Transducer for tactile applications and apparatus incorporating transducers

The disclosed transducer the can transfer an audio signal into a full-spectrum tactile wave over a frequency of 10 Hz-2 KHz. Upper and lower springs of the transducer produce vibrations via a coil/magnet in a manner similar to a conventional speaker, but the transducer uses a novel arrangement of elements, such as two south-to-south coils and carbon fiber springs, so as to produce the vibrations tactilely. The transducers can be tuned for specific applications and can be attached or formed integrally with a support surface. When attached or incorporated into a chair, massage table or other human-support structure, the transducer creates a sonic environment that surrounds and permeates the body with vibration, providing a direct experience of mental desired states. When connected to any full fidelity sound system, a support structure, a full frequency response process promotes a state of relaxation in the listener.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to transducers, and in particular to transducers for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, which are suitable for tactile applications. The present invention also relates to devices that incorporate transducers therein.

Current sound transducers, as incorporated in conventional speakers, are limited in that they cannot easily be tuned for variable frequency applications. They are further limited by requiring a physical support structure. Many conventional transducer designs limit the possible orientation to vertical or horizontal alignments.

Prior art transducers for use in the “tactile” frequency range (10 hz to 2 khz) suffer from a number of these and other limitations. Many applications of these transducers involve attaching the transducer to existing devices (walls, chairs, etc.) that have limited clearance.

One early transducer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,430,007 and 3,524,027 and is commercially manufactured and sold by Richtech Enterprises as the Rolen-Star Audio Transducer (RSAT). The RSAT measures 1.75″×4″ and employs a 2.2 lb. magnet with a 1″ edgewound aluminum voice coil. The center of one side of the RSAT is mounted to a panel, such as a wall or ceiling, so as to turn the surface into speaker. Although the voice coil may originally be from a full range 20 hz-20 khz speaker (since this is their advertised range), encasing the coil in a fully-sealed Lexan® plastic casing decreases this range. Furthermore, the mounting surface limits the actual frequency range and its use of a “short throw” voice coil design inside a casing results in very poor bass response. Although pioneering in its day, the RSAT is now considered the cheapest and lowest quality of this type of transducer.

Variations on this type of transducer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,870 to Riviera and U.S. Pat. No. 3,728,497 to Komatsu.

One other prior art transducer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,592, assigned to Aura Systems, Inc. Variations of this prior art transducer are marketed by Aura Systems as “Bass Shakers.” These “Bass Shakers” can be mounted in any orientation, but the commercial embodiments, such as the Aura AST-2B-4, have a limited frequency response in the 20 hz-80 hz range and are further limited in their application by their size and weight (2.2″×6.2″, 3 lbs.). Aura's “Bass Shakers” are also inefficient and tend to get quite hot with extended use, even when cooling fins are used, such as on the Aura AST-2B-4. Yet another problem with the Aura units is that they have a resonant frequency of 45 hz which can easily overpower their phenolic springs.

Another prior art transducer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,700, assigned to Clark Synthesis. Variations of this prior art transducer are marketed by Clark Synthesis as “Tactile Sound Transducers” or “TSTs.” The commercial embodiment of these devices, such as the Clark Synthesis TST429, have an improved frequency range relative to the Aura devices of 5 hz-800 hz, but are limited in their application by being even larger (2.25″×8 ″) and have been found by the present inventor to be limited in the orientation that they can be mounted due to the material used in the springs. While the resonant frequency of Clark Synthesis units depends on the material (older units used Lucite “L” acrylic and had a 550 hz resonant frequency whereas newer units have a 65 hz resonant frequency due to use of Cevian® ABS and SAN), in general, they have a flatter frequency response than the Aura units.

A further prior art transducer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,773, assigned to D-Box Technology Inc. This motion transducer system uses a plurality of synchronized movement generator units for generating small amplitude and low frequency movements in a viewer's chair. A DSP-controller brushless AC motor and a hydraulic piston are used for the generator units.

It would therefore be desirable to provide a transducer that overcomes these limitations with the prior art.

Furthermore, stress levels caused by modern society are increasing. Stress is an emotional, physical, and psychological reaction to change. While people often think of stressful events as being “negative,” such as loss of a job or relationship, illness or death, they can also be perceived “positive.” For example, a promotion, a marriage, or a home purchase can bring a change of status and new responsibility, which leads to stress. Stress is an integral part of life. Whether a stressful experience is a result of major life changes or the accumulative effects of minor everyday events, it is how an individual perceives and reacts to a stressful experience that can create a negative result.

As the result of living in a culture that has advanced more rapidly than its biological nature has progressed, humans still carry primitive instincts from our prehistoric ancestors. A predominate instinctual pattern is the “fight or flight” response. This response is a series of biochemical changes that prepare humans to deal with threats. Primitive man needed quick bursts of energy to fight or flee predators. Today, when society prevents people from fighting or running away, stress triggers a mobilization response that is no longer useful. The dilemma is that people so often mobilize involuntarily for fight or flight, but seldom carry through the process in physical terms. This has very serious consequences for health and well-being.

According to recent American Medical Association statistics: over 45% of adults in the United States suffer from stress-related health problems; 75-90% of all visits to primary care physicians are for stress-related complaints and disorders; every week 112 million people take some form of medication for stress-related symptoms; and on any given day, almost 1 million employees are absent due to stress. In view of this, it is clear that there is a need for improved means for stress reduction.

People often relate the state of relaxation to sleeping, or being otherwise disengaged from responsible activity. In reality, it is a very useful and necessary state when they in the midst of daily activity. Western culture is so oriented to the concept of being physically active and productive that it gives little credibility to activities that don't result in a physical product as their outcome. This leads to an increase in stress levels. Giving individuals permission to choose a state of awareness that is more inner directed than outer allows them to “work smarter, not harder.” In the alpha-theta states, people can reduce stress levels, focus, and be centered, not lost in the emotion of the moment. In these states, people can be more creative and self-expressive and bring more clarity to all their ideas.

As the pace and stress of modern life has increased, research into the physical, mental and psychological benefits of stress reduction has also increased. Recently, research has centered on the positive impact of neuro-feedback (EEG Training). The recent availability of powerful personal computers has allowed widespread application of neuro-feedback techniques. Using feedback to increase the deeper, more relaxed brainwave states known as alpha and theta, in turn, facilitates the ability of the subject to understand the feeling of these states of reduced stress and emotionality. Understanding of the feeling allows the subject to access alpha and theta more readily when the states are needed and useful.

This technique relies upon the typical feedback methods of using tones or graphs on the computer screen to gauge access to the states. However, the feedback methods of achieving the desired state often aren't connected to the inner mechanism of reaching them unless the subject spends a lot of time in practice sessions. It would therefore be desirable to have equipment that gives stronger reward system cues when the desired state is being met so as to speed the learning process.

It would also be desirable to have means for stress reduction that does not require any training and practice sessions. One such known method of stress reduction has been to supply a direct experience of the desired state, but supplying these direct experiences (i.e., sitting on a beach or having a full-body massage) are impractical or impossible to supply as often as required.

It would therefore be desirable to have a means and method for addressing stress.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of previously known transducer art by providing transducers, structures using such transducers, and structures with integrated transducers therein. The transducers and structures of the present invention organize vibrations into a meaningful harmonic manner. Additionally, the shape and tension of the transducer springs may be varied to illicit varying frequency and dynamic responses therefrom. Indeed, transducers in accordance with the present invention can easily be tuned for variable frequency applications. They are further do not require a physical support structure and are not limited in orientation to vertical or horizontal alignments.

One advantage of the transducer of the present invention is the ability to transfer an audio signal into a full-spectrum tactile wave. Upper and lower springs of the present transducer produce vibrations via a coil/magnet in a manner similar to a conventional speaker, but use a novel arrangement of elements so as to produce the vibrations tactilely.

Transducers in accordance with the present invention can be tuned for specific applications and can be manufactured as separate units for attachment to conventional supports such as beds, chairs, futons, massage tables, and floors. They can also be manufactured so as to integrally form a support surface with the upper spring of the transducer.

The present invention, especially when incorporated into a chair, massage table or other human-support structure, can create a sonic environment that surrounds and permeates the physical body with vibration, which can provide a most powerful direct experience of mental desired states. When connected to any full fidelity sound system, a support structure in accordance with the present invention can utilize a full frequency response process that promotes a state of relaxation (i.e., inner balance and harmony) in the listener. Test subjects report instant peace when experiencing the subtle inner massage of musical vibration delivered in such a manner, giving the muscles and related ligaments the direct experience of release and warmth.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention utilizes a unique system incorporating a solid molded carbon fiber support surface as an integral part of a vibration transducer, which serves to evenly spread and balance the vibration for the greatest impact. The fill range of sensation and sound comes through the surface of the support to the body, facilitating access to all brainwave states, from deep relaxation to stimulation and activation. The sensory experience is so pervasive that it gets most of the consciousness's attention over such things as worry, analysis, “to-do” lists and related mental processing.

A body support utilizing the present invention can be connected to a neuro-feedback system and used as the sound source for reinforcing cues. As target states are achieved, the reinforcement is broadcast into the whole body, thus providing a significantly more potent reinforcement so as to promote faster learning. The brain and the body achieve an awareness of how to move into the desired state such that the subject has access to states that match the mood of the moment instead of habitual responses. Bio-neuro-feedback technology can be used in conjunction with the present invention to measure skin conductance, surface skin temperature, heart rate change, muscle tension and brainwave patterns in real time. Measurements can be taken during such sessions, as well as pre- and post-measurements, so as to examine the effects of many variables, such as music type, volume, the previous state of the subject, etc. In such a manner, the present invention can be used to achieve a decreased heart rate, higher skin temperature, lower skin conductance (emotional activation), less general muscle tension, lower blood pressure, improved respiration, and brainwave states shifting from beta to a predominance of alpha and theta waves.

When incorporated into a body support such as a chair, the present invention has also been useful in strengthening the reinforcement of the feedback on the desired state. The improvement achieved by application of the present invention to neuro-feedback seems to lie in the fact that the brain makes a quicker association between the body's responses to its state shifts. This faster learning seems to occur because the enforcement signal being received by the whole body has a stronger impact on the brain. In a preferred embodiment, such a technique uses a low tone with a fairly sharp attack and gentle delay to reinforce the production of lower, slower brainwave frequencies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The Transducer:

Referring toFIG. 1, a transducer10is shown in assembly drawing format to illustrate the various components thereof. In general terms, the transducer10comprises an upper spring assembly12, a magnet assembly14, a main plate assembly16, a coil assembly18, and a lower spring assembly20. When the transducer10is assembled, the coil assembly18is secured to the main plate assembly16. The magnet assembly14is inserted through the main plate assembly16and is secured to the upper and lower spring assemblies12,20. The upper and lower spring assemblies are further secured to the main plate assembly16. Notably, the upper and lower spring assemblies12,20suspend the magnet assembly14within the main plate assembly16and the coil assembly18.

Referring toFIG. 2, the main plate assembly16includes generally, a main plate22, an upper coil retaining ring24and a lower coil retaining ring26. The main plate22is generally cylindrical in shape, having a concentrically centered aperture28there through.

The aperture28that provides a housing for the magnet assembly14and the coil assembly18as will be explained in greater detail below. The main plate22also includes a passageway30(a channel as illustrated), through which an electrical connection is made from an external source such as a power amplifier (not shown) to the coil assembly18when the transducer10is assembled.

It is anticipated that the transducer10may generate heat during operation, depending upon factors such as the amount of power delivered to the transducer10and environment in which the transducer10is operated. Accordingly, the main plate22may also function as a heat sink. In this regard, the main plate22is preferably constructed from a material such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy or other heat conductive material, and may optionally include a plurality of features32such as through holes to increase the surface area thereof to aid in heat dissipation. The upper and lower coil retaining rings24,26are secured to the main plate22, such as by using conventional fasteners34, e.g., screws or rivets, or by bonding to the main plate22.

Referring toFIGS. 3 and 4, the coil assembly18includes upper and lower coils36,38and a terminal block40. As best seen inFIG. 4, the upper and lower coils36,38are electrically coupled together in series such that a “south-to-south” magnetic field relationship is preserved with respect to each other.

The upper and lower coils36,38are connected to the terminal block40, which connects to an amplifier and audio source (not shown). The amplifier thus supplies power to the upper and lower coils36,38to generate the electromagnetic field. That is, the south poles of each of the upper and lower coils36,38face towards the center of the transducer10and the magnet assembly14. Accordingly, the upper and lower coils36,38are in a mirror placement and create opposite windings. A suitable connection is made from each of the upper and lower coils36,38to the terminal block40. For example, connectors42such as Kliptite Quick Connects model KT35 (available from Marathon® Specialty Products, 13300 Van Camp Road, P.O. Box 468, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402) may be soldered, crimped or otherwise connected to the ends of the wire of each of the upper and lower coils36,38.

The upper and lower coils36,38are presently each 2 ohm rated coils and together, they create a 4-ohm coil assembly. However, other ohm ratings, e.g., 8 ohm, could alternatively be used, such as for applications requiring different frequency ratings, different musical usage, different heat ratings or different power amp ratings. The upper and lower coils36,38are comprised of nominal 28 AWG (American Wire Gauge) magnetic wire, an example of which is Bondexe-M wire (available from available from EIS, INC. Electrical Insulation Suppliers of Atlanta, Ga. 30327) or Polybondex® type M wire available from the Essex Magnet Wire of 1601 Wall Street, Fort Wayne, Ind. 46802. In one exemplary construction, the upper and lower coils36,38each contain 65 feet (19.8 meters) in length of wire, and are wrapped in a circular fashion to achieve a coil that has a nominal outside diameter of approximately 1.763 inches (4.478 centimeters) and a nominal height of approximately 0.262 inches (0.665 centimeters).

Other coils could alternatively be arranged in a different fashion along with or instead of the round coils illustrated. For example, a flat spiral coil placed above and below could increase the push and pull of the movement of the magnet assembly. Also, different sizes of magnet wire and/or the size of the upper and lower coils may be changed, such as to accommodate the size of a specific magnet.

The terminal block40is coupled to the edge periphery of the main plate22, and can be implemented using any device suited to communicate electrical power from an external source (not shown) to the transducer10. In one exemplary configuration, the terminal block40includes at least six connection points44. Three jumpers46are positioned so as to electrically short adjacent pairs of connection points44on the terminal block40, which is secured to the main plate22using conventional fasteners48, e.g., a pair of 5-40 head gap screw ⅜ inches (0.95 centimeters) in length, one each on each end portion of the terminal block40. Other connectors may alternatively be used. However, the six connection points44are convenient, as it allows the connection configuration to be changed, such as for testing different combinations of coil leads. In other applications, a different type of terminal block may be used, or the terminal block40may be replaced by a jack or speaker attachment. Under such arrangements, the main plate22may have to be changed to accommodate the different type of connection to the coil, an example of which is shown inFIG. 5.

FIGS. 5-7show the assembly of the upper and lower coils36,38to the main plate22. Initially, it can be seen with particular reference toFIG. 5, that fasteners other than screws (as shown inFIG. 1) can be used to secure the upper and lower retaining rings24,26to the main plate22. For example, as shown, a plurality of (compression) rivets50are shown. Also, the channel30for passing the electrical connection between the coils and the terminal block may include a portion that extend entirely through the main plate22, as illustrated by the cutout extending from the periphery of the main plate22extending radially inward towards the aperture28. Also, as shown, the terminal block40is replaced by a mono mini jack52which is bonded or otherwise fixed into place to illustrate the variety of interconnecting means that may be used with the transducer10of the present invention.

As best seen inFIGS. 6 and 7, it can be seen that the upper coil36is positioned over the aperture28of the main plate22so as to be coaxially aligned therewith. The corresponding upper coil retaining ring24is positioned over the upper coil36and is secured to the main plate22, such as by screws, rivets or other fasteners. Correspondingly, the lower coil38is coaxially aligned with the aperture28of the main plate22opposite of the upper coil36. The lower coil38is correspondingly held to the main plate22by the lower coil retaining ring26, which is fastened to the main plate22using appropriate fasteners as described herein. As best seen inFIG. 7, the upper and lower coils36,38actually rest on the respective opposite surfaces of the main plate22, and are fixed with respect thereto by the corresponding upper and lower coil retaining rings24,26. Subsequent to securing the upper and lower coils36,38to the main plate22by the corresponding upper and lower coil retaining rings24,26, the assembly may be dipped in epoxy resin and cooked, such as at 150 degrees Fahrenheit (66 degrees Celsius) for approximately 1.5 hours. The epoxy resin bonds the upper and lower coils36,38to the main plate22to ensure ohmic contact therebetween so as to draw out the heat efficiently. Different materials may alternatively be used as long as the heat is pulled away from the upper and lower coils36,38.

Referring toFIG. 8, the magnet assembly14includes a stud54or post upon which the remainder of the magnet assembly is installed. The stud54may comprise a brass or stainless steel threaded post, bolt etc. The selection of the specific properties of the stud54may depend upon the manner in which the transducer10is mounted as will be explained in greater detail herein. An exemplary stud54is 1¾ inch (4.45 centimeter) nominal length and ⅜ inch (0.95 centimeter) nominal diameter. A magnet56is centered about the stud54, and a suitable fastening arrangement is provided. For example, as shown, an upper o-ring58and a lower o-ring60are seated over the stud54on opposite sides of the magnet56. Also provided are upper and lower first washers62,64, e.g., rubber washers size #68, upper and lower second washers66,68, e.g., ⅜″ (0.953 centimeters) or #66 stainless steel, and upper and lower hex nut (am nuts)70,72, e.g., 18-8 or #64 stainless steel or other non magnetic material, such as brass, plastic etc.

The magnet56has a central hole sufficient to mount on the stud54and is held snugly in position by the nipples84of the upper and lower springs74,78, which also are mounted on stud54. The magnet56comprises a generally flat, ring-shaped permanent magnet having magnetic properties suitable for use in transducers. An exemplary magnet56comprises a Neodymium (NdFeB) ring shaped magnet. This type of magnet is commercially available from Yuxiang Magnetic Materials. It is noted that the ring shape is preferable as it allows the desired magnet field (a toroidal magnetic field). Also, the size, strength and weight of the magnet56allows the transducer10to be small, powerful and to be placed in small spaces not otherwise possible with conventional transducers. The weight and strength of the magnet56also allows the transducer10to move relatively quickly to respond to fast vibrations. Notably, when accessing relatively faster vibrations, i.e., relatively high frequencies weight is an important factor to the design of the transducer10.

When the magnet assembly14is installed in the transducer10, the magnet56is coaxially aligned with the upper and lower coils36,38and is radially spaced therefrom. That is, there is a gap between the magnet56and the upper and lower coils36.38. Thus it can be seen that many of the dimensions of the transducer10are driven by the type, size and shape of the magnet56. Conversely, the magnet56should be of the correct size so as to snuggly-fit over the stud54/nipple84combination and fit within the aperture28of the main plate22so as to not contact the coils36,38.

Several factors affect whether the transducer10can accurately track the signal applied thereto. For example, it is noted that the response of the transducer10is affected by the weight of the magnet56. The response of the transducer10is also affected by the upper and lower springs. Referring toFIGS. 9, the upper spring assembly12includes an upper spring74, and an upper insulating member76. Similarly, the lower spring assembly20includes a lower spring78, and a lower insulating member80. Both the upper and lower springs74,78have a centered through hole82and a nipple84through which the stud54passes through. The nipples84are specifically designed so as to hold the magnet56, such as during assembly and during the working process. The nipples84also cooperate to maintain the magnet56centered within the aperture28of the main plate22, which promotes efficient operation of the transducer10. The springs74,78are secured to the main plate using fasteners, e.g., a screw86and corresponding washer88.

Referring toFIGS. 9 through 12, from a top view, each of the upper and lower springs74,78includes a generally circular appearance. From an orthogonal view however, it can be seen that each of the springs74,78defines a surface profile that includes a concentric, ring-shaped protrusion90from the surface thereof, which is displaced radially inward of its periphery as shown. The protrusion90may be spaced inward of the periphery of the spring74,78to allow a rim92for fastening the springs74,78to the main plate22, such as by using screws86and corresponding washers88, or other fasteners. The spacing of the protrusion90may also take advantage of an acoustical property of the transducers according to the present invention as will be described in greater detail below. As such, the upper and lower springs74,78take on the appearance generally similar to a “donut shape” when suitably mated together on the main plate22.

The particular contour of the surface profile for each of the upper and lower springs74,78allows the transducer10to exhibit a specific tonal center and organizes the vibrations produced by the transducer10in a manner that is impactful from a tactile perspective as will be described in greater detail herein. The specific size and shape of the upper and lower springs74,78is tailored to allow the transducer10to operate over a desired range of the full tactile frequency spectrum. Modifications to the size and shape of either of the upper or lower springs74,78may thus be provided to alter the frequency range and power zones particular to the transducer10. Notably, the shape and composition of the upper and lower springs74,78may be similar, e.g. mirror image, or different from each other depending upon the intended application.

As noted above, at the center of each spring74,78is a nipple84that is designed to hold the magnet56generally in the center of the plate22and coil assembly18. The size of the nipple84has to be a snug fit to keep the magnet56from rattling or moving. A flat surface94(best seen inFIG. 11) just above the nipple84has a predetermined relationship with the outside of the spring74,78(e.g., the distance of the springs assembled is 0.570 inches or 1.45 centimeters) so that when the outside of the two springs74,78are attached to the main plate22the magnet assembly14can be tightened or loosened to load or unload the spring tension. The capability of providing variable spring tension allows the transducer10to be tuned for variable frequency applications. While not shown, an optional knob may be provided to adjust the tension of the springs in74,78this regard. When the knob is tightened, the “O” rings58,60on either side of the magnet56act as a type of spring and mash together adding to the “springiness” in the relationship of the shaped upper and lower springs74,78.

As best seen inFIG. 9, seated within each of the upper and lower springs74,78is the corresponding upper and lower insulation76,80. The upper and lower insulation76,80can be comprised of any material suitable for use as a damping means for transducers10, such as neoprene, vinyl, nitrile foam and rubber. The upper and lower insulation76,80may either be disk shaped, or provided as a strip that is wrapped into a generally circular form. To ease assembly, if may be desirable to secure the upper and lower insulation76,80to either the main plate22or the corresponding upper or lower spring74,78. For example, a suitable adhesive may be used, or alternatively, the upper and lower insulation may be provided with an adhesive pre-applied to a respective surface thereof According to an embodiment of the present invention, a strip of adhesive backed insulation that is nominally ¼ inch (0.64 centimeters) thick by 1¾ inch (4.45 centimeters) wide is used for both the upper and lower insulation76,80. Also, the entire spring can be dipped in a insulation substance or poured into to fill the space within each protrusion90.

To assemble the transducer10, the stud54is inserted through the magnet56to form a snug fit with respect thereto. The upper and lower “O”-rings58,60, e.g., ⅜ inch (0.95 centimeter) rings are positioned on either side of the magnet56, and the magnet56is seated on the nipple84of the lower spring78. The stud54thus passes through the centered through hole82in the spring78. The insulation80is also applied to the lower ring78. The upper coil36is positioned about the aperture28of the main plate22, and the upper retaining ring24is secured over the aperture28and upper coil36, e.g., using a plurality of fasteners50, such as rivets or brass flat head screws. Similarly, the lower coil38is assembled about the aperture28of the main plate22opposite of the upper coil36, and the lower retaining ring26is secured to the main plate22, using a plurality of fasteners50, such as rivets, brass flat head screws, etc. as described herein. The upper and lower coils36,38are electrically coupled together, and are wired through the channel30to the terminal block40or other connector. The main plate22is seated on top of the lower spring78. The insulation76is provided about the upper spring74, and the upper spring74is seated on top of the main plate22. The upper and lower springs74,78are secured to the main plate22using silicone or gasket material with suitable fasteners86,88, such as a 10-32¼ inch (0.64 centimeter) hex head cap screw and rubber, metal or fiber washers. Finally, the first and second washers62,64,66,68and corresponding jam nuts70,72are secured to the stud54.

Depending upon the intended application, an optional bumper may also be provided between the top of the upper spring74and the jam nut70, and/or a bumper may be provided between the lower spring78and the corresponding jam nut72. The bumper is optional and is used to provide isolation in certain applications.

The upper and lower springs74,78may be constructed from a carbon fiber and Kevlar® aramid fiber formulation, although other materials such as wood, metal and other compositions may alternatively be used. Such carbon fiber/Kevlar aramid material is originally manufactured by Hexcel, Fabric Development and Dupont.

In a preferred embodiment, the carbon fiber/Kevlar aramid specification is: Yarn type:

T300B-3K-40B, 1420 Denier, Kevlar 49, T965, Weave: 2×2 Twill, Count: 13×13.6, Weight: 5.62 osy, Thickness: 0.0125″. The carbon fiber/Kevlar aramid combination provides a structurally strong spring casing that enables the transducer10to deliver tactile force peaks sufficient to cover a broad range of applications. The exact composition of the carbon fiber and/or Kevlar aramid will depend upon the requirements of the particular application. For example, carbon compositions are generally stiff and resonate and the Kevlar aramid fiber is pliable and has stretchable strength. When delivering vibrations into a person, e.g., through a surface where the recipient of the vibrations is laying, the nature of vibration is better received if the transducer is more in tune to the behavior of the body. The carbon fiber and Kevlar combination allow springs to be constructed to act in such a way to tighten when needed and soften when needed very much like our body systems. Other transducers with plastic or differently shaped materials have been found by the inventor to “beat” the vibration into the body in a less effective manner.

As suggested above, the vibrational information conveyed by the transducer10can be “tuned” in a number of different ways. For example, the use of the “O” rings58,60(best seen inFIG. 8) allows the upper and lower springs74,78to be tightened or loosened to load the springs74,78differently. Adjustment of this “loading” allows control over the tonal response e.g., by tightening or loosening the upper and lower springs74,78, the low frequencies can be tailored. To facilitate easy adjustment thereto, a knob (not shown) could be attached to the magnet assembly14, e.g., to the upper and lower hex nut (jam nuts)70,72, to allow customization of the spring tension.

Also, the transducer10can be tuned by altering the size and surface contours of the springs74,78to target frequency tones. The following discussion applies to both the upper and lower springs74,78. Referring toFIG. 13, a cross-sectional view of a spring74,78is illustrated. The spring74,78include at least one surface contour, a protrusion90as shown. The present inventor has discovered that curving the surface of the spring74,78(or of a structure coupled to the transducer10of the present invention) produces tension and pitch. As illustrated, the surface contour is a raised protrusion90that extends concentrically about the center of the spring. By selecting parameters such as the radius R from the center of the spring to the apex A of the contour, the height H of the contour, the outer profile OP of the curve from outer edge of the spring to the apex A of the contour, and the inner profile IP of the curve from the inner portion of the spring44to the apex A of the contour, frequency tones can be targeted. For example, as shown, the outer profile OP is slightly convex, and the inner profile IP is slightly concave. However, in practice, each of the inner and outer profiles IP, OP can be concave, convex, linear or follow any other curvilinear pattern.

Also, while currently a concentric protrusion is preferred, it will be appreciated that other approaches may be implemented within the spirit of the present invention. For example, the protrusion90may form an elliptical pattern about the center of the spring74,78. Also, it shall be observed that the upper and lower springs74,78may be mirror image of one another, or the upper and lower springs74,78may take on independent characteristics including the positioning and profiles that characterize their respective contours. Still further, while shown with only a single protrusion90for purposes of clarity, it is to be understood that any number of contours may be implemented. Thus the design of the springs74,78allows the transducer10to produce a full range or targeted range response depending upon the particular design.

Referring toFIGS. 14-18, as an example, a spring74,78is designed having a profile that conforms to a set of phi ratios to shape the spring74,78, expressed as:

The distance from the edge of the spring74,78to the center of the curved surface profile has a circular pattern size and shape due to the phi or the Fibonacci series of numbers arranged to create a spiral.FIG. 14illustrates a typical expression of the Fibonacci spiral series. It has be found through experiments that general conformance to this nominal shape in a donut fashion, given these phi relationships, allows control over the tonal shape of the spring74,78. That is, strict conformance to the “ideal” design is not required so long as the general shape is followed. Moreover, the spring74,78has multiple tones that are inherently organized in a harmonic relationship that is natural to the laws of harmonics.

Notably, the shapes used herein elicit specific frequencies. By controlling the size, relative position and shape of the profile, and by controlling the material, including the thickness thereof, different tonal vibrations are created when the spring74,78is resonated. Typically, music is used as the “information” that is delivered through these transducers. It has been found that both music and many aspects of the human body can be expressed in terms of the Fibonacci sequence. Moreover, experiments by the present inventor have shown that the vibrational energy produced by the transducer10is efficient when the shape of the springs74,78is also related in some regard to the Fibonacci sequence.FIGS. 15-17illustrate several illustrative approaches to applying the Fibonacci sequence to the design of a spring74,78.FIG. 18illustrates an exemplary fractal phi ratio embedded wave to illustrate one example of a spring design. Each of the approaches illustrated inFIGS. 15-17may have different frequency responses due the differences in the spring geometry.

By shaping the springs as set out above, the springs elicit not one tone but three. These three tones are harmonically related and can be expressed using standard musical nomenclature as the root, the third and the fifth, and their corresponding overtones. That is, the fundamental tone is separated upwardly in frequency by an octave and a fifth from the next tone, which is the fifth. The next tone elicited is the third, which is a expressed as a 6thabove the fifth (again using standard musical nomenclature). The relationship of these three tones, in this way, is present in the shaping of the spring when implementing phi ratios into the design of the surface profile. Using springs74,78that have multiple tones in the chordal arrangement, allows the tactile delivery to be uniquely sympathetic to the manner in which the body and mind of a person in contact with the transducer10perceive its effects.FIGS. 19 and 20illustrate cross-sections of the transducer10to illustrate a few exemplary spring designs. The spring design inFIG. 19allows the transducer10to operate in relatively low frequencies where the spring design inFIG. 20makes the transducer suitable for a frequency response that is relatively higher than that shown inFIG. 19.

As shown, the magnet56is coupled to a surface102. Note that the magnet56is snuggly secured to the stud54and that the stud54is attached to a surface. Under this arrangement, the upper and lower coils36,38and main plate22move in response to an electrical signal (and not the magnet56). This is in contrast to the typical approach employed by transducers10that typically move the magnet. Alternatively, speaker designs typically move a light coil. However, in the present invention, the upper and lower coils36,38are embedded in the main plate22, and the main plate22adds a significant amount of weight to the moving parts. It should be noted that it may be desirable in certain circumstances to isolate the surface102from the remainder of the supporting structure. This has the effect of keeping the resonance caused by the vibrating transducer10maintained local to the surface102.

Due, at least in part to the structure of the springs74,78, the transducer10is capable of tactile operation within a frequency range of approximately 20 hz to 2 Khz. Moreover, the transducer10is designed to maintain balance and operate irrespective of orientation and is thus suited for applications that require the transducer10to be installed at angles other than alignment to the vertical or horizontal. It is noted that some conventional transducer designs limit the possible orientation. Also, while typical transducers10require a rigid attachment to a sounding board such as a wall or floor or other surface, the transducer10of the present invention need not be mounted at all. Rather, the transducer10can be handheld, mounted to a handle, or embedded in foam to produce a vibration. For example, the transducer10can be operated as a hand held vibrator that functions as a programmable frequency generator that can be connected to any audio source compared to the mechanical motor vibrators typically encountered.

Referring generally toFIGS. 21-23, a transducer10according to another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The transducer10is similar to the transducer10discussed with reference toFIG. 1. However, an aluminum strap104is wrapped about the main plate22. Notably, the upper and lower springs74,78include a plurality of apertures106located around the periphery thereof. The strap104is bent into a ring shape and the upper and lower springs74,78are fastened thereto using fasteners108, e.g. screws. ComparingFIGS. 21-23withFIG. 9, it can be seen that inFIG. 9, the contour or protrusion90of the springs74,78is inset from the outer edge thereof and arcs relatively high. This particular configuration allows the transducer to target a relatively higher tonal center. ContrastingFIG. 9toFIGS. 21-23, it can be seen that the protrusion90is shifted outward toward the edge periphery of the springs74,78. Also, note that the protrusion90is more rounded and less abrupt than that shown inFIG. 9. This structure allows the transducer10shown inFIGS. 21-23to target a lower tonal center, e.g., 20-800hz range.

FIG. 24illustrates a spring coupled to the main plate illustrating the connection of the terminal block to the main plate.FIG. 25illustrates the spring showing the texture of a carbon fiber and Kevlar composition.

Structures Incorporating Transducers

As noted above, the vibrational information conveyed by the transducer10can be “tuned” by altering the size and surface contours on the springs to target specific frequency tones. It is also possible to integrate the concepts of the transducer10described above into structures so that the transducer becomes an integral part of the structure itself. In particular, at least one surface thereof effectively becomes the springs of the transducer.

Referring generally toFIGS. 26-31, an exemplary apparatus200, a folding table is illustrated. The table may be used as a massage table or for other purposes where it may be desirable to sit or otherwise rest upon a surface thereof, such as for rehabilitation, therapeutic treatment, dental chair etc. The table200includes generally, a first table section202hingedly connected to a second table section204. A first pair of folding legs206is secured to the bottom side of the first table section202and a second pair of folding legs208is secured to the bottom side of the second table section204. The first and second sections202,204each include generally, an upholstery or other layer210, a foam padding layer212, and a panel assembly214. Each panel assembly214includes two transducer assemblies216,218as shown. Other arrangements are possible within the spirit of the present invention, however. For example, the panels214may be divided up into any number of individual transducer assemblies.

As best seen inFIG. 27, what would otherwise be a typical panel of the table200actually define the transducer itself. In addition to the transducer assemblies, optional additional transducers may be mounted to the panels214. For example, as shown, two transducers10are mounted to a select one of the two panel assemblies214. The additional transducers10may be provided to target specific frequency or dynamic ranges and can be positioned to achieve a desired effect. For example, the transducers10may be provided to specifically target lower frequencies. Each of the transducer assemblies214,216, and each additional optional transducer10is connected to a power amplifier and audio source (not shown), which provides the energy to the table200. It should be pointed out here that the table is set up to create stereo or multi-channel operation. Typical transducer applications are limited to mono or single channel response. However, because the transducers of the present invention can be tuned as set out herein, multi-channel applications now become practical.

The structure that would otherwise be present in a typical implementation of the apparatus is replaced by corresponding transducer assemblies216,218. For example, a typical table would include a panel (i.e., horizontal support surface), which is replaced in the present invention with transducer assemblies214,216. It should be noted that the transducer assemblies216,218are not merely a transducer bolted to a panel or other surface. Rather, the panel (or any surface) defines a working component (the springs or spring) of the transducer as described below.

The transducer assemblies216,218are essentially the same construction as that described more fully herein, except that the springs are replaced with a modified version of the structure of the apparatus. Referring toFIG. 27, the transducer assemblies216,218include generally, a magnet assembly14, a main plate assembly16, a coil assembly18, an optional internal support member220, and a pair of springs222,224. The magnet assembly14, main plate assembly16and coil assembly18essentially comprise the transducer10discussed above with reference toFIGS. 1-25without the upper and lower spring assemblies12,20. The transducer assembly214,216, including the top spring222, serves the same functions as the structure it replaces. That is, the transducer assembly214,216may be load bearing, aesthetically or ornately decorated, or perform whatever functions the original structure performed.

The internal support member220provides support to the apparatus and serves as a seat for holding the main plate assembly16. As best seen inFIG. 28, the internal support member220includes a top support surface226, a plate receiving slot228, and a bottom support surface230. The plate receiving slot228is dimensioned to receive the main plate assembly16therein. The top support surface226engages the top surface of the main plate assembly16and the bottom support surface230engages the bottom surface of the main plate assembly16to provide support thereto. The internal support member220may comprise a single layer of material that has been routed out to the desired shape, or alternatively, the internal support member may comprise two or more layers stacked together. Referring toFIG. 29, a cutaway view illustrates the main plate assembly16and coil assembly18installed in the internal support member220.

Referring toFIG. 30, a portion of the transducer is illustrated showing the magnet assembly14and the coil assembly18coupled to the main plate assembly16. Referring toFIG. 31, it can be seen that the main plate assembly16may require an additional set of washers232and a spacer234which may optionally be used to position the transducer. Also, it is noted that the top of the stud54may optionally be configured so as to be flush with the top of the upper spring222. When assembled, the upper and lower springs222,224produce the vibration. This produces significantly more responsive results than simply mechanically attaching a transducer to an existing panel. This can be seen because the original panel, which may not convey vibrations accurately, is replaced with a material that performs the same functional aspects of the replaced panel, but that also is further optimized for use as a spring of a transducer as described above.

It should be pointed out that although the springs in the above example are used to replace a wooden structure, the techniques described herein can be applied to construct springs using any material composition suitable for the constructing the transducer assembly. For example, inFIG. 32-34, plastic, fiberglass, carbon fiber/Kevlar, metal and other materials or combinations thereof may alternatively be used. The spring surfaces222,224can be molded very much like the smaller springs74,78discussed above with reference toFIGS. 1-25. The size and shapes of the springs can be different for different applications. For example inFIG. 34, the springs240that form a first panel may be 6″×12 ″ and the springs241in a second panel of a structure may be 10″×12 ″. As another example, springs242in a first panel may be 16″×12″ and the springs243in a corresponding second panel of a structure may be 16″×20″. As yet another example, one or more springs244may exhibit a 16″ circular diameter. These different sized allow the panels to be attached together to create several different products. Of course the specific sizes were given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

It is also noted that the same general concepts described above can be applied to any other apparatus that includes a surface thereto. For example, the above described transducer assembly could replace a platform upon which one may sit or stand, etc. For example, inFIGS. 35 and 36, the surfaces that would typically be connected together in chair are replaced with transducer assembly panels. As such, transducers are incorporated into panels as described above with reference toFIGS. 26-34, which are connected together to create a chair that reclines. These panels are connect to a base252and have pivot points250and251that are controlled by electronic motors, electronic muscles or just a mechanical adjustment. The mechanical movement imparted to the chair can be computer controlled. The computer adds greater control to the vibrational aspects of the transducers, which allows the chair to simulate desired conditions. As such, the chair “breathes” in response to the computer control. For example, the chair may be used to create “electronic muscles”, a floating effect along with the sound of air rushing, or a simulation of road surfaces and bumps along with frequencies of the actual sound of road on wheels, such as may be used in race training or flight simulation.

The Dental Chair:

An example of implementing the above techniques is to incorporate the above transducer10and transducer techniques into a dental chair. Referring toFIG. 37, a plurality of transducers10are mounted to one or more surfaces102using mounting location attachments260. The surfaces102and transducers10are then installed as the backrest and leg rest of a dental chair261. As noted above, the present inventor has noted that shape elicits tone when the transducer10is coupled to a surface. As such, the backrest and leg rest surfaces102are provided with specific compositions and geometries that are sympathetic to the vibrational information transmitted by the transducers10. A more detailed explanation of the shaping, material and construction of the surfaces102is explained below with reference to the sound chair.

The transducers10of the present invention, whether stand alone, mounted to a surface, or designed so as to be integral to the surface itself, can be excited by mono, stereo, or any combination of multi-channel systems. For example, 4.1, 5.1, 4.2, 2.2 and other custom audio mix combinations can be used. For example, in a two-way system, two or more transducers can be connected thereto, each transducer specifically designed to cover a specific frequency range and/or dynamics. Because of the inherent shortcomings of prior tactile transducers, the use of multi-channel systems has not been heretofore implemented.

These new configurations allow multiple programming possibilities for the interaction of the transducers in relationship to the surface. A person's perception can be divided into left brain and right brain inputs respectively. This left and right input multiplied by two can be used in stereo and also cross lateral. For example, activating the right leg first and then the left shoulder would be a cross lateral programmable movement. From there, circular movements, and random activating (to name a few) the transducers keeps the listener in a “new stimulus” mode of listening, known to prevent the listener from loosing the attention on the vibrations. This addition of multi-channel systems opens a new and expansive door to multiple patterns thus expanding the depth in patterned movement from just left to right or just different frequencies.

The transducers of the present invention may also be used in tactile crossover combinations. In other words, different envelope applications that include specific attack, decay, sustain, and/or release characteristics can be implemented. Referring toFIG. 38, a dynamics envelope shows the attack of a signal in segment J, the decay of the signal in segment K, the sustain of the signal in section L and the release of the signal in section M.

With the above in mind, a transducer10can be constructed that can keep up with the transient attack response of a given signal, but may not be able to carry the sustain segment of the signal. Such may be accomplished by incorporating a relatively stiff spring, such as a composition of carbon Kevlar, or by tightening the springs as discussed above. A second transducer10may be used to carry the sustain or release portion of the signal. Such a second transducer may be unable to suitably tract the transients of the attack of the signal however. The mechanics of the second type of transducer are loose and cannot stop the motion and carry the signal at the same time.

InFIG. 39the chart shows one transducer able to attack segment J of the wave from approx. 15 hz to 80 hz and then have the ability to attack J, decay K, sustain L, and release M the area of frequencies 80 hz to 600 hz. So the first transducer works frequencies from 15 hz to 80 hz overlaps with the second transducer inFIG. 40, only having the ability to carry the wave relating to the decay K, sustain L, and release M in the area of 15 hz through 80 hz. This is much different then a regular audio crossover that cuts the signal where it crosses over. This type of crossover of dynamics is mostly created in the mechanical workings of each transducer. However, to keep the second transducer from overworking, a filter on the audio signal input prevents it from receiving frequencies above 80 hz.

As noted above, the vibrational information conveyed by the transducer10can be “tuned” by altering the size and surface contours on the springs to target specific frequency tones. As was seen above, existing surfaces can be integrated into transducer assemblies. Additionally, new structures can be created to take advantage of the principles of the present invention. By curving surfaces, both tension and pitch may be produced. Accordingly, the present invention may be incorporated into custom designed structures such as chairs and other devices.

The chair300according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a specific surface contour that promotes the transmission of vibratory information. As can be seen inFIG. 41, the shape of the chair300includes a gently angled back rest302, a generally curved seat portion304, and a slightly raised leg support306. In this configuration, an occupant of the seat is reclined in a tilted back, restful position. Accordingly, the chair itself creates a relationship with the body of a person sitting therein. Referring briefly toFIG. 42, high tones resonate the upper portion308of the chair300. Likewise, lower tones resonate the lower portion310of the chair300. The resonant characteristics of the chair are independent of the origin of the energy applied thereto. That is, a relatively high tone applied to the lower portion310of the chair will resonate the upper portion308of the chair300and vice-versa. The construction of the chair300so as to resonate relatively higher tones in the upper (seat back) portion308of the chair300stem from studies that indicate that the relatively higher tones tend to resonate the upper part of the human body and relatively lower tones tend to resonate the lower part of the body.

The resonant effect of the chair is particularly effective where the chair300, including the back and seat, comprise a one-piece construction. For example, as best seen inFIGS. 41 and 43, the back and seat may be molded in a continuous piece from a composition comprising carbon fiber and Kevlar. The chair may also be constructed of any other moldable material or non-moldable material. However, performance may vary depending upon the desired selection of materials. The chair300defines a tonal surface that serves as a “highway” to transport vibration information. As such, the specific selection of materials will affect the quality of the chair to conduct the vibration information.

Referring back toFIG. 41, in practice, the chair300is held from the seat area, or general center of the chair312. As the chair is excited with acoustic information, the chair actually breathes and acts like a spring itself, flexing in response to the information applied thereto. That is, the chair itself provides a spring effect, particularly in response to relatively low frequencies, at the outer ends (top of the back rest and bottom of the leg rest). The breathing effect is advantageous in that it has been found to allow lower amplitude signals applied thereto to produce comparable results for occupants of the chair of the present invention. For example, low frequency vibrations (in the one to twenty hertz range) can be reduced.

In one implementation, the chair includes four transducers10to reproduce a stereo (left and right) signal. A power amplifier(s) in the base thereof supplies the power to each transducer. The right channel is coupled to a low frequency transducer and a midrange frequency transducer coupled to the seat back of the chair. Correspondingly, the left channel includes a low frequency transducer and a midrange frequency transducer coupled to the leg rest. As pointed out above, even though the right channel low frequency transducer is coupled to the seat back, it will cause the leg rest to resonate. Correspondingly, although the left channel midrange transducer is coupled to the leg rest, the left channel transducer will still resonate the seat back.

Also, as suggested inFIGS. 44-46, it can be seen that the chair is geometrically proportioned. For example, as best seen inFIGS. 44 and 46, it can be seen that the chair300itself is designed based upon the Fibonacci sequence such that the shape of the chair is specifically tailored to transmit the vibrational information applied thereto. This allows the chair to be scaled, and allows the chair to be aligned with a broad frequency range, thus producing a generally quiet, clean and balanced sound response. Also, the one piece construction of the back rest, seat and leg support defines a monolithic structure that allows the specific design to be tailored to achieve desired (and often complex) dynamic interaction. Referring toFIG. 47, the geometry of the chair is laid so as to be flattened out over a piano keypad to illustrate the manner in which the Fibonacci based design affects the ability of the chair to transfer vibratory information. In the example shown, the chair is “tuned” to the key of A for illustrative purposes only. Any other key may be used. Comparatively, arrangements that simply mount typical transducers can “beat” against each other, resulting in generally sluggish response that may exhibit phase cancellation of certain tonal bands. Also, chairs constructed of separate panels will be less efficient at transferring vibrational information from one location to another across panels.

The chair300further allows specific targeting of vibrational information that is not otherwise possible. For example, by knowing the tonal surface design, audio signals can be recorded and played back through the chair to enhance the surface in predetermined ways to produce different types of responses. For example, where the upper and lower tonal centers of the chair are tuned, such as to a musical fifth as noted above in the discussion of the transducers, harmonics can be composed so as to work together and non-harmonic tones will beat against each other.

It should be emphasized herein that the back rest, seat, and leg rest not only provide the structural support for the occupant of the chair, but they also serve as a spring for the transducers to interact with, in addition to serving as a medium for conveying the vibration information.FIG. 48illustrates an actual embodiment of the chair300.

The present invention can also be incorporated into or combined with an electronic muscle by use of electroactive polymers, such as described in co-pending Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/625,611, entitled “Electronic Muscle Application For Tactile Delivery,” filed Feb. 14, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

Having described the invention in detail and by reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. Indeed, although disclosed as being used with body-support surfaces such as chairs and tables, the present invention can also be incorporated into other body-contacting devices such as massage wands. As such, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed and that the examples and embodiments described herein are in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art of the present invention will recognize that other embodiments using the concepts described herein are also possible. Further, any reference to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” or “the” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular.