Firefighting back tank and pump

A novel portable flexible water tank and pump which can be carried on a firefighter's back and used for fighting forest fires. The water carrying backpack and water pump combination comprises: (a) a flexible hollow waterproof water container; (b) harness means attached to the water container suitable for securing the water container to the back of a human being; (c) means attached to the water container for filling the water container; (d) hand operated water pumping means; (e) means for connecting the hand operated water pumping means with the water container in order to permit water from the interior of the water container to be delivered to the hand operated water pump; and (f) perspiration ventilation means located on the side of the water container which rests against the back of the human being.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention is directed to a novel portable flexible water tank and pump 
which can be carried on a firefighter's back and used for fighting forest 
fires. More particularly, this invention is directed to a novel portable 
flexible water tank and pump which includes perspiration vents and a 
kidney insulating pad to prevent firefighter fatigue in firefighting 
conditions. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
For years, it has been customary practice in fighting fires for 
firefighters to carry water back packs and water hand pumps and use them 
at the fire site. The back pack is filled with water from any readily 
available source such as a creek, melting snow, puddles, or the like, and 
the water is carried on the back of the firefighter to the fire site. At 
the site, the firefighter directs a stream of water at the fire by 
operating a hand pump which is attached to the back pack. 
Studies conducted under firefighting conditions in North America and 
Australia have indicated that firefighters when engaged in fighting a fire 
suffer from premature fatigue and very high heartbeat rates. 
Electrocardiograms taken of firefighters operating under these conditions 
have demonstrated that their heartbeats are so high that they experience 
premature fatigue. An aggravating factor is that substantial body heat is 
lost from the kidneys and lower back area into the cold water carried in 
the backpack. 
Another difficulty with conventional waterproof water backpacks and hand 
pumps is that they do not permit perspiration to escape from the back of 
the firefighter. It has been learned that inhibiting evaporation of 
perspiration from the back of the firefighter leads directly to premature 
fatigue. Thus, the firefighter tires prematurely and cannot continue to 
fight the fire. This is a serious problem with most forest fire situations 
because usually there is a shortage of men available to fight the forest 
fire and premature fatigue reduces further the number of men available. 
A third problem, which is mechanical in nature, is that in many cases the 
water that is used to fill the backpack is not clean but is full of dirt, 
debris and the like. This material accumulates in the backpack and often 
blocks the water inlet into the waterpump. In such cases, the water pump 
must be dismantled and the blocked inlet cleaned of debris before the unit 
can be used again. This causes down-time of equipment at the fire site. 
The applicant is aware of U.S. Pat. No. 1,902,548, F. F. Fenwick, Jr., Mar. 
21, 1933, which discloses a flexible collapsible water backpack and hand 
pump for use in fighting forest fires and the like. The backpack is 
constructed so that it can be carried on the back in a folded condition to 
form a compartment for holding water. The backpack is carried on the back 
by means of a shoulder strap and girth harness. 
U.S. Pat. No. 1,953,331, granted Apr. 3, 1934, J. Armstrong, disclose a 
water backpack design which can be carried on the back of a pack animal. A 
series of the packs can be carried on the backs of a proportionate number 
of pack animals and connected together in series. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The invention is directed to a novel water carrying backpack and water pump 
combination which is useful in fighting fires. The combination comprises: 
(a) a flexible hollow waterproof water container; (b) harness means 
attached to the water container suitable for securing the water container 
to the back of a human being; (c) means attached to the water container 
for filling the water container; (d) hand operated water pumping means; 
(e) means for connecting the hand operated water pumping means with the 
water container in order to permit water from the interior of the water 
container to be delivered to the hand operated water pump; and (f) 
perspiration ventilation means located on the side of the water container 
which rests against the back of the human being. 
The water container may be constructed generally to have the shape of an 
inverted "T". The ventilation means may consist of at least one crease 
which is formed on the back-facing side of the water container. The water 
container may include heat insulation means located on a portion of the 
back-facing side of the water container. The crease may be formed by 
internally sealing the back-facing side of the water container to the 
opposite wall of the water container along a portion of its surface area. 
The heat insulation means may comprise a horizontally disposed flexible 
waterproof heat insulating means which extends across a substantial 
portion of the back-facing side of the water container and may be intended 
to rest against the kidney area of a human being when the backpack is 
harnessed to the back of the human being. The water pump may be of a 
cylindrical construction with a nozzle at one end, and a water receiving 
hose at one end, (which can be the nozzle end), and is operated by pushing 
a rod and piston connected to a handle in the direction of the end 
carrying the nozzle. The water pump may include a protective covering and 
one or more disk or flapper-valves in its interior. The filler cap used to 
fill the backpack can include a screen for filtering solid debris from 
water poured into the interior of the water container.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ONE EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
Referring to FIG. 1, the water backpack 1 rests on the back of a 
firefighter 2 and is held in place by a shoulder harness 3 which attaches 
at each end to the top 4 and base 5 of the backpack 1 by means of welded 
or glued grommets or other suitable fastening means. A water pump 7 with 
nozzle 8 is held in the two hands of the firefighter 2. The water pump 7 
is connected by means of a hose 20 to the base of the centre of the 
backpack 1. Centering the hose 20 ensures that the backpack 1 can be used 
equally well by both left and right handed operations. Also, centering the 
hose 20 permits maximum emptying of the water load inside the back pack 1 
because as the back pack 1 is emptied, water flows to the bottom centre of 
the back pack 1. 
FIG. 1 also illustrates the filling port and cap 9 which permits the 
backpack 1 to be filled with water and the drainage spout 10 which can be 
used to empty the backpack 1 if required. One of the two creases 11 in the 
rear side of the backpack 1 can also be seen in FIG. 1. A supplementary 
plug 21 is attached to the back pack 1 and can be used to plug the hose 
discharge outlet of the back pack 1 when the hose 20 is disconnected. 
FIG. 2 illustrates the rear face of the backpack 1. As can be seen, the 
harness 3 comprises two vertical straps which attach at each end to 
respective fastening points 4 at the top and fastening point 5 at the 
bottom of the back pack 1. The location of the filler cap 9 and drainage 
spout 10 is also shown. The backpack 1 has two vertical creases 11 which 
extend upwardly in parallel orientation along a portion of the height of 
the backpack 1. These creases 11 represent linear indentations and can be 
formed by internally adhering the backside to the front side of the 
backpack 1 by means of electrical or heat welds or suitable adhesive. The 
harness 3 is adjustable to fit various sizes of firefighter by means of 
adjusting clips 12. The two vertical straps of the harness 3 are held at a 
fixed distance from one another by means of a rib strap 13 with adjusting 
clip 14. To prevent water leakage around the grommets at attachment points 
4 and 5, electronic or heat welds are formed at locations 15, 16 22 and 23 
by internally securing the front and rear faces together. Alternately, a 
suitable adhesive can be used to secure the front and rear faces together 
at locations 15, 16, 22 and 23. The outlet 17 for fastening to a hose 20 
leading to the water pump 7 is located at the base of the back pack 1. A 
plug 21 for plugging outlet 17 when hose 20 is removed is attached at the 
bottom of the back pack 1. 
FIG. 3 illustrates the front face of the backpack 1, that is, the face 
which rests against the back of the firefighter. Two creases 11 which 
correspond with and are connected to the creases 11 shown on the rear face 
(FIG. 2) are visible. These creases 11 on the front face of the back pack 
1 which are indentations, are an extremely important feature of the back 
pack 1 because they act as vents and permit perspiration to escape from 
the back of the firefighter 2 and also stabilize water shifting within the 
backpack 1. This ventilation feature enables the firefighter 2 to remain 
reasonably cool under the hot conditions usually associated with 
firefighting and reduces premature fatigue. FIG. 3 also illustrates the 
kidney insulating pad 18. This pad 18 extends across the base of the 
backpack 1 and is formed of a suitable, flexible, waterproof, insulating 
material such as a closed cell flexible polymer foam. Pad 18 is also an 
important feature of the backpack 1 because it prevents excessive heat 
loss from the lower back of the firefighter 2, and particularly from the 
kidney area of the firefighter 2 into the cold water in the backpack 1. 
This prevents back cramps and premature fatigue. 
The applicant's back tank is tubular in design for maximum ventilation. The 
design is based on the findings of the Australian "Aquarius Project", 
which conducted tests on firefighters under fire fighting conditions and 
found the prime cause of fatigue among forest firefighters to be lack of 
cooling body ventilation. 
The back tank 1 is typically constructed of a tough nylon exterior, all 
welded construction. It is typically of five U.S. gallon capacity. The 
backpack 1, when empty of water, is of light weight and is highly 
compactible. The empty weight of the tank (complete with pump) is 
typically 31/2 pounds. Clogging is virtually eliminated by the applicant's 
flapper-valve designed pump (which will be discussed more fully below). 
The backpack 1 has the following characteristics when in use. As water is 
consumed from the interior of the backpack 1, by reason of its inverted 
"T" construction, the bag tends to fold across the point where the 
inverted stem of the "T" joins the top bar of the "T", thereby providing a 
horizontal ventilation crease in addition to the two vertical creases 11. 
Further advantages of the backpack 1 are that the base of the filler cap 9 
is welded or glued by means of electronic or heat weld or suitable 
adhesive directly to the backpack 1. This construction is durable and 
prevents leaks. Also, inside the filler cap 9, there is a mesh strainer 9a 
which is directly radio frequency welded to the fabric of the backpack 1. 
This strainer 9a conveniently strains out debris which might be present in 
the water used to fill the backpack 1. 
At the top and base of the backpack 1, there are also located snaps 24 and 
25 into which the hand pump 7 can be clipped when it is not in use. This 
leaves both hands of the firefighter free to help maintain balance, and to 
use for grasping stationary objects when walking through heavy bush, or 
climbing over difficult terrain. 
Another feature of the inverted "T" shape of the backpack 1 is that by 
concentrating a major amount of the water at a lower level, the centre of 
gravity of the backpack is lowered. This lower centre of gravity is 
advantageous because it generally corresponds with the centre of gravity 
of the firefighter 2 and therefore does not significantly raise or lower 
the centre of gravity of the firefighter. A difficulty with conventional 
backpacks for carrying water is that they tend to concentrate the bulk of 
the water on the shoulders of the firefighter 2. This raises the overall 
centre of gravity and tends to make the firefighter "top heavy". He is 
thereby prone to being tossed about whenever he makes abrupt movements. 
The water pump 7, as illustrated in FIG. 4, is also of unique construction 
and operation. The water pump 7 includes a free suspended disk 
valve-spring system 26 and 27 which permits water which has a relatively 
high debris content to pass through the water pump 7 without difficulty. 
Conventional water pumps usually have a ball valve check system which 
plugs up easily when there is any debris such as sand, dirt, and the like, 
present in the water. 
Another advantage of the water pump 7 is that it is operated by pushing the 
pump handle 28 with rod 29 and piston 30 from the rear, rather than 
pulling the pump from the front, in order to obtain a pumping action. This 
rear pushing action enables the sprayed water from the pump to remain on 
target. It has been found that when pumps are compressed by pulling the 
pump from the front, the water pump tends to jerk sideways or up or down 
and thus a portion of the sprayed water misses the target and serves no 
purpose in quenching the fire. This action also provides an improved 
mechanical advantage and thus results in reduced operator fatigue. 
The water pump typically is constructed to have a three quarter inch 
diameter discharge outlet, which is the same size as the common garden 
hose. The hose 20 is typically a five-eighths inch suction hose. Thus, 
typical garden hose accessories, including washers, can be used for 
servicing the water pump 7. No special "off-size" fittings are required. 
The water pump is constructed of a brass lined cylinder 7b, which is 
covered with a high-impact plastic exterior 7a which eliminates or greatly 
reduces exterior damage such as dents and creases which can occur to the 
cylinder when the water pump 7 is dropped or is banged against solid 
objects such as trees or rocks. 
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the 
foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in 
the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope 
thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in 
accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.