Color image printing apparatus

A color image printing apparatus prints one pixel by superposing a predetermined dots of three colors within a 3.times.3 dot matrix in accordance with a density of the pixel. The positions of the printed dots within the dot matrix are stored as a dot pattern for each color. One dot pattern is used for each of a plurality of densities included in one density range. The printing energy for each of the dots included in the dot pattern is controlled in accordance with the density level of the pixel. The dot pattern is different for each color and three dot patterns are stored for each color and for each density range. These three dot patterns are repeatedly used for every three pixels which are continuous in the horizontal direction. These three dot patterns have two or three texture directions. The texture direction other than the vertical direction is different for each color.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a halftone image printing device, and, 
more particularly, to a halftone image printing device in which a pixel is 
formed by a plurality of dots in a matrix form, and can be printed in a 
halftone mode, or with gradation or gray levels. 
In a halftone image printing device, a thermal head (printing head) is 
urged against printing paper through an ink film (normally having a 
ribbon-shape), and an ink on the ink film is melted by heat generated when 
heating resistors constituting the thermal head are energized. Thus, the 
melted ink is transferred to the printing paper so as to form a dot image 
corresponding to the energized resistors. In this apparatus, each dot can 
only be binary-controlled as to whether or not the ink is transferred. 
Therefore, in order to print a halftone image such as a picture, a 
so-called binary area modulation method is generally adopted. In this 
method, a pixel must correspond to a plurality of dots in a matrix form. 
The number of dots which are energized and subjected to ink transferring, 
however, changes in accordance with the density of a pixel. A DITHER 
method, a micro-font method or the like are well known as binary area 
modulation methods. 
However, the number of levels able to be represented by this area 
modulation method is limited. When a pixel has an n.times.n dot matrix 
configuration, the number of levels expressed is n.sup.2 +1, including 0 
level (the level of the printing paper). For example, in the case of a 
4.times.4 dot matrix, 17 levels are provided. In general, a color image 
requires a resolution of 4 dots/mm or higher, and each color component 
requires 64 gray levels or more. In order to satisfy these requirements 
with the above-mentioned area modulation method, a pixel must be 
configurated by an 8.times.8 dot matrix, and a thermal head having a 
resolution of 32 dots/mm or higher is needed. Although a thermal head 
having a resolution of 16 dots/mm has been developed, it is difficult to 
realize one having a resolution of 32 dots/mm or higher. For this reason, 
in this area modulation method, requirements for the number of gray levels 
and resolution cannot be satisfied, and it is impossible to perform 
halftone printing having a gradation that in both smooth and fine. 
The above description is made on monochromatic image printing. However, a 
full-color image can be printed by superposing images of a plurality of 
(generally three or four colors) color components. More specifically, inks 
of a plurality of colors are transferred in a superposed manner in amounts 
corresponding to the densities of the respective color components for each 
pixel. Then, dots of the respective colors in densities corresponding to 
the densities of the respective colors are superposed and formed as a 
single pixel on a printing sheet. In this case, when the transfer 
positions of the dots of the respective colors are misregistered, the hue 
is greatly changed. Therefore, in order to obtain a printed image with a 
stable hue, the transfer positions of the respective color inks must be 
correctly controlled. 
However, it is considerably difficult to correctly position the transfer 
positions of the respective color inks when mechanical errors of the 
printer and high resolution are considered. As a result, conventionally, 
the reproduced hue is not stable because of the adverse influence of 
variations in relative position of the printer head and the printing 
sheet. 
Such a mechanical error of the printer causes a slight skew, that is, 
rotation of the texture direction (the direction of a continuous line 
which the printed dots appear to form) of the printing dots of the 
respective color inks, thereby causing color moire by the printed dot 
patterns of the respective color inks. More specifically, since dots are 
printed in a lattice-like manner, when the lattice directions of the 
respective colors are misregistered, dot arrays intersect at positions 
different from the original positions. These intersections are cyclically 
aligned, and moire fringes are formed. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a color image recording 
apparatus which can provide a stable hue even if the positions of the 
printed dots of the respective colors are misregistered by a mechanical 
error and which can prevent degradation in the image quality of the 
printed image due to moire fringes. 
The color image printing apparatus of the present invention comprises a dot 
printing head for printing dots of at least two colors, and a printing 
control circuit for controlling the dot printing head so as to print only 
a predetermined dot corresponding to the density of each pixel of each 
color in a dot matrix corresponding to one pixel. The position of the 
printed dot in the dot matrix is determined such that the texture 
directions of the printed dots that are generated when the pixels are 
aligned in a two-dimensional manner are different in units of colors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
A halftone image printing device according to an embodiment of the present 
invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
A principle of the present invention will first be described. As described 
above, in a halftone image printing device, a pixel corresponds to 
m.times.n dots in a matrix form (a dot is the minimum unit of a heating 
member constituting a printing head and capable of transferring an ink). 
The density of each pixel corresponds to the total amount of ink 
transferred in a matrix dot region corresponding to each pixel. Only when 
the amount of heat from a head exceeds a certain threshold level is an ink 
transferred to paper; otherwise, no transfer is performed. Conventionally, 
energy supplied to a head is a constant value higher than the threshold 
level, and the amount of ink transferred per dot is constant, through 
control, irrespective of the heat pile-up of the head. However, the 
present invention is based on the fact that the degree of heat of each 
heating member is proportional to the area of the dot formed. Thus, a 
specific dot is selected irrespective of density, and energy supplied to 
the selected specific dot is changed in accordance with density so as to 
control the degree of heat generated by this dot, thereby changing the 
total amount of ink transferred per pixel in accordance with the density. 
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of a halftone image 
printing device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
An output from a gradation signal source 10 such as a memory is supplied 
to a multilevel dot pattern generator 12. Note that a gradation signal 
indicates the gray level of each pixel. The generator 12 generates a 
predetermined dot pattern for each pixel. Note that a pixel has an 
m.times.n dot matrix configuration, and a multilevel dot pattern 
constituted by specific dot therein is generated. That is, heating members 
corresponding to dots in this dot pattern are energized, the energization 
level (energy supply level) of each dot being controlled by the gradation 
signal. The thermal head 16 melts an ink while pressing printing paper 22 
against the platen roller 18 through an ink ribbon 20, thereby 
transferring the ink onto the paper 22. A timing controller 24 for 
controlling various timings is connected to the gradation signal source 
10, the multilevel dot pattern generator 12 and a driver circuit 14. 
The operation of the first embodiment will be described. Note that, for the 
sake of simplicity, the generator 12 constitutes a pixel of a 3.times.3 
dot matrix configuration, and generates a discrete dot pattern ("discrete" 
will be used as well as "single" hereinafter) of one dot at a central 
portion thereof. Energy supplied to each heating member is proportional to 
the amount of ink transferred to the printing paper. When a heating member 
of the head is energized at a low level, i.e., in the case of a low 
density level, a dot having a size corresponding to the heating member is 
formed on the printing paper, as shown in FIG. 2A. When the heating member 
of the head is energized at a medium level, i.e., in the case of a medium 
density level, a dot slightly larger than the size of the heating member 
is formed on the printing paper, as shown in FIG. 2B. When the heating 
member of the head is energized at a high level, i.e., in the case of a 
high density level, a dot considerably larger than the size of the heating 
member is formed on the printing paper, as shown in FIG. 2C. 
For this reason, the energy supply level of the heating member and the 
optical density of a pixel can be controlled as shown in FIG. 3. When the 
energy supply level is smaller and lower than the threshold energy level 
required for the optimal transfer of ink, it is uncertain whether or not 
ink transfer has been performed. Therefore, since the optical density is 
also uncertain, a characteristic curve is indicated by a broken line. 
According to the first embodiment, the energization level of the thermal 
head is determined in accordance with the gradation signal, and, as a 
result, a proper amount of ink corresponding to the density is transferred 
to the printing paper, thus printing each pixel in a halftone mode. 
Note that in the first embodiment, only a discrete dot in 3.times.3 dots is 
used so as to provide halftone printing in accordance with a change in the 
energy supply level of the specific dot. However, a density may not 
satisfactorily be controlled by only the change in the energy supply level 
of the specific dot, and an embodiment solving this problem will be 
described hereinafter. 
In a second embodiment in which the above problem is solved, the total 
optical density range is divided into three ranges, with specific dot 
patterns being assigned to respective density ranges. A block diagram of 
the second embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first 
embodiment shown in FIG. 1, except that the generator 12 constitutes a 
pixel of a 3.times.3 dot matrix, and generates a dot pattern (discrete dot 
patter) constituted of one dot at an upper left corner, as shown in FIG. 
4A, in a low density range; a dot pattern (stripe pattern) constituted by 
three dots included in a leftmost column, as shown in FIG. 4B, in a medium 
density range; and a dot pattern (L-shaped dot pattern) constituted by 
five L-shaped dots included, in a high density range, in the leftmost 
column of the lowermost row. Note that the vertical and lateral directions 
of each pattern correspond to a vertical movement and/or subscanning 
direction of the printing paper, and a lateral head heating member 
alignment and/or main scanning direction, respectively. The energy supply 
level of the heating member is varied in each pattern in accordance with a 
gradation signal, as in the first embodiment. In the low density range, 
the size (diameter) of a dot pattern transferred to the printing paper is 
changed in accordance with a change in the energy supply level of the 
heating member, thus also changing the density. In the medium density 
range, the size (width) of a stripe pattern transferred to the printing 
paper is changed in accordance with the change in the energy supply level 
of the heating member, thus also changing the density. In the high density 
range, an area of a 2.times.2 dot white portion other than an L-shape is 
changed in accordance with the change in the energy supply level of the 
heating member. In this case, the optical density ranges which can be 
indicated by changing the energy supply level of the heating member, 
partially overlap each other. A lower curve in FIG. 5 indicates 
characteristics of the discrete dot pattern of FIG. 4A, a middle curve in 
FIG. 5 indicates characteristics of the stripe pattern of FIG. 4B, and an 
upper curve in FIG. 5 indicates characteristics of the L-shaped pattern of 
FIG. 4C. 
FIG. 6 shows an energy supply level of each dot corresponding to each 
halftone gradation level. In the second embodiment, the overall density is 
divided into 31 levels, the discrete dot pattern represents 0 to 4 
halftone gradation levels (optical density), the stripe pattern represents 
5 to 14 halftone gradation levels, and the L-shaped pattern represents 15 
to 30 halftone gradation levels. In this manner, according to the second 
embodiment, a pixel of a 3.times.3 dot matrix can provide 31 levels. In a 
conventional area modulation methods such as a DITHER method, a pixel of a 
3.times.3 dot matrix can provide only 10 levels. Therefore, the number of 
gradation levels can be greatly increased in the present invention. 
Each dot pattern used in the second embodiment has the following 
advantages. 
(1) The dot pattern including a stripe perpendicular to a dot array of the 
printing head (which is constituted by a heating member array aligned 
along a lateral direction of the printing paper) can print a smooth 
pattern. The predetermined dots are continuously energized, such that the 
gradient of heat-diffusion becomes steep and the edge of the printed 
pattern becomes stable. 
(2) Since each dot pattern has a white portion of 2.times.2 dots or more, a 
portion to be whitened cannot be arbitrarily blackened, and stable 
gradation with less noise can be obtained. This performance was confirmed 
by a head having a resolution of up to 16 dots/mm. 
(3) When an energy supply level is changed in the same dot pattern, the 
printing density increases linearly with respect to an increase in the 
average energy per dot. That is, the density can be controlled in an 
analog manner. If the number of control levels are enlarged, a large of 
gradation number can be obtained. 
(4) In advantage (3), the higher the resolution of the printing head 
becomes, the weaker a pattern dependency becomes. Therefore, density 
characteristics cannot differ from their respective patterns. The energy 
supply level also increases linearly with respect to an optical density, 
even if the dot pattern is changed. 
The second embodiment will be described in more detail hereinafter. Assume, 
for the sake of description, that a pixel has 3.times.3 dots. FIG. 7 is a 
block diagram showing the multilevel dot pattern generator 12 in detail. 
Gradation data (8 bits) from the gradation signal source 10 is supplied to 
a buffer (RAM1) 30 and a buffer (RAM2) 32. This is to complete data supply 
from the signal source 10 by one operation per line. If the gradation data 
is not supplied to buffers 30 and 32, since the gradation data only gives 
one level to a pixel of 3.times.3 dots, the same gradation data from the 
signal source 10 must be supplied three times per every line. The buffers 
RAM1 and RAM2 have a capacity of 8 bits.times.854. Note that the printing 
head is a 2,560-dot head having 2,560 heating members aligned along the 
main scanning direction (since the printing paper is moved along the 
vertical direction in this case, the main scanning direction corresponds 
to the lateral direction of the paper). Since a pixel has 3.times.3 dots, 
bits of the smallest integer larger than 2,560/3, i.e., 854 bits are 
required. The two buffers 30 and 32 allow for high speed printing. Data in 
the first line (three lines in practice, because a pixel has 3.times.3 
dots) is written into the buffer RAM1, and the data in the next line is 
written into the buffer RAM2. Data in the following lines are alternately 
written into the buffers RAM1 and RAM2. Thus, while data is written into 
one buffer, data can be read out from the other buffer. When data write of 
one line data in the buffer RAM 1 or RAM2 is completed, the buffer RAM1 or 
RAM2 is set in a standby state. When printing of 3 line data constituting 
a pixel is completed, a data readout signal RAM1RD or RAM2RD is generated, 
and the data at the second line is read out from the buffer RAM1 or RAM2. 
Thereafter, this operation is repeated until printing for one page is 
completed (in the case of color printing, until printing for one color is 
completed). Assuming that a printing cycle is 2 msec/line, it requires 6 
msec to read out data of one pixel line. 
The same dot pattern is generated three times from the buffers RAM1 and 
RAM2. In response to the signal RAM1RD, data in the buffer RAM1 is read 
out, and the readout data is supplied to a multilevel dot pattern 
generator ROM 34. (The generator 34 can comprise a RAM.) Multilevel dot 
pattern data (6 bits) in the ROM 34, indicated by the input data, an 
output from a line counter 36 (2 bits) and an output from a heating dot 
counter 38 is serially generated, and is stored in a buffer (RAMB1) 40 and 
a buffer (RAMB2) 42. This data indicates the energy supplied to each 
heating member of the printing head. The counters 36 and 38 repeatedly 
generate data "0", "1" and "2", indicating which data is to be read out 
from the 3.times.3 dot matrix. The buffer (RAMB1) 40 and the buffer 
(RAMB2) 42 have a capacity of 6 bits.times.2,560, and are provided for two 
lines for the urpose of high speed driving. Data for one line (854 words) 
is read out from the RAM1, and is converted into dot pattern data 
indicating an energization energy level. When all the data (2,560 words) 
are written in the RAMB1, the RAMB1 is switched to the standby state. 
During this operation, data is read out from the other RAMB2 so as to 
perform one line printing. 
FIGS. 8A to 8H show the above operation as a timing chart. 
FIG. 9 is a detailed block diagram of the driver 14 shown in FIG. 1. It 
should be noted that a thermal head 16 is driven by two phases, and has 
two identical circuits with suffix numbers 1 and 2. The data supplied from 
the generator 12 is supplied to a shift register 50-1, and the output from 
the register 50-1 is transferred to a shift register 50-2. The same clock 
signal is supplied to the registers 50-1 and 50-2. The outputs from the 
registers 50-1 and 50-2 are supplied to latches 52-1 and 52-2 in parallel. 
The latches 52-1 and 52-2 receive a common latch signal. The outputs from 
the latches 52-1 and 52-2 are supplied to gates 54-1 and 54-2, 
respectively. The gates 54-1 and 54-2 receive enable signals EN1 and EN2, 
respectively. The outputs from the gates 54-1 and 54-2 are supplied to the 
heating members in respective phases of the thermal head through drivers 
56-1 and 56-2. 
FIGS. 10A to 10G are timing charts showing the operation of this circuit. 
When 2,560 bit data is serially transferred six times within 2 msec, the 
transfer rate is about 8 Mbits/sec. On the other hand, a thermal head 
drive IC normally has a transfer rate of about 4 Mbits/sec. Therefore, 
parallel data input ports must be provided to the thermal head for high 
speed data transfer. In this embodiment, the thermal head has eight 
inputs. Therefore, data transfer of 2,560/8=320 bits is performed. 
In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, heat from the thermal head 16 is 
detected, and the detection data is fed back to the driver circuit 14. 
Since an ink amount differs depending upon the temperature of the head 16, 
even at the same energy level, the energy level must be controlled by heat 
from the head 16. For this reason, assuming that, as shown in FIG. 11, the 
energy level at a normal temperature (Tn) is 100%, the energy level is 
decreased as temperature increases. Therefore, even if the temperature is 
changed, a constant amount of ink can be transferred. In this embodiment, 
as shown in FIG. 12, the head 16 is connected to a thermistor 62, and the 
output therefrom is supplied to the driver 14 through an A/D converter 64. 
The driver 14 exerts control, in accordance with the detected temperature 
value, in the following manner. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, energy 
supplied to the head 16 is controlled by the gates 54-1 and 54-2. For this 
reason, pulse widths of the enable signals EN1 and EN2 shown in FIGS. 13A 
and 13B and supplied to the gates 54-1 and 54-2, are decreased as shown in 
FIGS. 14A and 14B, respectively, thus serving to reduce the energy 
requirements. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, when 
amplitudes of the output voltages from the drivers 56-1 and 56-2 are 
decreased, this too can decrease the energy requirements. 
Another embodiment will be described in which selection of a dot pattern in 
each density range is altered. In a third embodiment, a dot pattern 
comprising a combination of L-shaped dot patterns is used in every density 
range. Effectiveness of the L-shaped pattern will be explained with 
reference to FIGS. 16A to 16C. FIG. 16A shows a concentrated pattern used 
in a DITHER method, FIG. 16B shows a stripe pattern and FIG. 16C shows the 
L-shaped pattern according to the third embodiment. Each pattern has 4 
dots. Broken lines and alternate long and short dashed lines respectively 
indicate the sizes of pixels formed when these patterns are energized so 
as to transfer an ink. Note that the alternate long and short dashed lines 
indicate cases having higher energy. In general, in high-speed thermal 
transfer printing, a pixel slightly expanded along the subscanning 
direction (the direction in which the printing paper moves; the vertical 
implied in the figure) is apt to be formed. Therefore, a pixel is expanded 
in accordance with the number of dots along the subscanning direction. in 
other words, if the same amount of energy is supplied, the dynamic range 
of gradation is widened. In addition, since a dot generally has a regular 
rectangular shape and is of small matrix size, e.g., the concentrated 
pattern shown in FIG. 16A, a bridge is formed between two adjacent dots 
when the energy level is increased, resulting in degradation in smoothness 
due to uneven density, and in image quality due to noise caused by the 
random generation of bridges. In contrast, in the L-shaped pattern shown 
in FIG. 16C, since the pixel is expanded within a region surrounded by dot 
arrays along the main scanning and subscanning directions, a wider dynamic 
range of gradation can be obtained as compared to the patterns shown in 
FIGS. 16A and 16B. This result is more notable in a pattern comprising a 
combination of L-shaped patterns than in a single L-shaped pattern. 
FIGS. 17A to 17F show the sizes of pixels when cross-shaped patterns, as a 
combination of L-shaped patterns arranged in a 4.times.4 dot matrix, and 
high, medium and low levels of energy are supplied to dots. FIG. 17A shows 
a case wherein low level energy is supplied to the dots, and FIG. 17B 
shows the resultant size of a pixel. FIG. 17C shows a case wherein medium 
level energy is supplied to the dogs, and FIG. 17D shows the resultant 
size of a pixel. FIG. 17E shows a case wherein high level energy is 
supplied to the dots, and FIG. 17F shows the resultant size of a pixel. In 
this manner, since the cross-shaped pattern includes four regions 
surrounded by dot arrays along the main and subscanning directions, the 
dynamic range of gradation can be widened. 
In the third embodiment, it is considered that adjacent patterns should 
have less, and preferably no dots contacting each other when each pattern 
is selected. When there are no dots contacting each other between two 
adjacent patterns, the following effect can be obtained. As shown in FIG. 
18A, cross-shaped patterns having five dots are arranged in four adjacent 
4.times.4 dot matrices. These patterns have not dots contacting each 
other. FIG. 18B shows a case wherein an ink is transferred using these 
patterns. Since the patterns are spaced apart from each other, even if the 
energy level is changed, the respective patterns are kept separate. As the 
energy level is increased, the pixels are enlarged. However, since 
non-energized dots are present between adjacent patterns, attachment of an 
ink and ink transfer to the printing paper are unlikely to occur at such 
nonenergized dots when peeling of the ink ribbon from the printing paper. 
Thus, independency of the patterns can be maintained. In this case, since 
the narrowest portions of the cross-shaped patterns are adjacent to each 
other, they serve to maintain the independency of the patterns. Even if 
the respective patterns contact each other, when the narrowest portions of 
the patterns contact each other, the center of the cross-shaped pattern is 
furthest from the contacting portion. Thus, pixels are expanded from the 
center of the dot matrix in accordance with the energy level, and 
non-transferred ink portions are concentrically contracted. Thus, if the 
energy level is increased, a satisfactory image quality can be maintained. 
In general, when adjacent patterns contact each other, an increase in the 
ink transfer area is observed in the contacting portion in accordance with 
pixel forming energy, this increase occurring abruptly. For this reason, 
linearity of gradation in accordance with an increase in pixel forming 
energy is often impaired. 
FIGS. 19A to 19N show examples of dot patterns used in the third embodiment 
in the order from lower gradation levels to higher gradation levels. Note 
that although each pattern has 4.times.4 dots, it needs to have 2.times.2 
dots or more. However, in order to print a halftone image at high 
resolution, m and n of an m.times.n matrix size satisfy, preferably 
2.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.6. FIG. 20 shows patterns when m=n=2. 
FIG. 21 shows halftone gradation levels of the third embodiment and energy 
supply levels for dots of dot patterns. In this case, the L-shaped pattern 
shown in FIG. 19A is assigned to the low density range, the cross-shaped 
pattern shown in FIG. 19E is assigned to the middle density range and the 
combined L-shaped pattern shown in FIG. 19L is assigned to the high 
density range, thereby providing 39 levels. 
FIG. 22 is a graph for comparing the density characteristics of the 
multilevel pixels printed in the third embodiment and another previous 
embodiment (second embodiment). The characteristics of the third 
embodiment are indicated by the solid curve, and those of the other 
embodiment are indicated by the broken curve. In the third embodiment, as 
can be seen from this graph, the dynamic range of gradation can be 
widened, and a change in density can be obtained with good linearity. In 
addition, good image quality with no density irregularity can be obtained 
in the overall density range. 
A fourth embodiment will be described hereinafter. In the fourth 
embodiment, dot patterns in each dot range are selected so that positions 
of the dot arrays forming each dot pattern are the same (or in the same 
phase). That is, the pattern is determined so that the dot array forming 
the pattern is located at the same position in at least one of the main 
and subscanning directions. This is because pixels can be stably formed 
since the heat pile-up of the dot can be effectively utilized, and, in 
each pattern, the dynamic range of gradation is wide and linearity is 
high. 
The patterns of the fourth embodiment will be described with reference to 
FIGS. 23A to 23D, and FIGS. 24A to 24D for the purpose of comparison with 
conventional patterns. FIGS. 23A to 23D, show the conventional patterns, 
and, FIGS. 24A to 24D show the dot patterns of the fourth embodiment. In 
this case, the overall density range is divided into four ranges. FIG. 25A 
is a view showing a dot pattern in which the conventional patterns shown 
in FIGS. 23A to 23D are continuously formed. FIG. 25B is a view showing a 
dot pattern in which the dot patterns of the fourth embodiment shown in 
FIGS. 24A to 24D are continuously formed. As shown in FIGS. 23A to 23D, 
when positions of the crossing points of the dot arrays in the patterns 
are different from each other, and when different patterns are formed 
adjacent to each other as shown in FIG. 25A, each dot may either make 
contact with the adjacent dot array, or be greatly separated therefrom. 
Therefore, the printing state becomes that as shown in FIG. 26A. In this 
state, printed and blank portions are aligned irregularly, and image 
quality is degraded by unstable gradation production caused by noise due 
to uneven density or a bridge irregularly generated between dot arrays of 
adjacent pixels. In contrast to this, according to the fourth embodiment, 
as indicated by broken lines in FIGS. 24A to 24D, since the phases of dot 
arrays in all the patterns coincide with each other in the main scanning 
and subscanning directions, heating centers also coincide with each other. 
As shown in FIG. 25B, even when different patterns are formed adjacent to 
each other, all the dot arrays can be regularly aligned. For this reason, 
since the printed and blank portions are aligned regularly in the printed 
state shown in FIG. 26B, image quality will not be degraded by unstable 
gradation reproduction caused by noise due to uneven density or a bridge 
irregularly generated between dot arrays of adjacent pixels. Therefore, 
the gradation reproduction characteristics can be greatly improved. When 
pixels are regularly aligned in a matrix form on the overall printing 
screen and the gradation reproduction characteristics are good even in a 
portion in which different patterns are formed adjacent to each other, 
high image quality printing can be achieved with less noise as compared to 
a conventional method. 
FIGS. 27A to 27D, FIGS. 28A to 28D and FIGS. 29A to 29D show various 
examples of the dot pattern of the fourth embodiment. These figures show 
combinations of patterns in the respective density ranges. In FIGS. 27A to 
27D, positions of dot arrays coincide with each other along the main 
scanning direction (lateral direction in figures). In FIGS. 28A to 28D, 
positions of the dot arrays coincide with each other along the subscanning 
direction (vertical direction in figures). In FIGS. 29A to 29D, the 
positions of the dot arrays coincide along both the main scanning and 
subscanning directions. 
In the case of a discrete dot pattern constituting a single dot, although a 
dot position can be arbitrary, if such a discrete dot is regarded as a dot 
array and is aligned along an extending line of a dot array in another 
pattern, a better effect is obtained. 
A fifth embodiment will be described hereinafter. In the fifth embodiment, 
as shown in FIG. 30, the heating center of each pixel coincides with the 
center of a dot matrix, and the dot pattern is established so as to be 
rotation symmetrical (of 180 degrees) about the center of the dot matrix. 
Each pixel has a 3.times.3 dot matrix configuration. A discrete dot 
pattern having only a central dot is assigned to the low density range, as 
shown at the left side of FIG. 30. A stripe dot pattern having 3 dots 
included in the center line is assigned to the middle density range, as 
shown in the central portion of FIG. 30. A cross-shaped dot pattern having 
5 dots included in central vertical and lateral arrays is assigned to the 
high density range, as shown at the right of FIG. 30. With these patterns, 
as shown in FIG. 31, when the gradation patterns are switched from a high 
to a low level or vice versa, the dot pattern nearest the switched pattern 
remains the same. In contrast, in the case of the use of the 
non-symmetrical pattern of rotation shown in FIG. 32, when the gradation 
patterns are switched from a high to a low level or vice versa, the dot 
pattern nearest the switched pattern changes, as shown in FIG. 33. In the 
case of FIG. 33, the dot X2 does not have the cooling interval of a blank 
dot; consequently the dot X2 is printed as a large dot due to a heat pile 
up and has a size different from the dot X1 which has a cooling interval. 
Furthermore, since the dot X3 has a sufficient cooling interval, it is 
printed as a small dot. In the case of the figure to the left in FIG. 33, 
the density at a boundary becomes lower than a predetermined density, and, 
in the case of the figure to the right, the density at a boundary becomes 
higher than the predetermined density, i.e., exhibits a kind of edge 
emphasis characteristic resulting in discontinuity in the density. In 
contrast to this, in the case of FIG. 31, since dots X4 and X5 have the 
cooling interval of blank dots, they can be printed as dots having 
substantially the same size. 
FIGS. 34 and 35 are modifications of the dot patterns of the fifth 
embodiment. 
A sixth embodiment will be described hereinafter. In this embodiment, as 
shown in FIG. 36, density ranges which are covered by respective dot 
patterns overlap, and the density level at which the dot patterns are 
switched are different in accordance with whether the density changes from 
a high to a low level or vice versa. In general, in the second to fifth 
embodiments, the dot patterns are selected in accordance with the density 
level and noise tends to be generated when the dot patterns are switched. 
For this reason, when the printing density is changed, the switching 
frequency of the dot patterns is preferably decreased as low as possible. 
In this embodiment, a changing direction of the density is detected, and 
when the density is changed from a high to a low level, a dot pattern 
which covers the high density range of the overlapping dot patterns is 
used. In contrast to this, when the density is changed from a low to a 
high level, a dot pattern which covers the low density range of the 
overlapping dot patterns is used. Thus, the switching frequency of the dot 
patterns can be reduced. 
FIG. 37 shows a block diagram of the sixth embodiment. This block diagram 
is substantially the same as that of FIG. 1 except that a dot pattern 
changing controller 70 is connected between the gradation signal source 10 
and the multilevel dot pattern generator 12. FIG. 38 shows the controller 
70 in more detail. The gradation signal from the signal source 10 is 
supplied to a latch 72 and to a first input terminal of a subtractor 74 
and a pattern selector 76. The output from the latch 72 is supplied to a 
second input terminal of the subtractor 74. The subtractor 74 subtracts 
the output signal from the latch 72 from the signal from the signal source 
10, and supplies the subtraction result to a shift register 78. The 
register 78 delays an input image signal for every pixel, and outputs from 
the respective stages are supplied to an adder 80. The output signal from 
the adder 80 is supplied to a latch 82, and is also supplied to a first 
input terminal of a comparator 84. The output from the latch 82 is 
supplied to a second input terminal of the comparator 84. The output from 
the comparator 84 is supplied to the pattern selector 76, and the output 
from the selector 76 is supplied to the generator 12. 
With this circuit, a pixel signal delayed by one pixel by the latch 72 is 
subtracted from the signal from the signal source 10, and a change in 
density for each pixel can be detected. In order to detect a density 
change in the main scanning direction at equal intervals, an average value 
of a change in density between m pixels (m corresponds to the number of 
stages of the register 78) is obtained. The average value is stored in the 
latch 78 every m pixels, and a change in the average values is detected to 
be either positive or negative by the comparator 84. The output from the 
comparator 84 and the input gradation signal are supplied to the selector 
76, and the selector 76 supplies a selection signal to the generator 12 so 
as to select a halftone dot pattern included in the characteristics of the 
low density component of two overlapping characteristics when the change 
in density is positive. When the change in density is negative, the 
selector 76 supplies a selection signal to the generator 12 so as to 
select a half-tone dot pattern included in characteristics of the high 
density component. 
An embodiment of the invention performing color printing will be described. 
FIG. 42 shows the principle of a seventh embodiment. In the seventh 
embodiment, an image is represented by pixel matrixes. Each pixel is 
printed by predetermined dots within a predetermined dot matrix. The 
pattern of a printed dots forming one pixel is defined as a dot pattern. 
The respective dots of the dot pattern are printed in densities 
corresponding to the densities of the pixels. 
FIG. 42 shows dot patterns used in the seventh embodiment. In FIG. 42, each 
pixel corresponds to a 3.times.3 dot matrix. Color printing is performed 
by three-color component image printing in a superposed manner. Dot 
patterns A.sub.ij, B.sub.ij, and C.sub.ij (i,j=1 to 3) respectively 
indicate dot patterns of first, second, and third color-component images. 
Different dot patterns are not used for respective densities, but the 
entire range of density is divided into three density ranges, and 
different dot patterns are used for the respective ranges of total energy 
amounts injected into the thermal head corresponding to the respective 
density ranges. In other words, the first affix i (1 to 3) of the dot 
patterns A.sub.ij, B.sub.ij, and C.sub.ij indicates the injected energy 
amount range (I to III). 
Note that three dot patterns are assigned to each single injected energy 
amount range. The three dot patterns are repeatedly used for every three 
pixels continuing in the main scanning direction. More specifically, the 
first, second, and third dot patterns are assigned to the positions 
(normalized positions) (0 to 2) as the remainders obtained by dividing the 
pixel position in the main scanning direction (the horizontal direction of 
the sheet) by three. In other words, the second affix j (1 to 3) of the 
dot patterns A.sub.ij, B.sub.ij, and C.sub.ij indicates the normalized 
pixel position (0 to 2). 
The characteristic features of these dot patterns will be described. Each 
dot pattern of energy range I of the lowest density consists of a single 
printed dot. In the first-color dot patterns A.sub.11, A.sub.12, and 
A.sub.13, printed dots are arranged in a line upwardly inclining from left 
to right at an 18.degree. angle from the horizontal axis of the sheet when 
these patterns are printed continuously in the main scanning direction. In 
the second-color dot patterns B.sub.11, B.sub.12, and B.sub.13, printed 
dots are aligned in the horizontal direction when these patterns are 
printed continuously in the main scanning direction. In the third-color 
dots patterns C.sub.11, C.sub.12, and C.sub.13, printed dots are arranged 
in a line downwardly inclining from left to right at an 18.degree. angle 
from the horizontal axis when these patterns are printed continuously in 
the main scanning direction. Each dot pattern of energy range II of the 
second-lowest density includes the corresponding dot pattern of energy 
range I. Each dot pattern of energy range III of the highest density 
includes the corresponding dot pattern of energy range II. Therefore, the 
characteristic features of dot alignment of the respective colors are 
determined in accordance with the dot pattern of energy range I of the 
lowest density regardless of the normalized pixel position at which the 
dot pattern changes (that is, even if the energy range changes). More 
specifically, the texture direction of the first-color dot pattern is the 
upwardly inclining (from left to right) direction, that of the 
second-color dot pattern is the horizontal direction, and that of the 
third-color dot pattern is the downwardly inclining (from left to right) 
direction. The texture directions of the respective colors differ in this 
manner. 
FIGS. 43A to 43C compare the printed patterns of the respective colors. In 
FIGS. 43A to 43C, the same dot patterns are used in the sub scanning 
direction, and dot patterns with densities increasing from the left to 
right are used in the main scanning direction. FIG. 43A shows the printed 
pattern of the first color (e.g., yellow). The texture directions are two 
directions: the sub scanning (vertical) direction and a direction deviated 
from the main scanning direction counterclockwise by 18.degree.. FIG. 43B 
shows the printed pattern of the second color (e.g., magenta). The texture 
directions in this case are two directions: the sub and main scanning 
directions. FIG. 43C shows the printed pattern of the third color (e.g., 
cyan). The texture directions of this pattern are two directions: the sub 
scanning direction and a direction deviated from the main scanning 
direction clockwise by 18.degree.. Therefore, when these printed patterns 
of the three colors are superposed, the printed dot arrays intersect every 
three pixels (9 dots), and high frequency and fine moire fringes are 
generated in units of 9 dots. As a result, various kinds of ink overlap 
are periodically formed in a very short cycle and they are appeared to be 
averaged to the human eyes. Thus, the hue becomes stable. 
Conventionally, all the texture directions of patterns of respective colors 
are the same. Therefore, if the texture directions of printed dots of 
respective colors are rotated by a mechanical error, visual moire fringes 
of low frequency or long cycles are formed and a change of hue in a stripe 
fashion can be seen. Thus, the image quality is degraded. However, with 
the patterns of this embodiment, the texture directions of printed dot 
patterns of respective colors are intentionally misregistered and moire 
fringes of short cycles are forcibly generated. Even if the printed 
patterns of the respective colors are rotated, the moire fringes do not 
influence the image quality, unlike in the conventional case, since 
visible low frequency moire fringes are not generated. The cycle (9 dots) 
of the moire fringes is a short cycle which is not apparent to the naked 
eye if a thermal head having a resolution of 16 dots/mm is used. The moire 
fringes in this case are virtually invisible. 
this embodiment, although the positions of printed dots of respective 
colors in a dot matrix are different in units of pixels, the various kinds 
of ink overlap patterns are averaged as a whole. Even if the transfer 
positions of the respective color inks are shifted in parallel by a 
mechanical error of the printer, the total hue is not varied. 
A description will be made of an injected energy amount applied to the 
heating members of a thermal head for printing the respective dots when 41 
half-tone gradation levels are to be expressed using such a single dot 
pattern. As an example, FIG. 44 shows the printing energies of the 
respective dots constituting dot patterns A.sub.12, A.sub.22, and 
A.sub.32. In FIG. 44, the values at the respective matrix positions 
indicate the energy amounts injected into the heating members. The blank 
portions indicate 0 (position where no dot is printed). More specifically, 
in the low density range (half-tone gradation levels 0 to 8), the 
formation energy level for a single printed dot constituting dot pattern 
A.sub.12 is changed from 0 to 8 so as to express 9 half-tone gradations of 
levels 0 to 8. In the intermediate density range (half-tone gradation 
levels 9 to 24), the total energy level of the three printed dots 
constituting dot pattern A.sub.22 is changed from 9 to 24 so as to express 
16 half-tone gradations of levels 9 to 24. In the high density range 
(half-tone gradation levels 25 to 40), the total injected energy level of 
the five printed dots constituting dot pattern A.sub.32 is changed from 25 
to 40 so as to obtain 16 half-tone gradations of levels 25 to 40. 
As a result, 41 half-tone gradation levels are obtained by a 3.times.3 
matrix. The same gradation representation is performed for other dot 
patterns. Since the injected energies for the respective printed dots can 
be finely controlled without any limits, the number of half-tone gradation 
levels represented by this pattern can be infinitely increased. 
The schematic arrangement of a color image printing apparatus which enables 
such multi level color printing, reproduces a stable hue, and is free from 
degradation in image quality caused by moire fringes, will be described 
with reference to FIG. 45. 
Density signals of the respective colors in units of pixels that are output 
from multi level gradation signal processing circuit 1 are supplied to 
multi level dot pattern table 5. Outputs from matrix position setting 
circuit 2, pixel counter 3, and color setting circuit 4 are also supplied 
to table 5. An output from table 5 is supplied to thermal head driver 
circuit 7 via thermal printing control circuit 6. 
Multi level gradation signal processing circuit 1 processes a multi level 
half-tone signal, input as a digital signal from an image memory or from a 
demodulator or decoder of a transfer system, in accordance with the 
specifications and characteristics of the printer. 
Matrix position setting circuit 2 is necessary for digital printing or 
pseudo half-tone printing and sets a position to print a dot within a dot 
matrix which corresponds to a single pixel consisting of plurality of 
dots. In a normal line printer, setting circuit 2 is interlinked with a 
dot counter for the main scanning direction and a line counter for the sub 
scanning direction. 
Pixel counter 3 counts the position of a pixel in the main scanning 
direction. When the obtained position number is 3K+n (K=0, 1, 2, . . . , 
n=0, 1, 2), counter 3 selects a dot pattern whose affix j coincides with n 
among dot patterns A.sub.ij, B.sub.ij, and C.sub.ij of FIG. 42 described 
above. In a normal line printer, counter 3 is interlinked with the dot 
counter for the main scanning direction. In other words, counter 3 selects 
a dot pattern in accordance with a normalized pixel position. 
Color setting circuit 4 controls the sequence of superposed printing of the 
three primary printing colors of yellow, magenta, and cyan, or three 
primary colors determined by the printer used. More specifically, color 
setting circuit 4 determines which one of the first (yellow), second 
(magenta), and third (cyan) layers coincides with the layer to be printed. 
In frame sequential printing using a normal line printer, color setting 
circuit 4 is interlinked with a page counter. 
By the functions of matrix position setting circuit 2, pixel counter 3, and 
color setting circuit 4, data on the energy amount to be injected into the 
heating member is read out from a predetermined pattern of multi level dot 
pattern table 5. In some cases, these circuits can be interlinked with an 
image signal input clock used by multi level gradation signal processing 
circuit 1. 
Multi level dot pattern table 5 is the main part of this embodiment. As 
partially described with reference to FIG. 44, table 5 comprises a ROM 
which stores the matrix positions of the respective dots constituting dot 
patterns A.sub.ij, B.sub.ij and C.sub.ij in units of density levels and 
the amount of energies to be injected into heating members for forming 
such dots. Table 5 selects three patterns, e.g., A.sub.3j (j=1, 2, 3) in 
the case of yellow, for the color set by color setting circuit 4 from nine 
patterns indicating the same density corresponding to an output which is 
supplied from multi level gradation signal processing circuit 1 and which 
represents a density level. Furthermore, table 5 selects a dot pattern 
corresponding to a normalized pixel position set by pixel counter 3, e.g., 
A.sub.32. Table 5 then selects data of an injected energy amount for a 
heating member at a dot position in the dot matrix set by matrix position 
setting circuit 2. 
Thermal printing control circuit 6 is interlinked with thermal head driver 
circuit 7 and controls the pulse width and pulse height of the drive pulse 
for each dot of the thermal head. Control circuit 6 is controlled by 
injected energy data output from multi level dot pattern table 5. 
Thermal head driver circuit 7 is an IC circuit having a shift register, a 
latch, a gate, and a driver (none are shown) and is located on the 
substrate of a thermal head. In conventional thermal transfer printing of 
an ink melt type, the interlinked operations of driver circuit 7 and 
thermal printing control circuit 6 are used to compensate for a heat 
accumulation phenomenon. However, in this embodiment, they are used to 
control energy for gradation representation. 
The circuit shown in FIG. 45 is the same as that shown in FIG. 1 except for 
color setting circuit 4. 
When printing of the method described above is performed using the thermal 
printer having the above arrangement, color reproduction without hue 
variation or moire fringes can be performed, and a multi level color 
half-tone image of a high resolution can be obtained, even if a printer 
not having a particularly good mechanical precision is used. 
In the above embodiment, a pixel is represented by a 3.times.3 dot matrix, 
and color printing is performed in a total of three colors. An eighth 
embodiment of the present invention wherein color printing is performed in 
four colors (e.g., yellow, magenta, cyan, and black) will be described. In 
the eighth embodiment, a 4.times.4 dot matrix corresponds to a single 
pixel. The entire density range is divided into four density ranges. The 
energy ranges corresponding to the respective density ranges are denoted 
as ranged I to IV from the lower density range. Four dot patterns are 
assigned to each range and each color. 
FIGS. 46A to 46D show first- to fourth-color dot patterns D.sub.ij, 
E.sub.ij, F.sub.ij and G.sub.ij (i,j=1 to 4) assigned to density ranges I 
to IV. The first affix i of the dot patterns D.sub.ij, E.sub.ij and 
F.sub.ij indicates the injected energy range (1 to 4), and the second 
affix j indicates the normalized pixel position. 
FIGS. 47A to 47D show the textures of the printed dots by the dot patterns 
shown in FIGS. 46A to 46D. The texture directions of the printed pattern 
in FIG. 47A are the sub scanning direction and a direction inclined 
14.degree. counterclockwise from the main scanning direction. The texture 
directions of the printed pattern in FIG. 47B are the sub scanning 
direction and directions inclined 63.degree. clockwise and 
counterclockwise from the sub scanning direction. The texture directions 
of the printed pattern in FIG. 47C are the sub scanning direction and a 
direction inclined 14.degree. clockwise from the main scanning direction. 
The texture directions of the printed pattern in FIG. 47D are the sub 
scanning direction and the main scanning direction. 
The same effect as that with the seventh embodiment can be obtained with 
this embodiment. 
The present invention is not limited by the matrix size, the number of 
divisions of the density range, the color sequence, the number of colors, 
the intersecting angle of the texture directions of the printed dots, and 
so on. Also, the present invention is not limited to a thermal transfer 
printing apparatus of an ink melt type, but can be applicable to another 
multi-level printing method such as thermal printing, thermal transfer 
printing using a sublimation dye-type ink, and ink-jet printing. 
As described above, in the present invention, although the relative 
positions of the printed dots of the respective colors change in units of 
pixels since the texture direction in which the printed dots appear to 
form is positively changed in units of colors, they are averaged. 
Therefore, the hue is not influenced even if the printed dots of the 
respective colors are misregistered. Moire fringes are formed by cyclical 
changes of the hue. However, since the moire fringes have a high 
frequency, which has a negligable visual effect, they are not evident to 
the human eye. As a result, a color image having an overall stable hue 
which is free from the adverse influence of moire fringes can be obtained.