VERSATILE RF CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MANIPULATING OPTICAL SIGNALS, AN OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SUCH A VERSATILE RF CONTROL SYSTEM AND AN OPTICAL SYSTEM AND A MEASURING DEVICE WITH SUCH AN OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT

A versatile RF control system (1) is used for generating an RF signal (2) for manipulating optical signals (73) or for controlling quantum systems. The RF signal (2) can be adjusted by the versatile RF control system (1) in frequency, phase and amplitude in further ranges according to a user specification. This also includes modulations of the RF signal (2) in order to be able to imprint the properties of the RF signal (2) on an optical signal (73), for example. The versatile RF control system (1) can be operated in a controlled mode (first operating mode) and in a static (uncontrolled) mode (second operating mode). In controlled mode, modulation errors on the (optical) transmission path (75) can be compensated. In uncontrolled mode, modulation errors in the (optical) transmission path (75) can be detected. Due to the modular design, any number of RF signals (2) can be generated independently of each other.

The disclosure relates to a versatile RF control system for manipulating optical signals, an optical arrangement of such a versatile RF control system and an optical system, and a measuring device with such an optical arrangement.

In many setups for the investigation of quantum phenomena, quantum systems and also the operation of some types of quantum computers, in particular those realized with ultracold atoms or ions, there is a need for arbitrarily modulatable signal sources in order to perform the necessary manipulations of the quantum states.

To this end, signal sources in the RF and optical range are used. Typically, optical signals are not modulated directly at the optical signal source. Instead, RF signal sources and unmodulated, fixed-frequency optical sources are used and the RF signals are modulated onto the optical signal using a modulator (acousto-optical modulators, electro-optical modulators).

Due to the complex structure of such equipment, the signals are typically transported to the point of use over longer signal paths and are subject to various effects along the signal path that reduce signal integrity. For example, the power of the modulated signals often fluctuates due to temperature fluctuations in the crystalline media used for modulation or due to thermal drift effects. In fiber couplers, which are used to couple the optical signals into optical fibers. During the signal propagation of the modulated signals in an optical fiber, the phase and frequency of the signal is changed by linear and non-linear effects due to temperature and pressure fluctuations.

Subsequent compensation or subsequent offsetting of modulation errors is not possible when using modulated signals in quantum applications, as the quantum system has already interacted with the signal and information read back from the quantum system may be corrupted.

Active control systems are therefore required that allow the various modulation parameters of a single signal to be stabilized. An important prerequisite for their use is that the various modulation parameters can typically only be measured at different points in an apparatus. In addition, a high degree of flexibility is necessary in order to meet changing requirements when operating quantum-based measuring equipment or quantum computers.

A very compact design with as few external components as possible is therefore necessary, in particular to promote the scalability of quantum systems for commercial applications such as quantum computing.

It is therefore the task of the present disclosure to provide a very compact structure with as few external components as possible in order to be able to generate the necessary modulatable signals.

The task is solved by the versatile RF control system according to claim1, as well as by an optical arrangement of a versatile RF control system and an optical system according to claim31, as well as by a measuring device with such an optical arrangement according to claim35. Claims2to30contain further embodiments of the versatile RF control system. Claims32to34contain further embodiments of the optical arrangement.

In particular, the present disclosure provides a solution as to how an arbitrarily modulatable signal (and also several signals relative to each other) can be specifically adjusted in all its modulation parameters and can also be stabilized by mutually independent control loops. The described arrangement with as few external interfaces as possible allows the user a flexible and easily scalable solution to ensure signal integrity in complex quantum systems and their control architectures.

The versatile RF control system according to the disclosure comprises a central control module and at least one module group. The at least one module group can be used to generate an RF signal, which can be used to manipulate optical signals, in particular to control quantum systems. The at least one module group comprises an RF generation module, a reference signal generation module and a control module.

The central control module is configured to receive parameters for the RF signal to be generated by the at least one module group. In particular, these parameters may be specifications for the frequency, the phase and/or the amplitude of the RF signal to be generated. The central control module is configured to use the received parameters to generate control variables for the RF generation module of the at least one module group and to transmit them to the RF generation module of the at least one module group. The control variable can, for example, be a frequency word for a DDS. The central control module is also configured to use the received parameters to generate control variables for the reference signal generation module of the at least one module group and to transmit them to the reference signal generation module of the at least one module group. In this case, the control variable can, for example, be a time characteristic of a waveform, in particular for an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG).

The RF generation module is configured to generate a first phase reference signal and a carrier signal on the basis of the at least one received control variable and to transmit the first phase reference signal to the control module. The carrier signal is preferably a sinusoidal signal. The first phase reference signal is preferably a sinusoidal signal. The reference signal generation module is configured to generate a second phase reference signal and an amplitude reference signal on the basis of the at least one received control variable and to transmit them to the control module.

The control module comprises a phase manipulation unit and an amplitude manipulation unit. The phase manipulation unit comprises a phase detection unit and a phase control unit. The phase detection unit is configured to receive the first phase reference signal and a measured phase signal and to form a phase difference from these signals and transmit it to the phase control unit as a phase difference signal. Such “transmission” takes place in a first operating mode of the phase control unit, which is explained in the following. Such “transmission” is optional in a second operating mode of the phase control unit. The measured phase signal can, for example, originate from an optical phase detection setup by means of a photodiode. In this case, the measured phase signal is an electrical signal that contains the phase information of the optical signal.

A phase control unit is also provided. The phase control unit is configured to receive the phase difference signal and the second phase reference signal in a first operating mode of the phase control unit, to generate a phase control signal therefrom and to transmit the phase control signal to the phase control unit. Therefore, in the first operation mode, the phase control unit operates in a controlled mode to minimize a detected phase deviation (e.g., via the photodiode). The phase control unit is also configured to transmit an adjustable phase control signal, which is independent of the phase difference signal, to the phase control unit in a second operating mode. In the second operating mode, the phase control unit operates in an uncontrolled mode. In this case, a constant value can be specified for the phase control signal, for example in order to be able to observe fluctuations in an optical transmission path. Preferably, the respective first or second operating mode can be selected by a user via the central control module. If a phase control signal is set, this value and optionally a time course of this value can preferably be specified by the user via the central control module.

An amplitude control unit is provided. The amplitude control unit is configured to receive the amplitude reference signal and a measured amplitude signal in a first operating mode of the amplitude control unit and to generate an amplitude control signal therefrom and to transmit the amplitude control signal to the amplitude control unit. The measured amplitude signal can be obtained, for example, by determining an optical power using a photodiode. In this case, the measured amplitude signal is an electrical signal that contains the intensity information of the optical signal. In the first operating mode, the amplitude control unit therefore operates in a controlled mode in order to minimize a detected intensity deviation (e.g. via the photodiode). The amplitude control unit is also configured to transmit an adjustable amplitude control signal that is independent of the measured amplitude signal to the amplitude control unit in a second operating mode. In this case, operation is uncontrolled. In this case, a constant value can be specified for the amplitude control signal in order to be able to observe intensity fluctuations of an optical transmission path, for example. If an amplitude control signal is set, this value and optionally a time course of this value can preferably be specified by the user via the central control module. Preferably, the respective first or second operating mode can be selected by a user via the central control module.

It is easily possible for the first or second operating mode of the phase control unit to be selected independently of the first or second operating mode of the amplitude control unit. The same also applies to the first or second operating mode of the amplitude control unit, which can be selected independently of the selected first or second operating mode of the phase control unit.

The phase control unit is configured to receive the carrier signal and the phase control signal and to generate a phase-manipulated carrier signal therefrom and to transmit the phase-manipulated carrier signal to the amplitude control unit. The carrier signal is manipulated with the aid of the phase control signal. The amplitude control unit is configured to receive the phase-manipulated carrier signal and the amplitude control signal and to generate and output the RF signal from them. This RF signal is preferably used to manipulate, in particular to change the frequency, phase and/or amplitude of an electromagnetic signal, i.e. in particular an optical signal. The RF signal is phase and amplitude modulated (if a corresponding modulation is activated).

Alternatively, the amplitude control unit is configured to receive the carrier signal and the amplitude control signal and to generate an amplitude-manipulated carrier signal therefrom and to transmit the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal to the phase control unit, whereby the phase control unit is configured to receive the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal and the phase control signal and to generate and output the RF signal therefrom. The carrier signal is manipulated with the aid of the amplitude control signal. This RF signal is preferably used to manipulate, in particular to change the frequency, phase and/or amplitude of an electromagnetic signal, i.e. in particular an optical signal. The RF signal is phase and amplitude modulated (if a corresponding modulation is activated).

The versatile RF control system according to the disclosure makes it possible to control all properties of an optical signal with just a single RF signal. The existing control system means that any errors that occur in the optical transmission path can be compensated for very quickly. As the control can be switched on and off at any time, it is possible to compensate for errors in the optical transmission path and to monitor errors occurring in the optical transmission path. Since the RF signal can be set arbitrarily in terms of its properties, modulation can also be applied to the RF signal, for example to perform operations in quantum computers. Without the additional regulation, a modulated RF signal would be subject to errors on the (optical) transmission path that could no longer be compensated for, which would falsify a calculation result, for example when using the versatile RF control system in quantum computers. Only through the use of stabilized and/or controlled modulation of (optical) signals is the repeatable execution of computing operations in quantum computers and the repeatable manipulation of quantum states in quantum systems possible. Due to its design, it is possible to address a wide variety of optical setups and other applications for the manipulation of quantum states in quantum systems with a single RF control system according to the disclosure. This flexible use is particularly advantageous for users when applications change, because the RF control system can then continue to be used directly without replacement.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, a clock generation module is provided. The clock generation module comprises at least one first clock generation unit, which is configured to generate a first reference clock and output it to the RF generation module of the at least one module group. The RF generation module of the at least one module group is configured to generate the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal using the same first reference clock. The first reference clock can, for example, be an analog sinusoidal signal or a digital square wave signal. The clock generation module can be, for example, a DDS, a VCO or a PLL. By using the first (common) reference clock for generating the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal, there is a deterministic phase relationship between the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal. The clock generation module is also preferably configured to make the first reference clock available to several or all existing module groups. As a result, there is a deterministic phase relationship between the respective carrier signals and the respective first phase reference signals of different module groups.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the clock generation module comprises at least one second clock generation unit, which is configured to generate a second reference clock and output it to the reference signal generation module of the at least one module group. The reference signal generation module of the at least one module group is configured to generate the amplitude reference signal and the second phase reference signal using the same second reference clock. The second reference clock can, for example, be an analog sinusoidal signal or a digital square wave signal. The clock generation module can, for example, be configured to generate the second reference clock by dividing the first reference clock with a frequency divider. By using the second (common) reference clock to generate the amplitude reference signal and the second phase reference signal, there is a deterministic phase relationship between the amplitude reference signal and the second phase reference signal. The clock generation module is also preferably configured to make the second reference clock available to several or all existing module groups. As a result, there is a deterministic phase relationship between the respective amplitude reference signals and the respective second phase reference signals of different module groups.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal of the at least one module group are identical. The term “identical” is to be understood as meaning that the phase and the frequency of the carrier signal do not differ from the phase and the frequency of the first phase reference signal. The carrier signal and the first phase reference signal can therefore be generated by a common signal source (e.g. DDS, DAC), with a power divider splitting the generated signal into the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal. This enables a favorable synthesis with high phase stability. A low power consumption of the RF generation module is also provided in the event that the phase comparison frequency for the phase detection unit corresponds to the frequency of the carrier signal. Optionally, the amplitude of the carrier signal also corresponds to the amplitude of the first phase reference signal. However, the amplitudes of the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal could also be selected differently in order to achieve optimum modulation of the phase detection unit.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal of the at least one module group are arithmetically linked to one another, with the link relating to frequency, phase and/or amplitude.

In particular, this link can be established via a specification by the central control module. This specification can be made by the user. The arithmetic link can only apply for a certain period of time. An “arithmetic link” means, for example, a defined relationship between the frequency of the carrier signal and the frequency of the first phase reference signal. For example, the optical phase detection setup can be realized in a so-called double-pass configuration, so that the frequency of the measured phase signal corresponds to twice the frequency of the RF signal applied to the modulator. For phase detection, it is therefore necessary to set the phase comparison frequency to twice the frequency of the carrier signal so that the frequency of the first phase reference signal corresponds exactly to twice the frequency of the carrier signal. Modulation parameters would also be scaled accordingly by an arithmetic operation. In such a case, for example, the modulation depth of a frequency modulation would also be doubled, while the modulation frequency would not be doubled. If the RF signal is subjected to a frequency conversion (e.g. by a frequency conversion unit) before being fed to the modulator, this change must be taken into account accordingly when determining the arithmetic operation between the carrier signal and the first phase reference signal.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the first phase reference signal and the second phase reference signal of the at least one module group are linked to each other, wherein the link relates to frequency, phase and/or amplitude. The “link” would preferably be formed in such a way that either the first phase reference signal or the second phase reference signal is modulated. Simultaneous application of the modulation parameters to the first phase reference signal and the second phase reference signal would result in no modulated phase control signal being generated in order to finally generate a modulation of the RF signal, because the modulations would cancel each other out within the control loop in the phase control unit. In particular, this link can be established via a specification by the central control module. This specification can be made by the user. The link can only apply for a certain period of time.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the reference signal generation module of the at least one module group comprises a reference conditioning unit. The reference conditioning unit is configured to generate the amplitude reference signal from at least a first and a second signal and preferably to output it to the control module, wherein the first signal is different from the second signal. For example, the first signal can have a ramp-shaped curve or approximate a ramp-shaped curve, while the second signal may correspond to a periodically modulated signal. This makes it easier for the user to specify a signal amplitude curve. It is also possible to switch off or change at least one of the signals, while the other signal is still present and does not need to be specified again. In particular, the “specifications” can be a waveform that the reference signal generation module receives via the central control module. The reference conditioning unit can be analog or digital.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the phase manipulation unit of the at least one module group comprises the phase control unit, wherein the phase control unit is of analog design, in particular by using an analog phase shifter or a mixer.

In another further development of the versatile RF control system, the RF generation module of the at least one module group comprises the phase adjustment unit, wherein the phase adjustment unit comprises a DSP unit (digital signal processing) and a frequency synthesis unit. Preferably, the necessary phase change is calculated in the DSP unit and transferred to the frequency synthesis unit. For example, the frequency synthesis unit can be realized by a DDS and the DSP would determine a new phase word and transmit it to the DDS.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the amplitude manipulation unit of the at least one module group comprises the amplitude control unit, wherein the amplitude control unit is implemented in an analog design, in particular by using at least one amplifier and/or at least one adjustable attenuator. The attenuator can be a VVA, for example. Preferably, the analog design would be selected in order to deteriorate the SNR (signal to noise ratio) as little as possible.

In another further development of the versatile RF control system, the RF generation module of the at least one module group comprises the amplitude control unit, wherein the amplitude control unit comprises a DSP unit and a frequency synthesis unit. The necessary amplitude change is calculated in the DSP unit and transferred to the frequency synthesis unit. For example, the frequency synthesis unit can be realized by a DAC and the DSP unit would determine a new setting word and transmit it to the DAC.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the central control module is configured to receive at least one operating parameter. The central control module is configured to control the phase control unit of the at least one module group depending on the received at least one operating parameter in such a way that it operates in the first or second operating mode or changes the operating mode. This “change” can also take place during operation. The central control module is also configured to control the amplitude control unit of the at least one module group depending on the received at least one operating parameter in such a way that it operates in the first or second operating mode or changes the operating mode. This “change” can also take place during operation. The operating parameter can be preset by a user. In the simplest case, the operating parameter can be a digital trigger signal, whereby the first operating mode or the second operating mode is selected depending on the logic state. Changing the operating mode within the amplitude control unit is particularly possible if controlled operation is only required for a short time and the intensity of an optical signal is greatly altered. The resulting temperature changes in the crystalline material of the modulator reduce the maximum achievable optical power. If you switch to uncontrolled operation (second operating mode) when the controlled amplitude control signal is not required, the crystalline modulator can be preheated by applying the resulting RF signal so that the maximum transmittable power of an optical transmission path is increased.

In an further development of the versatile RF control system, the central control module is configured to receive at least one control parameter. The central control module is configured to configure the phase control unit of the at least one module group as a function of the received at least one control parameter such that a controller type of the phase control unit of the at least one module group can be defined from one of a plurality of controller types and/or that a transfer function of the phase control unit of the at least one module group can be defined, which describes a generation of the phase control signal from a difference between the phase difference signal and the second phase reference signal. The controller types may in particular be a selection between a P, PI, PID controller or a related controller type. Preferably, the user can select the desired controller type via an input screen. The transfer function can be determined, for example, by specifying the P gain, the I gain and/or the D gain. Preferably, the user can enter the corresponding transfer function, i.e. the P-gain, the I-gain and/or the D-gain, via an input screen. The central control module is also configured to configure the amplitude control unit of the at least one module group depending on the received at least one control parameter in such a way that a controller type of the amplitude control unit of the at least one module group can be defined from one of several controller types and/or that a transfer function of the amplitude control unit of the at least one module group can be defined, which describes a generation of the amplitude control signal from a difference between the measured amplitude signal and the amplitude reference signal. The controller types can in particular be a selection between a P, PI, PID controller or a related controller type. Preferably, the user can select the desired controller type via an input screen. The transfer function can be determined, for example, by specifying the P gain, the I gain and/or the D gain. Preferably, the user can enter the corresponding transfer function, i.e. the P-gain, the I-gain and/or the D-gain, via an input screen.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the amplitude manipulation unit of the at least one module group comprises an amplitude calibration unit. The amplitude calibration unit comprises a first, second and/or third calibration stage. An input signal can be fed to the amplitude calibration unit, the amplitude calibration unit being designed using the first, second and/or third calibration stage to generate and output the measured amplitude signal from the feedable input signal. The first calibration stage is configured to add a first offset value to the supplied input signal in order to shift the supplied input signal. The second calibration stage is configured to amplify an input signal of the second calibration stage. The third calibration stage is configured to add a second offset value to an input signal of the third calibration stage in order to shift the input signal of the third calibration stage. For example, the calibration unit can be realized by an instrumentation amplifier with adjustable gain, as well as a first and a second adjustable voltage source. The input signal to be calibrated is preferably connected to the non-inverting input of the instrumentation amplifier, while the first adjustable voltage source is connected to the inverting input of the instrumentation amplifier. This allows, for example, the dark current of a photodiode, which converts the intensity of the optical signal into an electrical signal, to be compensated and the zero point of the sensor to be calibrated. The sensitivity of the input signal to be calibrated can be adjusted by amplifying the instrumentation amplifier. By using the amplitude calibration unit, differences in the sensitivities of different photodiodes can be compensated once in a simple manner without having to rescale the amplitude reference signals of different module groups in the first operating mode of the amplitude control unit. Finally, the reference potential for the measured amplitude signal can be determined by applying the second adjustable voltage source to the reference node of the instrumentation amplifier. A shift in the reference potential may be necessary in order to exploit an optimized dynamic range of an ADC (analogue digital converter) for digitizing the measured amplitude signal.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, a first bias tee is provided in the at least one module group. The first bias tee is configured to superimpose a first DC voltage on an incoming phase signal. This allows an operating voltage to be supplied to a photodiode. The first bias tee is also configured to output only an alternating component of the incoming phase signal as a measured phase signal to the phase detection unit, because only the alternating component contains the phase information.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the at least one module group comprises a first DC voltage source which is configured to generate the first DC voltage for the first bias tee of the at least one module group and to transmit it to the first bias tee of the at least one module group. This first DC voltage corresponds to the operating voltage of the photodiode. The central control module is configured to receive at least one first bias parameter. The central control module is configured to control the first DC voltage source of the at least one module group as a function of the received first bias parameter in such a way that it generates the desired first DC voltage. The first bias parameter can, for example, be specified by a user. The first DC voltage source can, for example, be a DAC or an adjustable LDO (low dropout regulator).

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, a second bias tee is provided in the at least one module group. The second bias tee is configured to superimpose a second DC voltage on the RF signal. The second bias tee is further configured to output the RF signal superimposed with the second DC voltage. The second DC voltage is used to set the operating point of the (optical) modulator.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the at least one module group comprises a second DC voltage source, wherein the second DC voltage source is configured to generate the second DC voltage for the second bias tee of the at least one module group and to transmit it to the second bias tee of the at least one module group. The central control module is configured to receive at least one second bias parameter. The central control module is configured to control the second DC voltage source of the at least one module group as a function of the received second bias parameter in such a way that it generates the desired second DC voltage. The second bias parameter can be specified by a user. The second DC voltage source can, for example, be a DAC or an adjustable LDO (low dropout regulator).

In another further development of the versatile RF control system, the at least one module group comprises a bias point control unit. The bias point regulator unit is configured to receive a bias point reference signal and a measured bias point signal. The bias point control unit is configured to generate the second DC voltage in such a way that the deviation between the bias point reference signal and the measured bias point signal is less than a threshold value. The bias point control unit is configured to transmit the second DC voltage to the second bias tee. Tracking of the second DC voltage by the bias point control unit is necessary, for example, to compensate for temperature-related drifts in the operating point of the (optical) modulator. The bias point control unit can comprise a P, PI or PID controller. A PI controller is preferably used.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the at least one module group comprises a frequency conversion unit. The frequency conversion unit is configured to receive a local oscillator signal and the RF signal. The frequency conversion unit is configured to change a frequency of the RF signal by mixing it with the local oscillator signal and then to output the RF signal. In optical applications, such as spectroscopy of atoms, typically only very narrow-band modulations are required, so that the entire signal path does not have to be high-frequency. This saves costs and improves the noise behavior of the frequency-shifted RF signal.

In a further development of the offset RF control system, the frequency conversion unit of the at least one module group comprises a filter unit. The filter unit is configured to select a specific sideband and filter the RF signal in order to then output the RF signal. Frequency conversion by means of a mixer produces at least two sidebands, only one of which is actually used and selected by the filter unit. The filter unit can be implemented using an adjustable bandpass, for example. The central control module is configured to receive at least one parameter in the form of a filter parameter. This filter parameter can be specified by a user. The central control module is configured to feed the filter parameter to the filter unit as a control variable, whereby the adjustable bandpass selects a specific sideband.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the versatile RF control system comprises at least one output means, wherein at least one signal of the following group of signals can be output for a user of the versatile RF control system via the at least one output means:a) the second phase reference signal;b) the amplitude reference signal;c) the measured phase signal;d) the measured amplitude signal;e) the phase difference signal;f) a phase error signal between the second phase reference signal and the phase difference signal;g) an amplitude error signal between the amplitude reference signal and the measured amplitude signal;h) the phase control signal;i) the amplitude control signal.

The output of the above signals is serves for monitoring the operation of the RF control system and to detect malfunctions easily and quickly. In addition, these signals can be used to characterize and adjust the RF control system.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the at least one output means of the at least one module group is a user display on a screen, a digital signal output and/or an analog signal output. Each signal can, for example, be output on more than one output means simultaneously.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the RF generation module, the reference generation module and the control module are each integrated in a separate semiconductor chip or in a common semiconductor chip. This reduces the volume and energy consumption. This serves for improving scalability for multi-channel applications. This may be particularly necessary for quantum computers, which have a high number of qubits. The semiconductor chip can have a CMOS structure, for example.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the versatile RF control system comprises a housing. The at least one module group is arranged in a common module frame in the housing of the RF control system. Alternatively, the RF generation module, the reference generation module and the control module of the at least one module group are arranged in at least two or three different module frames in the housing of the RF control system. Defective modules can thus be replaced very easily. At the same time, the versatile RF control system can be easily equipped with the required module groups according to user requirements. Subsequent upgrading or modification of the module groups is also easily possible.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the central control module is arranged in a module frame in the housing of the RF control system. Here only one control module is used within the versatile RF control system, which saves costs and installation volume. In addition, the number of external interfaces required is reduced and simpler synchronization across different module groups is possible, whereby latencies for signal transmission are low and essentially constant.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the clock generation module is arranged in a module frame in the housing of the RF control system. Here only one clock generation module is used within the versatile RF control system, which saves costs and installation volume. At the same time, the same clock signals are supplied to all modules, even across different module groups. This reduces or avoids unfavorable or disruptive phase drifts between modules, even across different module groups.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, a backplane is provided for data exchange between different modules in the different module frames. The RF generation module, the reference signal generation module and the control module of the respective module group are connected to the backplane for mutual data exchange. In addition or alternatively, the central control module and/or the clock generation module are connected to the backplane. The backplane is preferably a PCB arrangement. The individual modules of a module group can communicate with each other and also with the central control module via a common interface. The common interface is preferably a broadband communication interface so that large amounts of data can be transmitted in a short time. In particular, the common interface can be PCI Express or PXI Express. Preferably, the individual modules are hot-swappable. The individual modules are preferably also powered via the backplane.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, a large number of module groups are provided in order to generate and output several RF signals independently of each other. Such a modular structure is supports quantum systems that usually require more than one RF signal source. Because each module group generates a single RF signal independently of another module group, the electrical properties (e.g. frequency, phase, amplitude) of the individual RF signals can be adjusted individually, i.e. independently of each other, precisely according to requirements. Depending on the number of RF signal sources required, the necessary number of module groups is installed in the versatile RF control system. This number can be varied as required due to the modular design.

In a further development of the versatile RF control system, the RF signal can be fed to a quantum system in particular via an antenna and/or a cable arrangement. In this case, no optical signal is manipulated by the generated RF signal. Instead, the RF signal can be used to manipulate quantum states in a quantum system. Non-conducted transmission, in particular via the antenna, may be used e.g., if the quantum system is located in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. This eliminates the need for a line feed into the ultra-high vacuum environment, thereby reducing costs. Conducted feeds, on the other hand, are particularly suitable for quantum systems that are arranged on semiconductor chips.

The optical arrangement according to the disclosure comprises the versatile RF control system and an optical system. The optical system has at least one acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator. The RF signal of the at least one module group generated by the versatile RF control system can be fed as an input signal to an input of the at least one acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator. This allows signal characteristics of the RF signal to be impressed on the optical signal. In particular, the frequency, amplitude and phase of the optical signal can be manipulated.

In a further development of the optical arrangement, a first photodiode is provided, wherein the first photodiode is configured to generate the measured phase signal of the at least one module group indirectly or directly and to transmit it to the phase detection unit of the at least one module group. “Indirect” generation means that further elements are present in the signal path between the first photodiode and the phase detection unit, such as the first bias tee and/or an amplifier unit. The supply voltage of this first photodiode can be set by the first bias tee of the corresponding module group. “Direct” generation means that the signal path between the first photodiode and the phase detection unit is free of further elements. Furthermore, a second photodiode is provided, wherein the second photodiode is configured to generate the measured amplitude signal for the at least one module group and to transmit it directly or indirectly to the amplitude control unit of the at least one module group. An “indirect” transmission means that further elements are present in the signal path between the second photodiode and the amplitude control unit, such as the amplitude calibration unit and/or an amplifier unit. By “direct” transmission it is meant that the signal path between the second photodiode and the amplitude control unit is free of further elements.

In a further development of the optical arrangement, a common photodiode is provided, wherein the common photodiode is configured to generate both the measured phase signal and the measured amplitude signal indirectly or directly and to transmit them to the respective phase detection unit and the respective amplitude control unit of the at least one module group. With regard to “indirect” generation and “direct” generation, reference is made to the above further development. Costs can be saved by using a common photodiode.

In a further development of the optical arrangement, an output of the at least one acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator can be connected to a quantum system. By applying the RF signal to the at least one acousto-optic or electro-optic modulator, quantum states in the quantum system can be manipulated via the optical signal.

The measuring device according to the disclosure has an optical arrangement. The measuring device according to the disclosure is preferably a vector network analyzer, which is configured to be connected to at least one DUT (device under test). The DUT can have only optical interfaces or a mixture of optical and electrical interfaces. The optical arrangement is configured to generate and transmit the optical signal to the interface to the DUT and/or to receive an optical signal from the interface of the DUT. The versatile RF control system within the optical arrangement is configured to generate an RF signal with which a precisely defined modulated optical signal (in terms of frequency, phase, amplitude) can be generated. By means of the amplitude control unit and the phase control unit within the at least one module group of the versatile RF control system, it is possible to adjust (operating mode2) and/or stabilize (operating mode1) the modulated optical signal at a defined reference plane with regard to frequency, phase and/or amplitude. The reference plane is preferably located at the transition to the DUT.

The versatile RF control system within the optical compound is configured to determine the phase and amplitude information of the optical signal emitted by the DUT by converting the phase information and amplitude information of the optical signal into an electrical signal. The first photodiode can generate the measured phase signal directly or indirectly from the phase information of the optical signal and transmit it to the phase detection unit. The second photodiode can generate the measured amplitude signal directly or indirectly from the amplitude information of the optical signal and transmit it to the amplitude control unit. Preferably, the measured amplitude signal is generated indirectly by the amplitude calibration unit, which is arranged between the second photodiode and the amplitude control unit in order to enable a system error corrector. Once the corresponding module group of the versatile RF control system is adapted to receive phase information and amplitude information from the DUT, the phase control unit is adapted to enter the second operation mode. Furthermore, in this case, the amplitude control unit is also configured to adopt the second operating mode. In principle, it would also be possible to use the common photodiode to receive the phase and amplitude information of the optical signal emitted by the DUT.

FIG.1shows an exemplary embodiment of the versatile RF control system1according to the disclosure. The versatile RF control system1can be used in particular to generate an RF signal2. The RF signal2can be used to manipulate an optical signal73(seeFIG.8). It is also possible that quantum systems, such as quantum computers, can be controlled via the RF signal2.

The versatile RF control system1has a modular structure in order to be flexibly adapted to the current application. This is explained in detail below.

The versatile RF control system1comprises a central control module4. The central control module4can be, for example, a computer, FPGA (field programmable gate array), ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), DSP and/or microcontroller. For example, an output unit such as a computer screen can be connected to the central control module4. An output unit is also understood to mean when the central control module4generates a web page via which an exchange with a user takes place. The central control module4is configured to receive parameters5. In particular, the parameters5are user inputs or specifications that the user makes in order to configure the versatile RF control system1. For example, the user can use the parameters5to specify the frequency, amplitude and phase of the RF signal2to be generated and output. This also includes the specification of a corresponding modulation of the RF signal2.

In addition to the central control module4, the versatile RF control system1comprises at least one module group6. Preferably, there is a large number of module groups6, which can be used to expand the versatile RF control system1. Each module group6is configured to generate a corresponding RF signal2.

The at least one module group6comprises an RF generation module7, a reference signal generation module8and a control module9. In this context, it is emphasized that the use of different modules is merely intended to facilitate the readability and comprehensibility of the description of the versatile RF control system1. In principle, modules can merge into one another, and digital units in particular can be integrated into a common semiconductor chip such as an FPGA or ASIC.

The central control module4is configured to communicate with a large number of module groups6. A user can communicate with the individual module groups6via the central control module4in order to configure the RF signals2to be output. The central control module4is also adapted to communicate with the RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9within a module group6.FIG.1shows such a communication interface in dashed lines.

In the figures, digital communication connections are primarily represented by dashed lines, whereas analog signal paths are represented by solid lines.

The central control module4is configured to generate control variables10for the RF generation module7of the at least one module group6based on the parameters5received (from the user). These control variables10can be transmitted to the RF generation module7. In this case, the control variables10can be specifications for the frequency and phase.

The RF generation module7comprises, for example, a first DSP unit11aand a second DSP unit11b. The RF generation module7also comprises a first frequency synthesis unit12aand a second frequency synthesis unit12b. The RF generation module7is configured to generate a first phase reference signal13by means of the first DSP unit11aand the first frequency synthesis unit12a. The RF generation module7is further configured to generate a carrier signal14by means of the second DSP unit11band the second frequency synthesis unit12b. The first DSP unit11aand the second DSP unit11bare linked to each other via an interface (arithmetically) in order to be able to exchange data. In particular, this interface is a digital interface. The first DSP unit11aand the second DSP unit11bcan be realized in a common FPGA or ASIC.

In addition to the central control module4, the versatile RF control system1comprises a (central) clock generation module15(seeFIGS.6,7). The clock generation module15is configured to generate and provide clock signals for the individual module groups6. Preferably, the individual module groups6share a clock signal.

In this context, the clock generation module15comprises a first clock generation unit (not shown), which is configured to generate a first reference clock16aand to output it to the RF generation module7of the at least one module group6. The RF generation module7of the at least one module group6is configured to generate the phase reference signal13and the carrier signal14using the same first reference clock16a.

The first frequency synthesis unit12aand the second frequency synthesis unit12bmay be integrated in a common semiconductor chip or in a common semiconductor chip package.

In principle, it is conceivable that the first phase reference signal13and the carrier signal14are identical at least in terms of frequency and phase.

The central control module4is configured to generate control variables10for the reference signal generation module8of the at least one module group6on the basis of the parameters5received (from the user). These control variables10can be transmitted to the reference signal generation module8. In this case, the control variables10can be specifications for the signal progression over time.

The reference signal generation module8comprises, for example, a first DSP unit17aand a second DSP unit17b. The reference signal generation module8also comprises a first signal synthesis unit18aand a second signal synthesis unit18b. The reference signal generation module8is configured to generate an amplitude reference signal19by means of the first DSP unit17aand the first signal synthesis unit18a. The reference signal generation module8is further configured to generate a second phase reference signal20by means of the second DSP unit17aand the second frequency synthesis unit17b. The first DSP unit17aand the second DSP unit17bare linked to one another via an interface in order to be able to exchange data. In particular, this interface is a digital interface. The first DSP unit17aand the second DSP unit17bcan be realized in a common FPGA or ASIC.

The first signal synthesis unit18aand the second signal synthesis unit18bcan be integrated in a common semiconductor chip or in a common semiconductor chip housing.

In this context, the clock generation module15comprises a second clock generation unit (not shown), which is configured to generate a second reference clock16band to output it to the reference signal generation module8of the at least one module group6. The reference signal generation module8of the at least one module group6is configured to generate the amplitude reference signal19and the second phase reference signal20using the same second reference clock16b.

The first DSP unit11aof the RF generation module7and the second DSP unit17bof the reference signal generation module8can also be interconnected via a digital interface, so that the first phase reference signal13and the second phase reference signal20can be linked to each other, this link relating to frequency, phase and/or amplitude.

The first DSP unit11aand the second DSP unit12aof the RF generation module7and the first DSP unit17aand the second DSP unit17bof the reference signal generation module8can be realized in a common semiconductor chip, in particular in a common FPGA or ASIC.

In particular, the control module9comprises a phase manipulation unit21and an amplitude manipulation unit22. The phase manipulation unit21comprises a phase detection unit23and a phase control unit24.

The phase detection unit23is adapted to receive the first phase reference signal13. The phase detection unit23is further configured to receive a measured phase signal25. The phase detection unit23is configured to form a phase difference from the first phase reference signal13and the measured phase signal25and to transmit this phase difference to the phase control unit24as a phase difference signal26.

The phase control unit24is configured to be able to be operated in a first operating mode and in a second operating mode. The respective first or second operating mode can be selected in particular by the central control module4, wherein the central control module4is in turn configured to receive a corresponding parameter5from a user, from which the first or second operating mode to be selected is derived. In this case, the parameter5comprises at least one operating parameter which indicates which operating mode is to be selected.

In the first operating mode, the phase control unit24is configured to receive the phase difference signal26and the second phase reference signal20and to generate a phase control signal27therefrom.

The central control module4is also configured to receive in addition to a parameter, in particular in the form of at least one operating parameter, another parameter, in particular in the form of at least one control parameter. This at least one control parameter can also be entered by the user and thus specified. By means of the at least one control parameter, the phase control unit24can be configured differently with regard to its mode of operation in the first operating mode. Preferably, the controller type of the phase control unit24can be selected from a group of several controller types depending on the at least one control parameter. In addition or alternatively, a transfer function can be selectable from a group of transfer functions or a transfer function can be defined, wherein the transfer function describes the generation of the phase control signal27from a difference between the phase difference signal26and the second phase reference signal20. The difference can also be referred to as the phase error signal28(seeFIG.4).

When the phase control unit24is in the second operating mode, the phase control unit24is adapted to output a phase control signal27which is independent of the phase difference signal26. In this case, the phase control signal27to be output can be received by the central control module4via a control variable10. The central control module4is in turn configured to receive the phase control signal27to be output from the user via a parameter5. It is also possible that the phase control signal27to be output is stored in a memory unit within the phase control unit24. The memory unit may, for example, be part of a DAC.

It is again emphasized that it is possible to switch back and forth between the first operating mode and the second operating mode of the phase control unit24during operation of the versatile RF control system1. In particular, the switching back and forth can take place more than 1 time per minute, 10 times, 50 times, 100 times, 500 times or more than 1000 times per minute.

It is also emphasized that, for example, the phase detection unit23and the phase control unit24may be integrated in a common unit.

The phase control signal27can be transmitted to a phase setting unit29by the phase control unit24. The phase setting unit29is configured to receive the carrier signal14and the phase control signal27and to generate a phase-manipulated carrier signal30therefrom. The phase manipulation is performed by the phase setting unit29as a function of the phase control signal27.

The amplitude manipulation unit22comprises an amplitude control unit31. The amplitude control unit31is configured to be operable in a first operating mode and in a second operating mode. The respective first or second operating mode can be selected in particular by the central control module4, wherein the central control module4is in turn configured to receive a corresponding parameter5from a user, from which the first or second operating mode to be selected is derived. In this case, the parameter5comprises at least one operating parameter which indicates which operating mode is to be selected.

In the first operating mode, the amplitude control unit31is configured to receive the amplitude reference signal19and a measured amplitude signal32and to generate an amplitude control signal33therefrom.

The central control module4is also configured to receive in addition to a parameter, in particular in the form of the at least one operating parameter, another parameter, in particular in the form of at least one control parameter. This at least one control parameter can also be entered by the user and thus specified. The at least one control parameter allows the amplitude control unit31to be configured differently with regard to its mode of operation in the first operating mode. Preferably, the controller type of the amplitude control unit31can be selected from a group of several controller types depending on the at least one control parameter. In addition or alternatively, a transfer function can be selectable from a group of transfer functions or a transfer function can be defined, wherein the transfer function describes the generation of the amplitude control signal33from a difference between the measured amplitude signal32and the amplitude reference signal19. The difference can also be referred to as the amplitude error signal34(seeFIG.4).

When the amplitude control unit31is in the second operating mode, the amplitude control unit31is adapted to output an amplitude control signal33which is independent of the measured amplitude signal32. In this case, the amplitude control signal33to be output can be received by the central control module4via a control variable10. The central control module4is in turn configured to receive the amplitude control signal33to be output from the user via a parameter5. It is also possible that the amplitude control signal33to be output is stored in a memory unit within the amplitude control unit31. The memory unit may, for example, be part of a DAC.

It is again emphasized that it is possible to switch back and forth between the first operating mode and the second operating mode of the amplitude control unit31during operation of the versatile RF control system1. In particular, the switching back and forth can occur more than 1 time per minute, 10 times, 50 times, 100 times, 500 times or more than 1000 times per minute.

It is also emphasized that, for example, the amplitude control unit31, the phase detection unit23and the phase control unit24may be integrated in a common unit. The phase detection unit23, the phase control unit24, the phase setting unit29and/or the amplitude control unit31may be constructed with analog and/or digital components.

The amplitude control signal33can be transmitted to an amplitude setting unit35by the amplitude control unit31. The amplitude setting unit35is configured to receive the phase-manipulated carrier signal30from the phase setting unit29and the amplitude control signal33from the amplitude control unit31and to generate and output the RF signal2therefrom. The amplitude is set by the amplitude setting unit35depending on the amplitude control signal33.

According toFIG.1, the phase manipulation unit21also comprises the phase setting unit29, whereby the phase setting unit29in this case has an analog design, in particular by using an analog phase shifter or a mixer.

According toFIG.1, the amplitude manipulation device22additionally also comprises the amplitude setting unit35, the amplitude setting unit35being of analog design, in particular by using at least one amplifier and/or adjustable attenuator.

The phase manipulation device21and the amplitude manipulation unit22are preferably of analog design inFIG.1. They can be integrated into a common device. In particular, the phase manipulation unit21and the amplitude manipulation unit22are arranged on a common printed circuit board arrangement, the common printed circuit board arrangement preferably comprising exactly one printed circuit board.

FIG.2shows a further exemplary embodiment of the versatile RF control system1according to the disclosure. In contrast to the exemplary embodiment in FIG.1, inFIG.2the phase setting unit29is configured to generate and output the RF signal2. In this case, the amplitude setting unit35is configured to receive the carrier signal14and to generate an amplitude-manipulated carrier signal36therefrom and to transmit the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal36to the phase setting unit29. The amplitude manipulation of the carrier signal14takes place in the amplitude setting unit35using the amplitude control signal33. The phase setting unit29is configured to receive the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal36and the phase control signal27and to generate and output the RF signal2therefrom. The phase setting unit29is configured to manipulate the phase of the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal36as a function of the phase control signal27, whereby the RF signal2is generated.

In a further exemplary embodiment not shown, it would be conceivable that the amplitude setting unit35is arranged in the RF generation module7. The second DSP unit11bof the RF generation module7can be configured to receive the amplitude control signal33and to control the second frequency synthesis unit12bin such a way that it directly transmits the amplitude-manipulated carrier signal36to the phase setting unit29. In this case, the amplitude manipulation unit22would comprise only the amplitude control unit31, the amplitude manipulation unit preferably operating digitally. In this case, the reference generation module8will not require the first signal synthesizing unit18a, so that the amplitude reference signal19is directly generated by the first DSP unit17aof the reference generation module8and transmitted to the amplitude control unit31. The amplitude control unit could also be integrated in the first DSP unit17aof the reference generation module8, with the measured amplitude signal32further being supplied to the first DSP unit17aof the reference generation module8.

FIG.3shows a further exemplary embodiment of the versatile RF control system1according to the disclosure. In contrast to the exemplary embodiment inFIG.1, the RF generation module7comprises the phase setting unit29. The phase setting unit29comprises a DSP unit, which is in particular the second DSP unit11bof the RF generation module7. The phase setting unit29also comprises a frequency synthesis unit, which is in particular the second frequency synthesis unit12bof the RF generation module7. The second DSP unit11bof the RF generation module7can be configured to receive the phase control signal27and to control the second frequency synthesis unit12bin such a way that it directly generates the phase-manipulated carrier signal30and transmits it to the amplitude setting unit35. In this case, the phase manipulation unit21would only comprise the phase detection unit23and the phase control unit24.

In principle, it would also be conceivable that the RF generation module7further comprises the amplitude setting unit35, wherein the amplitude setting unit35comprises a DSP unit, which is in particular the second DSP unit11bof the RF generation module7, and wherein the amplitude setting unit35comprises a frequency synthesis unit, which is in particular the second frequency synthesis unit12bof the RF generation module7. In this case, the amplitude control unit31would transmit the amplitude control signal33to the RF generation module7and, in particular, directly to the second DSP unit11bof the RF generation module7. The second frequency synthesis unit12bof the RF generation module7would then be configured to output an amplitude-manipulated and phase-manipulated carrier signal, which is the RF signal2. Further, this RF signal2would preferably be fed to at least one amplifier and/or at least one adjustable attenuator.

FIG.4shows a further embodiment of the versatile RF control system1according to the disclosure with additional embodiments.

The reference signal generation module8comprises a reference conditioning unit37. The reference conditioning unit37is configured to generate the amplitude reference signal19from at least a first signal38aand a second signal38b. The first signal38aand the second signal38bare different from each other. The reference generation module8comprises a third signal synthesis unit18cfor generating the first signal38a. Furthermore, the reference generation module8comprises a fourth signal synthesis unit18dfor generating the second signal38b. The reference generation module8further comprises a third DSP unit17c, wherein the third DSP unit17cis adapted to generate a waveform for the first signal38aand to drive the third signal synthesis unit18csuch that the third signal synthesis unit18coutputs the first signal38a. The reference generation module8further comprises a fourth DSP unit17d, wherein the fourth DSP unit17dis adapted to generate a waveform for the second signal38band to drive the fourth signal synthesis unit18dsuch that the fourth signal synthesis unit18doutputs the second signal38b.

Furthermore, it is shown that the amplitude manipulation unit22of the at least one module group6of the versatile RF control system1comprises an amplitude calibration unit39.

A possible exemplary embodiment of the amplitude calibration unit39is shown inFIG.5.

The amplitude calibration unit39comprises a first, second and/or third calibration stage. An input signal40can be fed to the amplitude calibration unit39, wherein the amplitude calibration unit39is designed using the first, second and/or third calibration stage to generate and output the measured amplitude signal32from the feedable input signal. The first calibration stage is configured to add a first offset value41to the supplied input signal40in order to shift the supplied input signal40. The second calibration stage is configured to amplify an input signal of the second calibration stage. The third calibration stage is configured to add a second offset value42to an input signal of the third calibration stage in order to shift the input signal of the third calibration stage.

A first adjustable voltage source43is provided to generate the first offset value41. A second adjustable voltage source44is provided to generate the second offset value42. The first and second adjustable voltage sources43,44are preferably arranged on the control module9or the reference signal generation module8. The central control module4is configured to receive parameters5, in particular in the form of voltage parameters, from a user and to adjust the first and second adjustable voltage sources43,44in accordance with the voltage parameters. The first and second adjustable voltage sources43,44are preferably realized in the form of a DAC.

The second calibration stage preferably comprises an instrumentation amplifier45. The input signal40to be calibrated is preferably connected to the non-inverting input of the instrumentation amplifier45, while the first adjustable voltage source43is connected to the inverting input of the instrumentation amplifier45. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier45is adjustable. This adjustment can again be made by a user, whereby the central control module4is configured to receive a parameter5in the form of a gain parameter and to control the instrumentation amplifier45in such a way that it provides the desired gain.

The amplitude calibration unit39can be constructed using analog components and/or digitally operating components.

Furthermore,FIG.4shows that the at least one module group6of the versatile RF control system1comprises a first bias tee46. The first bias tee46is configured to superimpose a first DC voltage48on an incoming phase signal47. The first bias tee46is further configured to output only an alternating portion of the incoming phase signal47as a measured phase signal25to the phase detection unit23. The first bias tee46may be arranged outside the control module9or in the control module9.

The at least one module group6comprises a first DC voltage source49, which is configured to generate the first DC voltage48for the first bias tee46of the at least one module group6and to transmit it to the first bias tee46of the at least one module group6. The central control module4is configured to receive at least one parameter5, in the form of a first bias parameter. This first bias parameter can be specified by a user. The central control module4is configured to supply the first bias parameter as a control variable10to the first DC voltage source49. The first DC voltage source49is configured to adjust the first DC voltage48as a function of the received control variable10.

Preferably, the second reference clock16b, which is generated by the clock generation module15, is present at the second, third and fourth signal synthesis units18b,18cand18d. Further preferably, the second reference clock16b, which is generated by the clock generation module15, is present at all components within the reference signal generation module8that require an external clock signal.

Furthermore, it is shown that the at least one module group6of the versatile RF control system1comprises a second bias tee50. The second bias tee50is configured to superimpose a second DC voltage51on the RF signal2. The second bias tee50is further configured to output the RF signal2superimposed with the second DC voltage51.

Not shown is that the at least one module group6in one exemplary embodiment comprises a second DC voltage source, which is configured to generate the second DC voltage51for the second bias tee50of the at least one module group6and to transmit it to the second bias tee50of the at least one module group6. The central control module4is configured to receive at least one parameter5, in the form of a second bias parameter. This second bias parameter can be specified by a user. The central control module4is configured to feed the second bias parameter to the second DC voltage source as a control variable10. The second DC voltage source is configured to adjust the second DC voltage51as a function of the received control variable10.

Instead of using the second DC voltage source, the exemplary embodiment inFIG.4suggests that the at least one module group6has a bias point control unit52. The bias point control unit52is configured to receive a bias point reference signal53and a measured bias point signal54. The central control module4is configured to receive at least one parameter5in the form of a bias reference parameter. This bias reference parameter can be specified by a user. The central control module4is configured to supply the bias reference parameter to the bias point control unit52as a control variable10, i.e. as the bias point reference signal53. The bias point control unit52is configured to generate the second DC voltage51in such a way that the deviation between the bias point reference signal53and the measured bias point signal54is smaller than a threshold value, in particular an adjustable or predetermined threshold value. The bias point control unit52is then configured to transmit the second DC voltage51to the second bias tee50.

Furthermore, it is shown that the at least one module group6of the versatile RF control system1has at least one frequency conversion unit55. The frequency conversion unit55is configured to receive a local oscillator signal56and the RF signal2. The frequency conversion unit55is further configured to change a frequency of the RF signal2by mixing it with the local oscillator signal56and then to output the RF signal2.

It is not shown that the frequency conversion unit55also comprises a filter unit. The filter unit is configured to select a specific sideband and to filter the RF signal2in order to subsequently output the RF signal2. The filter unit can, for example, be implemented using an adjustable bandpass filter. The central control module4is configured to receive at least one parameter5in the form of a filter parameter. This filter parameter can be specified by a user. The central control module4is configured to feed the filter parameter to the filter unit as a control variable10, whereby the adjustable bandpass selects a specific sideband.

It is also shown that the versatile RF control system1and in particular the at least one module group6allows the user access to a large number of signals. A large number of output means are provided for this purpose. The output means can be, for example, a user display on a screen, a digital signal output and/or an analog signal output. InFIG.4, the second phase reference signal20, the amplitude reference signal19, the measured amplitude signal32, the phase difference signal26, the phase error signal28, the amplitude error signal34and the phase control signal27can be supplied to corresponding output means. It is not shown that the measured phase signal25and the amplitude control signal33are also fed to corresponding output means.

FIG.6shows a further exemplary embodiment of the versatile RF control system1with several module groups6. It can be seen that the RF control system1can be extended by any number of module groups6.FIG.6shows that the RF control system1comprises two module groups6, with each module group6comprising an RF generation module7, a reference generation module8and a control module9. Furthermore, the versatile RF control system1comprises a central control module4and a clock generation module15. The central control module4is configured to receive user input in the form of parameters5. The RF generation module7of the respective module group6is configured to generate the first phase reference signal13and the carrier signal14and, in this exemplary embodiment, to transmit them to the control module9of the respective module group6. The reference generation module8of the respective module group6is configured to generate the amplitude reference signal19and the second phase reference signal20and, in this exemplary embodiment, to transmit them to the control module9of the respective module group6. The control module9of the respective module group6is configured to output the RF signal2and to receive the measured phase signal25and the measured amplitude signal32. A measured phase signal25and a measured amplitude signal32are therefore received for each module group6. These signals25,32of course differ from module group6to module group6. Control variables10can, for example, be transmitted directly from the central control module4to each module group6and within each module group6to each individual module7,8,9of this module group6.

A backplane57is also provided for data exchange. The RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9of the respective module group are connected to the backplane for mutual data exchange. The central control module4and a clock generation module15are also connected to the backplane57. The first reference clock16aand the second reference clock16b, which are generated by the clock generation module15, can therefore be supplied to the RF generation module7and the reference signal generation module8in the respective module group6via the backplane57.

It is further shown that the versatile RF control system4comprises a housing58. In particular, the central control module4, the clock generation module15and the respective module groups6with the corresponding RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9are arranged in the housing58.

It is also conceivable that there is at least one power supply module (not shown), which can be used to supply power to the central control module4, the clock generation module15and the respective module groups6. The power supply module can also be connected to the backplane57, so that the power supply takes place via the backplane57. The power supply module can be arranged on the same side of the backplane57as the central control module4, the clock generation module15and the respective module groups6. However, the power supply module can also be arranged on a rear side of the backplane57. In principle, it would be conceivable that there is exactly one power supply module for each module4,7,8,9,15. In this case, the corresponding module4,7,8,9,15with its respective power supply module could be arranged opposite each other (on different sides of the backplane57) in relation to the backplane57.

FIG.7shows a spatial representation of the versatile RF control system1fromFIG.6. The housing58of the versatile RF control system1can be seen. It is also shown that the central control module4is arranged in a module frame59. The central control module4can be inserted into the housing58of the versatile RF control system1via this module frame59. The clock generation module15is also arranged in a module frame59. The clock generation module15can be inserted into the housing58of the versatile RF control system1via this module frame59.

The RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9are also (each) arranged in a separate module frame59. The RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9can be inserted into the housing58of the versatile RF control system1via these module frames59.

The module frames59can have the same or a different width.FIG.7shows that the module frames59for the RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9have the same width.

It is also conceivable that at least two or all modules7,8,9from the group of the RF generation module7, the reference signal generation module8and the control module9are accommodated in a common module frame59.

Preferably, the data exchange of digital data between the central control module4and the clock generation module15, as well as between the individual modules7,8,9of the respective module group6, takes place only via the backplane57.

An exchange of analog data between the modules7,8,9of a module group6preferably takes place at the module front via corresponding cables and/or brackets.

In a preferred embodiment, data between modules7,8,9of a module group6, which are arranged in different module frames59, is only transmitted as digital data between these modules7,8,9via the backplane57. This means that these modules7,8,9can be inserted into the housing58of the versatile RF control system1at any position and in any number. The central control module4is then configured to form various module groups6, whereby the central control module4selects the necessary modules7,8,9for a module group6from the available modules7,8,9. If a module7,8,9fails, the corresponding housing frame59with the defective module7,8,9can simply be pulled out of the housing58. If a module7,8,9fails, the central control module4is immediately able to allocate a corresponding replacement module7,8,9from unused modules7,8,9and assign it to the module group6.

The central control module4can also be configured to indicate a defect in a module7,8,9by a corresponding display means, in particular in the form of an LED, on the corresponding module7,8,9.

The parameters5, which the central control module4can receive, can in particular be operating parameters, control parameters, voltage parameters, gain parameters, first bias parameters, second bias parameters, bias reference parameters, filter parameters. For these parameters5, the central control module4can generate corresponding control variables10and transmit them to the respective module group6or the respective module7,8,9within the module group6.

It is also emphasized that different units, devices and modules can be combined and that the isolated representation was chosen here in particular for the sake of a better overview. In particular, an assignment of a unit or device to a specific module may deviate from the assignment shown here. The type of assignment chosen should not be understood as a limitation.

FIG.8shows an exemplary embodiment of the optical arrangement100with the versatile RF control system1and an optical system70. For the sake of clarity, not all components of the versatile RF control system1that have already been described are shown in the illustration ofFIG.8, although these are of course present in the actual embodiment.

The optical system70comprises at least one acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator71. The RF signal2of the at least one module group6can be fed as an input signal to an input of the at least one acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator71.

The optical system70comprises an optical signal source72in order to be able to generate at least one optical signal73. The optical signal source72is preferably a laser. The optical signal73can be fed to the acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator71. The acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator71is configured to imprint the characteristics of the RF signal2on the optical signal73and output it as a modulated optical signal74. After passing through an optical transmission path75, the modulated optical signal can be fed to a receiver (not shown) as a useful optical signal76. As already explained at the beginning, the optical useful signal76can differ from the modulated optical signal74in terms of its properties because the transmission path75can imprint undesirable errors on the modulated optical signal74. In order to be able to compensate for these unwanted errors, phase errors in the useful optical signal76are detected via a first photodiode77. For this purpose, the useful optical signal76is partially reflected back in the direction of the optical signal source72by a mirror arrangement78in the vicinity of the receiver. A first optical decoupling arrangement79is provided between the optical signal source72and the acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator71. The first optical decoupling arrangement79is configured to decouple the optical signal73(running in the forward direction), which is generated by the optical signal source72, and the reflected part of the useful optical signal76(running in the reverse direction) and to superimpose them on one another and feed them to the first photodiode77. The first photodiode77is configured to generate the measured phase signal25of the at least one module group6indirectly or directly and to transmit it to the phase detection unit23of the at least one module group6. The supply voltage (first DC voltage48) of the first photodiode77can, for example, be ensured by the first bias tee46. The phase information of the optical useful signal76is preferably converted into the (electrical) measured phase signal25by an optical heterodyne method using the first photodiode77. When the first bias tee46is used, the measured phase signal25is still superimposed by the supply voltage (first DC voltage48) and is present as a pure alternating signal at the output of the first bias tee46at the phase detection unit23.

Furthermore, in order to be able to compensate for these undesirable errors (e.g. transmission errors), intensity errors in the optical useful signal76are detected via a second photodiode80. A second optical decoupling arrangement81is provided in the vicinity of the receiver. The second optical decoupling arrangement81is configured to decouple a portion of the useful optical signal76and feed it to the second photodiode80, wherein the second photodiode80is configured to convert the portion of the useful optical signal76fed to it into the measured amplitude signal32. The second photodiode80is further configured to generate the measured amplitude signal32for the at least one module group6and to transmit it directly or indirectly to the amplitude control unit31of the at least one module group6.

The disclosure is not limited to the described embodiments. Within the scope of the disclosure, all described and/or drawn features can be combined with each other as desired.

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