D.C. brushless motor with an improved yoke

In a D.C. brushless motor, a drive coil (11), a drive circuit (40), and an magnetoelectric transducer (19) are mounted on an insulating base plate (7) which is received in a generally cup-shaped yoke (12). The drive coil, drive circuit and transducer are all mounted on a first side of the base plate (7) while terminals (7b) of the drive circuit protrude from the first side. As a result, the base plate (7) is placed on a bottom of the yoke (12) which bottom substantially faces an entire area of a rotor (5) of the motor thereby reluctance of a magnetic circuit formed by said yoke (12) is substantially constant during one revolution of the rotor (5). The base plate may (7) be directly in contact with the yoke (12) so as to facilitate heat dissipation, while the drive circuit (40) and the transducer (19) are hermetically sealed by a synthetic resin (7d). In some embodiments, a recess (12c) is formed in addition to a center recess (12g) of the yoke (12) so that the rotor (5) is accurately positioned at a desired initial setting position on deenergization of the drive coil (11) and quick start of the rotor (5) is accomplished.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to D.C. brushless motors, and more 
particularly, to the structure of such a motor in which a drive circuit is 
installed. 
D.C. brushless motors are widely used in various fields because of high 
durability and reliability. For instance, D.C. brushless motors are often 
used as small electric fans or blowers installed in motor vehicles. In 
such conventional D.C. brushless motors, a printed circuit board carrying 
drive coils, a position sensor and other circuit elements are mounted on a 
stator. Japanese Utility Model Provisional Publication No. 58-46283 
discloses such a motor where a yoke used as a magnetic path is necessarily 
positioned at a back side of a disc-like printed circuit board, which back 
side is opposite to a front side facing a rotor of the motor. Furthermore, 
since pins or legs of various circuit elements attached to the printed 
circuit board protrude beyond the surface of the back side of the the 
circuit board, the yoke has to be provided at a small portion of the 
printed circuit board while a drive coil is mounted on the front surface 
because the pins or legs of the circuit elements are obstacles to the 
attachment of the yoke. As a result, an area of the yoke facing the rotor 
corresponds to a relatively small area of the rotor, and therefore 
reluctance of a magnetic circuit formed by the rotor and the stator, 
including the yoke, changes during one revolution of the rotor. 
Accordingly, the attractive force between magnets of the rotor and the 
yoke changes during one revolution to cause the occurrence of undesirable 
vibrations or cogging. Therefore, the advantage of coreless structure of 
such a D.C. brushless motor has hitherto been reduced to a large extent. 
Moreover, since the circuit elements are exposed according to the structure 
disclosed in the above-mentioned prior art publication, it is necessary to 
provide a partition or to apply a sealing agent to the electrical 
conducting portions of the circuit elements so as to prevent the drive 
circuit from becoming dusty. This is disclosed in another Japanese Utility 
Model Provisional Publication No. 55-4991. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention has been developed in order to remove the 
above-described drawbacks inherent to conventional D.C. brushless motors. 
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new and 
useful D.C. brushless motor having at the stator side of the motor a yoke 
whose area substantially corresponds to an entire area of the rotor so 
that reluctance of the magnetic circuit is substantially constant during a 
single revolution of the rotor. 
According to a feature of the present invention, a D.C. brushless motor 
with superior dust-proof and moisture proof characteristics is provided 
because the parts of the drive circuit are hermetically sealed. 
According to another feature of the present invention, heat generated in 
the drive circuit is readily dissipated through the yoke of the motor 
since a substrate of the drive circuit is in contact with the yoke. 
According to a further feature of the present invention, the yoke of the 
motor, which yoke is generally cup-shaped, has a recess on the side wall 
or a bottom of the yoke so that the rotor is accurately positioned at a 
desired initial setting position when being deenergized. 
According to a still further feature of the present invention, the rotor is 
capable of readily starting on energization because of the presence of the 
above-mentioned recess. 
In accordance with the present invention there is provided D.C. brushless 
motor, comprising: a rotor having a plurality of magnets; and a stator 
having a generally cup-shaped yoke, a drive coil, a drive circuit, a 
magnetoelectric transducer, terminals, and an insulating base plate 
attached to the yoke, the base plate having a aperture and walls 
surrounding the aperture for defining a circuit housing at a first side of 
the base plate, the drive circuit being formed on a substrate on which the 
magnetoelectric transducer is also placed, the substrate carrying the 
drive circuit and the magnetoelectric transducer on one surface thereof 
being received in the aperture of the base plate so that opposite side of 
the substrate is flush with a second side of the base plate, the circuit 
housing being filled with a synthetic resin so as to hermetically sealing 
the drive circuit and the magnetoelectric transducer, the drive coil being 
placed on the first side of the base plate, the terminals being connected 
to the drive circuit at one ends thereof while the other ends thereof 
protrude from the first side of the base plate, the base plate being 
positioned on a substantially flat bottom of a center recess of the yoke 
such that the first side faces the magnets of the rotor with the second 
side of the base plate being substantially in contact with the bottom of 
the center recess of the yoke, the substantially flat bottom of the center 
recess of the yoke substantially facing an entire surface of the rotor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Referring now to FIGS. 1A to 1E of the drawings, a blower using a small 
electrical motor according to one embodiment of the present invention is 
shown. FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the blower, the 
intended airflow being shown by way of dotted lines. 
The blower of FIG. 1A comprises an upper housing 1 with an air inlet, and a 
lower housing 3 made of a synthetic resin. The upper and lower housings 1 
and 3 are coupled with each other to form a blower housing by way of 
toothed lock washers 2 as shown. Air outlets (not shown) are made in a 
side wall of the lower housing 3, and a rotor 5 of an electrical motor M 
according to the present invention is partially received in the lower 
housing 3. 
The reference 4a is a bolt for coupling a motor M to the lower housing 3, 
the reference 4b being a washer used for the bolt 4a. The reference 6 
indicates a plurality of lead wires which are respectively connected to 
terminals 7b which are seen in FIG. 1B showing a top plan view of a stator 
portion of the motor M. The reference 12 identifies a generally cup-shaped 
metallic yoke formed of a magnetic material. This yoke 12 constitutes a 
part of a magnetic circuit of the motor and also functions as a motor 
housing. The yoke 12 is attached to the lower end of the lower housing 3 
at its flange 12f to define a recess into which various parts of the motor 
M, including the rotor 5 and a stator, are received. The reference 7 is a 
base plate made of a synthetic resin, and a drive circuit 40 of the motor 
M is mounted on the base plate 7 as seen in FIG. 1C which is a 
cross-section taken along a dot-dash line I.sub.C -I.sub.C in Fig. 1B. As 
will be described hereinafter, the drive circuit 40 includes a Hall IC 19 
(an integrated circuit with a Hall generator), and other parts which are 
all embedded in a molded synthetic resin 7d (FIG. 1C). The base plate 7 
has walls rising normally with respect to the bottom surface 7e of the 
base plate 7 so as to define recess functioning as a circuit casing or 
housing 7a within which the drive circuit 40 is received. More 
specifically, the circuit housing 7a is filled with a molten synthetic 
resin 7d which is then hardened to heremetically seal the drive circuit 
40. Since walls are provided to define the circuit housing 7a, the molten 
synthetic resin applied to the circuit housing 7a is prevented from 
flowing therefrom and spreading. The circuit housing 7a is formed on the 
surface of the base plate 7 which surface faces the rotor 5, as shown in 
FIG. 1A. Three terminals 7b (FIG. 1B) made of L-shaped metallic strips are 
partially embedded in one wall of the circuit casing 7a. The reference 8 
(FIG. 1A identifies a grommet made of rubber, the reference 9 being an M. 
The bearings 9 are provided with annular felt sheets 10 used for 
preventing oil of the bearings 9 from escaping. 
A drive coil 11 is placed on the surface 7f of the base plate 7 facing the 
rotor 5, and is connected to the drive circuit 40 as will be described in 
detail hereinafter. A permanent magnet 31 used for initial positional 
setting of the rotor C5 is arranged with respect to the yoke 12 that the 
magnet 31 penetrates an aperture the base plate 7 as seen in FIG. 1B. 
The rotor 5 comprises a rotor body 14 made of a synthetic resin and a 
plurality of permanent magnets 14b. In the embodiment, of FIG. 1A two 
magnets 14b are respectively received in recesses made in the rotor body 
14. The rotor body 14 has a fan 14a formed on the other side thereof from 
the recesses which receive the magnets 14b. The reference 15 identifies a 
toothed lock washer used for retaining the upper felt sheet 10 in place. A 
top plan view of the rotor 5 is seen in FIG. 1E, while a cross-sectional 
view of the rotor 5 taken along a dot-dash line I.sub.D -I.sub.D in FIG. 
1E is seen in FIG. 1D. As seen in FIG. 1E, the recesses receiving the 
magnets 14b are radially aligned such that the recesses are defined within 
a rectangular boss 14c forming a portion of body 14. 
The drive circuit 40, which is formed as a hybrid IC, is attached to the 
base plate 7 through a process shown in FIGS. 5A to 5D. First of all, the 
base plate 7 is integrally formed in such a manner that the L-shaped 
terminal strips 7b are partially embedded as seen in FIG. 5A. At a portion 
of the base plate 7 corresponding to the above-mentioned circuit casing 7a 
an aperture is formed. Then the drive circuit 40 having the Hall IC 19 is 
placed in the circuit casing 7a so that a substrate portion 7c of the 
drive circuit 40 is substantially flush with the base plate 7 as seen in 
FIG. 5B. The terminals 7b are respectively connected to three terminals 
(not shown) of the drive circuit by way of soldering as shown in FIG. 5C. 
Finally, the circuit casing 7a is filled with a synthetic resin 7d so that 
various parts or elements of the drive circuit 40 are embedded therein to 
be hermetically insulated from the atmosphere. After the drive coil 11 
(FIG. 1C) is arranged on the base plate 7 the plate carrying thereon the 
coil 11 and circuit 40 -- is placed on the bottom of the generally 
cup-shaped yoke 12 as seen in FIG. 1A. 
An example of a circuit arrangement used for the drive circuit 40 is shown 
in FIG. 2 (the circuit per se being known in the art). A switch 24 for 
connecting the drive circuit 40 to a power source 30 is provided, it will 
be understood that the switch 24 and the power source 30, as well as the 
drive 11, are not included in the drive circuit 40 received in the circuit 
casing 7a. To make clear this point, elements or parts received in the 
circuit casing 7a are enclosed by a dot-dash line. All the parts of the 
drive circuit 40 except for the Hall IC 19 are made as a single IC. The 
reference 20 indentifies a switching transistor of pnp type whose 
collector is connected to one terminal of the drive coil 11. The Hall IC 
19 used as a semiconductor magnetoelectric transducer has an output 
terminal P connected to base of the switching transistor 20 via a 
current-limiting resistor 33. A capacitor 26 and a zener diode 25 
connected in parallel to the Hall IC 19 are used to absorb surge voltages. 
A capacitor 27 connected between base and emitter of the transistor 20 
suppresses sudden changes in the output voltage from the transistor 20, 
which voltage is applied to the drive coil 11. More specifically, the 
waveform of the output voltage from the transistor 20 is made dull so as 
to reduce noise on rotation of the motor M. Another capacitor 28 connected 
between collector and emitter of the transistor 20 is provided to absorb 
noise voltages and to prevent oscillation of the drive circuit 40. A diode 
29 connected across the capacitor 28 is used to protect the transistor 20 
from a reverse voltage. 
As the Hall IC 19, a monolithic integrated circuit using Hall effect, and a 
Hall IC (switch type) known as DN 6839 and manufactured by Matsushita 
Electronics Corporation, may be used therefor. This Hall IC DN 6839 
comprises an output transistor of the open-collector type. When one of the 
magnets 14 of the rotor 5 shown in FIG. 1A approaches the Hall IC 19 (FIG. 
1C) retained within casing 7a, the output transistor of open-collector 
type becomes conductive to lower the output voltage at the output terminal 
P of the Hall IC 19 to nearly zero volt. As a result, the transistor 20 of 
the drive circuit 40 of FIG. 2 is turned on to assume a saturated state so 
that a saturated ouput current is applied to the drive coil 11. In this 
way each time the transistor 20 becomes conductive, the drive coil 11 is 
energized. 
The D.C. brushless motor M according to the above-described embodiment 
operates as follows. When the switch 24 is in open state, the rotor 5 is 
forcibly situated at a predetermined angular position at which one of the 
magnets 14b is close to the Hall IC 19 causing the Hall IC 19 to produce a 
low output voltage when the switch 24 subsequently is turned on. One of 
methods for controlling the initial position of the rotor 5 is disclosed 
in Japanese utility Model Provisional Publication 55-4991. In this 
embodiment, when the switch 24 is turned off, the rotor speed decreases 
and the rotor 5 assumes a predetermined angular position so that the two 
magnets 14b are equidistantly spaced apart from the permanent magnet 31 
provided on the yoke 12, as shown in an explantory diagram of FIG. 3. More 
specifically, the rectangular boss 14c (detailed in FIGS. 1D and 1E having 
recesses in which the magnets 14b are received), assumes a position such 
that its longitudinal center line C is normal to a radial line R passing 
through an axis of rotation corresponding to the shaft 13 (shown in FIG. 
1A) and through the center of the permanent magnet 31 due to repulsive 
forces between the magnets 14b and the stationary magnet 31 inasmuch as 
the facing poles of the magnets 14b and the magnet 31 are South poles. In 
this way, whenever the rotor 5 stops rotating, the rotor 5 is situated as 
shown in FIG. 3. 
Assuming that the switch 24 is now turned on, since the output voltage from 
the Hall IC 19 is of low level (nearly zero volt), the transistor 20 is 
rendered saturated so that a maximum saturation current is initially fed 
to the drive coil 11. Accordingly, a maximum repulsive force or an 
attractive force is produced between the magnets 14b and the drive coil 
11, causing the rotor 5 to start rotating in a clockwise direction as 
indicated by an arrow ROT (FIG. 3). Immediately after the center line C of 
the boss 14C has passed through a given angular range .theta. for 
energization centering the position of the Hall IC 19, then the output 
transistor of open-collector type of the Hall IC 19 is turned off to 
produce a high level signal. On receipt of such a high level signal, the 
switching transistor 20 is turned off to terminate energization of the 
drive coil 11. However, the rotor continues rotating due to its inertia. 
As the rotor 5 rotates 180.degree. so that the boss 14c of the rotor 5 
enters again the energization angular range .theta., the transistor 20 
again is turned on to energize the drive coil 11. In this way, a maximum 
repulsion or attractive force is successively applied to the rotor 5 so 
that the rotor 5 keeps rotating as long as the switch 24 is in an on state 
condition. 
Reference is now made to FIG. 4 showing a modification of the drive 
circuit. The drive circuit of FIG. 4 differs from the drive circuit 40 of 
FIG. 2 in that a transistor 20' of npn type is used in place of the 
transistor 20 of pnp type. Thus, the circuit configuation is changed 
accordingly. While elements corresponding to those in FIG. 2 are 
designated by like numerals, the reference 25a is a resistor. The drive 
circuit of FIG. 4 operates in a similar manner to the drive circuit 40 of 
FIG. 2. 
As will be understood from the above description, either a repulsive force 
or attractive force may be used as a rotational drive force of the rotor 
5, while the arrangement of the magnets 14b, drive coil 11 and so on in 
the motor M is kept unchanged for both cases. 
If the polarity of the magnets 14b or winding direction of the drive coil 
11 is reversed, then the rotating direction of the rotor 5 also is 
reversed. When it is desired to rotate the rotor 5 in both clockwise and 
counterclockwise directions, a switch may be provided for changing the 
direction of current applied to the drive coil 11. 
Although it has been described that a Hall IC is used as a semiconductor 
magnetoelectric transducer in the above embodiment, other elements may be 
used in place of such a Hall IC for the same purpose. For instance, a 
magnetoresistor or a magnetic diode may be used for converting the change 
in resistance into a change in voltage. Furthermore, a directional 
magnetoelectric transducer may be used to utilize its output voltage. Any 
of these transducer elements may be used as a small device having the 
structure of an integrated circuit. 
In this way, according to the the present invention, parts and elements of 
the drive circuit 40 are formed in an integrated circuit such that the 
housing of the integrated circuit, i.e. the circuit casing 7a, substrate 
7c and the filled resin 7d, is substantially integral with the base plate 
7 which forms a main part of the stator, where the housing is made of 
insulating synsthetic resin. 
With this arrangement, several advantages are attained. 
(1) Since the yoke 12 faces the rotor 5 throughout almost an entire one 
surface of the rotor 5, the variation in reluctance during one revolution 
of the rotor 5 is reduced. As a result, undesirable vibrations and noise 
caused from such variation are reduced. 
(2) Since the parts and elements of the drive circuit 40 are not exposed 
because they are sealed within a housing of a synthetic resin after being 
formed in an integrated circuit, its resistance to environmental changes 
is superior. 
(3) The yoke 12, which forms a part of a magnetic circuit, functions as a 
magnetic shielding which interrupts magnetic interference from atmosphere. 
Therefore, when the motor M according to the present invention is mounted 
on a motor vehicle, the D.C brushless motor according to the present 
invention is not affected by outer ferromagnetic substances, such as steel 
plates. As a result, the rotor 5 can be accurately positioned at a desired 
initial setting position as shown in FIG. 3, and therefore, missstarting 
due to an undesired initial setting position of the boss 14C of the rotor 
5 can be avoided. 
Furthermore, since the housing 7a, 7c and 7d of the drive circuit 40 is 
substantially integral with the base plate 7 such that the bottom surface 
of the substrate 7c is flush with the bottom surface 7e of the base plate 
7, the distance between the bottom surface of the substrate 7c and the 
metallic yoke 12, which functions as a heat sink, can be reduced to an 
extent that they directly contact each other so that heat dissipation is 
effectively performed. 
Moreover, since the yoke 12 also functions as a motor housing, the number 
of parts forming the motor M is reduced. 
A second embodiment of the present invention will be described with 
reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 7A and 7B. FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C respectively 
show the second embodiment motor M substantially in the same manner as in 
FIGS. 1A, 1D and 1E. This embodiment differs from the previous embodiment 
in that the yoke 12 has a recessed portion 12c (FIG. 3A) in addition to a 
circular center recess 12g forming a generally cup-shaped yoke 12 as will 
be seen from FIG. 6A and FIG. 7A, the latter illustrating a top plan view 
of the yoke 12. The additional recess 12c is provided to cause the rotor 5 
to stop at a desired initial setting position as will be described in 
detail hereinafter, and this additional recess is also useful in providing 
an enough room or space for receiving the terminals 7b and lead wires 6 
connected thereto as seen in FIG. 7B, which is a partial view of the 
stator including the yoke 12 and the base plate 7. 
The bottom of the recess 12c, which will be referred to as an additional 
recess hereinafter, is preferably flush with the bottom of the circular 
center recess 12g. Although the yoke 12 used in the first embodiment is 
generally cup-shaped so that a center portion thereof is deep to provide a 
generally circular surface facing the magnets 14b of the rotor 5, the 
center recess 12g of the second embodiment extends radially to provide the 
additional recess 12c. Within this additional recess 12c is received the 
terminals 7b of the drive circuit 40. The provision of the additional 
recess 12c causes the rotor 5 to stop at the initial setting position 
accurately on denergization as will be described in detail hereinafter. In 
addition, the further recess 12 enhances the starting characteristic of 
the motor M. Remaining structure of the second embodiment may be the same 
as the first embodiment. 
The second embodiment operates as follows. When the drive coil 11 is 
deenergized to stop the motor M, then the rotational speed of the rotor 5 
decreases and finally the rotor 5 would stop at the initial setting 
position, which is indicated by the boss 14c shown by way of dotted lines 
in FIG. 7A, because of the magnetic force acting between the magnets 14b 
and the stationary magnet 31 fixed at the bottom of the center recess 12g 
of the yoke 12. However, the rotor 5 does not necessarily stop at the 
initial setting position shown in FIG. 7A because the magnetic force from 
the stationary magnet 31 is not great. Although it is possible to use a 
large magnet as the stationary magnet 31 so that the rotor 5 stops 
accurately at the desired intial setting position, the increase in 
intensity of the magnetic force from the magnet 31 would result in 
undesirable braking force to the rotor 5 when the rotor 5 rotates. 
In the second embodiment, the distance between the magnet 14b in FIG. 7A 
and the side wall 12h connecting the flange 12f to the bottom of the 
center recess 12g suddenly changes at edge portions 12a and 12b of the 
additional recess 12c. More specifically, the additional recess 12c 
located on the side wall 12h which defines the center recess 12g subtends 
a given angle with respect to the center of recess 12g so that the side 
wall 12h is spaced apart from the rotor 5 by the larger distance at the 
additional recess 12c than a distance between the rotor 5 and the side 
wall along remaining portion of the wall. Therefore, the attractive 
magnetic force between the magnet 14b and the side wall 12h becomes lower 
when the magnet 14b faces the additional recess 12c. Since magnetic flux 
is apt to be concentrated on an edge or sharp portion of a magnetic 
material, the attractive force between the magnet 14b and the side wall 
12h is highest when the magnet 14b faces the edge 12a or 12b. Positioning 
of the rotor 5 on deenergization of the drive coil 11 is accurately 
performed by such an attractive magnetic force, or detent torque, between 
the magnet 14b and the left edge 12a. By "detent torque" is meant the 
magnetic force acting between the magnets 14b of the rotor 5 and the yoke 
12 of the stator. If the center recess 12g had a perfect circular shape, 
the magnitude of such a detent torque would be constant throughout the 
circumference of the center recess 12g because the distance between the 
magnet 14 and an annular side wall of the yoke 12 is always constant. 
However, because of the provision of the additional recess 12c, the degree 
of a detent torque is high when the boss 14c is positioned as shown in 
FIG. 7A. The existance of the detent torque or attractive force between 
the illustrated lower magnet 14b and the edge portion 12a has been 
confirmed by experiments. It will be understood that although such a 
detent torque also occurs between the magnet 14b and the right edge 12b, 
the rotor 5 stops at the illustrated position due to the magnetic force 
from the stationary magnet 31. The left edge 12a of the additional recess 
12c is positioned so that one of the magnets 14b of the rotor 5 is close 
to the left edge 12a when the rotor 5 is situated at the illustrated and 
desired initial setting position. 
The provision of the additional recess 12c not only provides the 
above-mentioned accurate positioning of the rotor 5 on deenergization of 
the drive coil 11 but also quick starting of the rotor 5 on energization 
of the drive coil 11. When the drive coil 11 is energized to cause the 
rotor 5 to start rotating in the direction indicated by an FIG. 7A, the 
rotor 5 rotates over a slight angle due to an attractive or repulsive 
force between the magnets 14b and the drive coil 11. At this time the 
attractive force between the illustrated lower magnet 14b and the right 
edge 12b increases to accelerate the rotor 5. Therefore, the rotor 5 
immediately starts rotating. 
FIGS. 8A and 8B show a third embodiment which is a modification of the 
above-described second embodiment. In this embodiment, an additional 
recess 12 is formed at the bottom of the center recess 12g of the yoke 12. 
The additional recess 12c is of truncated sector shape, and is positioned 
so as to subtend a given angle with respect to the center of the center 
recess 12g in a manner similar to the second embodiment. More 
specifically, the additional recess 12c is positioned so that a locus of a 
portion of the magnets 14b is just above the additional recess 12c. As 
clearly seen in FIG. 8B which is a cross-section taken along a line 
XIII.sub.B --XIII.sub.B of FIG. 8A, the additional recess 12c is deeper 
than the center recess 12g. As a result, the distance between the magnets 
14b of the rotor 5 and the yoke 5, which distance is measured along a 
direction parallel to the shaft 13 of the rotor 5, becomes large when the 
magnet 14b is above the additional recess 12c. Accordingly, a detent 
torque similar to that in the second embodiment occurs between the magnet 
14b, which is positioned at the lower side in FIG. 8A, and edges 12a and 
12b. Thus the rotor 5 is accurately positioned at an initial setting 
position shown by way of dotted lines in FIG. 8A because of the detent 
torque between the lower magnet 14b and the left edge 12a of the 
additional recess 12c and because of the magnetic force from the 
stationary magnet 31. The right edge 12b faciltates acceleration of the 
rotor 5 in the same manner as in the second embodiment because an 
attractive force between the lower magnet 14b and the right edge 12b 
increases as the magnet 14b approaches thereto immediately after a slight 
rotation of the rotor 5 in a direction of the arrow ROT. 
The above-described embodiments are just examples of the present invention, 
and therefore, it will be apparent for those skilled in the art that many 
modifications and variations may be made without departing from the scope 
of the present invention.