Surface emitting laser element and atomic oscillator

A surface emitting laser element includes a lower Bragg reflection mirror; an upper Bragg reflection mirror; and a resonator region formed between the lower Bragg reflection mirror and the upper Bragg reflection mirror, and including an active layer. A wavelength adjustment region is formed in the lower Bragg reflection mirror or the upper Bragg reflection mirror, and includes a second phase adjustment layer, a wavelength adjustment layer and a first phase adjustment layer, arranged in this order from a side where the resonator region is formed. An optical thickness of the wavelength adjustment region is approximately (2N+1)×λ/4, and the wavelength adjustment layer is formed at a position where an optical distance from an end of the wavelength adjustment region on the side of the resonator region is approximately M×λ/2, where λ is a wavelength of emitted light, M and N are positive integers, and M is N or less.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-155956, filed Aug. 6, 2015. The contents of this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The disclosures herein generally relates to a surface emitting laser element and an atomic oscillator.

2. Description of the Related Art

A vertical cavity surface emitting LASER (VCSEL) is a semiconductor laser, which emits light in a direction perpendicular to a substrate surface. The VCSEL has a feature, compared with an end-face emitting type semiconductor laser, of low cost, of low power consumption, small size, high performance, and being easily integrated two-dimensionally.

The vertical cavity surface emitting laser has a resonator structure that has a resonator region including an active layer, and upper and lower Bragg reflection mirrors provided above and below the resonator region, respectively (See Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2008-53353). The resonator region has a predetermined optical thickness so that light with wavelength of λ resonates in the resonator region in order to obtain light with an oscillation wavelength of λ. The upper and lower Bragg reflection mirrors are formed by DBRs (Distributed Bragg Reflector) formed by laminating materials having different refraction indices, i.e. a low refraction index material and a high refraction index material, alternately. In the DBR, the low and high refraction index materials are formed so that optical thicknesses are λ/4 taking account of the refraction indices of the respective materials, in order to obtain high reflectance where the wavelength is λ.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is a general object of at least one embodiment of the present invention to provide a surface emitting laser element and an atomic oscillator that substantially obviate one or more problems caused by the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.

In one embodiment, a surface emitting laser element includes a lower Bragg reflection mirror; an upper Bragg reflection mirror; and a resonator region formed between the lower Bragg reflection mirror and the upper Bragg reflection mirror, and including an active layer. A wavelength adjustment region is formed in the lower Bragg reflection mirror or the upper Bragg reflection mirror. The wavelength adjustment region includes a second phase adjustment layer, a wavelength adjustment layer and a first phase adjustment layer, arranged in this order from a side where the resonator region is formed. An optical thickness of the wavelength adjustment region is approximately (2N+1)×λ/4, and the wavelength adjustment layer is formed at a position where an optical distance from an end of the wavelength adjustment region on the side where the resonator region is formed is approximately M×λ/2, where λ is a wavelength of emitted light, M and N are positive integers, and M is less than or equal to N.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In addition, the same numerical symbols are assigned to the same members, and duplicate explanation will be omitted.

First Embodiment

Incidentally, a VCSEL that is a surface emitting laser element is formed by causing semiconductor layer to be epitaxially grown on a crystal substrate. For the epitaxial growth of the semiconductor layer MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition), MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) or the like is used. In the semiconductor film formed by the epitaxial growth in this way, in the case of MOCVD, for example, depending on a distribution of gas or a distribution of temperature of a wafer upon performing the epitaxial growth, a film thickness of the semiconductor film on a surface of the wafer may be non-uniform. When a resonator or a DBR of a surface emitting laser element is formed by the semiconductor film, a film thickness of which is non-uniform in this way, a variation occurs in oscillation wavelengths of surface emitting laser elements within a wafer. Then, a number of the surface emitting laser elements with the desired oscillation wavelength obtained from a wafer may become smaller.

For example, assume that the case of causing a semiconductor film to be epitaxially grown by MOCVD. In this case, as illustrated inFIG. 1, a film thickness distribution, in which a film thickness of a region10athat is a central portion of the wafer10is thick and, with distance from the central portion, the thickness becoming less in order of a region10b, a region10c, and a region10d, may occur. Therefore, when surface emitting laser elements are prepared with the same condition, oscillation wavelengths of a surface emitting laser element in the region10a, a surface emitting laser element in the region10b, a surface emitting laser element in the region10c, and a surface emitting laser element in the region10dare different from each other. That is, when the oscillation wavelength of the surface emitting laser element prepared in the region10aof the wafer10is the desired wavelength, the oscillation wavelength of the surface emitting laser element prepared in the region10dis far from the desired wavelength. Therefore, in a usage where an oscillation wavelength of an atomic oscillator or the like needs to be exact, the surface emitting laser element in the region10aof the wafer10, an oscillation wavelength of which is exactly the desired wavelength, can be used. However, the surface emitting laser elements in the region10b, the region10c, and the region10dcannot be used. In this way, a number of surface emitting laser elements, that can be used where an oscillation wavelength of an atomic oscillator or the like needs to be exact, obtained from a wafer10is small, which leads to an increase in cost or the like. Therefore, producing surface laser emitting elements that can be used where an oscillation wavelength of an atomic oscillator or the like needs to be exact with high yield is desired.

A surface emitting laser element according to a first embodiment will be explained with reference toFIG. 2. The surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment is a surface emitting laser element where the oscillation wavelength is 894.6 nm, and formed by laminating semiconductor layers on a substrate101. Specifically, the surface emitting laser element is formed by laminating in order, on the substrate101, a lower Bragg reflection mirror102, a lower spacer layer103, an active layer104, an upper spacer layer105, a second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, a first upper Bragg reflection mirror107, and a contact layer109. In the surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment, laser light is emitted from a surface of a layer which is laminated on a surface of the substrate101.

The substrate101is formed by an n-GaAs substrate that is a semiconductor substrate. The lower Bragg reflection mirror102is a lower DBR, and is formed by alternately laminating 35.5 pairs of a high refraction index layer of n-Al0.1Ga0.9As (aluminum gallium arsenide) and a low refraction index layer of n-Al0.9Ga0.1As, each layer having an optical thickness of λ/4.

The lower spacer layer103is formed of Al0.2Ga0.8As. The active layer104is formed of a quantum well structure including a quantum well layer of GaInAs (indium gallium arsenide)/a barrier layer of GaInPAs (indium gallium arsenide phosphide). In the embodiment, a resonator region110having a film thickness of a wavelength (1λ) is formed by the lower spacer layer103, the active layer104and the upper space layer105. The second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107are formed by alternately laminating 5 pairs of a high refraction index layer of p-Al0.1Ga0.9As and a low refraction index layer of p-Al0.9Ga0.1As, each layer having an optical thickness of λ/4.

In the embodiment, a wavelength adjustment region120is formed between the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107. Therefore, in the embodiment, a region including the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, the wavelength adjustment region120and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107will be described as an upper Bragg reflection mirror. The upper Bragg reflection mirror will serve as an upper DBR.

Moreover, in the middle of the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, an electric current narrowing layer108formed of p-AlAs is arranged. The electric current narrowing layer108has an electric current narrowing structure in which a selectively oxidized region108ais formed by oxidizing a surrounding portion of the electric current narrowing layer108, and the unoxidized central portion serves as an electric current narrowing region108b.

The contact layer109is formed of p-GaAs. Above the contact layer109, an upper electrode111is formed. Moreover, on the back side of the substrate101, a lower electrode112is formed. In the surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment, a mesa is formed by removing a part of the semiconductor layers. In order to protect a side surface of the semiconductor layers that are exposed by forming a mesa, a protection layer151formed of a dielectric film such as SiN (silicon nitride) is provided. Furthermore, in the region where the semiconductor layers are removed upon forming the mesa, a resin material such as polyimide is put, and thereby a resin layer152is formed.

In the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is arranged between the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107. A high refraction index layer in the upper Bragg reflection layer is replaced by the wavelength adjustment region120.

As illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4, the wavelength adjustment region120is formed on the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, i.e. from the side of the resonator region110, a second phase adjustment layer132, a wavelength adjustment layer140and a first phase adjustment layer131are formed in this order. In addition, inFIG. 3, the electric current narrowing layer108formed in the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106is omitted. The wavelength adjustment layer140adjusts an oscillation wavelength in the surface emitting laser element. In the embodiment, up to three layers of the wavelength adjustment layer140are provided. The wavelength adjustment layer140is formed by alternately laminating two kinds of semiconductor materials, etching conditions of which are different from each other. In the embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 4, the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed by alternately laminating p++-GaInP and p++-GaAsP. Specifically, in the wavelength adjustment layer140, a third adjustment layer143formed of p++-GaInP, a second adjustment layer142formed of p++-GaAsP, and a first adjustment layer141formed of p++-GaInP are laminated in order. In the embodiment, in the wavelength adjustment layer140, as an impurity element, zinc (Zn) is doped with a density of 1×1018cm−3or more.

In the embodiment, by changing the number of layers in the wavelength adjustment layer140, an optical thickness in the wavelength adjustment region120can be changed for each surface emitting laser element. Therefore, the ratio of surface emitting laser elements, an oscillation wavelength of which is the desired wavelength, obtained from a wafer can be increased, and the yield can be improved.

Here, assume the case where the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed by three layers of the third adjustment layer143, the second adjustment layer142and the first adjustment layer141. In this case, if film thicknesses are uniform, an oscillation wavelength in the case where the wavelength adjustment layer140is three adjustment layers is a wavelength λ1, an oscillation wavelength in the case where the wavelength adjustment layer140is two adjustment layers is a wavelength λ2, and an oscillation wavelength in the case where the wavelength adjustment layer140is one adjustment layer is a wavelength λ3. Moreover, in the case where the wavelength adjustment layer140is not formed, an oscillation wavelength is a wavelength λ4. In this way, by changing the number of layers in the wavelength adjustment layer140, surface emitting laser elements, oscillation wavelength of which are different from each other, i.e. four different wavelengths, λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4, are obtained.

In the surface emitting laser element, disclosed in Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2013-138176, in which a upper Bragg reflection mirror above a wavelength adjustment layer is formed of a dielectric material, a refraction index of a dielectric layer formed of a dielectric material is considerably less than a refraction index of the wavelength adjustment layer formed of a semiconductor material. Therefore, an interface between the wavelength adjustment layer and the dielectric layer is required to be formed at an antinode position in a longitudinal mode. If the interface between the wavelength adjustment layer and the dielectric layer is formed at a node position in a longitudinal mode, light is reflected in a reversed phase at the interface between the wavelength adjustment layer and the upper Bragg reflection mirror formed of a dielectric material.

Therefore, the inventor of the present application earnestly examined including experiments and the like regarding a surface emitting laser element having the structure where the upper Bragg reflection mirror above the wavelength adjustment layer is formed of a semiconductor material. As a result the inventor found that by forming so that an upper end of the wavelength adjustment region120is positioned at an antinode of a longitudinal mode and a lower end is positioned at a node of the longitudinal mode, and forming the wavelength adjustment layer140at a node position of the longitudinal mode in the wavelength adjustment region120, as illustrated inFIG. 3, characteristics can be improved, such as reducing an oscillation threshold electric current, without degrading a wavelength adjustment function. The embodiment is based on the knowledge found by the inventor in this way.

Specifically, refraction indices of two semiconductor materials used in the wavelength adjustment layer140, i.e. GaInP and GaAsP, are different from each other, i.e. 3.3 and 3.5. When the wavelength adjustment layer140is at a position of an antinode, a factor of scattering loss may occur. But, when the wavelength adjustment layer140is at a position of a node, an influence from the factor of scattering loss is suppressed.

Moreover, in the surface emitting laser element in which the upper Bragg reflection mirror above the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed of a semiconductor material, at an interface or the like between two kinds of layers forming the wavelength adjustment layer140, due to a hetero spike or the like that occurs in a band structure, electric resistance increases. Therefore, in order to reduce the electric resistance and to increase electric conductivity, the method may include increasing the density of the impurity element doped in the wavelength adjustment layer140.

However, when a region, in which the impurity element is doped with high density, is formed at an antinode position in the longitudinal mode in the wavelength adjustment region120, there is a problem that light absorption becomes great in this region, the oscillation threshold electric current becomes higher and slope efficiency is reduced or the like. On the other hand, in the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed at a node position in the longitudinal mode. Therefore, even if the density of the impurity element doped in the wavelength adjustment layer140is increased, the electric resistance can be reduced without increasing the oscillation threshold electric current, reducing the slope efficiency or the like. In this way, in a surface emitting laser element, by reducing the electric resistance, heat generation from the surface emitting laser element is suppressed, and the maximum optical output of laser light emitted from the surface emitting laser element can be increased.

As described above, in the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is formed in order of the second phase adjustment layer132, the wavelength adjustment layer140, and the first phase adjustment layer131. Specifically, the second phase adjustment layer132and the first phase adjustment layer131are formed of p-Al0.16Ga0.84As. The wavelength adjustment layer140is formed of three layers of p++-GaInP/p++-GaAsP/p++-GaInP. The wavelength adjustment region120is formed, as described above, between the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107. A high refraction index layer in the upper Bragg reflection layer is replaced by the wavelength adjustment region120.

As illustrated inFIG. 2, in the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is formed so that an optical thickness t1of the entire wavelength adjustment region120is approximately 3λ/4. Moreover, in the wavelength adjustment region120, an optical distance p1from a lower end of the wavelength adjustment region120to a center of the wavelength adjustment layer140is approximately λ/2. That is, when the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed by three layers of p++-GaInP/p++-GaAsP/p++-GaInP, the optical distance p1to the center of the middle layer p++-GaAsP is λ/2.

In addition, in the case of forming so that the optical thickness t1of the entire wavelength adjustment region120is approximately 5λ/4, the wavelength adjustment layer140has only to be formed at a position where the optical distance p1from the lower end of the wavelength adjustment region120is λ/2 or λ. Moreover, in the case of forming so that the optical thickness t1of the entire wavelength adjustment region120is approximately 7λ/4, the wavelength adjustment layer140has only to be formed at a position where the optical distance p1from the lower end of the wavelength adjustment region120is any one of λ/2, λ and 3λ/2.

That is, the optical thickness of the wavelength adjustment region120is approximately (2N+1)×λ/4 (N=1, 2, . . . ), and the position of the wavelength adjustment layer140is from an end portion of the wavelength adjustment region120on the side of the resonator region110, approximately M×λ/2 (M=1, 2, . . . ) where M is less than or equal to N.

Moreover, in the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed so that an optical thickness of each of the three layers of p++-GaInP/p++-GaAsP/p++-GaInP, forming the wavelength adjustment layer140is 0.05λ. Therefore, when a layer number of the adjustment layers in the wavelength adjustment layer140is changed, an interval of oscillation wavelengths in the surface emitting laser element is 1 nm. In the embodiment, a high refraction index layer in the upper Bragg reflection layer is replaced by the wavelength adjustment region120. In this structure, compared with a structure described in a second embodiment being replaced by a low refraction index layer, which will be described later, a mixed crystal including Al can be prevented from being used as a material for the wavelength adjustment layer. Therefore, upon performing selective etching for respective layers of the wavelength adjustment layer, oxidation or corrosion of surfaces of the respective layers of the wavelength adjustment layer can be prevented, and thereby the reliability is improved.

(Manufacturing Method of Surface Emitting Laser Element)

When the surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment is manufactured, the semiconductor layer is formed by epitaxial growth according to MOCVD method, MBE method or the like. Specifically, on the substrate101, the lower Bragg reflection mirror102, the lower spacer layer103, the active layer104, the upper spacer layer105, the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, the second phase adjustment layer132, and three layers of the wavelength adjustment layer140are formed in order by a crystal growth. On this occasion, a resonance wavelength is measured on a wafer that is serving as the substrate101. In addition, the electric current narrowing layer108is formed as a layer of the high refraction index layers forming the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106.

Next, by performing repeatedly resist patterning and selective etching, in an area of the entire wafer as large as possible, the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed so that the layer number of the wavelength adjustment layer140is different for each area to make the resonance wavelength correspond to the desired wavelength.

For example, as illustrated inFIG. 1, in a film formation according to MOCVD, a film in a region10athat is a central portion of the wafer10is thick, and with distance from the central portion the film becomes thinner in order of a region10b, a region10c, and a region10d. In this case, for the sake of simplicity, assume that with reference to the surface emitting laser element formed in the region10dof the wafer10, the oscillation wavelength becomes longer by 1 nm in the region10c, the oscillation wavelength becomes longer by 2 nm in the region10b, and the oscillation wavelength becomes longer by 3 nm in the region10a.

In this case, at first, photoresist is applied on a surface of the wafer10, and exposure by an exposure device and developing are performed, and thereby a resist pattern having openings in the regions10a,10b, and10cin the wafer10is formed. Afterwards, the first adjustment layer141of the wavelength adjustment layer140in the regions10a,10band10cof the wafer10in which a resist pattern is not formed is removed by wet etching. Furthermore, afterwards, the resist pattern is also removed by an organic solvent or the like.

Next, photoresist is applied on a surface of the wafer10, and exposure by an exposure device and developing are performed, and thereby a resist pattern having openings in the regions10aand10bin the wafer10is formed. Afterwards, the second adjustment layer142of the wavelength adjustment layer140in the regions10aand10bof the wafer10in which a resist pattern is not formed is removed by wet etching. Furthermore, afterwards, the resist pattern is also removed by an organic solvent or the like.

Next, photoresist is applied on a surface of the wafer10, and exposure by an exposure device and developing are performed, and thereby a resist pattern having an opening in the region10ain the wafer10is formed. Afterwards, the third adjustment layer143of the wavelength adjustment layer140in the region10aof the wafer10in which a resist pattern is not formed is removed by wet etching. Furthermore, afterwards, the resist pattern is also removed by an organic solvent or the like.

In the above-described wet etching, for example, for an etchant for GaAsP (the same is true as for GaAs), a mixed liquid of a sulfuric acid, a hydrogen peroxide and water may be used. Moreover, for an etchant for GaInP a mixed liquid of a hydrochloric acid and water may be used.

Therefore, in the region10ain the wafer10, all the three layers of the wavelength adjustment layer140are removed. Moreover, in the region10bin the wafer10, a layer of the wavelength adjustment layer140remains, in the region10cin the wafer10, two layers of the wavelength adjustment layer140remain, and in the region10din the wafer10, three layers of the wavelength adjustment layer140remain.

In the embodiment, even if the semiconductor layer formed on the wafer10has a film thickness distribution, the wavelength adjustment layer140can be formed so that layer numbers of the wavelength adjustment layer140are different from each other. Therefore, the oscillation wavelengths of the surface emitting laser elements formed in the region10a, the region10b, the region10cand the region10din the wafer10can be made approximately uniform, and the yield can be improved.

Next, a semiconductor layer above the wavelength adjustment layer140is formed. Specifically, on the wavelength adjustment layer140or the second phase adjustment layer132, the first phase adjustment layer131, the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107and the contact layer109are formed by a recrystal growth according to MOCVD method or MBE method.

Next, the semiconductor layer is removed by etching until a side surface of the electric current narrowing layer108formed in the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106is exposed, thereby a mesa is formed. Afterwards, from a side surface of the mesa, by selectively oxidizing surrounding area of the electric current narrowing layer108, a selected oxidized region108ais formed. A region which has not been selectively oxidized is an electric current narrowing region108b. For the etching to form the mesa, a dry etching method may be used. The mesa may have an arbitrary shape, viewed from the above the mesa, other than a circle, such as an ellipse, a square, or a rectangle.

After forming the mesa, by treating by heat in steam, AlAs which becomes an electric current narrowing layer108, a side surface of which is exposed, is oxidized from the side surface and is changed to be an insulator formed of AlxOyor the like. Then, the selected oxidized region108ais formed around the electric current narrowing layer108. In this way, by forming the selected oxidized region108ain the electric current narrowing layer108, a central portion which is not oxidized in the electric current narrowing layer108becomes the electric current narrowing region108b, and thereby a path of a driving current can be restricted to the electric current narrowing region108bthat is the central portion. Such structure is referred to as an electric current narrowing structure.

Next, a protection layer151of SiN (silicon nitride) is provided on a whole surface including the side surface and a top surface of the mesa. Furthermore, the region where the semiconductor layer is etched upon forming the mesa is filled with polyimide and is planarized, and thereby a resin layer152is formed. Afterwards, the protection layer151and the resin layer152above the contact layer109are removed, and an upper electrode111to be a p-side individual electrode is formed around a region above the contact layer109where laser light is emitted. On the back side of the substrate101, a lower electrode112to be an n-side common electrode is formed.

In the embodiment, the side surface of the semiconductor layer which is exposed by forming the mesa or a bottom surface around the mesa is protected by forming the protection layer151of SiN, which is a dielectric material, and reliability of the surface emitting laser element is improved. Especially, when the semiconductor layer includes corrosion-prone Al, an effect is produced.

In the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is arranged in the upper Bragg reflection mirror. However, the wavelength adjustment region120may be arranged in the lower Bragg reflection mirror.

In the usage of the atomic oscillator, a VCSEL that oscillates exactly with a desired wavelength is required. As a method of obtaining such a VCSEL oscillating exactly with a desired wavelength, a method of providing a plurality of light emitting elements, oscillation wavelengths of which are slightly different from each other, in one chip, and selecting a light emitting element emitting the desired oscillation wavelength from the plurality of light emitting elements is disclosed (See, for example, Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2013-138176). In this method, wavelength adjustment layers, film thicknesses of which are slightly different from each other, are formed in the middle of the upper DBR in order to make the oscillation wavelengths different from each other.

The wavelength adjustment layer is formed by laminating two kinds of different semiconductor materials alternately. When the entire upper DBR is formed by a semiconductor multilayered film, at an interface of two kinds of semiconductor materials forming the wavelength adjustment layers, due to a difference between band gaps of the two kinds of semiconductor materials, a barrier or the like occurs and resistance becomes great. In order to solve the problem, the method may include, for example, increasing density of an impurity element in the wavelength adjustment layer to decrease the resistance. However, in this case, there is a problem that light absorption becomes great that leads to degradation of the characteristic as the DBR and furthermore an increase of an oscillation threshold electric current of the VCSEL or the like.

Accordingly, in the surface emitting laser element, in which the DBR is formed of a semiconductor material, and the wavelength adjustment layer is provided in the middle of the DBR, the oscillation threshold electric current is desired to be small.

According to the surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment, in the surface emitting laser element, in which the DBR is formed by a semiconductor material, and the wavelength adjustment layer is provided in the middle of the DBR, the oscillation threshold electric current can be made small.

Second Embodiment

Next, a second embodiment will be described. A surface emitting laser element according to the embodiment is a surface emitting laser element of 894.6 nm using an electric current narrowing structure, as in the first embodiment. In the surface emitting laser element according to the first embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is replaced by a high refraction index layer in the upper Bragg reflection mirror, but the surface emitting laser element according to the second embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region120is replaced by a low refraction index layer.

The entire structure of the surface emitting laser element according to the second embodiment is the same as the structure illustrated inFIG. 1. In the embodiment, the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107are formed so that the wavelength adjustment region is replaced by a low refraction index layer in the upper Bragg reflection mirror.

In the embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 5andFIG. 6, a wavelength adjustment region220is formed between the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106and the first upper Bragg reflection mirror107. The wavelength adjustment region220is formed, on the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106, from the side of the resonator region110in the order of a second phase adjustment layer232, a wavelength adjustment layer240, and a first phase adjustment layer231. As illustrated inFIG. 5, the wavelength adjustment region220is formed so that an upper end of the wavelength adjustment region220is positioned at a node in a longitudinal mode, the lower end is positioned at an antinode in the longitudinal mode, and the wavelength adjustment layer240is positioned at a node in the longitudinal mode. InFIG. 5, the electric current narrowing layer108formed in the second upper Bragg reflection mirror106is omitted.

The wavelength adjustment layer240adjusts an oscillation wavelength in a surface emitting laser element. In the embodiment, up to three layers are provided. The wavelength adjustment layer240is formed by alternately laminating two kinds of semiconductor materials, etching conditions of which are different from each other. Specifically, the wavelength adjustment layer240is formed by alternately laminating p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P and p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As. That is, in the wavelength adjustment layer240, a third adjustment layer243formed of p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P, a second adjustment layer242formed of p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As, and a first adjustment layer241formed of p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P are laminated in order. In the embodiment, in the wavelength adjustment layer240, as an impurity element, zinc (Zn) is doped with a density of 1×1018cm−3or more.

In the embodiment, by changing the number of layers in the wavelength adjustment layer240, an optical thickness in the wavelength adjustment region220can be changed for each surface emitting laser element. Therefore, the ratio of surface emitting laser elements, an oscillation wavelength of which is the desired wavelength, obtained from a wafer can be increased, and the yield can be improved.

As illustrated inFIG. 5, in the embodiment, the wavelength adjustment region220is formed so that an optical thickness t2of the entire wavelength adjustment region220is approximately 3λ/4. Moreover, in the wavelength adjustment region220, an optical distance p2from a lower end of the wavelength adjustment region220to a center of the wavelength adjustment layer240is approximately λ/4. When the wavelength adjustment layer240is formed by three layers of p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P/p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As/p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P, the optical distance p2to the center of the middle layer is λ/4. That is, the optical distance p2to the center of the middle layer p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As in the wavelength adjustment layer240is λ/4.

In addition, in the case of forming so that the optical thickness t2of the entire wavelength adjustment region220is approximately 5λ/4, the wavelength adjustment layer240has only to be formed at a position where the optical distance p2from the lower end of the wavelength adjustment region220is λ/4 or 3λ/4. Moreover, in the case of forming so that the optical thickness t2of the entire wavelength adjustment region220is approximately 7λ/4, the wavelength adjustment layer240has only to be formed at a position where the optical distance p2from the lower end of the wavelength adjustment region220is any one of λ/4, 3λ/4 and 5λ/4.

That is, the optical thickness of the wavelength adjustment region220is approximately (2N+1)×λ/4 (N=1, 2, . . . ), and the position of the wavelength adjustment layer240is from an end portion of the wavelength adjustment region220on the side of the resonator region110, approximately (2M+1)×λ/4 (M=1, 2, . . . ) where M is less than or equal to N−1.

In the embodiment, an optical thickness of each of the three layers of p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P/p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As/p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P forming the wavelength adjustment layer240is 0.05λ. Therefore, when a layer number of the adjustment layers in the wavelength adjustment layer240is changed, an interval of oscillation wavelengths in the surface emitting laser element is 1 nm.

In addition, any of the refraction indices of p++-(Al0.7Ga0.3)0.5In0.5P and p++-Al0.7Ga0.3As forming the wavelength adjustment layer240is 3.1. Therefore, compared with the surface emitting laser element according to the first embodiment, a refraction index difference is small. In this way, when the refraction index difference between two kinds of materials forming the wavelength adjustment layer240is small, scattering loss in the wavelength adjustment layer240can be made small.

Features in the second embodiment other than those described as above are the same as the first embodiment.

Third Embodiment

Next, the third embodiment will be described. The embodiment relates to an atomic oscillator using the surface emitting laser element according the first embodiment or the second embodiment. With reference toFIG. 7, the atomic oscillator according to the embodiment will be described. The atomic oscillator according to the embodiment is a small-sized atomic oscillator of the CPT type, including a light source410, a collimating lens420, a quarter-wave plate430, an alkali metal cell440, a light detector450and a modulator460(See, for example, Comprehensive Microsystems, Vol. 3, pp. 571-612 and Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2009-188598).

In the atomic oscillator according to the embodiment, by injecting lights with two different wavelengths out of lights including a side band emitted from the surface emitting laser into the alkali metal cell440, an oscillation frequency is controlled according to a light absorption characteristic due to a quantum interference effect by two kinds of resonance lights.

For the light source410, the surface emitting laser element is made according to the first embodiment or the second embodiment. In the alkali metal cell440, alkali atoms of cesium (Cs) are encapsulated, and the transition of the D1 line is used. For the light detector450, a photodiode is used.

In the atomic oscillator according to the embodiment, light emitted from the light source410is irradiated to the alkali metal cell440in which the cesium atom gas is encapsulated, thereby electrons in the cesium atom are excited. Light having passed through the alkali metal cell440is detected by the light detector450. A signal detected by the light detector450is fed back to the modulator460. The modulator modulates the surface emitting laser element at the light source410.

FIG. 8illustrates a structure of atomic energy level related to the CPT method, which uses a property that when electrons are simultaneously excited from two ground states to an excited state, respectively, a light absorption rate decreases. In the surface emitting laser, there is an element, a wavelength of a carrier wave of which is close to 894.6 nm. The wavelength of the carrier wave can be tuned by changing temperature or output power of the surface emitting laser. As shown inFIG. 9, side bands appear on both sides of the carrier wave by the modulation. In the third embodiment, the surface emitting laser is modulated with a frequency of 4.6 GHz, so that a frequency difference between the side bands corresponds to the eigen frequency of the cesium atom, i.e. 9.2 GHz. As shown inFIG. 10, the amount of laser light transmitted through the excited cesium atom gas becomes maximum value when the frequency difference between the side bands corresponds to the eigen frequency difference of the cesium atom. The signal detected at the light detector450is fed back at the modulator460so that the output power from the light detector450is maintained at the maximum value. Accordingly, the modulation frequency of the surface emitting laser at the light source410is tuned. Since the eigen frequency of the atom is stable, a value of the modulation frequency is stable. This information is extracted as an output. In the case where the wavelength is 894.6 nm, a light source having a range of wavelength of light within ±1 nm is required. More preferably, a light source having a range of wavelength of light within ±0.3 nm is required (See, for example, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6132 613208-1 (2006)).

The atomic oscillator according to the third embodiment uses the surface emitting laser element according to the first embodiment or the second embodiment. For the surface emitting laser, due to the variation of layer thickness in the crystal growth, it is difficult to obtain a uniform oscillation wavelength within ±1 nm, as described above. However, oscillation wavelengths of the surface emitting laser elements according to the first embodiment or the second embodiment can be made uniform with a high yield in a wafer. Accordingly, a lot of surface emitting laser elements of the oscillation wavelength close to 894.6 nm can be obtained, i.e. the yield of surface emitting laser elements, in which an exact oscillation wavelength is required, is improved, and an atomic oscillator can be produced and provided with low cost.

Moreover, in the third embodiment, cesium (Cs) is used as the alkali metal and the surface emitting laser, a wavelength of which is 894.6 nm, is employed so as to use the transition of the D1 line. However, a surface emitting laser, a wavelength of which is 852.3 nm, may be employed so as to use the transition of the D2 line. Moreover, rubidium (Rd) may be used as the alkali metal. In this case, a surface emitting laser, a wavelength of which is 795.0 nm, and a surface emitting laser, a wavelength of which is 780.2 nm may be employed so as to use the transition of the D1 and D2 lines, respectively. A material composition of the active layer or the like may be designed according to the wavelength. Moreover, the modulation frequencies in the case of using rubidium are 3.4 GHz and 1.5 GHz for rubidium 87 (87Rb) and rubidium 85 (85Rb), respectively. Also for the above wavelengths, a light source having a range of wavelength of light within ±1 nm is required.

Further, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments, but various variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, in the embodiments of the present invention, the case where the surface emitting laser element is applied to the atomic oscillator is explained, but the surface emitting laser according to the first embodiment or the second embodiment may be applied to another apparatus or the like which requires light with a predetermined wavelength, such as a gas sensor. In such a case, in these apparatuses or the like, by using the surface emitting laser light with a predetermined wavelength depending on the use, the same effect is obtained.