Ascent and buoy system for divers

An apparatus for divers is disclosed that includes both a buoy and an ascent device. The system also includes a biological sensor for detecting when a diver is in distress. Upon the biological sensor detecting an anomalous condition, the system inflates a bladder, such as that found in a diver's Buoyancy Control Device, to urge the diver toward the water surface. The system also releases a buoy, allowing the buoy to float to the water surface and alert others of the diver in distress. In an example embodiment, the buoy detects its position upon reaching the surface and issues an alarm.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present system relates to the field of underwater diving and, more particularly, to safety devices used while diving.

Background Art

Underwater diving typically involves a diver breathing from a source of compressed gas. A typical scuba tank for a recreational driver holds gas (e.g., air) at a relatively high pressure (such as 3,000 pounds per square-inch (psi)). The tank is often held by a buoyancy control device (BCD), also referred to as a buoyancy compensator or stabilizer. During use, the BCD is strapped onto the back of a scuba diver.

In a typical single-hose, open-circuit, two-stage scuba system, a first regulator stage reduces the gas pressure in the tank to a low pressure of, for example, 120 to 150 psi. A hose typically supplies gas at the low pressure to a valve on the BCD. The valve allows a diver to inject gas from the tank into one or more bladders in the BCD or to release air from the BCD into the water. In this way, the diver can control her buoyancy, often striving for neutral buoyancy during a dive and positive buoyancy (i.e., a supernatant condition) while ascending toward, or swimming on, the water surface.

Gas at the low pressure is also supplied by a hose to a second stage of the regulator, which is held by a diver's mouth. The second stage of a demand-valve regulator delivers breathable gas (e.g., air) at approximately ambient pressure to the diver's mouth or full-face mask. The ambient pressure, of course, depends of the water depth of the diver.

Another example of underwater diving equipment includes “Snuba” (a combination of the words, snorkel and scuba), which allows underwater diving with air supplied from the water surface. Instead of coming from a tank strapped to a diver's back, air is supplied to the second stage of the regulator from long hose connected to a compressed air tank at the water surface, held by a flotation device.

Upon occasion, an underwater diver encounters difficulty and should promptly ascend toward the water surface and/or summon help. For example, nitrogen narcosis (also sometimes referred to as “the martini effect”) can arise from breathing nitrogen at an elevated pressure (i.e., at substantial depth). It can impair a diver's judgment, coordination, and ability to focus mentally.

If, through inattention or the effects of nitrogen narcosis, a diver breathing air descends too deeply in the water, the diver can suffer from oxygen poisoning (as a result of breathing oxygen at too high a partial pressure).

For deeper dives, a diver may use a “non-air” gas mixture. A commercial scuba diver going to depths of 300 or more feet may use, e.g., 10 different bottles, with different combinations of gasses being supplied to the diver at different depths. If the diver's computerized valve assembly malfunctions (e.g., sea water seeps into the computer housing and degrades the performance of the valve controller), the diver must be able promptly to adjust the tank valves manually, a sometimes difficult task.

Divers at remote dive locations may sometimes have their tanks filled locally, near the dive site. On such occasions, a compressor, powered by a gasoline engine, may be used to pump air into the dive tanks. If the compressor operator is not careful, exhaust gas from the gasoline engine, including carbon monoxide, may be pulled in by the air compressor and pumped into a tank. Carbon monoxide is colorless, tasteless, odorless, and toxic.

Decompression sickness (also known as the bends or Caisson Disease) can affect a diver who surfaces too quickly. Upon descending in the water, the pressure around the diver increases, causing nitrogen to be absorbed into her body tissue. To release the nitrogen slowly from her body, a diver generally should ascend slowly and sometimes carry out decompression, or safety, stops. This allows the nitrogen to seep out of the body tissue slowly. If a diver ascends too quickly, however, there can be a build-up of nitrogen bubbles in the diver's body, adversely affecting the diver. A diver who is injured or otherwise under stress may encounter difficulty in ascending at a proper rate or following a desirable dive profile (including safety stops).

Of course, a diver may, at any time, experience an adverse health issue, such as a stroke or heart attack, requiring prompt medical attention. A muscle cramp (such as a debilitating stomach cramp) can pose a risk to a diver.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure describes implementations that relate to a safety system for underwater divers. In one example implementation, the present disclosure describes a sensor and alarm. The sensor detects an anomalous condition and issues an alarm, such as, for example, an audible alarm or a flashing light or both. Upon determining that a major anomaly exists and that rescue measures are enabled, the system inflates a bladder, such as those on a diver's BCD, bringing her toward the water surface.

In another example implementation, upon determining that a major anomaly exists and that rescue measures are enabled, the system releases a buoy, allowing it to float to the water surface. The buoy issues an alarm for others on the surface.

In still another example implementation, the buoy is tethered to the diver. The tether allows a rescue diver to follow the tether to the diver in distress. In another example implementation, the tether enables data transmission, so that the diver may talk, or otherwise communicate with, others on the surface.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, implementations, and operations described above, further aspects, implementations, and operations will become apparent by reference to the figures and the following detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally

The following detailed description describes various aspects, implementations, and operations of the disclosed system with reference to the accompanying figures. The illustrative aspects, implementations, and operations described herein are not meant to be limiting. It is contemplated that certain aspects of the disclosed system can be arranged and combined in a wide variety of different configurations.

Unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated in each of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus, the features should be generally viewed as component aspects of one or more overall implementations, with the understanding that not all illustrated features are necessary for each implementation.

Any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in this disclosure or in any associated claim is for purposes of clarity. Thus, such enumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that these elements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or are carried out in a particular order.

By the terms, “substantially,” “approximately,” or “generally,” it is meant that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations, and other factors known to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the feature was intended to provide.

The appended figures illustrate example embodiments of a safety system100, including examples of its subsystems. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, an underwater diver102employing the safety system100is wearing one or more sensors104, a controller106, an alarm system108, and a rescue system110. In the example embodiment shown inFIG. 1, the controller106is worn on the body of the diver102.

The rescue system110includes a BCD subsystem111, which includes a BCD112configured to be strapped onto the back of the diver102and to hold a tank114of compressed gas. A regulator116includes a first, or primary, stage atop the tank114and a second, or secondary, stage120held by diver's mouth.

Detecting and Reporting Pertinent Conditions: Sensors104

In an example embodiment, the sensors104include one or more biological sensors (e.g., sensors or bio-sensors configured to detect the functioning or activity of the diver102). The controller106is in communication with such body-worn, biological sensors. Each such sensor is configured to measure at least one biological parameter of the diver102and transmit a biological signal correlated to the biological parameter to the controller106.

In example embodiments, the sensors104measure and report one or more parameters related to the diver's well-being, including, for example, blood oxygen level, blood gas saturation level, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and/or other vital signs, and provide data regarding the monitored parameters to the controller106. Biological sensors are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,339,242 (“Systems, methods, components, and software of monitoring and notification of vital sign changes”); U.S. Pat. No. 9,339,237 (“Continuous transdermal monitoring system and method”) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,417,351 (“Peripheral oxistimulator apparatus and methods”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,310,549 (“Dive computer with heart rate monitor”).

In an example embodiment, the sensors104also include equipment sensors. Such sensors help measure, for example, tank gas pressure or the water depth of the diver102.

One, some, or all of the equipment sensors include a battery power supply and communicate with the controller106. In example embodiments, communications between the controller106and sensors104are wired or wireless or a combination of wired and wireless communications.

Examples of various controller embodiments are shown inFIGS. 3-5, 7 and 9. The controller106monitors data from sensors104regarding salient conditions of the diver's body and/or her equipment and provides information to the diver102on a display. The module holding the controller106may itself house a variety of sensors, with information from such sensors commonly including for example, the depth of the diver, the time the diver has been submerged and at what depth, and rate of the diver's ascent. An example of a dive computer with wireless communication capabilities is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,797,124 (“Dive computer with free dive mode and wireless data transmission”).

In another example embodiment, optical communications are employed for data transmission. Optical communications may allow a high data communication rate. In other embodiments, acoustic, or audio, transmissions are used additionally or alternatively for communication. Acoustic signals are similar to sonar signals. Acoustic transmissions are generally reliable and travel relatively efficiently in water. The audio signal may or may not be audible to human ears.

In other example embodiments, radio communications are employed for wireless communication between the controller106and sensors104. A radio signal may be a relatively low-frequency electromagnetic signal. A low frequency radio signal typically does not propagate far underwater, but available electronic packages allow transmissions to propagate between, e.g., a diver's pressure gauge and a wrist-mounted dive computer and from one diver to another, nearby diver.

In the example embodiment ofFIG. 3, the sensors104and controller106communicate wirelessly. In the example embodiment ofFIG. 4, the sensors104and a controller132communicate via a wire134. In another example embodiment, a combination of wire and wireless communications are used. Wireless communications reduce the risk of a diver tangling or breaking a wire. Wired communications can be less expensive to manufacture and can use less battery power to operate. Electrical connections may also be used for power transmission. In some example embodiments, a receiver that another diver has may be able to receive the wireless signal provided by the controller106. This signal may include data from the diver's body-worn sensors(s), a Caution alarm signal, a Warning alarm signal, and/or a rescue deployment signal.

The controller106determines whether a measured parameter value is anomalous (e.g., consistent with a potentially serious condition). If a parameter value is a minor anomaly, the controller106issues a Caution alarm signal. If a parameter value is a major anomaly (e.g., consistent with a more serious and time-critical condition), the controller issues a Warning alarm signal. If a parameter value is a critical anomaly (e.g., consistent with an imminent, potentially catastrophic condition), the controller issues an Emergency alarm signal.

The controller106communicates with both the alarm system108and rescue system110. In an example embodiment, the alarm system108includes an audible alarm122and/or a light alarm124, which activate upon receiving either a Caution or Warning alarm signal from the controller106.

The rescue system110includes a BCD inflation system126and a buoy subsystem128, with the buoy subsystem128including a deployable buoy130. If rescue deployment is enabled in the controller106and if a Warning alarm signal is not turned off by the diver102or another diver within a time interval after initiation, the controller106will issue a rescue deployment signal. The BCD112inflates in response to a BCD rescue deployment signal from the controller106, and the buoy is released in response to a buoy rescue deployment signal from the controller106.

In example embodiments, biological sensors of the system100include a pulse sensor136, blood oxygen sensor/oximeter138, and respiration sensor140, as well as a battery142. SeeFIG. 5. In an example embodiment, the sensors104also include equipment sensors including a tank gas pressure sensor144. In example embodiments, the biological sensors include a combined pulse rate detector and oximeter, which is located on the diver's wrist, ear, or fingertip, or elsewhere on the diver. The pulse oximeter146is shown on the ear of the diver102inFIG. 6. The pulse oximeter146reports the level of blood oxygen saturation by measuring relative absorbance of red and infrared light in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. The sensor thus determines the extent to which the diver102is undergoing hypoxemia. The pulse oximeter146reports pulse rate by analyzing periodic change of the relative absorbance data. Nitrogen gas (or other inert gas) saturation is determined based on reported oxygen saturation and/or on dive profile data including breathing gas composition, depth, and time.

FIG. 7shows a side of the controller106adjacent the wrist of the diver102inFIG. 1. The controller housing includes an oximeter138having a source of red light148and detector150to sense reflection of red light. From such sensor data, the controller106determines the blood oxygen content of the diver102.

In another example embodiment, the sensors104include a heartbeat monitor held adjacent the chest of the diver102with chest strap. In an example embodiment shown inFIG. 8, a pressure sensor144, a type of equipment sensor, detects the pressure of gas in the tank114. The gas pressure sensor144is located at the primary (high pressure) stage118of the regulator116and reports the pressure of the gas in the tank114by generating a wireless equipment signal that is received by the controller106. An example of a pressure transducer with wireless communication is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/108,015 (“Pressure valve transmitter with redundant pressure valve indicator”).

In an example embodiment, changes in tank pressure over time are also used to determine a real-time respiration rate. The pressure sensor144transmits an equipment signal to the controller106to report pressure data. It may include a battery power supply to allow wireless operation. A rate of incremental decrease in gas pressure in the tank114corresponds to the diver's respiration rate. In another example embodiment, a pressure sensor detects the movement of air in the second stage120of the regulator116, both from the second stage120into the diver102and from the diver102to the exhaust ports of second stage120, to determine the diver's respiration rate.

A gas composition sensor may determine and report the makeup of the gas being delivered to the diver102. The sensor is located in the second (delivery) stage120of the regulator116and engages in wired or wireless communication with the controller106(including a wrist module display or other user interface). The sensor in the second stage120receives data from the controller106and reports to the diver102information regarding the acceptable, or toxic, makeup of the gas being supplied to the diver102.

The system100may include other types of sensors to detect parameter values consistent with other serious diver conditions. For example, a parameter value corresponding to stopped heart (i.e., no pulse) or a weak or low-rate heartbeat (i.e., a weak or low pulse) is consistent with a heart attack. A parameter value corresponding to blood with a low-oxygen content is consistent with a diver who with a respiration issue (e.g., drowning or carbon monoxide poisoning). Parameter values consistent with diver at substantial depth that fails to ascend when her tank pressure runs very low is consistent with a diver who is unable to focus mentally (and who may run out of breathable gas (e.g., air) before she can safely return to the surface). It is contemplated that the system100can use a wide range of biological and equipment sensors configured to be in communication with the controller106.

The controller106generates an alarm signal upon receiving a signal from a biological and/or equipment sensor that corresponds to a parameter value and determining that the parameter value is anomalous. For example, if the controller106receives sensor signals consistent with the diver's respiration rate being too low or the gas pressure in the tank114being too low, the controller may then responsively issue signals to initiate Caution alarms, Warning alarms, and/or the deployment of one or both rescue measures.

Upon receiving data from one or more sensors104(that is, upon receiving a biological signal or equipment signal relating to the value of a particular parameter), the controller106determines if the parameter value is anomalous (that is, whether the parameter is outside a range appropriate for the parameter). If a parameter value is anomalous (that is, an anomaly exists), the controller106runs a diagnostic test to confirm that that anomaly is not the result of a fault within the system100. If no fault is detected, the controller106moves to an alarm condition.

When in an alarm condition, the controller106issues an alarm signal. The controller106issues a Caution alarm signal upon detecting a minor parameter value anomaly, a Warning alarm signal upon detecting a major parameter value anomaly, and an Emergency alarm signal upon detecting a critical parameter value anomaly.

In an example embodiment, the controller106is configured to compare parameter values derived from the data provided by the sensors104to threshold values in a lookup table stored in memory. A parameter value is anomalous if it is either above or below threshold values appropriate for the parameter. The controller106has stored in its memory a variety of different threshold values, both for different types of parameters (e.g., pulse rate and respiration rate) and also for different alert levels. The threshold level(s) may be default level(s) programmed in a memory of the controller106and/or user-definable threshold level(s).

In one example embodiment, the controller106issues a Caution alarm signal upon detecting a parameter value above (or below) a first threshold (i.e., outside a first range), where the parameter value is consistent with a less serious (e.g., less dangerous and less time-critical) diver condition. That is, with a minor anomaly in a parameter value, the diver102is not at substantial risk if she does not receive prompt assistance. In an example embodiment, a modestly depressed pulse and respiration rate is determined to be minor anomaly and results the controller106issuing a Caution alarm signal.

In one example embodiment, the controller issues a Warning alarm signal upon detecting a parameter value above (or below) a second threshold (i.e., outside a second range), where the parameter value is consistent with a more serious (e.g., more dangerous and more time-critical) diver condition. That is, with a major anomaly in a parameter value, the diver102is at substantial risk if she does not receive prompt assistance. In an example embodiment, a substantially depressed pulse and respiration rate is determined to be a major anomaly and results in the controller106issuing a Warning alarm signal.

In some emergency situations, a diver should rise to the surface of the water and obtain assistance immediately, despite the risk associated with an immediate ascent. In one example embodiment, the controller issues an Emergency alarm signal upon detecting a parameter value above (or below) a third threshold (i.e., outside a third range), where the parameter value is consistent with an extraordinarily serious and time-critical diver condition. That is, with an emergency anomaly in a parameter value, the diver102is at imminent risk of a catastrophic result if she does not receive prompt assistance. In an example embodiment, parameter values consistent with the diver breathing in water instead of gas (e.g., air) is determined to be an emergency anomaly and results in the controller106issuing an Emergency alarm signal.

Referring toFIGS. 3-5, 9, and 11, the controller106communicates with the sensors104and also includes a user interface152and a battery154. In various examples, the user interface152includes a display156. The display156and a processor within the controller106can share the same housing. In the wrist module embodiment shown inFIG. 4, for example, biological data are shown on the display156, which is an integral part of the controller106. In another example embodiment, a screen that displays the measurements is physically apart from the housing that encloses the controller processor.

The user or diver-interface152also includes user or diver-operable controls159, including manually operable buttons160. The buttons160may be physical buttons or touch-screen buttons or a combination of both. A physical button (such as the Off button162) is generally regarded as reliable and intuitive to operate. A touch screen button (such as the Full On button164shown inFIG. 3) has fewer moving parts and is easier to configure in different languages, sizes, and colors.

In another example embodiment, the controller106has no alphanumeric display. Rather, as illustrated in the example ofFIG. 9, the user interface152has red, yellow and green light emitting diodes (LEDs)164,166, and168that illuminate to indicate whether parameters measured by the various sensors are within Warning (red), Caution (yellow), or Normal (green) ranges. A simple display made with LEDs may be less expensive to manufacture and also more readily understood by a diver under stress or suffering from nitrogen narcosis.

Referring toFIG. 10, in another example embodiment, the user interface152includes a microphone for accepting audible commands issued by a diver wearing a full-face mask170. The controller106is configured respond to microphone signals as an alternative to, or in addition to, inputs made by pressing buttons. A further, example of a user interface152includes a headset for delivering an audio signal to the diver102. Such an audio signal assists the diver in hearing pertinent information, including any alarm, from the controller106. The headset may incorporate a bone conduction transducer, headphone, or speaker. In an example embodiment shown inFIG. 10, a bone conduction transducer172contacts the diver near her ear and creates sound by conducting vibrations to the diver's skull. An example of a bone conduction transducer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,730 (“Underwater audio communication system using bone conducted sound”).

The display156provides information to the diver102regarding the parameters measured by the sensors104. The display156can provide information regarding parameter values that are within nominally safe ranges (such as inFIG. 4) or parameter values that is anomalous and indicate a serious diver condition (such as inFIG. 11).

Upon receiving sensor data indicating that a diving parameter value is anomalous, the controller106conducts a diagnostic test to detect a possible fault condition within the controller106or the sensor(s)104. For example, if the controller106detects that a battery voltage is outside an acceptable range or there is an unexpected, internal short (or open) circuit, the controller106enters a Fault mode.

In the Fault mode, the controller106indicates that a fault has been detected, for example, by flashing the word, “Fault,” on the display156shown inFIG. 4, or by flashing simultaneously all of the LEDs164,166,168shownFIG. 9. This indicates the system100cannot be relied upon. In an example embodiment, the system100deploys no rescue measures when in Fault mode.

Upon sensing an anomaly (i.e., upon detecting a parameter value outside an acceptable range), the controller106assumes an alarm condition and issues an alarm signal. An alarm condition may be triggered, for example, by: an oxygen saturation level below a threshold value (e.g., below 90% saturation); a respiration level below a threshold value (e.g., below 6 breaths per minute); and/or an unsafe pulse rate (e.g. (a) less than 30 beats per minutes, or (b) more than 230 beats per minute minus the age of the diver).

In another example embodiment, the controller106assumes an alarm condition and thus issues an alarm signal if, for example, a diver breathing air at 40 meters or more of depth needs to begin ascending if she is to have enough air for a safe ascent; however, instead of ascending, she swims deeper. Such behavior may indicate the diver has become disoriented and needs help. In another example embodiment, an alarm condition exists if a diver descends below a predetermined depth.

In an example embodiment, the controller106issues a Caution alarm signal upon sensing a minor parameter value anomaly. The Caution alarm signal causes the display156to show a yellow “Caution” screen, and/or sound a low-pitch, audible Caution alarm (e.g., buzzer), and/or slowly flash a light (e.g., LED or strobe light). The controller106issues a Warning alarm signal upon sensing a major parameter value anomaly. The Warning alarm signal causes the display156to show a red “Warning” screen, and/or sound a high-pitch, audible Warning alarm, and/or quickly flash a light.

In one embodiment, the controller106in an alarm condition causes audio and/or visual alarms to pulse on and off at rates between 0.5 and 5 hertz. Such an intermittent alarm signal saves energy in the system battery(ies), by allowing reduced duty cycle. The intermittent alarm also makes the alarm(s) easier for divers to discern over any generally constant background noises or light.

In another example embodiment, the controller106also includes a vibration motor, which is activated upon the controller106entering the alarm condition. The vibration motor vibrates at different speeds in response to either a Caution alarm signal or Warning alarm signal. Such an arrangement helps to alert a distracted diver to a potentially adverse condition indicated by an anomalous parameter value.

The controller106may also issue a limited-range radio-wave alarm signal and/or activate light and/or acoustic alarms for other divers in the area. In an example embodiment, an alarm signal is received by a controller worn by another diver in the vicinity (e.g., a “diving buddy”), alerting her that a nearby diver may need assistance. A flashing light or pulsing audio alarm worn by a stricken diver102(activated by the alarm signal from the controller106) may similarly alert a nearby diver. If the alarm is detected by a nearby diver, she can assess the condition of the diver102whose controller initiated the alarms and take any required, remedial action. The diver or diving buddy may activate a diver-operable stop input, such as the Off button162, to deactivate the alarm(s) and/or prevent the deployment of one or both rescue measures.

After activation, the controller106continues to stay in the alarm condition as long as the alarm has not been manually deactivated with the diver-operable stop input (e.g., Off button162) and the parameter value or values that triggered the alarm condition remain anomalous (i.e., the condition that triggered the alarm condition is persists). If the controller106is in a Caution alarm condition (and not the more serious, Warning alarm condition), the alarm stays activated (e.g., the audible alarm and/or light stay on), but the system100does not deploy any rescue measures unless the controller106detects a major anomaly in a parameter value (or receives a manual input instructing the controller106to deploy one or both rescue measures).

If the controller106persists in the Warning alarm condition for a time interval, and one or more parameter values remains a major anomaly (i.e., time critical and posing substantial risk to the diver102), and the diver-operable stop input (e.g., the Off button162) has not activated, then the system100deploys one or more rescue measures. In one example embodiment, the time interval is a predetermine period of time, such 5 to 15 seconds. In another example embodiment, the time interval is determined based upon the severity of the major anomaly. (In an example embodiment, the time interval for an Emergency alarm condition is zero to five seconds.) Upon the expiration of the time interval (if any), the controller106issues a rescue deployment signal. In an example embodiment, the rescue deployment signal may include an ascent control signal and/or a buoy release signal and/or a weight release signal.

Rescue Measures Generally

Referring in particular to the example embodiments shown inFIGS. 1, 2, 5, 12, 21, the rescue system110includes the BCD subsystem111and buoy subsystem128. The example BCD subsystem111includes the BCD112and a BCD inflation system126. The BCD inflation system126includes a BCD value174, BCD actuator176, and battery178. The buoy subsystem128includes the deployable buoy130. The BCD112is inflated and/or the deployable buoy130is released upon the controller106issuing a rescue deployment signal.

In an example embodiment, the controller106has (excluding the Fault mode) seven primary modes of operation, as described below.Off. When in the Off mode, the system100activates no alarm, nor does it deploy any rescue measure, unless and until it receives an input to change to a different mode. In an example embodiment, the user interface146includes the “Off” button162. When pushed by, for example, the diver102or a nearby diver, the alarm signal is turned off and the rescue subsystem110remains off until activated again with the user interface152.Full On (also referred to as Open Water mode). The controller106generally issues alarms and rescue deployment signals, as described below. SeeFIG. 3.Alarm Only (also referred to as Cave or Wreck Diving mode). The controller106issues Caution or Warning alarm signals, as appropriate, upon detecting an anomaly; however, the system100does not deploy any rescue measure (BCD inflation or buoy release).Caution Alarm Off. The controller106does not issue any Caution alarm signal (which may be preferred by a diver when she is aware of a minor anomaly and does not want the distraction of a visual or audio Caution alarm). The controller106will still issue a Warning alarm signal and deploy rescue measures upon detecting a major anomaly.All Alarms Off. The controller106does not issue any alarm signal. The system100will still deploy rescue measures upon detecting a major anomaly in a parameter value.Diver-Elected Ascent. The diver102may activate the user interface152to inflate the BCD112, regardless of whether or not an anomaly has been detected or an alarm signal has issued. The rescue system110will bring the diver102to the water surface at a controlled rate (or, if the diver102so instructs the controller106via the user interface152, at an unconstrained, emergency ascent rate).Diver-Elected Buoy Release. The diver102may activate the user interface152to release the buoy130, regardless of whether or not any anomaly has been detected or any alarm signal has issued.

When the controller106receives data from a sensor104indicating a major anomaly in a parameter value, the controller106determines its current mode of operation. If in an appropriate mode, the diagnostic check conducted by the controller106and/or sensors104. If no fault is detected and (assuming a non-emergency alarm condition) the major anomaly persists for an interval of time following the initiation of a Warning alarm signal, the controller106sends a rescue deployment signal, either via a wire or wirelessly. The deployment signal results in a gas being sent to a balloon or other bladder, to help the diver ascend to the surface, and/or a buoy being released. In example embodiments, the deployment signal is received by the BCD valve174and/or BCD actuator176.

In the example embodiment shown inFIG. 1, the controller106is on the wrist of the diver102, physically separate from either the BCD112or buoy130. Accordingly, the diver102need only maintain and work with one (e.g., wrist-mounted) computing module and user interface, rather than separate computing modules on the BCD112or buoy130. With such an example embodiment, the diver102needs to check the battery charge level for only one computer module, rather than multiple computer modules, before a dive. Particularly in stressful circumstances, a diver having to contend with only one dive computer and interface (rather than multiple computers and interfaces) can reduce the chance of diver error and, thus, reduce the risk of an adverse outcome.

Referring toFIG. 13A, an example embodiment of the system100also includes a personal sonar component180to detect nearby obstructions, such as a cave or wreck ceiling. An example of a sonar system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,272,075 (“Personal sonar system”). If the sonar component180detects an obstruction above the diver, the controller106switches to “Cave/Wreck” modes, resulting in the rescue subsystem110being disabled until the sonar component180no longer detects an obstacle above the diver102.

In some instances, the diver102initiates a dive from a dive boat. After spending time underwater, she wishes to return to the boat, but does not know the location or the boat relative to her position. She then typically swims to the surface and attempts to locate the boat visually. If she wishes to continue diving, she determines a compass heading for the boat and then, upon continuing her underwater dive, attempts to follow the compass heading she determined at the surface.

In another example embodiment, the boat includes a signal generator, power amplifier, and electro-acoustic transmitter/transducer181configured to transmit pulses of sound (“pings”). In various, example embodiments, a serious of pings are transmitted on an ongoing basis, either at regular time intervals or in response to receiving a ping sent by the sonar component180on the diver102.

In an example embodiment, the personal sonar component180carried by the diver102has an array of sensors oriented in different directions, each of which detects pings. A comparator within the sonar component180determines which sensor(s) in the array received the highest energy ping and, accordingly infers the direction from which the pings emanated. The sonar component180then relays such information to the controller106, which indicates, on the display156, the direction the diver102should swim if she wishes to return to the boat. In the example embodiment ofFIG. 13B, the display156shows an arrow pointing toward the boat. In another example embodiment, the display156identifies the compass heading the diver102should follow to reach the boat.

BCD Inflation Generally

Typically, the BCD114allows the diver102manually to operate a valve182manually and divert gas from the tank112, via a supply hose183connected to the first stage118of the regulator116), into one or more bladders184within the BCD112. SeeFIGS. 12, 14 and 15. In some instances, a dedicated tank is used for BCD inflation, but this is less common.

Moving gas from the tank114to the bladder184of the BCD114(generally at a lower pressure than the gas is stored in the tank112) results in the combination of the tank114, diver102, and BCD112, as a whole, having an increased volume, but the same mass. As such, the combination as a whole is less dense and more buoyant.

In an example embodiment, the BCD valve174of the system100is a waterproof, electrically operated, normally-closed solenoid valve. A power supply (e.g., the battery178) provides power to the BCD valve174, which includes an actuator, or solenoid186, to move an internal member188within the valve body190. In the example embodiment shown inFIG. 14, the internal member188is an axially moveable spool. In another, alternative example embodiment, the actuator of the BCD valve174is a stepper motor, rather than a solenoid, to move the internal member188between the positions shown inFIG. 14.

According to an example embodiment, applying electrical power to the solenoid186opens the BCD valve174, and removing power closes the BCD valve174. The power supply (e.g., the battery178) may be located at the BCD valve174and operate in response a wirelessly transmitted signal from the controller106. In an alternative, example embodiment, a power conduit electrically connects the BCD valve174to a remote power supply. The BCD valve174may be located at the first stage (on an intermediate or low-pressure port). In an alternative example embodiment shown inFIG. 12, the BCD valve174is downstream, on the low-pressure supply hose183.

Upon receiving a rescue deployment signal from the controller106, the solenoid186of the BCD valve174moves the internal member188from the position shown inFIG. 14A(where pressurized gas from the supply hose183is blocked) to the position shown inFIG. 14B(where pressurized gas flows from the supply hose183into the bladder184of the BCD112. When the controller106determines that the gas in the bladder184should be vented to the environment, the solenoid186moves the internal member188to the position shown inFIG. 14C.

Controlled Ascent

A depth sensor associated with the controller106senses the ambient water pressure over time, allowing the controller106to monitor its ascent rate. The depth sensor may be located in the wrist module portion of the controller106or elsewhere. An example of a dive computer configured to determine ascent rate is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,055 (“Ascent rate meter for scuba divers”).

Upon determining that the rescue measure of BCD inflation should be deployed, the controller106issues a rescue deployment signal. In an example embodiment, one type of rescue deployment signal is an ascent control signal. The ascent control signal controls the operation of the BCD valve174, instructing it to move the internal member188with the valve body190to the positions shown inFIG. 14.

Absent a time-critical emergency, the gas volume in the BCD112is controlled (i.e., gas is added to, or allowed to escape from, the BCD112) to keep the ascent speed at a safe speed, such as, for example, 30 feet per second. Absent an emergency condition, where the controller106determines the diver102should be brought to the surface immediately, the controller106determines when the diver102is ascending too quickly (e.g., faster than approximately 30 feet per minute), too slowly (e.g., substantially slower than approximately 25 feet per minute) or is the ascent rate is within a safe range (e.g., approximately 25 to 30 feet per second).

At one or more points during her ascent, it may be appropriate for the diver102to stay at a particular depth in the water (e.g., 15 feet) for a “safety” or “decompression” stop, as a precaution against the bends. In one example embodiment, the controller106determines whether one or more safety stops are required and, if so, regulates the BCD valve184accordingly. For such a stop, the controller106regulates the BCD valve184such that the diver102ascends at 30 feet per second, slows and then stops ascending at an appropriate depth (e.g., 15 feet) and stays that this depth for an appropriate time (e.g., three minutes). Thereafter, with the stop completed, the controller106again provides an ascent control signal to the BCD valve174to allow more gas into the BCD112and allow the diver102to continue her ascent (either to the water surface or to another decompression stop).

As generally shown inFIG. 14, the BCD valve174has, within the valve body190, an inlet port192, outlet port194, and the vent port196. The internal member188is configured to move between first, second, and third positions. In the first position, the internal member188blocks the inlet port192(so gas from the tank114does not enter the BCD112). In the second position, the internal member188defines a passageway between the inlet and outlet ports192,194, such that pressurized gas from the tank114flows through the inlet port192, through the passageway, through the outlet port194, and into the bladder184of the BCD112. In the third position, the internal member188blocks the inlet port194and defines a passageway between the outlet and vent ports194,196, such that gas in the bladder184flows though the outlet port194, through the passageway, through the vent port196, and into the environment (e.g., the water surrounding the diver102). Because the volume of gas in the bladder184generally expands as water depth decreases, it may be necessary, as the diver102ascends, to bleed gas from the BCD112via the vent port196.

The solenoid186receives the rescue deployment signal provided by the controller106. The rescue deployment signal includes an ascent control signal and, in response to the signal, the solenoid186responsively moves the internal member188to the second position when the rate of ascent is below a minimum threshold, moves the internal member188to the third position when the rate of ascent is above a maximum threshold, and moves the internal member188to the first position when the rate of ascent is within the minimum and maximum thresholds. In one example embodiment, the internal member188moves to the second position (adding gas to the BCD112) when the ascent rate is substantially below 30 feet per minute, moves to the first position (blocking the inlet and outlet ports192,194) when the ascent rate is approximately between 25 and 30 feet per minutes, and moves to the third position (allowing gas to vent from the BCD112) when the ascent rate is substantially above 30 feet per minute.

In an example embodiment, the BCD valve174that supplies gas to the BCD112is a three-way solenoid valve that allows a closed connection (FIG. 14A), an open, regulator-to-BCD connection (FIG. 14B), and an open, BCD-to-environment connectionFIG. 14C). In one particular example embodiment, to supply gas to the BCD bladder184, the BCD valve174is connected with a DC power supply in normal polarity to actuate the solenoid186and move the BCD valve174to the open, regulator-to-BCD position. SeeFIG. 14B. To vent, or bleed, gas from the BCD112, the solenoid186may be connected with the DC power supply source in reversed polarity to actuate the solenoid186and move the BCD valve174to the open BCD-to-environment position, where it can release gas from the BCD112via, e.g., the vent, or bleed, port196. SeeFIG. 14C. The solenoid186may include a three-way switch, or multiple switches, to move between the normal-off-reversed polarity conditions.

Even if no anomaly exists, the diver102may activate the user interface152of the controller106to activate the BCD valve174. This will cause a controlled flow of gas from the tank114into and, as necessary, out of, the BCD bladder184for a controlled assent to the surface. Such an event may occur not because of sensor data indicating an anomalous parameter value, but only because the diver102wishes the system100to control her ascent, including her safety, or decompression, stops.

Thus, the controller106may determine a dive profile for the diver102; determining when she should surface, as well as how many decompression stops are indicated, at what depths, and for how long. The ascent control signal provided by the controller106to the BCD valve174adjusts the position of the internal member188so that the diver102generally follows the dive profile, including depression stops. The preferred rate of ascent during a decompression stop is typically zero (rather than, for example, 30 to 60 feet per second). Thus, in an example scenario, for a diver at 100 feet, the controller106may instruct the BCD valve174to inflate, and deflate, the BCD112to achieve an ascent rate of approximately 30 feet per minute until the diver102approaches 15 feet. Then, the controller106adjusts the rate of ascent so that the diver102stays at 15 feet of depth for three minutes (for a typical safety, or decompression, stop) and the again instructs the BCD valve174to allow additional gas into the BCD112and cause the diver102to ascend safely the remaining 15 feet.

Unconstrained Ascent

As indicated above, in some emergency situations (e.g., where the anomalous parameter value(s) are extraordinarily serious), a diver should rise to the surface immediately. In such a case, upon the controller106issuing the Emergency alarm signal, the assent rate limit is bypassed, and the diver102is brought to the surface at a faster speed.

Upon receiving the Emergency alarm signal from the controller106, the solenoid186moves the internal member188to the position shown inFIG. 14B. That is, the BCD valve174is left in the open, regulator-to-BCD position for an emergency, unconstrained ascent. Most modern BCDs contain over-pressure safety bleed valves, which mitigate the risk of over-pressurizing the BCD112.

In an example embodiment, the diver102also has the option to employ the user or diver interface152to enter an unambiguous instruction for an unconstrained ascent. If the controller106has been configured to accept such an instruction, it will send an emergency, unconstrained ascent control signal to the BCD valve174, keeping the BCD valve174in the open position at least until the diver102reaches the water surface.

Weight Belt Ditching

Particularly if a diver is wearing a wet suit or dry suit, she may also wear a weight belt, so as to help her more easily achieve a desired buoyancy during a dive. To further assist the ascent of a diver in an emergency (e.g., when the, the controller106detects a persistent, major anomaly), another example embodiment also includes a weight belt198, buckle200, and buckle actuator202, as shown inFIGS. 16-17.

In addition to sending a BCD rescue deployment signal to the BCD actuator176to inflate the BCD112of a stricken diver, the controller106(in some but not all embodiments) also sends a weight release rescue deployment signal (another type of rescue deployment signal) to the buckle actuator202associated with the diver's weight belt buckle200. Upon receiving the signal, the buckle actuator202disengages the ends of the weight belt198, allowing the weight belt198to fall away from the diver102.

Personal Buoy for Emergency Notification

The system100may be configured to enable communication with others. In some example embodiments, the communication is one-way. If the system100senses an anomaly in a biological and/or equipment parameter value, the system100provides an alarm to the distressed diver and/or other divers and/or other people at the surface. In one example embodiment, an alarm signal actuates a flashing light and audio speaker, as well as advising a controller worn by a nearby diver that an anomalous parameter value has been detected. Under some environmental conditions, the light and audible alarms can be detected by other divers, and the light alarm can be seen by others on the surface. In another example embodiment, one type of alarm issues for a minor anomaly (e.g., a slower-flashing light and a lower-pitched audible alarm) and another type of alarm issues for a major anomaly (e.g., a faster-flashing light and a higher-pitched audible alarm).

Referring toFIG. 5, in other example embodiments, the system100also communicates to others with the buoy subsystem128. The buoy subsystem128includes the deployable buoy130, which has a communication module206, and a buoy actuator208. The communication module206includes a speaker assembly210, one or more lights212, a radio module214, and a battery216.

In one example embodiment, the buoy130is a naturally supernatant (i.e., naturally buoyant), such as the buoy218shown inFIGS. 21 and 25. In another example, the buoy130is inflatable, such as the buoy220shown inFIGS. 19 and 26. The buoy130ascends toward the water surface when released. An inflatable buoy220is less bulky for a diver102to carry. A naturally supernatant buoy218does not require an inflation mechanism and, with a larger floatation balloon, is capable of lifting a heavier load in the water.

If the controller106is in an appropriate mode of operation and issues a rescue deployment signal, the buoy actuator208releases the buoy130, allowing it to ascend. Once on the surface, the speaker assembly210and light212alert others on the surface. The audio and light alarms may signify that an underwater diver in the vicinity of the buoy130may require attention.

For example, upon breaking the surface, they buoy130may alert a rescue diver on the surface, allowing her to reach more quickly the approximate location of a stricken diver. By moving toward the location of the buoy before the stricken diver arrives at the surface, the time delay in reaching the stricken diver may be reduced.

The radio module214is configured to transmit and/or receive radio waves. The radio module214includes a buoy controller224, antenna226, and radio (transmitter and/or transceiver)228. After being released from the diver102, the radio228broadcasts a “Mayday,” SOS, or other signal, via the antenna226, to indicate distress. In another example embodiment, the buoy controller224includes a GPS receiver, in communication with the radio transmitter, for determining the GPS coordinates of the buoy214. The radio228then broadcasts the GPS coordinates as part of the distress signal.

In another example embodiment, the diver102may wish to alert, or otherwise communicate with, others at the surface, while remaining submerged. For example, a diver may wish to stay with another injured diver, while still summoning help. In this case, the diver102may activate the user interface152of the controller106to deploy the buoy130, even when the system100has detected no anomaly associated with the diver102wearing the system100.

During at least the initial portion of a dive, the buoy130is coupled to the buoy release mechanism or actuator208. Upon receiving a rescue deployment signal from the controller106, the buoy actuator208may, according to example embodiments, be pneumatically or electromagnetically activated.

Referring to the supernatant buoy218shown inFIGS. 20, 21 and 25, the buoy actuator is a solenoid228. A spring locking pin229retains the buoy218the pin is retracted by the solenoid228.

In one example embodiment, the buoy controller224and battery216control the activation of the solenoid228, in addition to controlling the radio module214, speaker210, and light212. In another example embodiment, the buoy130also includes a separate activation controller230and battery231to control the activation of the solenoid228. The separate activation controller230and battery231are within a housing232near the buoy218.

When a controller (either the buoy controller224or activation controller230) receives a rescue deployment signal from the system controller106, the solenoid228activates. The buoy218then separates from the housing232at the plane indicated by the reference number234inFIG. 20, and the buoy218is allowed to ascend toward the surface.

In an example embodiment, the naturally supernatant buoy218is generally rigid and, in large part, constructed of a material less dense than water (such as, for example, polystyrene or rubber). In an example embodiment shown inFIG. 21, the solenoid228holds the supernatant buoy onto to the BCD112.

In an example embodiment, the inflatable buoy220includes the communication module206and an inflatable buoy portion, also referred to as a balloon244. In one example embodiment, the buoy220is configured, when deflated, to be rolled up or packed so that the communication module206(antenna, light, and/or speaker) are wrapped within the inflatable portion244of buoy220.

In the example embodiments shown inFIGS. 19, 24, and 26, the communication module206is a rigid structure attached to the balloon244. The uninflated balloon244is pressed in a generally rigid, tubular housing246. A cap248is press fit onto an end of the housing246, and a valve assembly250is in communication with the housing246via a fill stem252. The balloon244may be constructed from, for example, a urethane plastic or polyethylene material. The housing246and cap248generally protect the inflatable buoy220(communication module206and balloon244) against physical damage.

Referring to the example embodiment ofFIG. 24, the valve assembly250includes a buoy fill valve254, fill controller256, and battery258. The fill valve254is a waterproof, electrically-operated, normally-closed solenoid valve, powered by the battery258, resting between the supply hose183and fill stem252. The buoy fill valve254may be similar in general design to the BCD valve174, albeit with only inlet and outlet ports.

The fill controller256, also powered by the battery258, receives a buoy rescue deployment signal from the controller106of the system100and responsively moves an internal member of the valve254to form a passageway between the low-pressure supply hose183and the fill stem252, allowing pressurized gas from the hose183to flow into the fill stem252and enter the balloon244.

Referring to the example embodiments ofFIGS. 19, 22, 23, 24, and 26, upon receiving an emergency deployment signal, the valve250opens and allows gas from the tank114to inflate the balloon244and cause the buoy220to ascend. As shown inFIG. 19, a retainer mechanism (e.g., a collapsible seal253, slip fit on the fill stem252) keeps the balloon244in communication with the fill stem252until the balloon244is sufficiently inflated. As the balloon244inflates, it releases from the fill stem252, and the collapsible seal256prevents escape of gas (e.g., air) from the balloon244.

In an example embodiment shown inFIG. 22, the fill tube252is attached to the BCD112. In another example embodiment shown inFIG. 23, the fill tube252is attached to the tank114. A short line238, such as, e.g. a nylon rope, connects the supernatant buoy218to the tank114. The tendency of the housing246, cap248, and balloon244to float generally keeps the communication module206oriented upward, toward the water surface.

In an example embodiment, the cap248is a press-fit seal, comprised of rubber or other compliant material. The communication module206of the buoy220presses against the cap248of the housing246, pushing it off and clearing the way for the buoy220to ascend toward the surface. After a period of time, the air-fill controller256provides a signal to close the valve254and discontinue supplying gas to the fill balloon244.

In another example embodiment, housing246further includes the retention assembly260having a rubber retention plug262and shutoff switch264. The plug262retains the uninflated balloon244in the tubular housing246until the balloon244begins to inflate. Upon being inflated, the buoy220floats upward, out of the housing246. When the retention plug262pulls from the housing246as a result of the balloon244inflating, the switch264closes, signaling (either via a wire or wirelessly) to the fill controller256close the valve254and discontinue allowing gas to flow to the fill stem252. In an example embodiment, a sensor266detects that the contacts268,270are in contact and sends a short-range RF signal to the controller256, instructing it to close.

In another example embodiment, the buoy220includes a check valve matingly engaging a fill stem valve. A sensor module receives a buoy rescue deployment signal from the system controller106, triggering the release of a clasp coupling the check valve and fill valve254. The release of the clasp allows the buoy220to disconnect from the fill valve254and float toward the surface.

In some example embodiments, no tether is used. SeeFIGS. 21 and 25. Absent water current or other disruptions, the buoy130, once released, typically reaches the water surface in the general location of the still-submerged diver102.

In other example embodiments, however, the buoy subsystem128includes a tether272connected between the diver102and the buoy130, such shown inFIGS. 20 and 26. In the example embodiment shown inFIG. 20, the tether272is initially wrapped around a spool274within the housing232of the buoy130. As the communication module206floats to the water surface, the tether272unwraps from the spool274, and one end is brought to the surface by the buoy130.

Referring toFIG. 26, when connected between a floating buoy130and diver102, the tether272also helps maintain the floating buoy130in the vicinity of the submerged diver in distress. Should a rescue diver at the surface see the buoy130wish to descend to the diver in distress, the rescue diver can use the tether272as a guide to lead her to the stricken diver, even when visibility is poor (e.g., in murky water or at night).

Diver to Surface Communication

In one example embodiment, the tether272is a nonconductive line. In other example embodiments, however, the tether272comprises a wire, optical transmission cable, etc., for facilitating electronic communication with a submerged diver102and another person on the surface. For voice communication, the diver102wears an earphone/microphone assembly with a full-face mask170, as shown inFIG. 10. The conductive tether272is interconnected to the radio214in the communication module206of the buoy130. Using the tether272and radio214, the diver102can talk, and listen, to people above the surface of water.

For example, a diver may be unable to come to the surface, or may simply prefer not to do so, while still wishing to communicate with others on the surface. In such a case, the diver may use the user interface152to release the buoy130with a conductive tether272.

Safety Process

As described above, according to an example embodiment, the controller106is in communication with one or more sensors104(including in at least some embodiments, biological sensors), the alarm system108, the user or diver-operable controls159(such as the Off button162), the BCD control valve174, and the buoy actuator208. The BCD control valve174is connected to a supply of compressed gas (such as the tank114), the BCD bladder184, and a vent port196.

The controller106receives biological sensor data from one of the biological sensors. Referring toFIG. 27, the controller106determines, at Step300, whether data from a sensor104indicates an anomalous parameter value. At Step302, the controller106conducts a diagnostic check to determine whether any apparently anomalous parameter value results from a fault within the system100. If an anomaly in a parameter value is detect and does not appear to be the result of a fault within the system100, the controller106, at Step304, issue an alarm signal. The controller106issues a Caution alarm signal for a minor diver condition and a Warning alarm signal for a major (more serious) diver condition. An audible alarm122and/or light alarm124activate in response to the alarm signal.

Upon determining, at Step306, that the parameter value correlates to a major anomaly (i.e., the sensor data are consistent with a serious diver condition), the controller106determines, at Step308, whether the stop input has been operated for a time interval after issuing the alarm signal. If not, the controller106determines, at Steps310and312, whether it is in a mode allowing the rescue measure of BCD inflation or the rescue measure of a buoy release or buoy. If a buoy release is allowed, the controller106issues, at Step314, a buoy release signal, allowing the buoy130to ascend to the water surface.

If BCD inflation is allowed, the controller106determines, at Steps316and318, whether the major anomaly is consistent with a non-extraordinary event or extraordinary event. If the anomaly corresponds to a non-extraordinary event (albeit a major anomaly), the controller106issues a BCD valve actuation signal at Step320. This action causes the BCD valve174to open and allow pressurized gas to enter the bladder184of the BCD112.

The controller106further determines its rate of ascent in the water and responsively varies the valve actuation signal, whereby the valve activation signal instructs the BCD valve184to put the inlet port192in communication with the outlet port194when the rate of ascent is below a minimum threshold, to close when the rate of ascent is within minimum and maximum thresholds; and to block the inlet port192and put the outlet port196in communication with and the vent port196when the rate of ascent is above a maximum threshold.

If the major anomaly is consistent with an emergency diver condition (such that the diver requires immediate help, despite the potential risks of ascending rapidly), the controller106, at Step322, opens the BCD valve174. In such an emergency condition, the controller106does not keep the diver below a threshold rate of ascent.

The steps ofFIG. 27generally followed by an example embodiment of the system100need not necessarily be taken in the order presented, nor must every step necessarily be taken. For example, the step of conducting diagnostic test may be done continually (rather than once, as shown inFIG. 27) or may not be performed at all, particularly for a robust system.

In an example embodiment, the controller106includes a non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions. The controller106also includes at least one processor in communication with the computer-readable medium. When the processor(s) executes the stored instructions, the controller, a type of computing device, performs the operations attributed to the controller106in the above description.

Conclusion

The system100combines different monitoring solutions into one system. A diver can wear a single device that monitors both body parameters and system parameters. It can provide one or more alarms to summon help or bring an unconscious diver to the surface. More than one sensor can be placed around a diver's body and on the equipment, with the sensors104communicating with the controller106, which can be central or distributed.

The system100may include one or more processors and data storage units, which together may be part of the controller106. The system100may also include additional sensor(s), power source(s), mechanical components, and electrical components. The system100is shown for illustrative purposes, and may include more or fewer components. The various components of system100may be connected in any functioning manner, including wired or wireless connections. In some example embodiments, components of the system100may be distributed among multiple physical entities rather than a single physical entity.

The processor(s) of the controller106and/or sensors104may operate as one or more general-purpose hardware processors or special purpose hardware processors (e.g., digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, etc.). The processor(s) may be configured to execute computer-readable program instructions, and manipulate data, both of which are stored in the data storage. The processor(s) may also, directly or indirectly, interact with other components of the system100, such as sensor(s), power source(s), mechanical components, and/or electrical components. The controller106may include one or more electrical circuits, units of digital logic, computer chips, and/or microprocessors configured to (possibly among other tasks), interface between any combination of the sensor(s), the power source(s), the electrical components, and the control system100.

Further, in an example embodiment, the controller106includes a user (or diver) interface152between the system100and a diver102and/or other divers. The system100may perform operations for diving in addition to those described in this disclosure. Operations of the controller106may be carried out by one or more the processor(s) in one or more physical locations. During operation, the controller106may communicate with other systems carried by the diver102or by other divers or by equipment below, on, or above the water surface.

Further, the system100may include sensor(s) configured to receive information indicative of the state of the system100, including sensor(s) that may monitor the state of the various components of the system100. The data provided by the sensor(s)104may enable the system100to determine errors in operation as well as monitor overall operation of components of the system100.