Conductivity exaltation in radiation cured electrically conductive coatings

An electrically conductive polymeric material useful in electrographic imaging elements is disclosed. The material comprises, in polymerized form: (1) a polymerizable, conductivity exalting comonomer selected from the group consisting of interpolymerizable acids with an acid number between 100 and 900, hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, cyanoalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof; (2) a polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor; and, optionally, (3) other polymerizable precursors. A layer of the material has an apparent surface resistivity of 1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature..

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to electrically conductive polymeric materials. In 
particular this invention relates to the use of conductivity exalting 
comonomers to increase the conductivity of radiation cured electrically 
conductive coatings. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In electrographic imaging a latent image of electric charge is formed on a 
surface of a carrier sheet. Toner particles that are attracted to the 
charge are applied to the surface of the carrier sheet to render the 
latent image visible. The toned image is fixed, either by fusing the toner 
particles to the surface of the carrier sheet, or by first transferring 
the toned image to a receptor and fusing, or otherwise permanently 
affixing, the particles to the receptor. 
The latent image is produced by imagewise deposition of electrical charge 
onto the carrier surface. Typically, charged styli, arranged in linear 
arrays across the width of a moving dielectric surface, are used to create 
the latent image. Such processes are disclosed, for example, in 
Helmberger, U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,489; Doggett, U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,542; and 
St. John, U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,584. 
An electrographic imaging element requires a conductive layer. The 
conductive layers may be metallic, such as when a sheet of metal is used 
as a substrate for the imaging element. Or it may be a conductive coating 
on an otherwise non-conducting substrate, such as a polyethylene 
terephthalate film coated with a conductive metal oxide, such as tin 
oxide, or a paper sheet bearing a conductive coating. 
It is well known that both bulk and surface electrical conductivity can be 
imparted to many types of materials, especially polymeric materials, by 
the incorporation of ionic substances, such as monomeric or polymeric 
quaternary ammonium salts. Low concentrations of ionic additives, or of 
hydroscopic compounds such as polyglycol ethers or amines, can provide 
antistatic properties, i.e, surface resistivity of about 10.sup.9 
-10.sup.10 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. Larger concentrations of quaternary salts 
can afford surface resistivities as low as 10.sup.2 -10.sup.5 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
There are, however, significant problems associated with such 
conductivizing agents. Low molecular weight quaternary salts and 
hydroscopic additives migrate from the bulk of the host material to the 
surface. As the conductivizing agent diffuses to the surface the surface 
properties may vary with time. Because the conductivizing agent is not 
bound to the surface, contact with other materials can remove it. 
Although these problems are solved by the use of polymeric conductivizing 
agents as bulk additives, there are significant problems associated with 
these materials as well. Use of the widely used quaternary derivatives of 
polystyrene and the cyclopolymer derived from dimethyldiallylammonium 
chloride (DMDAAC) is limited both by their water and alcohol solubility 
and by their tendency to become soft, tacky, and fragile at high relative 
humidities, where they exhibit their maximum conductivity. 
Polymeric quaternary salts are also immiscible with most other polymers, 
which limits there usefulness as bulk additives. Because phase separation 
may occur during the coating process, it is difficult to produce 
homogenous coatings with these materials. 
As described in Shay, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,322,331 and 4,420,541, some of these 
problems can be overcome by addition of polymerizable quaternary ammonium 
monomers to radiation polymerizable compositions to produce a conductive 
cross-linked copolymer. However, high levels of quaternary ammonium 
monomers are required to produce conductivities that are useful for the 
production of electrographic imaging elements. Thus, the polymers formed 
by polymerization of these compositions tend to be hydroscopic and produce 
coatings that are soft and tacky. These coatings generally do not form 
acceptable electrographic element. Therefore, a need exists for 
polymerizable compositions that will produce conductive polymeric 
materials with apparent surface resistivities of 1.times.10.sup.4 to 
1.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature., yet do not contain so much 
polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor that the 
coating is soft and tacky. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The invention is an electrically conductive polymeric material, which 
comprises in polymerized form: 
(A) 40 to 100 parts by weight, based on the total weight of polymerizable 
precursors and comonomers in the material, of: 
(1) a polymerizable, conductivity exalting comonomer, said comonomer 
selected from the group consisting of interpolymerizable acids with an 
acid number between 100 and 900, hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic or 
methacrylic acid, cyanoalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and 
combinations thereof; and 
(2) a polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor; 
wherein the ratio of said polymerizable, conductivity exalting comonomer to 
said polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor is in the 
range of 0.25 to 2.0; and 
(B) 0 to 60 parts by weight, based on the total weight of polymerizable 
precursors and comonomers in the material, of other polymerizable 
precursors; 
wherein a layer of said material has a surface resistivity of 
1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature..

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
The invention is an electrically conductive polymeric material, which 
comprises in polymerized form: one or more conductivity exalting 
comonomers; one or more polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium 
precursors; and, optionally, one or more other polymerizable precursors. 
The comonomer is selected from the group consisting of interpolymerizable 
acids with an acid number between 100 and 900, hydroxyalkyl esters of 
acrylic or methacrylic acid, cyanoalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic 
acid, and combinations thereof. The layer may also include a 
photoinitiator that activates free radical polymerization when the 
precursor mixture is exposed to ultraviolet light. 
By suitable choice of concentrations of the polymerizable components, 
apparent surface conductivity can be varied over a wide range, i.e., a 
resistivity between about 1.times.10.sup.4 .OMEGA./.quadrature. and 
1.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature., without adversely affecting the 
other properties of the material. A layer of this material typically has 
an apparent surface resistivity of 1.times.10.sup.4 to 1.times.10.sup.7 
.OMEGA./.quadrature., preferably 5.times.10.sup.4 to 5.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Conductivity Enhancing Comonomers 
The conductivity enhancing comonomers are selected from the group 
consisting of (1) interpolymerizable acids with an acid number between 100 
and 900, (2) hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and (3) 
cyanoalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid. A single comonomer may 
be present in the material, or a mixture of comonomers may be present to 
provide the desired resistivity. 
Typical interpolymerizable acids that may be used to enhance electrical 
conductivity include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, .beta.-carboxyethyl 
acrylate, itaconic acid, 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl maleate, 
2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl maleate, 2-(acryloyloxy)propyl maleate, 
2-(methacryloyloxy)propyl maleate, 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl succinate, 
2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl succinate, 2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl o-phthalate, 
2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl o-phthalate, 
1-carboxy-2-2-acryloxyloxyethylcarboxylate!cyclohex-4-ene, 
1-carboxy-2-2-methacryloxyloxyethylcarboxylate!cyclohex-4-ene; and 
carboxylated additives having acid numbers of 100 to 900, such as 
Ebecryl.RTM. 169 and Ebecryl.RTM. 170. As is well known to those skilled 
in the art, acid number is defined as the number of mg of potassium 
hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of the interpolymerizable acid. 
Preferred interpolymerizable acids are the low molecular weight acidic 
acrylic precursors, .beta.-carboxyethyl acrylate and 2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl 
maleate. 
Typical hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid that may be used 
to enhance electrical conductivity include 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl 
methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, and 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate. 
Typical cyanoalkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid that may be used 
to enhance electrical conductivity include 2-cyanoethyl acrylate and 
2-cyanoethyl methacrylate. 
Ethylenically Unsaturated Ammonium Precursors 
"Ammonium precursor" means an ethylenically unsaturated, quaternary 
ammonium salt compound which contains an ammonium cation and an inorganic 
or organic salt anion. Electrical conductivity of the polymer is obtained 
by use of the reactive ammonium precursors such as 
(3-(methacryloylamino)propyl) trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC), 
dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate dimethylsulfate quaternary (Ageflex.RTM. 
FM1Q80DMS), dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methylchloride quaternary 
(Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80MC), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methylchloride 
quaternary (Ageflex.RTM. FM1Q75MC), dimethylaminoethyl acrylate 
dimethylsulfate quaternary (Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80DMS), diethylaminoethyl 
acrylate dimethylsulfate quaternary (Ageflex.RTM. FA2Q80DMS), 
dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (Ageflex.RTM. DMDAC), and 
vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride, all of which are water soluble and, 
typically supplied with up to 50 wt % water. Consequently, such quaternary 
components are only miscible with a few very hydrophilic precursors, 
unless a coupling solvent is used such as those described herein below. 
Quaternary salt precursors typically have the following structures: 
##STR1## 
in which R.sub.1 is H, methyl, or ethyl; Y is --0-- or --(NR.sub.3)-- 
wherein R.sub.3 is H or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; m is an integer from 1 
to 4, each R.sub.2 individually is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group; and 
X!.sup.- is an anion. 
In particular the quaternary salt precursors contains a cation taken from 
the group consisting of (3-(methacryloylamino)-propyl)-trimethylammonium, 
(2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl)trimethylammonium, 
(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium, 
(2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl)-methyldiethylammonium, 
4-vinyl-benzyltrimethylammonium, dimethyldiallylammonium and mixtures 
thereof. The anion of quaternary salt precursors may be any inorganic or 
organic salt anion conventionally used in such quaternary salts such as 
chloride, methosulfate, nitrate, and the like. It was noted that the 
conductivity (or resistivity) of the coating is determined largely, but 
not wholly, by the molal concentration (number of moles per kilogram, all 
densities being close to unity) of quaternary salt present. For this 
reason, the most desirable quaternary structure is that with the lowest 
molecular weight, 2-acryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride, which is 
also expected to polymerize more easily than a methacrylate. 
Other Polymerizable Precursors 
The material may comprise, in polymerized from, one or more other 
polymerizable precursors. The term "other polymerizable precursors" does 
not include the conductivity enhancing comonomers and the ethylenically 
unsaturated ammonium precursors, each of which is a polymerizable 
precursor. These precursors include monofunctional polymerizable 
precursors and multifunctional polymerizable precursors. If release is 
desired, a polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated, organo-silicone may 
be included to provide release. 
Multifunctional polymerizable precursors function as free radical 
cross-linking agents to accelerate growth of the polymer during 
polymerization. A multifunctional polymerizable precursor may be a 
multifunctional monomeric material, an oligomeric material, or a 
combination thereof. "Multifunctional" means two or more ethylenically 
unsaturated functional groups capable of free radical addition 
polymerization. "Monomeric materials" are identified as "monomers". The 
term "oligomer" or "oligomeric" has its conventional meaning, a polymer 
whose properties change with the addition of one or a few repeating units. 
As such an oligomer functions as a pre-polymer having ethylenic groups 
capable of further polymerization. "Oligomeric materials" hereinafter are 
identified as "oligomers". 
Typical multifunctional monomers useful in forming the polymeric material 
include trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, 
pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, 
ethoxylated-trimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerolpropoxy triacrylate, 
ethyleneglycol diacrylate, tripropyleneglycol diacrylate, and 
tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate. Particularly useful for this invention are 
the ethoxylated precursors such as ethoxylated-trimethylolpropane 
triacrylate (TMPEOTA). 
Oligomers typically are used in the coating dispersions to achieve a cure 
rate rapid enough to meet polymer productivity goals. Typical oligomers 
useful in forming the polymeric material include acrylated urethanes, 
polyesters, and polyepoxides; and acrylics. The criteria used to select 
useful oligomers are: viscosity, compatibility, glass transition 
temperature (Tg), degree of functionality, and coating glossiness. 
Illustrative of such oligomers are the commercial products tabulated along 
with their properties in the following tables. 
Acrylated urethanes which are useful include: Ebecryl.RTM. 230, an 
aliphatic urethane; Ebecryl.RTM. 244, an aliphatic urethane & 10% 
1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 265, an aliphatic urethane & 25% 
tripropyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 270, an aliphatic urethane; 
Ebecryl.RTM. 285, an aliphatic urethane & 25% tripropyleneglycol 
diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 4830, an aliphatic urethane & 10% 
tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 4833, an aliphatic urethane & 
10% N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; Ebecryl.RTM. 4834, an aliphatic urethane & 10% 
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; Ebecryl.RTM. 4881, an aliphatic urethane & 10% 
tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 4883, an aliphatic urethane & 
15% tripropyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 8803-20R, an aliphatic 
urethane & 20% tripropyleneglycol diacrylate & 8% 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 
acrylate; and Ebecryl.RTM. 8803, an aliphatic urethane. Properties of 
these products are given in Table 1. 
TABLE 1 
______________________________________ 
Product Viscosity.sup.1 
Mol. Wt..sup.2 
Groups.sup.3 
Tg.sup.4 
______________________________________ 
Ebecryl .RTM. 230 
30-50 @ 25.degree. 
-- 2 39 
Ebecryl .RTM. 244 
7.0-9.0 @ 60.degree. 
2000 2 -- 
Ebecryl .RTM. 265 
25-45 @ 25.degree. 
2000 3 38 
Ebecryl .RTM. 270 
2.5-3.5 @ 60.degree. 
1500 2 -- 
Ebecryl .RTM. 285 
20-30 @ 25.degree. 
1200 2 42 
Ebecryl .RTM. 4830 
2.5-4.5 @ 60.degree. 
1200 2 42 
Ebecryl .RTM. 4833 
2.0-3.0 @ 60.degree. 
1200 2 47 
Ebecryl .RTM. 4834 
3.0-4.0 @ 60.degree. 
1600 2 32 
Ebecryl .RTM. 4881 
5.3-8.1 @ 60.degree. 
2000 2 44 
Ebecryl .RTM. 4883 
2.8-4.2 @ 60.degree. 
1600 2 47 
Ebecryl .RTM. 8800-20R 
1.8-3.0 @ 65.degree. 
1600 2.5 59 
Ebecryl .RTM. 8803 
25-35 @ 65.degree. 
2300 2.4 52 
______________________________________ 
.sup.1 Viscosity is given in "10 poise" units & temperature is in 
".degree.C.". 
.sup.2 Molecular weight is based on neat undiluted oligomer. 
.sup.3 "Groups" is the number of ethylenic functional groups. 
.sup.4 "Tg" is glass transition temperature given in .degree.C. 
Polyester oligomers which are useful include: Ebecryl.RTM. 450, a fatty 
acid modified polyester; Ebecryl.RTM. 505, an unsaturated polyester & 40% 
tripropyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 509, an acid modified 
unsaturated polyester & 30% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 524, 
an acid modified polyester & 30% 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 
525, an acid modified polyester & 40% tripropyleneglycol diacrylate; 
Ebecryl.RTM. 584, a chlorinated polyester & 40% 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; 
Ebecryl.RTM. 585, a chlorinated polyester & 40% tripropyleneglycol 
diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 810, a tetrafunctional polyester acrylate; 
Ebecryl.RTM. 1810, a tetrafunctional polyester acrylate; and Photomer.RTM. 
5018, an aliphatic tetrafunctional polyester acrylate. Properties of these 
products are given in Table 2. 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Product Viscosity.sup.1 
Mol. Wt..sup.2 
Groups.sup.3 
Tg.sup.4 
______________________________________ 
Ebecryl .RTM. 450 
6-8 @ 25.degree. 
-- 6 
Ebecryl .RTM. 505 
1.75-2.25 
@ 60.degree. 
-- 45 
Ebecryl .RTM. 509 
6-8 @ 25.degree. 
-- 
Ebecryl .RTM. 524 
55-65 @ 25.degree. 
1000 
Ebecryl .RTM. 525 
35-45 @ 25.degree. 
1000 
Ebecryl .RTM. 584 
1.5-2.5 @ 25.degree. 
-- 44 
Ebecryl .RTM. 585 
4.2-5.2 @ 25.degree. 
-- 29 
Ebecryl .RTM. 810 
0.45-0.65 
@ 25.degree. 
900 4 31 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1810 
0.45-0.65 
@ 25.degree. 
900 4 32 
Photomer .RTM. 5018 
0.7-1.4 @ 25.degree. 
1000 4 0 
______________________________________ 
.sup.1 Viscosity is given in "10 poise" units & temperature is in 
".degree.C.". 
.sup.2 Molecular weight is based on neat undiluted oligomer. 
.sup.3 "Groups" is the number of ethylenic functional groups. 
.sup.4 "Tg" is glass transition temperature given in .degree.C. 
Useful polyepoxy oligomers include: Ebecryl.RTM. 605, a bisphenol A epoxy 
diacrylate & 25% tripropyleneglycol diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 616, an epoxy 
dimethacrylate oligomer & 25% trimethylolpropane triacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 
860, an epoxidized oil acrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 1608, a bisphenol A epoxy 
acrylate & 20% propoxylated glycerol triacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 3200, a 
blend of aliphatic and aromatic acrylated epoxy resins; Ebecryl.RTM. 3201, 
an acrylated epoxy resin; Ebecryl.RTM. 3605, a partially acrylated 
bisphenol A epoxy resin; Ebecryl.RTM. 3700-20T, a bisphenol A epoxy 
acrylate & 20% trimethylolpropane triacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 3701-20T, a 
modified bisphenol A epoxy acrylate oligomer & 20% trimethylolpropane 
triacrylate; and Ebecryl.RTM. 3700, a bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate. 
Properties of these products are given in Table 3. 
TABLE 3 
______________________________________ 
Product Viscosity.sup.1 
Mol. Wt..sup.2 
Groups.sup.3 
Tg.sup.4 
______________________________________ 
Ebecryl .RTM. 605 
6.5-8.5 .times. 10.sup.3 
@ 25.degree. 
525 2 65 
Ebecryl .RTM. 616 
20-30 @ 25.degree. 
555 2 82 
Ebecryl .RTM. 860 
19-31 @ 25.degree. 
1200 3 13 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 
0.9-1.1 @ 60.degree. 
525 2 67 
Ebecryl .RTM. 3200 
1.5-3.0 @ 25.degree. 
435 1.6 48 
Ebecryl .RTM. 3201 
2.5-5.0 @ 25.degree. 
426 1.9 8 
Ebecryl .RTM. 3605 
0.5-0.8 @ 65.degree. 
450 1 43 
Ebecryl .RTM. 
.43-.63 @ 65.degree. 
524 2 75 
3700-20T 
Ebecryl .RTM. 
.85-1.25 @ 65.degree. 
840 2 62 
3701-20T 
Ebecryl .RTM. 3700 
1.8-2.8 @ 65.degree. 
524 2 65 
______________________________________ 
.sup.1 Viscosity is given in "10 poise" units & temperature is in 
".degree.C.". 
.sup.2 Molecular weight is based on neat undiluted oligomer. 
.sup.3 "Groups" is the number of ethylenic functional groups. 
.sup.4 "Tg" is glass transition temperature given in .degree.C. 
Acrylic oligomers which are useful include: Ebecryl.RTM. 745, an acrylic 
oligomer & 23% 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate & 23% tripropyleneglycol 
diacrylate; Ebecryl.RTM. 754, an acrylic oligomer & 30% 1,6-hexanediol 
diacrylate; and Ebecryl.RTM. 1755, an acrylic oligomer & 35% 
tripropyleneglycol diacrylate. Properties of these products are given in 
Table 4. 
TABLE 4 
______________________________________ 
Product Viscosity.sup.1 
Mol. Wt..sup.2 
Groups.sup.3 
Tg.sup.4 
______________________________________ 
Ebecryl .RTM. 745 
25-35 @ 25.degree. 30 
Ebecryl .RTM. 754 
70-80 @ 25.degree. 22 
Ebecryl .RTM. 
70-80 @ 25.degree. 15 
1755 
Ebecryl .RTM. 860 
19-31 @ 25.degree. 
1200 3 
______________________________________ 
.sup.1 Viscosity is given in "10 poise" units & temperature is in 
".degree.C.". 
.sup.2 Molecular weight is based on neat undiluted oligomer. 
.sup.3 "Groups" is the number of ethylenic functional groups. 
.sup.4 "Tg" is glass transition temperature given in .degree.C. 
Epoxy oligomers are generally useful because of their rapid cure rates and 
ability to provide high gloss. However, because the majority of epoxy 
oligomers have rather high viscosity at room temperature (e.g., 
10,000-150,000 cps) and Tg about 55.degree.-67.degree. C., for coatability 
purposes it is generally necessary to include a low viscosity diluent with 
a low Tg to insure adequate flexibility. Solutions of oligomer in 20 to 40 
wt. % di- or trifunctional diluent are useful. In a less complicated 
formulation, a single oligomer may be chosen such as a tetrafunctional 
aliphatic polyester with Tg of 0.degree. C. and viscosity at 25.degree. C. 
of 400-700 cps (Photomer.RTM. 5018). 
Monofunctional precursors contain one polymerizable, ethylenically 
unsaturated functional group. Monofunctional precursors typically are low 
viscosity liquids. They adjust the properties of the polymer, e.g., 
flexibility and glass transition temperature, as well as act a 
polymerizable co-solvent for the components of the liquid polymerizable 
mixture used to form the polymeric material. Useful monofunctional 
precursors include, for example, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofurfuryl 
acrylate (SR 285), tetrahydrofurfuryl ethacrylate (SR 203), and 
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate (SR 256). 
If release properties are desired, the material may comprise 0.1 to 10 
weight parts of polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated, organo-silicone 
precursors. Typically, the polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated, 
organo-silicone is an acrylated silicone such as an 
acrylated-oxyalkylene-silicone in which the alkylene is ethylene, 
propylene or a combination thereof, e.g., Ebecryl.RTM. 350 and 
Ebecryl.RTM. 1360 which have been discovered to have surfactant 
properties. From their cloud point behavior, water solubility, and 
infrared spectra, Ebecryl.RTM. 350 and Ebecryl.RTM. 1360 are believed to 
be acrylated polyoxyalkylene silicon copolymers in which the solubilizing 
polyether units are derived from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene 
glycol, or a mixture of the two polyethers. The simpler acrylated 
polydimethylsiloxanes such as Goldschmidt RC-726, are commonly employed in 
the release coating industry but are not water soluble. However, such 
acrylated polydimethylsiloxanes can be employed, particularly, if used in 
conjunction with an acrylated surfactant type silicone polymer such as 
Ebecryl.RTM. 350 or Ebecryl.RTM. 1360. 
"Acrylated-oxyalkylene-silicone" means an organosilicone precursor having 
one or more acrylate or methacrylate groups bonded thereto, and one or 
more oxyalkylene groups incorporated therein or pendant thereto, wherein 
an oxyalkylene group has the structure: 
EQU --(CH.sub.2 CHR)--O-- 
in which R is hydrogen or methyl. 
Such acrylated-oxyalkylene-silicones may be used alone or in combination 
with an acrylated-silicone. Acrylated-oxyalkylene-silicones of this type 
include a polyacrylated polydimethylsiloxane-polyether copolymer having a 
viscosity of 200-300 centipoise at 25.degree. C. (Ebecryl.RTM. 350); a 
hexaacrylate of a polydimethyl-siloxane-polyether copolymer having a 
viscosity of 1000-3000 centipoise at 25.degree. C. (Ebecryl.RTM. 1360); 
and acrylate derivatives of hydroxy endcapped 
polydimethylsiloxane-polyether copolymers such as Silwet.RTM. L 7604, 
Coat-o-Sil.RTM. 3500 and Coat-o-Sil.RTM. 3501. Although the 
acrylated-silicone class of compounds (e.g., acrylated 
polydimethylsiloxane) are neither water miscible nor compatible with 
quaternary salts, it was discovered that acrylated-oxyalkylene-silicones 
were acrylated surfactants of the siloxane-g-polyether type and, 
furthermore, were of high enough hydrophile/lipophile balance to have 
significant water solubility. Accordingly, when such acrylated silicone 
surfactants are incorporated into the quaternary containing coating 
mixtures, a solution can be obtained in precursor rich formulations, 
especially those with a coupling solvent, and in formulations containing 
oligomeric acrylates to improve cure rate and physical properties, each of 
which can be readily cured to a dry film. 
The efficacy of quite small amounts of such an acrylated silicone 
surfactant, 1-4 wt. %, in providing release properties toward aggressive 
pressure-sensitive adhesives is outstanding. It has been noted that the 
efficacy of the acrylated silicone release properties seems to be affected 
by the quaternary salt concentration being better with 28-30 wt. % 
quaternary than with 20-25 wt. % present; and that the acrylated silicone, 
Ebecryl.RTM. 350, provides good release at 1-4 wt. % all by itself and use 
of Ebecryl.RTM. 1360 provides no significant advantage aside from 
increasing the stability of dispersion type mixes. It was also noted that 
Ebecryl.RTM. 1360 acrylated siloxane (found to be a high HLB 
siloxane-g-polyether surfactant) caused significant and undesirable 
viscosity exaltation in some mixes compared to analogous formulations 
using Ebecryl.RTM. 350 (2400 cps. vs. 1400 cps.). 
Additional Components 
The material may comprise a photoinitiators to facilitate copolymerization 
of the polymerizable precursors. When the material is to be cured by 
irradiation with ultraviolet radiation, a free radical generating, 
initiating system activatable by ultraviolet radiation by be present. 
Suitable photoinitiating systems have been described in "Photo-initiators 
for Free-Radical-Initiated Photoimaging Systems," by B. M. Monroe and G. 
C. Weed, Chem. Rev., 93, 435-448 (1993) and in "Free Radical 
Polymerization" by K. K. Dietliker, in Chemistry and Technology of UV and 
EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks, and Paints, P. K. T. Oldring, ed, SITA 
Technology Ltd., London, 1991, Vol. 3, pp. 59-525. 
Preferred free radical photoinitiating compounds include benzophenone; 
2-hydroxy-2-methyl1-phenylpropan-1-one (Darocur.RTM. 1173); 
2,4,6-trimethylbenzolyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (Lucerin.RTM. TPO); 
2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (benzildimethyl ketal, BDK, 
Irgacure.RTM. 651, Lucerin.RTM. BDK); 
2-methyl-1-4-(methylthio)phenyl!-2-morpholinopropanone-1 (Irgacure.RTM. 
907); 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone (HCPK, Irgacure.RTM. 184); 
bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzolyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; and 
combinations thereof. Mixed photo-initiators include a 50:50 blend of 
2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one and 
2,4,6-trimethylbenzolyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (Darocur.RTM. 4265); and a 
25:75 blend of bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzolyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-phosphine 
oxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (CGI 1700). 
Composition 
The number of components in the material is unrestricted except that a 
quaternary salt precursor and a conductivity exalting comonomer must be 
included. The particular choices of ingredients will be determined by the 
specific combination of properties desired in the cured electrically 
conductive material, i.e., level of resistivity, flexibility, release 
characteristics, cure rate, and need to overcoat with a different lacquer 
composition. 
The polymerizable, conductivity exalting comonomer and the polymerizable, 
ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor together comprise 40 to 100 
parts by weight of the total weight of the polymerizable precursors and 
comonomers present in the material. Preferably, they comprise 45 to 90 
parts by weight of the polymerizable precursors and comonomers present in 
the material. The ratio of polymerizable, conductivity exalting comonomer 
or monomers to polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium precursor 
is in the range of 0.25 to 2.0. This means that the comonomer is between 
about 20 parts by weight to 67 parts by weight of the total of comonomer 
and ammonium precursor and the ammonium precursor is between 33 parts by 
weight and 80 parts by weight of the total of comonomer and ammonium 
precursor. Preferably, the ratio of polymerizable, conductivity exalting 
comonomer or monomers to polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated ammonium 
precursor is in the range of 0.33 to 1.5. This means that, preferably, the 
comonomer is between about 25 parts by weight to 60 parts by weight of the 
total of comonomer and ammonium precursor and the ammonium precursor is 
between 40 parts by weight and 75 parts by weight of the total of 
comonomer and ammonium precursor. 
Other polymerizable precursors comprise 0 to 60 parts by weight of the 
polymerizable precursors and comonomers present in the material. 
Preferably, other polymerizable precursors comprise 10 to 55 parts by 
weight of the polymerizable precursors and comonomers present in the 
material. Typically most or all of the other polymerizable precursors are 
multifunctional polymerizable precursors. The multifunctional 
polymerizable precursors are typically greater that 55 parts by weight, 
and preferably greater than 85 parts by weight of the other polymerizable 
precursors. If release properties are desired, about 0.1 to 10 parts by 
weight of polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated, organo-silicone 
precursors, based on the total weight of the material, may be included in 
the material. 
The total weight of the polymerizable precursors and comonomers does not 
include either the weight of the photoinitiator system or the weight any 
non-polymerizable material present in the material. Before irradiation, 
the unpolymerized material contains typically about 1 to 10 parts by 
weight, more typically about 3 to 8 parts by weight, of the 
photoinitiator, based on the dry weight of the unpolymerized material. 
When the polymerizable mixture is to be cured by irradiation with an 
electron beam, an initiating system is not required. 
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
The electrically conductive polymeric material can be used in 
electrographic imaging elements, which require a conductive layer with an 
electrical resistance between about 1.times.10.sup.5 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.and 1.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Electrographic elements and processes for forming electrographic images 
are disclosed in Cahill, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,414,502 and 5,483,321, 
incorporated herein by reference. 
Referring to FIG. 1, an element 10, suitable for use in an electrographic 
imaging process comprises, support 12, conductive layer 14, and dielectric 
layer 16. 
Support 12 functions as a support for the superposed layers and may be any 
web or sheet material possessing suitable flexibility, dimensional 
stability and adherence properties to the conductive layer 14. Suitable 
web or sheet materials for support 12 are flexible polymeric films, such 
as polyethylene terephthalate film, or a foraminous material, such as a 
paper sheet 
Conductive layer 14 is a layer of the conductive material of this 
invention. Conductive layer 14 typically has a thickness about 1 micron to 
about 20 microns. 
Dielectric layer 16 may be any conventional film-forming material having a 
dielectric constant of about 2 to about 5. This layer typically has a 
thickness of about 1 .mu.m to about 20 .mu.m and preferably about 3 .mu.m 
to about 10 .mu.m. The property requirements of the dielectric layer are 
well known in the art as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 
3,920,880 and 4,201,701. A transparent dielectric layer is preferred. 
The elements are useful for the production of images, especially colored 
images. Electrographic imaging is particularly useful for forming large 
size images, such as are required for banners, billboards, and other 
out-of-doors advertisements. The image is formed by forming a latent image 
of charge on dielectric layer 16 and toning the latent image. 
When a multi-colored image is desired, the imaging and toning steps are 
repeated with additional toners of different colors, in either 
sequentially arranged imaging and toning stations or by passing the 
element under the same imaging station and replacing the toner in the 
toning station. Color reproduction usually requires three and preferably 
four different color toners to render a pleasing and accurate facsimile of 
an original color image. The selection of toner colors and the creation of 
the different images whose combination will provide such accurate 
rendition of an original image is well known in the art. 
The advantageous properties of this invention can be observed by reference 
to the following examples which illustrate, but do not limit, the 
invention. 
EXAMPLES 
Glossary 
Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80MC 80% 2-Acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride in 
water (CPS Chemical, Old Bridge, N.J.) 
Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80DMS 80% 2-Acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium 
dimethylsulfate in water (CPS Chemical, Old Bridge, N.J.) 
Butyl Carbitol.RTM. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Union Carbide, 
Danbury, Conn.) 
Darocur.RTM. 1173 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (Ciba Geigy, 
Hawthorne, N.Y.) 
.beta.-CEA Carboxyethyl acrylate 
2-CNEA 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate 
DMDAC Dimethyldiallylammonium chloride 
Ebecryl.RTM. 350 Polyacrylated polydimethylsiloxane-polyether copolymer 
having a viscosity of 200-300 cp at 25.degree. C. (U.C.B. Radcure Inc., 
Smyrna, Ga.) 
Ebecryl.RTM. 810 Tetrafunctional polyester acrylate (U.C.B. Radcure Inc., 
Smyrna, Ga.) 
Ebecryl.RTM. 1360 Hexaacrylate of a polydimethylsiloxane-polyether 
copolymer having a viscosity of 1000-3000 centipoise at 25.degree. C. 
(U.C.B. Radcure Inc., Smyrna, Ga.) 
Ebecryl.RTM. 1608 Bisphenol A epoxy acrylate & 20% propoxylated glycerol 
triacrylate (U.C.B. Radcure Inc., Smyrna, Ga.) 
Ebecryl.RTM. 3200 Blend of aliphatic and aromatic acrylated epoxy resins 
(U.C.B. Radcure Inc., Smyrna, Ga.) 
2-HEA 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 
MA-2HEA 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 
Mylar.RTM. film Polyethylene terephthalate film (E.I. du Pont de Nemours & 
Co., Wilmington, Del.) 
SR 256 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate (Sartomer, West Chester, Pa.) 
SR 285 Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (Sartomer, West Chester, Pa.) 
PET3A Pentaerythritol triacrylate 
Photomer.RTM. 5018 Tetrafunctional polyester acrylate (Henkel Corp., 
Ambler, Pa.) 
TMPEOTA Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate 
General Procedures 
Polymer electrical conductivity is expressed as the surface resistivity of 
a film of the polymeric material coated on a sheet substrate, and is 
expressed in "ohms per square" (.OMEGA./.quadrature.). Surface resistivity 
was measured under TAPPI conditions, 73.degree. F. (about 23.degree. C.) 
and 50% relative humidity, across a probe having a 6.0 in.times.6.0 in 
area (about 15.2 cm.times.15.2 cm) between two 0.50 in.sup.2 cross-section 
(about 1.61 cm.sup.2) brass bars connected to a General Radio 1864 
Megohmmeter. Each coating was cut to fit the outside dimensions of the 
probe and conditioned at 50% relative humidity at 73.degree. F. (about 
23.degree. C.) for about 1 to 2 hr before measurement was made. 
Example 1 
This example illustrates the large exaltation in conductivity that results 
when a carboxylated monomer, such as mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate, is used 
in the formulation. 
The following composition was coated onto 7 mil (about 180 micron) thick 
MylarO polyester film with a #20 Mayer rod and cured by exposure to two 
400 watts per inch (about 160 watts/cm) mercury vapor lamps at a speed of 
200 ft/min (about 100 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
33.04 
Mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate 
17.62 
Ebecryl .RTM. 3200 22.02 
Ebecryl .RTM. 810 22.02 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 + 10% benzophenone 
5.28 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 0.88 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1360 0.88 
______________________________________ 
Surface resistivity was measured on three different samples of the cured 
coating. Measured resistivities were 6.times.10.sup.5 
.OMEGA./.quadrature., 7-8.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature., and 
6.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
A similar coating, in which the mono(2-acryloylethyl)-maleate was replaced 
by TMPEOTA, was prepared by essentially the same procedure. The measured 
resistivity was 4.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature., nearly one hundred 
times greater. When this composition was coated with a #36 Mayer rod, 
instead of a #20 Mayer rod, the measured resistivity was 
1.1-2.5.times.10.sup.8 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 2 
This example illustrates the properties of a very thin conductive coating 
on a polyester film. 
The following composition was prepared and coated onto 7 mil (about 180 
micron) thick Mylar.RTM. polyester film with a smooth Mayer rod. The 
coating was cured by a single pass exposure at a speed of 300 ft/min 
(about 150 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
33.0 
.beta.-CEA 20.0 
TMPEOTA 20.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 22.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 + 10% benzophenone 
5.3 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 5.3 
______________________________________ 
Surface resistivity was 1.1.times.10.sup.6 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. The 
resistivity of the surface of the uncoated polyester film was 
11.times.10.sup.11 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 3 
This example illustrates the properties of a very thin conductive coating 
on a paper substrate. 
The following composition was prepared and coated onto Otis Specialty DR 
conductive paper (Otis Specialty Papers, Jay, Me.) with a smooth Mayer 
rod. The coating was cured by a single pass exposure at a speed of 300 
ft/min (about 150 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (parts) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
33.0 
.beta.-CEA 20.0 
TMPEOTA 20.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 22.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 + 10% benzophenone 
5.3 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 1.0 
______________________________________ 
Surface resistivity was 8.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. The 
resistivity of the surface of the uncoated paper was 2.5.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
A similar coating on Champion 60 lb litho paper has a surface resistivity 
was 2.4.times.10.sup.6 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. The resistivity of the 
surface of the uncoated paper was 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 4 
This example illustrates the large exaltation in conductivity that results 
when a carboxylated monomer, such as mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate, is used 
in a formulation used to coat a paper substrate. 
The following composition was prepared and coated onto Otis Specialty DR 
conductive paper with a smooth Mayer rod. The coating was cured by a 
single pass exposure at a speed of 450 ft/min (about 225 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
7.5 
Mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate 
4.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 5.0 
Photomer .RTM. 5018 
5.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 1.2 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1360 0.4 
______________________________________ 
Surface resistivity was 8.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. A similar 
coating, in which the mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate was replaced by 
TMPEOTA, was prepared by essentially the same procedure. The measured 
resistivity was 5-10.times.10.sup.6 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. The resistivity 
of the surface of the uncoated paper was 2.5.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 5 
This example illustrates curing of a photoinitiator-free composition by 
electron beam irradiation. 
The following composition was prepared and coated onto Otis Specialty DR 
conductive paper with a smooth Mayer rod. The coating was cured to a dry 
glossy coating with 0.5 megarad of irradiation. Irradiation was carried 
out in the pilot unit at Energy Sciences, Inc., Wilmington, Mass. 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
264 
.beta.-CEA 160 
TMPEOTA 160 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 
176 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 8 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1360 
8 
______________________________________ 
Surface resistivity was 6-8.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. The 
resistivity of the surface of the uncoated paper was 2.5.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 6 
This example illustrates that the resistivity of a composition that 
contains dimethyldiallylammonium chloride, a non-acrylic quaternary 
ammonium monomer, compares favorably with those that contain acrylic 
quaternary ammonium salts. The following composition was prepared and 
coated onto 4 mil (about 100 micron) thick ICI 583 polyester film (ICI 
Americas, Wilmington, Del.) with a #36 Mayer rod. The coating was cured by 
two passes under two 350 watts/in (about 140 watts/cm) mercury vapor lamps 
at 200 ft/min (about 100 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
60% DMDAC in water 
16.67 
PET3A 10.00 
.beta.-CEA 13.33 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.67 
______________________________________ 
The hazy dispersion was sufficiently stable to coat without either added 
solvent or a surfactant. A hazy but transparent tack-free coating was 
produced after irradiation. Surface resistivity was 1.1.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
A composition was coated onto Otis Specialty DR conductive paper with a 
smooth Mayer rod and cured with one pass under two 350 watts/in (about 140 
watts/cm) mercury vapor lamps at 500 ft/min (about 250 cm/sec). The cured 
coating had a surface resistivity of 0.8-1.0.times.10.sup.6 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 7 
This example illustrates the characteristics of a clear conductive coating 
derived from a clear equimolar solution of an acrylic quaternary ammonium 
monomer, Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80MC, and mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate. 
The following composition was prepared and coated onto 4 mil (about 100 
micron) thick ICI 583 polyester film. The coating was cured by four passes 
under two 350 watts/in (about 140 watts/cm) mercury vapor lamps at 100 
ft/min (about 50 cm/sec). 
______________________________________ 
Component Amount (g) 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
30.00 
Mono(2-acryloylethyl)maleate 
28.27 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 2.91 
______________________________________ 
The quaternary ammonium salt is 43.5 parts by weight of the total solids. A 
coating prepared with a #22 Mayer rod had a surface resistivity was 
5-6.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. A coating prepared with a #36 
Mayer rod had a surface resistivity was 1.7-2.times.10.sup.5 
.OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
A sample of the cured coating dried for 2 min at 250.degree. F. 
(121.degree. C.) had the same surface resistivity, 3-5.times.10.sup.7 
.OMEGA./.quadrature., as an undried sample. After equilibration under 
TAPPI conditions each sample had a surface resistivity of 
1.7.times.10.sup.5 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
The cured coating is wet by water with a low contact angle. Immersion in 
water for 45 min at room temperature did not haze or dissolve the coating, 
indicating that the mono(2-acryloylethyl)-maleate is apparently capable of 
cross-linking the coating. 
Example 8 
Examples 8-21 illustrate the use of solutions and solvent modified 
dispersions of the co-reactants to coat radiation curable coatings. Unless 
otherwise indicated, each sample was coated onto 4 mil (about 100 micron) 
thick ICI 583 polyester film with a #36 Mayer rod. The coating was cured 
by two passes under two 350 watts/in (about 140 watts/cm) mercury vapor 
lamps at 200 ft/min (about 100 cm/sec). 
Example 8 illustrates the effect on surface resistivity of replacing SR 256 
with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, a conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Control A 
Example 8 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
8.0 8.0 
2-HEA 0 6.0 
SR 256 6.0 0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 0.11 0.11 
Water 1.5 0 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.5 0 
Appearance Hazy Clear 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
2-3 .times. 10.sup.8 
2 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
Examples 9-12 
Examples 9-12 illustrate the effect on surface resistivity of increasing 
the proportion of .beta.-CEA, a conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Control A Example 9 Example 10 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
8.0 8.0 8.0 
.beta.-CEA 0 2.0 3.0 
SR 256 6.0 4.0 3.0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 4.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 1.2 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 
0.11 0.11 0.11 
Water 1.5 1.5 1.5 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.5 1.5 1.5 
Appearance Hazy Hazy Hazy.sup.a 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
2-3 .times. 10.sup.8 
1-3 .times. 10.sup.7 
3-6 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
.sup.a Coating thickness: 50 microns 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Example 11 Example 12 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
8.0 8.0 
.beta.-CEA 5.0 6.0 
SR 256 1.0 0.0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 
0.11 0.11 
Water 1.5 1.5 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.5 1.5 
Appearance Very light haze 
Clear 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
5-10 .times. 10.sup.5 
1.7-2 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
Examples 13-15 
Examples 13-15 illustrate the effect on surface resistivity of increasing 
the amount of MA-2HEA, a conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Control Example Example 
Example 
Component (g) 
B 13 14 15 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80DMS 
11.11 11.11 11.11 11.11 
MA-2HEA 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 
SR 256 6.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 
Appearance Hazy Hazy Slight Hazy 
haze 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
2 .times. 10.sup.8 
2-5 .times. 10.sup.5 
3-5 .times. 10.sup.5 
0.6 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
Example 16 
Example 16 illustrates the effect on surface resistivity of replacing SR 
256 with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, a conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Control C 
Example 16 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80DMS 
8.0 8.0 
2-HEA 0.0 6.0 
SR 256 6.0 0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 0.11 0.11 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 
Water 1.75 2.0 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.75 0 
Appearance Hazy Clear 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
2-3 .times. 10.sup.8 
7 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
A coating of Control C coated with a #50 Mayer rod had a surface 
resistivity of 5-7.times.10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 17 
Example 17 illustrates the effect on surface resistivity of replacing part 
of the SR 256 with .beta.-CEA in a composition with a reduced proportion 
of Ageflex.RTM. FA1Q80MC. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Control D 
Example 17 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80DMS 
4.0 4.0 
.beta.-CEA 0 6.0 
SR 256 9.2 3.2 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 0.11 0.11 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 
Appearance Clear Clear 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
6 .times. 10.sup.9 
1.5 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
Examples 18-19 
Examples 18 and 19 illustrate the effect on surface resistivity of 
replacing SR 256 with 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, a conductivity exalting 
comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) 
Control E Example 18 Example 19 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80DMS 
8.0 8.0 8.0 
2-CNEA 0 6.0 6.0 
SR 256 6.0 0 0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 4.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 
0.11 0.11 0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 1.2 
Water 1.75 0 0 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.75 5.0 5.0 
Appearance Hazy Clear Clear 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
7-9 .times. 10.sup.7 
2.5 .times. 10.sup.5 
2.5 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
A coating of Control E coated with a #50 Mayer rod had a surface 
resistivity of 7-10.times.10.sup.9 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. 
Example 20 
Example 20 illustrates the effect on surface resistivity of replacing the 
SR 256 with SR 285 in a composition that contains carboxyethyl acrylate, a 
conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Example 10 
Example 20 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
8.0 8.0 
.beta.-CEA 3.0 3.0 
SR 256 3.0 0 
SR 285 0 3.0 
PET3A 4.0 4.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
1.2 1.2 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 
0.11 0.11 
Water 1.5 0 
Butyl Carbitol .RTM. 
1.5 0 
Appearance Hazy.sup.a 
Hazy.sup.b 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.) 
3-6 .times. 10.sup.5 
5-6 .times. 10.sup.4 
______________________________________ 
.sup.a Coating thickness: 50 microns. 
.sup.b Coating thickness: 57 microns. 
Example 21 
Example 21 illustrates the surface resistivity of an additional composition 
containing 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, a conductivity exalting comonomer. 
______________________________________ 
Component (g) Example 21 
______________________________________ 
Ageflex .RTM. FA1Q80MC 
33.0 
2-HEA 20.0 
Ebecryl .RTM. 1608 
22.0 
TMPEOTA 20.0 
Darocur .RTM. 1173 
5.3 
Ebecryl .RTM. 350 1.0 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.).sup.a 
1.8-3 .times. 10.sup.6 
Resistivity (.OMEGA./.quadrature.).sup.b 
7 .times. 10.sup.5 
______________________________________ 
.sup.a Coated with a smooth rod. 
.sup.b Coated with a #36 Mayer rod. 
Having described the invention, we now claim the following and their 
equivalents.