Signal transformation apparatus

A system employing packet switching techniques wherein time delays are reduced sufficiently to permit data and voice signals to be processed interchangeably in a common communications system wherein TDM signals are transformed into packet signals and packet signals are transformed into TDM signals, both transformations taking place with suitably minimized delays.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Two-way voice conversations between parties at different locations make use 
of techniques which process voice signals in real time. On the other hand, 
when data is to be transmitted back and forth between different locations, 
it is not necessary to use real-time processing techniques. In 
contradistinction, it normally is undesirable economically to process such 
signals in real time, and techniques often are employed which involve time 
delays which are not significant for data, but which are too large for 
voice processing. 
On technique often used in transmission of two-way voice conversations in 
real time is known as time division multiplex (TDM). One technique often 
used in transmission of data which incorporates time delays too large for 
voice processing is known as packet switching, a form of statistical TDM. 
For many purposes, it is advantageous economically to employ a 
communication system which can transmit voice conversations and/or data 
interchangeably. It is well known to those skilled in the art that packet 
switching techniques would have certain inherent advantages as compared to 
TDM techniques for processing voice signals if the time presently utilized 
in packet switching could be sufficiently reduced to approximate those 
utilized in real time processing. 
The present invention is directed toward a system employing packet 
switching techniques wherein the time delays have been sufficiently 
reduced to permit data and voice signals to be processed interchangeably 
in a common communication system. To this end it is necessary to convert 
signals in TDM form to signals in packet form and vice versa. More 
particularly the present invention is directed toward a new type of signal 
transformation apparatus wherein TDM signals are transformed into packet 
signals and packet signals are transformed into TDM signals, both 
transformations taking place with suitably minimized delays. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Signal transformation apparatus in accordance with the principles of the 
invention is adapted for connection between a TDM bus and a packet bus. 
The TDM bus and the packet bus carry information in byte form in time 
sequence. The TDM bus carries (n) different voice channels in time 
division multiplex format wherein one-byte samples from each channel are 
combined into a frame together with appropriate frame synchronization 
signals. The frames are transmitted in time sequence. 
The apparatus in order to transfer TDM signals into packet signals employs 
TDM and packet storage elements. 
First means, coupled between said TDM bus and said TDM element, transfers a 
first plurality of bytes, for example (n) bytes, on one selected channel, 
taken from (n) successive frames from said TDM bus, to said TDM element 
for storage as an information field therein. The bytes are disposed in 
immediate time sequence, being the first, second, . . . (n)th bytes in the 
selected channel and are obtained from the first, second and (n)th 
successive frames. 
Second means, coupled between said TDM element and said packet element, 
transfers said information field to said packet element for storage 
therein. 
Third means, coupled to said packet element, causes a second plurality of 
bytes to be stored in the packet element as a header field therein in 
combination with the information field. The header field uniquely 
identifies the one selected voice channel. 
Fourth means, coupled between said packet element and said packet bus, 
causes the fields stored therein to be transferred from said packet 
element to the packet bus. 
Fifth means causes a check byte to be combined with the bytes in the 
information field and in the header either in the packet element or in the 
fifth means whereby a packet formed by the combination of the information 
field, header field and check byte is transferred to the packet bus. 
In this way, the apparatus transforms TDM signals into signal packets. Each 
packet can be constituted by thirteen bytes of information wherein the 
header field contains four bytes, the information field contains eight 
bytes and there is one check byte. 
The apparatus, in order to transform packet signals into TDM signals, again 
employs TDM and packet storage elements. 
Under these conditions, however, first means, coupled between the packet 
bus and the packet element, transfers the packet from the packet bus to 
the packet element for storage therein. 
Third means, coupled between the packet element and the TDM element, 
transfers the stored information field from the packet element to the TDM 
element. 
Fourth means, coupled between the TDM element and the TDM, transfers the 
stored information field from the TDM element to the TDM bus. The field is 
transferred byte by byte onto the TDM bus, the transfer occurring in each 
of eight successive frames. 
It is necessary to synchronize the transformation operation, and this is 
accomplished by using suitably timed control pulses supplied to the 
various means and produced by a time slot generator which is synchronized 
by frame synchronization signals obtained from the TDM bus. In particular 
TDM bytes are transferred from the TDM bus to the TDM storage element 
while the disassembled bytes from the information field are being 
transferred from the TDM storage element to the TDM bus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIG. 1 illustrates the apparatus for transforming TDM signals into packets. 
TDM signals in pulse code modulated form flow in eight-bit parallel bytes 
along TDM bus 20. There are n different signal channels per frame whereby 
the first byte of the first channel is followed by the first byte of the 
second channel and so on to the first byte of the (n)th channel whereby 
the frame is formed, the first byte of the (n)th channel being followed by 
the second byte of the first channel and so on to form the second and 
successive frames. Each frame carries frame synchronization signals. 
In order to transform TDM signals into packet signals, the first eight 
bytes on the first channel are successively transferred byte by byte in 
eight successive frames via transfer gates 22 enabled by suitably timed 
transfer signals to an eight-byte storage element 24. This collection of 
eight bytes is defined as an information field. 
The information field is then transferred byte by byte via transfer gates 
28 under the control of field transfer signals to packet storage element 
30. 
The packet is assembled in element 30 by adding four bytes as header 
information or a header field to uniquely identify the channel and the 
particular bytes involved whereby a unique one-to-one relationship is 
established between the channel and the particular bytes on the one hand 
and the resultant packet on the other hand. It will be recalled at this 
point that voice signals in TDM format are transformed to packet form for 
processing and the packet must be transformed back into TDM format whereby 
the caller and the called party can conduct a conversation in real time. 
Without this unique one-to-one relationship, such conversation cannot be 
conducted in the manner described herein. 
The header field is stored in storage element 32 and is released byte by 
byte into element 30. Each new entry into element 20 is written over and 
destroys any previously stored entry. 
A check byte is added to the stored information field and stored header to 
complete the assembly of the packet. This can be done by adding the check 
bytes to the stored fields in element 30 or can be supplied in proper 
timing to gates 34 after the stored field and header are transferred byte 
by byte by transfer gates 34 to the packet bus 36. In other words, the 
complete packet can be assembled in element 30 or can be assembled in situ 
as the process for transferring bytes to the packet bus is completed. 
In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the check bytes are produced in 
generator 26 and are supplied via gates 34 so that the packet is not 
completely assembled until it is disposed on bus 36. 
The timing of the transformation is controlled by suitable enabling 
transfer signals supplied to the various units via time slot generator 18. 
This generator receives frame synchronization signals via the TDM bus to 
insure proper system timing. 
FIG. 2 illustrates the apparatus for transforming packet signals into TDM 
signals. It should be noted that the TDM bus 20, the packet bus 36 and the 
time slot generator are common to both FIGS. 1 and 2. 
In order to transform packet signals into TDM signals, a packet is 
transferred byte by byte from the packet/bus to a packet storage element 
40 via transfer gates 38 under the control of suitably timed transfer 
signals. 
The information field of the packet is then transferred via transfer gates 
46 to an information field storage element 48. The field is then 
transferred byte by byte in successive frames from element 48 via transfer 
gates 50 to the TDM bus 20. 
The gates, buses, storage elements and the like employed in FIGS. 1 and 2 
are all of known type and hence are shown only in block form.