Magnetic transfer surface for controlling toner thickness

In an electrophoretic printer for printing an image on a recipient sheet, magnetic tape means having a predetermined magnetization reversal is utilized to control the thickness of the toner layer thereon.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to printing apparatus and, more particularly, to 
magnetic means for controlling the thickness of a toner layer applied to a 
transfer surface prior to printing. 
2. Description of the Prior Art 
Printing methods which employ an electrical field to move particulate 
printing material, toner, to a recipient sheet forming an image thereon 
are known in the prior art. One such printing process employs a printing 
sheet and a transfer surface or belt from which the toner is conveyed to a 
print head which establishes an electrical field for transferring the 
toner material to the recipient sheet or paper. The imprinted paper passes 
over a hot plate of sufficient temperature and length to fuse the paper 
and toner. A method of supplying toner to the recipient sheet that has 
been considered envisions using a permanently toned ribbon which would be 
used only once and then discarded. As this scheme is generally not 
practical, a continuous printer having a retoneable transfer surface or 
belt in contact with the toner, preferably a toner bead, for coating the 
belt has been considered. The rotating toner bead is comprised of fine 
magnetic particles and is formed by magnetic field gradients from a 
plurality of magnets employed above and below the bead and on opposite 
sides of the belt. 
In general, the rotating magnetic bead scheme works well at low transfer 
belt velocities, that is, on the order of 20 inches per second, and when 
used with a rough surface belt. Present printing requirements, however, 
indicate that printing speeds on the order of 50-60 inches a second or 
more are desirous. However, as the rotating magnetic bead tends to fly 
apart at belt velocities on the order of 30 inches per second, a 60 inch 
per second belt velocity would require a bead four times larger in 
diameter and magnets eight times more massive (assuming the same magnetic 
material) than those originally used in the 20 inch per second system. 
Furthermore, at these faster speeds uniform coating and thickness control 
of the toner layer on the transfer surface is difficult. 
Thickness control of the toner layer, as well as uniform coating of the 
transport surface, moreover, is required for good, dense printing, 
especially at the high speeds, 50-60 inches per second, now being 
considered. That is, at the present speeds of about 20 inches per second, 
the belt transports the toner layer thereon past the print head at 
approximately the same speed as the recipient paper is moved past the 
print head, because the transport surface is coated with a toner layer of 
limited area density. Furthermore, the present limited area density is 
approximately equal to the area density of toner required to be 
transferred onto the paper for high quality, dense printing. In other 
words, in the present systems substantially total transfer of the toner 
layer from the belt to the paper is necessary to achieve the required 
printing quality at 20 inches per second. If the density of the toner 
layer carried by the belt could be controlled, e.g., substantially 
increased, that is, if the toner layer thickness could be controlled, the 
transport surface could be run at a substantially reduced speed from that 
of the paper, thereby reducing, among other factors, the possibility of 
toner spillage. 
Accordingly, there is a need for providing means for providing a dense 
toner layer and for controlling the thickness of the toner layer for 
relatively fast transport surface speeds without sacrificing good printing 
characteristics. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to the invention, magnetic means for controlling the thickness of 
the toner layer on the transfer surface of a non-impact printer is 
provided. Illustratively, the apparatus of this invention includes 
magnetic tape means having a predetermined magnetization for transporting 
the toner from a toner supply to the print head where the toner is 
transferred to the recipient sheet. 
Specifically the apparatus of this invention includes a supply of toner of 
moderate magnetic susceptibility, magnetic transfer surface means for 
transporting the toner to a print head where the toner on the transport 
surface means is transferred to a recipient sheet at the print head 
forming an image thereon. The magnetic transport surface means is provided 
with a predetermined periodic magnetization reversal, whereby the pitch, 
the distance along the transport surface means between magnetization 
reversal cycles, controls the thickness of the toner layer on the 
transport surface. The magnetization reversals, moreover, may be oriented 
perpendicular to the plane of the transport surface, or in the plane of 
the surface with an orientation in the direction parallel to the length of 
the transport surface or the direction of motion of the magnetic transport 
surface means. 
More specifically, the magnetic transport surface means includes a magnetic 
tape having a predetermined magnetization reversal, oriented in the 
direction of the length of the tape; magnetic roller means disposed 
opposite the transport surface of the tape for transferring the toner from 
the toner supply to the magnetic tape and a high permeability (high .mu.) 
backing plate disposed opposite the other surface of the tape and opposite 
the magnetic roller, whereby the backing plate aids in the transferral of 
the toner to the magnetic tape and the magnetic tape pitch controls the 
thickness of the toner layer thereon.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
For a more complete appreciation of the invention, attention is invited to 
the following description of an illustrative embodiment of the invention, 
as shown in the attached drawings. 
FIG. 1 includes an electrophoretic printing process, known in the art, such 
as disclosed in Haerberle et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,550,153 granted on Dec. 
22, 1970, embodying a print head 10, a supply of recipient sheet or paper 
12, from a paper supply or spool, not shown, conveyed by suitable means 
across the print head 10 to a fuser section not shown. The printing 
process further includes means including a transport surface or belt 14 
for conveying, in the direction of arrow A, a supply of toner 16 from a 
toner supply, hopper, 18 in a uniform layer 16a to the print head 10. The 
toner particles 16 are typically of the form of a solid shell of a 
magnetic oxide Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 powder in a pigmented resinous binder 
coated with a carbon powder to provide a conducting surface thereon. In 
the electrophoretic printing process, the toner particles are transferred 
from the belt 14 to the paper 12 by means of the electrical field 
initiated by the print head 10. The magnetic oxide or iron oxide Fe.sub.3 
O.sub.4 content of the toner particles 16 is advantageously used in this 
invention such that high speed printing may be accomplished by providing 
magnetic means to influence the particles to control the thickness of the 
toner layer 16a. 
Specifically, the magnetic means of this invention which controls the 
thickness of the toner layer 16a is provided by the magnetization of the 
transport surface 14 forming a magnetized belt 20 (FIG. 2) of 
predetermined magnetization. That is, the transport surface 14 comprises a 
magnetized belt 20 having a periodic magnetization reversal formed 
therein. Referring to FIG. 2, a portion 21 of the magnetic transport 
surface 20 is shown having a predetermined periodic (B) magnetization 
reversal indicated by arrows 22, 24 and an aperiodic (C) magnetization 
reversal indicated by arrows 26, 28, 30, 32 of varying periodicity in the 
plane of the surface to be explained herein. The magnetic transport 
surface means or magnetic belt 20 having a predetermined magnetization 
reversal indicated by arrows 22, 24 may be a magnetic tape such as the 
transport surface 14 illustrated in FIG. 1 or a magnetized surface 20a 
formed on a drum 60, see FIG. 3, where the magnetic belt of FIG. 2 may be 
considered to represent a portion 21 of the transport surface 20a of the 
drum 60 which may be assumed flat. Moreover, the magnetization reversal of 
the belt 20 may be oriented perpendicular to the plane of the surface of 
the belt 20 as illustrated by portion (D) of the belt and magnetization 
reversal arrows 34, 36, see FIG. 2. However, in the preferred embodiment 
of the invention the magnetization reversal is oriented in the plane of 
the surface and parallel to the direction of motion, illustrated by arrow 
(A), or along the x axis, see FIG. 2. 
Referring to FIG. 2, the magnetic transport surface belt 20, having a 
direction of motion A, has an associated x,y,z coordinate system, in which 
the direction of motion is directed along the x axis and the y axis is 
perpendicular to the plane of the surface of the belt 20 and the z axis is 
perpendicular to both the x and y axes. For a periodic magnetization 
reversal or pitch P along the x axis as shown in section (B) thereof, the 
magnetization M.sub.x of the belt varies along the x axis of the surface 
as follows: 
##EQU1## 
where Mo is the maximum magnetization. Furthermore, the magnetic field (H) 
of the periodic magnetization of the magnetic transport surface 20 may be 
expressed as the field of an array of dipoles arranged in a plane, which 
is known to decrease rapidly as the distance from the plane increases, and 
may be expressed as: 
##EQU2## 
In addition, if the magnetic toner particles are comprised of a "soft" 
magnetic material as explained hereinabove, and if the particles are 
influenced by a magnetic field or, more specifically, when magnetized by 
the field of the magnetic transport belt 20, the magnetic force on the 
particles is proportional to the gradient of the square of the magnetic 
field, and may be expressed as: 
##EQU3## 
Therefore, with regard to the toner particles, the region of significant 
magnetic force measured from the x axis and along the y axis of the belt 
20 is confined to a distance or layer of thickness approximately equal to 
the pitch P of the magnetization reversals. Thus, control of the thickness 
of the toner layer 16a is advantageously adjusted by the instant invention 
by controlling the pitch P of the magnetization reversal of the transfer 
surface 20. 
Referring back to FIG. 1, a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown 
in which transfer means is illustrated comprising a magnetic roller 40 
disposed beneath the hopper 18. The magnetic roller 40 attracts toner 
particles 16 released from the hopper to the magnetic roller or brush 40 
for uniform deposit on the magnetic transport belt 20, having a 
predetermined magnetization. The magnetic brush 40 comprises an inner 
surface 42 and an outer shell 44. The inner surface 22 is formed of a 
magnetic material having a repetitive pole configuration, that is, a 
repeating North (N), South (S) fingerlike pole extension configuration 46, 
which attracts the magnetic toner particles 16 to the outer shell 44 of 
the brush. The magnetic roller 40 therefore attracts a layer of toner 
particles 48 disposed about the periphery of the roller for transferral to 
the magnetic transport belt 20. It is noted that the roller may be made of 
sufficiently large radius to reduce the centrifugal force on the toner 16 
or layer 48 for a given surface velocity of the roller and the belt. In 
addition, the centrally located magnetic pole configuration 46 or the 
resultant magnetic field gradients thereof exert a relatively constant 
centripetal force on the toner layer 48 to confine the layer 48 to the 
roller 40. It is noted that when employing the magnetic brush 40 for 
transferring the toner 16 to the magnetic belt 20, the periodic 
magnetization reversals should lie in the plane of the magnetic transport 
surface belt 20, otherwise the magnetic fields of the brush 40 may destroy 
those gradients of the field of the magnetized transport surface 20 
oppositely directed to the fields of the brush 40. Furthermore, the 
demagnetizing effects of the brush 40, or any other magnetic field source, 
may be reduced if the fields are directed normal to the magnetization in 
the surface 20. The fields of the magnetic brush 40 may be constrained 
normal to the transport surface 20 by means of a high permeability (high 
.mu.) plate 50 (FIG. 1) made of a material such as iron disposed opposite 
the brush 40 with the magnetic belt 20 disposed between the brush 40 and 
plate 50. In FIG. 1, the belt 20 is disposed above the plate 50 such that 
the plate also acts as a guide for the belt. The magnetic field of the 
roller 40 will induce a magnetization in the highly permeable backing 
plate 50 which sets up opposing forces to reduce the net normal force on 
the toner particles in the area between the roller and the backing plate. 
The high permeability of the backing plate 50 or the induced magnetization 
thereof results in the cancellation of the tangential component of the 
magnetic field and the normal magnetic field gradient attracting the toner 
to the magnetic roller 40. Furthermore, the high permeability backing 
plate 50 cancels the centripetal force on the toner layer 48 near the 
surface of the backing plate such that the toner particles 16 may be 
deposited on the belt 20 in a uniform manner, such as layer 16a, as more 
fully described in Applicant's copending application Ser. No. 931,214 
Thus, high speed printing may be accomplished due to the deposition or 
transferral of a uniform toner layer 16a to the magnetic belt 20 by means 
of the magnetic roller 40 in cooperation with the backing plate 50 of high 
permeability material, and by controlling the thickness of the layer 16a 
by controlling the pitch P of the magnetization reversals of the transport 
surface belt 20. 
In the situation wherein the magnetized transport surface 20 has a 
predetermined periodic (P) magnetization reversal as illustrated in 
section (D) of FIG. 2, the magnetic force of the transport surface will 
selectively attract a toner particle having a characteristic size, or 
diameter, on the order of the size of the pitch P. If the toner 16 is 
comprised of a constant size particle on the order of the size of the 
pitch P, a uniform dense thick toner layer will be formed on the belt 20. 
However, as is common to toner material, the sizes of the toner particles 
vary over a range of 10 to 1 and, therefore the particles larger than 
and/or smaller than the pitch P will not be so attracted resulting in an 
uneconomical operation. Accordingly, if a preselected aperiodic pitch (C), 
FIG. 2, corresponding to the variation in particle size is formed in the 
transport surface 20, the magnetic belt 20 will select a broader range of 
particles, i.e., substantially all of the toner particles will be 
distributed in a controlled uniform dense or thick toner transfer layer 
16a. It is noted that in the instance of preselected aperiodic pitch (C), 
the range of pitch period and the distribution of available particle sizes 
will result in a variation in toner layer thickness, in accordance with 
Eq. 3 greater than the case for a single valued pitch period; however, the 
control of the toner layer 16a is not effected. This trade-off is useful, 
moreover, when the gap between the toner transport surface (20) and the 
paper is sufficient to accept slight toner layer thickness change which in 
turn allows a greater distribution of toner sizes to be used in the 
printing process. 
Referring to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the invention is illustrated wherein 
the magnetic transport surface 20a is formed on a large drum 60. In this 
embodiment, a magnetic brush 40 in association with a high permeability 
magnetic material inner surface 62 of the drum transfers the toner 16 to 
the magnetic transport surface 20a thereof. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 
4 means may be utilized to collect excess toner. For example, in FIG. 3 a 
low pressure air supply tube 64 may be utilized to strip away excess or 
overly thick layers of toner material for return to the toner supply. 
Whereas, in the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 4 suitable transfer 
means 80 transfers the toner to the endless magnetic belt 20 and idler 82 
is provided to redirect the belt such that a centripetal force is 
developed of sufficient strength to strip away any excess toner. Cover 
means 84 may be utilized to capture and return the stripped toner to the 
toner supply. 
In accordance with the apparatus of this invention, a magnetic transport 
system is provided which permits high speed printing by controlling the 
thickness of toner on the transport surface for transport thereof to a 
print head. 
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is 
to be understood that the words which have been used are words of 
description rather than limitation and that changes within the purview of 
the appended claims may be made without departing from the true scope and 
spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.