Process and device for delivering a monochromatic light beam by stimulated scattering

For generation of a light beam having a narrow linewidth, an energy extraction beam of narrow linewidth, typically from a pulsed laser, is directed into a Raman medium having a large stimulated line. A second source, typically a pulsed laser, delivers a beam coaxial to the first in the medium. The frequency of the first beam is within the stimulated emission line of the medium induced by the second frequency and energy transfer occurs from the second to the first beam without substantial increase in the spectral linewidth.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to a process and a device for delivering a 
monochromatic output light beam having a narrow spectrum linewidth; it is 
particularly--but not exclusively--suitable for use in photochemistry. 
It is well known that intense light beams having a spectrum linewidth as 
narrow as possible is of great interest in numerous photochemistry fields, 
for instance for isotopic separation or purification operations. 
There exist techniques for reducing the spectrum line-width of a beam which 
use passive filtering apparatus (prism monochromators, diffraction grating 
monochromators, interferential filters, Fabry-Perot etalons and the like). 
Any reduction in the spectrum linewidth is obtained at the cost of 
reduction of the light intensity of the beam in higher proportion. 
Consequently, any passive filtering operation results in a reduction in 
the monochromatic intensity defined as the ratio of the light intensity to 
the spectrum linewidth. 
It is an object of the invention to provide a process and a device 
delivering an intense light beam of very small spectrum linewidth, the 
term "light" being construed as designating the whole zone of the spectrum 
covering the infrared, the visible and the ultraviolet (i.e. approximately 
from 100 nm to 100 .mu.m). 
According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for 
generation of a light beam with a narrow spectrum linewidth, comprising, 
superimposing an amplifying medium exhibiting a large stimulated light 
emission spectrum linewidth at a first frequency and a pump light beam at 
a second frequency, higher than said first frequency, the first frequency 
being contained in the stimulated emission spectrum linewidth of the 
medium induced by the second frequency. 
Two results are attained by the process: 
the intensity of the light radiation beam at the first frequency may be 
considerably increased without substantial degradation of the spectrum 
linewidth, whereby there is an increase of the monochromatic intensity; 
an appreciable fraction of the energy of the beam at the second frequency, 
whose spectral width may be large, is transferred to the beam at the first 
frequency, of narrow spectral width; in other words, spectral compression 
is achieved with a relatively high transfer efficiency. 
That process is quite different from those which use stimulated light 
scattering for frequency shift. The latter processes use amplification of 
the inherent noise (typically Raman noise) of the system so that the 
spectral characteristics of the radiation obtained depend on the spectrum 
linewidth .DELTA..sigma..sub.T of the transition in the medium and on the 
spectrum linewidth of the pump wave .DELTA..sigma..sub.p. On the other 
hand, according to the invention, a very monochromatic signal is injected, 
whose width .DELTA..sigma..sub.S may be very much less than 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.P and whose frequency is within the spectrum region 
where the pump wave induces a gain. 
In a particular embodiment an amplifying medium presenting Raman scattering 
is used. The second beam forms in this case the pump beam. The first one 
having a much smaller spectrum linewidth than that of the transition is at 
a frequency equal to or close to that of the Stokes spectrum line which 
would be induced by the pump beam if the gain were sufficient. The two 
beams may be provided by pulsed lasers. 
Instead of using Raman effect stimulated light scattering, other properties 
may be used and particularly Rayleigh scattering (with frequency change) 
or Brillouin scattering. Implementation of the invention by Raman effect 
entails refraining to reach the threshold of the Brillouin effect, since 
there would otherwise appear competition between the two effects. 
Although lasers are radiation sources particularly suitable for 
implementing the invention, other sources of coherent monochromatic 
radiation in the useful spectrum may be used, e.g. parametric oscillator 
systems. 
The invention also relates to a device for implementing the above-defined 
process. According to another aspect, there is provided a device for 
generation of a monochromatic light output beam having a narrow spectrum 
line, comprising: an enclosure for receiving a medium having a wide 
induced amplification spectrum line; a first pulsed light source for 
energy extraction selected to inject a light beam with a narrow spectrum 
linewidth at a first frequency into said medium; a second pulsed source 
for pumping action which provides in operation a light beam at a second 
frequency, different from the first, said first frequency being selected 
to be within the amplification spectrum line of the medium when subjected 
to the action of the pump beam; and optical means for rendering the two 
beams colinear in the enclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A TICULAR EMBODIMENT 
Referring to the FIGURE, there is shown a device which uses an amplifying 
medium 10 capable of exhibiting stimulated Raman scattering, for example a 
hydrogen and argon mixture under an adjustable pressure. The mixture is 
contained in an enclosure 11 whose length is sufficient to avoid 
oscillations due to multiple reflections during the time duration of one 
light pulse. A length of about one meter is satisfactory for pulses of 2.5 
ns. In a mixture of 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 argon under a variable pressure 
of 1 to 100 bars, the spectrum linewidth .DELTA..sigma..sub.T of the 
mixture for the Q1 transition of hydrogen may be varied. 
The energy delivering beam or pump beam, at the second mentioned frequency, 
is supplied by a pulsed laser 12. Laser 12 may be a multi-stage dye laser, 
having an oscillator stage and at least one amplifier stage. The spectrum 
linewidth of the pump beam .DELTA..sigma..sub.P must be less than 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.T. The frequency of the pump beam may vary within wide 
limits. By way of example, a dye laser has been used with 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.P between 0.043 and 0.42 cm.sup.-1 and .sigma..sub.P 
=13,900 cm.sup.-1, whereas .DELTA..sigma..sub.T was of from 0.40 to 0.45 
cm.sup.-1. Laser 12 will in general comprise an element for adjusting the 
spectrum linewidth, such as a Fabry-Perrot etalon 13. 
The energy extraction beam, at the first above-mentioned frequency, may be 
provided by a dye laser 14 similar to laser 12 and triggered in 
synchronism therewith. Lasers 12 and 14 may be energized by the same 
pumping source, for example a ruby laser. Laser 14 will comprise at least 
one dispersive element 15 for adjusting the wave-length (i.e. tuning and 
adjusting the spectrum linewidth. It will be tuned to emit at a 
wave-length corresponding to the Stokes spectrum line which would be 
generated by the pumping beam if the gain were sufficient. If, as 
indicated above, the laser 12 is selected for .sigma.P=13,900 cm.sup.-1, a 
laser 14 may be selected for .sigma.S=9750 cm.sup.-1 and 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.S of from 0.013 to 0.017. 
Optical means are arranged for rendering the output beams of lasers 12 and 
14 colinear in tank 11. In the FIGURE, the optical means are schematized 
as a first mirror 16 for reflecting the energy extraction beam and a 
mirror 17 transparent for the pump wave length and reflecting the energy 
extraction wave length (dielectric layer mirror in general). Laser 14 and 
especially laser 12 which has a wider spectrum linewidth, may have high 
peak powers: tests have been carried out with a power of 200 MW/cm.sup.2 
for the pump beam and a few MW/cm.sup.2 for the energy extraction beam. 
Table I gives, by way of example, results which were obtained from 
representative tests of the different modes of use which may be 
contemplated: 
TABLE I 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Input 
Output 
Test 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.T 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.M 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.P 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.S 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.S 
R 
No. 
(cm-1) 
(cm-1) 
(cm-1) 
(cm-1) 
(cm-1) 
A % T 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
1 0.40 
0 .043 
.017 
.016 
9 80 1.4 
2 0.40 
0.32 
.043 
.017 
.018 
8 54 1 
3 0.40 
0 .043 
.017 
.017 
500/3000 
2-15 
0.03-0.26 
4 0.55 
0 .41 .013 
.013 
7 72 16 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
In the above table, .DELTA..sigma..sub.T, .DELTA..sigma..sub.P and 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.S have the above-mentioned meanings; A designates the 
amount of amplification obtained, i.e. the ratio between the value which 
the wave at the frequency of the Stokes spectrum line exhibits at the 
output of enclosure 11 and the value of the energy extraction beam. R 
designates the quantum conversion efficiency. T designates the spectral 
compression rate defined as: 
EQU T=(.DELTA..sigma..sub.p /.DELTA..sigma..sub.S).times.(.sigma..sub.s 
/.sigma..sub.p).times.R 
The value of the spectral compression rate reflects the degree of energy 
transfer from the pump beam, which has a relatively wide spectrum, to the 
spectrally narrow "signal" beam. 
The tests summarized in the table have been selected to outline different 
possibilities offered by the invention. 
In all cases, it can be seen that after amplification 
(.DELTA..sigma..sub.s) at the output of tank 11 there is practically no 
increase of the linewidth as compared to .DELTA..sigma..sub.S at the 
input, even when the spectrum linewidth of the Raman transition 
.DELTA..sigma..sub.T is large as compared to .DELTA..sigma..sub.S. 
The amplification may be varied in a large range. It is limited only by the 
depopulation of the pump wave. It depends both on the intensity of the 
pump wave and on that of the energy extraction wave. The amount of 
amplification and the degree of efficiency vary in opposite directions. 
Maximum amplification: for some applications, high degrees of amplification 
are desirable. In the case of test No. 3, values of the order of 3000 are 
reached by directing a low intensity energy extraction beam into the 
medium. On the other hand, the quantum efficiency is low. 
High quantum efficiency: for other applications quantum efficiencies as 
high as possible may be desired. This result is attained for low 
amplifications. It may reach 80% (test No. 1) and even exceed it provided 
that the light beams are very homogeneous. 
High spectral compression rate: for yet other applications, spectral 
compression as high as possible is required, i.e. an increase in the ratio 
between the spectrum linewidth and the intensity, even at the cost of 
reduced intensity. Test No. 4 shows that the result is attained by using a 
Raman medium having a quite large transition spectrum linewidth. 
Tuning: Test No. 2 shows that the wavelength of the energy extraction need 
not necessarily correspond exactly to the Stokes spectrum line, for the 
Raman transition spectrum line is relatively wide. In the case of test No. 
2, while the difference .DELTA..sigma..sub.M =.sigma..sub.P -.sigma..sub.S 
was 0.32 cm.sup.-1, quantum efficiency was only decreased in a relatively 
low ratio. This tuning possibility presents great interest when the pump 
beam is supplied by a laser which only can deliver discrete frequencies, 
such as a CO.sub.2 laser. Then the Stokes frequency may be tuned within 
the Raman spectrum line by adjusting the tuning means of the energy 
extraction laser 14. 
High amplification and acceptable quantum efficiency: the objects may be 
conciliated by using a multi-stage system in which the first stage at 
least provides a high value of A and the last stage at least is selected 
to exhibit a high value of R. 
The repetition rate of the pulses which may be obtained is limited by that 
of the pump laser and by the heating up of the Raman medium. Apparatuses 
may be constructed which supply a radiation with high mean power and great 
spectral purity, with satisfactory efficiency. 
Numerous modified embodiments are possible: phenomena other than the Raman 
effect may be used. The source of the energy extraction beam may be of any 
type capable of supplying coherent monochromatic light pulses, for example 
a diode laser. The pump beam may be delivered by any source with wide or 
narrow band (parametric oscillator, CO.sub.2 laser, HF laser, etc.). 
Instead of the Raman effect, the use of stimulated light diffusion by 
Brillouin effect may be contemplated, as well as other non linear physical 
actions involving interaction of at least two types of photons.