Surgical handpiece chuck and blade

A blade with a cutting part on one edge portion thereof has a remote end fixed in a chuck by pushing same end-wise into a slot in the chuck through a series of positions, namely (1) drop-out, (2) safety locked-in and (3) fully inserted locked-in.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a cooperating chuck and removable blade for 
surgical tools, particularly including powered surgical oscillating and 
sagittal saws. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In a prior sagittal saw marketed by the Assignee of the present invention, 
a powered surgical handpiece carries a sagittal saw chuck capable of 
removably chucking various blades on a one-at-a-time basis. Each of the 
prior blades has a widened, rounded base perforated by a coaxially 
located, circumferentially spaced, pattern of identical through holes and 
a central, rear opening slit. The prior chuck has a bottom member having a 
pattern of upstanding pins located to enter the through holes in the blade 
base. A chuck top member has a center post depending through a central 
opening of the bottom member and spring biased down to pull the top member 
down onto the top member's upstanding pins. 
To load a blade into the chuck requires gripping of three members as 
follows. 
1. The handpiece is fixedly supported. 
2. The resiliently downwardly urged top member is pulled upward from the 
bottom member pins to open the chuck. 
3. The blade base is inserted into the now open chuck with its rear opening 
slit receiving the top member post. 
Chucking of a blade requires that the blade be moved in several directions 
with respect to the handpiece. More particularly, the blade must be 
inserted horizontally into the open chuck, then the blade must be pivoted 
horizontally until its holes align with the upstanding bottom member pins, 
and then the blade base is dropped onto the chuck bottom member. 
Then the spring biased chuck top member can be dropped onto the bottom 
member pins which then enter into a corresponding pattern of recesses in 
the bottom of the top member which in turn is pulled down to press down on 
the base of the blade. In this manner, the blade is locked fixedly with 
respect to the chuck. Removal of a blade from the chuck involves a 
reversal of the aforementioned steps. 
Although the above-described prior chuck and tool have worked well for a 
substantial period of time, and have been found satisfactory by surgeons, 
nevertheless, the present Applicant has noted certain drawbacks of the 
above-discussed prior system, which drawbacks the present invention is 
intended to cure. 
Accordingly, the objects and purposes of the present invention include 
provision of a surgical tool chuck and blade structure in which full 
insertion of blade into chuck can be done easily with only two (rather 
than three) hands; in which a blade is chucked merely by pushing it 
longitudinally into the chuck while pushing a locking element on the 
chuck; in which the blade is either obviously insufficiently inserted or 
is positively locked against escape from the chuck; in which significant 
insertion of the blade into the chuck requires manual pushing of a locking 
element; in which such insufficient insertion is made obvious by a number 
of observables including short insertion distance before insertion is 
positively blocked, virtually no blade retention force, free pivoting of 
the blade from side to side and up and down (roll and pitch) with respect 
to the chuck, and dropping of the blade out of the chuck upon almost any 
movement of the chuck or handpiece; in which positive locking of the blade 
in the chuck is present for almost the entire longitudinal insertion of 
the blade base into the chuck; in which such positive locking prevents the 
blade from accidentally being removed from the chuck even when the blade 
is not fully inserted into the chuck; in which the possibility of 
accidental release of the locking element by careless handling of the 
chuck or handpiece is minimized; in which a blade can simply be dropped 
out of its fully inserted and positively locked position in the chuck by 
one handed gripping of the chuck in a way to push the locking element; in 
which the blade tends to be seated more firmly in the chuck during 
cutting; in which locking of the blade in the chuck and prevention of 
rocking of the blade in the chuck are carried out by different portions of 
the chuck acting on the blade; in which the chuck can be made more compact 
than the prior chuck above described, in which the chuck and blade are of 
simple relatively inexpensive construction, in which blades of a range of 
differing thicknesses can be inserted in the chuck without any 
manipulation of the chuck to compensate for differences in thickness and 
wherein the chuck automatically compensates for differences in thicknesses 
of blades; in which the number of parts is substantially reduced; in which 
the blade receiving portion of the chuck is constructible in two facing 
pieces which can be easily machined and thereafter permanently fixed 
together as by electron beam welding, and in which the insertion and 
removal of a blade with respect to the chuck can be carried out by persons 
without special training and under the adverse conditions often 
encountered in surgery. 
Further objects and purposes of the invention will be apparent to persons 
familiar with an apparatus of this kind upon reading the following 
description and upon inspection of the accompanying drawings. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
A blade with cutting means on one edge portion thereof has a remote end 
fixed in a chuck by pushing same end-wise into a slot in the chuck through 
a series of positions, namely (1) drop-out, (2) safety locked-in and (3) 
fully inserted locked-in.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
FIG. 1 discloses a powered surgical handpiece 10 which provides a typical 
environment for a chuck 11 and blade 12 more specifically embodying the 
invention. The handpiece 10 may be of the type including a housing 13 
enclosing a motorized drive assembly 14 of any convenient type 
schematically indicated in FIG. 2. The motorized drive assembly 14 
typically includes a drive motor M powered from a power source P through a 
switch S in turn actuated by a trigger T. In one embodiment according to 
the invention, the power source P is electric, although other energy 
sources (for example, compressed air) are contemplated. 
Although oscillating motion about a vertical axis (in FIG. 2) may be 
imparted to the chuck 11 by any convenient means, in the example shown in 
FIG. 2, the motor M drives a rotatable shaft 15, rotatably supported by 
suitable bearings, as at 16, supported by the housing 13. The forward end 
of the shaft 15 carries an axially extending but eccentrically located 
drive pin 20 fixed thereon and in turn carrying a bearing 21 axially fixed 
thereon. 
Fixed to and extending forward from the housing 13 is a hollow extension 
22, which is blind at its forward end but has coaxially spaced top and 
bottom through bores 23 and 24. An axial sleeve 25 is press fitted down 
into the top bore 23 and has a radial flange 26 resting atop the extension 
22. A blind bottomed bushing 27 is press fitted up into the bottom bore 24 
coaxially of the sleeve 25. 
The chuck 11 includes a central depending shaft 31 supported for pivotal 
movement about its longitudinal axis (vertical in FIG. 2) by the sleeve 25 
and bushing 27. In the embodiment shown, the shaft 31 has maximum and 
minimum diameter portions at the top and bottom thereof which are 
respectively rotatably supported by the sleeve 25 and bushing 27. The 
maximum diameter portion of the shaft is annularly grooved to receive an 
O-ring 32 (FIG. 2) which seals against the sleeve 25. The O-ring 32 and 
blind bushing 27 seal the interior of the housing extension 22. 
An intermediate portion 34 of the shaft 31 disposed just below the sleeve 
25 has fixed thereto the forward (leftward) end of a link 35. The rearward 
(rightward) end of the link 35 forms a fork 36 (FIG. 7). The fork 36 has a 
laterally spaced pair of rearwardly extending tines 37. The tines 37 
snugly receive laterally therebetween the outer race of the bearing 21 
carried by the eccentric drive pin 20. The opposed surfaces of the tines 
37 are vertical and extend above and below the central axis of the 
rotating shaft 15 sufficiently to maintain contact with the outer race of 
the bearing 21 as it moves on a vertical plane, through the circular orbit 
of the eccentric pin 20, as the pin orbits in response to rotation of the 
shaft 15. Thus, as the shaft 15 rotates and the eccentric pin 20 and 
surrounding bearing 21 orbit, the bearing 21 moves up and down along the 
opposed faces of the tines 37 in response to the vertical component of the 
orbit and pivotally rocks the fork 36 and link 35 and chuck 11 about the 
vertical axis of the chuck shaft 31 in response to the horizontal 
component of the orbit. Such rocking thus is in a horizontal plane and 
more specifically in a direction into and out of the page in FIG. 2 and is 
in the plane of the page in FIG. 3. Such pivotal rocking of the chuck 11, 
causes a blade 12 carried by the chuck 11 to oscillate horizontally. 
To assure that the link 35 positively oscillates the chuck shaft 31, the 
chuck shaft 31 (FIG. 7) in its intermediate portion 34 may be provided 
with oppositely facing flats 40. The forward end of the link 35 receives 
the intermediate portion 34 of the shaft 31 in a broached, vertical, 
through hole 41 provided with corresponding flats 42. The hole 41 in the 
forward end of the link 35 is thus sized and shaped to receive the 
intermediate portion 34 of the shaft 31 vertically therethrough in fixed, 
press fitted, and positive driving relation. 
To the extent above described, the apparatus is conventional and is 
disclosed as a typical environment for the chuck 11 and blade 12 more 
specifically embodying the invention. 
It will be noted that variations on the above-described environmental 
apparatus are contemplated. For example, the desired oscillating motion 
may be imparted to the chuck 11 and blade 12 by other means than the link 
35 and orbiting eccentric 20 discussed above, although the disclosed link 
and eccentric structure discussed above provide an effective yet 
economical structure for imparting the desired oscillatory movement to the 
chuck 11 and blade 12. 
Turning now to structure more directly embodying the invention, the chuck 
11 comprises facing top and bottom casing members 50 and 51 (FIGS. 4 and 
6). The bottom casing member 51 is fixed centrally atop, and preferably 
integral with, the shaft 31. In the embodiment shown, the casing members 
50 and 51 have the same outline in top plan view. In the bottom member 51, 
the forward and rearward ends 52 and 53 (FIG. 6) respectively are convexly 
rounded and connected by longitudinal sides 54 which are flatted and 
parallel. As seen at 52'-54', the top member 50 is similar. 
The chuck 11 has a horizontal, longitudinal, preferably rectangular cross 
section, forward opening slot 55 (FIG. 4) in which the rear end portion of 
the blade 12 is received as hereafter discussed. The slot 55 is formed by 
a corresponding longitudinal, rectangular cross section groove 56 (FIG. 
6A) extending centrally in the bottom face 60 of the top member 50. The 
groove 56 opens through the front end 52' of the top member 50. The groove 
56 may open through the rear end 53' for convenience in machining. The 
groove 56 has side walls 62 connected by a central flat 61 depressed from 
but parallel to the plane of the bottom face 60. The side walls 62 of the 
groove 56 are parallel and extend forwardly/rearwardly of the top chuck 
member 50 and here are perpendicular to the groove central flat 61 and the 
bottom face 60. 
Two projections, here pins 63 (FIG. 6A), fixedly depend from the central 
flat 61 near the rear end 53' of top member 50 and are spaced between the 
groove side walls 62 and the front rear center line of the top member 50. 
The pins 63 may readily be fixed to the top member 50 by press fitting 
into vertical blind holes (not shown) in the top member 50. The pins 63 
extend about half the depth of the slot 55 (FIG. 4A). 
The front edges 65 (FIG. 6A) of the side walls 62 of the groove 56 in the 
top member 50 are rounded or bevelled to facilitate entry of the blade 12 
into the slot 55 defined by the groove 56 and to reduce subsequent stress 
of the blade 12 bearing thereupon. The bottom face 60 of the top member 50 
has laterally opposed, semicircular notches 66 which open toward each 
other across the groove 56, through the respective groove side walls 62, 
and extend vertically partway the depth of the groove side walls 62. The 
laterally opposed notches 66 are here offset slightly to the rear along 
the groove 56 but are forward of the pins 63. The notches 66 define 
diametrally opposed chordal portions of an imaginary circle laterally 
centered on the top member 50. 
The groove 56 may be thought to define a laterally opposed pair of side 
bulkheads 67 (FIG. 6A). The side bulkheads 67 thus are flush with the 
sides 54' of the top member 50 and define the bottom face 60 and side 
walls 62. The bevels 65 and notches 66 are in the side bulkheads 67. 
In the embodiment shown, a sacrificial ridge 68 (FIG. 6A) depends from the 
bulkheads 67 on each side of the top member 50. Each ridge 68 is flush 
with the corresponding outer side 54' of the top member 50 and extends the 
front-rear length thereof. The ridges 68 here extend along the outside 
perimeter of the respective notches 66. The ridges 68 are here of 
substantially rectangular cross section. The cross section of the ridges 
68 is very small compared to the cross section of the corresponding 
bulkheads 67. The ridges 68 are sized to melt down during electron beam 
welding of the top member 50 to the bottom member 51 to weld the same 
together face to face. 
In the embodiment shown, the top 71 (FIG. 6) of the top member 50 tapers 
upward toward an upstanding, cylindrical, circular fence 72 (FIG. 6). The 
fence 72 surrounds an upward facing recess 73 having a flat bottom 74 
(FIGS. 6 and 4). In the embodiment shown, the fence 72 is substantially 
centered atop the top member 50. A vertical hole 75 extends down through 
the top member 50, as seen in FIGS. 4 and 6A. The hole 75 is centered 
laterally between the bulkheads 67 but is offset somewhat rearwardly on 
the top member 50. The hole 75 indeed has its center somewhat rearward of 
the center of the notches 66 but forward of the pins 63. 
The bottom portion of the hole 75 is enlarged in diameter to form a 
downward facing step 76 (FIG. 4) and a corresponding downward opening 
recess 77. The recess 77 opens through the central flat 61 of the top 
member 50. The top of the hole 75 opens through the flat bottom 74 of the 
upward facing recess 73 bounded by the fence 72 and is offset rearwardly 
in the recess 73. 
The bottom member 51 has a top face 80 (FIG. 6) in a plane perpendicular to 
the longitudinal axis of the shaft 31, and hence oriented horizontally in 
FIG. 6. The top face 80 is laterally flanked by coplanar flats 81 which 
extend forward-rearward along the respective sides 54 of the bottom member 
51. The flats 81 are offset downward from the plane of the top face 80 by 
laterally outward facing steps 82. The height of the steps 82 is less than 
the height of the side walls 62 of the bulkheads 67 of the top member 50, 
by an amount corresponding to the height of the blade receiving slot 65 
(FIG. 9) of the chuck 11. The flats 81 are horizontally sized to snugly 
receive thereon the respective bulkheads 67 of the top member 50 as seen 
for example in FIG. 9. This prevents lateral movement of the top member 50 
with respect to the bottom member 51 during electron beam welding together 
of the members 50 and 51. During electron beam welding, the meltdown of 
the ridges 68 on the top member 50 results in face-to-face engagement of 
the bottom face 60 (the bottom of the bulkheads 67) of the top member 50 
with the upward facing flats 81 of the bottom member 51 as seen in FIG. 9. 
A shallow, circular, cylindrical recess 83 is sunk in the top face 80 of 
the bottom member 51 and is slightly offset to the rear therein as seen in 
FIG. 6. The laterally opposed, semicircular notches 66 in the underside of 
the bulkheads 67 of the top member 50 overlie the laterally opposed 
portions of the recess 83 in the bottom member 51, which portions extend 
laterally into the flats 81 of the bottom member 51. Thus, the 
semicircular notches 66 accommodate laterally opposed top portions of the 
shoe cover 86, in the assembled chuck 11. The recess 83 and flats 81 leave 
the top face 80 in the form of two semi-circular upward facing surfaces of 
which the front is somewhat wider in a front-rear direction than the rear. 
The recess 83 contains, in ascending order, a compression spring in the 
form of a resilient wave washer 84 (FIGS. 4A and 6), a disk-like shoe 85, 
and an inverted cup-shaped shoe cover 86. 
The cup-shaped shoe cover 86 has a flat top end wall 87 (FIGS. 6) of 
circular shape from which depends an annular peripheral wall 88. The 
height of the shoe cover 86 corresponds to the depth of the recess 83. The 
shoe cover 86 is press fitted fixedly into the recess 83, its top wall 87 
flush with the top face 80 of the bottom member 51. The bottom of the 
peripheral wall 88 may rest on the bottom of the recess 83. To facilitate 
press fitting of the shoe cover 86 into the recess 83, the peripheral wall 
88 of the shoe cover is on its outer face provided with an axially and 
radially narrow annular ridge 91 which snugly engages the side wall of the 
recess 83 in press fit relation therewith. The shoe cover 86 and the 
bottom of the recess 83 define a chamber in which the wave washer 84 and 
the overlying shoe 85 are housed in radial clearance, vertically movable 
relation. The wave washer 84 resiliently presses the shoe 85 upward 
against the top end wall 87 of the shoe cover 86 as shown in FIG. 4. 
The shoe 85 comprises a circular disk 92 (FIG. 6) fixedly supporting a 
laterally spaced pair of ramps 93. The ramps 93 are offset somewhat to the 
rear on the upper face of the disk 92 and are laterally spaced on opposite 
sides of the front-rear centerline of the disk. The ramps 93 are 
preferably identical and each has a relatively shallow, forward facing and 
downward extending slope 94 which occupies most of the length of the ramp 
93, and a relatively short, horizontal top 95. 
The top wall 87 of the shoe cover 86 is pierced by laterally spaced, 
forward-rearward extended slots 96 (FIG. 6) sized and located to allow the 
ramps 93 to extend upward therethrough with sufficient horizontal 
clearance as to allow the disk 92 of the shoe 85 to move up and down 
within the shoe cover 86. The outside diameter of the disk 92 is slightly 
less than the inside diameter of the shoe cover peripheral wall 88, so as 
not to restrict such up and down movement. Different vertical positions of 
the shoe 85 under the top 87 of the shoe cover 86 are seen for example in 
FIGS. 4 and 4A, and in FIGS. 4B and 4C. In their uppermost position (for 
example in FIG. 4B), the ramps 93 extend almost up to the central flat 61 
of the upper member 50, being spaced therefrom by less than the thickness 
of the thinnest blade 12 intended to be chucked in the chuck 11. 
As seen in FIG. 5A, the depending pins 63 of the top member 50 are each 
forward-rearward aligned with a corresponding ramp 93 and slot 96. 
The bottom of the recess 83 (FIGS. 4 and 6), the disk 92, and the shoe 
cover top wall 87 have coaxially aligned holes 100, 101 and 102 
respectively. The holes 100-102 are offset somewhat rearward on their 
respective members and are all in coaxial alignment with the hole 75 and 
recess 77 in the top member 50. In the embodiment shown, the holes 101 and 
102 are of diameter less than the hole 75 but of diameter greater than the 
hole 100. The holes 101 and 102 are through holes. The hole 100, although 
axially much longer (deeper) than the holes 101 and 102, is blind as seen 
in FIG. 4. 
The holes 100-102 are offset somewhat rearward of the central axis of the 
shaft 31, and are located laterally between the ramps 93, slots 96 
laterally and forward of the pins 63. 
A locking spindle 105 (FIGS. 4 and 6) comprises, in sequence downwardly, an 
enlarged cylindrical head 106, a radially outward extending flange 107, an 
unlocking segment 108 of substantially reduced diameter, a locking segment 
109 of intermediate diameter, and a shank 110. The shank 110 is here of 
diameter between that of the segments 108 and 109. The elements 106-110 
are coaxial and preferably are all cylindrical and of circular cross 
section. 
A coil compression spring 114 is received with clearance in the blind hole 
100 and can expand and be compressed axially in such hole 100. The shank 
110 is snugly but vertically slidably received in the hole 100 atop the 
spring 114. The holes 101 and 102 in the shoe 85 and shoe cover 86 are 
sized to receive loosely therethrough the segments 108 and 109 and the 
shank 110 of the locking spindle 105, as seen in FIG. 4. The head 106 and 
flange 107 of the locking spindle 105 substantially exceed the diameter of 
the holes 101 and 102. However, the head 106 and flange 107 are of 
diameter to be snugly but vertically slidably received in the hole 75 and 
recess 77 in the top member 50. 
The flange 107 (FIG. 4A) is of diameter larger than the hole 75 so as to 
coact with the step 76 to prevent the locking spindle 105 from escaping 
upward through the top member 50, despite the upward urging of the 
partially compressed compression spring 114. In other words, the flange 
107 traps the locking spindle 105 within the chuck 11. In particular, the 
locking spindle 105 is free to move up and down in the chuck 11 until the 
flange 107 collides with either the step 76 or the top end wall 87 of the 
shoe cover 86 (assuming no blade 12 is in place in the chuck). 
In its uppermost position, the top of the spindle head 106 is spaced 
slightly below the top of the fence 72 (FIG. 4A). In this uppermost 
position, the top of the locking spindle head 106 spaced well above the 
bottom 74 of the recess 73 defined by the fence 72. In this way, the fence 
72 and spindle head 106 cooperate to allow intended pushing down of the 
locking spindle 105, from its FIG. 4A position toward its FIG. 4 position, 
by use of a thumb or finger, but to prevent accidental (unintended) 
pushing down of the locking spindle 105 when the palm of the user is 
pressed against the top of the chuck 11, as when a surgical assistant 
passes the handpiece 10 to a surgeon while grasping it by means of the 
chuck. 
The blades 12 (FIG. 3) to be used with the chuck 11 include a cutting 
portion 121 remote from the chuck and typically being formed as a set of 
cutting teeth 122. Further, the blades 12 each have a mounting portion 123 
(FIGS. 4 and 5A) to be received in the chuck 11. While the blades useable 
with the chuck 11 may take a variety of forms, in accord with their 
particular cutting task, and may thus differ in their size and shape 
outside the mounting portion 123 thereof, and indeed may even differ in 
the thickness of the mounting portion 123 thereof, up to a maximum 
thickness which can be received in the chuck slot 55, a typical blade 12 
is here shown for purposes of illustration. The typical blade 12 here 
shown is of flat metal (preferably the relatively hard grade of stainless 
steel typically used for surgical saw blades), and is of elongate, 
generally rectangular plan, with the teeth 122 at the forward end thereof 
and the mounting portion 123 at the rearward end thereof. 
The mounting portion 123 of the blade 12 comprises parallel opposed side 
edges 124 (FIG. 5A) snugly but slidably received between the side walls 62 
of the slot 55. It is desirable that, as seen in FIG. 5E, the width of the 
blade mounting portion 123 is very nearly as great as the width of the 
slot 55 into which it is rearwardly slidably receivable. It is also 
desirable that the side edges 124 be long, e.g. nearly as long as the slot 
55. This snug but slidable contact over most of the length of the groove 
56 prevents rocking of the blade 12 from side to side with respect to the 
chuck 11 during cutting, so that when the chuck 11 oscillates, 
horizontally, such motion is imparted to a blade 12 therein. 
The rear end 125 of the blade meets the side edges 124 at rounded or 
beveled corners 128 (FIG. 5A) to ease insertion of the blade 12 rearwardly 
into the slot 55. 
Integral with and extending rearward from the rear end 125 of the blade is 
rounded end nose 120 (FIGS. 5E and 6) centrally divided into a pair of 
laterally closespaced tines 126 spaced by a narrow central slit 127. The 
nose 120 is narrow compared to the width of the blade 12. The nose 120 is 
longitudinally short compared to the width of the mounting portion 93 of 
the blade 12. The slit 127 is of dumbbell shape, having an opposed pair of 
front notches and an opposed pair of rear notches here defined by 
respective circular front and rear parts 132 and 133, connected by a 
laterally narrower but longer neck 134. The open rear mouth 131 of the 
slit 127 is bevelled or rounded. The mouth 131 and neck 134 are sized to 
pass therethrough the unlocking segment 108 of the spindle 105 but not the 
locking segment 108, as seen in FIGS. 5B and 5D. Conversely, the circular 
parts 132 and 133 are sized to snugly receive the locking spindle 109 of 
the spindle 105 as seen in FIGS. 5C and 5E therein. 
OPERATION 
The blades 12 may be formed conventionally from stainless steel sheet 
stock, for example, by stamping and setting and hardening the teeth. 
The parts of the chuck 11 are machined, or otherwise formed in any 
convenient manner, preferably from stainless steel sock. The resulting 
chuck parts shown in FIG. 6 are then assembled. More particularly, and 
most easily with the parts turned upside down, the shoe 85 and wave washer 
84 are placed in the open end of the shoe cover 86 with the ramps 93 
extending through the slots 96. The thus loaded shoe cover 86 has its 
peripheral wall 88 press fitted into the recess 83 in the bottom member 
51. This traps the wave washer and shoe 85 between the top end wall 87 of 
the shoe cover and the bottom of the recess 83 in the bottom member 51, as 
seen for example in FIG. 4. The resultant assembly can then be turned to 
the upright position shown in the drawings. 
The coil spring 114 and the shank 110 of the spindle 105 can then be 
dropped down through the holes 101 and 102 (FIG. 4) and into the blind 
hole 100 in the bottom member 51. The chuck top member 50, with its fixed 
dependent pins 63, can then be placed atop the bottom member 51, while the 
hole 75 and recess 77 in the top member 51 respectively receive the head 
106 and flange 107 of the spindle 105. With the top and bottom members 50 
and 51 properly aligned, electron beam welding melts down the sacrificial 
ridges 68 in the top member 50 to weld the top member bulkheads 67 atop 
the bottom member flats 81 (FIGS. 6 and 9). This completes assembly of the 
chuck 11 in its condition of FIGS. 4A and 9). The top and bottom members 
50 and 51 thus become a one-piece unit and define the rectangular cross 
section, blade receiving slot 55 (FIGS. 4 and 9). 
The assembled chuck 11 can then be pivotally mounted on the extension 22 on 
the front end of the handpiece 10. More particularly, with the sleeve 25 
(FIG. 2) fixed in the top bore 23 of the extension 22, the chuck shaft 31 
is slid downward through the sleeve 45 until the chuck bottom member 51 
seats firmly on the flange 26 and the intermediate portion 34 is located 
below the sleeve 25. 
The link 35 is predisposed in the hollow interior of the extension 22. As 
the chuck 11 is moved downward toward the extension 22 and the chuck shaft 
31 slides downward through the sleeve 25, the lower end of the shaft 31 is 
guided through the hole 41 in the forward end of the link 35. A 
conventional tubular mandrel not shown can be inserted upward through the 
open bottom bore 24 to receive the bottom end of the shaft 31 and press 
the forward end of the link 35 onto the intermediate portion 34 of the 
shaft 31, with the flats 42 and 40 of the link 35 and shaft intermediate 
portion 34 opposed. The mandrel can then be withdrawn and the blind 
bushing 27 pressed upward into the bore 24 and over the bottom portion of 
the shaft. 
It is desirable that foreign material from outside the handpiece be 
prevented from entering along the chuck shaft 31 into the interior of the 
extension 22. Thus, in the embodiment shown, the groove in the upper 
portion of the chuck shaft 31 is provided with a suitable seal, such as 
O-ring 32 to bear against the interior surface of the sleeve 25 and effect 
a seal thereagainst while allowing horizontal pivoting of the chuck 11. 
Similarly, at the bottom of the shaft 31 the closed end bushing 27 
prevents entry of foreign material past the bottom of the shaft into the 
interior of the extension 22. 
The assembly of the extension 22 on the handpiece housing 13 and the 
location of the bearing 16 and shaft 15, as well as the remaining 
components of the handpiece, can be conventional and requires no further 
comment. 
A family of different blades can be used with a given chuck as long as the 
mounting portions 123 of all the blades conform to the dimensions of the 
chuck slot 55 and locking spindle 105 therein. For example, blades may 
differ in thickness, even in the mounting portion 123, as long as the 
blade thickness in the mounting portion 123 does not exceed the effective 
height of the slot 55. In one chuck embodying the invention, blade 
thickness was in the range of 0.025 inch to 0.050 inch. The recess 83 in 
the bottom member 51 is preferably deep enough to allow the ramps 93 to be 
pushed down flush with the top 87 of the shoe cover 86 and the top face 80 
of the bottom member 51, i.e. with the bottom of the slot 55. 
Further, blades may differ in plan, as to both shape and size in their 
portions outside the chuck, but with their mounting portions 123 being 
substantially the same. 
A blade 12 is fixed in the chuck as follows. The mounting portion 123 of 
the blade is pushed rearward into the chuck slot 55. 
Initial entry of the blade into the chuck slot 55 is made easy by the fact 
that the first entering portion of the blade, namely the nose 120 is small 
in height and width compared to the chuck slot 55 which it is to enter. 
Thus, the nose 120 initially guides the blade 12 easily into the slot 55. 
Thereafter, the wider rear end 125 of the blade 12 enters the slot 55. 
This entry is aided by the rounded corners 128 at the rear end 125 of the 
blade and by the beveled edges 65 at the front end of the slot 55. 
Rearward travel of the blade 12 is positively stopped when the blade is 
only partway (here about halfway) into the chuck, due to collision of the 
rear end of the nose 120 with the locking segment 109 of the spindle 105 
(as seen in FIG. 5A). The locking segment 109 is of diameter greater than 
the width of the blade mouth 131 and so positively blocks further entry of 
the blade 12 into the chuck 11. In this position, the blade 12 is quite 
loose in the chuck 11, and can pivot with respect to the chuck 
horizontally and vertically (can yaw and pitch). By far the greater 
portion of the mass of the blade 12 is outside the chuck. The blade 12 
very easily falls out of the chuck 11 in normal handling of the handpiece 
10, if by operator error the blade is left in its FIG. 5A position. Thus 
it will be obvious to the operator handling the handpiece that the blade 
12 is not chucked, and that complete chucking will require further action 
by the operator. The blade 12 would normally fall out of its FIG. 5A 
position in the chuck in normal handling before the handpiece 10 is 
positioned for use at a surgical site and hence before it is likely that 
the trigger T would be pulled by the operator. If the trigger T (FIG. 2) 
is pulled accidentally with the blade 12 in its FIG. 5A position, the 
resulting motion of the chuck will tend simply to cause the blade to fall 
out of the chuck and not cause the chuck to throw the blade. 
To insert the blade 12 beyond its FIG. 5A position, the operator must 
depress the spindle 105, from its FIG. 4A position, by downward finger or 
thumb pressure on the top of the head 106, preferably downward beyond its 
FIG. 4 position so that the top of the locking segment 109 is flush with 
or somewhat below the top wall 87 of the shoe cover 86. In this way, the 
wide locking segment 109 is out of the way of the nose 120 of the blade. 
The mouth 131 is wide enough to accept the unlocking segment 108 of the 
spindle, allowing the blade to be pushed to its FIG. 5C position. The 
distance the blade travels from its FIG. 5A position to its FIG. 5C 
position is small and is approximately the diameter of the locking segment 
109. 
If the operator accidentally releases the locking spindle 105 at this time, 
the spring 114 will immediately raise the locking spindle 105 up through 
its FIG. 4 position to its uppermost FIG. 4A position, causing the locking 
segment 109 to lodge in the rear circular part 133 of the slit 127 as 
shown in FIG. 5C. This positively locks the blade 12 in the chuck 11 and 
positively prevents any inadvertent release of the blade 12 from the chuck 
11 despite actuation of the handpiece 10, violent jerking of the handpiece 
10, etc. Thus, by its very short travel from its FIG. 5A position to its 
FIG. 5C position, the blade 12 is taken from a condition where it will 
fall freely out of the chuck 11 without harm, to a condition in which it 
is positively locked within the chuck. The FIG. 5C position may thus be 
termed a safety, or safety locking position because the blade cannot be 
accidentally removed from the chuck although it is not yet in a position 
of use within the chuck. The blade may thus be said to have a safety 
locking portion comprising the slit part 133. In the FIG. 5C position, the 
blade can pitch freely up and down with respect to the chuck, which will 
make apparent to an operator that the blade 12 is still not fully chucked. 
Normally the operator maintains the locking spindle head 106 depressed 
below its FIG. 4 position all during insertion of the blade 12 into the 
chuck. Thus, the blade would normally pass through its FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5D 
position into its fully installed FIG. 5E position without the above 
discussed stopping in its FIG. 5C position. 
More particularly, then, continued insertion of the blade 12 into the chuck 
11 with the locking spindle head 106 fully depressed, allows the blade to 
continue through its FIG. 5D position wherein the unlocking segment 108 
passes through the neck 134 as shown in FIG. 5D and into the front 
circular part 132 of the slit 127, bringing the blade to its fully 
installed position of FIG. 5E. Collision of the blade rear end 125 with 
the depending pins 63 clearly tells the operator that the blade 12 is 
fully inserted in the chuck 11 and the operator can release the locking 
spindle head 106. 
Even if the operator prematurely releases the locking spindle head 106, 
with the blade 12 in its FIG. 5D position, the top of the locking segment 
109 of the spindle 105 will simply ride on the underside of the blade 12 
until the locking spindle enters the front circular part 132 of the slit 
127, whereupon the spring 114 drives the locking spindle 105 upward and 
thereby raise the spindle locking segment 109 up into the circular front 
part 132 of the slit 127, as shown in FIG. 5E. The blade is thus fully 
installed within the chuck. 
In its fully installed, or final locking FIG. 5E position, the blade rear 
end 125 firmly abuts the depending pins 63 of the chuck top member 50 to 
positively prevent further entry into the chuck while eliminating any 
significant rearward stress on the locking spindle 105 during cutting. The 
blade may thus be said to have a final locking portion comprising the slit 
part 132. The side edges 124 of the blade abut substantially more than 
half the entire length of the side walls 62 of the groove 55, which 
positively prevents significant yawing of the blade with respect to the 
chuck during operation and without placing high unit pressures on blade 
edges 124. 
The rear end 125 of the rearward moving blade 12, after passing its safety 
position of FIG. 5C, rides up the slopes 194 of the ramps 193 (FIGS. 4B 
and 5D) and is thereby pushed up against the top 61 of the slot 55 of the 
chuck 11. The rear end 125 of the blade continues further rearwardly along 
the slopes 94 of the ramps 93, depressing the ramps 93 against the force 
of the wave spring 84, as seen in the transition from FIG. 4B to FIG. 4C. 
Further insertion of the blade 12 causes it to cover the tops 95 of the 
ramps 93 (FIGS. 4C and 5E). The wave spring 84 acts strongly enough 
through the tops 95 of the ramps 93 to firmly hold the parts of the blade 
12 to the rear (the nose 120 and rear end 125) and front thereof, and 
hence the entire chucked mounting portion 123 of the blade 12, flat 
against the top 61 of the slot 55 of the chuck 11 (FIGS. 4A, 4C and 8). 
The thus fully chucked blade 12 thus strongly resists any tendency to 
pitch, with respect to the chuck 11, during use. 
Forward withdrawal of the blade 12 from the chuck 11, after use, is by a 
reversal of the above steps required to chuck the blade. More particularly 
and briefly stated, the operator applies his thumb or forefinger to the 
top of the spindle head 106 to push same from its FIG. 4A position 
downward past its FIG. 4 position to disengage the locking portion 109 
from the spindle from the blade 12. The operator can simply then pull the 
blade 12 forward out of the chuck 11. Thereafter, the operator can release 
the spindle 105, allowing it to rise back to its FIG. 4A position. 
The chuck 11 is able to chuck blades of a range of thicknesses, for 
example, at least twice as thick as the blade 12 here shown, and if 
desired a somewhat thinner blade than the blade 12 here shown. For 
example, one set of blades constructed according to the invention ranged 
in thickness from about 0.025 inch to about 0.05 inch with the height of 
the slot 55 being about 0.055 inch. 
With a blade 12 installed in the chuck 11, the handpiece 10 can be actuated 
conventionally to produce the desired oscillating or sagittal motion of 
the chuck and hence of the blade teeth, such motion being schematically 
indicated by the arrow A in FIG. 3. In the embodiment schematically shown 
in FIG. 2, pressing of the trigger T by the operator causes the switch S 
to apply power from the power source P to the motor M to rotate the shaft 
15 and orbit the eccentric drive pin 20 and thereby laterally swing the 
link 35 back and forth horizontally to cause a small arcuate oscillation 
in a horizontal plane of the chuck 11 and blade 12. 
The lateral swing of the saw blade 12 is typically in the range of 3 
degrees to 6 degrees, for example, 4.5 degrees. 
Thus, the invention, as can be seen from the foregoing, provides several 
advantageous results. These include the following. 
The chuck 11 has only a single slot 55 opening to the outside but yet can 
accommodate blades of differing thickness and still provide the ability to 
make precision cuts, such as those encountered in total knee arthroplasty. 
Further, only a relatively low spring force (of the spring 114), urging the 
blade 12 against the "roof" (central flat 61) of the chuck, is required to 
eliminate excessive vibration and "play" of the blade with respect to the 
chuck while cutting and to allow the user of the handpiece to maintain 
precise control of the blade during cutting. Further, such spring force 
(of spring 114) is low enough that any resulting frictional forces tending 
to resist insertion or retraction of the blade with respect to the chuck 
can be readily overcome by hand. 
Further, in the safety lock position (for example, see FIG. 5C) the blade 
12 is positively locked in the chuck 11, although not yet fully inserted 
thereinto. If the blade has not been inserted far enough into the chuck to 
be positively locked in its FIG. 5C safety lock position, then the blade 
is still so loose in the chuck that it is immediately apparent that it is 
not chucked and it is not ready for use. Indeed, in that condition, if the 
chuck is angled downward, the blade will simply fall freely from it. Prior 
to reaching the safety lock position of FIG. 5C, there is no intermediate 
range of insertion in which the blade is frictionally retained sufficient 
to mislead a user into thinking that the blade is fully inserted or locked 
in the chuck or in a position of use. Well before the blade has been 
inserted far enough into the chuck to be in its FIG. 5E position of use, 
it must already have been positively locked (as in FIG. 5C) against 
accidental dislodgement from the chuck. The foregoing avoids a blade being 
forcibly thrown from the chuck upon triggering of the handpiece following 
a careless partial insertion of the blade. 
In addition, the relative location of the locking spindle 105 and ramps 93 
and the relative location of the spindle engaging rear end of the nose 120 
With respect to the ramp engaging rear edge 125 of the blade prevents any 
significant gripping of the blade by the chuck until the blade has been 
inserted enough as to be in or past its FIG. 5C safety lock position. 
Although a particular preferred embodiment of the invention has been 
disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognized that 
variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus, including the 
rearrangement of parts, lie within the scope of the present invention.