Exhaust turbocharger

An internal combustion engine (20) has two exhaust valves (24, 25) for each combustion chamber, to permit separation of blow-down and expulsion phases of an exhaust stroke. The separate exhaust streams are directed to different geometries of an exhaust turbocharger (30), so as to make best use thereof. Variable exhaust valve timing, and bypass passage for the exhaust streams are disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to an exhaust turbocharger and in particular, but not exclusively, to such a turbocharger provided in conjunction with a gasoline engine. Aspects of the invention relate to a combination, to an apparatus, to a vehicle and to a method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An exhaust turbocharger comprises a turbine driven by the exhaust gas stream, and a compressor driven by the turbine to increase the volume of intake air in to the engine. As a result more fuel can be burnt in each combustion event, and the power output can be increased. Such turbochargers are a common feature on internal combustion engines.

A simple exhaust turbocharger is characterised by a fixed aspect ratio for the turbine. This aspect ratio can be optimum for only one engine speed and load, and accordingly requires a compromise between lack of boost at low engine speed/low exhaust gas flow rate, and too much boost at high engine speed/high exhaust gas flow. In the latter case, excess boost can be relieved via a wastegate, but energy is not then recovered from the wasted stream.

Variable geometry exhaust gas turbochargers have been proposed whereby the turbine volute geometry is altered in accordance with engine speed. This arrangement allows the geometry to be optimised to some extent across a range of engine speed, and may permit the turbo charger to be effective at both low and high engine speeds.

Variable geometry turbochargers may provide better space utilisation than two or three stage turbochargers, where gas is for example directed sequentially to one turbine after another according to engine speed, each turbocharger being optimised for a particular range of engine speed.

Typically a variable geometry turbocharger incorporates a nozzle arrangement for directing the exhaust gas stream onto the turbine, and the angle of incidence of the exhaust gas stream is changed according to engine speed. Actuation of the nozzle arrangement may be for example by vacuum actuator or electric stepper motor.

At lower engine speeds, the angle of incidence is more orthogonal to the blade of the turbine, and at higher engine speeds, the angle of incidence is less orthogonal. However, at lower engine speeds, and an optimum angle of incidence, the back pressure generated upstream of the turbine may be significant enough to prevent effective expulsion of combustion gases from the engine on the exhaust stroke. In turn this may reduce the knock margin in a gasoline engine. The alternative is to lower the back pressure upstream of the turbine, but this has the effect of reducing energy recovery from the exhaust gas stream.

A further problem in gasoline engines with exhaust turbochargers is the requirement to separate the exhaust pulsations in a multi-cylinder reciprocating piston engine. This is necessary to avoid interaction of pressure waves as respective exhaust valves open, which may detrimentally affect cylinder scavenging on the exhaust stroke. One solution to this problem is to use a pulse divided manifold which separates the exhaust tracts of cylinders that may interfere (according to the firing order), and directs the two exhaust tracts to different inlet channels of the turbocharger turbine—a so-called twin-scroll turbocharger.

In an internal combustion engine, the exhaust event may be considered as comprising two sequential phases. Firstly a high pressure pulse occurs as the exhaust valve opens, and combustion chamber pressure drops rapidly—this phase may be termed “blow-down”, and has a short time span.

Subsequently the exhaust gases are expelled from the cylinder/combustion chamber on the exhaust stroke at a lower pressure—this phase may be called “expulsion” and has a relatively long time span. A conventional variable geometry exhaust turbine tends to adversely affect expulsion.

GB-A-2423797 (Lotus) discloses a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine having two exhaust valves per cylinder, the exhaust valves having respective exhaust tracts connected one each to an exhaust turbocharger and to an exhaust turbo compounder.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention there is provided an internal combustion engine and exhaust turbocharger, said engine having a combustion chamber with two exhaust ports, each exhaust port having a respective exhaust valve for controlling the flow therethrough, wherein respective exhaust ports are coupled via respective exhaust tracts to respective turbine inlets of said exhaust turbocharger, whereby the turbine geometries associated with each exhaust tract are distinct.

By providing for two separate exhaust tracts from each combustion chamber, the blow-down and expulsion phases may be separated by suitable timing of the respective exhaust valves, and directed to a turbine or part of a turbine having a suitable turbine geometry. Thus, the blow-down phase, which tends to have a higher pulsation amplitude of both mass flow and pressure, is directed to a turbine geometry designed to take best advantage thereof. The expulsion phase tends to have a low pulsation amplitude of both mass flow and pressure, and is directed to a turbine geometry designed to take best advantage thereof.

In a reciprocating piston engine, the valve timing of the respective exhaust valves may vary according to opening time (with respect to crank angle), opening duration, and opening area (valve lift of a poppet valve). These factors are typically determined by the cam profile of a poppet valve cam shaft, and may be fixed. Alternatively, a variable valve timing system may be incorporated whereby some or all of the parameters of valve timing may be altered according to, for example, the outputs of an electronic engine management system.

The invention is particularly suitable for gasoline engines, but may also have application to diesel engines.

In an embodiment of the invention, a variable valve timing system may be provided for each exhaust valve.

Typically the invention will be applied to a multi-cylinder engine, in which case two exhaust valves are provided for each combustion chamber, and associated one with each exhaust tract. The exhaust valves are thus arranged in two groups, and have common timing for each group, so that each cylinder of the engine behaves identically in steady state conditions.

The distinct turbine geometries associated with each exhaust tract may be provided in several ways.

In one embodiment a single turbine wheel is provided having straight (constant angle) vanes; however the inlet paths of the turbocharger direct exhaust gas to the vanes at a different angle. Alternatively, the turbine inlet guide vanes can be curved, and the inlet paths arranged side by side and substantially parallel. In another embodiment a combination of these features is provided whereby the inlet paths are non-parallel, and the turbine vanes are curved.

A desired gas impingement angle may be achieved by use of a turbine volute associated with each exhaust tract.

In another embodiment distinct turbine wheels may be provided side by side on a common turbine shaft, each turbine being associated with a different exhaust tract so as to present distinct turbine geometries. In this arrangement the turbines may have straight or curved blades, and the inlet paths for exhaust gas (nozzle angle) may be parallel or not.

Generally speaking, the respective turbine geometries may be selected using any appropriate variable, for example, selected from aspect ratio, turbine volute shape (length from zero point, cross-section etc) nozzle angle and blade profile.

In an embodiment of the invention, one or both turbine geometries is variable. Thus, using conventional means, the turbine geometry may vary according to, for example, engine speed, torque demand or same other relevant factor under the control of an electronic engine management system.

Turbine geometry may for example vary by altering the angle of incidence of gas impingement on the turbine blades, by shuttering an exhaust gas nozzle or by moving a directional turbine inlet valve, or nozzle.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of operating an internal combustion engine and exhaust turbocharger in combination and according to any preceding claim, the method comprising substantially separating the exhaust blow-down and exhaust expulsion phases of an exhaust stroke, and directing said phases to different geometries of a turbine wheel of said turbocharger.

Within the scope of this application it is expressly intended that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, in the claims and/or in the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination. Features described in connection with one embodiment are applicable to all embodiments, unless such features are incompatible.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

A first embodiment of the invention is illustrated inFIG. 1, and comprises a four cylinder, in-line, reciprocating piston, internal combustion engine20having four identical cylinders21each with an inlet valve22coupled to an inlet manifold23, and two exhaust valves24,25coupled to respective exhaust manifolds26,27. The number of inlet valves22is not important in this invention, and for simplicity only one per cylinder is shown; more could be provided if desirable. The exhaust manifolds26,27define independent exhaust tracts, so that the exhaust stream is divided immediately downstream of each cylinder. The valves are typically conventional spring loaded poppet valves, opened and closed by a suitable camshaft arrangement.

In this embodiment, the operation of one or both sets of exhaust valves is controlled by one or more variable devices of known kind which may vary the timing of valve opening and closing with respect to an engine output member (typically crank angle), and/or may vary the duration of opening, and/or may vary the size of the aperture defined by a valve during the period for which it is open. Thus for a poppet valve, the valve lift may be adjusted to more or less throttle the flow of exhaust gas therethrough, and accordingly to permit flow of exhaust gas from the cylinder more or less quickly.

Valves may be operated in unison by, for example, a camshaft. Valves may also be operated by individual actuators, in which case each set of individual actuators may be operated in unison. This invention is not concerned with variable valve timing as such.

In an embodiment, the exhaust valves associated with each exhaust manifold are operated in common, thus with the same characteristics of timing, duration and aperture. However the two sets of exhaust valves will typically have different operating characteristics. For example the set of exhaust valves associated with the blow-down phase will open earlier and close earlier than the set of exhaust valves associated with the expulsion phase; there may be a period of overlap where both valves of each combustion chamber are open.

An exhaust turbocharger30is provided downstream of the exhaust manifolds26,27, and within a common housing31the usual exhaust turbine wheel32connected to the usual inlet tract compressor wheel33by a shaft34. This invention is not concerned with exhaust turbochargers as such, and further details of the general design thereof are omitted.

The outlet of the turbine is directed to an exhaust tailpipe35. The compressor wheel33has an inlet36for receiving fresh air, and an outlet37connected to the inlet manifold via a conventional intercooler (charge air cooler)38. The compressor wheel33includes a bypass passage39which is opened and closed by actuation of a bypass valve40. The passage39is conventional, and allows inlet air to bypass the compressor wheel when stationary to improve natural (unassisted) aspiration. the bypass valve40may also provide a conventional blow-off or surge valve whereby excess inlet pressure downstream of the compressor wheel may be vented to the inlet side, or to atmosphere (not shown).

On the exhaust side, each exhaust manifold26,27is coupled to a respective exhaust valve41,42whereby the exhaust gas stream may be directed either to the turbine32through a nozzle102,104associated with respective inlets to the turbine32, or via a respective bypass passage43,44to the exhaust tail pipe35. The exhaust bypass passages43,44allow the respective exhaust gas streams to have a greater or lesser effect on the turbine32, as will be explained.

Typically the operation of the bypass valves40,41,42, and the variable valve timing arrangement61,62are under the control of a device such as a camshaft or an electronic control unit (ECU) (either schematically represented at)60according to conventional systems of engine management, whereby an operating map determines operational parameters according to e.g. engine speed and load.

Thus, in use the engine20is typically capable of operation over an operating range, from tickover at minimum speed to maximum power at maximum speed. Various operating parameters of the engine are typically adjusted, in particular valve timing, ignition timing and fuelling, to provide an appropriate operating characteristic, with minimum fuel consumption and minimum undesirable emissions. Such adjustments are generally not apparent to the driver of the vehicle.

Operation of this embodiment of the invention is as follows:

At lower engine speed/low load, it is desirable to extract as much energy from the exhaust gas stream as possible, so as to provide the highest possible inlet charge pressure via the compressor wheel33. With two exhaust gas streams, via the manifolds26,27the possibilities for energy extraction are increased.

In the blow-down phase, a high pressure pulse of short duration is available, and can be directed to an aggressive turbine geometry best able to take advantage thereof. This pulse may for example be directed via exhaust valves24, manifold26and valve41. At the conclusion of the blow-down phase, the exhaust valves24will close, and accordingly the aggressive turbine geometry is no longer supplied with an exhaust gas stream.

However, as the exhaust valve24closes, the exhaust valves25are opened to permit the longer expulsion phase to provide a comparatively steady flow of exhaust gas via the manifold27and valve42to a less aggressive turbine geometry.

By this means energy extraction is maximised whilst avoiding excessive back pressure on the combustion chamber. In contrast, use of an aggressive turbine geometry would allow effective energy conversion in the blow-down phase but impose excessive back pressure in the expulsion phase. On the other hand, a benign turbine geometry would be effective in the expulsion phase, but cause excess pressure to be vented (for example) via a conventional wastegate) in the blow-down phase. In the latter case energy is lost to the exhaust tailpipe, and moreover back pressure on the combustion chamber is high due to the large pressure drop across the wastegate valve.

The variable valve timing modules61,62ensure that parameters of valve timing and overlap are in accordance with a pre-determined operating regime, which may be determined empirically on, for example, an engine test bed and retained in an engine management system according to conventional practices. Thus the closing of one set of exhaust valves may overlap the opening of another set of exhaust valves to provide for maximum extraction of energy from the exhaust gas stream.

In certain instances it may be desirable to wholly or partially bypass the turbine wheel, for example to reduce back pressure on the combustion chamber, or to ensure rapid “light-off” of the usual catalytic converter upon cold engine start.

At higher engine speeds and loads, the proportion of exhaust gas directed to the respective turbine geometries may change, according to exhaust valve timing, and operation of the exhaust bypass valves41,42, so as to optimise the extraction of energy from the exhaust gas stream.

In the embodiment ofFIG. 1, a single turbine housing and a single turbine wheel is envisaged. The turbine housing is divided to separate the exhaust gas streams up to the entrance to the turbine wheel.

As compared with a pulse divided manifold and twin scroll turbine, which is used to avoid exhaust events in one cylinder affecting an exhaust event in another cylinder, the present invention obviates such interference by providing separate paths for the blow-down and expulsion phases of an exhaust stroke. As a result exhaust valve pulsation events are able to overlap because cross-communication between cylinders can be avoided.

As noted above, the different turbine geometries may vary by changing one or more parameters, such as aspect ratio, nozzle outlet size and direction etc.

In an enhanced embodiment one or both of the turbine geometries may itself be variable, by using an actuator under control of the ECU60to change one or more parameters such as aspect ratio, nozzle outlet size and direction etc.

It will be appreciated that for any group of cylinders, the allowable length of blow-down and expulsion phases is determined by:maximum length of blow-down (in arc degrees of crank rotation)=720/no. of cylinders feeding the exhaust manifoldmaximum length of expulsion (in arc degrees of crank rotation)=720/no. of cylinders feeding the exhaust manifold.

FIG. 2illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the bypass valve42is omitted, along with the corresponding bypass passage44. This simplified arrangement may be appropriate where, for example bypass in the expulsion phase is not required. Such a construction may be less expensive, and less consuming of space in the engine compartment.

FIG. 3shows another embodiment, similar toFIG. 2, but in which the single bypass valve41ais located downstream of the branch to the turbine. By this means all of the flow from manifold may be directed to the turbine wheel32, or most thereof via the bypass passage to the exhaust tailpipe.

The valves41,42are typically proportional valves allowing flow to be divided in any proportion between the two outlets. Such valves are well known, and may be controlled by, for example, a vacuum or an electrical actuator. The valve41ais similar, save that it controls the proportion flowing through the single outlet thereof, and the proportion directed to the turbocharger is an inevitable consequence.

Certain aspects of the invention are stated in the numbered paragraphs which follow:—

1. An internal combustion engine and exhaust turbocharger in combination, said engine having a combustion chamber with two exhaust ports, each exhaust port having a respective exhaust valve for controlling the flow therethrough, wherein respective exhaust ports are coupled via respective exhaust tracts to respective turbine inlets of said exhaust turbocharger, whereby the turbine geometries associated with each exhaust tract are distinct.

2. The combination of aspect 1 wherein said turbocharger has a single turbine wheel.

3. The combination of aspects 1 or 2 wherein the vanes100of the turbine wheel32are arcuate.

4. The combination of aspect 1 wherein a turbine inlet102,104comprises a nozzle106,108.

5. The combination of aspect 4 wherein the turbine inlets comprise respective nozzles.

6. The combination of aspect 5 wherein the outlet direction of said nozzle is non-parallel.

7. The combination of aspect 4 wherein a nozzle comprises means to vary the outlet direction thereof.

8. The combination of aspect 1 wherein a turbine inlet102,104includes a stator110,112having one or more vanes114to direct an exhaust stream.

9. The combination of aspect 8 wherein the turbine inlets comprise a respective stator.

10. The combination of aspect 8 wherein a stator is movable to change the direction of an exhaust stream.

11. The combination of aspect 1 wherein said engine comprises a variable exhaust valve timing system whereby the opening duration of one or more exhaust valves may be changed.

12. The combination of aspect 1 wherein said engine comprises a variable exhaust valve timing system whereby the opening area of one or more exhaust valves may be changed.

13. The combination of aspect 1 wherein said engine comprises a variable exhaust valve timing system whereby the timing of opening and/or closing of one or more exhaust valves may be vaned with respect to the rotation of an output member of said engine.

14. The combination of aspect 1 wherein one of said exhaust tracts includes a diverter valve having an inlet from said engine and an outlet for connection to the downstream exhaust side of said turbocharger.

15. The combination of aspect 14 wherein said diverter valve has an inlet from said engine, a first outlet to said turbocharger, and a second outlet for connection to a bypass of said turbocharger.

16. The combination of aspect 15 wherein both said exhaust tracts include a said diverter valve.

17. A combination according to aspect 1 wherein said engine has multiple cylinders.

18. A combination according to aspect 17 wherein said engine has four cylinders in line.

19. A vehicle incorporating an engine and turbocharger in combination, according to aspect 1.

20. A method of operating an internal combustion engine and exhaust turbocharger in combination and according to any preceding claim, the method comprising substantially separating the exhaust blow-down and exhaust expulsion phases of an exhaust stroke, and directing said phases to different geometries of a turbine wheel of said turbocharger.

21. The method of aspect 20 including the step of varying the timing of exhaust valves according to engine speed and load, to vary the proportion of exhaust gas directed to said different geometries.

22. The method of aspect 21 including the step of diverting to the downstream exhaust side of said turbocharger a proportion of exhaust gas from one or both said phases.