Method of strip mining

A strip mining technique wherein an active mining area is continuously moved across a mining ground. Overburden is removed from a leading end of the active mining area and conveyed by a conveyor system located on a high-wall of the mining area to a following end of that mining area. The conveyed overburden is dumped adjacent the active mining area following end to form a spoil bank which is landscaped and reclaimed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to mining methods, and more particularly, to 
strip mining methods. 
In recent times, strip mine operators have been placed under considerable 
pressure from two sides. Energy users, on one side, pressure the strip 
miners to produce more coal, while environmentalists, on the other side, 
pressure strip miners to leave the environment undamaged. Recently, there 
have been many moves begun to completely eliminate strip mining unless 
methods can be devised which leave the mined terrain undamaged and nearly 
unchanged after completion of a strip mining operation. 
Accordingly, strip mining methods must be devised which will satisfy both 
sides of the strip mining argument. Those strip mining methods must be 
able to produce large quantities of coal quickly, but must not deface the 
terrain or mar the beauty of the land. 
A further constraint often placed on strip miners arises because a mining 
lease under which the miners are operating extends for only a short 
distance. In short leases, economics becomes an important factor. Thus, 
any new strip mining method should be adaptable to shortwall mining 
activities, as well as to long unbroken mining leases. 
There are several mining methods known. These methods include benches which 
rotate about a turning-point area in a downwardly spiralling path, and 
cross-ridge techniques whereby an entire mountain top is ultimately 
removed. 
The known mining methods suffer several drawbacks, among them being the 
drawbacks caused by the location of the haulage systems in positions which 
interfere with other machinery used in the operation. Furthermore, the 
known systems, especially those just-mentioned systems, remove earth in 
such a manner as to make land reclamation difficult, if not impossible. In 
fact, the cross-ridge technique, by its very purpose, makes restoring the 
land to its original layout impossible. The environment, especially that 
environment affecting wildlife, is therefore severely disrupted by such 
known techniques. 
It is for these reasons, among others, that known strip mining techniques 
have not met with wide acceptance, either from public groups, or from the 
strip miners themselves. 
The strip mining method embodying the teachings of the present invention 
solves the above-discussed problems, while providing a mining technique 
economically adaptable to any terrain layout or mining lease extent. The 
mining technique embodying the teachings of the present invention should, 
therefore, find acceptance by both public groups and the strip miners 
themselves. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The mining technique embodying the teachings of the present invention 
maintains the overburden haulage system out of the way of other machinery 
and is adaptable to any size and shape working area. 
The technique utilizes a plurality of terraces, or benches, one of which 
supports trucks, shovels and other earth moving equipment, and at least 
one of which supports lateral conveyors of an overburden conveying system. 
The lateral conveyors are located on the highwall and convey overburden 
removed from one end of the active mining area to the other end thereof. 
The overburden is dumped by the conveyor system on the rear end of the 
active mining area to form a spoil bank which is landscaped and otherwise 
reclaimed as the mining progresses. 
Coal removing means, such as a coal auger, removes coal from the coal bank 
and transports that removed coal onto further haulage systems which move 
that coal into haulage trucks, or the like, to be transported via an 
access road to appropriate locations. As the mining progresses, the coal 
removing means moves across, or along, a coal seam, depending on which 
direction the active mining area is moving with respect to the coal seam. 
The mining method embodying the teachings of the present invention 
therefore continuously removes overburden from one end of the active 
mining area while simultaneously dumping overburden on the other end of 
the active mining area by conveying that overburden along a conveyor 
system located on the highwall out of the way of other work machines. Coal 
removing equipment is located in the active mining area and removes coal 
while the just-mentioned overburden haulage occurs. 
The active mining area itself thus is continuously moved across or along a 
mining ground and is self-contained. The conveyors are movable and move 
along with the other mining equipment. The active mining area can be of 
any length or configuration, depending upon the layout of the mining 
ground, can move either laterally or across a ridge, and is therefore 
amenable to a wide variety of mining operations. As the earth moving 
equipment removing the overburden from the leading edge of the active 
mining area advances, all of the other systems, such as the conveyor 
systems, the coal removing machinery and other haulage equipment, advance, 
and the overburden is dumped into a spoil bank at the rear edge of the 
active mining area. The active mining area thus moves across a mining 
ground from one mining lease boundary to the other until the mining ground 
encompassed by that lease is covered. 
The conveyor system utilized in this process is located and operated on the 
highwall and thus does not interfere with any other machinery used in the 
operation. Thus, the conveyor system not only ceases to be a problem, but 
actually assists in the reclamation step of the mining operation. 
Spoil from the spoil bank will not spill down a mountainside, as that spoil 
is supported by the lower bench. Supporting means, such as berms or the 
like, can also be provided to further assist in the prevention of 
spillage. Thus, streams will not be contaminated and the land will not 
have unsightly scars. Regrowth of vegetation and timber is promoted by the 
subject mining technique, and thus wildlife activities will not be as 
severely interrupted as they are with present strip mining techniques. 
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
It is, therefore, a main object of the present invention to provide a strip 
mining method which efficiently mines an area without substantially 
affecting the terrain. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a strip mining 
method which includes an overburden conveyor system which does not 
interfere with other machinery. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a strip mining 
method which can be used in shortwall mining operations. 
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a strip mining 
method which facilitates land reclamation. 
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a strip 
mining method which can be used on a wide variety of mining ground 
topographies and extents. 
These together with other objects and advantages which will become 
subsequently apparent reside in the details of construction and operation 
as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to 
the accompanying drawings forming part hereof, wherein like reference 
numerals refer to like parts throughout.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Shown in FIG. 1 is a portion of a mining ground 10 located in a mountain 
ridge or the like. Mining is conducted to remove coal with only minor 
alterations in the overall aesthetic appearance of the mined area. 
As shown in FIG. 1, an active mining area comprises a lowermost, or first, 
ledge or bench 12 abutting a highwall 14 which has one or more further 
benches or offsets, such as bench 16, defined therein. As shown in FIG. 1, 
the mining area can have a coal seam 18, and coal bank 20 is therefore 
located in the highwall and intersects bench 12 at bench edge 24 and 
contains coal face 26 therein. The coal seam lies at the base of the 
highwall and extends to a location adjacent the outer edge 27 of the bench 
12. Depending on the nature of the terrain and the coal, the location of 
the outer edge of the coal seam can be located within ten feet of edge 27. 
Thus, for example, if bench 12 is sixty feet wide as measured between 
edges 24 and 27, the coal covers approximately fifty feet of that width 
when overburden is removed therefrom. 
The coal seams can be of various thicknesses as well and the thickness 
indicated in FIG. 1 is merely an example. 
One of the further benches can be defined by overcut 30. The mining area is 
generally located on a side or ridge of a mountain, and the slope of the 
mountain is indicated in FIG. 2 by the offset nature of the benches. 
Overburden 40 is removed from one end of the active mining area by a 
haulage system 42 which includes a power shovel 44 which loads overburden 
into a feeder chute 46 leading to an overburden haulage conveyor system 
50. Shovel 44 is shown in FIG. 1 to be resting on top of the coal in the 
coal seam, and the shovel 44 travels on top of that coal as it removes 
rock and dirt from off of that coal. A plurality of blasting bore holes 52 
are located in the overburden 40 in advance of the shovel 44. The holes 52 
are used in blasting operations to loosen the dirt and rock prior to 
removal thereof by the shovel 44. The depth of the bore holes 52 can be 
varied to accommodate the benches. Thus the length of the holes as 
measured from the top of the mountain is set to define the distance of the 
various benches down the highwall. Thus, bore holes 54 define bench 12, 
bore holes 56 define overcut 30, and bore holes 58 define bench 16, and so 
on for each bench. The spacing between the bore holes is determined by the 
terrain, rock formation, and the like. 
The haulage conveyor system comprises an upwardly inclined feeding, or 
loading, conveyor 60 movably mounted on bench 12 by a movable mounting 
base 62 which has wheels 64 and connects the feeder 46 to a lateral 
conveyor section 68 which moves the overburden across the active mining 
area on the highwall, and which includes a plurality of conveyors, such as 
aligned endless belt type conveyors 72 and 74 coupled together at adjacent 
ends thereof by a coupling member 76 or via overlapping and dropping 
material onto the next conveyor as shown at position 77. The lateral 
conveyor section 68 is mounted on one of the benches 16 or on overcut 30, 
depending on the setup of the active mining area, and is laterally movable 
to accommodate various setups for the lateral conveyor system. 
The lateral conveyor system can include one or more conveyors which are 
linearly aligned or skewed with respect to each other, depending upon the 
lay of the land. For example, if the highwall is slightly convex, the 
conveyors forming the lateral conveyor section will be slightly 
articulated or misaligned to accommodate such highwall shape. The conveyor 
coupling members can include pivots, spindles, or the like so that the 
conveyors can be arranged to produce the articulation or misalignment 
necessary to accommodate the shape of the highwall. The coupling members, 
themselves, may be curved conveyors, or simply walled transfer plates, or 
the like. The conveyors at position 77 will be in overlapping arrangement 
so that material is dropped from one conveyor to the next. As shown in 
FIG. 1, base members 78 mount the conveyors on the benches and can be 
movable as well as elevatable. Thus, inclination of the benches can be 
accommodated by raising appropriate ends of the conveyors, as shown in 
FIG. 1, to properly incline one or more of the conveyors. The base members 
can also include wheel 79 or wheel mounts 80, as shown. 
The overburden haulage conveyor system further includes a second inclined 
conveyor 82 communicating at one end thereof with the exit end of one of 
the lateral conveyors to receive overburden therefrom. The second inclined 
conveyor is mounted at one end thereof adjacent the lateral conveyor and 
at the other end thereof on one of the benches 16 by a conveyor mounting 
base 84. The mounting base 84, like the mounting base 62, is movable and 
elevatable. A further coupling member can also be used to couple conveyor 
82 to the lateral conveyors. Free end 86 of the second inclined conveyor 
is located on the other end of the inclined conveyor 82, and overburden 
transferred to the conveyor 82 is dumped off of the free end 86 to form 
spoil bank 90. 
The work dirction is indicated by arrow 91 in FIG. 1, with the leading end 
of the active mining area being denoted by the numeral 92, and the 
following end by the numeral 94. The spoil bank is located behind the 
active working area adjacent following the end 94. Overburden spills down 
from conveyor free end 86 located at the top of the highwall and spills 
down onto the lowermost bench 12, thus covering the mined out area and 
filling the area back to the original terrain contour from the top of the 
cut to the front edge of the lowermost bench. Berms or the like can be 
defined in the bench 12 to maintain the spoil bank in position, until and 
while suitable landscaping operations are performed thereon if needed. 
It is therefore seen that the overburden is removed from in front of the 
active mining area and transferred behind that area to cover the area just 
mined in a continuous manner. The mining operation thus continuously moves 
along, or across, the mining ground from one boundary to another boundary 
of the area encompassed by the mining lease. Preferably, work progresses 
parallel to a ridge; however, the method of the present disclosure can be 
adapted to cross-ridge mining operations as well. The haulage system is 
primarily located on the highwall out of the way of the mining operation, 
and therefore mining can be conducted in an efficient and economical 
manner. 
While conveyors are preferred, other haulage machines can be used without 
departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
Coal bank 20 is exposed from coal face 26 by a haulage system 104 which 
includes a front end loader 110 located on the bench 12 and haulage 
trucks, such as truck 112, into which earth is dumped. The coal is picked 
up by loader 110 which follows shovel 44 as that shovel uncovers the coal. 
The trucks 112 move onto and off of the bench 12 via an access road 114 
and deliver coal to a tipple or a railway loading point, or the like. The 
end loaders can move either overburden, coal, or a combination thereof. Of 
course, several front-end loaders can be used to move overburden, coal, or 
a combination thereof, as desired, along with other suitable earth moving 
equipment. The single front-end loader and truck are illustrated in FIG. 1 
for the sake of convenience and are not intended to be limited. 
Furthermore, several power shovels, or other suitable machines, can be 
employed. 
As shown in FIG. 1, coal is removed from the coal bank by coal removing 
machinery, such as a coal auger 120, which includes a movable base 122 
preferably mounted on the bench 12 to be elevatable. An auger 126 is 
mounted on the base to extend horizontally into the coal seam to extract 
coal therefrom by boring holes, such as bore hole 128, thereinto. The coal 
removed by the auger 126 is dumped onto a chute 130 mounted on the base 
122 to have one end thereof adjacent the auger to receive coal therefrom. 
Haulage trucks, such as truck 132, are positioned subjacent free end 134 
of the chute 130 to receive coal therefrom. The trucks then haul the coal 
to suitable positions for further processing, or the like. While an auger 
is preferred, other coal removal machines can be used without departing 
from the teachings of the present invention. The auger 120 follows the 
loader 110 in removing coal from the coal seam, and uses auger bitts 
determined according to the thickness of the coal seam. Depending on the 
nature of the coal, the coal is bored out of the mountain in various 
depths. The auger thus removes additional coal from the seam. Thus, after 
a coal slab has been taken, further coal is removed by the auger, and by 
using the process embodying the teachings of the present invention, 
recovery of coal in high tonnage amounts at rapid rates is possible. 
As seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the overall depth of the active mining area is 
not great and great amounts of earth are not completely removed from the 
area. Thus, when the overburden is replaced, great land scars will not 
occur, even once the overburden settles. Thus, land reclamation is 
expeditious and complete. As the conveyor system is located on the 
highwall, the benches need not be as wide as they are in mining operations 
using prior techniques, as there is no need to make the benches wide 
enough to accommodate both the overburden haulage system and the earth 
moving machinery. The benches need only be wide enough to accommodate the 
earth moving machinery. Thus, land reclamation is easier and more complete 
using the presently disclosed technique than in prior techniques. 
The mining operation embodied by the teachings of the present invention 
therefore includes defining an active mining area, then removing 
overburden to define two or more benches to be positioned one above the 
other in a highwall of the mining area. The operation further includes 
steps of exposing a coal seam by removing overburden from one end of the 
active mining area and dumping that overburden into a spoil dump located 
on the other end of the active mining area, while overburden is 
simultaneously and continuously being removed from one end of the active 
mining area. The method also includes removing coal from a coal seam 
exposed in the highwall and hauling that coal from the mining area while 
the overburden is being moved from one side of the area to the other. The 
process is continuous and advances the active mining area completely 
across a mining ground from one boundary of the lease to another, or to 
the end of the operation. The operation can thus be continued for a short 
distance or for several miles, depending upon the extent of the mining 
lease and the shape of that lease. 
The active mining area can be any suitable length and is therefore amenable 
to usual operations as well as to shortwall mining operations. The number 
and orientation of the conveyors can be selected to produce the overburden 
haulage system most suitable for the particular mining operation. 
Therefore, any topography or mining layout can be accommodated using the 
mining method disclosed herein. 
Landscaping of the spoil bank can be performed while the mining operation 
is progressing and thus the land is restored and reclaimed rapidly, so 
that once the mining operation is completed, the aesthetic appearance of 
the land is quickly restored. 
By raising, lowering or otherwise orienting the inclined conveyors and by 
suitably orienting the lateral conveyors, any highwall height or shape can 
be accommodated. While three benches have been shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, any 
number of benches can be used. 
The sections of the lateral conveyor system can be 30 feet, 40 feet, or 
more, so that the curve of the ridge can be accommodated, and bench 12 can 
be 60 feet wide with the coal auger being located some 150 feet behind the 
access road in FIG. 1. Certainly, other dimensions can be used, and will 
occur as the active mining area moves, and the just-mentioned dimensions 
are intended to be illustratives only and are not intended to be limiting. 
In fact, the access road may be shifted from adjacent the leading edge of 
the active mining area to adjacent the following edge thereof, as the 
mining area is moved. Therefore, various access roads, and spurs, can be 
defined to accommodate the active working area as it moves completely 
throughout the track thereof. 
Coal seams having a thickness anywhere from a few feet to many hundreds, 
and even thousands, of feet can be worked using the techniques of the 
present invention. Even seams of varying thickness can be worked with this 
technique. 
As this invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from 
the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, the present embodiment 
is, therefore, illustrative and not restrictive, since the scope of the 
invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description 
preceding them, and all changes that fall within the metes and bounds of 
the claims or that form their functional as well as conjointly cooperative 
equivalents are, therefore, intended to be embraced by those claims.