Golf putter and method of putting

A putter for use with a one-handed, modified, croquet-style putting stroke is described. The player is thus able to gain full advantage of his or her binocular vision because the player is able to face the target while aligning and stroking a putt. The geometry of the shaft is such that the grip is substantially centered vertically above the center of mass of the putter head when the putter is in a normal address position. The putter may include a head that allows the putter to be free standing in an address position, which assists the player in aligning a putt. The putter may also include a grip with at least one flat land and an angled bore, which provides tactile feedback to the player regarding the alignment of the putter face. The putter complies with the official rules of golf as promulgated by the United States Golf Association and the Royal & Ancient Golf Association in Great Britain. Finally, a method of using the putter is also described.

This invention relates to a golf putter and method of putting. More 
particularly a putter according to the present invention is specially 
designed for use with a modified croquet-style of putting that most 
naturally conforms to a one-handed, underhanded swinging motion. The 
putter and method according to the present invention also fully complies 
with the current Rules of Golf as promulgated by the Royal and Ancient 
Golf Association and the United States Golf Association and are thus 
designed for use in tournament play. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The putt is perhaps the single most difficult yet important shot in golf. 
Before a player may even stroke the ball, the player must visually examine 
the contour of the putting surface and judge its effect on the path of a 
ball rolling toward the hole from the current position of the ball. Other 
characteristics of the putting surface or other factors can also have a 
significant effect on the path of a putt already stroked and rolling 
toward the hole. The direction in which the grass generally grows, the 
length of the grass on the putting surface, the type of grass on the 
putting surface, moisture on the putting surface, imperfections in the 
putting surface like footprints, spike marks or ball marks carelessly 
repaired, wind and a golf ball in which the center of mass and geometric 
center do not coincide are just some of the factors that affect the path 
of a rolling putt and, to some degree, for which the player must account. 
After examining the putting surface between the ball and the hole and 
accounting for other factors, the player must then execute a stroke that 
causes the ball to roll in a precise initial direction and with the 
precise speed required so that the ball's path intersects the hole and 
with speed slow enough for the ball to fall into the hole. Because of its 
complexity, nuance and potential for randomness, putting a ball into the 
hole is the most difficult and most precise task in golf. Yet, a putt is 
the single type of stroke that is most often required during a round of 
golf. To complicate matters further, the player's visual perception of the 
target is skewed which leads to errors in alignment because the player 
does not face the target while addressing the ball or stroking a putt. 
Instead, the player views the target while looking laterally down the 
intended target line. This sub-optimal visual perspective causes visual 
distortion that interferes with the player's ability to align the putting 
stroke with the target line that was chosen while standing behind the ball 
and looking toward the hole in order to determine the intended target 
line. This visual effect is detailed in a book entitled "See It & Sink 
It--Mastering Putting Through Peek Visual Performance" by Dr. Craig L. 
Farnsworth. 
Golf courses are designed and standards for scoring are set based on the 
assumption that a player will be able to hit the ball onto the putting 
surface in two strokes less than par for each hole. Once on the ball is on 
the putting surface, the player is allowed two putts to stroke the ball 
into the hole in order to play the hole at par. Thus, an 18-hole golf 
course is designed to allow 36 putts in a round of golf played at par. 
Most, though not all, 18-hole golf courses play to a par of 72, which 
means that putting constitutes approximately 50% of the strokes prescribed 
for a round of golf. 
The importance of putting in golf is illustrated by the professional 
careers of many notable players. Sam Snead, the winner of more officially 
sanctioned professional tour events than any other player, is a notable 
example of an extraordinary player who struggled with his putting stroke 
late in his career. In an attempt to cure his wavering putting stroke, Sam 
Snead adopted a croquet-style putting stroke in which he straddled the 
target line of his putt, drew his putter back between his legs and struck 
the ball with a pendulum-like swing along the target line. His 
croquet-style putting stroke worked relatively effectively for him until 
the Royal & Ancient Golf Association and the United States Golf 
Association (the "USGA") changed the Rules of Golf ("the Rules") to make 
his stroke illegal. 
The Rules allow a player to use a modified croquet-style stoke in which the 
player stands with both feet on one side of the target line and faces the 
target. This type of stroke is thought by some, including the inventor, to 
be more effective for a number reasons. For example, the player may 
simultaneously address the putt and execute the stroke from a position 
that permits both eyes to focus on the target. 
The Rules were also changed to make it more difficult to design a putter 
that would be useful for making such a stroke. The Rules allow the shaft 
of a putter to be connected to any point on the putter head and to have 
bent and straight portions, with the bent portion having a length measured 
along its axis less than or equal to 5 inches. The Rules also require that 
the projection of the straight portion of a putter shaft onto a plane 
perpendicular to the target line diverge at least 10.degree. from 
vertical. Additionally, the overall length of the shaft, measured along a 
straight-line extension of the straight portion of the shaft to the ground 
when the putter is grounded, must be greater than or equal to 18 inches. 
When using a traditional putting stroke, a player faces a direction 
generally perpendicular to the target line and thus must turn to look down 
the target line when preparing to stroke the ball. This creates a visual 
distortion that interferes with the player's ability to perceive 
accurately the location of the target. Because of this effect, most 
right-handed players perceive that the target is farther right than its 
actual location. Additionally, the player loses depth perception in 
viewing the target in such a manner because the effective distance between 
the players eyes (in a direction perpendicular to a line from the eyes to 
the target) is small when viewing the target from such a traditional 
stance. 
Aside from the disadvantages in viewing the target and determining the 
proper line and distance to the target stemming from the use of the 
traditional putting stance, this stance also interferes with the mechanics 
of putting. Specifically, the primary axis around which the putter swings 
during a traditional putting stroke is defined by the player's spine. When 
taking a traditional stance and swinging a putter from such a stance, the 
player swings the shoulders in such a manner that the putter rotates 
around the spine. Assuming a fixed relationship between the player's hands 
and spine, the resulting stroke follows an arc that moves inside the 
target line on the back swing, to the target line at impact (at least if 
performed properly), and back inside the target line after impact. When 
traveling along such an arc (and still assuming the fixed spatial 
relationship between the hands and the spine), the face of the putter also 
rotates relative to the target line during the stroke. On the back swing, 
the putter face opens to the target line, at impact the putter face is 
perpendicular to the target line (again if the stroke has been properly 
executed), and the putter face closes to the target line after impact. 
A noted contemporary instructor on putting, Dave Pelz has studied the 
effects of misalignment relative to the target line (when the putter 
strikes the ball) of (1) the putter's swing path, (2) the putter face and 
(3) the optimum hitting location on the putter face on the ultimate 
putting success. Mr. Pelz has found that all three types of misalignment 
cause significant error in the putting stroke and thus decrease the 
chances of the ball going into the hole. However, he opines that 
misalignment of the putter face causes the largest deviation from the 
player's intended path of any particular putt. In order to reduce the 
possibility of misalignment of the putter face, path and hitting location, 
Mr. Pelz recommends that the player's putting stroke start with the 
optimum hitting location on the putter face immediately adjacent to the 
ball and that the stroke travel along a path aligned with the target line 
with the face remaining perpendicular to the target line for the entire 
stroke. However, as explained above, when a player swings the putter 
around the spine only, such a stroke does not result. In fact, the putter 
path corresponds to the target line at only one point in its arc and the 
face is perpendicular to the target line at only one point in its arc--and 
these two points do not necessarily coincide. Thus, to execute a stroke 
with a path along the target line and with a square putter face while 
using a traditional putting stance and stroke requires a complex 
combination of multi-axis rotational movements. Executing such a 
multi-axis stroke in a manner that accomplishes the primary and complex 
task of causing a ball to roll smoothly along a precise path at a precise 
speed renders the most difficult and important stroke in golf even more 
difficult. Some of the most common practice aids and drills in golf are 
designed purely to enable players to ingrain this complex, multi-axis 
putting stroke into their muscle memory. Other players simply concentrate 
on swinging the putter around only their spine and training themselves to 
hit the ball at the precise moment in time when the putter path, face and 
hitting location are correctly aligned with the target line. Thus, both 
widely adopted approaches to executing the traditional putting stroke 
suffer from disadvantages that interfere with the ultimate goal--putting 
the ball into the hole. 
The only way in which to avoid the disadvantages associated with the 
traditional putting stroke is to swing the putter head around a horizontal 
axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the target line--exactly the 
result of Sam Snead's outlawed croquet-style stroke. It is possible, 
however, to design a putter within the Rules that allows the player to 
swing the putter on an arc defined by rotation around a horizontal axis 
that is perpendicular to the target line, or at least on an arc close to 
this optimum arc. The resulting putting stroke is executed while the 
player stands generally facing the target with both feet on one side of 
the target line. Numerous putters have been designed to allow a player to 
take such a stance and execute such a stroke, but always with some type of 
requirement to manipulate the club in a secondary manner not associated 
with purely swinging the putter around a horizontal axis perpendicular to 
the target line. Each of the following U.S. Patents describe a putter for 
use with modified croquet-style stance and stroke as described above, but 
they all have characteristics that interfere with the natural pendulum 
action of the putting stroke, or do not comply with the Rules. 
______________________________________ 
U.S. Pat. No. Patentee(s) 
Issue Date 
______________________________________ 
3,574,349 Kropp 4/13/71 
4,163,554 Bernhart 8/7/79 
3,679,207 Florian 7/25/72 
4,227,694 Drake 10/14/80 
4,523,758 Guendling, Jr. 
6/18/85 
5,125,657 Beil 6/30/92 
Re. 33,169 Leek 2/20/90 
______________________________________ 
Kropp, for example describes a putter suitable for use with a two-handed 
stroke in which the upper end of the grip lies vertically above the heel 
rather than the center of the face. Thus, if a player were to grasp 
Kropp's putter with one hand on the upper end of the grip, the natural 
tendency of the putter would be to hang such that a line from the upper 
end of the grip to the center of the face is angled toward the player when 
viewed from the front at address. Any attempt to use Kropp's putter in a 
one-handed putting stroke would likely result in the player striking the 
ball away from the center of the face. Bernhart and Florian describe 
putters that are similarly configured to Kropp's putter, but having a top 
end of the grip that is even more misaligned with the center of the face. 
Guendling, Jr. describes a putter designed for use with a one-handed stroke 
in which the upper end of the grip does lie vertically above the center of 
the face when used in a stroke as is evident from Guendling Jr.'s FIG. 3. 
However, Guendling, Jr.'s putter does not comply with the Rules because 
the angle between the axis of the straight portion of the shaft of the 
putter in its normal address position and vertical is less than 10.degree. 
(it is actually 0.degree.). Leek, Drake and Beil describe putters that 
similarly do not comply with the Rules. Additionally, the Guendling, Jr. 
putter is shown to be of 10-26 inches in length, which violates the Rules 
requirement that the putter shaft be at least 18 inches long as measured 
from the top of the grip along the axis of the shaft or a straight-line 
extension of the shaft to the sole of the club. 
Thus, a need continues to exist for a putter suitable for use with a 
modified croquet-style stroke that complies with the Rules and facilitates 
a natural, pendulum-type swinging stroke with little or no extraneous 
manipulation of the putter when making a stroke. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The putter and method according to the present invention improves upon 
prior art devices and methods by employing a putter having a grip for 
which the effective center of the grip is located substantially vertically 
above the center of the face of the putter at address while simultaneously 
being suitable for play as permitted under the Rules. 
A golf putter according to the present invention is adapted for use with a 
one-handed, modified croquet-style putting stroke. Like all putters, a 
putter according to the invention includes a head, and the head defines a 
center of mass. The face of the putter also defines a face angle line that 
lies on the face and is generally horizontal when the putter is in a 
normal address position. Also like all putters conforming to the Rules, a 
shaft extends from the head of the putter of the invention. A connector 
portion of a shaft is attached to the head and may be attached at any 
point on the head. At least a portion of the shaft is straight, and the 
straight portion extends from the connector portion to a free end on which 
the grip is mounted. 
When stroking a putt, the player grasps the grip and the putter is balanced 
such that the center of the putter face naturally hangs substantially 
directly below the player's shoulder joint. This balance, along with the 
one-handed stroke, allows the player to swing the putter around only one 
pivot point, his or her shoulder joint, in a single plane that contains 
the intended target line. Additionally, the player's arm hangs in an 
anatomically neutral position--virtually the same position in which the 
arm hangs while standing in a relaxed state. When swinging the putter, the 
player swings his or her arm in a natural manner similar to the manner in 
which the arms swing while walking. This type of pendulum motion within a 
plane containing the target line maximizes the chances that the putter 
face will be aligned perfectly with the target line at impact. The lack of 
manipulation required by the player to keep the putter face square at 
impact (or artificially to keep the putter head traveling within a plane 
containing the target line) permits a smoother, rhythmic, more athletic 
stroke that is free of the muscle tension inherent in a normal stroke, 
which can interfere with the player's feel and thus distance control. To 
aid in the alignment of the putter face during a stroke, the grip is 
constructed of rubber, synthetic rubber or any other suitably compliant 
material typically used for golf club grips. The grip also preferably 
includes at least one flattened portion that provides tactile feedback to 
the player regarding the alignment of the face. The grip may also include 
other flattened portions to provide further tactile feedback regarding 
face alignment. 
The grip further includes a bore that is offset at an angle such that the 
longitudinal axis of the grip is substantially vertical when the putter is 
in a normal address position. This offset bore enhances the effectiveness 
of the putter because it provides yet another tactile reference for the 
player, a grip that is in alignment with the plane in which the putter 
head swings and with the vertical plane containing the intended target 
line. 
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a putter 
for use with a one-handed, modified, croquet-style putting stroke that is 
substantially self aligning because it is balanced such that the center of 
mass of the putter swings naturally, and with little or no manipulation by 
the player, and directly from the player's shoulder joint, thus enabling a 
smooth putting stroke substantially within a vertical plane containing the 
intended target line. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide the player 
optimal sight alignment by allowing the player to look directly behind and 
along the intended target line of a putt, thus eliminating the visual 
distortion resulting from standing in a traditional putting stance and 
looking laterally down the target line. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a putter that 
can stand on its own in a normal address position so that the player may 
examine the alignment of the putter from behind the putter along the 
target line. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a putter 
with a grip having one or more flattened portions that facilitate 
alignment of the putter face by providing real time tactile feedback to 
the player about the face alignment. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a putter 
with a grip having an offset bore such that the longitudinal axis of the 
grip remains in the vertical plane containing the intended target line as 
the player swings the putter. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method 
of putting that enables a player to obtain the full advantange of his or 
her binocular vision while aligning a putt and executing a putting stroke. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method 
of putting that enables a player to swing a putter exclusively from the 
shoulder joint so that the putter head remains square to and directly over 
the target line throughout the entire stroke. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method 
of putting that enables a player to use effectively the small muscles in 
the hand and wrist in a putting stroke in order to gain the benefits of 
the fine motor control inherent in those muscles. 
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become 
apparent with reference to the remainder of this document.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the putter from the front illustrating the 
overall configuration of one embodiment of a putter according to the 
present invention. A connector portion 32 of shaft 30 extends from point 
21 located anywhere on putter head 20, and straight portion 34 extends 
from point 33 on connector portion 32 to a free end of shaft 30. The 
connector portion may be of any acceptable configuration including, for 
example, (1) a curved portion integrally formed with the straight portion 
34 as shown, (2) a separate component, (3) an integrally formed part of 
the head, or (4) a second straight portion of the shaft at a different 
angular orientation from straight portion 34. Grip 40 is mounted on the 
free end of straight portion 34 of shaft 30 and is configured such that 
the player may comfortably hold, position and swing the putter head while 
stroking a putt. Putter head 20 shown in FIG. 1 and in all other figures 
is of a mallet design that is weighted more heavily in its sole and on its 
lateral portions. Such a putter head, along with other suitable designs, 
offers the advantage that putter 10 is free standing. Thus, a player may 
place putter 10 on the intended target line in its normal address 
position, let it go, and examine the alignment of putter head 20 and thus 
face 22 with target line 50 before regrasping grip 40 and stroking a putt. 
While the illustrated mallet putter head design is well suited for use in 
a putter according to the invention, its depiction in the figures does not 
exclude the use of other putter head designs in a putter according to the 
invention. 
A player uses putter 10 to hit the ball with a one-handed, modified 
croquet-style putting stroke. Like all putter heads, head 20 has a center 
of mass (C.sub.g, head). The face 22 of putter head 20 also defines a face 
angle line 24 that lies on the face and is generally horizontal when the 
putter is in a normal address position. Also, like all putters conforming 
to the Rules, a shaft 30 extends from the putter head 20. A connector 
portion 32 of shaft 30 is attached to the putter head 20 at point 21, 
which may be any point on putter head 20. At least a portion of shaft 30 
is straight, and straight portion 34 extends from point 33 on connector 
portion 32. 
An alternative embodiment of putter 10, not shown, has a shaft with no 
curved or angled connector portion. In such an embodiment, the straight 
portion of the shaft is connected directly to the putter head. Such an 
arrangement is only possible when the point at which the shaft is 
connected to the head is located far enough away from the geometric center 
of the putter head to allow the grip to be appropriately located above the 
geometric center of the putter head while simultaneously complying with 
the Rules. 
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the putter of FIG. 1 illustrating the 
relationship among putter head 20, grip 40, the player's shoulder joint 
and the player's arm when putter 10 and a player are in a normal address 
position. Also shown in FIG. 2 is vertical plane 52, which contains face 
angle line 24 (shown in FIG. 1) and is perpendicular to intended target 
line 50. Plane 52 is the plane onto which straight portion 34 (shown in 
FIG. 1) is projected in determining whether shaft 30 complies with the 
Rules. The way in which plane 52 is used in determining compliance with 
the Rules is explained more fully below in connection with FIG. 16. 
FIG. 2 also discloses a player in a normal address position, holding putter 
10 with his or her dominant hand and preparing to stroke a putt along an 
intended target line 50. FIG. 2 further discloses a player in a normal 
address position, holding putter 10 with his dominant hand with the arm 
substantially fully extended. The vertical alignment of putter head 20, 
grip 40, the player's arm and shoulder joint are apparent. As can be seen, 
the player stands beside the intended target line 50 and facing the 
intended target. This allows the player to look directly behind and along 
the intended target line 50 of a putt while aligning and while stroking 
the putt. Thus, a player may obtain the full advantage of his or her 
binocular vision throughout the putting process. This is a particularly 
important feature of putter 10 because it substantially removes the single 
obstacle to proper alignment that cannot be perceived by a typical player 
directly. That is, when using a traditional putter, a player must 
compensate for the visual distortion caused by viewing the target 
laterally (and only during a putting stroke and not during the alignment 
process) by watching how and where the ball rolls after it is struck. The 
difficulty with this type of feedback is that the player cannot 
distinguish the error caused by visual distortion from the error caused by 
other factors (e.g., a poorly struck putt or a poorly chosen intended 
target line). 
When stroking a putt with putter 10 in a manner most suited to take 
advantage of the design of putter 10, the player swings putter 10 
completely within a substantially vertical plane containing the intended 
target line 50. Additionally, the player should keep face angle line 24 
perpendicular to target line 50 throughout the stroke. As explained more 
fully below, grip 40 is particularly suited to aid the player in keeping 
face angle line 24 perpendicular to target line 50 throughout the stroke 
(i.e., in keeping the face square to the target throughout the stroke). 
When stroking long putts, the player may keep his or her wrist relatively 
stiff such that the putter head 20 swings from a pivot point at the 
player's shoulder joint, such as the natural movement of the normal arm 
swing when one walks. The movement of putter 10 using this stiff-wristed 
stroke is accomplished using the relatively large muscle groups that move 
a player's entire arm from the shoulder joint. When stroking short putts, 
a player may desire to use a wrist-actuated stroke in which putter head 20 
rotates around a pivot point at the player's wrist rather than the 
shoulder joint. Such a stroke is performed using the small muscle groups 
of the hand and wrist and may provide more "feel" and fine control than 
the stiff-wristed, shoulder-based stroke described immediately above. The 
key with both strokes, however, is in keeping putter head 20 moving along 
target line 50 with face angle line 24 perpendicular to target line 50 
throughout the stroke. Ultimately, whether a particular player prefers the 
wrist-based stroke, shoulder-based stroke, or a combination of the two in 
a particular set of circumstances is a matter of personal preference. 
FIG. 3 is front elevational view illustrating the putter of FIG. 1 and the 
substantially vertical alignment of the center of mass of putter head 20 
(C.sub.g, head) and grip 40 when putter 10 is in a normal address 
position. It should also be noted that the center of mass of the entire 
putter (C.sub.g, putter) is also approximately vertically aligned with 
grip 40. When viewed from the front, as illustrated in FIG. 3, face angle 
line 24 and vertical line 26 intersect substantially directly in front of 
C.sub.g, head. Typically, C.sub.g, head substantially coincides with the 
geometric center of face 22 of putter head 20 when a putter head is viewed 
from the perspective shown in FIG. 3. Because shaft 30 is not symmetric 
about vertical line 26, the weight of shaft 30 will cause C.sub.g, putter 
to be located slightly leftward and higher than C.sub.g, head (from the 
perspective shown in FIG. 3). As described more fully below in connection 
with FIG. 18, putter head 20 can be designed so that C.sub.g, putter is 
substantially vertically aligned with the geometric center of face 22 of 
putter head 20. This would be accomplished by concentrating weight on the 
right side and bottom of putter head 20. 
FIGS. 4-9 are the six normal views of one embodiment of a grip suitable for 
use with a putter according to the present invention. Grip 40 may be 
described generally as a block of resilient material with substantially 
flat lands 41-46 respectively on each of six sides. The corners and edges 
at which lands 41-46 meet are appropriately rounded for the player's 
comfort. Grip 40 is made of rubber, synthetic rubber, or any of the 
materials of which conventional golf grips are made. FIG. 4 is a front 
elevational view of an embodiment of a grip suitable for use with the 
putter of FIG. 1. The lower right corner of grip 40 as seen in FIG. 4 is 
rounded with a relatively large radius to form a comfortable resting place 
for the player's thumb, for example, when the player holds grip 40 such 
that the posterior side of the player's hand faces the target. Of course, 
a player may choose to hold grip 40 in a different manner, and grip 40 as 
shown has been found to be compatible with virtually any type of hold 
chosen by a player. Bore 47 through grip 40 is angled relative to lands 42 
and 45. The angular offset of bore 47 compensates for the angle of 
straight portion 34 of shaft 30 from vertical when putter 10 is in a 
normal address position. The angular offset of bore 47 thus enables a 
player naturally and comfortably to grasp putter 10 in its normal address 
position with the C.sub.g, head and/or C.sub.g, putter substantially 
vertically aligned with longitudinal axis 48 of grip 40. 
The angular offset of bore 47 ensures that lands 41-46 define planes that 
are preferably either parallel or perpendicular to face angle line 24 so 
that lands 41-46 provide a tactile reference for the player of the 
alignment of putter face 22. That is, the player can feel how putter face 
22 is aligned by how lands 41-46 of grip 40 feel within his or her grasp. 
FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of the grip shown in FIG. 4 in which the 
maximum cross-sectional width of grip 40 is apparent. In order to comply 
with the Rules, this maximum cross-sectional width dimension must be no 
greater than 1.75 inches. 
FIGS. 10-15 are the six normal views of a second embodiment of a grip 
suitable for use with a putter according to the present invention FIG. 1. 
Grip 140 shown in FIGS. 10-15 has an approximately triangular cross 
section and one substantially flat land 142 that is substantially 
perpendicular to target line 50 when putter 10 is in a normal address 
position. Grip 140 has an offset bore 147 to reorient grip 140 with 
respect to straight portion 34 of shaft 30. Preferably, the longitudinal 
axis 148 of grip 140 is substantially vertical when putter 10 is in a 
normal address position. The particular shape of grip 140 has been found 
to be a more anatomically compatible shape than grip 40, but grip 140 
provides most, if not all, the advantages of grip 40. 
FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a putter according to the present invention 
illustrating the geometry of the putter. While the schematic illustration 
provides a description of the geometry of a putter in a two-dimensional 
space, one of skill will understand that putters are three-dimensional 
articles. Thus, FIG. 16 and the accompanying discussion below are not 
meant to limit the putter of the present invention to one in which the 
geometry is limited to the two-dimensional relationships among the shaft, 
putter head and grip shown and discussed in connection with FIG. 16. 
In particular, FIG. 16 illustrates the angle (.alpha.) between the straight 
portion 34, when projected onto a plane parallel to face angle line 24, 
and vertical line 26 when putter 10 is in a normal address position (the 
orientation shown). Connector portion 32 defines a straight line distance, 
L, from point 21 (at which connector portion 32 connects to putter head 
20) to point 33 (at which connector portion 32 meets straight portion 34 
). The line from point 21 to point 33 forms an angle (.beta.) with 
horizontal line 28. Distance H.sub.v, is defined as the vertical height of 
putter 10 from the top of straight portion 34 to the ground when the 
putter is in a normal address position. Distance H.sub.p is the height of 
putter head 20 from the ground to point 21. Distance O.sub.h is the 
horizontal distance, measured when putter 10 is in a normal address 
position, between the geometric center of face 22 to point 21. Distance 
H.sub.e is the effective height of putter 10 (and is the dimension used to 
determine compliance with the Rules) and is measured along a projection of 
straight portion 34 to its intersection with the ground when the putter is 
in a normal address position. 
The equation defining H.sub.e in terms of .alpha., .beta., H.sub.p, L, and 
O.sub.h (as those terms are shown and described in connection with FIG. 
16) is: 
##EQU1## 
As already mentioned above, this equation and analysis assumes that points 
33 and 21 are located in the same vertical plane onto which straight 
portion 34 is projected in order to determine angle .alpha.. If, for 
example point 21 were in this plane and point 33 were "behind" that plane 
(when putter 10 is in a normal address position and putter 10 is viewed 
from the front), then the projection of L onto the same plane onto which 
the straight portion 34 is projected would be necessary to find an 
adjusted value for L to be used in the equation above (this adjusted value 
for L would be less than the actual value L). For simplicity, L is assumed 
to be defined by points 21 and 33 that are located within the vertical 
projection plane. However, this simplifying assumption about the location 
of points 21 and 33 does not limit the scope of the invention. For 
example, point 33 could be located forward (i.e., toward the target at 
address) or aft of the vertical plane 52 (shown in FIG. 2). 
In order to comply with the Rules, angle .alpha. must be at least 
10.degree.. The Rules also require that, the length of connector portion 
32 (L.sub.connector) must be no greater than 5 inches (as measured along 
the axis of connector portion 32 from point 33 through point 21 to the 
closest point on the sole of putter head 20). Because connector portion 32 
may be curved and a curved path between two points is longer than a 
straight line, L as defined above is less than L.sub.connector in all 
cases except when connector portion 32 is a straight section and point 21 
is located on the sole of putter head 20 (i.e., when H.sub.p =0). Under 
the Rules, H.sub.e must be no less than 18 inches. However, in order to 
allow a player to use a putter comfortably, H.sub.e is typically about 27 
inches. 
For putter 10 according to the present invention, H.sub.e is maximized when 
.alpha. and .beta. are exactly 10.degree.. However, the value of .alpha. 
has a much more significant effect upon H.sub.e than .beta.. For example, 
values of up to 60.degree. for .beta. are possible while maintaining a 
value of H.sub.e of about 30 inches. By contrast, increasing .alpha. from 
10.degree. to only 15.degree., while holding other parameters constant, 
can cause H.sub.e to shrink by about 12 inches. Thus, angle .alpha. is 
preferably exactly 10.degree. or only slightly larger. Of course, 
variations in the geometry of shaft 30 and putter head 20 are possible 
within the scope of the present invention. For illustration purposes only, 
the table below depicts the manner in which H.sub.e varies for certain 
values of .alpha., .beta., L, H.sub.p, and O.sub.h. The values shown in 
the table are not meant to limit in any way the range of acceptable values 
for any of the parameters included. 
______________________________________ 
Effective 
Effective 
Horizontal 
Putter Shaft Connector 
Connector 
Height Offset Height Angle (.alpha.) 
Length Angle (.beta.) 
(H.sub.e) (in.) 
(O.sub.h) (in.) 
(H.sub.p) (in.) 
(degrees) 
(L) (in.) 
(degrees) 
______________________________________ 
25.6 0.0 0.75 10 4.25 10 
28.5 0.5 0.75 10 4.25 10 
31.4 1.0 0.75 10 4.25 10 
34.3 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 10 
37.1 2 0.75 10 4.25 10 
33.9 2 0.75 11 4.25 11 
31.3 2 0.75 12 4.25 12 
29.1 2 0.75 13 4.25 13 
27.1 2 0.75 14 4.25 14 
25.5 2 0.75 15 4.25 15 
24.1 2 0.75 16 4.25 16 
22.8 2 0.75 17 4.25 17 
21.7 2 0.75 18 4.25 18 
37.1 2 0.75 10 4.25 10 
34.2 2 0.75 10 3.75 10 
31.3 2 0.75 10 3.25 10 
28.4 2 0.75 10 2.75 10 
25.4 2 0.75 10 2.25 10 
22.5 2 0.75 10 1.75 10 
19.6 2 0.75 10 1.25 10 
33.9 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 0 
34.3 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 10 
33.9 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 20 
32.8 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 30 
30.9 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 40 
28.4 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 50 
25.4 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 60 
21.8 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 70 
17.9 1.5 0.75 10 4.25 80 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 17 is a schematic view of a traditional putter illustrating the 
twisting moment induced by the horizontal distance between the striking 
area of the face of the putter and the grip. Putter head 220 is shown 
attached to shaft 230 in a traditional manner with shaft 230 attached to 
putter head 220 at the heel of head 220. Because of angle .alpha., the 
free end of shaft 230 where a grip would be mounted is located a 
horizontal distance d from the free end of shaft 230, which is measured 
from the point where a ball normally would strike head 220 to line 226 
(extending vertically downward from the free end of shaft 230). When a 
ball strikes the face of head 220 at the indicated location with a force 
F, a moment equal in magnitude to the product Fd is generated. In order to 
keep the face of putter head 220 square to the intended target line, a 
player using a traditional putter must counteract moment Fd by applying a 
moment of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction. 
A similar moment is generated when a player swings the putter and 
accelerates putter head 220. The magnitude of this acceleration-induced 
moment is equal to the product of the mass of the entire putter, the 
acceleration of the putter's center of mass (C.sub.g, traditional) and the 
distance from C.sub.g, traditional to line 226. When, for example, the 
putter head 220 is accelerated toward the target, the induced moment is in 
the same direction as that shown as Fd in FIG. 17. Thus, the player must 
resist and compensate for two twisting moments when swinging a traditional 
putter and striking a ball. One moment is induced by acceleration and the 
center of mass of the putter being located at a horizontal distance from 
line 226. The other moment is induced by the force imparted on the putter 
face when the face strikes the ball at a point which is horizontally 
distant from line 226. The resistance to and compensation for these 
twisting moments interfere with the player's ability to develop a 
consistent feel and stroke. In essence, these twisting moments interfere 
with the player's ability to putt consistently and they needlessly add 
variables to an already complex physical task--a putting stroke. 
FIG. 18 is an exploded front elevational view of the face of the putter 
shown in FIG. 3 illustrating the manner in which the center of mass of the 
putter head can be positioned such that the center of mass of the putter 
as a whole is positioned directly below the grip and above the geometric 
center of the face of the putter. C.sub.g, putter and C.sub.g, head 
represent the centers of mass of a putter according to the present 
invention using a typical putter head respectively. Most conventional 
putter heads are designed with C.sub.g, head positioned so that it is 
aligned with the geometric midpoint of the face in the horizontal 
direction (i.e., on line 26, which bisects face 22). Such a conventional 
putter head can be effectively incorporated into a putter according to the 
present invention. If such a conventional putter head is incorporated into 
a putter according to the present invention, the resulting center of mass 
of the entire putter is positioned toward shaft 30 and upward, for 
example, to location C.sub.g, putter. With this arrangement, no moment is 
induced when the ball strikes face 22 at a point on line 26 because there 
is no horizontal distance between line 26 and the point on face 22 at 
which the ball strikes face 22. However, a small, acceleration-induced 
moment will exist because of the horizontal distance, d', between C.sub.g, 
putter and line 26. It is possible, however, to design putter head 20 in a 
manner that eliminates both types of moments. 
Putter head 20 may be designed such that the center of mass of head 20, 
C'.sub.g, head, is on the opposite side of line 26 from the side on which 
shaft 30 is located in precisely that location that will cause the center 
of mass of the entire putter, C'.sub.g, putter, to be located on line 26. 
This redistribution of mass in putter head 20 may also be done in such a 
manner that the geometric center of face 22 still lies on line 26. This 
design feature is important because of the natural tendency of a player to 
want to strike the ball with the center of the face of the putter. When a 
putter according to the present invention is designed to incorporate 
C'.sub.g, putter and C'.sub.g, head, swinging the putter and striking a 
ball with the putter do not cause acceleration- or force-induced moments 
around line 26. Thus, the player may more easily develop the touch 
necessary to control the speed and direction of a putt. 
While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described 
above, these descriptions are given for purposes of illustration and 
explanation. Variations, changes, modifications and departures from the 
devices and methods disclosed above may be adopted without departure from 
the scope or spirit of the present invention which, in sum, is a putter 
that, among other features, is configured such that it hangs in a balanced 
manner directly from the player's shoulder joint when used to stroke a 
putt with a modified croquet style putting stroke.