurements on a signal line 34 and a current sensor 36 which provides
 analog signals indicative of a current measurements on a single line 38.
 The analog signals on lines 34 and 38 are presented to an A/D
 (analog/digital) converter 40, which converts these analog signals to
 digital signals. The digital signals are transferred over a bus 42 to a
 microcontroller (signal processor) 44, such being commercially available
 from the Hitachi Electronics Components Group (Hitachi's H8/300 family of
 microcontrollers). Trip unit 30 further includes RAM (random access
 memory) 46, ROM (read only memory) 48 and EEPROM (electronic erasable
 programmable read only memory) 50 all of which communicate with the
 microcontroller 44 over a control bus 52. It will be appreciated that A/D
 converter 40, ROM 48, RAM 46, or any combination thereof may be internal
 to microcontroller 44, as is well known. EEPROM 50 is non-volatile so that
 system information and programming will not be lost during a power
 interruption or outage. Data, typically status of the circuit breaker, is
 displayed by a display 54 in response to display signals received from
 microcontroller 44 over control bus 52. An output control device 56, in
 response to control signals received from microcontroller 44 over control
 bus 52. An output control device 56, in response to control signals
 received from microcontroller 44 over control bus 52, controls a trip
 module or device 58 (e.g., a circuit breaker or a relay) via a line 60.
 Calibration, testing, programming and other features are accomplished
 through a communications I/O port 62, which communicates with
 microcontroller 44 over control bus 52. A power supply 63 which is powered
 by the service electricity, provides appropriate power over a line 64 to
 the components of trip unit 30. ROM 48 includes trip unit application
 code, e.g., main functionality firmware, including initializing
 parameters, and boot code. The application code includes code for a manual
 trip detection algorithm in accordance with the present invention. EEPROM
 50 includes operational parameter code which may be stored in the trip
 unit at the factory, but can also be remotely downloaded as described
 hereinafter. The manual trip detection algorithm is run in real-time and
 is initiated preferably from the boot code at start up.
 In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the algorithm detects manual
 operations of the trip module (breaker) 58 in response to locally issued
 commands at the electronic trip unit 30, e.g., such manual operations
 include an operator turning a breaker handle on or off manually, an
 operator pushing a trip or reclose button or a trip in response to a trip
 signal received from an auxiliary contact input of the breaker. It will be
 appreciated that other trip events, i.e., short time, long time,
 instantaneous, ground fault, or manual trip events in response to remotely
 issued trip commands, are counted or tracked as is known in the prior art.
 Moreover, it will further be appreciated that it is the combination or
 total of operations counts and/or (in the case of trip operations) trip
 types that is useful in determining contact wear of the breaker. In the
 present invention, voltage sensors 32 are located downstream of breaker 58
 (FIG. 1) (for reasons explained hereinafter).
 The algorithm detects the aforementioned manual operations (in response to
 locally issued commands) when the following conditions are satisfied:
 (1) no trip event message has been issued by the trip unit 30 within the
 reaction time required to trip the circuit breaker 58, as determined by
 microcontroller 44 (trip or open commands);
 (2) current, as sensed by current sensors 36, becomes zero on all phases;
 and
 (3) voltage downstream from the circuit breaker 58, as sensed by the
 downstream (load side) voltage sensors, becomes zero on all phases (a
 manual close operation is detected when no reclose command was received by
 the trip unit yet voltage is detected on all phases on the load side of
 the breaker).
 The direction of current would be required when the breaker 58 is being
 back-fed, i.e., reverse current flow. In order to detect the latter of the
 three conditions, voltage sensors 38 are located downstream of breaker 58
 (FIG. 1) as described hereinbefore. When the three conditions are detected
 a signal is then generated indicating the occurrence of a manual trip
 which is counted. This count is used to aid in the assessment of contact
 wear of the breaker or relay, as described hereinbefore.
 With the voltage sensors 32 located downstream of breaker 58, the voltage
 data upstream of breaker 58 is not available when breaker 58 is open.
 Accordingly, in an alternate embodiment of the present invention
 additional voltage sensors 32' are located upstream of breaker 58 (FIG. 2)
 with voltage sensors 32 being located downstream of breaker 58. The
 upstream voltage sensors 32' also provide analog signals indicative of
 voltage measurements on a signal line 72 to A/D converter 40. In this
 example, voltages upstream and downstream of breaker 58 are sensed, even
 when breaker 58 is open. The use of upstream and downstream voltage
 sensors 32', 32 also provides for determining when breaker 58 is being
 back-fed, i.e., reverse currents.
 Referring to FIG. 3, an exemplary embodiment of a flow diagram of the
 manual trip detection algorithm of the present invention is shown
 generally at 80. The manual trip detection algorithm is applied to each of
 the phases of the power lines. The detection algorithm (program) is
 initiated preferably from the boot code at startup, block 82, and proceeds
 immediately to block 84. At block 84 the program determines if voltage is
 nominal at the line and load sides. If voltage is not nominal, then the
 program loops back to block 82 where it starts again, otherwise the
 program flows to block 86. In block 86 the program determines if an
 automatic reclose has occurred. If an automatic reclose has not occurred,
 then the program determines at block 88 if a manual reclose has occurred.
 If an automatic reclose (block 86) or a manual reclose (block 88) has
 occurred, then proceed to block 90, and also increment a total operations
 register at block 92. At block 90 the program determines if an automatic
 trip (including remote manual) has occurred. If an automatic trip has
 occurred, then the program loops back to block 82 where it starts again,
 and the total operations register is also incremented at block 92. If an
 automatic trip has not occurred, then proceed to block 94. At block 94 the
 program determines if current is zero on all phases of the power lines. If
 current is not zero on all phases the program loops back to block 82 where
 it starts again, otherwise the program flows to block 96. At block 96 the
 sensed voltage downstream (load side) from the circuit breaker is checked
 for a zero reading on all phases. If downstream voltages are not zero,
 then the program returns to block 82. Also, in block 96 the sensed voltage
 upstream (line side) from the circuit breaker is checked for a nominal
 voltage reading on all phases. If the upstream voltages are not nominal,
 then the program returns to block 82. If these two conditions are not met,
 then the program flows to block 88. Thereby accounting for back-feeding,
 i.e., current flowing in the reverse direction, which occurs when
 downstream voltage is greater than upstream voltage. All conditions for
 detecting a locally issued manual trip event having been satisfied, the
 program will increment both the total trip operations count register,
 block 92, and a locally issued manual trip count register, block 98. The
 program also returns to block 82 and the above process is continued until
 the unit is shut down.
 A total operations counter (reclose operations, manual trips, all trips or
 by trip types) and/or the occurrence of a manual operation may be
 displayed at the trip unit 30 or at a central computer (not shown). This
 information is useful in assessing contact wear of the circuit breaker,
 such as exemplified in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/221,884
 entitled A Method of Determining Contact Wear In A Trip Unit, filed
 concurrently herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference. As
 described in the above referenced Application, for each operation of an
 energized breaker a measure of the energy dissipated as breakers are
 opened or closed is calculated as (I.sup.2)(T), where I is the contact
 current and T is the contact temperature. This energy dissipation is
 calculated and then summed up in registers of the microcontroller (e.g.,
 at blocks 86, 88 for reclose operations, at block 90 for automatic
 open/trip operations, and at block 98 for manual open/trip operations) for
 each contact and for each fault or operations type, e.g., short-time,
 long-time, ground fault, instantaneous, and manual, to provide cumulative
 energy by fault or operations type or in total.
 In addition to detecting contact wear, the present invention can be used to
 develop a history of contact wear. As cumulative energy dissipated in the
 breaker contacts increases over time contact wear will also increase. This
 information can be used to predict how much of a contact's life is used up
 (or remains).
 A priority ranking of maintenance tasks for maintaining circuit breakers
 may be established based on this information, i.e., which circuit breaker
 will require maintenance first due to the number of trips. Many large
 facilities have hundreds of circuit breakers to maintain. Users typically
 overhaul a certain percentage of their circuit breakers annually.
 Therefore accurately prioritizing the order in which individual circuit
 breaker problems should be addressed will allow for more effective use of
 limited resources, and help decrease facility down time.
 While preferred embodiments have been shown and describe, various
 modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from
 the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood
 that the present invention has been described by way of illustration and
 not limitation.