Method of forming an inkjet printhead nozzle structure

A composite structure containing a nozzle layer and an adhesive layer is provided and the adhesive layer is coated with a polymeric sacrificial layer. The coated composite structure is laser ablated to form one or more nozzles in the structure and the sacrificial layer is removed. The sacrificial layer is preferably a water soluble polymer, such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene oxide, which is removed by directing jets of water at the sacrificial layer until it is substantially removed from the adhesive layer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to inkjet printheads, and more particularly 
to an improved fabrication technique for the nozzle structures for inkjet 
printheads. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Printheads for inkjet printers are precisely manufactured so that the 
components cooperate with an integral ink reservoir to achieve a desired 
print quality. Despite the precision, the printheads containing the ink 
reservoir are disposed of when the ink supply in the reservoir is 
exhausted. Accordingly, the components of the assembly need to be 
relatively inexpensive so that the total per page printing cost, into 
which the life of the assembly is factored, can be kept competitive in the 
marketplace with other forms of printing. 
Typically the ink, and the materials used to fabricate the reservoir and 
the printhead, are not the greatest portion of the cost of manufacturing 
the printhead assembly. Rather, it is the labor intensive steps of 
fabricating the printhead components themselves. Thus, efforts which lower 
the cost of producing the printhead have the greatest effect on the per 
page printing cost of the inkjet printer in which the printhead assembly 
is used. 
One method for lowering the cost for production of printheads is to use 
manufacturing techniques which are highly automated. This saves the 
expense of paying highly skilled technicians to manually perform each of 
the manufacturing steps. Another method for reducing production costs is 
to improve the overall yield of the automated manufacturing process. Using 
a higher percentage of the printheads produced reduces the price per 
printhead thus spreading out the cost of manufacture over a greater number 
of saleable pieces. Since process yields tend to increase as the number of 
process steps required to manufacture a part decrease, it is desirable to 
reduce the number of process steps required to manufacture the printhead, 
or replace complex, low yield process steps with simpler, higher yield 
process steps. 
Inkjet printheads are often formed from two or three major components 
including, 1) a substrate containing resistance elements to energize a 
component in the ink, and 2) an integrated flow features/nozzle layer to 
direct the motion of the energized ink. The flow features of the printhead 
may be contained in the nozzle layer or in a separate layer attached to 
the nozzle layer or substrate. The individual features which must 
cooperate during the printing step are contained in the components, which 
are joined together before use. Typically, an adhesive is used to join the 
components of the printhead into a unitary structure. 
If the adhesive is applied to one of the components before the 
manufacturing steps for that component are completed, then the adhesive 
layer may retain debris created during subsequent manufacturing steps. 
Often the debris is difficult to remove, and at the very least requires 
extra processing steps to remove, thus increasing the cost of the 
printhead. Additionally, if the debris is not completely removed the 
adhesive bond between the substrate and the nozzle layer may be impaired, 
resulting in a printhead which either functions improperly, or does not 
exhibit the expected utility lifetime. Therefore, the yield reduction 
caused by unremoved debris increases the cost of producing the printheads. 
If the adhesive is applied to one of the components after the features are 
formed in that component, additional labor intensive steps are required to 
ensure that the adhesive is positioned on the portions of the component 
that are to be used as bonding surfaces, and that the adhesive is removed 
from those portions of the component whose function will be inhibited by 
the presence of the adhesive. Not only do these extra steps add to the 
cost of the printhead, but any error in positioning the adhesive on the 
components will tend to reduce the yield of product from the printhead 
manufacturing process. 
For example, if adhesive is left in a portion of the component such as a 
flow channel for the ink, then the proper function of that flow channel 
will be inhibited, and the printhead will be unusable. Alternately, if the 
adhesive does not adequately cover the bonding surfaces between the 
components, then the components may separate, allowing ink to leak from 
the completed assembly. Both of these conditions will lower the product 
yield, thereby increasing the cost of the printheads produced, as 
explained above. 
It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide a method for 
manufacturing an inkjet printhead that is highly automated. 
It is another object of this invention to provide an inkjet manufacturing 
method that does not require additional process steps for the alignment 
and removal of adhesive. 
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for 
manufacturing an inkjet printhead in which the adhesive used to join the 
components does not attract and retain debris through subsequent process 
steps. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The foregoing and other objects are provided by a method for making an 
inkjet printhead nozzle member according to the present invention. In the 
present invention a composite structure containing a nozzle layer and an 
adhesive layer is provided, and the adhesive layer is coated with a 
polymeric sacrificial layer. The coated composite structure is then laser 
ablated to form one or more nozzles in the structure. After forming the 
nozzles, the sacrificial layer is removed. 
The sacrificial layer is preferably a water soluble polymeric material, 
such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene oxide, which may be removed by 
directing jets of water at the sacrificial layer until substantially all 
of the sacrificial layer has been removed from the adhesive layer. 
During the critical laser ablation step, slag and other debris created by 
laser ablating the composite structure often adheres to the sacrificial 
layer rather than to the adhesive layer. Since the sacrificial layer is 
water soluble, it may readily be removed by a simple washing technique, 
and as a result of removal, will carry with it the debris adhered thereto. 
In this manner the nozzle structure is freed of the debris which may cause 
structural or operational problems without the use of elaborate cleaning 
processes. Furthermore, the adhesive may be applied directly to the nozzle 
structure before the nozzles are created by laser ablation, thus 
simplifying the manufacturing process.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring now to the drawings, there is depicted in FIG. 1 a plan view 
representation of the major features of a nozzle layer 10 of a printhead 
composite structure. The nozzle layer 10 is a polymeric material such as 
polyimide, polyester, fluorocarbon polymer, or polycarbonate, which is 
preferably about 15 to about 200 microns thick, and most preferably about 
75 to about 125 microns thick. 
The material from which the nozzle layer 10 is formed may be supplied in a 
continuous elongate strip of polymeric material from which many nozzle 
layers may be formed, one after another, in a continuous or 
semi-continuous process. To aid in handling and providing for positive 
transport of the elongate strip of polymeric material through the 
manufacturing steps, sprocket holes or apertures 12 may be provided in the 
strip. 
Several important features may be formed in the nozzle layer 10, by 
processes that will be more fully described below. There is an ink 
distribution channel 14, which receives ink from an ink reservoir (not 
shown) and supplies the ink to flow channels 16. The flow channels 16 
receive the ink from the ink distribution channel 14, and supply it to 
resistance elements (not shown) below the bubble chambers 18. 
Upon energizing one or more resistance elements, a component of the ink is 
vaporized, imparting mechanical energy to a portion of the ink, thereby 
ejecting the ink through a corresponding nozzle 20 of the nozzle layer 10. 
The ink exiting the nozzle 20 then impacts the print medium, yielding a 
predefined pattern of ink spots which become alpha-numeric characters and 
graphic images. 
The strip of material in which the nozzle layer 10 is formed may be 
provided on a large reel 22 such as that schematically illustrated in FIG. 
2. Several manufacturers, such as Ube (of Japan) and E.l. duPont de 
Nemours & Co. of Willimington, Del., commercially supply materials 
suitable for the manufacture of the nozzle layer, under the trademarks of 
UPILEX or KAPTON, respectively. The preferred nozzle layer materials are 
formed from a polyimide tape, overlaid with an adhesive layer 24 as 
depicted in FIG. 3. 
The adhesive layer 24 is preferably any B-stageable material which may 
include thermoplastic macromolecular materials. Examples of B5 stageable 
thermal cure resins include phenolic resins, resorcinol resins, urea 
resins, epoxy resins, ethylene-urea resins, furane resins, polyurethanes, 
and silicon resins. Suitable macromolecular thermoplastic, or hot melt, 
materials include ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene ethylacrylate, 
polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes. 
In the most preferred embodiment, the adhesive layer 24 is a phenolic 
butyral adhesive film such as that used in the laminate RFLEX R1100 (a 
laminate comprising a 2.0 mil UPILEX nozzle layer and a 0.5 mil phenolic 
butyral adhesive film layer) or RFLEX R1000 (a laminate comprising a 2.0 
mil KAPTON nozzle layer and a 0.5 mil phenolic butyral adhesive film 
layer), commercially available from Rogers of Chandler, Ariz. At the 
position labeled "A" in FIG. 2, the composite structure of nozzle layer 10 
and adhesive layer 24 has the cross-sectional configuration depicted in 
FIG. 3. For most applications, the adhesive layer 24 is about 1 to about 
25 microns in thickness. 
The adhesive layer 24 is coated with a sacrificial layer 28 as depicted in 
FIG. 4. The sacrificial layer 28 may be any polymeric material that is 
both coatable in thin layers and removable by a solvent that does not 
interact with the adhesive layer 24 or the nozzle layer 10. The preferred 
solvent is water, and polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide are 
examples of suitable water soluble sacrificial layer materials. 
Commercially available polyvinyl alcohol materials which may be used as the 
sacrificial layer include AIRVOL 165, available from Air Products Inc., 
EMS1146 from Emulsitone Inc., and various polyvinyl alcohol resins from 
Aldrich. Commercially available polyethylene oxides which may be used as 
sacrificial layer materials are available from Aldrich and include 
polyethylene oxides of molecular weights between about 100,000 and 
1,000,000 and most preferably from about 100,000 to about 200,000. The 
sacrificial layer 28 is most preferably at least about 1 micron in 
thickness, and is preferably coated onto the adhesive layer 24, which is 
on the polyimide carrier sheet which forms the nozzle layer 10. 
Polyethylene oxide sacrificial layer material has a remarkably high level 
of adhesion to the adhesive layer 24 and therefore does not delaminate 
even in the regions immediately adjacent to the impinging laser beam. 
Furthermore, polyethylene oxide has a high enough melt viscosity that hot 
slag and other debris generated during a laser ablation process, e.g., 
carbon particles, cannot tunnel through the entire thickness of the 
sacrificial layer 28 and thus come in contact with the underlying adhesive 
and nozzle layers 24 and 10. Hence, when the polyethylene oxide 
sacrificial layer 28 is washed away, it carries with it substantially all 
the debris that landed on it. Additionally, polyethylene oxide is totally 
unreactive with any of the components of the adhesive layer 24, e.g., a 
phenolic adhesive layer. Therefore, polyethylene oxide is a highly stable 
sacrificial layer material. Optionally, a surfactant may be mixed in with 
the coating solution of polyethylene oxide in order to allow the 
polyethylene oxide to coat the adhesive layer 24 uniformly. Any one of a 
number of commercially available surfactants may be used for this purpose. 
An example of such a surfactant is one which is commercially available 
from Union Carbide under the product designation Tergitol NP-10. 
A conventional ASTM D3359-83 procedure (Method A) for assessing the 
adhesion of a coating to a substrate was used to test the level of 
adhesion of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide sacrificial layers to 
a phenolic resin film layer of an adhesive film layer/nozzle layer 
structure. The polyethylene oxide sacrificial layer consistently passed 
the ASTM test while the polyvinyl alcohol layer typically failed the test, 
i.e., the polyvinyl alcohol layer was consistently removed from the 
underlying phenolic resin film by tape during testing. A less sensitive 
peel test procedure was also used to test the level of adhesion of the two 
sacrificial layers to a phenolic resin film layer of an adhesive film 
layer/nozzle layer structure. The test involved the following steps: 
1) The four corners of a composite structure comprising a nozzle layer, a 
phenolic butyral adhesive film and a sacrificial layer was taped to a 
rigid substrate. The composite structure was not cut or scribed in any 
way. 
2) Two complete laps of tape (0.75 inch width medium tack pressure 
sensitive office supply tape (Highland 6200 tape)) were removed and 
discarded. An additional length of tape, e.g., about a 3 inch long length, 
was removed at a steady rate and cut. 
3) The center of the tape was placed on the composite structure such that 
about 1 inch of the tape extended beyond one edge of the composite 
structure. 
4) Within a time period of about 90+/-30 seconds of application, the tape 
was removed by seizing the free end and rapidly (not jerked) pulling it 
off at as close to an angle of 180.degree. as possible. 
5) The tape and the composite structure were inspected. Both sacrificial 
layers passed the test as there was no transfer of the sacrificial layers 
to the tape. Had one of the sacrificial layers peeled from the phenolic 
butyral adhesive film layer and transferred to the tape, then that 
sacrificial layer would have failed the test. 
Methods such as extrusion, roll coating, brushing, blade coating, spraying, 
dipping, and other techniques known to the coatings industry may be used 
to coat the composite strip 26 with the sacrificial layer 28. The 
composite strip 26 may be supplied in sheet form or in roll form prior to 
coating. When the composite strip 26 is in roll form, the preferred 
coating method is a conventional Mayer rod coating process, also known as 
metering rod coating. The polyethylene oxide bonds sufficiently by air 
drying. However, during roll coating, heating of the strip 26 by passing 
it through an oven heated to a temperature of about 100.degree. C. is 
preferred to accelerate drying. 
As illustrated by FIG. 2, the sacrificial layer 28 may be coated onto the 
composite strip 26 such as by coating roller 34. At position B (FIG. 2), 
the composite strip 26 now has a cross-sectional dimension as depicted in 
FIG. 4, with the adhesive layer 24 disposed between the nozzle layer 10 
and the sacrificial layer 28. 
The features of the nozzle layer 10, such as distribution channel 14, flow 
channels 16, bubble chambers 18, and nozzles 20 as depicted in FIG. 1, are 
preferably formed by laser ablating the composite strip 26 in a 
predetermined pattern. A laser beam 36 for creating flow features in the 
nozzle layer 10 may be generated by a laser 38, such as an F.sub.2, ArF, 
KrCl, KrF, or XeCl excimer or frequency multiplied YAG laser. 
Laser ablation of the composite structure of FIG. 4 is accomplished at a 
power of from about 100 millijoules per centimeter squared to about 5,000 
millijoules per centimeter squared, and preferably about 1,500 millijoules 
per centimeter squared. During the laser ablation process, a laser beam 
with a wavelength of from about 150 nanometers to about 400 nanometers, 
and most preferably about 248 nanometers, is applied in pulses lasting 
from about one nanosecond to about 200 nanoseconds, and most preferably 
about 20 nanoseconds. 
Specific features of the nozzle layer 10 are formed by applying a 
predetermined number of pulses of the laser beam 36 through a mask 40 
which is used for accurately positioning the flow features in the nozzle 
layer. Many energy pulses may be required in those portions of the nozzle 
layer 10 from which a greater cross-sectional depth of material is 
removed, such as the nozzles 20, and fewer energy pulses may be required 
in those portions of the nozzle layer 10 which require that only a portion 
of the material be removed from the cross-sectional depth of the nozzle 
layer 10, such as the flow channels 16, as will be made more apparent 
hereafter. 
The side boundaries of the features of the nozzle layer 10 are defined by 
the mask 40 which allows the laser beam 36 to pass through holes in the 
mask 40 in certain portions of the mask 40 and inhibits the laser beam 36 
During the laser ablation process of the composite strip 26 containing a 
sacrificial layer 28, slag and other debris 42 are formed. At least a 
portion of the debris 42 may land on and adhere to strip 26. In the 
present invention, since the top layer of the strip 26 contains the 
sacrificial layer 28, the debris 42 lands on and adheres to the 
sacrificial layer 28 rather than to the adhesive layer 24. 
If the composite strip 26 did not have the sacrificial layer 28, then the 
debris 42 would land on and adhere to the adhesive layer 24. Once adhered 
to the adhesive layer 24, the debris 42 may be difficult to remove, 
requiring complicated cleaning procedures or resulting in unusable 
product. The present invention not only makes removal of the debris 42 
easier, but may also increase yield due to a reduction in non-usable 
product. 
After the laser ablation of the composite strip 26 is completed, the strip 
26 at position C has the cross-sectional configuration shown in FIG. 5, as 
taken through one of the bubble chambers 18. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the 
nozzle layer 10 still contains adhesive layer 24 which is protected by 
sacrificial layer 28. Debris 42 is depicted on the exposed surface of the 
sacrificial layer 28. The relative dimensions of the flow channel 16, 
bubble chamber 18, and nozzle 20 are also illustrated in FIG. 5. 
When the sacrificial layer 28 is a water soluble material, removal of the 
sacrificial layer 28 and debris 42 thereon may be accomplished by soaking 
the composite strip 26 in water for a period of time sufficient to 
dissolve the sacrificial layer 28. The temperature of the water used to 
remove the sacrificial layer 28 may range from about 20.degree. C. to 
about 90.degree. C. Higher water temperatures tend to decrease the time 
required to dissolve the sacrificial layer 28. The temperature and type of 
solvent used to dissolve the sacrificial layer 28 is preferably chosen to 
enhance the dissolution rate of the material chosen for use as the 
sacrificial layer 28. Alternatively, the sacrificial layer 28 may be 
removed by directing water jets 44 toward the strip 26 from water sources 
46, see FIG. 2. Brush or sponge contact cleaning may also be used. For 
example, when the sacrificial layer is formed from polyethylene oxide, 
only high pressure jets are needed to consistently remove the layer 28 and 
embedded debris, thus eliminating the need for high temperature processing 
to effect sacrificial layer removal. 
The debris 42 and sacrificial layer 28 removed from the adhesive layer are 
contained in an aqueous waste stream 48 that is removed from the strip 26. 
After removal of the sacrificial layer 28, the adhesive coated composite 
structure at position D has a cross-sectional configuration illustrated in 
FIG. 6. As can be seen in FIG. 6, the structure contains the nozzle layer 
10 and the adhesive layer 24, but the sacrificial layer 28 which 
previously coated the adhesive layer 24 has been removed. Sections 50 of 
the nozzle layer 10 are separated one from another by cutting blades 56 
and are then subsequently attached to silicon heater substrates. The 
adhesive layer 24 is used to attach the nozzle layer 10 to the silicon 
substrate. 
Since the debris 42 formed during laser ablation of the nozzle layer 10 was 
adhered to the sacrificial layer 28, removal of the sacrificial layer 28 
also removed substantially all of the debris 42 formed during the laser 
ablation step. Because a water soluble sacrificial layer 28 is used, 
removal of the sacrificial layer 28 and debris 42 does not require 
elaborate or time consuming operations. Furthermore, the presence of the 
sacrificial layer 28 during the laser ablation process effectively 
prevents debris 42 from contacting and adhering to the adhesive layer 24. 
Accordingly, with the foregoing procedure, the adhesive layer 24 may be 
attached to the nozzle layer 10, rather than the substrate, prior to laser 
ablation, thus simplifying the printhead manufacturing process. 
Before attaching the nozzle layer 10 to the silicon substrate, it is 
preferred to coat the silicon substrate with an extremely thin layer of 
adhesion promoter. The amount of adhesion promoter should be sufficient to 
interact with the adhesive of the nozzle layer 10 throughout the entire 
surface of the substrate, yet the amount of adhesion promoter should be 
less than an amount which would interfere with the function of the 
substrate's electrical components and the like. The nozzle layer 10 is 
preferably adhered to the silicon substrate by placing the adhesive layer 
24 against the silicon substrate, and pressing the nozzle layer 10 against 
the silicon substrate with a heated platen. 
In the alternative, the adhesion promoter may be applied to the exposed 
surface of the adhesive layer 24 before application of the sacrificial 
layer 28, or after removal of the sacrificial layer 28. Well known 
techniques such as spinning, spraying, roll coating, or brushing may be 
used to apply the adhesion promoter to the silicon substrate or the 
adhesive layer. A particularly preferred adhesion promoter is a reactive 
silane composition, such as DOW CORNING Z6032 SILANE, available from Dow 
Corning of Midland, Mich. 
While preferred embodiments of the present invention are described above, 
it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the 
invention is capable of numerous modifications, rearrangements and 
substitutions of parts without departing from the spirit of the invention.