Mixing apparatus

An apparatus for mixing chemicals comprises a motive fluid inlet, a first and second chemical inlet and a chemical outlet. An eductor draws chemicals through the first and second inlets and mixes them with a motive fluid. Restriction devices are provided in each chemical inlet to regulate the ratio of chemicals mixed by the apparatus. The mixture of chemical and motive fluid creates a stabilized foam water solution which is mechanically adjusted by a nozzle producing stabilized foam.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to static mixing devices. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Pollution from industrial waste has been a chronic problem for chemical 
manufacturers, processors and refiners. It is not uncommon that during 
routine plant operations, equipment malfunctions, pipelines break or the 
process is otherwise upset causing a chemical spill. Only in the recent 
past has greater attention been focused on the need to quickly and 
efficiently contain chemical spills to prevent them from absorption into 
the earth with the attendant pollution problems of the adjacent aquifers 
which provide drinking water to nearby communities. Spills have brought 
other hazards mainly from the toxicity standpoint as a result of wind 
driven vapors adversely affecting the health of residents adjacent 
chemical manufacturing facilities and toxic waste sites. 
As more attention was paid to the need to control spills and toxic waste 
and limit the impact of such spills on the surrounding communities, 
techniques were developed to physically contain the spilled material as 
well as to control poisonous or noxious vapors or odors emitted from the 
spilled material. 
Prior techniques have involved physical containment using earthen 
barricades or dams. Processing units and storage facilities have been 
built atop concrete (coated and uncoated) mats so that spills can be 
channeled to a central location for treatment. 
A frequent problem that occurs in sizeable spills is control of vapors or 
odors from the spilled material. In the past, various foams have been 
sprayed on the spilled material to minimize the odor and vapor problem. 
However, these foams broke down after a short time and had to be 
constantly reapplied to minimize the odor and vapor problem. Since the 
foam did not last very long, personnel and equipment had to be tied up 
adjacent the spill site, frequently for days, so that foam could 
constantly be reapplied as it broke down. 
The need to have a stable, longlasting foam as a method of containing 
vapors and noxious odors is one of the problems addressed by the apparatus 
of the present invention. It has been determined that a foam can be 
chemically treated, with a stabilizing compound, so that after it is 
applied, the foam retains its body and turns into a gel-like substance. 
The gel-like substance, or stabilized foam, continues to cover the spilled 
material thereby effectively controlling vapors and odors for periods of 
time measured in days rather than minutes. In a recent experiment, 
stabilized foam created by the apparatus of the present invention 
effectively covered an approximate three acre site for approximately 
ninety days. 
Stabilized foam has another application in bomb disposal application. In 
the past, bomb squads have attempted to minimize the impact of a bomb, in 
the event it were to go off, by draping heavy mats over the bomb. This 
procedure has innate hazards in that the mere setting of the mats could 
detonate the bomb. Additionally, if a bomb is covered by other objects, 
such objects may have to be lifted off of the bomb before mats can be set 
down. Movement of objects off the bomb is another dangerous procedure 
which could set off the bomb. Other methods have involved spraying liquid 
nitrogen on the bomb so as to freeze the electrical components in the bomb 
thereby disarming it. However, this procedure involves transport of 
cumbersome equipment and handling of extremely cold liquids which can 
injure personnel if they come in contact with any part of the body. It was 
thus desirable to provide a method of encasing a bomb so as to limit the 
damage should the bomb go off. Using the apparatus of the present 
invention, stabilized foam can be quickly applied to the bomb, thereby 
encasing it and reducing, if not eliminating, the impact on explosion of 
the bomb. In one recently conducted experiment, one-sixteenth of a pound 
of C-4 explosive material was placed in a 3'.times.3' cardboard box and 
the box was filled with stabilized foam. When the bomb was detonated, 
there was no subsequent damage to the box. 
The stabilized foam is created by mixing a foam concentrate such as is 
presently available from the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company 
under the name AFF/ATC. The stabilizer is also currently available from 
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the description of 
FX-7000. Combinations of these two chemical yield a stabilized foam which 
has been found to be beneficial in odor and vapor containment as well as 
an effective method in reducing or eliminating the impact from bombs 
frequently encountered by civilian bomb squads. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An apparatus for mixing chemicals comprises a motive fluid inlet, a first 
and second chemical inlet and a chemical outlet. An eductor draws 
chemicals through the first and second inlets and mixes them with a motive 
fluid. Restriction devices are provided in each chemical inlet to regulate 
the ratio of chemicals mixed by the apparatus. The mixture of chemicals 
and motive fluid creates a stabilized foam water solution which is 
mechanically adjusted by a nozzle producing stabilized foam.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
The apparatus A of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. The dashed 
rectangle 10 indicates a block of metal preferably a lightweight metal 
such as aluminum although rigid plastics can be used without departing 
from the spirit of the invention. Alternatively, the elements shown within 
rectangle 10 can be assembled in a closed container of suitable 
construction. The elements within rectangle 10 are machined out of the 
block. The periphery of the block, represented by dashed lines 10 has a 
motive fluid inlet 12, a first chemical inlet 14 and a second chemical 
inlet 16. The block represented by dashed line 10 also includes a chemical 
outlet connection 18 which may have a suitable valve 20 connected thereto. 
FIG. 1 also discloses eductor means E for drawing chemicals through inlets 
14 and 16. Eductor means E includes a venturi type eductor 22 having a 
chemical inlet port 24, a fluid inlet 26 and and fluid outlet 28. 
Conduit 30 connects fluid inlet 26 with motive fluid inlet 12. Conduit 32 
connects fluid outlet 28 with chemical outlet 18. Pressure gauges 34 and 
36 sense the upstream and downstream pressure to eductor 22. 
Chemical inlet port 14 is in flow communication with first and second 
chemical inlets 14 and 16 via conduit 38 which splits into two conduits 40 
and 42. Conduit 40 extends from conduit 38 to second fluid inlet 16. 
Conduit 42 extends from conduit 38 to first fluid inlet 14. Conduit 40 
further includes a shut off valve 44 and an orifice restriction 46. 
Similarly, conduit 42 includes shutoff valve 48 and orifice restriction 
50. 
The chemicals to be mixed are connected to fluid inlets 14 and 16. Inlet 16 
is preferably connected to a foam forming concentrate such as that 
currently marketed by the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under 
the mark AFFF/ATC. A stabilizer such as that sold by Minnesota Mining and 
Manufacturing under the brand name FX-7000 is connected to first chemical 
inlet 14. Both the foam concentrate and the stabilizer can be packaged in 
containers of various size depending on the amount of stabilized foam 
which must be generated for the proposed application. Typically for small 
spills or for bomb disposal purposes, the chemicals are packaged in drums 
varying in size from five to fifty-five gallons. 
Because the stabilizing chemical hardens and sets up if in contact with air 
or water for an extended period of time, the apparatus A must be flushed 
after each use. Flushing is accomplished by disconnecting chemicals from 
inlets 14 and 16 while leaving the motive fluid, usually water, connected 
to inlet 12. Flush valve 52 is disposed in conduit 54. Conduit 54 connects 
conduit 30 to conduit 42. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that 
conduit 54 could also be connected to conduit 38 or 40 without departing 
from the spirit of the invention. When flushing the apparatus A, chemicals 
are disconnected from inlets 14 and 16 and valve 52 is opened. As a 
result, water will flow from inlet 12 through conduit 54 and into conduits 
40 and 42 exiting through inlets 14 and 16. As a result, the conduits 
involved will be flushed with liquid thereby removing chemicals therefrom. 
Some of the circulating liquid goes through inlet 12 through conduit 30 
and eductor 22 and exits from the apparatus through chemical outlet 18. 
In operation for small spills or for bomb disposal applications, it is 
desirable to have the components previously described compactly assembled. 
Dashed rectangle 10 symbolically represents a solid block of metal such a 
aluminum or a single hard plastic capable of withstanding internal 
pressures generated. All the conduits, eductor 22, seats for valves 44 and 
48 and orifice restrictions 46 and 50 are preferably machined into a solid 
block. The periphery of the block includes inlets 14 and 16, motive fluid 
inlet 12 and chemical outlet 18. By incorporating all the elements within 
dashed rectangle 10 in a solid block, a compact light weight mixing unit 
is available and can be readily carried around from location to location. 
When placing the apparatus A of the present invention in use, motive fluid, 
usually water, is connected to inlet 12, foam concentrate is connected to 
inlet 16 and stabilizer is connected to inlet 14. With valve 52 closed, 
water flows through conduit 30 into eductor 22. The pressure is lowered in 
conduit 38 thereby drawing chemicals into inlets 14 and 16. The chemicals 
mix within eductor 22 and the mixture of the chemicals combined with the 
motive fluid exit from the apparatus at chemical outlet 18. The resulting 
mixture, a stabilized foam, can then be spread over the spilled fluid or 
over the bomb, as necessary. Within a short time, the stabilized foam 
congeals and creates a dense mat over the spilled material or bomb. 
In one embodiment designed to produce stabilized foam at the rate of 
ninety-five gallons a minute, connections 12 and 18 are typically three 
quarters of an inch while orifices 50 and 46 are one-quarter inch and 
one-eighth inch, respectively. The orifices may be predrilled into the 
block represented by dashed rectangle 10 or may be placed in disks which 
can be interchangeably used in the block so as to realize different 
compositions for the stabilized foam produced. 
In larger applications requiring large amounts of stabilized foam, 
additional equipment is used with the equipment within dashed rectangle 
10. In the larger applications it is desirable to connect chemical inlet 
14 to a pressure vessel 52 which is of any size desired but typically one 
hundred fifty gallons. Vessel 52 is connected to an inert gas blanketing 
system schematically represented by arrow 54. The inert gas blanketing 
system typically uses nitrogen and includes a nitrogen source, and a 
suitable regulator to control the pressure within vessel 52 at the preset 
point. It is preferred to control the internal pressure of vessel 52 at 
approximately ten PSIG. The vessel 52 is connected to first chemical inlet 
14 via conduit 56. Conduit 56 includes a tank shut off valve 58 located 
immediately adjacent vessel 52 and a three way valve 60. Three way valve 
60 permits flow from vessel 52 to chemical inlet 14, or alternatively 
prevents flow from vessel 52 into inlet 14. A third position is possible 
with three way valve 60, to direct the flow of flushing fluid emerging 
from the block, represented by dashed rectangle 10, from the apparatus A. 
This flush flow is schematically indicated by arrow 62. The pad of inert 
gas is necessary in order to prevent air, moisture and other contaminants 
from entering vessel 52. Such contaminants can cause a stabilizer to set 
up within vessel 52. As a result, after the use of the apparatus A of the 
present invention to create a stabilized foam, the foam concentrate is 
disconnected from chemical inlet 16 and valve 52 is opened. Motive fluid, 
entering through inlet 12 proceeds as previously described to flush 
conduits 40 and 42. The flow in conduit 42 enters conduit 46 and exits 
from the apparatus through three way valve 60 as shown by arrow 62. It 
should be noted that dashed line 64 schematically represents a mechanical 
or electrical linkup between valves 60 and 52 so that valve 52 is in the 
fully opened position before valve 60 can be aligned to allow flow in the 
direction of arrow 62 out of the apparatus A. This interlock is necessary 
since vessel 52 is under positive pressure through the blanketing system 
represented by arrow 54. Thus, an operation of valve 60 to align conduit 
56 with the valve port adjacent arrow 62 would allow air to enter conduit 
56 (due to eductor 22) adjacent chemical inlet 14 and thereby cause 
solidification and hardening of the stabilizer plugging the block of 
apparatus A of the present invention. To avoid this problem, valve 52 is 
fully opened before valve 60 is aligned to flush material out of the 
apparatus A. As a result, water passes from inlet 12 through conduit 54 to 
chemical inlet 14 and out of the apparatus through valve 60 as shown by 
arrow 62. 
The apparatus of the present invention can work with a variety of inlet 
pressures for the motive fluid although it is preferred to have a minimum 
pressure of no less than fifty psig at inlet 12. 
It can readily be seen that the block represented by dashed lines 10 can be 
stored in a convenient place, ready to use along with suitably sized 
containers including the foam concentrate and foam stabilizer. For larger 
applications, vessel 52 can be trailer mounted or installed in the bed of 
a pickup truck for ready relocation to the spill site or the location 
wherein the bomb is located. Application of the stabilized foam generated 
by the apparatus of the present invention can confine noxious or toxic 
vapors and odors to a localized area. The stabilized foam retains its 
sealing capabilities far longer than ordinary foams which must be 
constantly generated as they dissipate. Furthermore, the strength achieved 
by the stabilized foam after it has set up is sufficient to minimize the 
damage caused an exploding bomb of the type frequently encountered by 
civilian bomb squads. 
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are illustrative 
and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the size, shape and 
materials, as well as in the details of the illustrated construction may 
be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.