Color filter and method of making the same

The object is to make a color filter smoothly. It includes a step of causing a discharge in a gas atmosphere including oxygen at atmospheric pressure and treating a substrate (10) by means of the activated species; and a step of injecting ink of predetermined color in ink filling concavities (29) in a predetermined layout formed on a template (13) to form a color pattern layer (14), next adhering the substrate (10) to the template (13) having the color pattern layer (14) formed thereon with a resin layer (15) interposed therebetween, and then separating the color pattern layer (14), resin layer (15), and substrate (10) as one from the template (13).

TECHNICAL FIELD 
The invention relates to a color filter for use in a liquid crystal display 
panel or the like, and a method of making the same. 
BACKGROUND ART 
Methods of making a color filter for a liquid crystal display panel or the 
like include dyeing method, pigment dispersion method, printing method, 
and electrodeposition method. 
In the dyeing method, a photosensitive material is added to the 
water-soluble polymer material which is the dye material, sensitizing it 
to light, and after this has been patterned by a lithographic process, it 
is steeped in a dye solution, to obtain the colored pattern. 
For example, first an opaque portion (generally black and referred to as a 
"black matrix", hereinafter abbreviated to BM) is formed on a glass 
substrate. Then the dye material, which is made by adding photosensitive 
material to water-soluble polymer material so that when exposed to light 
the solubility in a solvent is reduced, is coated on the substrate on 
which the BM is formed. Next a part only of the dye material is exposed to 
light through a mask and then developed, thus carrying out patterning so 
that the dye material remains only in the areas of the first color. Next 
the dye material is steeped in dye solution to be dyed and then set to 
form the first color layer. This process is repeated three times, to form 
a three-color filter. 
Whereas a color filter made by the dyeing method has a high transmissivity 
and bright colors, it is characterized by inferiority with respect to 
light-resistance, heat-resistance and hygroscopicity. 
Next, in the pigment dispersion method, a photosensitive resin in which 
pigment has been dispersed is coated on a substrate, and this is patterned 
to obtain a single-color pattern; this process is then repeated. In the 
above dyeing method, the dyeing is carried out after patterning the dye 
material, whereas with the pigment dispersion method a photosensitive 
resin which has already been colored is coated on the substrate. A color 
filter made by the pigment dispersion method is characterized by high 
durability, but is somewhat reduced transmissivity. 
Furthermore, of the layer of photosensitive resin, at least more than 70% 
of the amount applied must be removed and disposed of, producing a big 
problem in the efficiency of use of the material. in the printing method, 
paint made by dispersing pigment in thermosetting resin is applied by 
repeated printing to form three colors respectively, and the resin is 
heat-cured to form the color layer. While the printing method is simple, 
it is inferior in flatness. 
In the electrodeposition method, a patterned transparent electrode is 
provided on a substrate, and then this is immersed in an electrodeposition 
fluid containing pigment, resin, electrolyte and so forth, for 
electrodeposition of the first color. This process is repeated three 
times, and then finally baking is applied. The electrodeposition method 
provides excellent flatness, and is effective for color arrangement in a 
striped pattern, but is difficult to form a color arrangement in a mosaic 
pattern. 
Of the above methods of fabrication, the printing method has a drawback 
with respect to accuracy, and the electrodeposition method has a drawback 
of restrictions of patterning, and for this reason conventionally the 
dyeing method and pigment dispersion method have been most widely used. 
However, the dyeing method and the pigment dispersion method require a 
lithography step for forming the pixel regions of each of the first color, 
second color and third color, and this is a big obstacle to improve the 
mass production efficiency of the color filter. One method for forming 
pixels without a lithography step for each color is an inkjet method of 
making a color filter, which is disclosed in a number of publications, for 
example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 59-75205 and Japanese 
Patent Application Laid-Open No. 61-245106. By using an inkjet method to 
form the pixels, the efficiency of use of material improves, and the 
process is made shorter, and moreover a color filter of high brightness 
can be obtained. 
One method of thus making a color filter by the inkjet method which has 
been proposed includes steps of: injecting ink of predetermined colors in 
a plurality of ink filling. concavities which are formed in a 
predetermined pattern on a template to form a color pattern layer; then 
attaching a substrate on the surface of the template on which the color 
pattern layer is formed with a layer of resin therebetween; thereafter 
removing the color pattern layer, the resin layer and the substrate as one 
from the template. 
In other words, in this method of making a color filter, the form of the 
color pattern layer is controlled by the ink filling concavities on the 
template, and a color filter of high precision can be obtained. 
However, in the above described method of making a color filter, there is 
room for improvement in the following aspects of the step of separating 
the color pattern layer and resin layer from the template. 
Firstly, unless there is good adhesion between the substrate and the resin 
layer, when the color pattern layer and resin layer are removed as one 
from the template, the resin layer becomes partially or wholly detached 
from the substrate, letting the resin layer float above the substrate or 
break away from the substrate. 
Besides, since the adhesion between the color pattern layer and the 
template is different with each color, separation from the template is not 
uniform, and transfer faults occurs, such as the color pattern layer 
breaking away, cracks occurring or deformation. 
On the other hand, by making the adhesion between each color pattern layer 
and the template the same, the detachment from the template can be made 
uniform, and transfer faults can be avoided, but since the balance with 
other characteristics required of ink such as the color characteristics 
and the ejection characteristics of the inkjet method must be considered, 
the difficulties with the composition and selection of the ink material 
further increases. 
The invention is to solve the above described problems, and its object is 
to provide a color filter and a method of making the same, such that the 
process of detachment from the template can be carried out smoothly. 
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
The method of making a color filter according to the invention comprises: a 
step of causing a discharge in an atmosphere of gas including at least 
oxygen at atmospheric pressure or a pressure close thereto, and treating a 
substrate with activated species created by the discharge; and a step of 
forming color pattern layers by injecting ink of at least one 
predetermined color in a plurality of ink filling concavities formed in a 
predetermined layout on a template, then adhering the substrate to the 
template having the color pattern layers formed thereon with a resin layer 
interposed therebetween, and then separating the color pattern layers, the 
resin layer, and the substrate as one from the template. 
In other words, the invention is to treat the surface of the substrate to 
improve its adhesion to the resin, using activated species, such as 
excited species and ion created by a discharge, and thus preventing the 
resin layer from breaking away and the detachment from the substrate. 
Also, since the invention carries out treatment at atmospheric pressure, 
compared with the case in which vacuum apparatus of which the running 
costs are high is used, the substrate can be treated at a low cost, and 
moreover, since the treatment is dry the controllability is good. 
The following can be given as specific examples of methods of forming the 
ink filling concavities on the template. 
(1) Forming method by etching the template. 
(2) Forming method by providing pixel partitions on the template. 
(3) Forming method on an ink filling layer provided on the template. 
As a method of filling these ink filling concavities with ink of 
predetermined color, an inkjet method is preferred. According to the 
inkjet method, the practical technology developed for inkjet printers can 
be employed, enabling the filling operation to be carried out rapidly and 
economically, with no ink waste. 
Besides, in the process of treating the substrate, the following specific 
examples of steps may be given. 
(a) A stop in which a discharge generating electrode is disposed in the 
vicinity of the substrate, a high frequency voltage is applied to the 
discharge generating electrode, the discharge is created in a space 
between the substrate and the discharge generating electrode, and at least 
oxygen gas is passed through the space creating the excited species, ions 
and other activated species, whereby the substrate is treated. 
By means of this stop, the substrate is treated while directly exposed to 
the discharge. 
(b) A step in which a discharge generating electrode and a counterelectrode 
are disposed, a high frequency voltage is applied between the discharge 
generating electrode and the counterelectrode, the discharge is created in 
a space between the discharge generating electrode and the 
counterelectrode, at least oxygen gas is passed through the space creating 
the excited species; ions and other activated species, the substrate is 
disposed so as not to be exposed to the discharge, and a gas flow 
including the activated species is expelled from a gas outlet, whereby the 
substrate is treated. 
By means of this step, the substrate can be treated without being directly 
exposed to the discharge. 
The above step (a) has a higher treatment efficacy compared with step (b), 
but since the substrate tends to become hot, if a substrate of low heat 
resistance is used, there is a tendency for the substrate to be deformed 
by the heat. 
Besides, according to step (b) above, since the location of the discharge 
generating portion and the substrate treating portion are separated, there 
are fewer restraints in the design of the machine, and since the substrate 
is less likely to become hot, treatment of a substrate with low heat 
resistance is easy. 
Besides, it is preferable that the discharge generating electrode in step 
(a) above, or the gas outlet in stop (b) above is no less than the 
treatment area of the substrate to be treated. By this, since the 
substrate can be treated in a single operation, the treatment time can be 
shortened, and the substrate can be treated while fixed to lighten the 
load on the machine. 
Preferably, the substrate is subjected to treatment while in the heated 
state. The invention employs a chemical reaction for treatment, and this 
reaction is promoted by heat, for which reason by carrying out the 
treatment with the substrate heated, the treatment time can be reduced. 
On the other hand, when using a substrate with low heat resistance, it is 
preferable that the substrate is subjected to treatment while in the 
cooled state. Cooling the substrate limits the deformation of the 
substrate due to heat. 
The method of making a color filter of the invention is characterized by 
comprising: a first stop of forming an ink filling layer having a 
plurality of ink filling concavities in a predetermined layout on a first 
template; a second step of forming color pattern layers by injecting ink 
of at least one predetermined color in each of the ink filling 
concavities; a third step of forming a resin layer having optical 
transmissivity by painting resin over the ink filling layer where the 
color pattern layers are formed; and a fourth step of separating the resin 
layer together with the color pattern layers and the ink filling layer as 
one from the first template, after the resin layer is set. 
In other words, the invention is a method of making a color filter in which 
the form ,of a color pattern layers are controlled by ink filling 
concavities in an ink filling layer formed beforehand on a template. The 
color pattern layer formed by this method has excellent flatness, and 
sharp edges. As a result, a color filter can be obtained with no color 
unevenness, and high precision. 
According to the method of making a color filter according to the 
invention, since only the ink filling layer comes into contact with the 
template, each color pattern layer does not come into contact with the 
template. Moreover, in the fourth step, since the color pattern layers are 
separated from the template while protected by the ink filling layer, the 
stress applied to the color pattern layers during the separation process 
can be reduced. As a result, transfer faults including breaking off the 
color pattern layer, generation of cracks, and deformation can be 
prevented. Besides, since each color pattern layer does not contact the 
template, limitations on the releasing characteristics of the ink 
materials from the template are eliminated, increasing the flexibility 
with which the ink materials can be designed and it selected. 
In the color filter obtained by the method of making a color filter of the 
invention, the ink filling layer doubles as an over-coating layer 
(protective layer) for the color pattern layers, and therefore a step of 
forming an over-coating layer is not required. Moreover, by using a smooth 
template, a color filter with excellent smoothness can be obtained without 
smoothing treatment. 
In the second step, it is preferable that the ink is to injected using an 
inkjet method. 
According to the inkjet method, the practical technology developed for 
inkjet printers can be employed, enabling the filling operation to be 
carried out rapidly and with an ink use rate of close to 100%, so that 
there is no ink waste. 
In the second step it is preferable that the ink with which the ink filling 
concavities have been filled is subjected to heat treatment, and the 
solvent ingredient is volatilized, to form the color pattern layers. After 
the solvent ingredient has been volatilized in this way, the resin layer 
is formed in the third step described above, and the color pattern layers 
are made set, whereby transfer faults and mixture with the resin layer can 
be prevented. This is also effective in preventing a reduction in 
reliability of the color filter due to residual solvent. 
It is preferable that in the first step, in at least the region of the 
surface of the first template on which the ink filling layer is formed, a 
release agent is applied beforehand, or a release agent is added 
beforehand to the material of which the ink filling layer is formed, 
whereby it is made easier to separate the ink filling layer from the 
template. By this means, the separation from the template can be carried 
out satisfactorily. 
Alternatively, in at least the region of the surface of the template in 
which the ink filling layer is formed, a releasing layer of a material for 
improving the releasability of the ink filling layer, that is to say, a 
material of low adhesion to the ink filling layer may be formed, and the 
same effect obtained. 
Besides, if the third stop includes a step of mounting a reinforcing plate 
having optical transmissivity on the resin layer, the mechanical strength 
of the color filter can improve. 
Besides, in the first step, a substance of liquid for forming the ink 
filling layer which can be set by applying energy may be provided on a 
second template having a relief pattern consisting of convex portions 
corresponding to the ink filling concavities and concave portions formed 
around the convex portions; the first template may be put into the 
substance; the substance after set may be separated together with the 
first template as one from the second template; and the relief pattern of 
the second template may be transferred to the substance, whereby the ink 
filling layer having the ink filling concavities may be formed on the 
template. 
Alternatively, the second template may be formed by etching a resist layer 
formed on a third template, forming a resist pattern corresponding to the 
relief pattern of the second template, making the surface of the resist 
pattern electrically conducting, and electrodepositing a metal by an 
electroplating method to form a metal layer, removing the metal layer from 
the third template, and removing the resist. 
According to these processes, the second template, once made, can be used 
as many times as necessary, within the limits of durability, removing the 
need for a lithography process as described above in each step, and is 
thus economical. 
The relief pattern of the second template may be formed for example by 
etching. When the second template has a relief pattern corresponding to 
the ink filling concavities formed by etching, it is preferable that a 
silicon wafer is used as the substrate. The technology for etching a 
silicon wafer is used as the technology for making semiconductor devices, 
and high-precision forming is possible. 
It is preferable that in at least the region of the surface of the second 
template contacted by the ink filling layer, a release agent is applied 
beforehand, or a release agent is added beforehand to the material of 
which the ink filling layer is formed, whereby it is made easier to 
separate the ink filling layer from the template. By this means, the 
separation from the template can be carried out satisfactorily. 
Alternatively, in at least the region of the surface of the second template 
contacted by said ink filling layer, a releasing layer of a material for 
improving the releasability of the ink filling layer, that is to say, a 
material of low adhesion to the ink filling layer may be formed, and the 
same effect obtained. 
Next, when a BM is required on the side of the color filter substrate, in 
the first step, an opaque ink may be inserted into the concave portions on 
the second template before the liquid substance is provided on the second 
template; and on the periphery of the ink filling concavities an opaque 
layer may be formed from the opaque ink. 
Additionally, as the method of filling with the opaque ink is preferably 
used an inkjet method of filling. 
According to the inkjet method, the practical technology developed for 
inkjet printers can be employed, enabling the filling operation to be 
carried out rapidly and with an ink use rate of close to 100%, so that 
there is no ink waste. 
Furthermore, it is preferable that the opaque ink with which the ink 
filling concavities on the second template have been filled is subjected 
to heat treatment, and the solvent ingredient is volatilized, to form the 
opaque layer. After the solvent ingredient has been volatilized in this 
way, the ink filling layer is formed, and the opaque layer is made set, 
whereby transfer faults during the separation from the second template and 
mixture of the opaque layer and the ink filling layer can be prevented, 
and moreover this is also effective in preventing a reduction in 
reliability of the color filter due to residual solvent. 
Moreover, it is preferable that by adding beforehand a release agent to the 
opaque ink, it is made easier to separate the opaque layer from the second 
template. By this means, the separation from the second template can be 
carried out satisfactorily. 
Alternatively, the concave portions of the relief pattern of the second 
template may have an area smaller at the bottom than at the opening. By 
making this so, the top area of the opaque layer is reduced, and a narrow 
BM (black matrix) can be obtained. 
By the above described method of making a color filter, a color filter with 
excellent flatness, no unevenness of color density, and high precision can 
be obtained at low cost. Additionally, a BM of economic nature and high 
precision can also be built in. 
Further, in the first template, a concave portion for forming a spacer may 
be formed; in the first step, the ink filling layer may be formed by 
providing a substance for forming the ink filling layer in the liquid 
state on the first template, and setting this substance to form the ink 
filling layer; and a spacer convex portion corresponding to the concave 
portion for forming a spacer may be formed in the ink filling layer. 
By making this so, a color filter with an integral spacer can be made 
easily. 
The color filter of the invention comprises an optically transmitting ink 
filling layer having ink filling concavities, a color pattern layer formed 
by filling the ink filling concavities with ink of predetermined color, 
and an optically transmitting resin layer applied over the ink filling 
layer where the color pattern layer is formed. 
This color filter may have a reinforcing plate having optical 
transmissivity on the resin layer, an opaque layer may be formed around 
the periphery of the ink filling concavities, and the ink filling layer 
may have an integrally formed spacer. 
Besides, the color filter may have the ink filling concavities formed so as 
to widen from their bottoms toward their openings, and the opaque layer, 
on the periphery of the openings, may be formed with its top portion 
smaller than its base portion.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
The preferred embodiments of the invention is now described with reference 
to the drawings. 
(First Embodiment) 
FIGS. 1A to 1D illustrate the process of making a color filter in an 
embodiment of the invention. 
In more detail, this method is as follows. 
First, as shown in FIG. 1A, a substrate 10 is subjected to a discharge in 
an atmosphere of gas including at least oxygen, at atmospheric pressure or 
a pressure close thereto, and is treated by activated species 12, such as 
excited species and ions created by this discharge. The treated surface 11 
of the substrate 10 at this point is the surface to which a resin layer 15 
created in the step shown in FIG. 1C is adhered. 
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a device for treating the substrate, used in 
the step of FIG. 1A. This device has a metallic cover 17 connected to 
ground, within which a discharge generating electrode 18 is electrically 
insulated by an insulator 21. This treatment is carried out at atmospheric 
pressure, and the atmosphere is therefore of air. 
The substrate 10 is placed within this device so that as shown in FIG. 2, 
the treated surface 11 is uppermost. 
The substrate 10 is selected according to the color filter to be made, and 
may for example employ a glass plate, or a plate or film of a plastic 
material such as polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyether sulfone, amorphous 
polyolefin, polyethylene terephthalate, or polymethyl methacrylate. 
Next, oxygen and helium gas are supplied into the metallic cover 17 by a 
gas supply device 20, and in the vicinity of the discharge generating 
electrode 18 and substrate 10, the atmosphere is replaced by oxygen and 
helium gas. The helium gas serves to promote the production of discharge. 
Next, high-frequency electric power is applied from a high-frequency power 
supply 19 to the discharge generating electrode 18, whereupon a discharge 
occurs between the discharge generating electrode 18 and the substrate 10, 
forming a discharge portion 22. In the discharge portion 22 the oxygen gas 
is activated by dissociation, ionization, excitation and so on, to form 
chemically activated species, and the surface of the substrate 10 is 
exposed to the discharge portion 22, whereupon the breaking of molecular 
bonds and oxidation on the surface occur. 
As a result, the wettability, to the substrate 10, of the material used for 
forming the resin layer 15 formed in the step shown in FIG. 1C improves, 
and thus the adhesion of the substrate 10 to the resin layer 15 improves. 
Here helium gas was used as the gas for serving the generation of a 
discharge, but the same effect can also be obtained from argon gas. 
The conditions for causing the discharge do not necessarily require the 
metallic cover 17 on the machine. It is also not necessary for the 
metallic cover 17 to be metallic, and ceramic may also be used. 
The larger the size of the discharge generating electrode 18, the better, 
and this is preferably larger than the treated surface 11 of the substrate 
10. By this means, the substrate 10 can be treated in a single operation, 
and therefore the treatment time is reduced, and since the substrate 10 
can be treated while fixed, lightening the load on the machine. 
Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 1B, color pattern layers 14 are formed on a 
template 13. The method of forming the color pattern layers 14 on the 
template 13 will be described later. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 1C, the treated surface 11 of the substrate 10 and 
the surface of the template 13 where the color pattern layers 14 are 
formed are adhered together with a resin layer 15 interposed. 
The material of the resin layer 15 is not restricted, provided it has 
transparency such as not to impair the color characteristics of the color 
pattern layers 14, and various resins may be used. In particular, acrylic 
resins of the type set by ultraviolet rays are well suitable, since a 
variety of commercially available resins and photosensitive materials may 
be used to give excellent optical characteristics, and moreover the 
resulting product can be set in a short time. 
As specific instances of the basic composition of acrylic resins set by 
ultraviolet rays may be cited prepolymers, oligomers, monomers, and 
optical polymerization initiators. 
As prepolymers or oligomers may be used, for example, acrylate-based 
substances such as epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates, polyester 
acrylates, polyether acrylates, and spiroacetal acrylates; or 
methacrylate-based substances such as epoxy methacrylates, urethane 
methacrylates, polyester methacrylates, and polyether methacrylates. 
As monomers may be used, for example, monofunctional monomers such as 
2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, carbitol acrylate, 
tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, dicyclopentenyl acrylate, 
and 1,3-butanediol acrylate; bifunctional monomers such as 1,6-hexanediol 
diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, neopentylglycol diacrylate, 
neopentylglycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene 
glycol diacrylate, and pentaerythritol diacrylate; and polyfunctional 
monomers such as trimethylol propane acrylate, trimethylol propanetri 
methacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and dipentaerythritol 
hexacrylate. 
As optical polymerization initiators may be used, for example, 
acetophenones such as 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone; butylphenones 
such as .alpha.-hydroxy is obutylphenone and 
p-isopropyl-.alpha.-hydroxyisobutylphenone; halogenated acetophenones such 
as p-tert-butyldichloroacetophonone, p-tert-butyl trichloroacetophenone, 
and .alpha.,.alpha.-dichloro-4-phenoxyacetophenone; benzophenone such as 
benzophenone and N,N-tetraethyl-4,4-diaminobenzophenone; benzyl such as 
benzyl and benzyl dimethyl ketals; benzoin compounds such as benzoin and 
benzoin alkylethers; oxime compounds such as 
1-phenyl-1,2-propanedion-2-(o-ethoxycarbonyl)oxime; xanthone such as 
2-methylthioxanthone and 2-chlorothioxanthone; benzoin ethers such as 
benzoin other and isobutyl benzoin ether; and radical generating compounds 
such as Michler's ketone and benzylmethyl ketals. 
It should be noted that if necessary, to prevent impairment of setting by 
oxygen, amines or other compounds may be added, and to facilitate the 
painting, a solvent ingredient may be added. There is no particular 
restriction on the solvent ingredient added, and various organic solvents 
may be used, such as, for example, propylene glycol monomethyl ether 
acetate, methoxy methyl proprionate, ethoxy ethyl proprionate, ethyl 
lactate, ethyl pyruvinate, or ethyl amyl ketone. 
Such an acrylic resin to be set by ultraviolet rays is spread in a 
predetermined quantity on at least one of the surface 11 of the substrate 
10 treated by the activated species and the surface of the template 13 on 
which the color pattern layers 14 are formed, the two are brought together 
and irradiated with ultraviolet rays from the substrate side for a 
predetermined time to effect the setting. 
In this way, when the substrate 10, color pattern layers 14 and resin layer 
15 are brought together, and these are then separated from the template 
13, the completed product 16 of a color filter shown in FIG. 1D is 
obtained. 
Next the method of forming the color pattern layers 14 on the template 13 
is described. FIGS. 3A to 3E show an example process of making the 
template 13 of an embodiment of the invention. 
Specifically, the following method is used. 
First, as shown in FIG. 3A, a resist layer 24 is formed on a substrate 23. 
The substrate 23 has its surface etched to form the template, and here a 
silicon wafer is used. The technology of etching a silicon wafer is 
established in the art of making semiconductor devices, and enables highly 
precise etching be carried out. It should be noted that as long as the 
substrate 23 is a material which can be etched, it is not restricted to 
being a silicon wafer, and for example a plate or film of glass, quartz, 
resin, metal, ceramic, or other material may be used. 
As the material forming the resist layer 24, may be used a commercially 
available positive resist as generally used in the fabrication of 
semiconductor devices, being a cresol novolac type resin to which a 
diazo-naphthoquinone derivative is added as a photosensitive material. 
Here the positive resist refers to a substance which can be selectively 
removed by developer in an area which is exposed to radiation in 
accordance with a predetermined pattern. 
As a method of forming the resist layer 24, may be used, for example, the 
spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, roll-coating 
method, or bar-coating method. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 3B, a mask 25 is disposed on the resist layer 24, 
and selected regions only of the resist layer 24 are exposed through the 
mask 25 to radiation 26. 
The mask 25 is patterned so as to transmit the radiation 26 only in those 
regions corresponding to ink filling concavities 29 shown in FIG. 3E. 
Besides, the ink filling concavities 29 are formed to correspond to the 
form and layout of the colors of the color filter to be made, and for 
example for a 10-inch VGA type liquid crystal panel, approximately 900,000 
pixels, 640.times.480.times.3 (colors), at approximately 100 .mu.m pitch, 
or in other words approximately 900,000 individual ink filling concavities 
29 are formed. 
After the resist layer 24 has been exposed to the radiation 26, developing 
is carried out under predetermined conditions, and as shown in FIG. 3C, 
the resist in the radiation-exposed regions 27 only is selectively 
removed, exposing the substrate 23, while other regions remain covered by 
the resist layer 24. 
When the resist layer 24 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 3D, 
with the resist layer 24 as a mask, the substrate 23 is etched to a 
particular depth. 
The method of etching may be wet etching or dry etching, but according to 
the material of the substrate 23, the method of etching and the conditions 
may be chosen to be optimum from a consideration of the etching 
cross-sectional shape, the etching rate, and so forth. For controllability 
dry method is superior, and a device using, for example the parallel flat 
plate reactive ion etching (RIE) method, the inductive coupled plasma 
(ICP) method, the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) method, helicon wave 
excitation method, magnetron method, plasma etching method, ion beam 
etching method or the like may be used, and by varying the etching gas, 
the gas flow rate, the gas pressure, the bias voltage, and other 
conditions, the ink filling concavities 29 may be formed in an oblong 
shape, a taper may be applied, the surface may be made rough, and a 
desired etching shape may be obtained. 
Next, after etching is completed, as shown in FIG. 3E, the resist layer 24 
is removed, and the substrate 23 having the ink filling concavities 29 is 
obtained, and this forms the template 13. 
This template 13, once made, can be used as many times as necessary, within 
the limits of durability, and is thus economical. The process of making 
the template 13 can be omitted in the process of making the second and 
subsequent color filters, enabling the number of steps in the process to 
be reduced and the cost to be reduced. 
In the above embodiment, when the ink filling concavities 29 are formed on 
the substrate 23, a positive resist is used, but equally a negative 
resist, in which regions exposed to radiation are rendered insoluble in a 
developer, and the regions not exposed to radiation are selectively 
removed by the developer, may be used; in this case the mask used has a 
pattern which is the inversion of the pattern of the mask 25. 
Alternatively, instead of using a mask, a laser beam or electron beam may 
be used to directly expose the resist in a pattern. 
After the template 13 having the ink filling concavities 29 is thus 
obtained, next the ink filling concavities 29 are filled with 
predetermined colored inks, to form a color pattern layer. There are no 
particular restrictions on the method used to fill the ink filling 
concavities 29 with colored inks, but an inkjet method is preferred. 
According to the inkjet method, the practical technology developed for 
inkjet printers can be employed, enabling the filling operation to be 
carried out rapidly and economically, with no ink waste. 
FIG. 4 shows the ink filling concavities 29 being filled with inks 31, for 
example, red ink R, green ink G, and blue ink B by an inkjet head 30. The 
inkjet head 30 is disposed facing the ink filling concavities 29 on the 
template 13, and the colored inks 31 are ejected into the ink filling 
concavities 29. 
The head 30 is for example one developed for an inkjet printer, and may for 
example be a Piezo Jet Type employing a piezoelectric element, or a Bubble 
Jet Type employing a electrothermal conversion as an energy producing 
element, and the color areas and color pattern can be determined as 
required. 
For example, if the head 30 has twenty ink ejecting nozzles for each of R, 
G and B, and a drive frequency of 14.4 kHz (14400 ejection cycles per 
second), then if three drops of ink are ejected into each of the ink 
filling concavities 29, to fill with ink the ink filling concavities 29 of 
a 10-inch VGA type color filter with approximately 900,000 pixels, the 
time required is: 
EQU 900,000.times.3 drops/(144000 cycles.times.20 nozzles.times.3 
colors)=approximately 3 seconds 
Here, even when the time for the head 30 to move from one ink filling 
concavity 29 to the next is included, the template 13 can be filled with 
ink in about 2 or 3 seconds. 
Thus all of the ink filling concavities 29 are filled with ink. If a 
solvent ingredient is included in ink, heat treatment is carried out to 
volatilize the ink solvent. 
In this way, as shown in FIG. 1B, the color pattern layer 14 is formed on 
the template 13, and by means of the steps shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the 
completed product 16 of a color filter is obtained. 
Next, a second method of forming the color pattern layer 14 on the template 
is described. First, as shown in FIG. 5A, a layer 33 of a material for 
forming pixel partition portions, and a resist layer 24 are formed in 
sequence on a template 32. 
The template 32 is not restricted as long as it fulfills the role of 
supporting the pixel partition portions, It determines the surface form of 
the color filter, it is capable of being formed to the desired surface 
form, and it withstands the process; for example a plate or film of a 
silicon wafer, glass, quartz, resin, metal, ceramic, or other material may 
be used. Here a glass template is used, which has its surface polished to 
a flat using a cerium oxide type polishing agent, and is then washed and 
dried. 
The material of the pixel partition portions is such as not to create a 
problem of surface reflection when the panel is formed, and is not 
particularly restricted as long as it is capable of being formed according 
to the form and layout of the color pattern of the color filter to be 
made; various resins, silicon materials, glass materials, metal materials, 
or ceramic materials can be used. Here an acrylic resin set by ultraviolet 
rays is used. As the components of an acrylic resin set by ultraviolet 
rays, may be used the same materials as those described above for forming 
the resin layer 15, and description is omitted here. 
After the acrylic resin set by ultraviolet rays has been applied to the 
template 32 up to a predetermined thickness, ultraviolet rays are applied 
for a predetermined time for setting it, to form the layer 33 of a 
material for forming pixel partition portions. As a method of forming the 
layer of acrylic resin set by ultraviolet rays, may be used, for example, 
the spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, 
roll-coating method, or bar-coating method. 
Besides, as the material and method for forming the resist layer 24, may be 
used the same materials and methods as described above for forming that in 
FIG. 3A, and description is omitted here. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 5B, the mask 25 is disposed-on the resist layer 24, 
and selected regions only of the resist layer 24 are exposed through the 
mask 25 to radiation 26. The mask 25 is the same as used in the 
description of FIG. 3B above, and description is omitted here. 
After the resist layer 24 has been exposed to the radiation 26, developing 
process is carried out under predetermined conditions, and as shown in 
FIG. 5C, the radiation-exposed regions 27 only by the radiation 26 is 
selectively removed, exposing the layer 33 of a material for forming pixel 
partition portions, while other regions remain covered by the resist layer 
24. 
When the resist layer 24 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 5D, 
with the resist layer 24 as a mask, the layer 33 of a material for forming 
pixel partition portions is etched up to a particular depth. The method of 
etching used may be the same as in the description of FIG. 3D above, and 
description is omitted here. 
Next, after etching is completed, as shown in FIG. 5E, the resist layer 24 
is removed to form pixel partition portions 34, and the areas divided up 
by pixel partition portions 34 form the ink filling concavities 29. 
In the above embodiment, when the pixel partition portions 34 are formed, a 
positive resist is used, but equally a negative resist, in which regions 
exposed to radiation are rendered insoluble in a developer, and the 
regions not exposed to radiation are selectively removed by the developer, 
may be used; in this case the mask used has a pattern which is the 
inversion of the pattern of the mask 25. Alternatively, instead of using a 
mask, a laser beam or electron beam may be used to directly expose the 
resist in a pattern. 
As the material for forming the pixel partition portions, may be used any 
material capable of patterning by exposure to radiation in a pattern, 
either directly or through a mask, and by development. This case is 
economical, because the resist layer 24 and the operation of etching are 
not required. 
Besides, an opaque material is used as the material for forming the pixel 
partition portions, the pixel partition portions can double as a BM. 
After the ink filling concavities 29 are thus formed on the template 32, 
next the ink filling concavities 29 are filled with predetermined colored 
inks, and as shown in FIG. 6A, color pattern layers 14 are formed. The 
method used to fill the ink filling concavities 29 with colored inks may 
be the same as the inkjet method in the description of FIG. 4 above, and 
description is omitted here. 
Then, by the same process as described above in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the 
completed product 35 of a color filter shown in FIG. 6B is obtained. 
Next, a third method of forming the color pattern layers 14 on the template 
is described. 
First, a second template having convex portions corresponding to the form 
and layout of the color pattern layers to be formed is made. 
Specifically, the following method is used. 
First, as shown in FIG. 7A, a resist layer 24 is formed on a substrate 35. 
The substrate 35 has its surface etched to form the second template, and 
here a quartz substrate is used. It should be noted that substrate 35 is 
not limited to being a quartz substrate, as long as it is a material which 
can be etched, and for example a plate or film of glass, silicon wafer, 
resin, metal, ceramic, or other material may be used. 
The material and method of forming of the resist layer 24 may be the same 
as in the description of FIG. 3A above, and description is omitted here. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 7B, a mask 36 is disposed above the resist layer 24, 
and selected regions only of the resist layer 24 are exposed through the 
mask 36 to radiation 26. 
The mask 36 is patterned so as to transmit the radiation 26 only in those 
regions other than the regions corresponding to the convexities to be 
formed, and differs from that shown in FIG. 3B only in that the pattern is 
inverted. 
After the resist layer 24 has been exposed to the radiation 26, developing 
process is carried out under predetermined conditions, and as shown in 
FIG. 7C, the radiation-exposed regions 27 only is selectively removed, 
exposing the substrate 35, while other regions remain covered by the 
resist layer 24. 
When the resist layer 24 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 7D, 
with the resist layer 24 as a mask, the substrate 35 is etched up to a 
particular depth. The method of etching used may be the same as in the 
description of FIG. 3 above, and description is omitted here. 
Next, after etching is completed, as shown in FIG. 7E, the resist layer 24 
is removed, forming a second template 37. This second template 37, once 
made, can be used as many times as necessary, within the limits of 
durability, and is thus economical. 
The steps after the second template 37 is thus obtained are shown in FIGS. 
8A to 8D. 
First, as shown in FIG. 8A, using a material for forming an ink filling 
layer, the relief pattern of the second template 37 is formed by transfer 
on a template 38, forming an ink filling layer 39 thereon. 
The template 38 functions to support the ink filling layer 39, and to 
determine the surface form of the color filter, and is not subject 
particularly to restriction as long as it is capable of being formed to 
the desired surface form and of withstanding the process, and for example, 
a plate or film of silicon wafer, glass, quartz, resin, metal, ceramic, or 
other material may be used. Here a quartz wafer polished to a mirror 
finish is used. This template 38, once made, can be used as many times as 
necessary, within the limits of durability, and is thus economical. 
The material for forming the ink filling layer 39 is not subject 
particularly to restriction as long as in regions 40 for forming the color 
pattern layer shown in FIG. 8C, that is to say, at the thickness of the 
bottom of the ink filling concavities 29, it has sufficient optical 
transmissivity not to impair the color characteristics of the color 
pattern layer 14, and various resins, glass materials, metal materials, or 
ceramic materials can be used, and it is preferably a liquid material 
which can be set by applying energy. By using a liquid material for the 
ink filling layer 39, the material for forming the ink filling layer can 
easily be injected into even the fine parts of the concavities on the 
second template 37, and therefore, the relief pattern on the second 
template 37 can be precisely transferred to the ink filling layer 39. 
As such a material, may be used, for example, a resin set by ultraviolet 
rays. As such resins set by ultraviolet rays. acrylic resins have 
outstanding transparency, and since various commercially available resins 
and photosensitive materials may be used, these are ideal. The components 
of the acrylic resin set by ultraviolet rays may be the same as in the 
resin layer 15 described above, and description is omitted here. The resin 
set by ultraviolet rays may be coated in a predetermined amount on to 
either or both of the template 38 and second template 37. 
Next, the template 38 and second template 37 are superimposed, and at the 
point at which the resin set by ultraviolet rays has spread to a 
predetermined area, the resin set by ultraviolet rays is set by 
irradiation by ultraviolet rays for a predetermined time. 
When thus using materials set by ultraviolet rays, it is essential that one 
of the template 38 and second template 37 transmits ultraviolet rays. 
Here, since the second template 37 transmits ultraviolet rays, the 
ultraviolet rays can be irradiated from the side of the second template 
37. 
Thus, when the resin set by ultraviolet rays has set, and the ink filling 
layer 39 is formed, the ink filling layer 39 is separated together with 
the template 38 from the second template 37, and as shown in FIG. 8B, the 
ink filling layer 39 having ink filling concavities 29 on the template 38 
is obtained. 
Next, the ink filling concavities 29 are filled with predetermined colored 
inks, and as shown in FIG. 8C, color pattern layers 14 are obtained. The 
method of filling the ink filling concavities 29 with colored inks may be 
the same inkjet method as in the description of FIG. 4 above, and 
description is omitted here. 
Then, by the same process as described above in FIGS. 1C and 1D, the 
completed product 41 of a color filter shown in FIG. 5D is obtained. 
According to the method of making a color filter described above, the 
adhesion between the substrate 10 and the resin layer 15 improves, and 
during the process of removal from the template, problems such as the 
resin layer 15 floating above or breaking away from the substrate 10 are 
prevented. 
Thereafter, if required, a further over-coating layer may be formed on the 
color pattern layer 14, attaching transparent electrodes and an alignment 
layer, and being mounted on array. 
(Second Embodiment) 
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a device for treating a substrate in a second 
embodiment of the invention. In this device, the metallic cover 17 of the 
machine shown in FIG. 2 extends to the vicinity of the extremity of the 
discharge generating electrode 18, to form a counterelectrode 42 for 
generating the discharge. A gas outlet 43 is provided which is freely 
determined in accordance with the shape of the counterelectrode 42. 
Within this device, as shown in FIG. 9, a substrate 10 is set at a 
predetermined distance from the gas outlet 43 with the treated surface 11 
uppermost. 
The substrate 10 is the same as in the first embodiment described above, 
and description is omitted here. 
Next, in the same way as in the first embodiment described above, oxygen 
and helium gas is supplied into the metallic cover 17 by the gas supply 
device 20, and the interior atmosphere is replaced by oxygen and helium 
gas. 
Here the helium gas serves to generate a discharge, and the same effect can 
be obtained from argon gas. 
Next, high-frequency electric power is applied from the high-frequency 
power supply 19 to the discharge generating electrode 18, whereupon a 
discharge occurs between the discharge generating electrode 18 and the 
counterelectrode 42, forming a discharge portion 22. In the discharge 
portion 22 the oxygen gas is activated by processes including 
dissociation, ionization, and excitation, to form activated species. 
The activated species are expelled from the gas outlet 43 together with the 
helium gas, as a reactive gas flow 44, is toward the substrate 10. 
The oxygen ions, excited species, and other activated species in the 
reactive gas flow 44 react with the surface of the substrate 10, breaking 
the molecular bonds and oxidation on the surface, improving the 
wettability to the substrate 10 of the material used for forming the resin 
layer 15, and thus improving the contact of the resin layer 15 with the 
substrate 10. 
Thereafter, the completed color filter is obtained in the same way as in 
the first embodiment described above. 
The larger the size of the gas outlet 43, the better, and this is 
preferably larger than the treated surface 11 of the substrate 10. By this 
means the whole of the substrate 10 can be treated in a single operation, 
and therefore the treatment time is reduced, and since the substrate 10 
can be treated while fixed, the load on the machine is lightened. 
(Third Embodiment) 
As described in the first and second embodiments above, the invention 
employs a chemical reaction for treatment, and this reaction is promoted 
by heat. Here, if a glass substrate or the like which is thermally stable 
is used as the substrate 10, then if the treatment is carried out with the 
substrate 10 heated, the treatment time can be reduced. 
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a device for treating a substrate in a third 
embodiment of the invention. This device has a device of the first 
embodiment shown in FIG. 2 and a heating device 45 as substrate support. 
According to experiments by the inventors, if the substrate is treated 
while heated to about 150.degree. C. using the above device, compared with 
treatment at room temperature, the treatment time can be reduced down to 
approximately one third. 
On the other hand, when the substrate has low heat resistance, by carrying 
out the treatment with the substrate 10 cooled, deformation of the 
substrate 10 due to heat is limited. By replacing the heating device 45 as 
the substrate support in FIG. 10 by a cooling device, the treatment can be 
carried out with the substrate 10 in the cooled state. 
(Fourth Embodiment) 
FIGS. 11A to 11E illustrate the process of formation of an ink filling 
layer having ink filling concavities on a template in a fourth embodiment 
of the invention. 
Specifically, the following method is used. 
First, as shown in FIG. 11A, an ink filling layer 111 is formed on a 
template 110, and a resist layer 118 is formed thereon. As a method of 
forming the resist layer 118, may be used, for example, the spin-coating 
method, dipping method, spray-coating method, roll-coating method, or 
bar-coating method. 
The template 110 fulfills the role of supporting the ink filling layer 111, 
and of determining the surface form of the color filter, and is not 
restricted as long as it is capable of being formed to the desired surface 
form and of withstanding the processing; for example, a plate or film of 
silicon wafer, glass, quartz, resin, metal, ceramic may be used. 
This template 110, once made, can be used as many times as necessary, 
within the limits of durability, and is thus economical. 
The material for forming the ink filling layer 111 is not subject 
particularly to restriction as long as in regions 123 for forming the 
color pattern layer shown in FIG. 11E, that is to say, at the thickness of 
the bottom of the ink filling concavities 112, it has sufficient optical 
transmissivity not to impair the color characteristics of the color 
pattern layer 115, and various resins, glass materials, metal materials, 
or ceramic materials can be used, and it is preferably a material which 
can be set by applying energy. As specific examples of energy, light, 
heat, or both light and heat are preferable. In this case it is essential 
that there is a component which can be set by light, heat, or both light 
and heat, and a variety of commercially available resins, photosensitive 
materials, and hardeners may be used. In particular, acrylic resins of the 
type set by ultraviolet rays, and epoxy resins cured by heat may 
preferably be used. 
The material forming the resist layer 118 may for example be simply a 
commercially available positive resist as generally used in the 
fabrication of semiconductor devices, being a cresol novolac type resin to 
which a diazo-naphthoquinone derivative is added as a photosensitive 
material. Here the positive resist refers to a substance which can be 
selectively removed by developer in an area which is exposed to radiation 
in accordance with a predetermined la pattern. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 11B, a mask 119 is disposed above the resist layer 
118, and selected regions only of the resist layer 118 are exposed through 
the mask 119 to radiation 120. The mask 119 is patterned so as to transmit 
the radiation 120 only in those regions corresponding to ink filling 
concavities 112 shown in FIG. 11E. Besides, the ink filling concavities 
112 are formed to correspond to the form and layout of the colors of the 
color filter to be made, and for example for a 10-inch VGA type liquid 
crystal panel, approximately 900,000 pixels, 640.times.480.times.3 
(colors), at approximately 100 pm pitch, or in other words approximately 
900,000 individual ink filling concavities 112 are formed. 
After exposure to the radiation 120, developing process is carried out, and 
as shown in FIG. 11C, regions of the resist layer 118 corresponding to the 
regions of the ink filling concavities 112, that is to say, the 
radiation-exposed regions 121 only, are selectively removed, exposing the 
ink filling layer 111, while other regions remain covered by the resist 
layer 118. 
When the resist layer 118 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 11D, 
with the resist layer 118 as a mask, the ink filling layer 111 is etched 
up to a particular depth. 
The method of etching may be wet etching or dry etching, but according to 
the material forming the ink filling layer 111, an appropriate method may 
be chosen from a consideration of the etching cross-sectional shape, the 
etching rate, and so forth. For controllability dry etching is superior, 
and a device using, for example the parallel flat plate reactive ion 
etching (RIE) method, the inductive coupled plasma (ICP) method, the 
electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) method, helicon wave excitation method, 
magnetron method, plasma etching method, ion beam etching method or the 
like may be used, and by varying the etching gas, the gas flow rate, the 
gas pressure, the bias voltage, and other conditions, the ink filling 
concavities 112 may be formed in an oblong shape, a taper may be applied, 
the surface may be made rough, and a desired etching shape may be 
obtained. 
Next, after etching is completed, the resist layer 118 is removed, and as 
shown in FIG. 11E, the ink filling layer 111 having the ink filling 
concavities 112 is formed on the template 110. 
After the ink filling layer 111 having the ink filling concavities 112 on 
the template 110 has been formed, the following procedure is illustrated 
in FIGS. 12A to 12C. In FIG. 12A, a head 113 ejecting ink by the inkjet 
method is disposed facing the ink filling concavities 112 formed in the 
ink filling layer 111 on the template 110. 
The head 113 is, for example, one developed for an inkjet printer, and may 
for example be a Piezo Jet Type employing a piezoelectric element, or a 
Bubble Jet Type employing a electrothermal conversion as an energy 
producing element, and the color areas and color pattern can be determined 
as required. 
For example, if the head 113 has twenty ink ejecting nozzles for each of 
red ink R, green ink G and blue ink B, and a drive frequency of 14.4 kHz 
(14400 ejection cycles per second), then if three drops of ink are ejected 
into each of the ink filling concavities 112, to fill with ink the ink 
filling concavities 112 of a 10-inch VGA type color filter with 
approximately 900,000 pixels, the time required is: 
EQU 900,000.times.3 drops/(144000 cycles.times.20 nozzles.times.3 
colors)=approximately 3 seconds 
Here, even when the time for the head 113 to move from one ink filling 
concavity 112 to the next is included, the plate can be filled with ink in 
about 2 to 3 seconds. 
It should be noted that with the pigment dispersion method, the time taken 
to form each color by the lithography method is a minimum of 30 minutes, 
and therefore a color filter with three colors of R, G and B requires a 
minimum of at least 90 minutes. By comparison with this, in the present 
embodiment, the ink filling can be carried out in 2 to 3 minutes, and the 
subsequent stages from resin painting to removal can be carried out in 
about 3 to 5 minutes, so that the color filter can be formed in a short 
time compared with the conventional case. 
FIG. 12A shows a state where the ink filling concavities 112 are filled 
with inks 114, for example R, G and B by the head 113, to form the color 
pattern layer 115. The inks 114 may equally include a material including 
the coloring material which can be set by applying energy. 
This component is not subject particularly to restriction as long as it 
does not affect the color characteristics of the coloring materials of 
each of the colors, and does not cause problems such as solidification 
within the ink, and may for example be a resin including a component which 
can be set or cured by any one of light, heat and both of them. 
Specifically, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and so on, for which 
commercially available and various light sensitive materials, hardeners 
and so forth can be used, may preferably be used. 
Thus all of the ink filling concavities 112 are filled with ink. If an ink 
solvent ingredient is included, heat treatment is carried out to 
volatilize the ink solvent. The conditions for this heat treatment may be 
determined considering the boiling point of the solvent ingredient 
included in the ink. The solvent ingredient used in the ink is not subject 
particularly to restriction, and water, or a variety of organic solvents 
may be used, but evaporation of the solvent while the ink is used clogs 
the ink nozzles or the ink pathways of the head 113 with solidified ink. 
For this reason, the solvent used in the ink preferably has a high boiling 
point. On the other hand, however, in order not to obstruct the removal of 
the solvent, a high boiling point is undesirable. A preferable range for 
the boiling point of the solvent is 80 to 200.degree. C. In this case the 
conditions for heat treatment are at 50 to 200.degree. C., and from 2 to 
10 minutes when using a hotplate or from 20 to 30 minutes when using a 
baking oven. 
Besides, the color pattern layer 115 shrinks when the solvent is removed, 
and it is necessary to supply an ink amount sufficient to ensure the 
required color concentration for the thickness after shrinking. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 12B, a resin layer 116 is formed on the ink filling 
layer 111 on which the color pattern layers 115 are formed, and a glass 
substrate 117 is placed thereon. 
The material forming the resin layer 116 is one which is set by applying 
energy for example, and must have optical transmissivity after set. As 
such a component may be cited, for example, a resin including a component 
which is set or cured by any one of light, heat and both of them. 
Specifically, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and so on, for which 
commercially available and various light sensitive materials, hardeners 
and so forth can be used, may preferably be used. 
The resin thus having energy-set properties is coated on the color pattern 
layers 115 to form the resin layer 116, Then the glass substrate 117 for 
strengthening is placed thereon, and energy is applied, setting the resin 
layer 116 to cause adhesion to the glass substrate 117. Depending on the 
purpose, the glass substrate 117 may be replaced by a film as substrate. 
In particular, if both of the color pattern layer 115 and resin layer 116 
are selected so as to be able to be set by the same energy, the resin may 
be coated before the color pattern layer 115 is set, and by applying 
energy simultaneously to both, both may be set simultaneously, thus 
allowing unitary hardening. 
Besides, in the stop shown in FIG. 121, a glass substrate 117 having 
optical transmissivity is mounted on the resin layer 116 as a reinforcing 
plate, and as a result, the strength of the color filter can improve. 
In this way, by forming the ink filling layer 111, color pattern layers 
115, resin layer 116, and glass substrate 117 in a unitary fashion, these 
are separated from the template 110, the completed product of a color 
filter can be obtained, as shown in FIG. 12C. 
It should be noted that depending on the materials used, the adhesion force 
between the template 110 and the ink filling layer 111 may increase, and 
it may become difficult to separate the ink filling layer 111 from the 
template 110, and this may increase the number of produced items which are 
defective because of falling off of the ink filling layer 111 or color 
pattern layers 115 or the creation of cracks, and lead to problems such as 
increased time taken for separation, reducing production efficiency, and 
further a reduction of the durability of the template 110. 
Here, it is preferable that before forming the ink filling layer 111 on the 
template 110, a release agent is coated on at least the regions of the 
surface of the template 110 on which the ink filling layer 111 is to be 
formed, or alternatively a release agent is added to the material used to 
form the ink filling layer 111, whereby the ink filling layer 111 is made 
easier to separate from the template 110. As the method of applying the 
release agent, may be used, for example, the spin-coating method, dipping 
method, spray-coating method, roll-coating method, bar-coating method, or 
vapor treatment, and so forth. 
Besides, as shown in FIG. 13, in at least the regions of the surface of the 
template 110 in which the ink filling layer 111 is to be formed, may be 
formed a releasing layer 124 of a material improving the ease of 
separation of the ink filling layer 111, that is to say, a material of low 
adhesion to the ink filling layer 111. As the releasing layer 124, may be 
preferably used a metal being any one of Ni, Cr, Ti, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, or 
Pt, or an alloy of two or more of these, or a compound including at least 
one of these. These materials have generally low adhesion to acrylic 
resins which are preferably used in view of their excellent light 
transmissivity as the material for forming the ink filling layer 111, and 
may be formed as a highly controllable film, using vacuum film formation 
method such as sputtering, vapor deposition, or CVD. It should be noted 
that the thickness of this releasing layer 124 may be of the order of tens 
to thousands of Angstroms. 
In the above embodiment, when the ink filling layer 111 is formed, a 
positive resist is used, but equally a negative resist, in which regions 
exposed to radiation are rendered insoluble in a developer, and the 
regions not exposed to radiation are selectively removed by the developer, 
may be used; in this case the mask used has a pattern which is the 
inversion of the pattern of the mask 25. Alternatively, instead of using a 
mask a laser beam or electron beam may be used to directly expose the 
resist. 
(Fifth Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 14A to 14C illustrate the process of forming an ink filling 
layer having ink concavities in a fifth embodiment of the invention. 
Specifically, the following method is used. 
First, as shown in FIG. 14A, a resist layer 125 is formed on a template 
110. As a method of forming the resist layer 125, may be used, for 
example, the spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, 
roll-coating method, or bar-coating method. 
The template 110 may be the same as in the description of the fourth 
embodiment in FIGS. 11A to 11E above, and description is omitted here. 
The material for forming the resist layer 125 is not subject particularly 
to restriction as long as in regions 123 for forming the color pattern 
layer as shown in FIG. 14C, that is to say, at the thickness of the bottom 
of the ink filling concavities 1121 it has sufficient optical 
transmissivity not to impair the color characteristics of the color 
pattern layer, and for example, acrylic resins are preferably used, having 
excellent transparency and being able to have excellent patterning 
characteristics by using a variety of commercially available resins, 
photosensitive materials, and hardener. In this embodiment a positive 
resist is used. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 14B, a mask 119 is disposed above the resist layer 
125, and predetermined regions only of the resist layer 125 are exposed 
through the mask 119 to radiation 120. The mask 119 may be the same as in 
the description of the fourth embodiment in FIG. 11B above, and 
description is omitted here. 
As shown in FIG. 14C, after exposure to the radiation 119, developing 
process is carried out, and when the regions 121 exposed to the radiation 
are removed up to the depth required for the ink filling concavities 112, 
the development is stopped. Whereas normal resist development is carried 
out to remove the whole thickness of the resist layer, in the invention 
the development of the resist layer 125 is interrupted at an intermediate 
point, so that it is necessary to control precisely the end point of the 
development by experimentally determining beforehand in detail the 
relation between the radiation exposure amount and the development time 
and the depth to which removal is carried out by the development. 
Moreover, by optically monitoring the progress of the development and 
detecting the development end point, it is possible to control the 
development even more precisely. 
When the resist layer 125 has been removed to a predetermined depth by 
development in this way, the ink filling layer 111 having the ink filling 
concavities 112 is obtained. 
Next, in the same way as in the fourth embodiment described above, by the 
steps shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C, the color filter is obtained. 
In the above embodiment, when forming the ink filling layer, a positive 
resist is used, but in the same way as described in the fourth embodiment 
above, equally a negative resist may be used, in which case the mask used 
has a pattern which is the inversion of the pattern of the mask 119. 
Alternatively, instead of using a mask, a laser beam or electron beam may 
be used to directly expose the resist. 
(Sixth Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 15A to 15C illustrate the process of forming an ink filling 
layer having ink filling concavities in a sixth embodiment of the 
invention. 
First, as shown in FIG. 15A, a second template 126 is provided with a 
relief pattern corresponding to the ink filling concavities 112 described 
above. The convex portions 127 formed on the second template 126 
correspond to the ink filling concavities 112 formed in the ink filling 
layer 111 shown in FIG. 15C. The method of making the second template 126 
will be described later. Next, as shown in FIG. 15B, the second template 
126 is brought into contact with the template 110 with the material to 
form the ink filling layer 111 interposed. 
The material for forming the ink filling layer 111 is not subject 
particularly to restriction as long as in regions 123 for forming the 
color pattern layer shown in FIG. 16C, that is to say, at the thickness of 
the bottom of the ink filling concavities 112, it has sufficient optical 
transmissivity not to impair the color characteristics of the color 
pattern layer 115, and various resins, glass materials, metal materials, 
or ceramic materials can be used, and it is preferably a material which 
can be set by applying energy. As specific examples of energy, any one of 
light, heat and both of them are preferable. In this case it is essential 
that there is a component which can be set by light, heat, or both light 
and heat, and a variety of commercially available resins, photosensitive 
materials, and hardeners may be used. In particular, a liquid substance 
such as acrylic resins of the type set by ultraviolet rays, or epoxy 
resins cured by heat may preferably be used. By thus using, as the 
material for forming the ink filling layer 111, a liquid material which 
can be set by applying energy, when this has been coated on the second 
template 126, and bringing into contact has been carried out, the material 
for forming the ink filling layer 111 can easily be formed into even the 
fine parts of the concavities 128 of the relief pattern formed on the 
second template 126. Thus by applying energy to the ink filling layer 111 
to set it, the relief pattern on the second template 126 can be precisely 
transferred to the ink filling layer 111. 
Besides, the template 110 is the same as in the description of FIG. 12A 
above, and description is omitted here. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 14C, the ink filling layer 111 to which the relief 
pattern of the second template 126 has been transferred is separated from 
the second template 126 unitarily with the template 110, so that the ink 
filling layer ill having ink filling concavities 112 is formed on the 
template 110. 
By this process, the second template 126, once made, can be used as many 
times as necessary, within the limits of durability, and is thus 
economical. 
Next the concrete method of making the second template 126 is described. 
FIGS. 16A to 16E illustrate the method of making the second template 126 
in this embodiment. 
First, as shown in FIG. 16A, the resist layer 118 is formed on a substrate 
129. As a method of forming the resist layer 118 may be used, for example, 
the spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, 
roll-coating method, or bar-coating method. 
The substrate 129 has its surface etched to form the second template 126, 
and here a silicon wafer is used. The technology of etching a silicon 
wafer is established in the art of making semiconductor devices, and 
etching at high precision and with a high degree of control can be carried 
out. It should be noted that as long as the substrate 129 is a material 
which can be etched, it is not restricted to being a silicon wafer, and 
for example a plate or film of glass, quartz, resin, metal, ceramic, or 
other material may be used. 
The material forming the resist layer 118 may be the same as in FIG. 11A in 
the fourth embodiment described above, and description is omitted here. In 
FIG. 16A, a positive resist is used. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 16B, a mask 130 is disposed above the resist layer 
118, and predetermined regions only of the resist layer 118 are exposed 
through the mask 130 to radiation 120. The mask 130 is patterned so as to 
transmit the radiation 120 only in those regions corresponding to the 
concavities 128 shown in FIG. 16E, and the pattern is the inverse of the 
pattern used in FIG. 118 described above. 
Then when, after exposure to the radiation 120, developing is carried out, 
as shown in FIG. 16C, the resist in the radiation-exposed regions 121 only 
is selectively removed, exposing the substrate 129, while other regions 
remain covered by the resist layer 118. 
When the resist layer 118 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 16D, 
with the resist layer 118 as a mask, the substrate 129 is etched. 
The method of etching may be wet etching or dry etching, but according to 
the material of the substrate 129, the method may be chosen to be optimum 
from a consideration of the etching cross-sectional shape, the etching 
rate, and so forth. For controllability dry etching is superior, and a 
device using, for example the parallel flat plate reactive ion etching 
(RIE) method, the inductive coupled plasma (ICP) method, the electron 
cyclotron resonance (ECR) method, helicon wave excitation method, 
magnetron method, plasma etching method, ion beam etching method or the 
like may be used, and by varying the etching gas species, the gas flow 
rate, the gas pressure, the bias voltage, and other conditions, the convex 
portions 127 corresponding to the ink filling concavities may be formed in 
an oblong shape, a taper may be applied, the surface may be made rough, 
and a desired etching shape may be obtained. 
Next, after etching is completed, the resist layer 118 is removed, as shown 
in FIG. 16E, and the second template 126 having a relief pattern 
corresponding to the ink filling concavities is obtained. 
In the above embodiment, a positive resist is used, but equally a negative 
resist, in which regions not exposed to radiation are rendered selectively 
able to be removed by the developer, may be used; in this case the mask 
used has a pattern which is the inversion of the pattern of the mask 130 
described above. Alternatively, instead of using a mask, a laser beam or 
electron beam may be used to directly expose the resist. 
Next, FIGS. 17A to 17E illustrate another method of making the second 
template in this embodiment. 
First, as shown in FIG. 17A, the resist layer 118 is formed on a third 
template 131. As a method of forming the resist layer 118 may be used, for 
example, the spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, 
roll-coating method, or bar-coating method. 
The third template 131 fulfills the role of a support while the desired 
relief pattern 1a formed in the resist layer 118, and is not restricted as 
long as it has appropriate strength, chemical resistance, and other 
properties to withstand the flow of the process, and has satisfactory 
wettability and adhesion to the material of which the resist layer 118 is 
formed; for example a plate or film of a silicon wafer, glass, quartz, 
resin, metal, ceramic, or other material may be used. 
The material used for forming the resist layer 118 may be the same as in 
the description of FIG. 16A above, and description is omitted here. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 17B, the mask 119 is disposed on the resist layer 
118, and predetermined regions only of the resist layer 118 are exposed 
through the mask lie to radiation 120. The mask 119 differs from the mask 
130 of FIG. 16B only in that the pattern is inverted, and the same mask 
may be used as in FIG. 11B in the fourth embodiment described above. 
In other words, the mask 119 is such as to expose, to the radiation 120, 
the resist in areas corresponding to the convex portions 127 shown in FIG. 
17E. 
Then when, after exposure to the radiation 120, developing process is 
carried out under predetermined conditions, as shown in FIG. 17C, the 
resist in the radiation-exposed regions 121 corresponding to the convex 
portions 127 only is selectively removed, forming a relief pattern in the 
resist layer 118. This relief pattern is a concave mold of the convex 
portions 127 in FIG. 17E. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 17D, a metal layer 132 is formed on the resist layer 
118, making the surface conductive. As the metal layer 132 may be used, 
for example Ni formed up to a thickness of 500 to 1000 Angstroms. The 
method of forming the metal layer 132 may be a method such as sputtering, 
CVD, vapor deposition, or nonelectrolytic plating. Then with the resist 
layer 118 which has been made conductive by the metal layer 132 as the 
cathode, and a tip-shaped or ball-shaped Ni as the anode, electroplating 
is further carried out to electrically deposit Ni to make the metal layer 
132 thicker. The following is an example electrolyte. 
Nickel sulfamate: 55 9/l 
Boric acid: 35 g/l 
Nickel chloride: 5 g/l 
Leveling agent: 20 mg/l 
Next, this metal layer 132 is separated from the third template, subjected 
to washing and so forth, and as shown in FIG. 17E, forms the second 
template 126. This second template 126 has convex portions 127 of the same 
shape as the second template 126 in FIG. 16E obtained in the embodiment 
described above. 
In this embodiment Besides, a negative resist may be used, or the resist 
may be exposed to radiation directly, using a laser beam or electron beam. 
It should be noted that in the process shown in FIG. 16C, depending on the 
materials, the adhesion force between the second template 126 and the ink 
filling layer 111 may increase, and it may be difficult to separate the 
ink filling layer 111 from the second template 126 and this may increase 
the number of produced items which are defective because of falling off of 
the ink filling layer ill or the creation of cracks, and lead to problems 
such as increased time taken for separation, reducing production 
efficiency, and further to a reduction of the durability of the second 
template 126. 
Here, it is preferable that a release agent is coated on at least the 
regions of the surface of the second template 126 which the ink filling 
layer 111 contacts, or alternatively a release agent is added previously 
to the material used to form the ink filling layer 111, whereby the ink 
filling layer 111 is made easier to separate from the second template 126. 
As the method of applying the release agent, may be used, for example, the 
spin-coating method, dipping method, spray-coating method, roll-coating 
method, bar-coating method, or vapor treatment, and so forth. 
Besides, as shown in FIG. 18, in at least the regions of the surface of the 
second template 126 which the ink filling layer 111 contacts, may be 
formed a releasing layer 133 of a material improving the ease of 
separation of the ink filling layer 111, that is to say, a material of low 
adhesion to the ink filling layer 111. As the releasing layer 133, may be 
preferably used a metal being any one of Ni, Cr, Ti, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, or 
Pt, or an alloy of two or more of these, or a compound including at least 
one of these. These materials have generally low adhesion to acrylic 
resins which are preferably used in view of their excellent light 
transmissivity as the material for forming the ink filling layer 111, and 
may be formed as a film with highly controllability, using vacuum film 
formation method such as sputtering, vapor deposition, or CVD. It should 
be noted that the thickness of this releasing layer 133 may be of the 
order of tens to thousands of Angstroms. 
In this way, when the second template 126 is obtained, by carrying out the 
process shown in FIGS. 15B and 15C, the ink filling layer 111 having ink 
filling concavities 112 is formed on the template 110. 
(Seventh Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 19A to 19C illustrate the process of forming an ink filling 
layer having ink filling concavities, having an integral opaque layer, in 
a seventh embodiment of the invention. 
First, in FIG. 19A, a head 134 ejecting ink by an inkjet method is disposed 
facing the surface of the second template 126 obtained by the 
above-described method in which the relief pattern is formed. 
The head 134 may employ the head of the inkjet type used for filling the 
ink filling concavities with inks of colors of R, G and B in the process 
shown in FIG. 12A, with modification for single-color use, and description 
is omitted here. 
Besides, the convex portions 127 on the second template 126 correspond to 
the ink filling concavities 112 shown in FIG. 19C, and the concavities 128 
correspond to the regions between the color pattern layers 115 formed on 
the color filter shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C. 
FIG. 19A shows an opaque ink 135 being ejected into the concavities 128 on 
the second template 126 by the head 134, forming an opaque layer 136. 
The opaque ink 135 is not subject particularly to restriction, and 
specifically an ink including carbon, black pigment, black dye and so on 
may preferably be used. 
Besides, the opaque ink 135 may include a material which is set by applying 
energy. 
Such a component is not subject particularly to restriction as long as it 
does not impair the opaque characteristics of the ink, and does not cause 
problems such as solidification within the ink, and may for example be a 
is resin including a component which is set or cured by any one of light, 
heat, and light and heat. Specifically, various acrylic resins and epoxy 
resins, for which commercially available various light sensitive 
materials, hardeners and so forth can be used, may preferably be used. 
It should be noted that in the process of forming the opaque layer 136, as 
in the embodiments described above, depending on the materials, the 
adhesion force between the second template 126 and the opaque layer 136 
may increase, and when separating the opaque layer 136 and ink filling 
layer 111 after solidification as one from the second template 126, this 
may increase the number of produced items which are defective because of 
falling off of the opaque layer 136 and ink filling layer 111 or the 
creation of cracks thereof, and lead to problems such as increased time 
taken for separation, reducing production efficiency, and further to a 
reduction of the durability of the second template 126. 
Here, it is preferable that a release agent is added to the opaque ink 135 
whereby the opaque layer 136 is made easier to separate from the second 
template 126. 
Thus all of the concavities 128 on the second template 126 are filled with 
the ink 135. If the ink 135 includes a solvent ingredient, heat treatment 
is carried out to volatilize the ink solvent. The conditions for this heat 
treatment may be determined considering the boiling point of the solvent 
ingredient included in the ink. The solvent ingredient used in the ink is 
not subject particularly to restriction, and may be water, or a variety of 
organic solvents, but volatilization of the solvent while the ink is used 
leads to solidification of the ink and the clogging of the ink nozzles or 
the ink pathways of the head 134. For this reason, the solvent used in the 
ink preferably has a high boiling point. On the other hand, however, in 
order not to obstruct the removal of the solvent, a high boiling point is 
undesirable. A preferable range for the boiling point of the solvent is 80 
to 200.degree. C. In this case the conditions for heat treatment, at 50 to 
200.degree. C., are from 2 to 10 minutes when using a hotplate or from 20 
to 30 minutes when using a baking oven. 
Besides, the opaque layer 136 shrinks when the solvent is removed, and it 
is necessary to supply an ink amount sufficient to ensure the required 
opaqueness for the thickness after shrinking. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 19B, the ink filling layer 111 is formed on the 
opaque layer 136, and the template 110 is placed thereon. 
As the material for forming the ink filling layer 111, may be used the same 
as described above, and in particular a material is preferable which has 
good adhesion to the opaque layer 136. 
Besides, if the material forming the ink filling layer 111 is a liquid 
material which can be set by applying energy, energy is applied to carry 
out setting treatment, thus causing solidification, and forming the ink 
filling layer 111. 
In particular, if both of the opaque layer 136 and ink filling layer 111 
are selected to be able to be set by the same energy, the ink filling 
layer 111 may be formed before the opaque layer 136 is set, and by 
applying energy simultaneously to both, both may be set simultaneously, 
thus allowing unitary hardening. 
Besides, the template 110 is the same as in the description of FIG. 12A 
above, and description is omitted here. 
Then, as shown in FIG. 19C, by separation unitarily with the template 110 
from the second template 126, the ink filling layer 111 having ink filling 
concavities 112 with the integrally formed opaque layer 136 is formed on 
the template 110. 
Further, subsequently carrying out the process shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C, 
the color filter with integral BM shown in FIG. 20 is obtained. 
According to the method of making a color filter described above, a 
high-precision color filter can be obtained at a low cost, which has 
excellent flatness, and no unevenness of color. It is also possible to 
provide an internal BM economically and with high precision. 
Further, if required, transparent electrodes and an alignment layer may be 
applied to the ink filling layer 111, then array mounting carried out. 
(Eighth Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 21A to 22C illustrate the process of making a color filter in 
an eighth embodiment of the invention. 
First, as shown in FIG. 21A, a resist layer 218 is formed on a substrate 
229. The substrate 229 has its surface etched to form the template 210. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 21B, a mask 230 is placed on the resist layer 218, 
and predetermined regions only of the resist layer 218 are exposed through 
the mask 230 to radiation 220, and thereafter development is carried out, 
whereupon as shown in FIG. 21C, the resist in the radiation-exposed 
regions 221 only is selectively removed, exposing the substrate 229, while 
other regions remain covered by the resist layer 218. 
When the resist layer 218 is patterned in this way, as shown in FIG. 21D, 
the substrate 229 is etched using the resist layer 218 as a mask. When the 
etching is completed, the resist layer 218 is removed, and as shown in 
FIG. 21E, a template 210 having spacer-forming concavities 228 is 
obtained. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 22A, an ink filling layer 211 is formed. In detail, 
a liquid resin is disposed on the template 2103 and this resin is 
solidified for form the ink filling layer 211. Here, since the resin also 
flows into the spacer-forming concavities 228 of the template 210, 
corresponding to the spacer-forming concavities 228, spacers 230 are 
formed projecting from the ink filling layer 211. Besides, on the ink 
filling layer 211, ink filling concavities 212 are formed by, for example, 
the methods described in the fourth to sixth embodiments above. 
Thereafter, by the same process as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, all of the 
ink filling concavities 212 are filled with ink 214 to form a color 
pattern layers 215, on the ink filling layer 211 a resin layer 216 is 
formed, and further a glass substrate 217 is placed thereon. In this way, 
the color filter of FIG. 22C is obtained. 
According to this embodiment, on the opposite side from the ink filling 
concavities 212 in the ink filling layer 211, spacers 230 are provided. As 
a result, a color filter can be made with integral spacers. The spacers 
230 can be formed in a desired form corresponding to the form of the 
spacer-forming concavities 228, and for example, in a striped pattern or 
in an island pattern as square or cylindrical pillars. Whatever the shape, 
it is preferable for the width or diameter to be from 10 to 20 .mu.m. In 
the case of a striped pattern, the strength is higher than for an island 
pattern, but when the liquid crystal panel is assembled, the striped 
pattern may be more conspicuous. In the case of an island pattern, 
cylindrical pillars, with no corners, are more effective for reducing 
irregularities in the alignment of the liquid crystal in the vicinity of 
the spacer construction. 
Besides, it is preferable for the spacers 230, in order not to be 
conspicuous when the liquid crystal panel is assembled, to be provided 
between the color patterns 215 forming the pixels. 
(Ninth Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 23A to 23C illustrate the process of making a color filter in a 
ninth embodiment of the invention, and show a process of making a template 
which can be applied in place of FIGS. 21A to 21E. 
First, as shown in FIG. 23A, a resist layer 318 is formed on a fourth 
template 331. Next, as shown in FIG. 23B, a mask 330 is placed on the 
resist layer 318, and predetermined regions only of the resist layer 318 
are exposed through the mask 330 to radiation 320. 
After exposure to the radiation 320, developing process is carried out 
under predetermined conditions, and as shown in FIG. 23C, the resist in 
radiation-exposed regions 321 only is selectively removed, leaving convex 
portions in the resist layer 318. The convexities formed in the resist 
layer 318 are convexities for the purpose of forming spacer-forming 
concavities 328 in FIG. 23E. 
Next, as shown in FIG. 23D, a metal layer 332 is formed on the resist layer 
318 having the convex portions. 
Next, this metal layer 332 is separated from the fourth template 331, the 
resist layer 318 is removed, and as shown in FIG. 23E, a template 310 is 
obtained. This template 310, similar to the template 210 shown in FIG. 
21E, has spacer-forming concavities 328. 
(Tenth Embodiment) 
Next, FIGS. 24A to 24C illustrate the process of making a color filter in a 
tenth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has a variant form of 
the concavities 128 of the second template 126 in FIG. 19A. 
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 24A, concavities 428 formed in a second 
template 426 are given a taper, so that the bottom area 428b is smaller 
than the opening portion 428a. Using this second template 426, as shown in 
FIG. 24B, the concavities 428 are filled with an opaque ink to form an 
opaque layer 436, and an ink filling layer 411 is formed thereon. 
Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 24C, ink filling concavities 412 of the ink 
filling layer 411 are filled with ink, to form a color pattern layer 415. 
With the color filter obtained in this way, as shown in FIG. 24C, the top 
surface 436a of the opaque layer 436 is smaller than the cross-sectional 
area of the base portion 436b. That is to say, by means of this opaque 
layer 436, a narrow BM is formed. Such a narrow BM meets current needs for 
a high aperture ratio in the color filter. Moreover, in this embodiment, 
as shown in FIG. 24A, since the opening portions 428a of the concavities 
428 are larger than the bottom areas 428, the separation of the ink 
filling layer 411 and opaque layer 412 can be carried out easily. 
It should be noted that the above described concavities 428 may also be 
varied as shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B. That is to say, as shown in FIG. 
25A, concavities 458 of a second template 456 may have a taper 458a 
provided at the opening portion. With such concavities 458, as shown in 
FIG. 25B, ink filling concavities 442 of an ink filling layer 441 are 
formed with a taper 442a at their bottoms, but an opaque layer 466 is 
formed vertically. According to this embodiment, the opaque layer 466 may 
be formed in the same way as the opaque layer 136 shown in FIG. 19C.