Business forms having dual-functional coating

A business form comprising a substrate with at least one surface bearing a dual-functional coating comprising a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate containing at least 40 weight percent ethylene and having a softening point of at least 60.degree. C. enhances adhesion of toner particles and is self-adhering under application of heat and pressure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a dual-functional coating for business forms 
which can enhance toner anchorage and render such forms self-adhering, to 
business forms having such dual-functional coatings, and to the use of 
such forms. More particularly, this invention relates to mailer forms 
having a dual-functional coating of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 
useful for laser printing and to produce laser mailers. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Conventional mailers are a series of connected, stuffed, sealed envelopes 
which are made from continuous webs of paper by a forms manufacturer. 
Information common to all of the envelope assemblies are printed on the 
webs. These assemblies are zig-zag folded and shipped to a large user who 
employs computerized impact printers to print the name of the recipient on 
the envelope and to enter certain confidential entries through the 
envelope onto the interior plies. The assemblies are separated one from 
another and mailed to customers. A basic mailer is described in U.S. Pat. 
No. 3,104,799 to Steidinger. Other variations are described in U.S. Pat. 
Nos. 4,095,695 to Steidinger and 4,102,251 to Steidinger. During 
manufacture of mailer assemblies, glue lines, dots, or patterns are 
applied along the open edges of the mailer forms to seal the envelope. The 
glue application operation is messy at times, especially at the beginning 
and during any stoppage. 
More recently, there has been a need for a mailer form in business system 
and promotional applications, using a single message-ply processed by 
non-impact printers, such as a laser printer. The ply is then folded and 
glued along open edges to become a mailer. Several types of laser mailers 
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,754,915 to Steidinger, 4,889,278 to 
Steidinger, 4,944,449 to Schmidt, and 5,095,682 to Steidinger, the 
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
Laser mailers are designed to be processed by advanced, 
computer-controlled, non-impact laser printers. In the printer, a laser 
beam of light produces a latent electrostatic image on photoconductor 
cylinder or drum. As the cylinder or drum is rotated, the negatively 
charged toner particles jump from the magnetic brush to the positively 
charged parts of the photoconductor cylinder due to electrostatic 
interaction. The imaged photoconductor cylinder continues to rotate and 
transfer the toner particles to a paper web which has been positively 
charged higher than that of the photoconductor cylinder by a transmission 
corona. The toner image on the paper is then fused into the paper by 
passage through a pair of rolls which provide heat and pressure to form 
bonded images on the paper web. 
An untreated surface of a paper web has poor receptivity for the fused 
toner particles, and the images may be rubbed off totally or partially. 
When used for printing security documents, addresses, prices, bar codes, 
identification numbers, serial numbers, invoices, etc., the laser printing 
may become illegible or the object of fraud. 
Several prior patents have disclosed various means to enhance toner 
anchorage to substrates. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,855,324 to Van Dorn 
discloses coatings of thermoplastic resin having melting points between 
150.degree. F. and 300.degree. F. (such as polyethylenes, polyamides, and 
polystyrene) to improve xerographic toner transfer. U.S. Pat. No. 
3,130,064 to Insalaco discloses coating a record card with a film by 
immersing in a thermoplastic solution, such as a toluene solution of 
styrene-n-butylmethacrylate copolymer, to improve xerographic toner 
adhesion. U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,201 to Sawai et al. discloses use of porous 
aggregates which contain encapsulated pressure-sensitive adhesive as 
individual granules and pigment particles in the interstices between the 
granules to improve the toner adhesion on the substrate for use in 
electrostatic photography. U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,168 to Mitsuhashi discloses 
addition of vinyl-type polymer to toner particles to improve the adhesion 
in a xerographic process. U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,225 to Kuehnle et al. 
discloses coating thermoplastic polymer, such as polyester, polyacrylate, 
polyvinyl buryral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl acetate, copolymer of vinyl 
acetate-vinyl chloride, copolymer of vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile, 
polyethylene, and polypropylene, on a substrate to enhance the toner 
adhesion in electrostatic reproduction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,426 to 
Maierson et al. discloses coating a cellulosic web product with a 
copolymer of styrene and acrylic acid having a glass transition 
temperature of between about -16.degree. and 22.degree. C. to enhance 
laser toner adhesion, and the toner is fused to the web surface by the 
application of heat and pressure. 
During manufacture, the laser printed ply is folded and glued to form a 
mailer. Glue applicators are used to lay down continuous glue lines in the 
vertical margins (i.e., longitudinal margins) of the mailer form and dot 
patterns (or lines) of glue in places across the width (i.e., latitudinal 
margins) to seal the laser mailer. However, as is the case with impact 
printed mailers, problems with glue application exist in the production of 
laser mailers. To prevent the water-based glue from overflowing, glue 
lines are applied off the open edges, resulting in slightly open margins 
after the mailer is sealed. 
SUMMARY OF SHE INVENTION 
A dual-functional coating has now been discovered which not only enhances 
toner anchorage to business forms, such as laser mailer forms, but, in 
addition, renders the form self-adhering thereby eliminating the need for 
messy glue application and glue applicators during production of the 
mailers. 
Surprisingly, it has been discovered that coating at least one surface of a 
business form with a dual-functional coating of a copolymer of ethylene 
and vinyl acetate containing at least 40 weight percent ethylene and 
having a softening point of at least 60.degree. C., the dual-functional 
coating is not only capable of enhancing anchorage of toner particles, but 
renders the form self-adhering under application of heat and pressure, 
thus eliminating the need for extraneous adhesives. 
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a 
self-adhering mailer form is provided comprising a sheet having at least 
one surface bearing a coating comprising a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl 
acetate containing at least 40 weight percent ethylene and having a 
softening point of at least 60.degree. C. The coated surface of the laser 
mailer form exhibits excellent reception for laser toner. The copolymer 
also performs as an adhesive activatable by heat in the folding machine 
used to convert the laser mailer form to a laser mailer. 
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for 
printing a mailer form is provided, which comprises applying toner in the 
form of an image to a coated surface of a mailer form comprising a sheet 
having at least one surface coated with a dual-functional coating of a 
copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, the copolymer containing at least 
40 weight percent ethylene and having a softening point of at least 
60.degree. C., and fusing the toner particles to the surface of the 
substrate by application of heat and pressure. The toner particles can be 
applied, softened and become fused to the dual-functional copolymer 
coating in a laser printer. 
According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, a method 
for printing and sealing a laser mailer form is provided, which comprises 
applying toner in the form of an image to a sheet comprising a substrate 
having at least one surface bearing a coating comprising a copolymer of 
ethylene and vinyl acetate, the copolymer containing at least 40 weight 
percent ethylene and having a softening point of at least 60.degree. C., 
fusing the toner to a coated surface of the substrate by application of 
heat and pressure in a laser printer or in a copy device, folding the 
sheet on itself, and applying heat and pressure to a peripheral portion of 
the folded sheet in a folding device to fuse the copolymer coating and 
adhere the sheet to itself. 
In this manner a self-adhering mailer form is provided without the need for 
any application of glue or adhesive, since the mailer form can be merely 
heated with pressure while folding at peripheral portions of the folded 
mailer forms to cause a softening and fusing of the copolymeric coating so 
as to seal the mailer. 
Although the copolymeric coating of the present invention is 
"dual-functional", since it can both enhance toner anchorage and provide a 
self-adhering form, such as a laser mailer form in particular, it is 
understood that business forms of the present invention can be used taking 
advantage of only one of dual functions. For example, toner anchorage can 
be improved using the coated form of the present invention without heating 
portions of the form to seal it or by adding extraneous glue for sealing 
purposes. Likewise, the coated form of the present invention can be used, 
for example, as a mailer form with impact printers and sealed by 
application of heat and pressure, but without any application of 
extraneous glue or adhesive. Thus, although a preferred use of the present 
invention is to form a single sheet laser mailer in which the copolymeric 
coating is used to both enhance toner anchorage and provide a 
self-adhering laser mailer form, the business form of the present 
invention can be used for other business forms, including negotiable 
instruments, labels, etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
As used in the present application, the expression "business form" includes 
mailer forms; negotiable instrument forms, such as check forms; labels; 
security forms; documents used in laser printers; etc. 
For purposes of illustration, the following description will be limited to 
laser mailer forms and their production. Referring to FIG. 1 of the 
drawings, mailer 10 is a laser mailer form constructed according to the 
present invention and is a unitary sheet of paper that has been coated on 
both sides with the dual-functional copolymer of the present invention 
prior to printing the sheet in a laser printer and folding the sheet to 
the position illustrated in FIG. 1. 
The copolymers useful in the present invention are ethylene-vinyl acetate 
copolymers containing at least 40 weight percent, preferably 40 to 90 
weight percent ethylene, preferably 60 to 82 weight percent, and 10 to 60 
weight percent vinyl acetate, most preferably 18 to 40 weight percent. The 
heat activatable copolymers have a softening point of at least about 
60.degree. C., preferably from about 60.degree. C. to about 150.degree. 
C., most preferably between 80.degree. C. to 120.degree. C. Methods for 
preparing such copolymers are well known. Suitable copolymers are 
commercially available under the tradename "Elvax" from DuPont Chemicals 
Company, EVA from Union Carbide Corporation, and UE from U.S. Industrial 
Chemicals Company. "Elvax 150" from DuPont Company is preferred. 
In preparing a coating, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is preferably 
melted together with a hydrocarbon resin and a hydrocarbon wax. The 
resulting molten mixture is then emulsified under agitation into an 
aqueous solution of an emulsifier to a particle size of about one to about 
20 microns in diameter to provide an aqueous dispersion for coating. 
Suitable amounts of each component in parts by weight include, for 
example, between about 80 and about 20, preferably between about 70 and 
about 30 parts, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, between about 20 and 
about 80, preferably between about 30 and about 70 parts of hydrocarbon 
resin, between 0 and about 80, preferably between 0 and about 70 parts of 
wax, and between about 10 and about 50, preferably between about 15 and 
about 35 parts emulsifier. 
The hydrocarbon resin is mixed with the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer to 
aid in forming the aqueous dispersion. Thus, any suitable hydrocarbon 
resin may be used, particularly aliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Suitable 
hydrocarbon resins are available, for example, from Exxon Chemical Company 
under the tradename "Escorez 1304" Hydrocarbon Resin, which is a 
hydrocarbon resin containing linear, branched and cyclic structures of an 
aliphatic nature, and "Escorez 2101" Hydrocarbon Resin, which is an 
aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbon resin. Other suitable hydrocarbon resins 
are available from Neville Chemical Company as Nevtac Resin and Super 
Nevtac Resin; from Hercules, Inc. as Picco Resin, Piccodiene Resin, 
Piccofyn Resin, Piccolastic Resin, Piccolyte Resin, Piccomer Resin, 
Piccopale Resin, Piccotex Resin, and Piccovar Resin; and from Shell 
Chemical Company as Super Sta-Tac Hydrocarbon Resin. Any suitable 
hydrocarbon waxes may be utilized including paraffin wax and 
microcrystalline wax. 
Suitable emulsifiers include starch, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl 
cellulose, gelatin, casein, gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, 
polyvinylpyrrolidone, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, 
ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, 
acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers and vinyl acetate emulsions. 
An aqueous dispersion of the copolymer of the present invention may be used 
to coat paper or other substrate, such as polyolefins, available as 
"Tyvek" from DuPont Company, "Teslin" from PPG Industries, Inc., or the 
like. The coating is then dried by any conventional means such as a hot 
air drier, infrared heat drier or microwave drier, at a web temperature 
under 80.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure. 
The dry coating is not pressure-sensitive. The copolymer is applied to the 
substrate at a dry coat weight of from about 0.5 to about 2.0 pounds, 
preferably from about 0.75 to about 1.5 pounds per 1300 square foot area. 
The amount of dry coating is light compared to between about 5 pounds to 
about 10 pounds per 1300 square foot area for a conventional hot-melt 
adhesive coating. 
The copolymer useful in this invention is heat softenable and contains a 
resin binder which adheres the copolymer to the substrate. Conventional 
laser toner also contains a heat softenable resin binder. When the 
substrate coated with the copolymer comes into contact with the heated 
fuser rolls of the laser printer, the softened laser toner particles are 
then bonded to the coating under pressure, forming images which are 
smudgeproof at ambient temperatures. 
The light coating of the copolymer in this invention requires heat and 
pressure to achieve a strong bonding when used as an adhesive in laser 
mailer. A heavy coating of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is not 
desirable because the heat activatable adhesive can be picked up by the 
fuser roll, causing adhesive buildup which blurs the laser images. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, laser mailer 10 is a single ply laser mailer 
form provided with a single fold line dividing the sheet into panels with 
address panel 12. As shown more specifically in FIG. 2, which illustrates 
the mailer form of FIG. 1 in an open and flat position, panel 12 is 
provided with addressee information 16 provided with by a laser printer 
and will become the face of the mailer. Positioned above panel 12 is panel 
14, which will become the back of the mailer, when the form is folded 
along fold line 18. 
The reverse side of panels 12 and 14 is shown in FIG. 3, in which panel 12 
is provided with confidential information 22, such as school course 
grades, by means of a laser printer, if desired, or may be preprinted by 
means of other printing techniques. Surface 24 of panel 14 is also 
available as a message panel. Surface 20 of panel 12 with confidential 
information 22, as well as surface 24 of panel 14 will be hidden from view 
when mailer 10 is sealed. Panels 20 and 24 were also precoated with the 
dual-functional copolymer coating of the present invention prior to 
printing. 
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view of a portion of panel 12 
along line A--A in FIG. 2. As seen in FIG. 4, laser toner 28a, 28b and 28c 
forms a portion of the addressee information and is bonded or fused to 
copolymeric coating 30, which, in turn, is bonded to paper substrate 32. 
Likewise, copolymeric coating 34 is bonded to the opposite side of paper 
substrate 32. 
FIG. 5 illustrates an overview of the process according to the present 
invention in which single ply mailer forms coated on one or both sides 
with the dual-functional copolymer of the present invention are supplied 
at station 60. The coated mailer form can be in the form of a continuous 
web, as from a roll or zig-zag folded stack, or may be supplied as a stack 
of cut sheets, as are supplied to certain laser printers. The coated 
mailer forms are passed to station 62 where the coated forms are subjected 
to a laser printer or electrostatic photography for application of toner 
to the copolymer-coated surface of the mailer form including address 
information and message information, and heat and pressure are applied to 
fix the toner to the coated form. 
Next, the printed mailer form, such as that depicted in FIGS. 2-3, is 
passed to folding/sealing station 64 where the form is folded and then 
subjected to application of heat and pressure at peripheral portions of 
the folded mailer to seal the mailer by fusing portions of the copolymer 
coating to itself. Optionally, station 64 employs a folding machine which 
folds and then heats and applies pressure to the folded mailer form by 
means of heated bars along transverse portions (parallel to the fold line) 
of the folded mailer, and by means of heated wheels along the side margins 
(transverse to the fold line). Folding machines equipped with such heating 
and pressure means are commercially available, for example, such as 
"Multiseal Model No. 2320" from Mathias Bauerle GmbH. The mailer form is 
sealed by applying heat at a temperature in the range of from about 
125.degree. F. (51.67.degree. C.) to about 245.degree. F. (118.3.degree. 
C.), preferably from about 175.degree. F. (79.45.degree. C.) to about 
195.degree. F. (90.56.degree. C.), while applying pressure of from about 
20 to about 50 psi, preferably from about 25 to about 40 psi. If desired, 
any pressure can be applied up to that which would cause the web to break. 
The sealed mailer is the mailer as indicated at station 66. Incorporation 
of the hydrocarbon resin in the copolymer coating composition improves 
toner acceptance and reduces the temperature required to seal the form. 
Heat and pressure can be applied to tear-off stubs on the folded mailer. 
Thus, for example, referring again to FIG. 2, mailer 10 has two side edge 
portions 36 and 38 and two end edge portions 40 and 42. Located adjacent, 
but slightly inward of said edge portions, are lines of perforation 44, 
46, 48 and 50 defining tear off stubs 52, 54, 56 and 58. Mailer 10 is 
sealed by application of heat and pressure to the folded mailer form to 
the tear off stubs 52, 54, 56 and 58 between the lines of perforation 44, 
46, 48 and 50, and the edge portions 36, 38, 40, and 42. Application of 
heat and pressure to the tear stubs causes bonding of the copolymer coated 
on panel 20 of FIG. 3 in the area between edge portions 36, 38 and 42 and 
lines of perforation 44, 46 and 50, with the copolymer coating of panel 24 
between end portions 36, 38 and 40 and lines of perforation 44, 46 and 48. 
In this manner mailer 10 may be sealed without applying any glue or 
adhesives to the mailer tear-off stubs. Likewise, messy glue applicating 
equipment can be eliminated. The sealed mailer may be opened by merely 
tearing off and disposing of the tear-off stubs. 
The folding of the laser form in folding station 64 of FIG. 5 may be in one 
direction, as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 6 illustrates another mailer form 110, 
which is coated on both sides with the dual-functional copolymer coating 
of the present invention, and as shown in FIG. 7, middle panel 112 is 
provided with address information and will become the face of the mailer 
when folded. Upper panel 114 is the message panel and contains 
confidential grade information, while lower panel 116 will become the back 
of the mailer. FIG. 8 illustrates the reverse side of form of FIG. 7. 
Heat and pressure applied to the folded mailer on the address surface of 
panel 112 by means of heated wheels along and within the side tear-off 
stubs 118 and 120 and by heated bars along the transverse tear-off stub 
122 will cause fusion between the copolymer coatings on the adjacent 
panels in the area of the tear-off stubs. 
FIG. 9 shows a zig-zag folding arrangement for a laser mailer 310 in which 
the copolymer coating of the present invention is coated on both sides of 
the form. 
As shown in FIG. 10, the uppermost panel 312 becomes the face of the mailer 
when folded along fold line 314, while message panels 316 and 318 become 
folded so as to have surfaces 322 and 324 face each other when panels 316 
and 318 are folded along fold line 320, and thereby retain as confidential 
the information printed thereon. FIG. 11 shows the reverse side of the 
sheet of FIG. 10. 
The folded mailer is heat sealed in the manner described for the mailer of 
FIGS. 6-8, but by applying heat and pressure to surface 326 of face panel 
312 along and within all four of the tear-off strips forming the periphery 
of surface 326. 
FIG. 12 shows mailer 410 in which the mailer form is continuously folded 
over onto itself as one would wind an element. The mailer form 410 folded 
as shown in FIG. 12 requires a coating of the copolymer of the present 
invention on the surface shown in FIG. 13, as well as the reverse surface 
shown in FIG. 14. In the arrangement of FIG. 13, the address panel 412 is 
disposed beneath back panel 414 followed by bifold message panels 416 and 
418. The mail form in FIG. 13 is folded by first placing panel 418 behind 
panel 416 along fold line 420, then folding again in the same direction 
along fold line 422 and then fold line 424. This results in panel 414 
becoming the back panel and panel 412 the face panel. The message panels 
are safely inside, and the mailer form is sealed as before by applying 
heat and pressure along the tear-off stubs to cause the copolymer coating 
on adjacent surfaces to fuse in the tear-off stub areas. 
The coating composition of this invention is shown in the following 
example. All parts and percentages are by weight. 
EXAMPLE 
A mixture of 7.0 parts of Elvax 150 (a copolymer of 67% ethylene and 33% 
vinyl acetate, manufactured by DuPont Company), 3.0 parts of Piccolastic 
A75 resin (a low molecular weight styrene thermoplastic hydrocarbon resin, 
manufactured by Hercules Incorporated), and 7.0 parts of paraffin wax is 
melted and stirred at 100.degree. C. until a clear molten phase is 
obtained. The hot liquid is emulsified into 16.5 parts of a 10 percent 
polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution at 80.degree. C. After the temperature 
is gradually reduced to the ambient temperature, 1.6 parts of SE 21 
defoamer (a silicone defoamer at 40 percent solids from Wacker Silicone 
Corporation) are then added. The total solids of the resulting 
ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer dispersion is 55 percent solids. 
Twenty-eight parts of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer dispersion at 55 
percent solids, 8 parts of glycerol, 0.6 part of an anti-static agent, one 
part of silicone defoamer, and 8 parts of calcium carbonate powder are 
mixed into 20 parts of water. 
The resulting material is fully coated on a paper substrate, using an 
offset gravure coater. After drying, the resulting material is further 
coated on the other side of the paper substrate on the same coater. The 
resulting coat weight is one pound per 1300 square foot area. 
A coated sheet of 81/2.times.11" is cut from the paper substrate and fed 
into a Hewlett-Packard laser printer. The laser toner adheres tightly on 
the coated surface. The laser-printed sheet is then fed into a folding 
machine for laser mailer, equipped with heated wheels and bars. The sealed 
edges cannot be opened without tearing the paper. 
Although the invention has been described with a certain degree of 
particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made 
only by way of example, and that numerous changes on the details of 
construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted 
to without departing from the spirit and scope of the convention. Thus, 
the scope of the invention should not be limited by the foregoing 
specification, but rather, only by the scope of the claims appended 
hereto.