Substrate holder and method of manufacturing a substrate holder

An object holder (100) for a lithographic apparatus has a main body (400) having a surface (400a). A plurality of burls (406) to support an object are formed on the surface or in apertures of a thin-film stack (410, 440, 450). At least one of the burls is formed by laser-sintering. At least one of the burls formed by laser-sintering may be a repair of a damaged burl previously formed by laser-sintering or another method.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a substrate holder, a lithographic apparatus, a device manufacturing method, and a method of manufacturing a substrate holder.

BACKGROUND

It has been proposed to immerse the substrate in the lithographic projection apparatus in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate. In an embodiment, the liquid is distilled water, although another liquid can be used. An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to liquid. However, another fluid may be suitable, particularly a wetting fluid, an incompressible fluid and/or a fluid with higher refractive index than air, desirably a higher refractive index than water. Fluids excluding gases are particularly desirable. The point of this is to enable imaging of smaller features since the exposure radiation will have a shorter wavelength in the liquid. (The effect of the liquid may also be regarded as increasing the effective numerical aperture (NA) of the system and also increasing the depth of focus.) Other immersion liquids have been proposed, including water with solid particles (e.g. quartz) suspended therein, or a liquid with a nano-particle suspension (e.g. particles with a maximum dimension of up to 10 nm). The suspended particles may or may not have a similar or the same refractive index as the liquid in which they are suspended. Other liquids which may be suitable include a hydrocarbon, such as an aromatic, a fluorohydrocarbon, and/or an aqueous solution.

SUMMARY

In a conventional lithography apparatus, the substrate to be exposed may be supported by a substrate holder which in turn is supported by a substrate table. The substrate holder is often a flat rigid disc corresponding in size and shape to the substrate (although it may have a different size or shape). It has an array of projections, referred to as burls or pimples, projecting from at least one side. In an embodiment, the substrate holder has an array of projections on two opposite sides. In this case, when the substrate holder is placed on the substrate table, the main body of the substrate holder is held a small distance above the substrate table while the ends of the burls on one side of the substrate holder lie on the surface of the substrate table. Similarly, when the substrate rests on the top of the burls on the opposite side of the substrate holder, the substrate is spaced apart from the main body of the substrate holder. One purpose of this is to help prevent a particle (i.e. a contaminating particle such as a dust particle) which might be present on either the substrate table or substrate holder from distorting the substrate holder or the substrate. Since the total surface area of the burls is only a small fraction of the total area of the substrate or substrate holder, it is highly probable that any particle will lie between burls and its presence will have no effect.

Due to the high accelerations experienced by the substrate in use of a high-throughput lithographic apparatus, it is not sufficient to allow the substrate simply to rest on the burls of the substrate holder. It is clamped in place. Two methods of clamping the substrate in place are known—vacuum clamping and electrostatic clamping. In vacuum clamping, the space between the substrate holder and substrate and optionally between the substrate table and substrate holder are partially evacuated so that the substrate is held in place by the higher pressure of gas or liquid above it. Vacuum clamping however may not be feasible where the beam path and/or the environment near the substrate or substrate holder is kept at a low or very low pressure, e.g. for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation lithography. In this case, it may not be possible to develop a sufficiently large pressure difference across the substrate (or substrate holder) to clamp it. Electrostatic clamping can therefore be used in such a circumstance (or in other circumstances). In electrostatic clamping, an electrode provided on the substrate table and/or substrate holder is raised to a high potential, e.g. 10 to 5000 V, and electrostatic forces attract the substrate. Thus another purpose of the burls is to space the substrate, substrate holder and substrate table apart in order to enable electrostatic clamping.

Burls can be used in various other places within a lithographic apparatus, for example in a support for a patterning device such as a mask, in a gripper of substrate or patterning device handling apparatus, and/or a reticle clamp. Burls in different places may have different requirements as to one or more of their dimensions and other physical properties. A different method of manufacture may apply. In many cases, damage to one or more burls may necessitate replacement of an entire component.

It is desirable, for example, to provide an object holder for use in a lithographic apparatus, the holder having burls, e.g. of different shapes, sizes and/or compositions, and a method of manufacturing an object holder having such burls.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an object holder for use in a lithographic apparatus, the method comprising: providing a main body having a surface; and forming a plurality of burls on the surface, the burls projecting from the surface and having end surfaces to support an object, wherein forming at least part of at least one of the burls comprises laser-sintering.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided an object holder for use in a lithographic apparatus, the object holder comprising: a main body having a surface; and a plurality of burls provided on the surface and having end surfaces to support an object, wherein at least part of at least one of the burls has been formed by laser-sintering.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a lithographic apparatus, comprising: a support structure configured to support a patterning device; a projection system arranged to project a beam patterned by the patterning device onto a substrate; and a substrate holder arranged to hold the substrate, the substrate holder being as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The support structure MT holds the patterning device. The support structure MT holds the patterning device in a manner that depends on the orientation of the patterning device, the design of the lithographic apparatus, and other conditions, such as for example whether or not the patterning device is held in a vacuum environment. The support structure MT can use mechanical, vacuum, electrostatic or other clamping techniques to hold the patterning device. The support structure MT may be a frame or a table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required. The support structure MT may ensure that the patterning device is at a desired position, for example with respect to the projection system. Any use of the terms “reticle” or “mask” herein may be considered synonymous with the more general term “patterning device”.

The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate support structures, such as substrate stages or substrate tables, and/or two or more support structures for patterning devices. In an apparatus with multiple substrate stages, all the substrate stages can be equivalent and interchangeable. In an embodiment, at least one of the multiple substrate stages is particularly adapted for exposure steps and at least one of the multiple substrate stages is particularly adapted for measurement or preparatory steps. In an embodiment of the invention one or more of the multiple substrate stages is replaced by a measurement stage. A measurement stage includes at least part one or more sensor systems such as a sensor detector and/or target of the sensor system but does not support a substrate. The measurement stage is positionable in the projection beam in place of a substrate stage or a support structure for a patterning device. In such apparatus the additional stages may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more stages while one or more other stages are being used for exposure.

The illuminator IL may comprise an adjuster AM configured to adjust the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL may comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. The illuminator may be used to condition the radiation beam, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section. Similar to the source SO, the illuminator IL may or may not be considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus. For example, the illuminator IL may be an integral part of the lithographic apparatus or may be a separate entity from the lithographic apparatus. In the latter case, the lithographic apparatus may be configured to allow the illuminator IL to be mounted thereon. Optionally, the illuminator IL is detachable and may be separately provided (for example, by the lithographic apparatus manufacturer or another supplier).

In many lithographic apparatuses, a fluid, in particular a liquid, is provided between the final element of the projection system using a liquid supply system IH to enable imaging of smaller features and/or increase the effective NA of the apparatus. An embodiment of the invention is described further below with reference to such an immersion apparatus, but may equally be embodied in a non-immersion apparatus. Arrangements to provide liquid between a final element of the projection system and the substrate can be classed into at least two general categories. These are the bath type arrangement and the so called localized immersion system. In the bath type arrangement substantially the whole of the substrate and optionally part of the substrate table is submersed in a bath of liquid. The localized immersion system uses a liquid supply system in which liquid is only provided to a localized area of the substrate. In the latter category, the space filled by liquid is smaller in plan than the top surface of the substrate and the area filled with liquid remains substantially stationary relative to the projection system while the substrate moves underneath that area. Another arrangement, to which an embodiment of the invention is directed, is the all wet solution in which the liquid is unconfined. In this arrangement substantially the whole top surface of the substrate and all or part of the substrate table is covered in immersion liquid. The depth of the liquid covering at least the substrate is small. The liquid may be a film, such as a thin-film, of liquid on the substrate.

Four different types of localized liquid supply systems are illustrated inFIGS. 2 to 5. Any of the liquid supply devices ofFIGS. 2 to 5may be used in an unconfined system; however, sealing features are not present, are not activated, are not as efficient as normal or are otherwise ineffective to seal liquid to only the localized area.

One of the arrangements proposed for a localized immersion system is for a liquid supply system to provide liquid on only a localized area of the substrate and in between the final element of the projection system and the substrate using a liquid confinement system (the substrate generally has a larger surface area than the final element of the projection system). One way which has been proposed to arrange for this is disclosed in PCT patent application publication no. WO 99/49504. As illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3, liquid is supplied by at least one inlet onto the substrate, desirably along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, and is removed by at least one outlet after having passed under the projection system. That is, as the substrate is scanned beneath the element in a −X direction, liquid is supplied at the +X side of the element and taken up at the −X side.

FIG. 2shows the arrangement schematically in which liquid is supplied via inlet and is taken up on the other side of the element by outlet which is connected to a low pressure source. The arrows above the substrate W illustrate the direction of liquid flow, and the arrow below the substrate W illustrates the direction of movement of the substrate table. In the illustration ofFIG. 2the liquid is supplied along the direction of movement of the substrate relative to the final element, though this does not need to be the case. Various orientations and numbers of in- and out-lets positioned around the final element are possible, one example is illustrated inFIG. 3in which four sets of an inlet with an outlet on either side are provided in a regular pattern around the final element. Arrows in liquid supply and liquid recovery devices indicate the direction of liquid flow.

A further immersion lithography solution with a localized liquid supply system is shown inFIG. 4. Liquid is supplied by two groove inlets on either side of the projection system PS and is removed by a plurality of discrete outlets arranged radially outwardly of the inlets. The inlets and outlets can be arranged in a plate with a hole in its center and through which the projection beam is projected. Liquid is supplied by one groove inlet on one side of the projection system PS and removed by a plurality of discrete outlets on the other side of the projection system PS, causing a flow of a thin-film of liquid between the projection system PS and the substrate W. The choice of which combination of inlet and outlets to use can depend on the direction of movement of the substrate W (the other combination of inlet and outlets being inactive). In the cross-sectional view ofFIG. 4, arrows illustrate the direction of liquid flow in to inlets and out of outlets.

Another arrangement which has been proposed is to provide the liquid supply system with a liquid confinement member which extends along at least a part of a boundary of the space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate table. Such an arrangement is illustrated inFIG. 5. The liquid confinement member is substantially stationary relative to the projection system in the XY plane, though there may be some relative movement in the Z direction (in the direction of the optical axis). A seal is formed between the liquid confinement member and the surface of the substrate. In an embodiment, a seal is formed between the liquid confinement member and the surface of the substrate and may be a contactless seal such as a gas seal. Such a system is disclosed in United States patent application publication no. US 2004-0207824.

The fluid handling structure12includes a liquid confinement member and at least partly contains liquid in the space11between a final element of the projection system PS and the substrate W. A contactless seal16to the substrate W may be formed around the image field of the projection system so that liquid is confined within the space between the substrate W surface and the final element of the projection system PS. The space is at least partly formed by the fluid handling structure12positioned below and surrounding the final element of the projection system PS. Liquid is brought into the space below the projection system and within the fluid handling structure12by liquid inlet13. The liquid may be removed by liquid outlet13. The fluid handling structure12may extend a little above the final element of the projection system. The liquid level rises above the final element so that a buffer of liquid is provided. In an embodiment, the fluid handling structure12has an inner periphery that at the upper end closely conforms to the shape of the projection system or the final element thereof and may, e.g., be round. At the bottom, the inner periphery closely conforms to the shape of the image field, e.g., rectangular, though this need not be the case.

In an embodiment, the liquid is contained in the space11by a gas seal16which, during use, is formed between the bottom of the fluid handling structure12and the surface of the substrate W. The gas seal is formed by gas, e.g. air, synthetic air, N2or another inert gas. The gas in the gas seal is provided under pressure via inlet15to the gap between fluid handling structure12and substrate W. The gas is extracted via outlet14. The overpressure on the gas inlet15, vacuum level on the outlet14and geometry of the gap are arranged so that there is a high-velocity gas flow16inwardly that confines the liquid. The force of the gas on the liquid between the fluid handling structure12and the substrate W contains the liquid in a space11. The inlets/outlets may be annular grooves which surround the space11. The annular grooves may be continuous or discontinuous. The flow of gas16is effective to contain the liquid in the space11. Such a system is disclosed in United States patent application publication no. US 2004-0207824.

The example ofFIG. 5is a localized area arrangement in which liquid is only provided to a localized area of the top surface of the substrate W at any one time. Other arrangements are possible, including fluid handling systems which make use of a single phase extractor or a two phase extractor as disclosed, for example, in United States patent application publication no US 2006-0038968.

Another arrangement which is possible is one which works on a gas drag principle. The so-called gas drag principle has been described, for example, in United States patent application publication nos. US 2008-0212046, US 2009-0279060, and US 2009-0279062. In that system the extraction holes are arranged in a shape which desirably has a corner. The corner may be aligned with the stepping or scanning directions. This reduces the force on the meniscus between two openings in the surface of the fluid handing structure for a given speed in the step or scan direction compared to a fluid handling structure having two outlets aligned perpendicular to the direction of scan.

Also disclosed in US 2008-0212046 is a gas knife positioned radially outside the main liquid retrieval feature. The gas knife traps any liquid which gets past the main liquid retrieval feature. Such a gas knife may be present in a so called gas drag principle arrangement (as disclosed in US 2008-0212046), in a single or two phase extractor arrangement (such as disclosed in United States patent application publication no. US 2009-0262318) or any other arrangement.

Many other types of liquid supply system are possible. The present invention is neither limited to any particular type of liquid supply system, nor to immersion lithography. The invention may be applied equally in any lithography. In an EUV lithography apparatus, the beam path is substantially evacuated and immersion arrangements described above are not used.

A control system500shown inFIG. 1controls the overall operations of the lithographic apparatus and in particular performs an optimization process described further below. Control system500can be embodied as a suitably-programmed general purpose computer comprising a central processing unit and volatile and non-volatile storage. Optionally, the control system may further comprise one or more input and output devices such as a keyboard and screen, one or more network connections and/or one or more interfaces to the various parts of the lithographic apparatus. It will be appreciated that a one-to-one relationship between controlling computer and lithographic apparatus is not necessary. In an embodiment of the invention one computer can control multiple lithographic apparatuses. In an embodiment of the invention, multiple networked computers can be used to control one lithographic apparatus. The control system500may also be configured to control one or more associated process devices and substrate handling devices in a lithocell or cluster of which the lithographic apparatus forms a part. The control system500can also be configured to be subordinate to a supervisory control system of a lithocell or cluster and/or an overall control system of a fab.

FIG. 6schematically depicts an EUV lithographic apparatus4100including a source collector apparatus SO. The apparatus comprises:

an illumination system (illuminator) EIL configured to condition a radiation beam B (e.g. EUV radiation);

a support structure (e.g. a mask table) MT constructed to support a patterning device (e.g. a mask or a reticle) MA and connected to a first positioner PM configured to accurately position the patterning device;

a substrate table (e.g. a wafer table) WT constructed to hold a substrate (e.g. a resist-coated wafer) W and connected to a second positioner PW configured to accurately position the substrate; and

a projection system (e.g. a reflective projection system) PS configured to project a pattern imparted to the radiation beam B by patterning device MA onto a target portion C (e.g. comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W.

These basic components of the EUV lithographic apparatus are similar in function to the corresponding components of the lithographic apparatus ofFIG. 1. The description below mainly covers areas of difference and duplicative description of aspects of the components that are the same is omitted.

In an EUV lithographic apparatus, it is desirable to use a vacuum or low pressure environment since gases can absorb too much radiation. A vacuum environment can therefore be provided to the whole beam path with the aid of a vacuum wall and one or more vacuum pumps.

In such cases, the laser is not considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus and the radiation beam is passed from the laser to the source collector apparatus with the aid of a beam delivery system comprising, for example, suitable directing mirrors and/or a beam expander. In other cases the source may be an integral part of the source collector apparatus, for example when the source is a discharge-produced plasma EUV generator, often termed as a DPP source.

The EUV illuminator EIL may comprise an adjuster to adjust the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam EB. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the EUV illuminator EIL may comprise various other components, such as facetted field and pupil mirror devices. The EUV illuminator EIL may be used to condition the radiation beam EB, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross section.

The radiation beam EB is incident on the patterning device (e.g., mask) MA, which is held on the support structure (e.g., mask table) MT, and is patterned by the patterning device. After being reflected from the patterning device (e.g. mask) MA, the radiation beam EB passes through the projection system PS, which focuses the beam onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioner PW and position sensor PS2 (e.g. an interferometric device, linear encoder or capacitive sensor), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the radiation beam EB. Similarly, the first positioner PM and another position sensor PS1 can be used to accurately position the patterning device (e.g. mask) MA with respect to the path of the radiation beam EB. Patterning device (e.g. mask) MA and substrate W may be aligned using mask alignment marks M1, M2 and substrate alignment marks P1, P2.

The depicted apparatus could be used the same modes as the apparatus ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 7shows the EUV apparatus4100in more detail, including the source collector apparatus SO, the EUV illumination system EIL, and the projection system PS. The source collector apparatus SO is constructed and arranged such that a vacuum environment can be maintained in an enclosing structure4220of the source collector apparatus SO. An EUV radiation emitting plasma4210may be formed by a discharge produced plasma source. EUV radiation may be produced by a gas or vapor, for example Xe gas, Li vapor or Sn vapor in which the plasma4210is created to emit radiation in the EUV range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The plasma4210is created by, for example, an electrical discharge causing an at least partially ionized plasma. Partial pressures of, for example, 10 Pa of Xe, Li, Sn vapor or any other suitable gas or vapor may be required for efficient generation of the radiation. In an embodiment, a plasma of excited tin (Sn) is provided to produce EUV radiation.

The radiation emitted by the plasma4210is passed from a source chamber4211into a collector chamber4212via an optional gas barrier and/or contaminant trap4230(in some cases also referred to as contaminant barrier or foil trap) which is positioned in or behind an opening in source chamber4211. The contaminant trap4230may include a channel structure. Contamination trap4230may also include a gas barrier or a combination of a gas barrier and a channel structure. The contaminant trap or contaminant barrier4230further indicated herein at least includes a channel structure, as known in the art.

The collector chamber4212may include a radiation collector CO which may be a so-called grazing incidence collector. Radiation collector CO has an upstream radiation collector side4251and a downstream radiation collector side4252. Radiation that traverses collector CO can be reflected by a grating spectral filter4240to be focused in a virtual source point IF. The virtual source point IF is commonly referred to as the intermediate focus, and the source collector apparatus is arranged such that the intermediate focus IF is located at or near an opening4221in the enclosing structure4220. The virtual source point IF is an image of the radiation emitting plasma4210.

Subsequently the radiation traverses the illumination system IL, which may include a facetted field mirror device422and a facetted pupil mirror device424arranged to provide a desired angular distribution of the radiation beam421, at the patterning device MA, as well as a desired uniformity of radiation intensity at the patterning device MA. Upon reflection of the beam of radiation421at the patterning device MA, held by the support structure MT, a patterned beam426is formed and the patterned beam426is imaged by the projection system PS via reflective elements428,430onto a substrate W held by the substrate stage or substrate table WT.

More elements than shown may generally be present in illumination optics unit IL and projection system PS. The grating spectral filter4240may optionally be present, depending upon the type of lithographic apparatus. There may be more mirrors present than those shown in the Figures, for example there may be from 1 to 6 additional reflective elements present in the projection system PS than shown inFIG. 7.

Collector optic CO, as illustrated inFIG. 7, is depicted as a nested collector with grazing incidence reflectors4253,4254and4255, just as an example of a collector (or collector mirror). The grazing incidence reflectors4253,4254and4255are disposed axially symmetric around an optical axis O and a collector optic CO of this type is preferably used in combination with a discharge produced plasma source, often called a DPP source.

Alternatively, the source collector apparatus SO may be part of an LPP radiation system as shown inFIG. 8. A laser LA is arranged to deposit laser energy into a fuel, such as xenon (Xe), tin (Sn) or lithium (Li), creating the highly ionized plasma4210with electron temperatures of several 10's of eV. The energetic radiation generated during de-excitation and recombination of these ions is emitted from the plasma, collected by a near normal incidence collector optic CO and focused onto the opening4221in the enclosing structure4220.

FIG. 9depicts a substrate holder according to an embodiment of the invention. It may be held within a recess in substrate table WT and supports substrate W. The main body of the substrate holder100has the form of a flat plate, for example a disc substantially corresponding in shape and size to the substrate W. The substrate holder can, for example, be formed from Si, SiC, SiSiC, aluminum nitride (AlN), ZERODUR ceramic, cordierite, or some other suitable ceramic or glass-ceramic material. At least on a top side, in an embodiment on both sides, the substrate holder has projections106, commonly referred to as burls. In an embodiment, the substrate holder is an integral part of the substrate table and does not have burls on the lower surface. The burls are not shown to scale inFIG. 9. Some or all of the burls are formed by laser sintering as described below.

In a practical embodiment, there can be many hundreds or thousands of burls, e.g. more than 10,000 or more than 40,000, distributed across a substrate holder, e.g., of width (e.g., diameter) 200 mm, 300 mm or 450 mm. The tips of the burls have a small area, e.g. less than 1 mm2. Thus the total area of all of the burls on one side of the substrate holder100is less than about 10%, e.g. from 1 to 3%, of the total surface area of the substrate holder. Because of the burl arrangement, there is a high probability that any particle that might lie on the surface of the substrate, substrate holder or substrate table will fall between burls and will not therefore result in a deformation of the substrate or substrate holder.

The burl arrangement may form a pattern and/or may have a periodic arrangement. The burl arrangement can be regular or can vary as desired to provide appropriate distribution of force on the substrate W and substrate table WT. The burls can have any shape in plan but are commonly circular in plan. The burls can have the same shape and dimensions throughout their height but are commonly tapered. The distance that the burls project from the rest of the surface of the main body100aof the substrate holder100is in the range of from about 1 μm to about 5 mm, desirably from about 5 μm to about 250 μm. The thickness of the main body100aof the substrate holder100can be in the range of about 1 mm to about 50 mm, desirably in the range of about 5 mm to 20 mm, typically 10 mm.

Beneficially, the burls may be formed with very consistent dimensions. Desirably the variation between heights of different burls is very small. Short burls can be formed (e.g. shorter than 20 μm, shorter than 15 μm, shorter than 5 μm or shorter than 3 μm). Shorter burls are beneficial because they increase the heat transfer between the substrate and the substrate holder. The gap between the top of the substrate holder away from the burls and the supported surface of a substrate on the substrate holder is smaller than a support with a greater height. Such a small gap facilitates the transfer of heat from a temperature conditioning element (e.g., heater) to the supported substrate. The minimum burl height is determined by the variations in the total height of the thin-film stack and the amount of unflatness of the substrate and substrate holder. In an embodiment the burl height is greater than or equal to 1 μm or 2 μm.

The burls can have a width (e.g., diameter) less than or equal to 0.5 mm. In an embodiment the burls have a width (e.g., diameter) in the range of from about 200 μm to about 500 μm. The spacing between burls is between about 1.5 mm to about 3 mm.

Further, an embodiment of the invention allows use of a wider range of materials for the substrate holder. Materials that are not suitable for previous methods of forming burls or substrate holders can be used in an embodiment of the invention. In an embodiment, it is possible to use material such as cordierite, a low CTE glass-ceramic, which cannot easily be machined to form burls. Cordierite has good properties for use in a substrate holder. For example, cordierite has a high Young's modulus of about 140 Gpa and a low thermal conductivity of about 4 W/mK.

A substrate holder manufactured according to an embodiment of the invention can have a long usable life time due to robust manufacturing methods. An embodiment of the invention can exhibit desirable wear properties, for example good wear resistance and therefore low generation of particular contaminants. Beneficially, an embodiment of the invention can avoid the need for coating the substrate holder.

A substrate holder according to an embodiment of the invention can have a thin-film component110formed on one or both surfaces. A thin-film component may have a layer thickness in the range of from about 2 nm to about 100 μm. Such a thin film component may have one or a plurality of layers. Each layer may be formed by a process including chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition (e.g. sputtering), dip coating, spin coating and/or spray coating. In an embodiment, a component formed on the substrate holder comprises a thin-film stack, i.e. including a plurality of thin-film layers. Such components are described further below. Although reference in this description is to a thin film stack formed on the top surface of a substrate holder, the thin film stack may be formed on the undersurface of the substrate holder, or on a substrate table beneath a substrate holder, or on any other surface of the substrate table or substrate holder, including a surface of an integral substrate holder and substrate table.

An electronic or electric component to be formed on the substrate table can include, for example, an electrode, a resistive heater and/or a sensor, such as (in a non-limiting list) a strain sensor, a magnetic sensor, a pressure sensor, a capacitive sensor or a temperature sensor. A heater and sensor can be used to control and/or monitor locally the temperature of the substrate holder and/or substrate. Such local control and/or monitoring can reduce undesired, or induce desired, temperature variation and stress in the substrate holder or substrate. Desirably, the heater and sensor are formed on, around and/over the same region as each other. It is desirable to control temperature and/or stress of the substrate in order to reduce or eliminate imaging errors such as overlay errors due to local expansion or contraction of the substrate. For example, in an immersion lithography apparatus, evaporation of residual immersion liquid (e.g., water) on the substrate can cause localized cooling, may apply a heat load to the surface on which the liquid is located, and hence shrinkage of the substrate. Conversely, the energy delivered to the substrate by the projection beam during exposure can cause significant heating and therefore expansion of the substrate.

In an embodiment, the component to be formed is an electrode for an electrostatic clamp. In electrostatic clamping, an electrode provided on the substrate table and/or substrate holder is raised to a high potential, e.g. from 10 to 5,000 V. The substrate can be grounded or floating. Electrostatic forces in the electric field generated by the electrode attract the substrate to the substrate table and/or holder to provide a clamping force. This is described further below.

One or more electrical connections can be provided to connect the electric or electronic component on the substrate holder to a voltage source (not shown for convenience). If the component is an electrostatic clamp, the electrode on the substrate has an electrical connection to the voltage source. The component may be on a top surface of the substrate support. At least part of the electrical connection may pass through the body of the substrate support as described in U.S. patent application no. 61/555,359, filed on 3 Nov. 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In an embodiment, one or more localized heaters101are controlled by controller103to provide a desired amount of heat to the substrate holder100and substrate W to control the temperature of the substrate W. One or more temperature sensors102are connected to controller104which monitors the temperature of the substrate holder100and/or substrate W. Arrangements using one or more heaters and temperature sensors to locally control the temperature of a substrate are described in copending U.S. patent application publication no. US 2012-0013865, which document is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The arrangements described therein can be modified to make use of a resistive heater and temperature sensor as described herein. Further details of thin-film stacks including components thereof and a method of manufacture thereof are given in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/403,706 filed on 23 Feb. 2012 and co-pending U.S. patent application No. 61/621,648, filed on Apr. 9, 2012, which documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

A substrate holder for use in a conventional (e.g., DUV) lithographic apparatus (e.g. an immersion lithographic apparatus) is desirably provided with one or more thin-film temperature sensors and/or one or more thin-film heaters. Other forms of sensor and/or heater can be provided in, on and/or under the substrate holder.

A substrate holder for use in an EUV lithographic apparatus is desirably provided with a thin-film electrostatic clamp and optionally one or more thin-film temperature sensors and/or one or more thin-film heaters. Other forms of sensor and/or heater can be provided in, on and/or under the substrate holder.

As mentioned, laser sintering may be used to form the burls. This method is illustrated inFIGS. 10Ato E and starts with a flat plate of the desired shape which forms the main body400of the substrate holder. The flat plate may be pre-formed by another technique. In an embodiment the plate is formed of SiSiC but one or more other materials such as INVAR™ nickel-iron alloy, ZERODUR™ ceramic, ULE™ glass ceramic, fused silica, cordierite, boron nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride (AlN) and/or SiC can be used. Desirably, a surface400aof the plate is ground and/or polished to a desired degree of flatness. In an embodiment, the surface is cleaned, e.g. with ozone, but this step can be omitted. In an embodiment, the surface400ais treated to promote adherence of one or more subsequent layers, e.g. by application of a primer layer, but this step can be omitted. On the plate, an isolation layer410is applied to isolate one or more metal layers to be formed above it from the main body of the substrate holder. In an embodiment, the isolation layer410improves flatness. The isolation layer410may be made of BCB applied by spin or spray coating as described above or of SiO2applied by a PECVD process, or other suitable material. On top of the isolation layer, a metal layer440is applied, e.g. by PVD, to arrive at the situation shown inFIG. 10A.

The metal layer is then patterned, e.g. by lithography and selective etching, e.g. a wet etch, to define the desired pattern to form a desired component, e.g. an electrode, a sensor or a heater. This step also removes the metal layer in an area where burls are to be formed in a subsequent step. At this stage, the substrate holder is as illustrated inFIG. 10B.

Over the patterned metal layer, an isolation or dielectric layer450is applied and an opening through to the main body or a base layer, i.e. through both isolation layers, are formed in locations where burls are desired. The substrate holder is now as illustrated inFIG. 10C. Optionally, the exposed areas400bof the surface of the main body400are cleaned, e.g. with ozone, and/or treated, e.g. by application of a primer layer to promote adhesion of the burls which are to be formed subsequently.

Burls406are now formed in the opening through the thin film stack by a laser sintering process. Other structures on the substrate holder, for example a vacuum ring, can be formed concurrently with the burls. It is also possible to form one or more projections between the burls that are shorter than the burls but have a larger area. Such a projection improves thermal transfer between the substrate and the substrate holder. Such a projection can be, for example 10 μm or more shorter than the burls406. There are two types of laser sintering methods, both are usable.

In the first method, a thin layer of powder is applied to the area where burls are to be formed. Then one or more laser beams are used to selectively sinter the powder in the area where the burls are to be formed. When that is complete, another thin layer of powder is applied and selectively heated and sintered. This is repeated so that the burl is built up layer by layer. In an embodiment, each layer has a thickness in the range of from 1 to 1.5 μm. Since the sintering pattern can be varied at each layer, the burl can be built up with any desired shape and/or profile. In this method, the powder may be applied over a large area and multiple burls formed simultaneously or concurrently. Alternatively, powder may be applied to a small area and each burl formed independently. Further details of this process can be found in “Laser micro sintering—a quality leap through improvement of powder packing” by a Streek et al published at laz.htwm.de/43_rapidmicro/55_Ver%C3%B6effentlichungen/Laser%20micro%20sintering%20-%20a%20quality%20leap%20thourgh%20improvement%20of%20powder%20packing.pdf

In the second method, powder is jetted in an inert gas over the area where a burl is to be formed while one or more laser beams irradiate the precise locations where burls are to be formed. Powder selectively adheres to the positions irradiated by the laser beam. By suitably shifting the point of irradiation, a burl of desired profile can be built up. Further details of this process can be found in “MICRO-CLADDING USING A PULSED FIBRE LASER AND SCANNER” by S. Kloeter et al published at laz.htwm.de/43_rapidmicro/55_Ver%C3%B6effentlichungen/Microcladding_LPM2010.pdf.

As with other sintering techniques, laser sintering works by partially melting particles of the powder so that they adhere together when they cool. Laser sintering has an advantage in that the controlled application of the laser beam allows for spatial control of where sintering takes place. In both methods described above, the powder can be pre-heated to a temperature close to the relevant melting point so that less energy need be applied by the laser beam to complete the sintering. A wide variety of materials can be used in sintering techniques. The powder can be formed of a single material, e.g. a metal such as titanium, a semiconductor such as silicon or a ceramic such as fused silica, cordierite and/or aluminum nitride. In an embodiment, the powder is made of two or more components. One component has a relatively low melting point which melts to form a matrix in which the other particulate component(s) is(are) embedded. The matrix-forming component of the powder can be provided as separate particles or as a coating on particles of another material(s). The matrix forming compound can be any of the single materials mentioned above. The particulate component can be one or more components selected from the group comprising cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide and/or diamond, e.g. diamond-like carbon (DLC). The sintering process can be carried out in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum to help prevent chemical change to the material being sintered or in a controlled atmosphere to promote a chemical change.

Thus, the material from which the burl is to be formed can be selected from a wide range of materials to provide a desired property such as strength of adherence to the material of the base body of the substrate holder. Desirably, the burl is made of the same material as, or a material compatible with, the material of the main body of the substrate holder. For example, it is generally desirable that the burl bond well to the base material of the main body of the substrate so as to provide longevity and robustness in use. In some applications, it is desirable that the burls have high thermal conductivity to assist in temperature conditioning of the substrate. In other applications, a low thermal conductivity can be desirable in order to isolate the substrate. Other relevant properties of the burls that can be affected through choice of material include electrical conductivity, dielectric strength and wear resistance.

The laser sintering technique for forming the burls generally results in a rough upper surface to the burls as depicted inFIG. 10D. If so, it is desirable to perform a final polishing step so as to provide a smooth upper surface to the burls as illustratedFIG. 10E. In some cases, e.g. if the final polishing is performed with a coarse-grained slurry, it might be desirable to first protect the thin film stacks with an additional coating. However this is often not necessary, for example where the thin film stack contains only electrodes for clamping purposes.

A further advantage of the laser sintering process is that it allows the composition of a burl to be varied through its height. It is therefore possible to manufacture burls having one or more sections or layers of different composition and/or property as illustrated inFIG. 11. For example, a lower part406aof a burl can be formed of material that bonds well to the material of the base body of the substrate holder, while the upper part406bof the burl is formed of a material having, e.g., an improved wear property. (Note that the base body may be made using a different technique from the burls.) For example, particles of diamond, such as diamond-like carbon (DLC), can be included in the upper part406bof the burl to improve wear resistance. Alternatively, diamond particles (e.g. DLC) can be included in the lower part406ato improve thermal conductivity. In an embodiment, a burl is formed with more than two distinct layers. In an embodiment, a burl is formed with a gradual change in composition, content or material property through at least a part of its height.

It is also possible to vary the composition of the powder to be sintered in a direction substantially parallel to the surface on which the burl is being formed. In the powder layer method of sintering, this can be achieved through variation of the composition of the powder within each layer of powder as it is applied. In the powder jetting method, this can be achieved through variation of the composition of the jetted powder with time in synchronization with movement of the point of laser irradiation. Varying the material composition of the burl in a direction substantially parallel to the surface on which it is formed, optionally in addition to variation in the height direction, can allow fine control over one or more mechanical and other properties of the burl, e.g. stiffness.

An advantage of an embodiment of the invention is that burls can be formed with almost any shape in three dimensions. In an embodiment, a burl has a constant cross-section throughout its height. In an embodiment, a burl tapers away from the main body of the substrate holder. In an embodiment, the cross-section of a burl varies with height. In an embodiment, a burl has a cross-section, substantially parallel to the surface of the main body of the substrate holder, that is selected from the group consisting of circle, square, rectangle, oval, rhombus and “racetrack” or “stadium” shape. A “racetrack” or “stadium” shape has two straight parallel sides joined by curves, e.g. semicircles.

In an embodiment, a thin-film stack is provided on only one side of the substrate holder. In an embodiment, no thin film stacks are provided on the substrate holder. In an embodiment, thin-film stacks are provided on both sides of the substrate holder. In an embodiment, burls are provided on both sides of the substrate holder. If burls are provided on both sides of the substrate holder it is not necessary that the same method of forming the burls is used on both sides.

An embodiment of the present invention can be employed to form burls on other components in a lithographic apparatus where controlled contact between a component of the apparatus and an object to be handled is desired.

FIG. 12shows an embodiment of the invention which is a support structure for a patterning device, for example a mask table MT to support a mask MA. The main body500of the mask table is, in contrast with a substrate table, provided with a through hole501for passage for the projection beam B. The mask MA is supported by burl areas502formed by laser sintering on the mask table500. The use of burls to support the mask MA has similar functions of the use of burls to support a substrate on the substrate table or holder. For example, burls can prevent or reduce the chance of the mask being misaligned or distorted by the presence of a particle between the mask and a surface on which it is supported. Burls can allow a mask to be clamped to a mask table or other support structure using a vacuum and/or electrostatic clamping technique. Since in most lithographic apparatuses the projection system PS reduces the projected image by a factor of 4 or 5, in a scanning mode of operation, the mask is moved with a velocity and acceleration 4 or 5 times greater than the substrate table. Therefore, a commensurately larger clamping force should be exerted. Desirably, a mask is held on the support structure in such a manner that no or minimal stress is generated in the mask. The use of burls can contribute to this aim.

InFIG. 12, burls are shown as provided in discrete areas either side of the aperture501. In an embodiment, burls can be provided in a continuous area completely surrounding the aperture or in multiple locations spaced around the aperture. The exact location of the burls can be determined in construction of an embodiment. Burls used to support a mask, e.g. on a mask table or mask handling device, can have a diameter of from 100 μm to 1 μm, desirably 300 to 500 μm. The burls can have an elongate shape in plan such as an ellipse or rectangle.

In an embodiment, burls are formed by laser sintering on a clamp for a mask or reticle. The clamp can be a layered structure of, for example, a ULE™-ZERODUR™-ULE™ or a thin film stack-ZERODUR™ thin film stack. Such a clamp can have a thickness of about 10 mm. The burls can have a pitch of from 2 to 10 mm.

FIG. 13depicts in plan a support structure for a patterning device, e.g. a mask or a reticle, according to an embodiment of the invention.FIG. 14depicts the same support structure in cross-section along line XX ofFIG. 13. The support structure comprises a support member512that is supported above a main body510by a leaf spring513. The upper surface of the support member512has a central recess515surrounded by an area of burls106. The central recess515is connected via conduit516to a low pressure (e.g., vacuum) source517.

When a patterning device such as mask MA is placed on support member512and pressure in the central recess515is reduced, the patterning device is clamped securely in place. By virtue of the leaf spring513, the position of the support member512in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the patterning device MA is well defined. However, the support member512is allowed to move in at least one direction substantially parallel to the surface of the patterning device MA. This means that it help ensure that no or minimal stresses arise in the patterning device MA. Such stresses are undesirable as they might distort the pattern defined by patterning device MA. The provision of burls106formed by laser sintering on the support member512helps ensure that the patterning device MA is accurately positioned.

FIG. 15illustrates a substrate handling arm or gripper600according to an embodiment of the invention. Substrate handling arm600is driven by one or more actuators (not shown). Substrate handling arm600is used to transfer a substrate between, e.g., a loading dock and a pre-alignment stage, between the pre-alignment stage and the substrate table and/or between the substrate table and an unloading dock. Similar handling devices may be used in the track part of a lithocell or may be used to move a patterning device (e.g., a mask). The substrate handling arm600comprises a pair of fingers or prongs601spaced apart in a substantially horizontal plane. An upper surface, or part thereof, of each of the prongs601is provided with an area602having burls formed by laser sintering. The use of burls on the substrate handling arm can have one or more of the same advantages as described above, that is, e.g., enabling the use of a vacuum and/or electrostatic clamping technique and/or preventing particulates distorting the substrate.

FIG. 16shows an embodiment of the invention in which a substrate holder is integrated with the substrate table WT. The holder WT has a main body700in which is formed a recess701within which the substrate W can be accommodated. The lower surface of the recess701is provided with burls106formed by laser sintering described above. The depth of the recess701and height of burls106are determined to help ensure that the upper surface of the substrate W is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the main body700. In this way, one or more sensors, such as a transmission image sensor TIS, provided in the substrate table WT can make measurements at a substantially same vertical position as the exposures onto the substrate W will be performed.

An advantage of embodiment of the present invention is that burls can be formed reliably and accurately on a wider variety of surfaces than previously known methods of forming burls. Thus, burls can be provided on a component that would not have been suitable for provision of burls by prior techniques such as a material removal technique, for example electric discharge machining (EDM).

A further advantage is that methods described herein can be used to repair burls, individually or collectively. Two methods of repairing burls according to embodiments of the invention will be described below. These methods can be used to repair burls formed by any method, not just burls formed by laser sintering.

In a repair method according to an embodiment of the invention, steps of which are illustrated inFIGS. 17A to 17C, individual burls are repaired. As shown inFIG. 17A, an object holder800has a plurality of burls801and a damaged burl802. The damaged burl802has a rough upper surface802acaused by, for example, wear or physical damage. The damaged burl is further ground down to provide a smooth surface802bas shown inFIG. 17B. A temporary protective coating can be provided to cover intact burls801during this process. If desired, the ground surface802bcan be cleaned, e.g. with ozone, and/or pre-treated, e.g. by application of a primer. A laser sintering technique, as described above, is next used to rebuild the burl to its original shape and/or height (or to a different desired shape and/or height). This may involve building the repaired burl803to a height higher than the ultimately designed height and polishing back to a level matching the height of intact burls801, as shown inFIG. 17C.

In a further repair method, steps of which are depicted inFIG. 18A to 18C, a plurality of burls901on an object holder900are repaired simultaneously. This approach is particularly applicable for the periodic rehabilitation of an object holder to account for wear rather than to address isolated incidences of damage. This method can also be used to adjust the height of burls to suit changed operating parameters, e.g. a change in thickness of a substrate to be exposed.

In the method of this embodiment, the upper surfaces of burls901, shown inFIG. 18A, can optionally be cleaned, e.g. using ozone, or prepared, e.g. by application of a primer. Then an additional layer902is built up on the burls901by a laser sintering process as described above. In an embodiment, the additional layer902has a thickness in the range of from 1 to 5 μm, desirably 2 to 3 μm. In most cases this will provide a rough upper surface902a, shown inFIG. 18B, which is at a higher height than the ultimate desired height for the burls. The burls can then be polished back to provide a desired flatness and desired roughness of top surface902bat the desired height, as shown inFIG. 18C.

As well as a direct benefit of providing a method of repairing burls, namely that damaged components do not always need to be replaced, the existence of a repair technique enables burls to be formed directly on a component where it would be economically undesirable to replace the component in the invent of damage to one or more burls.

An embodiment of the present invention advantageously enables the use of burls on a component of a lithographic apparatus such as a substrate table, a support structure for a patterning device, a mask table, a wafer handler, a mask handler, a gripper, a pre-alignment stage, a process device in a track, a substrate handling robot, a conditioning plate, a substrate conditioning unit and/or a sensor mount. Burls manufactured according to an embodiment of the invention can be used wherever an object—such as a substrate, patterning device, optical element or sensor—is to be held or mounted at a precise location. A sensor which can be mounted on burls formed according to an embodiment of the invention may include a transmission image sensor and/or an interferometric aberration sensor.

An advantage of embodiment of the present invention is that it can form burls more accurately than a subtractive technique such as electric discharge machining. With an embodiment of the invention, burls may be formed reliably and accurately. Any burls that are missing or damaged in the manufacturing process can be easily added or repaired. In an embodiment the body may be made by a different technique from the burls formed thereon.

As will be appreciated, any of the above described features can be used with any other feature and it is not only those combinations explicitly described which are covered in this application.

The terms “radiation” and “beam” used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of or about 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm).

The term “lens”, where the context allows, may refer to any one or combination of various types of optical components, including refractive and reflective optical components.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention, at least in the form of a method of operation of an apparatus as herein described, may be practiced otherwise than as described. For example, the embodiments of the invention, at least in the form of a method of operation of an apparatus, may take the form of one or more computer programs containing one or more sequences of machine-readable instructions describing a method of operating an apparatus as discussed above, or a data storage medium (e.g. semiconductor memory, magnetic or optical disk) having such a computer program stored therein. Further, the machine readable instruction may be embodied in two or more computer programs. The two or more computer programs may be stored on one or more different memories and/or data storage media.

Any controllers described herein may each or in combination be operable when the one or more computer programs are read by one or more computer processors located within at least one component of the lithographic apparatus. The controllers may each or in combination have any suitable configuration for receiving, processing and sending signals. One or more multiple processors are configured to communicate with at least one of the controllers. For example, each controller may include one or more processors for executing the computer programs that include machine-readable instructions for the methods of operating an apparatus as described above. The controllers may include data storage media for storing such computer programs, and/or hardware to receive such media. So the controller(s) may operate according to the machine readable instructions of one or more computer programs.

An embodiment of the invention may be applied to substrates with a width (e.g., diameter) of 300 mm or 450 mm or any other size.

One or more embodiments of the invention may be applied to any immersion lithography apparatus, in particular, but not exclusively, those types mentioned above, whether the immersion liquid is provided in the form of a bath, only on a localized surface area of the substrate, or is unconfined on the substrate and/or substrate table. In an unconfined arrangement, the immersion liquid may flow over the surface of the substrate and/or substrate table so that substantially the entire uncovered surface of the substrate table and/or substrate is wetted. In such an unconfined immersion system, the liquid supply system may not confine the immersion liquid or it may provide a proportion of immersion liquid confinement, but not substantially complete confinement of the immersion liquid.

A liquid supply system as contemplated herein should be broadly construed. In certain embodiments, it may be a mechanism or combination of structures that provides a liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate and/or substrate table. It may comprise a combination of one or more structures, one or more liquid inlets, one or more gas inlets, one or more gas outlets, and/or one or more liquid outlets that provide liquid to the space. In an embodiment, a surface of the space may be a portion of the substrate and/or substrate table, or a surface of the space may completely cover a surface of the substrate and/or substrate table, or the space may envelop the substrate and/or substrate table. The liquid supply system may optionally further include one or more elements to control the position, quantity, quality, shape, flow rate or any other features of the liquid.

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an object holder for use in a lithographic apparatus, the method comprising: providing a main body having a surface; and forming a plurality of burls on the surface, the burls projecting from the surface and having end surfaces to support an object, wherein forming at least part of at least one of the burls comprises laser-sintering.

The laser-sintering may comprise: applying a layer of powder to the surface; and selectively irradiating the layer of powder with a radiation beam so as to cause at least partial melting of the powder at irradiated locations. In an embodiment, the laser-sintering comprises: irradiating a location on the surface; and jetting powder at the irradiated location.

The main body may be formed of a different material than the at least one burl. The at least one burl may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Si, fused silica, Cordierite, diamond-like carbon, SiC, SiO2, AlN, TiN and CrN. The at least one burl may be formed of a matrix material and particles embedded in the matrix material. The matrix material may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Si, fused silica, Cordierite, diamond-like carbon, SiC, SiO2, AlN, TiN and CrN. The particles may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide and diamond.

At least one burl may comprise a first layer of a first material and a second layer of a second material that is different from the first material. The first and second materials may be different in a property or a component.

In an embodiment, the object is a substrate or a patterning device. A thin film stack may be provided on the surface, the plurality of burls projecting further from the surface than the thin film stack.

In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of repairing an object holder having burls for use in a lithographic apparatus, the method comprising: preparing a burl to be repaired; applying a layer of material to the burl to be repaired by laser-sintering; and polishing the layer of material.

In a third aspect of the invention there is provided an object holder for use in a lithographic apparatus, the object holder comprising: a main body having a surface; and a plurality of burls provided on the surface and having end surfaces to support an object, wherein at least part of at least one of the burls has been formed by laser-sintering.

In an embodiment, the main body is formed of a different material than the part of the burl. The at least one burl may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Si, fused silica, cordierite, diamond-like carbon, SiC, SiO2, AlN, TiN and CrN. The at least one burl may be formed of a matrix material and particles embedded in the matrix material. The matrix material may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Si, fused silica, cordierite, diamond-like carbon, SiC, SiO2, ALN, TiN and CrN. The particles may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide and diamond.

At least one burl may comprise a first layer of a first material and a second layer of a second material that is different from the first material. The first and second materials may be different in a property or a component. The at least one burl may have a substantially constant cross-section substantially parallel to the surface. The at least one burl may taper away from the surface. A cross-section, substantially parallel to the surface, of the at least one burl may be selected from the group consisting of: circle, square, rectangle, oval, rhombus and “racetrack” or “stadium” shape. The main body may comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of: Zerodur, cordierite, SiC, SiSiC, AlN, Invar, ceramic and glass-ceramic.

The object holder is constructed and arranged to support, as the object, at least one selected from: a substrate, a patterning device, a sensor, and optical element. In an embodiment the object is a substrate and the object holder is a substrate holder. The substrate holder may have a diameter substantially equal to 200 mm, 300 mm or 450 mm. The object may be a patterning device and the object holder is a support structure for the patterning device. The object holder may be a reticle clamp. The object holder may be a substrate gripper. A thin film stack may be provided on the surface, the plurality of burls projecting further from the surface than the thin film stack.

In a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a lithographic apparatus, comprising: a support structure configured to support a patterning device; a projection system arranged to project a beam patterned by the patterning device onto a substrate; and a substrate holder arranged to hold the substrate, the substrate holder being according to features of the third aspect of the invention.

The lithographic apparatus may comprise a substrate table and wherein the substrate holder is integrated into the substrate table.

In a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided a table for use in a lithographic apparatus, the table comprising: a main body having a surface; and a plurality of burls on the surface and having end surfaces to support an object, for example a substrate, wherein the burls have been formed by laser-sintering.

In a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a lithographic apparatus, comprising: a support structure configured to support a patterning device; a projection system arranged to project a beam patterned by the patterning device onto a substrate; and a table according to the fifth aspect of the invention.

In a seventh aspect of the invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method using a lithographic apparatus, the method comprising: projecting a beam patterned by a patterning device onto a substrate while holding the substrate on a substrate holder, wherein the substrate holder comprises: a main body having a surface; and a plurality of burls on the surface and having end surfaces to support the substrate, wherein the burls have been formed by laser-sintering.