Alkali injection system with controlled CO.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ratios for combustion of coal

A high temperature combustion process for an organic fuel containing sulfur n which the nitrogen of air is replaced by carbon dioxide for combination with oxygen with the ratio of CO.sub.2 /O.sub.2 being controlled to generate combustion temperatures above 2000 K. for a gas-gas reaction with SO.sub.2 and an alkali metal compound to produce a sulfate and in which a portion of the carbon-dioxide rich gas is recycled for mixing with oxygen and/or for injection as a cooling gas upstream from heating exchangers to limit fouling of the exchangers, with the remaining carbon-dioxide rich gas being available as a source of CO.sub.2 for oil recovery and other purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a process for combustion of coal and other 
organic fuels at a high temperature and in a mixture of carbon dioxide and 
oxygen to provide a combustion gas containing carbon dioxide as a major 
component. More particularly, the invention relates to a process involving 
the combustion of an organic fuel and a recycle of a portion of the carbon 
dioxide wherein a reduced quantity of combustion gas is available as a 
saleable product and is disposed in an environmentally satisfactory way, 
thereby reducing the so called "greenhouse effect". 
In conventional combustion of coal, air serves as the source of oxygen to 
support combustion and provide a combustion gas containing nitrogen, 
carbon dioxide, water and other gases released to the atmosphere. 
Depending on its concentration and ease of separation, the carbon dioxide 
may have value for use in oil recovery and other purposes. 
In the process, nitrogen oxides may be generated from the nitrogen gas in 
the air and from nitrogen compounds in the fuel. In addition, sulfur 
oxides from sulfur in the coal are also usually formed in the combustion 
process. Unless removed, these components are part of the product stream 
and may have detrimental effects on the value of the product stream. 
Scrubbers and other techniques for removing the sulfur and nitrogen oxides 
may be used but in general have disadvantages due to their cost, 
complexity and reduced efficiency of the entire process. 
Efforts have been directed to reduce the content of these oxides in the 
combustion gas. In one process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,351, the 
sulfur oxides are converted to alkali metal sulfates in a gas-gas 
reaction. The resulting sulfates are then cooled to form solid particles 
prior to passage through heat exchangers to reduce clogging of the heat 
exchangers. While this process has advantages, it is not specifically 
designed to remove nitrogen oxides and utilizes air for combustion 
purposes. 
Accordingly, one object of the invention is a reduction in the formation 
and content of detrimental oxides in combustion gas from an organic fuel. 
A second object of the invention is a system to facilitate the separation 
of a carbon dioxide stream from combustion gas. Another object of the 
invention is the reduction in combustion gas released to the atmosphere. 
These and other objects will become apparent from the following 
description. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Briefly, the invention involves a combustion process for an organic fuel in 
which the nitrogen of air is replaced by carbon dioxide which is mixed 
with oxygen with the ratio being controlled to generate combustion 
temperatures above 2000.degree. K. (and perhaps as high as 2400K) in a 
combustion zone to form a combustion gas. Advantageously, the process 
includes additional recycling of a portion of the flue gas for mixing with 
combustion gas for the purpose of cooling the combustion gas. The 
invention may be further characterized by the removal of a portion of the 
carbon dioxide from the combustion gas to maintain the volume of the 
combustion gas being returned to the furnace and to provide a product for 
use in oil recovery systems and other purposes. The invention is further 
characterized by the CO.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ratio being selected in a range of 
2.2-2.5 to control and extend the boiler performance to simulate 
combustion of coal in air. 
Several advantages are associated with the invention. First, by using a low 
CO.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ratio, higher flame temperatures can be achieved, 
thereby substantially promoting the gas-gas reaction between alkali atoms 
and sulfur gases. 
Second, by providing a means for injecting additional CO.sub.2 at various 
locations removed from the combustion zone, the heat transfer rate and 
cooling of the alkali sulfates can be tightly controlled without suffering 
either the loss in efficiency inherent in conventional gas recycle 
techniques or the added cost associated with the larger mass throughput 
rate and heat transfer surface area. 
Third, there is the ability to use the concept in retrofit applications by 
tailoring the C.sub.2 quantity recycled to match the heat utilization 
performance previously achieved using air as the oxidizing medium. 
Fourth, a natural reduction in nitrous oxides is achieved by eliminating 
the reaction of oxygen with the nitrogen in the oxidizer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Combustion processes utilizing a conventional organic fuel such as coal to 
generate a hot combustion gas at temperatures in the order of 1900-2200K. 
After these tempertures are cooled in the furnace, the combustion gas is 
directed past one or more heat exchangers in exit duct work to extract 
additional heat and then diverted to the stack. Sulfur oxides in the 
combustion gases either are removed or exit with the stack gases. In some 
instances, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,351, (which is hereby 
incorporated herein by reference), a sodium compound such as Na.sub.2 
CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, NaOH or the like is introduced to convert the 
sulfur oxide to sodium sulfate which may be at least partially removed by 
a scrubber. The combustion gas also may contain a nitrogen oxide derived 
from nitrogen compounds in the fuel. The nitrogen oxide may remain in the 
gas and exit through the stack. 
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,351, the combustion temperature is maintained above 
about 1400K to provide a gas-gas reaction between the sodium compound and 
the sulfur oxide. While this process has advantages, higher combustion 
temperatures will increase the rate of reaction and provide a more 
complete reaction within the short time available within the combustion 
zone. 
In this invention, the combustion temperature is increased to about 2000K 
by introducing a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen to the combustion 
zone with the ratio being controlled to generate the desired combustion 
temperature. Suitably, the ratio is in the range of about 1.5-2.0 on a 
molar basis. The gas is further characterized by having essentially no 
nitrogen or levels below about 1 wt. %. 
A sodium compound may then be introduced to react with any sulfur oxide in 
the combustion gas and form sodium sulfate. Suitable sodium compounds 
include Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3, NaCl, NaOH or the like. It may be injected as a 
dry powder, or mixed with water, or in a dry mixture with pulverized coal 
or the like. 
The resulting combustion gas may be tempered with additional CO.sub.2 gas 
to protect heat exchanger surfaces in the furnace before being directed to 
one or more heat exchangers at the exit of the furnace. Prior to the first 
external heat exchanger, additional carbon dioxide is introduced to cool 
the combustion gas to below 1150K to form particles of sodium sulfate and 
reduce clogging of the heat exchanger or exchangers. The resulting ratio 
of carbon dioxide to oxygen is generally in the range of about 2.2-2.5. 
A portion of the flue gas (cooled combustion gas) may be separated to 
provide a source of carbon dioxide. The reduced quantity sulfur and/or 
nitrogen oxides may remain in the carbon dioxide stream when the C.sub.2 
is used for oil recovery or may be removed in a scrubber with the nitrogen 
oxides being removed with amine additives as described in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,612,175 (which is hereby incorporated herein by reference). 
Preferably, the remaining flue gas is recycled to the combustion zone to be 
combined with oxygen or used to cool the combustion gas. The amount 
recycled is selected to maintain the desired gas to the combustion zone, 
desired CO.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ratio and maintain efficient heat utilization 
for the furnace exit temperature. 
One embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. In the process, a 
stream 12 of nitrogen (used as a saleable product or saleable product or 
dumped into environment) is separated from a source 10 of air leaving a 
stream, 14 of oxygen. Carbon dioxide from stream 16 is mixed with oxygen 
at a ration of C.sub.2 /O.sub.2 of about 1.5-2.0 and introduced into a 
combustion zone 20 of furnace 18. Coal in finely divided form is 
introduced in stream 22 to combustion zone 20. A sodium compound as an 
alkali metal compound is then introduced by stream 23 to react with any 
sulfur oxide in the combustion gas and form sodium sulfate. 
Combustion gas is produced in the reaction and directed to heat exchangers 
24 and 26 within the duct work of furnace 18. Prior to passing through 
heat exchanger 24, a stream 28 of carbon dioxide is introduced into the 
combustion gas for cooling the gas to below about 1150K. Additional 
CO.sub.2 gas may be introduced at locations between 18 and 28 to temper 
the hot gas temperatures near the heat exchange surfaces in the furnace. 
The cooling gas is provided by the cooled flue gas downstream from the 
heat exchangers. As illustrated, the carbon dioxide stream 32 is removed 
from the flue gas stream 34 with stream 28 being used to cool the upstream 
combustion gas and stream 16 providing carbon dioxide for mixing with 
oxygen. The remaining flue gas in stream 42 is either direction to a 
pipeling without additional separation or may be treated to remove water, 
sulfur oxide or sodium sulfate, and/or nitrogen oxide. An additional 
method would be to clean the flue gas before recycling, thus reducing 
water and trace species concentrations in the recycled flue gas. As 
illustrated, water is removed in stream 38 with the sulfur oxide and 
nitrogen oxide being removed in stream 40 from stream 42. Preferably, the 
carbon dioxide in stream 42 is utilized for oil recovery or other 
commercial purpose. 
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be 
set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will 
become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the 
following or may be learned by practice of the invention.