Slidable seal for klystron vacuum tubes

An external cavity klystron vacuum tube has a ceramic cylindrical wall surrounded by an external cavity within which is an output probe. The cylindrical wall section is sealed at its ends to other components of the tube--to enable the interior to be evacuated--by sealing means such as to avoid a sharp edge projecting inwardly towards the interior of the cavity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to klystron vacuum tubes and in particular to so 
called external cavity klystron vacuum tubes. 
Part of a typical external cavity klystron vacuum tube arrangement as at 
present known is illustrated in FIG. 1. 
Referring to FIG. 1 the tube comprises a vacuum wall section 1 in the form 
of a dielectric cylinder transparent to electro-magnetic radiation. This 
forms a window through which power is effectively transmitted. The 
cylindrical section 1 has, at either end, cylindrical copper annuli 2,3 
which are shaped to receive the ends of the cylindrical wall member 1 and 
provide, by portions of increased diameter, contact for spring fingers 4 
attached to the inner rims of a box member 5 surrounding the cylindrical 
wall 1 and forming the external cavity. In order to adjust the resonant 
frequency of the external cavity, a pair of moveable tuning plungers 
(extending at right angles to the plane of the paper and not shown) is 
provided, one on each side of the cylindrical wall member 1. To the left 
(as shown) of the cylindrical wall member 1 is a coupling loop 7, 
adjustable by rotation, by which output power is coupled to an external 
transmission line and aerial (not shown). 
Particular attention should be given to the method of forming the vacuum 
seal between the cylindrical wall member 1 and the copper annuli 2,3. 
Since the cylindrical wall member 1 is normally of a high purity alumina 
or beryllia ceramic consistent with its function as a window, there will 
be observed a differential expansion between the cylindrical member 1 and 
the copper annuli 2,3. The coefficient of expansion of the material of the 
cylindrical wall member 1 is very much less than that of copper. 
In order to accommodate for this differential expansion the joint between 
the cylindrical wall member 1 and each of the copper annuli 2,3 is 
normally as shown in more detail in FIG. 2. 
Referring to FIG. 2 it will be seen that the cylindrical wall member 1 is 
located within a recess 8 in the copper annulus 3 (with a similar 
arrangement at the other end of the member 1). Use is made of an inner 
cylindrical flare 9 and an outer cylindrical flare 10. Inner flare 9 is 
brazed at one end 11 between the end of the ceramic wall member 1 and a 
ceramic balance ring member 12. The outer flare member 10 is brazed to the 
outermost wall of the recess 8 in the copper annulus 3. Finally the vacuum 
seal is completed by welding inner flare member 9 to outer flare member 
10. 
The whole construction forms a vacuum joint with the balance ring 12 
pressing against the copper disc 3 and taking up the axial thrust due to 
the external pressure when the tube is under vacuum. In addition the 
balance ring 12 forms a sliding abutment with the base of the recess 8 
accommodating for differential expansion between the cylindrical wall 
member 1 and the copper disc 3. 
It has been found that a klystron constructed as described with reference 
to FIGS. 1 and 2 suffers from a serious defect. The output cavity 5 
operates at the highest power level and the peak radio frequency voltage 
across the cavity is approximately the same as the operating voltage of 
the klystron, typically between 20 and 26 kV for a high power television 
klystron. It has been found that arcing sometimes occurs in the cavity 
which not only can cause puncturing of the seal provided by the flares 9 
and 10 but also, of course, interruption of operation if, as is commonly 
the case, an arc detector is introduced which removes the r.f drive from 
the klystron upon the detection of an arc. 
The present invention seeks to provide an improved construction in which 
the aforementioned problem is mitigated. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to this invention an external cavity klystron vacuum tube 
comprises a cylindrical section of wall which is transparent to 
electro-magnetic radiation and provided to be surrounded by an external 
resonant cavity, said cylindrical wall section having an end closed by an 
annulus which, towards its outer periphery, has an annular recess, and 
wherein a flexible ring forming part of a sealing means sealed to said 
annulus is secured between the end of said cylindrical wall section and a 
balance ring member which bears upon the base of said recess, said 
flexible ring having a rim formed as a radiused flange extending into said 
recess. 
Preferably said flexible ring is secured between said cylindrical wall 
section and said balance ring member by brazing. 
In one embodiment of the invention said radiused flange is secured around 
its periphery to a wall of said recess, normally the outermost wall of 
said recess. Normally also said flexible ring is attached to said wall of 
said recess by brazing. 
In another construction, an external cavity klystron vacuum tube comprises 
a cylindrical section of wall which is transparent to electro-magnetic 
radiation and provided to be surrounded by an external resonant cavity, 
said cylindrical wall section having an end closed by an annulus upon the 
surface of which, towards its outer periphery, a balance ring member 
bears, and wherein a flexible ring forming part of a sealing means sealed 
to said annulus is secured between the end of said cylindrical wall 
section and said balance ring member, said annulus having a step at its 
outer periphery and the inner rim of a further flexible ring is secured to 
the base of said step while the outer rim thereof is turned over the outer 
edge of said annulus away from the interior of said cavity, the outer rim 
of said first-mentioned flexible ring being also turned over the outer 
edge of said annulus away from the interior of said cavity to form a 
radiused flange and the outer edges of said two ring members being united. 
Preferably the outer edges of said two ring members are united by welding. 
Preferably a collar is provided attached to said annulus and extending over 
the outer rim of said first-mentioned flexible ring said collar with a 
like collar at the other end of said cylindrical wall section providing 
abutments for the walls forming an external cavity. Preferably again the 
walls of said external cavity terminate in spring fingers which bear upon 
said collars. 
Preferably said cylindrical wall member and said balance ring member are of 
ceramic material. 
Preferably the or each flexible ring is of cupro-nickel. 
Preferably said annulus is of copper.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The invention is further described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 of the 
accompanying drawings which illustrate two different klystron vacuum tubes 
in accordance with the present invention. 
Referring to FIG. 3, this illustrates a detail of the vacuum sealing means 
provided in one embodiment of the present invention in the way that FIG. 2 
illustrates the sealing means employed in the conventional tube, and like 
references are used for like parts. 
It will be seen that in the embodiment of the invention illustrated an edge 
between an inner and outer flare projecting inwardly towards the interior 
of the external cavity 5 and the coupling loop 7, is avoided. 
Investigation suggested that it was this edge features of the known 
construction illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 which tended to provoke arcing 
and thus the problems outlined hereinbefore. With the known construction 
of FIGS. 1 and 2 the electric field in the cavity tended to be 
concentrated at the welded edge of the inner and outer flares and high 
electric fields tended to be set up between the welded edge of the flares 
and the output loop 7 by means of which the power is coupled to an 
external transmission line and, subsequently, an aerial. 
In the construction illustrated in FIG. 3 the seal is effected by means of 
an annular ring 13 of cupro-nickel the inner rim 14 of which is secured 
between the cylindrical wall member 1 and the balance ring 12 by brazing. 
The outer rim 15 of the annular ring is formed into a radiused flange and 
the "turned-over" periphery is secured within the recess 8 to the 
outermost wall or flange thereof. With this arrangement it will be seen 
that there is no edge projecting inwardly of the cavity 5. The smooth 
rounded surface presented by the flange outer rim 15 of the annular ring 
is not such as to induce arcing. At the same time the radiused 
configuration provides the degree of flexibility required to accommodate 
for the effects of differential expansion. 
Referring to FIG. 4, in this embodiment the copper annulus 3 has a step 18 
at its outer periphery and the inner rim 19 of a flexible cupro-nickel 
ring 20 is brazed to the base of the step 18 to form a seating for the 
balance ring 12. The outer periphery of the cupro-nickel ring 20 is turned 
down (as viewed) over the edge of annulus 3 and away from the interior of 
the external cavity 5. A thin cupro-nickel ring 21 has its inner rim 22 
secured by brazing between the cylindrical wall member 1 and the balanced 
ring 12. The outer rim of the ring 21 is also turned down (as viewed) over 
the edge of annulus 3 away from the interior of the external cavity 5 to 
meet the external periphery of the ring 20. The edge thus formed is welded 
to complete the required vacuum joint. To provide a suitable contact for 
the spring fingers 4 of the box section forming the cavity 5 (which should 
not bear on the surface of the ring 21 because of the risk of burning at 
the finger contact and consequent puncturing of the ring), a copper collar 
23 is fitted around the sealing ring 21. Copper collar 23 is fitted either 
by means of a screw thread or it is soldered to the underside (as viewed) 
of the copper annulus 3. While in many ways this construction is 
reminiscent of that illustrated in FIG. 2, nevertheless it will be 
appreciated that the welded edge uniting the outside peripheries of the 
rings 20,21 does not extend inwardly towards the interior of the cavity 5, 
a smoothly rounded surface being presented in that direction.