Electronic weighing scale

A cordless electronic weighing scale which includes a load receiving element, such as a weighing pan, an electronic circuit including a battery, a load cell operatively attached to the load receiving element for weighing items and generating analog signals representative of items being weighed, an analog-to-digital converter connected with the load cell for receiving analog signals therefrom and converting them into digital signals, a first logic circuit connected between the load cell and the converter to cause analog signals to be transmitted to the converter in an on and off fashion, and a digital display circuit connected to the analog-to-digital converter to provide a digital display of analog signals from the analog-to-digital converter to indicate the weight of the items on the load receiving element. In the system a pulse plus a non-pulse constitutes a cycle and the pulse is about 1% of the cycle and the non-pulse is about 99% of the cycle. An ambient light switching circuit means is provided which is responsive to the presence of sufficient ambient light to be on and alternatively responsive to the lack of sufficient light to be off. The ambient light switching circuits are connected to the battery so energy is provided when the ambient light switching circuit is on but does not provide energy to the load cell and the amplifier, the main power-consuming components when the ambient light switching circuit are off.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In recent times, weighing scales, especially of the type used in the 
produce section of supermarkets to weigh vegetables, have been of the 
digital type with lighted digital displays showing numbers to a customer. 
Such scales, whether used as produce scales, or dairy counter scales, or 
delicatessen counter scales, are safer and better if there are no wires or 
cords running from the scale to electrical outlets which supply the 
electrical energy. Wires or cords are dangerous to customers who walk near 
them in the store, not only from the standpoint of danger from electrical 
shock, but also from the danger of a mechanical obstruction which might 
trip them. 
Accordingly, it has been desired to eliminate the electrical cords which 
extend from electronic weighing scales, and to provide cordless weighing 
scales. 
Cordless weighing scales may be actuated by batteries, such as dry cell 
batteries, or rechargeable batteries, or solar batteries which are 
directly energized by ambient light. However, batteries have presented a 
number of problems. The dry cell batteries do not last very long before 
they need to be replaced. The rechargeable batteries need to be recharged 
often. The ambient light energized batteries, or solar batteries, require 
expensive circuitry because it is necessary to provide high impedances and 
other circuit parameters to keep the consumption of energy low while at 
the same time limiting the susceptibility of such circuitry to jitter 
during periods of decreasing light (for instance, with the onset of 
evening hours). 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to electronic weighing scales which may be operated 
by ordinary off-the-shelf batteries. 
It is an object of the invention to provide scales which operate for long 
periods of time without the need to replace the batteries. 
Because of its novel design, the inventive scale may operate for a long 
period of time before replacement batteries must be installed. For 
example, two 9-volt lithium transistor batteries may last a year even 
though the scale is left on continuously. 
To assist in this longevity, the scale includes an automatic shut-off 
circuit which disconnects the flow of current from the batteries to some 
of the major power-consuming elements of the scale whenever the 
surrounding light level reaches such a low magnitude that a digital 
display cannot be read, and returns the power automatically when the light 
level is of a sufficient intensity to enable the reading of the digital 
display. This turning off of the power when the digital display cannot be 
read prolongs the life of the batteries. 
A major power-consuming element is a strain gauge loadcell, which senses 
the weight of an object and produces a proportional electrical output. 
Industry-standard loadcells, having electrical input impedances between 
350 and 1000 ohms, are available from many sources. Loadcells with higher 
impedances on the order of several thousand ohms would be preferable, but 
they are much more difficult to manufacture, are not readily available and 
consequently are more expensive. 
In the disclosure of an example of the invention hereinafter presented, 
lithium batteries were chosen for their characteristic of having a long 
shelf-life without self-discharge. Other types of batteries may be used 
after their self-discharge is taken into account. 
It is an object of this invention to provide an electronic weighing scale 
which is cordless and which provides for low power consumption and long 
battery life and utilizes an industry-standard strain gauge loadcell. 
This object is obtained, in part, by using a microprocessor in the 
electronic circuitry of the weighing scale, which significantly reduces 
the number of electronic components formerly used in conventional designs, 
and thereby reducing the power needed to operate the inventive scale. 
Further to conserve the batteries, the scale circuitry includes a pulse 
circuit which supplies energy in a pulse fashion rather than continuously, 
whereby the power is pulsed to a primary load-receiving circuit which 
includes an industry standard strain gauge loadcell having electrical 
impedance of between 350 and 1000 ohms, and a pair of amplifiers. The 
power is pulsed at a rate of approximately 0.4 milliseconds ON and 41.5 
milliseconds OFF. Because of the relatively long OFF time (99% OFF, 1% 
ON), current flowing into the strain gauge loadcell is not intense enough 
to produce the very undesirable self-heating found in conventional scale 
designs which tends to alter the spring rate of the loadcell. 
The amplified output from the strain gauge loadcell is held on two 
capacitors during OFF time, and is fed into an analog-to-digital 
converter. 
At the end of the conversion from the analog to the digital signal, the 
digital output is presented to a microprocessor for further digital 
computation, and a pulse which signals the end of conversion is used to 
initiate a new cycle of 0.4 milliseconds ON and 41.5 milliseconds OFF to 
the primary load receiving circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
Turning to the drawings, in FIG. 1 there is shown an electronic weighing 
scale 5 which includes a load receiving element such as scale pan 6, 
suspending apparatus 7 which support the scale pan 6, and an electronic 
circuit 8 which is connected to the suspending apparatus 7. While FIG. 1 
shows the major elements of a hanging scale, this invention is not 
restricted to this particular type of scale. Other weighing devices, such 
as counter and bench scales and floor scales may benefit from this 
invention. Also, the load receiving element is not limited to a scale pan, 
but may be a platform, scoop, hook or the like for receiving items to be 
weighed. 
Ambient Light Level 
Power for the scale 5 is provided by two 9-volt transistor batteries 11 and 
13 shown in FIG. 2. The batteries 11, 13 are connected in parallel through 
diodes 15 and 17, and the nine volts are filtered by capacitor 19. 
Positive lead 24 of capacitor 19 is connected directly to an 
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 21, and negative lead 23 of capacitor 19 
is connected to the converter 21 through a MOS transistor 25. 
When the ambient light level is sufficient so that the scale 5 can be read, 
a phototransistor 27 turns the MOS transistor 25 on. Capacitor 29 and 
resistor 31 combine as a filter. The converter 21 provides an output 
ground 33, which is five volts lower than input voltage V+ at point 35 of 
the converter 21 which is nine volts. Consequently, V1, being filtered by 
a resistor 39 and a capacitor 41, is +5 volts relative to the output 
ground 33, and is the supply voltage for the rest of the circuit. 
The leading edge of the end-of-conversion pulse, which is produced 
internally by the converter 21, is transmitted to point 43 and turns on 
Flip-Flop 46. The Flip-Flop 46 output at terminal 45 resets the Flip-Flop 
46 after a delay of 0.4 milliseconds, as determined by resistor 47 and 
capacitor 49. Output at terminal 45 is also delayed ten microseconds by 
resistor 51 and capacitor 53 and is amplified by amplifier 55, which 
switches on MOS transistor 57, which in turn supplies power to strain 
gauge bridge 59 and amplifier 61. 
Resistors 63 and 65 are added to the circuit to further decrease the power 
consumption of the bridge 59. 
Resistors 66 and 67, and trimpot 68 are used to balance the bridge 59 when 
a load-receiving element, such as a weighing pan or scoop 6, is suspended 
from the strain gauge loadcell. 
The signal from strain gauge bridge 59 is amplified by amplifier 61, with 
resistors 71, 73 and trimpot 75 determining the gain of the amplifier 61. 
Resistors 69 and 71 are the bias for amplifiers 61. 
The amplified signal is of the differential type, between outputs of 
amplifier 61 and follower 77, and is applied to a sample and hold circuit 
comprises of capacitors 79 and 81, gates 83 and 85, and a follower 87. 
Whenever gates 83 and 85 are conducting, the differential signal between 
amplifier 61 and follower 77 is stored on capacitors 79 and 81. 
Gates 83 and 85 are switched on by gate 89, which receives its signal from 
the Flip-Flop 46. 
The leading edge of the output pulse from gate 89 trails the Flip-Flop 
output at terminal 45 by 0.1 millisecond, a function of the resistor 91 
and the capacitor 93. The trailing edge of the output signal from gate 89 
is delayed from the falling edge of the Flip-Flop 46 output pulse by only 
five microseconds, this delay being determined by the resistor 95, 
capacitor 93, and diode 97. A resistor 98 provides additional control for 
amplifier 89. 
The amplified signal from the strain gauge bridge 59, which is stored on 
capacitors 79 and 81, is now presented to the analog-to-digital converter 
21. The follower 87 serves as a means for preventing discharge. The 
converter 21 produces a digital output directly proportional to the analog 
input signal between the outputs of follower 87 (input high at point 88) 
and (input low at point 90) of capacitor 81, and is coupled to a 
programmable microprocessor 99. 
The microprocessor 99 executes the program steps contained in its internal 
ROM (Read Only Memory) and transmits the result to the display drive 101, 
which in turn initiates LCD display 103. 
Overheating 
In order to satisfy the requirements of the N.B.S. Handbook 44 for 
"legal-for-trade" weighing scales, which establishes operating temperature 
ranges within which such devices must remain accurate, a thermistor 105 
senses the surrounding temperature by changing its resistance 
proportionately. Once every few minutes the microprocessor 99 interrupts 
the weighing program for a very short period of time and initiates the 
closing of gates 107 and 108, instead of gates 83 and 85. When the 
foregoing occurs, power is directed through resistors 109 and 110 to 
thermistor 105. Simultaneously therewith, the Flip-Flop 46 is blocked off 
by gate 111, which prevents the closing of gates 83 and 85. The signal 
from the thermistor 105 is transmitted through the closed gates 107 and 
108, is stored on capacitors 79 and 81, and passes into the converter 21 
and the microprocessor 99. The microprocessor 99 compares the digital 
value of this signal with the limiting values stored in its memory. If the 
input signal is outside of the permissible range, the microprocessor 99 
sends an error message to a display driver 101, which initiates an "error" 
display on LCD-display 103. 
Expanded Description 
To further explain the invention, FIG. 2 shows two batteries 11 and 13 
whose respective positive sides are connected to the diodes 15 and 17. The 
negative sides of the batteries are connected to MOS transistor 25 and 
accordingly, if the MOS transistor 25 is not closed, there is no voltage 
V+ or V- applied to the analog digital converter 21. 
The MOS transistor 25 becomes energized or closed when there is a potential 
across resistor 31. This potential occurs when the transistor 27 is 
"turned on." The transistor 27 is a photosensitive transistor and is 
"turned on" when there is sufficient ambient light to turn it on. When the 
ambient light surrounding the transistor 27 in the place of business is 
sufficiently bright to "turn on" the transistor 27, a voltage develops 
across capacitor 29 and resistor 31 and the MOS transistor 25 is turned on 
and conducts. 
The diodes 15 and 17 serve to insure that in the event that one battery, 
either battery 11 or battery 13, becomes lower in voltage than the other 
battery, the current does not pass from one battery back into the other. 
Capacitor 19 functions as a general filter. When transistor 25 is 
energized, there is a steady voltage supplied from the batteries 11, 13 to 
the converter 21. 
The capacitor 29 and resistor 31 provide an RC time constant to the output 
of the transistor 27 and accordingly a time delay which affects its 
"turning off" period. The time delay is employed so that if the light, 
which is "turning on" the transistor 27, is not solidly present, or if 
someone should walk close to the device and block the light, the scale 
does not terminate its "turned on" condition for as long as the RC time 
constant provides. The scale circuit described thus far has produced the 
voltage V+ and V- and applied those voltages to the analog-to-digital 
converter 21. The analog-to-digital converter 21 is a MAX 134 CPL 
manufactured by Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 
Internally the analog-to-digital converter 21 provides an output which is 
equal to zero volts, or ground potential, on line 33. The voltage V+ is 
five volts above ground while the voltage V- is minus four volts with 
respect to ground. 
As can be seen in FIG. 2, a resistor 39 is connected between line 22 and 
line 24. In a preferred embodiment, the resistor 39 is 20 ohms and 
therefore the output voltage V1 is virtually the same as the input voltage 
V+. The voltage V1 is a source of voltage which is provided to a number of 
components in the circuit as will become apparent from the following 
discussion. In general, the circuitry can be considered to include: (1 ) 
first logic circuitry connecting the bridge circuit to the 
analog-to-digital converter and including such components as amplifier 61 
as well as followers 77 and 87; (2) second logic circuitry which switches 
on the first logic circuitry and the power and includes such components as 
Flip-Flop 46, gates 89 and 55, and MOS transistor 57; and (3) third logic 
circuitry which introduces the temperature monitor and includes such 
components as the gates 107 and 108 as well as thermistor 105. 
Bridge circuit 59 is made up of four strain gauges 59a to 59d. The voltage 
input to bridge terminals 59e and 59f are not initially effective for 
operation of the bridge because MOS transistor 57 is not initially 
conducting. When the voltages V+ and V- are applied to the 
analog-to-digital converter 21, a clock pulse circuit is turned on whose 
output is labeled "end of conversion" and which provides clock pulses on 
line 58. The line 58 is connected to a D type Flip-Flop 46 at terminal 43. 
The inputs to the D type Flip-Flop 46 are clock input C, data input D and 
reset input R. Only one output is shown in FIG. 2. Note that the input 
from the microprocessor 99 to D is transmitted through an inverting gate 
111. During one portion of the operation the microprocessor 99 provides a 
negative signal on line 100 to inverting gate 111, and the negative signal 
is inverted to a positive signal and applied to the data port D. 
Accordingly when the "end of conversion" clock signal is applied on line 
58, the Flip-Flop 46 is "turned on" and there is positive output signal 
from the Flip-Flop 46. The positive output signal is transmitted to the 
gate 55 but is delayed by the RC circuit 51 and 53. The purpose of the 
last mentioned delay is to assure that gates 83 and 85 open before MOS 
transistor 57 opens and disconnects power to the bridge 59. 
The output from the gate 55 is transmitted on line 64 to the MOS transistor 
57 to provide a difference of potential across MOS transistor 57 and thus 
cause the MOS transistor 57 to conduct. It should be noted that the 
Flip-Flop 46 is configured as a monostable multivibrator being "turned on" 
for 0.4 milliseconds and turned off for 41.5 milliseconds. 
Once the MOS transistor 57 conducts, a voltage is applied across the bridge 
circuit 59, and the unbalance of the bridge is sensed at the terminals 59g 
and 59h and is applied to the operational amplifier 61. It will be 
recalled that all of the resistors in the bridge circuit 59 are a strain 
gauges 59a, b, c, and d whose resistances change in response to being 
stretched or compressed. So when an item is put on the scale, it stretches 
or compresses the strain gauge members 59a through 59d of the bridge 59 
and there is a voltage unbalance between the points 59g and 59h. The 
unbalanced voltage provides a difference in the voltage supplied to the 
operational amplifier 61 so there is a high input or high voltage signal 
on line 70 and a low voltage signal on line 72. The low voltage signal on 
line 72 is transmitted to a follower 77 which provides a high impedance to 
the signal being transmitted to the low input port 90 of the 
analog-to-digital converter 21. 
Note that the output from the follower 77 cannot be transmitted to the low 
input port 90 just as the high output signal from the operational 
amplifier 61 cannot be transmitted to the high input port 88 because the 
respective gates 85 and 83 have not been closed. The gates 85, 83, 107 and 
108 are shown as being mechanically closeable for illustration purposes. 
Actually, these gates are closed and opened electronically. 
It will be recalled that the Flip-Flop 46 was "turned on" in response to 
the clock signal coming from the analog-to-digital converter 21 on line 
58. The output from the Flip-Flop 46 is also transmitted to gate 89 and 
the output from the gate 89, along line 112, causes gates 85 and 83 to 
close and thus provide a circuit to the high input port 88 and to the low 
input port 90 of analog-to-digital converter 21. The resistor 91 along 
with the capacitor 93 provide a time delay to the gate 89 and after that 
time delay the signal closes gates 85 and 83. The reason for the time 
delay is to assure that power to the bridge 59 is restored before gates 83 
and 85 close. The resistor 95 as well as the diode 97 act as a discharge 
circuit for the capacitor 93. 
When the gates 85 and 83 are closed, the output from the bridge 59 is 
transmitted to hold capacitors 79 and 81, which provide input signals to 
both the high input port 88 and the low input port 90 of the converter 21. 
The analog signal, which is the difference between the high input and the 
low input, represents the weight of the item on the scale. That analog 
signal is converted into a digital signal and transmitted to the 
microprocessor 99 where that digital signal is transmitted to the display 
driver 101 and thereafter to LCD display device 103. 
Since in most states the law requires that the scale be used only within a 
certain range of ambient temperatures, the present circuit provides a 
means for continually monitoring whether or not the system is within that 
legal range. The microprocessor 99 is programmed to periodically check the 
scale from a thermal standpoint. When such a monitoring operation is to 
take effect, a positive signal is provided on line 100 which is 
transmitted to the gate 111 where it is inverted to a negative signal 
which blocks the turning on of the Flip-Flop 46. The same positive signal 
is transmitted across the resistor 109, the resistor 105 and resistor 110. 
Actually, the resistor 105 is a thermistor and it responds to the ambient 
temperature of the circuit. The positive signal on line 100 is also 
transmitted to close the gates 107 and 108. When the gates 107 and 108 are 
closed in response to the positive signal on line 100, the difference in 
value of the voltage across the thermistor 105 is transmitted to the high 
input port 88 and the low input port 99 to provide an analog signal to the 
analog-to-digital converter 21. That analog signal is converted into a 
digital signal and transmitted to the microprocessor 99. In microprocessor 
99 that digital value is compared against a stored value and if the 
difference is within a certain acceptable range, the scale is permitted to 
continue in operation. If the analog signal is outside either limit of the 
acceptable range, then the microprocessor 99 provides a signal to the 
display device 101 indicating that the weighing device is operating at an 
ambient temperature which may cause incorrect readings. As mentioned 
earlier, the capacitors 79 and 81 are sample-and-hold devices for the 
circuits supplying signals to the high input port 88 and to the low input 
port 90. 
Operation 
The present invention includes an electrical circuit for use in weighing 
scales which are used to weigh such items as vegetables, dairy products, 
meat products, delicatessen products and the like. The weight of an item 
is displayed in digital form. The present circuit arrangement employs a 
strain gauge bridge to act as a load cell. 
In a preferred embodiment, electrical energy is supplied to the system by 
two nine volt lithium transistor batteries 11 and 13. The batteries 11 and 
13 are activated by an MOS transistor 25 which is "turned on" in response 
to an associated photosensitive transistor 27 being "turned on" by 
sufficient ambient light. In other words, when the store becomes light 
enough, either naturally or through overhead lighting devices, for the 
customer to read the digital display, the scale assumes that business 
hours are in effect and the circuit supplies electrical energy. The 
electrical energy is transmitted to an analog-to-digital converter 21 
which includes a clock pulse generator. 
The clock pulse generator repeatedly provides first and second clock pulses 
to second logic circuitry. The second logic circuitry employs a Flip-Flop 
46 which is configured as a monostable multivibrator. The Flip-Flop 46 is 
"on" in response to a first clock pulse for 0.4 milliseconds, and "off" 
for 41.5 milliseconds. During the "on" period, a second MOS transistor 57 
is closed or energized and electrical energy is supplied to the load cell. 
The output signals from the load cell are amplified and transmitted to a 
pair of gates 83 and 85. The gates 83 and 85 are closed in response to the 
"on" signal from the monostable multivibrator 46 so that the amplified 
load cell signals are transmitted to a pair of hold capacitors 79 and 81 
which "hold" the signals. After the hold capacitors 79 and 81 have 
received the signals from the load cell, the circuit transfers into the 
"off" status, but the analog-to-digital converter 21 can still receive the 
load cell signals from the "hold" capacitors 79 and 81. The difference 
between the signals on the two "hold" capacitors 79 and 81 is an analog 
signal representing the weight of the item that is being weighed. That 
analog signal is then translated into a digital signal and transmitted to 
a microprocessor circuit 99. The microprocessor circuit 99 transmits the 
digital signals to digital display devices 101, 103. 
The microprocessor circuit 99 periodically interrupts the action of the 
Flip-Flop 46 previously described. During this interruption, the 
microprocessor 99 interrogates a bit of logic circuitry in the circuit 
which includes a thermistor 105. The thermistor circuit 105 provides 
signals, which are indicative of the ambient temperature to the hold 
capacitors 79 and 81 and therefrom to the analog-to-digital converter 21. 
The analog signal developed across the thermistor 105 represents the 
ambient temperature of the circuit and that information in digital form is 
transmitted to the microprocessor 99. In the microprocessor circuit 99, 
the temperature value is compared with a previously stored value and if 
the actual value of the ambient temperature is within a predetermined 
acceptable temperature range, then the system carries on without 
interruption. However, if the ambient temperature is outside the stored 
predetermined acceptable temperature range, then the microprocessor 99 
transmits a signal to the display devices 101, 103 to display an error 
message. 
Advantages 
The scale circuit just described uses a minimum of electrical energy 
because the circuit is operative only when there is sufficient ambient 
light for the user to read the scale, which means that there is sufficient 
natural light, or that the store lights are turned on. In addition, with 
respect to using a minimum of electrical energy, it should be understood 
that the scale circuit is "turned on" for only one percent of the cycle 
and hence the scale consumes only a small amount of energy during each 
cycle. The limited "turn on" period reduces the heat generated by the 
scale and that feature enhances the stability of the apparatus as viewed 
from a temperature standpoint. 
The present scale employs a circuitry technique which turns off the scale 
when the ambient light is insufficient to enable the user to read the 
digital display. The turning off of the scale during such periods, of 
course, saves electrical energy and therefore lengthens the time between 
replacements of batteries. Also, the present scale when operating provides 
clock pulses so that the scale is "turned on" for a very short period of 
time, (approximately one percent of a cycle). 
Also, the present circuit turns the scale off approximately 99% of the 
cycle and, of course, the turning off of the scale for such a relatively 
long time reduces the energy used and prolongs the useful life of the 
batteries. 
In addition, the turning off of the scale for such a relatively long period 
of time reduces the likelihood of the scale heating up and therefore 
reduces the likelihood of the scale committing errors due to excessive 
self-heating. 
Further, the present scale includes circuitry to monitor ambient 
temperatures and if the ambient temperature exceeds an established 
temperature range, the apparatus displays an error-message. 
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the circuit elements of FIG. 2 
are as follows: 
______________________________________ 
Element Description 
______________________________________ 
batteries 11, 13 9 volts (Eastman Kodak 
Lithium Battery No. U9VL) 
diodes 15, 17 1N914 
capacitor 19 220 uF 
converter 21 MAX134CPL 
transistor 25 2N7000 
phototransistor 27 
MRD3054 
capacitor 29 0.1 uF 
resistor 31 10M ohms 
resistor 39 20 ohms 
capacitor 41 1000 uF 
Flip-Flop 46 CD4013BE 
resistor 47 2.7M ohm 
capacitor 49 150 pF 
resistor 51 100K ohms 
capacitor 53 150 pF 
amplifier 55 CD4077BE 
transistor 57 VN0300L 
strain gauge loadcell 59 
750 ohms 
amplifier 61 0P77EP 
resistor 63 147 ohms 
resistor 65 147 ohms 
resistor 66 121K ohm 
resistor 67 383K ohms 
trimpot 68 100K ohms 
resistor 69 2.21K ohms 
resistor 71 2.21K ohms 
resistor 73 100K ohms 
trimpot 75 10K ohms 
follower 77 TLC27L2CP 
capacitor 79 0.047 uF 
capacitor 81 0.047 uF 
gate 83, 85 MC14016BCP 
follower 87 TLC27L2CP 
gate 89 CD4077BE 
resistor 91 1M ohms 
capacitor 93 150 pF 
resistor 95 47K ohms 
diode 97 1N914 
resistor 98 10M ohms 
microprocessor 99 
MC1468705F2S 
display driver 101 
ICM7211AMIPL 
LCD display 103 41/2 digits LCD 
thermistor 105 1C1001-2 
gates 107, 108 MC14016BCP 
resistor 109 18.7K ohms 
resistor 110 18.7K ohms 
inverting gate 111 
CD4077BE 
______________________________________