An instant-on radiant fuser apparatus for fusing toner images in an electrostatographic copying machine, which does not require the use of any standby heating devices and yet is capable of fusing the first copy in a matter of seconds. The radiant fuser apparatus is made of a low mass reflector thermally spaced from a housing, with the housing and the reflector together forming a conduit for the passage of cooling air therein. A low mass platen is provided which is constructed to achieve operating temperature conditions in a matter of a few seconds without the use of any standby heating device. A housing for the platen is also provided to form a conduit for the passage of cooling air to control the temperature of the platen.

This invention relates to a novel radiant fuser apparatus, and more 
particularly to an instant-on radiant fuser apparatus which requires no 
standby power or heating device. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART STATEMENT 
As indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,286, in a typical process for 
electrophotographic duplication, a light image of an original document to 
be copied is recorded in the form of a latent electrostatic image upon a 
photosensitive member, and the latent image is subsequently rendered 
visible by the application of electroscopic particles, which are commonly 
referred to as toner. The physical toner image is then in a loose powdered 
form and it can be easily disturbed or destroyed. The toner image is 
usually fixed or fused upon a support, which may be the photosensitive 
member itself or another support such as a sheet of plain paper. The 
present invention relates to the fusing of the toner image upon a support. 
It should be understood that for the purposes of the present invention, 
which relates to the fusing of the toner image upon a support, the latent 
electrostatic image may be formed by means other than by the exposure of 
an electrostatically charged photosensitive member to a light image of an 
original document. For example, the latent electrostatic image may be 
generated from information electronically stored or generated, and the 
digital information may be converted to alphanumeric images by image 
generation electronics and optics. However, such image generation 
electronic devices and optic devices form no part of the present 
invention. 
In order to fuse electroscopic toner material onto a support surface 
permanently by heat, it is usually necessary to elevate the temperature of 
the toner material to a point at which the constituents of the toner 
material coalesce and become tacky. This heating causes the toner to flow 
to some extent into the fibers or pores of the support member. Thereafter, 
as the toner material cools, solidification of the toner material causes 
the toner material to be firmly bonded to the support. 
The use of thermal energy for fixing toner images onto a support member is 
well known. Several approaches to thermal fusing of electroscopic toner 
images have been described in the prior art. These methods include 
providing the application of heat and pressure substantially concurrently 
by various means: a roll pair maintained in pressure contact; a flat or 
curved plate member in pressure contact with a roll; a belt member in 
pressure contact with a roll; and the like. Heat may be applied by heating 
one or both of the rolls, plate members or belt members. The fusing of the 
toner particles takes place when the proper combination of heat, pressure 
and contact time are provided. In these contact fusing processes, it is 
important to insure that substantially no offset of the toner particles 
from the support to the fuser member takes place. It is known in the prior 
art to prevent offset by imparting release properties to the fuser member, 
or the pressure member by covering such members with a surface layer of a 
release material such as polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone rubber, or the 
like. A suitable offset preventing liquid may be used on the fuser member 
to minimize or avoid offsetting. Silicone oils are widely used as the 
offset preventing or release agent. Representative prior art disclosing 
such contact fusing include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,078,286; 4,064,313; 
3,809,854; 3,848,305; and 3,795,033. While such prior art contact fusing 
systems have been effective in providing the fusing of many copies in 
relatively large and fast copying and duplicating machines, in which the 
use of standby heating elements to maintain the machine at or near its 
operating temperature can be justified, there is a continuing need for an 
instant-on fuser which requires no standby power for maintaining the fuser 
apparatus at a temperature above the ambient. In addition, the prior art 
contact fusing systems are generally relatively expensive to construct, 
and thus they are primarily suited for use in relatively large and fast 
copying and duplicating machines. 
It is also known in the art to fuse toner images by the use of a flash 
fusing process. An example of such a process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
3,874,892. In such a flash fusing process, a flash lamp or other source of 
radiant energy is generally pulsed on for a very short period of time. The 
absorption of the radiant energy by the toner particles results in the 
fusing of the toner to the substrate. It can be appreciated that since the 
lamp is pulsed or flashed on for a short period of time, a large amount of 
power must be used to accomplish the fusing of the toner particles. Thus, 
one drawback of a flash fusing process is the relatively large and 
expensive power supply required. Another problem with flash fusing is 
image explosion whereby toner is evaporated with each flash and deposited 
on the wall of the fusing cavity. This necessitates the cleaning or 
replacing of the reflective lining in the flash fusing chamber. 
Another method for fusing toner images to a substrate is radiant fusing. 
Radiant fusing differs from flash fusing, inter alia, in that in radiant 
fusing the radiant energy source, typically an infrared quartz lamp, is 
turned on during the entire fusing step, rather than pulsed on for a short 
period of time as in flash fusing. Examples of radiant fuser apparatus are 
shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,898,424 and 3,953,709. Such prior art radiant 
fusers are generally made of relatively heavy metallic construction which 
requires the constant use of a heating element to maintain the apparatus 
at standby temperature. 
In summary, while the prior art fusers have been effective in providing the 
fusing of copies in relatively large and fast copying and duplicating 
machines, in which the use of standby heating elements to maintain the 
machine at or near its operating temperature can be justified, there is a 
continuing need for an instant-on fuser which requires no standby power 
for maintaining the fuser apparatus at a temperature above the ambient. 
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved fusing 
apparatus which can be instantly turned on and yet requires no standby 
power or heating element. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive 
fusing apparatus which is economical to operate. 
These and other objects of the invention can be gathered from the following 
detailed disclosure. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The above objects are accomplished in accordance with the present invention 
by an instant-on radiant fuser apparatus which is made of a reflector 
housing, a low mass reflector thermally spaced from the housing, with the 
housing and the reflector together forming a conduit for the passage of a 
cooling medium therein such as air, a low mass platen spaced from the 
reflector and a platen housing, with the platen and its housing together 
forming another conduit for the passage of a cooling medium therein, and a 
source of radiant energy positioned adjacent the reflector and between the 
reflector and the platen, so that a toner image bearing sheet may be 
passed between the platen and the source of radiant energy to thereby fuse 
the toner image onto the substrate. The low mass reflector and the low 
mass platen are both constructed so that they will achieve operating 
temperatures from an ambient start during the time period from the 
initiation of the copying cycle to the time when the toner image bearing 
substrate reaches the fuser apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Although, as indicated above, the present instant-on radiant fuser 
apparatus is most useful in an electrostatographic copying machine, 
particularly in an inexpensive and small copying machine, it will be 
appreciated by one skilled in the art that the apparatus of the present 
invention may be used in other applications where substantially instant-on 
capability for heating an image-bearing substrate is advantageous. 
Referring to FIG. 1, an electrostatographic copying machine is 
schematically illustrated. In this machine, an imaging surface is provided 
by a drum-like member 10, which is coated with a photoconductive 
insulating material. In operation, drum 10 is rotated about a shaft 11 in 
a clockwise direction as indicated by the arrow. The various processing 
steps in the electrostatographic copying operation are then carried out at 
stations located around the periphery of drum 10. Thus, at station A a 
brush-like member 12 is rotated and in contact with the surface of drum 10 
to clean the surface in preparation for copying thereon. At station B, the 
surface of the drum is uniformly charged with an electrostatic charge, for 
example, by a corona discharge device 13. After charging, the rotation of 
the drum brings the charged portion of the drum surface to station C, 
where it is exposed to a light image of the original document to be 
copied. The electrostatic latent image formed at station C advances to 
station D, where the latent image is developed or rendered visible by the 
application of toner particles. The developed image on the surface of the 
drum 10 then advances to station E, where the image is transferred to a 
sheet of paper or other substrate 14. Thereafter, the surface of the drum 
10 advances to station A, where it is cleansed of residual toner particles 
for repeating the copying cycle. A supply of paper 15 is available at the 
feed station F and individually fed through roller pairs 16 and paper 
guides 17 to station E. After the toner image is transferred to paper 14, 
it is transported by transport means 18 to fusing station G, where the 
toner image is fused into the paper substrate. After the fusing process, 
the paper 14 is advanced through roller pairs 19 to a catch tray 20. The 
foregoing description describes generally the operations of one embodiment 
of the known electrostatographic copying process. It is known to those 
skilled in the art. The present invention is concerned with the fusing 
apparatus employed at station G. 
A preferred embodiment of the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the 
present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2, in a cross-sectional view. In 
FIG. 2, the paper 14 bearing the toner on its upper surface is seen 
passing through the fuser apparatus. The portion of the fuser apparatus 
above paper 14 is made of a housing 21, a reflector means 22, and a source 
of radiant energy 23. The portion of the fuser apparatus below paper 14 is 
made of a platen 24 and platen housing 28. Housings 21 and 28 are 
essentially in the shape of a channel. They may be made of any material 
but I prefer to make them with relatively thin gauge aluminum, for 
example, 0.032 inch thick aluminum. When aluminum or other thermally 
conductive material is used in making housings 21 and 28, the housings 
should be thermally spaced from the reflector means 22 and platen 24, 
respectively. In FIG. 2, the two end legs of the channel comprising 
housing 21 are shown to terminate before they reach reflector means 22. In 
this manner, housing 21 and reflector means 22 are thermally spaced by a 
thin layer of air. Alternatively, reflector means 22 may be thermally 
spaced from housing 21 by means of a thin coating of asbestos or other 
thermally insulating material on end surfaces 25 and 26. Similarly, the 
ends of housing 28 also may be insulated from platen 24 to enable the 
platen to be rapidly warmed up from ambient temperature. The thermal 
spacing between reflector means 22 and the housing 21, and between platen 
24 and housing 28 is one element of the present invention enabling the 
instant radiant fuser apparatus to require no standby power and yet be 
substantially instantly available for fusing. This will be further 
described below. 
The reflector means 22 must be made of a very low mass reflector material. 
An example of a suitable material for reflector means 22 is a 0.008-0.012 
inch thick (8-12 mils) specular aluminum. Another satisfactory material is 
0.002-0.004 inch thick specular stainless steel. 
The low mass nature of the reflector means is an important aspect of the 
present invention. To achieve the instant-on capability of the radiant 
fuser of this invention, yet without the use of a pulse of high power as 
in a flash fuser and without the use of standby power, the major 
components of the radiant fuser must attain their operating temperatures, 
from an ambient start, in the few seconds between the time an operator 
activates the "Start" button and the point when the toner image arrives at 
the fusing station. In a desk-top copier, this period may be, for example 
3-5 seconds. Since in a radiant fuser the reflector typically provides 
between one fourth to one half of the total heating energy needed for 
fusing, it is important that the reflector substantially achieves its 
operating temperature in about 4 seconds or so. Surprisingly, I have found 
that a very low mass reflector, as disclosed herein, and thermally spaced 
from the relatively higher mass lower temperature housing, can be heated 
from an ambient temperature of say 65.degree. F. to an operating 
temperature in excess of 400.degree. F. in about 4 seconds, with the use 
of only the normal heating lamp for the radiant fuser--that is, without 
the use of auxiliary heating means. 
The source of radiant energy 23 may be an infrared heater such as a quartz 
lamp. I have found that a lamp having a power between 400 to 800 watts 
would give adequate fusing in the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of 
the present invention, depending on the speed of advancement of the paper 
14 through the fuser apparatus. A shield for the quartz lamp, such as a 
quartz shield 27, may be provided to shield the lamp and the reflector 
means from the paper, debris and other machine impurities. Such a quartz 
shield is substantially transparent to the infrared radiation and it is 
known to those skilled in this art. For example, I prefer to use a quartz 
shield 0.050 inch in thickness. 
The platen 24 is intended to support and guide the paper 14 through the 
fuser apparatus. Unlike certain prior fuser devices, the present 
instant-on radiant fuser apparatus does not depend on platen 24 to provide 
a portion of the thermal energy to paper 14 in order to fuse the toner 
image thereon. Thus, platen 24 should be so constructed that it can be 
warmed by lamp 23 in the 3-5 seconds that are available between the time 
when an operator pushes the Start button on the copying machine and the 
time when paper or substrate 14 enters the fuser apparatus. During that 
period of time, platen 24 should be warmed or heated by lamp 23 to a 
temperature somewhat above the temperature of paper 14 in the fuser 
apparatus. With a quartz lamp 23 of about 450 watts power, I have found 
that platen 24, as described hereinafter, will reach a temperature of 
about 300.degree. F., and the reflector means 22 will be above 400.degree. 
F. These temperatures are all subject to a fairly wide range, for example, 
.+-.30.degree. F. or more. 
I prefer to make platen 24 out of thin gauge aluminum, for example 
0.008-0.012 inch thick aluminum. The side of the platen 24 facing the 
quartz lamp 23 should be covered with an energy absorbing material, such 
as a dark colored high temperature paint, to maximize the absorption of 
thermal energy. I have found that a pigmented, highly crosslinked 
polysiloxane marketed by the Dow Corning Company under its trademark 
Vestar is very suitable for this purpose. Another example of useful platen 
is one made of dyed or anodized aluminum. 
Since the first sheet of paper 14 will reach the fuser apparatus in about 4 
seconds after an operator has activated the Start button on the copying 
machine, the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention 
must attain its operating temperatures during those few seconds. By means 
of an extremely low mass reflector means 22, the heat absorbing low mass 
platen 24, the thermal spacing between the reflector means 22 and the 
housing 21, and the thermal spacing between the low mass platen 24 and the 
platen housing 28, the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present 
invention is able to achieve the operating temperatures in those few 
seconds. It is very important for the reflector means 22 and platen 24 to 
attain their operating temperatures by the time the first copy arrives at 
the fuser apparatus. Thereafter, when the toner image on paper 14 is being 
fused, the temperature of the reflector means 22 must be controlled so 
that the quartz lamp 23 will not damage the reflector means 22. This is 
accomplished by circulating cooling air in the conduit formed by the 
housing 21 and reflector means 22. Similarly, cooling air is provided to 
platen 24 through the conduit formed by platen 24 and housing 28, to 
control the temperature of the platen within acceptable limits. For 
maximum effectiveness, the cooling air should be of a volume to create 
turbulent flow conditions in the conduits. 
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate one method for mounting the components of the 
instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention. These 
components may be mounted between a pair of end blocks, one of which is 
shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, the end block means 29 is shown to have three 
lugs 30 which are seated in slots on housing 21. This embodiment of 
housing 21 has two downwardly extending portions 31 to accommodate two of 
the lugs 30. A spring plate 32, fastened to end block means 29 by 
fastening means 33, serves the dual function of retaining the quartz lamp 
23 in the opening 34 as well as to provide electrical connection to the 
quartz lamp 23. Spring plate 32 is connected to a source of power (not 
shown). It will be appreciated that spring plate 32 may be bent slightly 
to permit the removal or replacement of quartz lamp 23 without having to 
take apart the fuser assembly. 
In FIG. 4, the other side of the end block means 29 is illustrated. An 
opening 34 in end block means 29 is provided for the passage of the quartz 
lamps 23. Groove 36 in the end block means 29 is provided for the seating 
of the reflector means 22 and quartz shield 27 therein. A reference 
surface 37 in the end block 29, below the center lug 30, is provided to 
cooperate with groove 36 for the seating of reflector 22. The platen 24 
and platen housing 28 are detachably mounted on holding means (not shown) 
in the copying machine, not directly connected to upper fuser assembly 
mounted on the end block means 29. In this manner, when the upper fuser 
assembly is removed from the copying machine, the platen and its housing 
are exposed for easy servicing or replacement. The modular nature of the 
upper fuser assembly, comprising the end block means and components 
attached or seated therein, and of the platen assembly contributes to the 
very low manufacturing and maintenance costs of the instant-on radiant 
fuser of the present invention. An opening 38 is provided in end block 
means 29 to permit communication between the conduit formed by the platen 
24 and platen housing 29 and the source of cooling air. A datum surface 39 
is provided on the end block means to insure the proper alignment of the 
platen assembly with respect to the upper fuser assembly. The end block 
means 29 may be made of any heat resistant material, such as ceramic 
material. I have found that a high temperature resistant polyphenylene 
sulfide resin marketed by the Phillips Petroleum Company under its 
trademark Ryton is suitable for this purpose. 
It will be appreciated that, with the preferred embodiment of the invention 
described above, the present radiant fuser can be easily detached as a 
unit and further opened up by disconnecting housing 21 from end block 29 
by plying the lugs 30 out of the slots in which they are seated. In this 
manner, the components of the radiant fuser may be easily serviced or 
replaced. 
The invention will now be described with reference to the following 
specific example. 
EXAMPLE 
An instant-on radiant fuser assembly essentially as shown in FIGS. 2-4 was 
constructed with 12 mil specular aluminum for the reflector housing and 
the reflector. The platen or base plate was made with 8 mil black anodized 
aluminum. The platen housing was made with 12 mil specular aluminum. The 
fuser assembly was mounted in a Xerox 2600 (a trademark of Xerox 
Corporation) machine modified to accept the fuser assembly. A 650 watt 
quartz fuser lamp operated at 450 watt power was used as the radiant 
energy source. The lamp and the fan for circulating cooling air were 
turned on at the same time as when the copying cycle was initiated. The 
base plate reached a temperature of about 300.degree. F. when the first 
copy entered the fuser assembly. Cooling air from the fan was circulated 
through the chamber formed by the housing and the reflector at a rate of 
about 7 cubic feet per minute (CFM), which resulted in turbulent flow 
conditions. Similarly, cooling air was circulated through the chamber 
formed by platen 24 and housing 28 at a rate of about 5 CFM. The reflector 
was thus maintained at about 400.degree. F. while the base plate or platen 
was maintained at about 300.degree. F., with both of these temperatures 
within a range of .+-.30.degree. F. A 60 mil quartz shield was provided to 
shield the lamp from the paper and debris. It was found that during the 
passage of the copy paper through the fuser assembly, the base plate 
temperature dropped about 10.degree. F. but, with a spacing of a little 
over 3 inches between copies going through the fuser assembly, the base 
plate recovered to its initial temperature. After 40 copies have been 
fused, the temperatures and other conditions were found to be essentially 
stable. It was found that with the machine at rest at room temperature 
when the Start button was activated, the instant-on radiant fuser 
disclosed herein is capable of furnishing the first fused copy in about 10 
seconds. 
It will be appreciated that the present radiant fuser is extremely 
economical to construct and to operate. Thus, no temperature sensing 
means, which are extensively used in prior art fusing devices, are 
required. In the specific embodiment disclosed above, the cooling air flow 
was initiated at about the same time as when the fuser lamp was turned on. 
There is also no need for a standby heating device to maintain the fuser 
at an elevated temperature. For safety, a fusible link may be provided 
which will shut down the entire machine when the temperature in the fuser 
assembly, through accident or other machine malfunction, becomes too high. 
While the invention has been described in detail in reference to specific 
and preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that various 
modifications may be made from the specific details without departing from 
the spirit and scope of the invention.