Active matrix liquid crystal display

To provide a liquid crystal display which enables the enhancement of the numerical aperture with a characteristic of a wide angle of visibility provided in constitution for driving liquid crystal by a lateral electric field, the present invention is characterized in that liquid crystal is arranged between a pair of substrates, plural gate wirings and plural source wirings are provided mutually perpendicularly on the opposite surface of either of the above substrates, a thin film transistor is provided in the vicinity of each intersection of the above gate wiring and the above source wiring, a pixel electrode driven by the thin film transistor and a common electrode for applying a lateral electric field to the liquid crystal in a direction along the above substrate surface in cooperation with the above each pixel electrode and forming plural pixel electrodes are provided, insulating layers are provided between the common electrode and the gate wiring and an electrode part along the gate wiring of the common electrode is provided in the vicinity of the gate wiring.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to an active matrix liquid crystal display 
which controls the orientation of liquid crystal by applying a lateral 
electric field in a direction along the surface of a substrate and 
particularly, relates to structure which enables the enhancement of the 
numerical aperture. 
Recently, there is a problem in a twisted nematic (TN) mode liquid crystal 
display that dependency upon the angle of visibility is high because 
vertical visibility is poor though horizontal visibility is relatively 
good. Therefore, the applicants of the present invention formerly 
developed a liquid crystal display provided with structure which enabled 
the solution of such a problem. 
According to technique for solving the problem, an electrode for driving 
liquid crystal is not respectively provided to the upper and lower 
substrates which holds a liquid crystal layer between them but two types 
of linear electrodes 12 and 13 with different poles are provided only to 
the lower substrate 11 with the above electrodes mutually separated as 
shown in FIG. 10, no electrode is provided to the upper substrate 10 shown 
in FIG. 10 and liquid crystal molecules 36 can be oriented in the 
direction (the direction of the surface of the substrate) of a lateral 
electric field generated between both linear electrodes 12 and 13 by 
applying voltage. 
That is, as shown in FIG. 9, a comb-type electrode 16 is constituted by 
connecting each linear electrode 12 to a base line part 14, a comb-type 
electrode 17 is constituted by connecting each linear electrode 13 to a 
base line part 15, both comb-type electrodes 16 and 17 are combined, a 
switching element 19 is connected to the base line part 14 and a power 
source 18 is connected to the base line part 15. 
As shown in FIG. 11A, a polarizing plate provided with the polarization 
direction of a direction .beta. shown in FIG. 11A is laminated on the 
upper substrate 10 by forming an orientation film on the liquid crystal 
side of the upper substrate 10 and applying orientation processing to the 
orientation film so that liquid crystal molecules 36 are arranged in the 
direction of .beta., and a polarizing plate provided with the polarization 
direction of a direction .alpha. is laminated on the lower substrate 11 by 
forming an orientation film on the liquid crystal side of the lower 
substrate 11 and applying orientation processing to the orientation film 
so that liquid crystal molecules 36 are arranged in the direction of 
.gamma. parallel to the above direction .beta.. 
According to the above constitution, liquid crystal molecules 36 are 
homogeneously oriented in the same direction in the orientation direction 
of the orientation films as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B in a state in which 
no voltage is applied between the linear electrodes 12 and 13. Back light 
which passes the lower substrate 11 in this state is polarized in the 
direction of .alpha. by the polarizing plate, as the back light is 
transmitted in the layer of liquid crystal molecules 36 as it is and 
reaches the polarizing plate with a different polarization direction 
.beta. of the upper substrate 10, it is interrupted by the polarizing 
plate and as no back light passes a liquid crystal display, the liquid 
crystal display is in a dark state. 
Next, when voltage is applied between the linear electrodes 12 and 13, 
liquid crystal molecules 36 are twistedly oriented as shown in FIGS. 12A 
and 12B. In this state, the polarization direction of light transmitted in 
the lower substrate 11 and polarized in the direction of a is converted by 
the twisted liquid crystal molecules 36, the light can pass through the 
upper substrate 10 provided with the polarizing plate with the 
polarization direction .beta. different from the direction .alpha. and the 
liquid crystal display is in a light state. 
FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C show the structure of a liquid crystal display 
provided with the linear electrodes 12 and 13 provided with the above 
structure in case the structure of the liquid crystal display is applied 
to an actual active matrix liquid crystal driving circuit. 
FIG. 13A shows the planar structure of each electrode, FIGS. 13B and 13C 
show the sectional structure, gate wirings 21 and source wirings 22 
arranged in a matrix on a substrate 20 are formed on/over the transparent 
substrate 20 via an insulating layer 24 between them and a part equivalent 
to each rectangular area surrounded by the gate wirings 21 and the source 
wirings 22 is a pixel area. Further, a gate electrode 21a composed of a 
part of the gate wiring 21 is formed at the corner of each pixel area, a 
semiconductor layer 26 is formed on the insulating layer 24 on the gate 
electrode 21a and a thin film transistor T is constituted by a source 
electrode 27 and a drain electrode 28 on both sides of the semiconductor 
layer 26. 
A common wiring 30 is provided next to the gate wiring 21 on the substrate 
20 so that the common wiring passes each pixel area and common electrodes 
31 are provided in a part equivalent to each pixel area of each common 
wiring 30 so that the common electrode is adjacent to the source wiring 22 
located on both sides of each picture element and the ends of the common 
electrodes 31 are connected by a common electrode connection 32 provided 
along the gate wiring 21 on the end side of the common electrode 31. 
Further, the drain electrode 28 provided to the thin film transistor T is 
connected to a capacity generating electrode 33 extended on the upper side 
of the common electrode connection 32, the capacity generating electrode 
33 is connected to a pixel electrode 34 provided in the middle of the 
common electrodes 31, the pixel electrode 34 is extended to the side of 
the common wiring 30 and is connected to a capacity generating electrode 
35 formed on the common wiring 30. 
In the structure shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, as a lateral electric field can 
be let to act so that a line of electric force is formed in a direction 
shown by a dotted arrow a in FIG. 13C, liquid crystal molecules can be 
oriented according to the lateral electric field. Therefore, a light state 
and a dark state can be switched by controlling the orientation of liquid 
crystal as in the case described above, referring to FIGS. 11 and 12. 
However, the liquid crystal display provided with the above structure has a 
problem that the numerical aperture is often small though the display has 
an advantage that the angle of visibility is large. 
That is, in the structure shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, the orientation of 
liquid crystal molecules is controlled by a lateral electric field 
generated between the pixel electrode 34 and each common electrode 31. 
However, since the gate wiring 21 and the common wiring 30 are both 
directly formed on the substrate 20 as shown in FIGS. 13B and 13C and 
located in the same plane, fixed space d.sub.1 is required to be left 
between the gate wiring 21 and the common wiring 30 to prevent a short 
circuit in wiring as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B. Because the space d.sub.1 
may be probably a defective part in which the leakage of light and others 
are caused, the space is required to be covered with a black matrix and 
others and therefore, a numerical aperture as a liquid crystal display 
cannot be enhanced. As the orientation of an electric field applied to a 
liquid crystal molecule is different from that of a lateral electric field 
in each area over the common electrodes 31, the orientation of liquid 
crystal molecules 36 is different from that of an area between the pixel 
electrode 34 and the common electrode 31 as shown in FIG. 10. 
Therefore, heretofore, as an area over the common electrode 31 may cause a 
problem such as the leakage of light, structure that the area is covered 
with a black matrix is adopted and further, structure that the periphery 
of a part covered with a black matrix is located slightly inside the inner 
edge of each common electrode 31 is adopted, therefore, an area covered 
with a black matrix is widened and there is a problem that a numerical 
aperture as a liquid crystal display cannot be enhanced. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention is made in view of the above situation and the object 
is to provide a liquid crystal display which enables the enhancement of 
the numerical aperture with a characteristic that the angle of visibility 
is large in constitution that liquid crystal is driven by a lateral 
electric field provided. 
To solve the above problems, the present invention is characterized in that 
liquid crystal is arranged between a pair of substrates, plural gate 
wirings and plural source wirings are provided mutually perpendicularly on 
the opposite surface of either of the above substrates, a thin film 
transistor is provided in the vicinity of each intersection of the gate 
wiring and the source wiring, a pixel electrode driven by the thin film 
transistor and a common electrode for applying a lateral electric field to 
the above liquid crystal in a direction along the above substrate in 
cooperation with the pixel electrodes and forming plural pixel electrodes 
are provided, an insulating layer is provided between the common electrode 
and the above a gate wiring and an electrode part along the gate wiring of 
the common electrode is provided in the vicinity of the gate wiring. 
As in the above structure, a lateral electric field can be applied to 
liquid crystal by the common electrode and the pixel electrode 
respectively provided on the substrate, the orientation of liquid crystal 
can be controlled by applying a lateral electric field or not applying it 
and hereby, a light state and a dark state can be switched. 
Further, as the gate wiring and the common electrode are provided in 
separate layers on the substrate via an insulating layer, the gate wiring 
and the common electrode can be arranged closer, compared with those in 
conventional type structure which is structure in the same layer and 
hereby, as an interval in a plan between the gate wiring and the common 
electrode can be reduced, a numerical aperture as a liquid crystal display 
can be enhanced. 
Next, the liquid crystal display according to the present invention may be 
also constituted so that the present invention is characterized in that 
the gate wiring is provided on the upper side of the common electrode, the 
above pixel electrode is provided on the gate wiring via a second 
insulating layer and an electrode part along the gate wiring of the pixel 
electrode is overlapped with an electrode part along the gate wiring of 
the common electrode. 
The liquid crystal display according to the present invention may be also 
constituted so that the present invention is characterized in that the 
gate wiring is provided on the upper side of the common electrode, the 
pixel electrode is provided on the gate wiring via the second insulating 
layer and an electrode part along the source wiring of the pixel electrode 
is overlapped with an electrode part along the source wiring of the common 
electrode. 
According to the above structures, as capacity can be secured in a part 
between the pixel electrode part and the common electrode part 
respectively along the gate wiring or a part between the pixel electrode 
part and the common electrode part respectively along the source wiring, 
such capacity can be utilized for the improvement of the liquid crystal 
driving performance of the liquid crystal display as storage capacity. 
Next, the present invention is characterized in that liquid crystal is 
arranged between a pair of substrates, plural gate wirings and plural 
source wirings are provided mutually perpendicularly on the opposite 
surface of either of the above substrates, a thin film transistor is 
provided in the vicinity of each intersection of the gate wiring and the 
source wiring, a pixel electrode driven by the thin film transistor and a 
common electrode for applying a lateral electric field to the liquid 
crystal in a direction along the surface of the substrate in cooperation 
with the pixel electrodes to form plural pixel electrodes are provided, an 
insulating layer is provided between the common electrode and the gate 
wiring and a part overlapped with the gate wiring is formed in an 
electrode part along the gate wiring of the common electrode. 
According to the above structure, as the part overlapped with a part of the 
gate wiring is provided to a part of the common electrode, the part of the 
common electrode can be arranged further closer to the gate wiring in a 
plan and as the area of the common electrode in a pixel area can be 
further reduced than that in the above each structure, the numerical 
aperture can be enhanced. 
Next, the liquid crystal display according to the present invention can be 
constituted so that the present invention is characterized in that in the 
above structure, two isolating layers are provided, the pixel electrode is 
provided between the upper isolating layer and the lower isolating layer 
and a part overlapped with the gate wiring is formed in an electrode part 
along the gate wiring of the pixel electrode. 
Further, the liquid crystal display according to the present invention may 
be also constituted so that two isolating layers are provided as described 
above, the pixel electrode is provided between the upper isolating layer 
and the lower isolating layer and an electrode part along the gate wiring 
of the pixel electrode is overlapped with an electrode part along the gate 
wiring of the common electrode. 
As a part overlapped with the gate wiring or an electrode part along the 
gate wiring of the common electrode is provided, capacity can be secured 
by the overlapped part and such capacity can be utilized for the 
improvement of the liquid crystal driving performance of the liquid 
crystal display as storage capacity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to the drawings, a first embodiment of the present invention will 
be described below. 
FIGS. 1 to 3 show a first embodiment of a liquid crystal display according 
to the present invention, an upper substrate 40 and a lower substrate 41 
are arranged opposite in parallel at a predetermined interval (a cell gap) 
between the upper and lower substrates as shown in sectional structure in 
FIG. 2, liquid crystal 42 is provided between the substrates 40 and 41 and 
polarizing plates 43 and 44 are arranged on the outside surface of each 
substrate 40 and 41. 
These substrates 40 and 41 are composed of a transparent substrate such as 
glass, however, in actual constitution, the periphery of each substrate 40 
and 41 is surrounded by sealant, space surrounded by the substrates 40 and 
41 and the sealant is filled with liquid crystal 42 and a liquid crystal 
cell 45 is constituted by combining the substrates 40, 41, the liquid 
crystal 42, the polarizing plates 43 and 44. 
In structure in this embodiment, plural gate wirings 50 and plural source 
wirings 51 are formed on the transparent substrate 41 in a matrix as shown 
in FIG. 1A, and linear common electrodes 53 and a linear pixel electrode 
54 are arranged in parallel in a pixel area 52 surrounded by the gate 
wirings 50 and the source wirings 51. 
More detailedly, plural common electrode wirings 55 for constituting a part 
of each common electrode are formed on the lower substrate 41 in parallel 
at a predetermined interval, a first isolating layer 56 composed of 
SiO.sub.2, SiN.sub.x and others such as an insulating layer is formed with 
the first isolating layer covering the substrate 41 and the common 
electrode wirings 55, the gate wiring 50 wider than the common electrode 
wiring 55 is provided next to the common electrode wiring 55 on the 
isolating layer 56 in parallel with the common electrode wiring 55 at a 
minute interval of approximately 0.5 to 2.0 .mu.m, a second isolating 
layer 57 such an insulating layer is formed on the first isolating layer 
56 with the second isolating layer covering each gate wiring 50, and the 
pixel electrode 54 and the source wiring 51 are formed on the isolating 
layer 57. 
The common electrodes 53 extended from the common electrode wiring 55 are 
formed in parallel with the source wirings 51 located on both sides of the 
common electrode wiring 55 for each pixel area 52 and are connected via 
the common electrode connection 59 provided next to the gate wiring 50 in 
a position close to the gate wiring 50 on the other end side (on the lower 
side in FIG. 1A) of each common electrode. 
In the meantime, a thin film transistor T is constituted by forming a gate 
electrode 60 using a part of the gate wiring 50 in a part in which the 
gate wiring 50 and the source wiring 51 are crossed in each pixel area 52, 
forming a semiconductor layer 61 on the isolating layer 57 on the gate 
electrode 60, connecting a source electrode 62 using a part of the source 
wiring 51 to one side of the semiconductor layer 61 and connecting a drain 
electrode 63 to the other side. 
Next, the above pixel electrode 54 is arranged in parallel with the common 
electrodes 53 in the middle of the common electrodes 53 on both sides of 
each pixel area 52, a capacity generating electrode 65 over the common 
electrode connection 59 is formed on one side of the pixel electrode 54, 
the isolating layers 56 and 57 are provided between the common electrode 
connection 59 and the capacity generating electrode 65 so that capacity is 
secured and one end of the capacity generating electrode 65 is connected 
to the drain electrode 63. 
Next, a capacity generating electrode 66 over the common electrode wiring 
55 is formed on the other side of the pixel electrode 54 in each pixel 
area 52 and the isolating layers 56 and 57 are provided between the common 
electrode wiring 55 and the capacity generating electrode so that capacity 
is secured. Capacity generated by these capacity generating electrodes 65 
and 66 functions as the removal of the effect of parasitic capacity when 
liquid crystal is driven and storage capacity for holding signal voltage. 
An orientation film is provided on/over the isolating layer 57, the pixel 
electrode 54 and the source wiring 51, however, the film is omitted in 
sectional structure shown in FIG. 2. 
The electrodes 53 and 54 used in structure in this embodiment may be also 
formed by either a shading metallic electrode or a transparent electrode. 
However, if a normal black type display described later is adopted, it is 
desirable that the electrodes are a transparent electrode composed of 
indium tin oxide (ITO) and others. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 2, a black matrix 71 provided with an opening 70 
corresponding to the pixel area 52 provided on the side of the lower 
substrate 41 is provided on the lower surface side of the upper substrate 
40, each opening 70 is covered with a color filter 72 and an orientation 
film not shown is provided while covering the black matrix 71 and the 
color filter 72. The above black matrix 71 is composed of a shading 
metallic film such as a chromium layer or a lamination of a chromium oxide 
layer and a chromium layer, covers a part which does not contribute to 
display of each pixel area 52 provided on the side of the lower substrate 
41 and is formed so that the black matrix 71 covers a part which does not 
contribute to display of each pixel area 52, for example the gate wiring 
50, the common electrode wiring 55, the source wiring 51, the common 
electrode 53, the common electrode connection 59 and the vicinity of them. 
An orientation film is provided on the respective lower surface sides of 
the black matrix 71 and the color filter 72. However, the film is omitted 
in the sectional structure shown in FIG. 1. 
In the case of a liquid crystal display for color display, the color filter 
72 is provided as shown in FIG. 2 and each color of red (R), green (G) and 
blue (B) of the color filter is arranged every pixel area 52, however, in 
the case of a liquid crystal display which is not for color display, it is 
natural that the color filter 72 may be omitted. 
Further, in the liquid crystal display in this embodiment, orientation 
processing is applied to an orientation film on the side of the upper 
substrate 40 and an orientation film on the side of the lower substrate 41 
in an approximately parallel direction with the longitudinal direction of 
the common electrode 53. 
Molecules of liquid crystal 42 existing between the substrates 40 and 41 
are homogeneously arrayed by the above orientation processing in a state 
in which the longer axis of each liquid crystal molecule is directed in 
the longitudinal direction of the common electrode 53 (in a state in which 
the longer axis is directed in a direction .gamma. shown in FIG. 1A) in a 
state in which an electric field is not applied. 
In the structure in this embodiment, the polarizing axis of the upper 
polarizing plate 43 is directed in an approximately parallel direction 
with the longitudinal direction of the common electrode 53, and the 
polarizing axis of the lower polarizing plate 44 is directed in a 
perpendicular direction (in a lateral direction in FIG. 1A, that is, in a 
direction .alpha.) to the longitudinal direction of the common electrode 
53. 
In the above structure according to the present invention, a light state 
and a dark state can be switched by switching whether voltage is applied 
between each common electrode 53 and the pixel electrode 54 in a desired 
pixel area 52 or not by the operation of the thin film transistor T which 
is a switching device. 
That is, a lateral electric field can be applied in a direction a.sub.1 
shown in FIG. 3 by applying voltage between each common electrode 53 and 
the pixel electrode 54 provided in a pixel area 52 in a desired position 
by operating the thin film transistor T. Accordingly, as in the case 
described referring to FIGS. 12A and 12B, liquid crystal molecules can be 
twisted by 90.degree. between the upper and lower substrates to thereby 
obtain a light state. 
Liquid crystal molecules can be homogeneously oriented in the same 
direction as the direction of the orientation film in the orientation 
processing in the case shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B by not applying voltage 
between each common electrode 53 and the pixel electrode 54, whereby a 
dark state can be obtained. 
Therefore, as described above, the orientation of liquid crystal molecules 
can be controlled and a dark state and a light state can be obtained by 
switching whether the light of a back light provided on the lower side of 
the substrate 41 is interrupted or transmitted depending upon the 
orientation controlled state of liquid crystal molecules. In this 
embodiment, as a state in which the orientation of liquid crystal 
molecules is not controlled is a dark state and a state in which the 
orientation of liquid crystal molecules is controlled is a light state, a 
display format called normal black is adopted. As the orientation of 
liquid crystal molecules is controlled with the molecules homogeneously 
oriented or twisted by 90.degree. between both substrates 40 and 41, a 
liquid crystal display with a large angle of visibility in which the 
variation of transmissivity depending upon the angle of visibility is 
small can be obtained. 
In the structure in this embodiment, the gate wiring 50 and the common 
electrode wiring 55 are adjacent via a minute interval d.sub.2 in a plan 
shown in FIG. 1A, however, as both are provided in separate layers via the 
isolating layer 56 such as an insulating layer, insulation performance 
between both is secured by the isolating layer 56 even if an interval 
between both is hardly made when viewed from the top or even if both are 
slightly overlapped to the extent that parasitic capacity does not come 
into question. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the interval 
d.sub.2 between the gate wiring 50 and the common electrode wiring 55 can 
be reduced so that the interval is smaller than the interval d.sub.1 
between the gate wiring 21 and the common electrode wiring 30 in the 
conventional type structure shown in FIG. 13B and as a result, distance 
between the common electrode wiring 55 and the common electrode connection 
59 on the opposite side can be increased. In other words, the area of the 
pixel area 52 to be covered with a black matrix can be reduced, the 
numerical aperture can be enhanced, driving voltage showing maximum 
transmissivity as a liquid crystal display can be reduced and driving by 
saved power is enabled. 
Further, if the gate wiring 50 and the common electrode wiring 55 are 
slightly overlapped to the extent that parasitic capacity does not come 
into question, the position of one side of the common electrode wiring 55 
is shown by a two-dot chain line S in FIG. 1A. However, even in this case, 
as the position of the common electrode wiring 55 can be moved more on the 
side of the gate wiring 50 than that in the structure shown in FIGS. 13A 
to 13C, the numerical aperture can be enhanced. The extent that parasitic 
capacity does not come into question in case the gate wiring 50 and the 
common electrode wiring 55 are overlapped means a range of approximately 0 
to 3 .mu.m. However, as effect by parasitic capacity is reduced in case 
measures for driving such as the optimization of common voltage are taken, 
the above extent is not limited to the above range. 
Next, capacity can be secured between a capacity generating electrode 65 
and the common electrode connection 59 and between a capacity generating 
electrode 66 and the common electrode wiring 55 by providing the capacity 
generating electrodes 65 and 66 and providing the common electrode wiring 
55 and the common electrode connection 59 so that both are respectively 
opposite to the capacity generating electrodes via the isolating layers 56 
and 57, and the above capacity can be utilized for the improvement of the 
liquid crystal driving performance of the liquid crystal capacity as 
storage capacity. 
Next, in the structure in this embodiment, if potential difference is 
applied between each common electrode 53 and the pixel electrode 54 and a 
lateral electric field is generated as shown by a.sub.1 in FIG. 3, a 
lateral electric field shown by a chain line a.sub.2 in FIG. 3 is 
generated between the source wiring 51 and the common electrode 53, a 
lateral electric field shown by a chain line a.sub.3 in FIG. 3 is 
generated between the source wiring 51 and the pixel electrode 54 and the 
lateral electric field a.sub.1 for display may be influenced, however, 
these extra lateral electric fields can be removed in structure in a 
second embodiment or the succeeding described next. 
FIGS. 4A to 4C show the main part of a liquid crystal display equivalent to 
a second embodiment of the present invention and as in FIGS. 4A to 4C and 
as the same reference numbers are allocated to the same parts as in the 
liquid crystal display equivalent to the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 
to 3, the description of them is omitted. 
The liquid crystal display equivalent to this embodiment is different from 
the liquid crystal display equivalent to the first embodiment in that gate 
wirings 80 are formed on the lower substrate 41, a first isolating layer 
82 such as an insulating layer is provided covering the substrate 41 and 
these gate wirings 80, a pixel electrode 83 and a source wiring 84 are 
formed on the isolating layer 82, a second isolating layer 85 such as an 
insulating layer is provided covering the isolating layer 82, the pixel 
electrode 83 and the source wiring 84, and a common electrode 86 is 
provided on the isolating layer 85. 
Further, in this embodiment, two pixel electrodes 83 are provided apart in 
parallel with the source wirings 84 in a pixel area 87 surrounded by the 
gate wirings 80 and the source wirings 84 as shown in FIG. 4A, each one 
end of the pixel electrodes 83 is connected to a capacity generating 
electrode 88 on the same one side provided next to and in parallel with 
the gate wiring 80 on the same one side, each other end of the pixel 
electrodes is connected to a capacity generating electrode 89 on the other 
side provided next to and in parallel with the gate wiring 80 on the other 
side and the capacity generating electrode 89 is connected to the drain 
electrode 63 of a thin film transistor T. A common electrode 86 is 
composed of an electrode part 86a provided in parallel with the pixel 
electrodes 83 between them and a shading part 86b formed so that a part 
except the pixel area 87 can be covered. 
Specifically, the shading part 86b is provided so that it covers the source 
wirings 84 and the vicinity, the gate wiring 80 and the vicinity, the thin 
film transistor T and the vicinity, the capacity generating electrodes 88 
and 89 and the vicinity, and a central part of the pixel area 87 can be 
opened. 
In the structure in this embodiment, as a lateral electric field shown by a 
full line a.sub.5 can be generated between the pixel electrode 83 and the 
common electrode 86 as shown in FIG. 4C when potential difference is 
applied between each pixel electrode 83 and the common electrode 86, the 
orientation of liquid crystal can be controlled as in the structure in the 
first embodiment and the liquid crystal display equivalent to the second 
embodiment can be used for a liquid crystal display by switching dark 
display and light display. 
Further, in the structure in this embodiment, as the common electrode 86 
covers the source wiring 84 and an electric field leaking from the source 
wiring 84 can be shielded, the electric field of the source wiring 84 has 
no effect upon an electric field between the shading part 86b and the 
pixel electrode 83 as shown in FIG. 4C. Therefore, in the structure in the 
first embodiment, an area which is influenced by the leakage electric 
field of the source wiring 51 and the orientation of which may be 
disordered is required to be covered with the black matrix 71. However, in 
the structure in this embodiment, an area to be covered with a black 
matrix can be reduced and therefore, a numerical aperture as a liquid 
crystal display can be enhanced. 
In the conventional type structure shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, as the 
turbulence of an electric field by the source wiring 22 cannot be 
shielded, an adverse effect such as cross talk upon display is required to 
be prevented by thickening the common electrode 31 for example. In the 
structure in this embodiment, as the magnetic field of the source wiring 
84 can be shielded by the shading part 86b of the common electrode 86 and 
a leakage magnetic field can be removed, the common electrode 86 can be 
thinned, compared with that in the conventional type structure and effect 
of improving the numerical aperture can be obtained. In the structure in 
the second embodiment, as the common electrode 86 is provided closer to 
liquid crystal than the other layer and the pixel electrode 83 is provided 
on the isolating layer 82, an electric field can be generated closer to 
liquid crystal 42 than in the structure in the first embodiment shown in 
FIGS. 1A and 1B and an electric field can be let to act more strongly, the 
structure in this embodiment is preferable to the structure in the first 
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B as to driving liquid crystal. 
Next, if the common electrode 86 is formed by a shading conductive film in 
the structure shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C, shading is enabled by the common 
electrode 86 and therefore, a black matrix on the side of the opposite 
substrate can be omitted. 
FIG. 5 shows the main part of a liquid crystal display equivalent to a 
third embodiment of the present invention and as the same reference 
numbers are allocated to the same parts in FIG. 5 as those in the liquid 
crystal display equivalent to the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A to 
4C, the description of them is omitted. 
This embodiment is characterized in that a rectangular hole 90 along the 
gate wiring 80 is provided in a part of the common electrode 86 located on 
the gate wiring 80. As the hole 90 is provided in the common electrode 86 
on the gate wiring 80 as described above, the area of the isolating layers 
82 and 85 held between the common electrode 86 and the gate wiring 80 is 
reduced and as generated capacity is reduced, parasitic capacity as a 
liquid crystal display can be reduced and delay at a gate can be 
prevented. 
Further, in the structure in this embodiment, as the numerical aperture can 
be enhanced by reducing the turbulence of the orientation of liquid 
crystal in an area corresponding to the shading layer 86b of the common 
electrode 86 as in the second embodiment and widening the opening 70 of 
the black matrix 71, the power consumption of a back light can be reduced 
and lighter display can be obtained. 
Next, as light can be shaded by the common electrode 86 in case the common 
electrode 86 is formed by a shading conductive film in the structure shown 
in FIG. 5, a black matrix on the side of the opposite substrate can be 
omitted. In this case, as light may leak from the hole 90 in case the hole 
is provided, the gate wiring 80 is required to be formed by a shading 
conductive film to prevent light from leaking. 
FIGS. 6A to 6C show the mainpart of a liquid crystal display equivalent to 
a fourth embodiment of the present invention and as the same reference 
numbers are allocated to the same parts in FIG. 6 as those in the liquid 
crystal display equivalent to the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A to 
4C, the description of them is omitted. 
The liquid crystal display equivalent to this embodiment is different from 
the liquid crystal display equivalent to the second embodiment in that a 
capacity generating electrode is not provided next to the gate wiring 80 
and on the side of the pixel area 87 but the pixel electrodes 83 pass a 
position in which the capacity generating electrode 88 is provided in the 
second embodiment and are extended to a position on the gate wiring 80 and 
a rectangular capacity generating electrode 92 is provided over the gate 
wiring 80 via the isolating layers 82 and 85. 
As the similar effect to effect in the structure in the second embodiment 
described referring to FIGS. 4A to 4C can be obtained by adopting the 
structure in this embodiment, moreover, the pixel electrodes 83 and the 
electrode part 86a of the common electrode 86 are also provided in a 
location in which the capacity generating electrode 88 is provided in the 
second embodiment and the area can be also used for display, the numerical 
aperture can be further more enhanced than that in the structures in the 
second and third embodiments. Further, as capacity is secured by providing 
the capacity generating electrode 92 connected to the pixel electrode 83 
over the gate wiring 80 via the isolating layer 82 as shown in sectional 
structure in FIG. 6B and double capacity structure in which the common 
electrode 86 is further provided over the capacity generating electrode 92 
via the isolating layer 85 is formed, the thickness of each electrode for 
generating capacity can be reduced if capacity to be generated is similar 
to that in the structures in the other embodiments, the pixel area 87 can 
be widened by the quantity and the numerical aperture can be enhanced by 
the quantity. 
As approximately twice as much electrostatic capacity as electrostatic 
capacity in the structures in the other embodiments is secured if the 
thickness of the capacity generating electrode is approximately equal to 
that in the structures in the other embodiments, display performance as a 
liquid crystal display can be enhanced such that the retention of voltage 
can be increased, the contrast can be increased, the asymmetry of signals 
in case liquid crystal is driven by alternating current can be more 
inhibited and a flicker and burning can be reduced. 
As another embodiment of double capacity structure in which capacity is 
secured by providing the capacity generating electrode 92 connected to the 
pixel electrode 83 over the gate wiring 80 via the isolating layer 82 and 
the common electrode 86 is further provided over the capacity generating 
electrode 92 via the isolating layer 85 as shown in FIG. 6B, structure 
shown in FIG. 7 may be also adopted. 
FIG. 7 shows main sectional structure in a fifth embodiment of the present 
invention in which top gate structure is applied as the double capacity 
structure, concretely, the common electrode 86 is provided on the 
substrate 41, the isolating layer 82 covers them, the pixel electrode 92, 
a capacity electrode part and others are provided on the isolating layer 
82, the isolating layer 85 is provided on them, the gate wiring 80 is 
further provided on the isolating layer and if the structure in this 
embodiment is used, the similar effect to that in the fourth embodiment 
can be also obtained. 
As the structure in this embodiment is a lamination similar to the 
lamination of the thin film transistor array substrate of a liquid crystal 
display driven by a thin film transistor provided with normal top gate 
structure which is not driven by a lateral electric field and provided 
with an electrode on the upper and lower substrates, the liquid crystal 
displays equivalent to this embodiment can be readily manufactured using a 
manufacturing line for the conventional type liquid crystal display 
provided with top gate structure. 
FIGS. 8A to 8C show the mainpart of a liquid crystal display equivalent to 
a sixth embodiment of the present invention and as the same reference 
numbers are allocated to the same parts in FIGS. 8A to 8C as the parts in 
the liquid crystal display equivalent to the first embodiment shown in 
FIGS. 1 to 3, the description of them is omitted. 
The structure of this embodiment is different from that of the first 
embodiment in the structure of a pixel electrode. In this embodiment, a 
pixel electrode 54' is arranged in the center of a pixel area in parallel 
with the common electrode wiring 55, a capacity generating electrode 65' 
is arranged on the common electrode 53 on one side along the source wiring 
51 and a capacity generating electrode 66' is provided on the common 
electrode 53 on the other side along the source wiring 51. 
In the structure in this embodiment, as an electric field is generated 
between the pixel electrode 54' and the common electrode wiring 55 and 
between the pixel electrode 54' and the common electrode connection 59, 
the orientation of liquid crystal is different from that in the structure 
in the first embodiment by 90.degree.. Therefore, orientation in 
orientation processing for an orientation film in the structure in this 
embodiment is orientation different from that in the structure in the 
first embodiment by 90.degree., that is, orientation parallel to the 
common electrode wiring 55. 
In the structure in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C, the orientation 
of liquid crystal is also controlled as in the first embodiment and the 
other action and effect are the same except that the homogeneous 
orientation of liquid crystal molecules described referring to FIGS. 11A 
and 11B when no electric field is applied is different from that in the 
first embodiment by 90.degree. and the orientation of liquid crystal 
twisted along the orientation of an electric field in the orientation of 
liquid crystal molecules when an electric field is applied is different 
from that in the case shown in FIG. 12 by 90.degree.. 
As the capacity generating electrodes 65' and 66' can be formed so that 
they are longer than them in the case shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B in which 
they are formed along the common electrode wiring 55 in the embodiment 
shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C because the capacity generating electrodes can be 
formed along the common electrode 53 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A 
to 8C, this embodiment is characterized in that larger capacity can be 
secured. 
EXAMPLES 
A thin film transistor-type liquid crystal display provided with a circuit 
with the structure shown in FIG. 1A is manufactured. 
A liquid crystal cell is assembled by using two transparent glass 
substrates 1 mm thick, forming a thin film transistor circuit provided 
with linear electrodes shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B on either of these 
substrates, forming an orientation film on the above thin film transistor 
circuit, forming an orientation film on the other substrate, applying 
orientation processing for orienting liquid crystal to the respective 
orientation films by rubbing, injecting liquid crystal into clearance 
between the substrates with the two substrates arranged opposite at a 
predetermined interval via beads for forming a gap, sealing by sealant and 
arranging a polarizing plate outside each substrate. In the above 
structure, orientation processing in which a rubbing roll is rubbed on the 
respective orientation films in a direction parallel with the longitudinal 
direction of a pixel electrode is executed. 
To manufacture the above display in this example, the pitch of a pixel area 
in a lateral direction (in a direction parallel with a gate wiring) is set 
to 70 .mu.m and the pitch in a longitudinal direction (in a direction 
parallel with a source wiring) is set to 50 .mu.m. 
The width of a pixel electrode is set to 3 .mu.m, the width of a common 
electrode is set to 4 .mu.m, an interval between the pixel electrode and 
the common electrode is set to 14 .mu.m an interval between the gate 
wiring and a common electrode wiring when viewed from the top is set to 1 
.mu.m and the thickness of an SiN.sub.x film for separating the gate 
wiring and the common electrode wiring is set to 0.3 .mu.m. 
A thin film transistor array substrate is formed by forming a thin film 
transistor with structure in which a semiconductor film composed of a-Si 
is held between the gate electrode and a source electrode in the vicinity 
of the intersection of the gate wiring and a signal wiring, further 
covering the thin film transistor with an insulating layer, further 
forming an orientation film composed of polyimide and executing 
orientation processing using a rubbing roll. Next, a liquid crystal 
display is manufactured by using a substrate on which a black matrix, a 
color filter and a polyimide orientation film are provided as a substrate 
on the opposite side of the above substrate and sealing liquid crystal 
filled in a gap 4 .mu.m thick between the substrates by sealant. 
The numerical aperture of the liquid crystal display manufactured as 
described above can be enhanced up to 37% and the gate wiring and the 
common electrode wiring are never short-circuited. 
In the meantime, in a liquid crystal display for comparison with the 
structure shown in FIG. 13A, the pitch of a pixel area in a lateral 
direction (in a direction parallel with a gate wiring) is set to 70 .mu.m 
and the pitch in a longitudinal direction (in a direction parallel with a 
source wiring) is set to 50 .mu.m. 
The width of a pixel electrode is set to 3 .mu.m, the width of a common 
electrode is set to 4 .mu.m, an interval between the pixel electrode and 
the common electrode is set to 14 .mu.m, an interval between the gate 
wiring and a common electrode wiring when viewed from the top is set to 5 
.mu.m and the thickness of an SiN.sub.x film for covering the gate wiring 
and the common electrode wiring is set to 0.3 .mu.m. The numerical 
aperture of the liquid crystal display manufactured as described above is 
30% and the gate wiring and the common electrode wiring are never 
short-circuited. However, when the display for comparison is manufactured 
at an interval between the gate wiring and the common electrode wiring 
when viewed from the top of 1 .mu.m as in the display in the above 
example, the gate wiring and the common electrode wiring are 
short-circuited and the display cannot be actually used. 
Next, a liquid crystal display with electrode structure shown in FIGS. 4A 
to 4C and a liquid crystal display with electrode structure shown in FIGS. 
6A to 6C are manufactured. 
The pitch of a pixel area in the above displays is equal to the pitch in 
above example, however, as a shading part in the vicinity of a source 
wiring is thinned and an opening can be widened in the structure shown in 
FIGS. 4A to 4C, the numerical aperture can be enhanced up to 50% and as 
the longitudinal length of an opening can be extended up to 51 .mu.m in 
the structure shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C though the longitudinal length of 
the opening is 44 .mu.m in FIGS. 4A to 4C, the numerical aperture can be 
enhanced up to 58%. 
As described above, according to the present invention, as the gate wiring 
and the common electrode are provided in separate layers on the substrate 
via the insulating layer in the liquid crystal display which controls the 
orientation of liquid crystal by applying a lateral electric field in a 
direction parallel with the substrate by the common electrode and the 
pixel electrode, the gate wiring and the common electrode can be arranged 
closer when viewed from the top, compared with the conventional type 
structure which is structure in the same layer and hereby, as a gap 
between the gate wiring and the common electrode can be reduced when 
viewed from the top, the numerical aperture can be enhanced. 
Therefore, a liquid crystal display according to a method of controlling 
the orientation of liquid crystal and switching a light state and a dark 
state depending upon whether a lateral electric field is applied or not, 
provided with a characteristic of a wide angle of visibility and further, 
a high numerical aperture can be provided. 
Next, according to the present invention, as capacity can be secured in a 
part between a pixel electrode part along the gate wiring and a common 
electrode part or in a part between a pixel electrode part along the 
source wiring and the common electrode part if the electrode part along 
the gate wiring of the pixel electrode and the electrode part along the 
gate wiring of the common electrode are overlapped or the electrode part 
along the source wiring of the pixel electrode and the electrode part 
along the source wiring of the common electrode are overlapped, such 
capacity can be utilized for the improvement of the liquid crystal driving 
performance of the liquid crystal display as storage capacity. 
Constitution in which the gate wiring and the common electrode are not 
arranged close as described above but partly overlapped when viewed from 
the top may be also adopted and in the above structure, the numerical 
aperture can be further enhanced. 
Therefore, a liquid crystal display according to a method of controlling 
the orientation of liquid crystal and switching a light state and a dark 
state depending upon whether a lateral electric field is applied or not, 
provided with a characteristic of a wide angle of visibility and further, 
a higher numerical aperture can be provided. 
Further, according to the present invention, as capacity can be secured in 
a part in which a pixel electrode part along the gate wiring and a gate 
wiring part are overlapped or in a part in which the pixel electrode part 
along the gate wiring and an electrode part along the gate wiring of the 
common electrode are overlapped if a part in which the common electrode 
and the gate wiring are overlapped is formed in the electrode part along 
the gate wiring of the pixel electrode or the electrode part along the 
gate wiring of the pixel electrode is overlapped with the electrode part 
along the gate wiring of the common electrode, such capacity can be 
utilized for the improvement of the liquid crystal driving performance of 
the liquid crystal display as storage capacity.