Combined radial diffuser and control valve for high-pressure fans

A variable flow diffuser for use in air cushion vehicles to convert the ktic energy of the moving air from the main fan into potential energy of air pressure. The conversion is accomplished by passing the air flow from the fan through a flow splitter and diverting it radially outward in all directions along a plane perpendicular to the initial direction of the air flow. The volume of air passing through the diffuser is controlled by placing control vanes around the flow splitter or by moving the flow splitter and a back plate in and out of the air channel.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to gas diffusers for use with centrifugal and 
axial fans and more particularly to such diffusers for use with lift fans 
of surface effect ships. 
Surface effect ships require that their lift systems should have minimum 
volume and weight, yet provisions must be made for high static efficiency 
under conditions of fluctuating demand characteristic of this kind of 
load. Unfortunately, conventional high efficiency fans of minimum weight 
and size have high gas flow velocities supplying gas with inordinately 
high amounts of kinetic energy. These fans ordinarily require the use of 
large gas diffusers which convert the kinetic energy of the flowing gas 
into the potential energy of pressure. Furthermore, it is characteristic 
of both axial and centrifugal fans that they operate at peak efficiency 
for a relatively narrow range of volume flow. Special difficulties may 
develop when the flow rate is reduced below some operating point for the 
machine. Surge or pulsation may result from unstable operating conditions 
and the machine can be damaged. 
One approach for extending the range of volume flow at which a fan will 
operate at peak efficiency and for lowering the design flow rate point at 
which surge will occur is to provide an improved diffuser. Diffusers 
convert kinetic energy in the discharge from the rotor to pressure energy. 
In fans, as in other rotohydrodynamic machinery, all the energy imparted 
to the fluid is provided by the rotor, the energy in the air at the exit 
from the rotor being in the form of both pressure energy and kinetic 
energy. In a high efficiency fan with a well designed rotor the kinetic 
component of the total energy is higher than can be practically used. It 
is the function of the diffuser to convert this kinetic energy into 
potential energy by slowing down the air in an orderly manner. In the case 
of centrifugal fans, the air must first be collected in a volute built 
around the rotor which can additionally function as a diffuser if the 
cross-sectional area of the volute is made such that the average velocity 
at any section is less than that leaving the rotor. However, energy losses 
occur in this volute due to mixing of high and low velocity air if it is 
used as a diffuser. 
A better system for use with centrifugal fans is to place a special chamber 
between the rotor and volute in which the air is allowed to slow down 
before entering the volute. This special chamber consists of set of 
parallel walls in which air leaving the rotor spirals outward in free 
vortex flow with resulting decrease in velocity at the outer edge of the 
chamber. In the case of axial flow fans, air leaving the outlet guide 
vanes of the fan must enter a long conical diffuser in which energy 
conversion takes place. However, all these diffuser systems suffer from 
the deficiency that they are bulky and not adjustable to compensate for 
varying demand flow rates through the fan. 
Some adjustable flow rate diffusers which operate to vary the 
cross-sectional area of the diffuser chamber by sliding part of one wall 
of the chamber relative to the other wall, as exemplified by embodiments 
of U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,955, are available for use with centrifugal fans. 
These devices operate with mixed radial and tangential flow at high 
velocities, which conditions cause the flow to be unmanageable for varying 
flow rates and cause high friction and turbulence energy losses. 
Furthermore, such diffusers do not meet the size, weight, and 
configuration requirements of surface effect ship lift fan systems nor do 
they provide the valving action necessary on surface effect ships to 
completely block water from splashing into the diffuser and fan machinery 
when the fans are shut down so that the craft is off-cushion. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, the present invention provides a variable flow diffuser for 
use in conjunction with either centrifugal or axial fans and particularly 
suited for use with the lift fans of surface effect ships. The diffuser 
functions to convert the kinetic energy of the air exiting a fan into the 
potential energy of pressure by slowing down the air in an orderly manner. 
This is accomplished by passing the air flow from the fan through a 
splitter and diverting it radially outward in all directions along a plane 
perpendicular to the initial direction of the air flow. The volume of the 
air passing through the diffuser is controlled by moving the flow splitter 
in and out of the air channel or by placing vanes around the flow splitter 
thereby enabling accomodation for varying flow rates through the fan, and 
in the case of lift systems of surface effect ships, allowing the diffuser 
to be completely blocked off, thereby preventing water from ingressing 
into the fan. 
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a gas diffuser of 
minimum size and weight. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffuser in 
which the volume of the flow may be adjusted in accordance with 
fluctuating loads. 
A further object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffuser to 
simple and reliable design. 
A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffuser 
of a configuration such that it may be easily installed and used in 
conjunction with the lift fans of surface effect ships. 
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffuser 
which can act as a valve so as to prevent water from splashing up into the 
lift fans of surface effect ships.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference characters designate 
like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1 shows a 
diffuser 10 installed on a centrifugal fan 11. Diffuser 10 is fixed and 
comprises an axisymmetric, streamlined flow splitter 12 attached 
integrally to a circular back plate 13. For simplicity of construction, 
back plate 13 in this version is shown as flat. Flow splitter 12 and back 
plate 13 are attached to the wet deck 14 of the ship by support and guide 
vanes 15 usually six or so which are arranged radially. In the class 
shown, diffuser 10 is recessed into the wet deck 14, but this is not 
essential, and it could be partly or fully exposed. 
In operation, air is propelled by fan 11 down a cylindrical channel 16 
where it encounters flow splitter 12. Flow splitter 12 splits the flow and 
diverts it radially outward into radial channels 17 where the flow is 
diffused to a lower velocity and higher pressure. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, selected parts of the diffuser 20 are designed so 
that they can be moved in the axial direction and diffuser 20 can, 
therefore, act to accommodate variable flow rates. An integral back plate 
and flow splitter 21 is shaped hydrodynamically to minimize loss of energy 
in the fluid as it turns from the axial to the radial direction. An 
annular space 22 provides a chamber from which air may either be blown or 
sucked from supply pipe 33 through slot 23 for some form of boundary layer 
control. For example, by use of the Coanda effect, which permits a layer 
of air to remain attached to the wall preventing a critical adverse 
pressure gradient in the bend, or by removal of low momentum air in the 
boundary layer, better flow is provided around the bend. 
When acting as a valve diffuser 20 is actuated by a vertical stem 24 which 
is connected to a control system (not shown) at its upper end which could, 
for example, comprise a ball-screw system or a hydraulic cylinder. Inner 
radial blades 25 are integral with the vertical stem 24 and flow splitter 
and back plate 21 and provide rigidity to the arrangement as well as a 
means of guiding the system vertically in the channel 26. Stiffeners 27 
are shown on the flow splitter and back plate 21. The outer radial vanes 
28 are attached to the wet deck structure or front plate 29. Slots 30 in 
the outer part of flow splitter and back plate 21 provide spaces into 
which radial vanes 28 may extend so as to allow the diffuser 20 to move 
freely in the vertical direction. 
In operation, air is propelled down channel 26 where it flows past slots 23 
which may either blow or suck air from chamber 22. The flow is split and 
diverted radially outward into channel 32 by flow splitter and back plate 
21. Air sucked or blown from slots 23 helps provide boundary layer control 
as the flow is diverted around bend 31. In radial channel 32 the flow is 
diffused to a lower velocity and higher pressure. The depth of channel 32 
may be adjusted by moving the flow splitter and back plate 27 relative to 
the channel 26 and deck 29 by means of stem 24. Thereby, varying flow 
rates may be accommodated between the fully open, full-flow position shown 
to the left of line 2--2 and the fully closed, no-flow position shown to 
the right of line 2--2. 
FIG. 3 show an arrangement for an axial flow fan. Fan 54 comprises a set of 
fixed entrance vanes 41 which support the fan shaft 42 and fan blades 43 
connected thereto. Guide blades 44 support gearing 45 driven by shaft 46. 
Vertical stem 47 of diffuser 56 is contained and actuated by a control 
system (not shown) within the fairing 40 behind fan gearing 45 which 
could, for example, comprise a ball-screw system or a hydraulic cylinder. 
Flow splitter 48 is, in this case, free to move separately from back plate 
49. Back plate 49 is fixed to the wet deck 59 by means of the outer radial 
vanes 50 while the inner radial vanes 51 move with the flow splitter 48. 
The center section 52 of back plate 49 may be omitted or may move with the 
splitter 48. This arrangement is possible for the other types of fans such 
as mixed flow fans or centrifugal fans. 
In operation, air is directed by entrance vanes 41 to fan blades 43 which 
propel it down channel 58 through guide vanes 44 to diffuser 56. Inner 
radial vanes 51 guide the flow down and then outward as the flow is split 
by flow splitter 48 and diverted radially outward in the diffuser 56. 
Outer radial vanes 50 guide the flow radially outward in channel 57 where 
it is diffused to a lower velocity and higher pressure. The position of 
the flow splitter 48 may be adjusted relative to channel 58 by means of 
stem 47 whereby, when flow splitter 48 is in the fully up position, all 
flow of whatever type, in and out of channel 58, may be blocked. 
FIG. 4 shows an arrangement by which the outer guide vanes 50 of FIG. 3 may 
be used for closing off the air flow in diffuser 56. The outer guide vanes 
50 are pivoted at hinges 62 and actuated by means of levers 63 which in 
turn are actuated by oscillating ring 64. 
In the open position, guide vanes 50 extend radially outward as shown above 
line 4--4. When oscillating ring 64 is rotated clockwise, guide vanes 50 
rotate around pivots 62 until they extend laterally across channel 57 
completely blocking radial flows as shown below line 4--4. 
Therefore, there has been provided a diffuser system which will make 
possible the design of highly efficient fans without the large volume and 
weight penalty normally incurred with conventional fans. The requirements 
for surface effect ships (SES) are that their lift fans have minimum 
volume and weight yet high static efficiency. This invention will permit 
the use of high efficiency fans for surface effect ships and other 
purposes with small volumes and weights. By use of a radial diffuser fan 
volutes can be designed with a minimum cross-section, the diffusing taking 
place in a compact radial diffuser. Additionally, a conventional volute 
uses volume in the body of the ship where volume is at a premium, whereas 
the radial diffuser is located at the edge of the superstructure, is 
narrow, and therefore creates minimum interference with internal 
arrangements. Further, the radial diffuser can be used as a valve. This is 
important for two reasons in control of the lift system. First, it is 
necessary to install valves for all individual fans operating from the 
same engine so individual fans can be closed off when not required and, 
off bubble, it is necessary to close the outlet to prevent water entering 
and damaging the lift fans. The use of the radial diffuser eliminates the 
need for additional valve because the diffuser can act as a valve itself. 
Second, by use of the diffuser as a proportional valve it is possible to 
change the characteristics of individual fans without changing fan speed 
or geometry thereby accommodating various air flows and associated loads 
on the SES. The present invention allows a broad range of flow rates to be 
accommodated without high friction or efficiency losses. 
Obviously, other embodiments and modifications of the present invention 
will readily come to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit 
of the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the drawings. 
It is, therefore, to be understood that this invention is not to be 
limited thereto and that said modifications and embodiments are intended 
to be included within the scope of the appended claims.