Image processing apparatus

It is determined whether an object pixel in entered image data resides on (a) part of a black character or line, (b) not on part of a black character or line but in close proximity thereto, (c) neither part of nor in close proximity to a black character or line. When it is determined that (a) holds, the object pixel is recorded using dark black ink only. When it is determined that (b) holds, a pixel comprising various color components is recorded using ink whose density is lower that that of ink having a designated density. When it is determined that (c) holds, namely that the object pixel is remote from a black character or line, the object pixel is recorded using the ink of the designated density.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to an image processing apparatus and, more 
particularly, to an image processing apparatus for recording an image 
using a recording material (ink, toner or the like) having a plurality of 
color components in a color copier, color facsimile machine, etc. 
When a color image is recorded by an additive mixture of color stimuli, and 
especially when black slender lines and characters are recorded, based 
upon an image signal separated into colors (R, G, B), generally recording 
is performed by superimposing recording materials in the three colors of Y 
(yellow), M (magenta) and C (cyan) or the four colors of Y, M, C and K 
(black). 
However, when an image is recorded by superimposing these recording 
materials having three or four colors, the following problems arise: 
1. The portion where the materials overlap do not appear perfectly black. 
2. Since it is difficult to superimpose the recording materials accurately, 
the colors become positionally displaced and the black color does not 
appear. In addition, the boundary with a tone image is rendered 
indistinct. 
3. If recording is carried out based upon pseudo-half-tone processing (such 
as processing based upon the dither method or error-diffusion method), for 
example, dots are not linearly continuous, and therefore slender black 
lines cannot be expressed at a high resolution. 
Accordingly, in a case where an image is binarized, it has been 
contemplated to separate and identify black character portions or slender 
black-line portions from input image data and record these isolated 
portions using a single color, namely the color black. Though such an 
expedient is capable of solving the foregoing problems, there are 
instances where this processing comes to be applied also to the gray edges 
of ordinary images, thereby reducing picture quality. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An object of the present invention is to provide an image processing 
apparatus capable of producing excellent images in which characters and 
lines of a prescribed color are made to stand out from a neighboring 
image, and in which the characters and lines of the prescribed color will 
not undergo color displacement. 
According to the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by 
providing an image processing apparatus comprising input means for 
inputting image data consisting of a plurality of color components 
expressed by n-levels (n&gt;2) of values, converting means for converting the 
color component of n-level of values to m-level (2&lt;m&lt;n) of values, 
discriminating means for determining whether an object pixel is on part of 
a line of the predetermined color based upon the image data inputted by 
said input means, and correcting means for correcting color component of 
m-level of values of the object pixel based upon the determination made by 
said discriminating means. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image processing 
apparatus capable of making characters and lines of a prescribed color 
relatively conspicuous. 
According to the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by 
providing an image processing apparatus comprising input means for 
inputting image data consisting of a plurality of color components 
expressed by n-levels (n.gtoreq.2) of values, extracting means for 
extracting the degree of a predetermined color of inputted data indicative 
of an object pixel, discriminating means for determining, based upon the 
degree of the predetermined color extracted by said extracting means, 
whether the object pixel is not on part of a line of the predetermined 
color but is situated at a position in close proximity to the line of the 
predetermined color, and correcting means for correcting each color 
component of an output color of the object pixel based upon the 
determination made by said discriminating means. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image processing 
apparatus capable of producing excellent images in which characters and 
lines of a prescribed color are made to stand out from themselves and from 
the outside, and in which the characters and lines of the prescribed color 
will not undergo color displacement. 
According to the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by 
providing an image processing apparatus comprising input means for 
inputting image data consisting of a plurality of color components 
expressed by n-levels (n.gtoreq.2) of values, extracting means for 
extracting the degree of a predetermined color of inputted data indicative 
of an object pixel, discriminating means for determining, based upon the 
degree of the predetermined color extracted by said extracting means, 
whether the object pixel resides (a) on part of a line of the 
predetermined color, (b) not on part of a line of the predetermined color 
but at a position in close proximity to the line of the predetermined 
color, or (c) elsewhere, (i.e., neither on a part of nor in close 
proximity to the line of the predetermined color), and correcting means 
for correcting each color component of an output color of the object pixel 
based upon the determination made by said discriminating means. 
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent 
from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying 
drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar 
parts throughout the figures thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with 
reference to the accompanying drawings. 
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an image recording apparatus 
according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 
includes a CCD line sensor 1 which reads substantially one point on an 
original upon separating the point into the three colors R, G and B, and 
outputs the read image as a digital signal (in which there are eight bits 
for every color component). A color-signal processor 2 subjects the R, G 
and B three-color luminance signals to a logarithmic conversion to convert 
these signals into density signals Y, M and C. The processor 2 further 
subjects these signals to masking and UCR processing to obtain a total of 
four color signals, namely Y, M, C and K (black) recording signals, and 
then subjects these signals to a gamma conversion based upon the 
characteristics of the recording apparatus. The Y, M, C and K signals 
corrected by the gamma conversion are subjected to pseudo-half-tone 
processing by ternary converters 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 and 3 4, respectively, to 
obtain ternary values of image data. These ternary values have the 
following meaning, where (A,B)=(full-dot, half-dot) in the outputted 
two-bit signal from each ternary converter: (A,B)=(0,0) means that no 
recording is made; (A,B)=(1,0) means that recording is made using a dark 
dot; and (A,B)=(0,1) means that recording is made using a light dot. The 
ternary-converted image signals are applied to a recording-signal 
controller 4, which is a characterizing feature of the invention. The 
controller 4 performs control in the manner described below in order to 
express slender black lines at a high resolution. 
The R, G, B signals from the sensor 1 are applied also to a black-character 
detector 6. The black-character detector 6 determines whether an object 
pixel is on an edge within the black portion of a character or line, 
whether this pixel is on a white portion that is not the black portion of 
a character or line adjacent the edge, or whether the pixel resides 
elsewhere, and outputs the result of this determination to the 
recording-signal controller 4 as a two-bit signal (KB, KW). Based upon the 
two-bit signal from the black-character detector 6, the recording-signal 
controller 4 controls the signals of the recording color components 
outputted by the ternary converters 3-1 through 3-4, produces signals 
which decide the actual recording colors, and outputs these signals to a 
recording unit 5. In this embodiment, the recording unit 5 is an ink-jet 
recorder having recording heads, which record in dark ink and light ink, 
for every color component Y, M, C and K. A ternary image can be recorded 
by using these recording heads properly. 
The principal operation of the apparatus according to this embodiment will 
now be described. 
In this embodiment, the color-separated luminance signals R, G, B (each of 
which consists of eight bits) inputted by the CCD line sensor 1 are 
eventually converted into eight-bit data indicative of the recording color 
components Y (yellow), M (magenta), C (cyan) and K (black). The conversion 
is made within the color-signal processor 2. The items of recording 
color-component data are converted into ternary data (two bits each) by 
respective ones of the ternary converters 3-1 through 3-4. For example, in 
ternary converter 3-1, the color-component signal is converted into a 
signal representative of one of three states. These three states indicate 
whether the recording of an object pixel is to be performed using dark 
cyan ink or light cyan ink, or whether the pixel is not to be recorded at 
all. Since the states are three in number, one bit is inadequate as the 
digital data, and therefore two bits are used. In order to simplify the 
description, hereinafter a dot recorded using dark ink shall be referred 
to as a "full dot" (or simply as an "F dot"), and a dot recorded using 
light ink shall be referred to as a "half dot" (or simply as an "H dot"). 
The ternary data produced for every color component can be used intact as 
an actual recording control signal to perform recording of an image. 
However, as mentioned above in the description of the prior art, this 
would give rise to the aforesaid problem wherein the portion of a black 
character in the read image is not recorded correctly and distinctly as a 
black character. 
Accordingly, in this embodiment, it is determined whether the obtained 
ternary data regarding an object pixel is acceptable for use as is to 
perform recording, or whether the ternary data requires a correction. A 
correction is necessary when the object pixel is on an edge within the 
black portion of a character or line, and when the object pixel is on a 
portion, which is adjacent the edge of a character or line, but is not 
within the black portion of the character or line. If the object pixel is 
located elsewhere, a correction need not be applied and the data obtained 
by the ternary converters 3-1 through 3-4 can be used as recording control 
signals directly. 
The black-character detector 6 is the device that determines whether an 
object pixel is on an edge within the black portion of a character or 
line, on a portion adjacent the edge of a character or line but not within 
the black portion of the character or line, or elsewhere. The 
recording-signal controller 4 corrects the ternary data based upon the 
determination made by the detector 6. 
DESCRIPTION OF BLACK-CHARACTER DETECTOR 
The black character detector 6 according to this embodiment will now be 
described. 
As shown in FIG. 2A, the black-character detector 6 comprises a 
black-signal generator 31, a binarizer 32 and a discriminator 33. The 
black-signal generator 31 generates, as a black signal d, data indicating 
degree of blackishness, namely how close to black an object pixel is. The 
binarizer 32 receives the black signal d, compares the object pixel with 
the pixels surrounding it and, based upon the comparison, outputs a binary 
signal b indicating whether the object pixel appears blackish and a binary 
signal c indicating whether the degree of change in the density of the 
object pixel is large or not. Based upon the data from the binarizer 32, 
the discriminator 33 outputs a signal KB=1 if the object pixel is on the 
black portion of a character or line, and a signal KW=1 if the object 
pixel is not on a black portion but resides near the black portion of a 
character or line. Accordingly, the condition KB=KW=1 cannot hold. The 
condition KB=KW=0 signifies a state other than the two mentioned above. 
Simply stated, this latter condition means that the object pixel is 
sufficiently far from the edge of a black character or line. 
FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating the black-signal generator 31. The 
generator 31 includes a maximum-value detector 61 and a minimum-value 
detector 62, each of which compares the levels of the eight-bit RGB 
signals whenever a pixel is inputted thereto, for obtaining the maximum 
and minimum values of the levels as max(R,G,B) and min(R,G,B), 
respectively. A subtracter 63 computes the difference between these 
signals, namely max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B), and a multiplier 66 multiplies the 
difference by a predetermined constant .alpha. and delivers the product to 
an adder 64. The latter adds the value delivered by the multiplier 66 to 
max(R,G,B) and delivers the sum to a limiter 65. When the sum delivered by 
the adder 64 exceeds a value "255" represented by eight bits, the limiter 
65 limits the aforementioned sum to "255" to produce the black signal d as 
an output. If the sum from the adder 64 is less than "255", the sum is 
outputted directly as the black signal d. 
The processing executed by the black-signal generator 31 will be described 
with reference to FIG. 3B. In this embodiment, the color signals represent 
luminance values. Accordingly, it can be judged that the object pixel is 
close to white if the values of these color signals are the same 
substantially and they are large. Similarly, the object pixel will be 
close to black if the values of these color signals are the same and they 
are small. For example, when R=G=B=0 holds, the object pixel is black. 
When the values of the color components are substantially the same, this 
indicates a pixel near an achromatic color; when the values of the color 
components are different, this indicates a pixel near a chromatic color. 
Accordingly, area "A" in FIG. 3B indicates section of a chromatic line, 
and area "B" indicates section of a blackish line. 
The black signal d is expressed by the following equation in accordance 
with the relationship described above: 
EQU d=max(R,G,B)+.alpha.[max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B)] 
where max(R,G,B) represents a gray-component signal, max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B) 
a signal indicative of chromaticity, and .alpha. a color-suppression 
constant. 
Physically, the meaning of max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B) is degree of chromaticity, 
and max(R,G,B) represents represents a gray component (brightness). 
Therefore, when the value of max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B) is large, namely when 
the object pixel is chromatic, this is multiplied by the constant .alpha. 
and the product is added to max (R,G,B). As a result, the black signal d 
can be converted in the direction of greater brightness. In other words, 
suppression can be applied in such a manner that the larger the value of 
the constant .alpha., the more the point having chromaticity becomes a 
white point. Thus, .alpha. is referred to as the color-suppression 
constant. Accordingly, by changing the value of .alpha., which is set in 
the multiplier 66, by a CPU (not shown), the degree to which the black 
component indicated by the black signal d is detected can be changed. The 
value of .alpha. may be changed by an operator operating a not shown 
panel. In this embodiment, the constant .alpha. is set to equal "1". In a 
case where max (R,G,B) is large and max(R,G,B)-min(R,G,B) is large, the 
maximum value 255, which represents a perfectly white point, is provided 
by the limiter 65 in FIG. 3A. Accordingly, the value of the signal d can 
be thought of as signifying the degree of blackishness. The black signal d 
enters the binarizer 32 in FIG. 2A. 
The binarizer 32, the block diagram of which is shown in FIG. 4, will be 
described next. 
As shown in FIG. 4, the black signal outputted by the black-signal 
generator 31 is delayed one line and then by each of line memories 71-1 
through 71-4. A total of five pixels of data, composed of the black signal 
d obtained directly from the black-signal generator 31 and the one-line 
delayed signals from each of the line memories 71-1 through 71-4, are 
added by an adder 72. The output of adder 72 is applied to F/Fs 
(flip-flops) 73-1 through 73-4, each of which delays the signal by one 
pixel and holds the result. Accordingly, five sum values result, and these 
are added by an adder 75. In other words, the adder 75 calculates the sum 
total of the black signals d in an area of 5.times.5 pixels. This output 
from adder 75 is divided by "25" in a divider 76, whereby a mean value m 
is calculated. 
The center of the area composed of 5.times.5 pixels is adopted as the 
position of the object pixel. Accordingly, in order to achieve 
synchronization with the calculated mean value m, the signal outputted by 
the line memory 71 must be delayed by two pixels. To this end, the black 
signal d of the object pixel is delayed by two pixels by F/Fs 73-5 and 
73-6. 
A comparator 79 compares the data d from the position of the object pixel 
with the mean value m, which serves as threshold value, and outputs a 
binary value B exhibiting a higher definition. Specifically, the 
comparator 79 performs the following operation: 
B=1 (black) when d&lt;m holds; 
B=0 (white) when d.gtoreq.m holds. 
A subtracter 72 calculates the difference between the mean value m and the 
value of the black signal d of the object pixel, and an absolute-value 
circuit 78 converts this difference value into an absolute value. A 
comparator 74 compares this absolute value with a constant .delta. to 
obtain a binary signal C. The logical meaning of the binary signal C is as 
follows: 
C=1 when .vertline.d-m.vertline.&gt;.delta. holds; 
C=0 when .vertline.d-m.vertline..ltoreq..delta. holds. 
As for the physical meaning of these two signals, B is a signal obtained by 
binarizing the black signal to a high definition, while C is a signal 
obtained by binarizing the amount of change in level at the object pixel. 
In other words, when B=1 and C=1 both hold, this means that the change in 
density at the object pixel is greater than the constant .delta. and that 
the change is in the black direction. That is, the probability is high 
that this point is part of a black character or line. 
However, there is also the possibility that the object pixel is part of a 
half-tone image expressed by a screen. Accordingly, in order to eliminate 
a case in which the object pixel is located in the black portion of a 
screen, the binary signals B, C are applied to the discriminator 33. 
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the discriminator 33. 
As shown in FIG. 5, the inputted binary signal B is successively delayed by 
one line and held by each of line memories 80-1, 80-2, 80-3 and 80-4, and 
the same signal is delayed and held every pixel by F/Fs 81-0 through 81-9. 
Thus, the binary signals B of an area having a size of 5.times.3 pixels 
are held by these line memories and flip-flops. The position of the object 
pixel is taken to be the center of this area, namely the position 
indicated by the output of F/F 81-4. Thus, the binary data B of the eight 
pixels neighboring the object pixel is the data directly before input to 
the F/Fs 81-2, 81-4, 81-6 and the data outputted to the output terminals 
of F/Fs 81-2, 81-6, 81-3, 81-5 and 81-7. All of the data of the nine 
mutually adjacent pixels inclusive of the object pixel enters a gate 
circuit 83-2. 
Similarly, a gate circuit 83-1 is supplied with binary signals indicative 
of a total of nine pixels, namely the pixel one line after the object 
pixel, i.e., the data at the output position of F/F 81-2, and the data of 
the pixels neighboring this pixel position. Also, gate circuit 83-3 is 
supplied with nine items of the B data, namely the pixel one line before 
the object pixel, i.e., the data at the output position of F/F 81-6, and 
the data of the pixels peripheral thereto. Though the details will be 
described later, each of the gate circuits 83-1 through 83-3 performs the 
following processing: It is determined what relationship the point at the 
center of the inputted 3.times.3 B-signal area has with the binary levels 
("0" or "1") of the eight neighboring points, or more specifically, 
whether the point at the center of the corresponding 3.times.3 area is 
isolated from the peripheral points and has a level of "0" or "1". Each of 
the gate circuits 83-1 through 83-3 outputs a signal S which represents, 
by a value of 0 through 4, the degree of isolation of the point at the 
center. The larger the value of the signal S, the greater the possibility 
that the central pixel is a screen pixel. Conversely, if the value of the 
signal S is 0, the possibility that the central pixel is part of a 
character or line is high. The reason for this is that a character or line 
is a collection of dots connected in one dimension. However, whether or 
not the central point is part of a character or line cannot always be 
judged from just one point. Accordingly, the values S which indicate the 
degrees of isolation assigned pixel by pixel are added up in two 
dimensions to make the aforementioned judgment. In other words, the 
judgment is made using multivalued data representing degree of isolation. 
First, the signals S each indicative of three pixels in the line direction 
are added by an adder 85-1, and the sum is successively delayed one pixel 
and held by each of F/Fs 84-1 through 84-6. The output of adder 85-1 and 
the outputs of the F/Fs 84-1 through 84-6 are added by an adder 85-2. 
Assuming that the pixel delayed by two lines and four pixels from the most 
recently inputted image data is taken as the position of the object pixel, 
the adder 85-2 obtains the sum Pf of the data S composed of 3.times.7 
pixels, the center of which is the object pixel. The characteristic 
quantity Pf signifies a two-dimensional spatial frequency. That is, the 
larger the sum Pf, the greater the "0".rarw..fwdarw."1" reversal of the 
value of the binary data B in the neighborhood of the object pixel. Stated 
more simply, this means that the spatial frequency is high and that there 
are many two-dimensionally isolated dots. In other words, if the 
characteristic quantity P is small, there is a high possibility that the 
position of the object pixel is not on a screen. 
E=1 when Pf.ltoreq.K, C=1 and B=1 hold 
E=0 at all other times 
Accordingly, the value of Pf is compared with a predetermined constant K 
(4-5) by a comparator 86, and an AND gate 87 takes the AND between the 
position of the object pixel, namely a binary signal C obtained by a 
two-line delay via memories 80-5, 80-6 and a four-pixel delay via F/Fs 
82-1 through 82-4, and the binary signal B at the same position. If the 
output E of the AND gate 87 is "1", then the position of the object pixel 
is judged to be on part of a black character or line. 
The signal E and the signal B, which is delayed from the position of the 
object pixel by one line and also by two pixels via F/Fs 89-1 and 89-2, 
enter a black-signal generating unit 88. This produces the black-character 
signals KB and KW, which are the final outputs of the black-character 
detector 6. 
The internal structure of the gate circuits 83-1 through 83-1 will now be 
described. Since these gate circuits are identical, only the internal 
structure of gate circuit 83-1, shown in FIG. 6, will be illustrated and 
described here. 
As shown in FIG. 6, a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h neighboring a central pixel i 
are the output signals B from the memories 80-1 and 80-2 and from the F/Fs 
81-1 through 81-5. Exclusive-OR (hereinafter referred to as "EX-OR") gates 
831-1 and 831-2 detect whether the object pixel i has reversed in the 
a-i-h direction. In other words, when the outputs of the EX-OR gates 831-1 
and 831-2 are both "1", the output of an AND gate 832-1 is "1". When the 
output of the AND gate 832-1 is "1", this means that the object pixel i is 
isolated in the a-i-h direction. Similarly, EX-OR gates 831-3, 831-4 and 
an AND gate 832-2; EX-OR gates 831-5, 831-6 and an AND gate 832-3; and 
EX-OR gates 831-7, 831-8 and an AND gate 832-4 decide whether the object 
pixel is isolated in the c-i-f, b-i-g and d-i-e directions, respectively. 
AND gates 833-1, 833-2 and an OR gate 834 detect whether the object pixel 
remains at the same level "0" or "1" continuously in the b-i-g (vertical) 
direction or d-i-e (horizontal) direction. When the "0" or "1" level 
continues in the vertical or horizontal direction, the output of OR gate 
834 becomes "0". This signal is supplied to the input terminal of each of 
AND gates 835-1 through 835-4. These AND gates take the AND between this 
input signal and the respective outputs of the aforementioned AND gates 
832-1 through 832-4, and they output the result to an adder 836, which 
calculates the sum. Thus, the signal S indicative of the values of 0 
through 4 is obtained. 
The physical meaning of the conditions determined by the AND gates 833-1, 
833-2 and OR gate 834 is that continuity in perpendicular directions is 
being investigated on the plane of the drawing (the surface of an original 
or recording paper). In other words, since generally there is a high 
possibility that a character or the like will be connected by 
perpendicular line segments, the aforementioned AND gates and OR gate are 
provided to prepare for this. Accordingly, when there is continuity in 
both the horizontal and vertical directions, S=0 holds and the 
characteristic quantity Pf is reduced. As for the value of Pf, it is 
preferred that the area over which addition is performed be large, i.e., 
on the order to a block of 7.times.7 pixels. More specifically, a larger 
area makes it possible to identify a character at a higher definition. It 
should be noted, however, that the block shape of this block size is not 
limited to the foregoing example but can be set appropriately in 
conformity with detection accuracy and the like. 
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the black-character signal 
generating unit 88 of FIG. 5. This will be described in detail. 
Though already mentioned above, the purpose of the black-character signal 
generating unit 88 is to output signal KB=1 when the object pixel in on 
part of a black character or line; signal KW=1 when the object pixel is 
not on a black portion but is close to a black character or line (adjacent 
thereto according to this embodiment); and signal KB=KW=0 in all other 
cases. 
The one-bit signals E and B enter the black-character signal generating 
unit 88, and the signal E is delayed one line and then by one pixel by 
each of F/Fs 880-1 through 880-5. If the position of the object pixel is 
assumed to be the output of the F/F 880-3, then an OR gate 881 will 
deliver a "1" output when any of the eight pixels neighboring the object 
pixel is E=1. Accordingly, the signal KW is obtained if the signal B 
enters an AND gate 882 upon changing state after it is delayed by an F/F 
880-7 so as to be synchronized to the position of the object pixel. 
This ends the description of the black-character detector 6 shown in FIG. 
1. 
Recording-Signal Controller 4 
The recording-signal controller 4 shown in FIG. 1 will now be described. 
The processing executed by the recording-signal controller 4 of this 
embodiment will be described first. 
FIG. 8A illustrates the contents of a correction applied to the ternary 
signals C, M, Y inputted from the ternary converters 3-1 through 3-3. This 
is based upon the signals KB, KW outputted by the black-character detector 
6 described above. FIG. 8B illustrates the contents of a correction 
applied to the ternary signal K from the ternary converter 3-4. 
As shown in these drawings, when the logical level of the signal KB 
regarding the object pixel is "1", i.e., when the object pixel is part of 
a black character or line and is on the edge thereof, the recording 
control signal of the object pixel is controlled to a K-signal full dot 
(CKf=1) regardless of whether the recording control signal from each 
ternary converter is a full dot or a half dot. With regard to the C-, M- 
and Y-color dots at this time, recording of these color components is 
halted. The significance of this arrangement is that characters and lines 
can be recorded using full dots. Recording can be performed with assurance 
in the color black, and the recording can be made distinct. 
When KW=1 holds, namely when the object pixel is not part of a black 
character or line but is in close proximity thereto, the recording color 
signals C, M, Y from the ternary converts are converted into half dots if 
they are full dots; if they are half dots, recording is halted. The 
purpose of processing when K=1 holds is to improve the clarity of a black 
character or line by reducing the density of each color portion in close 
proximity to the black character or line. 
If the recording color signal from each ternary converter is "0" (no dot), 
C, M and Y become 0 (no dot) except when KB=1 holds. However, in a case 
where the judgment accuracy of the signal KB, which indicates that the 
object pixel is part of a black character, is not high, it is permissible 
to adopt an arrangement in which the recording color signals are made to 
indicate no dot even if KB=1 holds. 
FIG. 11 is a detailed circuit diagram of the recording-signal controller 4 
when it is adapted to realize the processing of FIGS. 8A, 8B described 
above. 
As shown in FIG. 11, the signals Cf, Mf, Yf, Kf are bit signals indicative 
of full dots in the ternary data obtained from respective ones of the 
ternary converters 3-1 through 3-4. Signals Ch, Mh, Yh and Kh are bit 
signals indicative of half dots in the respective items of ternary data. 
First, a case where KB=1, KW=0 holds (the condition KB=KW=1 is not 
possible, as described earlier) will be described. A black full dot, 
namely CKf, is outputted by an OR gate 45 irrespective of Kf, and gates 
41-1, 41-2, 41-3 deliver "0" outputs (CCf=CMf=CYf=0). OR gates 44-1, 44-2, 
44-3, which produce half-dot signals, all output "0". 
In a case where KW=1, KB=0 holds, the signals indicative of black 
components Kf, Kh remain at their inputted levels and are outputted as 
CKf, CKh by AND gates 45,46, respectively. Further, at this time gates 
41-1, 41-2, 41-3 are closed to signals Cf, Mf, Yf irrespective of their 
logic levels, and therefore the corresponding outputs CCf, CMf, CYf all 
become "0". However, since gates 43-1, 43-2, 43-3 corresponding to the 
signals Cf, Mf, Yf are open, the signals Cf, Mf, Yf are outputted as 
signals CCh, CMh, CYh, respectively. Since the gates 42-1, 42-2, 42-3 are 
closed, the signals Cf, Mf, Yf are not delivered as outputs. 
When the condition KB=0, KW=0 holds, the gates 41-1, 41-2, 41-3 are open 
and therefore the signals Cf, Mf, Yf are outputted intact. Since the gates 
42-1, 42-2, 42-3 are closed and gates 43-1, 43-2, 43-3 are open, the 
signals Ch, Mh, Yh are outputted directly as CCh, CMh, CYh, respectively. 
Description of Recording Unit 5 
The construction of the recording unit 5 of FIG. 1 will now be described. 
Though the recording unit 5 of this embodiment is applicable to various 
recording methods such as thermal-transfer recording and electrostatic 
recording, an ink-jet printer will be taken as an example, as described 
earlier. Accordingly, a case in which the apparatus of the invention 
employs an ink-jet recording unit will be described below. 
FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating parts peripheral to the head of 
an ink-jet recording unit which employs heating elements. 
Numeral 51 denotes a head unit having a total of eight nozzles 52. More 
specifically, the head unit 51 has a nozzle 52KK, which corresponds to the 
signal CKf, for discharging liquid droplets of dark black ink; a nozzle 
52KA, which corresponds to the signal CKh, for discharging liquid droplets 
of light black ink; a nozzle 52YK, which corresponds to the signal CYf, 
for discharging dark yellow ink; a nozzle 52YK, which corresponds to the 
signal CYh, for discharging light yellow ink; a nozzle 52MK, which 
corresponds to the signal CMf, for discharging dark magenta ink; a nozzle 
52MA, which corresponds to the signal CMh, for discharging light magenta 
ink; a nozzle 52CK, which corresponds to the signal CCf, for discharging 
dark cyan ink; and a nozzle 52CA, which corresponds to the signal CCh, for 
discharging light cyan ink. 
Numeral 53 denotes an ink supply tube for supplying ink to a corresponding 
nozzle, and numerals 54KK, 54KA, 54YK, 54YA, 54CK, 54CA, 54MK, 54MA 
designate eight main tanks corresponding to the aforementioned nozzles. 
FIG. 15 shows the cross-sectional structure of one of the nozzles 52. The 
nozzle 52 has an upper plate 55, a bottom plate 56, a heating element 57 
and an orifice 58. Ink is shown at numeral 59. 
When a voltage is impressed upon the heating element 57, the temperature 
thereof rises sharply and an air bubble is formed about the periphery of 
the element. When the voltage is removed, the air bubble contracts. Owing 
to the action of such bubble formation and contraction, the ink in the 
vicinity of the orifice 58 is discharged from the orifice. 
The recording head is of the so-called "bubble-jet type", in which a change 
in state such as that in film boiling or the like is produced in the ink 
by thermal energy to produce a bubble. The bubble is used to discharge ink 
from the discharge port (the nozzle) toward the recording medium so as to 
record a character, image or the like. The recording head is such that the 
size of the heating resistor (heater) provided in each nozzle is much 
smaller than the piezoelectric element used in conventional ink-jet 
recording, thus making it possible to group the nozzles closer together. 
As a result, a recorded image of high quality can be obtained, high speed 
can be realized and noise reduced. 
Though only one head is provided for one type of coloring material, it is 
of course possible to provide a number of heads in the auxiliary scanning 
direction. In such case, a buffer memory should be provided to temporarily 
hold each recording signal produced, and recording should be started when 
storage of the control signals in the buffer memory has ended. 
As illustrated in FIG. 16, a head unit 101 has a number of ink-jet heads, 
which are arranged in the auxiliary scanning direction, for one type of 
colorant. The head unit 101 has a total of eight heads, namely heads for 
high- and low-density black, high- and low-density yellow, high- and 
low-density cyan and high- and low-density magenta. Numeral 107 denotes an 
ink tank for each head unit, and numeral 109 a signal line. Numeral 104 
denotes a carriage drive motor which, in cooperation with a conveyor belt, 
causes a carriage 105 on which the head units are mounted to perform 
scanning motion along rails 103. Also shown in FIG. 16 are recording paper 
106, a platen 120, paper conveying rollers 111, 112, a roll 113 of the 
recording paper, and a guide roller 114. 
Though each head unit 101 comprises a plurality of ink-jet heads utilizing 
heating elements, as shown in FIG. 15, it is of course permissible to use 
ink-jet heads that employ electromechanical converting means such a 
piezoelectric elements. 
In this embodiment, recording is performed using either dark ink or light 
ink. However, an arrangement can be adopted in which both light and dark 
inks are used to make possible four-valued processing. In other words, 
using dark ink, light ink, both dark and light ink, and using neither ink 
make it possible to effect four-valued processing. Further, inks whose 
densities have m stages can be prepared to make possible m-valued 
processing. 
In this embodiment, full dots are made to correspond to dark ink, and half 
dots are made to correspond to light ink. However, if the recording 
elements are such that dot size can be modulated, the size of dot diameter 
can be made to correspond to the particular ink density. In this case, dot 
size can be varied in m stages to make m-valued processing possible. This 
will be described hereafter. 
Thus, in accordance with the embodiment described above, when an object 
pixel is situated on the end portion of a black character of line, the C, 
M, Y inks are not used unconditionally; rather, recording is performed 
using black full dots only. When the object pixel is not on a black 
character or line but is situated in close proximity to a black character 
or line, recording is performed in such a manner that density is reduced 
with regard to the C, M, Y color components. 
Description of Other Example of Black-Signal Generator 
FIG. 3C is a block diagram illustrating another example of the black-signal 
generator 31 within the black-character detector 6. In the black-signal 
generator 31 of FIG. 3A, the chromaticity suppressing constant is the 
fixed value .alpha. regardless of the gray component max(R,G,B). However, 
since there is a great deal of chromaticity the larger the gray component, 
namely the brighter the gray component, the degree of chromaticity 
suppression should be increased the greater the degree of brightness. 
Accordingly, in order to realize this, the arrangement of FIG. 3C is such 
that a black signal d of high contrast is produced in accordance with the 
following equation: 
##EQU1## 
A multiplier 661 multiplies the value of max(R,G,B) -min(R,G,B) obtained 
from subtracter 63 by the output max(R,G,B) of the maximum-value detector 
61, and the resulting product is divided by the constant .beta. in a 
divider 662. The value of constant .beta. should be on the order of 128. 
Further, the product outputted by the divider 662 is applied to the adder 
64, where it is added to max(R,G,B). The limiter 65 limits the output of 
adder 64 to a maximum of "255". 
Further, in FIG. 3C, the degree of chromaticity is defined as the 
difference between max (R,G,B) and min (R,G,B), and suppression thereof is 
performed by the adding operation. However, the degree of chromaticity can 
be defined as the ratio of max (R,G,B) to min (R,G,B), and suppression can 
be performed by applying multiplication to max(R,G,B). In other words, 
##EQU2## 
FIG. 3D is a block diagram showing an example of the black-signal generator 
31 that is capable of realizing this. 
Here the constant .gamma. should be on the order of "63". In accordance 
with the equation given above, the larger the gray component, i.e., the 
greater the brightness, the greater the effectiveness of chromaticity 
suppression. In a case where max (R,G,B) and min (R,G,B) are both small, 
the degree of suppression is reduced depending upon the constant .gamma.. 
Accordingly, even if the black component takes on some chromaticity, the 
value of the black signal d does not become large and it is possible for 
the black signal to be produced with a higher contrast. 
In FIG. 3D, an adder 663 adds the constant .gamma. to the output value of 
the minimum-value detector 62, and a divider 664 divides the output of the 
maximum-value detector 61 by the sum from the adder 663. Thereafter, a 
multiplier 665 multiplies max(R,G,B) by the output of divider 664. 
The algorithm for suppressing the chromaticity from the R, G and B data and 
generating the black signal d indicative of the degree of blackishness is 
not limited to the arrangement of FIG. 3A described earlier. In addition, 
though R, G, B are used as the signals in black-signal generation, it goes 
without saying that the same effects can be obtained even if 
color-component signals other than Y, M, C are used as the recording 
colors. 
Description of the Second Embodiment 
FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating the black-character detector 6 
according to the second embodiment. FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram 
illustrating the recording-signal controller 4 according to the second 
embodiment. 
In addition to the components of the first embodiment, the second 
embodiment is newly provided with a mean-value arithmetic unit 34 for 
calculating a mean value BGm of luminance in a prescribed area from input 
signals R, G, B, and a binarizer 35 for binarizing the mean value BGm, as 
shown in FIG. 2B. The recording-signal controller 4 of FIG. 12 uses binary 
signal BGm, which indicates the background density level, as well as the 
black-character detection signals KB, KW, to control the ternary recording 
signal outputted by each ternary converter and generate ternary recording 
signals actually recorded. 
The mean-value arithmetic unit 34 outputs the results of computation given 
by the following equation: 
##EQU3## 
The mean value BGm is calculated whenever new pixel data RGB enters. This 
value is the mean value of the sum of the color components in a 
(6.times.6)-pixel area the center of which is the object pixel. This value 
represents the density of the background where the object pixel is 
located. 
The binarizer 35 generates a decision signal BG in accordance with the 
following standard and outputs the signal: 
BG=1 (the background has an image) when BGm&lt;A holds; 
BG=0 (white background) when BGm.ltoreq.A holds. 
The operation of the recording-signal controller 4 of FIG. 12 in accordance 
with the second embodiment will now be described with reference to FIGS. 
9A and 9B. 
According to the second embodiment, the object pixel is located on a 
colored image if KW=1 holds when BG=1 is in effect. When the object pixel 
is in close proximity to a black character or line, full dots among the C, 
M, Y color dots are converted into half dots and recording is suspended in 
case of half dots, just as in FIGS. 8A and 8B. 
However, in a case where BG=0, namely in a case where the object pixel is 
on a white area and located in close proximity to a black character or 
line, all of the C, M, Y color dots are controlled so as to suspend 
recording even if KW=1 holds. 
Accordingly, in comparison with the first embodiment, color dots on a 
colored background and in close proximity to a black character or line are 
completely suppressed, to make recording possible. 
In order to realize this, the recording-signal controller 4 according to 
the second embodiment has the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 12. This 
circuitry differs from that of FIG. 11 in that the AND gates 43-1, 43-2, 
43-3 of FIG. 11 are replaced by AND gates 45-1, 45-2, 45-3, to which the 
BG signal is supplied. 
Description of the Third Embodiment 
According to the first and second embodiments, the ternary signals to be 
recorded are controlled by the one-bit signals KB, KW. In the third 
embodiment, KB is expressed by a ternary value of (KB1, KB2), and KW is 
expressed by a ternary value of (KW1, KW2). As a result, more accurate 
control is realized. 
FIG. 2C is a block diagram showing the black-character detector 6 according 
to the third embodiment, and FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the 
recording-signal controller according to the third embodiment. 
The difference between the black-character detector 6 of the third 
embodiment and that of the first embodiment resides in the discriminator 
33. Specifically, the Pf value obtained by the adder 85-2 in the 
discriminator 33 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5 is converted into 
a ternary value to produce KB1, KB2. In other words, operation is as 
follows: 
KB1=1, KB2=0 when 0.ltoreq.Pf&lt;K1 holds; 
KB1=0, KB2=1 when K1.ltoreq.Pf&lt;K2 holds; and 
KB1=0, KB2=0 when K2.ltoreq.Pf holds. 
In the foregoing, it is assumed that K1=8, K2=14 hold. 
In case of KB1=1, it is determined that the object pixel is completely off 
a screen image. In case of KB1=0, KB2=0, it is determined that the object 
pixel is in a screen image of pixels which form a shaded area. In a case 
of KB2=1, it is determined that the object pixel is situated on a gray 
character or on the edge of a gray character in this intermediate state. 
Accordingly, control of the recording signals C, M, Y, K based on the 
signals KB1, KB2 and the signals KW1, KW2 adjacent these is as shown in 
FIGS. 10A through 10D. 
As is evident from FIG. 10A, recording in the colors C, M, Y is suspended, 
irrespective of the values of the recording color signals C, M, Y, when 
KW1=1 holds, namely when the position of the object pixel is not on part 
of a black character or line but a black character or line resides close 
to this pixel with certainty. Further, as shown in FIG. 10B, in a case 
where an F-dot (full-dot) signal is present on the recording color 
component at the position of the object pixel when KW2=1, KW1=1 hold, the 
F dot is converted into an H dot (half dot). When the H dot is present, 
recording thereof is suspended. 
Control based upon KB1 and KW1 in FIG. 10C is the same as in FIG. 8B in the 
first embodiment and FIG. 9B in the second embodiment. Control of KB2, KW2 
becomes as shown in FIG. 10D. More specifically, when KB2=1 holds, 
recording is performed with an H dot irrespective of the ternary state of 
the K signal. Accordingly, with regard to the object pixel when KB2=1, 
KW2=1 hold, recording with a half dot of the black signal becomes possible 
without disturbing the background image in a case where the character is 
in an image. Further, recording with a half dot of the black signal 
becomes possible up to more slender portions in comparison with the second 
embodiment in a case where the character in on white background. As a 
result, higher quality recording is possible. An example of a circuit for 
performing the control shown in FIGS. 10A through 10D is as illustrated in 
FIG. 13. 
Description of the Fourth Embodiment 
The recording unit 5 in each of the foregoing embodiments has two heads, 
namely a dark-ink head and a light ink head, for each of the color 
components C, M, Y and K (for a total of eight recording heads). In 
addition, the number of types of ink is the same as the number of heads. 
However, the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement. 
In the fourth embodiment, an example is described in which shading can be 
reproduced using a single head. 
In principle, the number of ink droplets discharged from a head is 
controlled to reproduce shading. The amount of ink involved when one ink 
droplet is discharged at the same location differs from that when two ink 
droplets are discharged. Naturally, the larger the number of discharges, 
the wider the spread of the ink and the larger the dot diameter. This 
embodiment attempts to utilize this phenomenon. Stated more simply, dots 
are printed in overlapping fashion. 
As shown in FIGS. 17(A) through (C), when the discharge signal S of the 
ink-jet printer is applied continuously to a heating element within nozzle 
170, the nozzle discharges ink droplets 172 the number of which 
corresponds to the number of pulses in the discharge signal S. As a 
result, these ink droplets attach themselves to the same position on the 
recording paper. Accordingly, the ink solutions spread on the recording 
paper and the dot diameter enlarges while the inks mix with one another. 
As the dot diameter grows, the density of the printed dot itself, 
indicated at numeral 172, rises owing to the overlapping of the inks, and 
it is possible to reproduce tones by both area and actual density. 
However, it is necessary to place a limit upon the number of pulses. The 
reason for this is that there is a limit upon the amount of liquid the 
recording paper can absorb. If the amount of ink is too large, drying will 
be delayed and adjacent dots of ink may run together in some cases. Good 
results cannot be obtained when this occurs. 
An example in which the number of ink droplets superimposed is made zero to 
three will be described below. 
FIG. 18 is a block diagram showing the apparatus of the fourth embodiment. 
The basic construction is almost the same as that of FIG. 1. According to 
the fourth embodiment, the black-character detector 6 of the third 
embodiment is employed, and the signals KB1, KB2, KW1, KW2 are used as the 
detected results. Quaternary converters 303-1 through 303-4 are provided 
instead of the ternary converters 3-1 through 3-4. Two-bit pixel data of 
each of the quaternary-converted colors Y, M, C, K is operated upon in the 
recording-signal controller 4 in dependence upon the four-bit output 
signal from the black-character detector 6. 
The operation of the recording-signal controller 4 will now be described 
with reference to FIG. 19. 
In accordance with the fourth embodiment, a four-valued tone image can be 
recorded using one recording head for each of the colors Y, M, C and K. 
Moreover, since this can be realized by one recording head for each color 
component, the apparatus can be simplified and cost can be reduced. 
The meaning of FIGS. 19A through 19D is as follows: 
When KB=1 holds, namely when the object pixel clearly is on part of a black 
character or line, the recording-control signal of each of the color 
components C, M, Y is "0" regardless of what the four-valued data is. In 
other words, the C-, M-, Y-ink droplets are not discharged, and 
ink-discharge signals are outputted the maximum (=3) number of times with 
regard to the head for black ink. 
When KW1=1 holds, namely when the object pixel clearly is not on a black 
portion and is in close proximity to a black character or line, the 
discharge signals for the ink droplets corresponding to C, M and Y are not 
produced. Discharge signals, the number of which corresponds to the 
four-valued K-component data, are outputted. 
When KB2=1 holds, the C-, M- and Y-components are moderated and the maximum 
number of ink-discharge signals are produced for the K component. 
When KW2=1 holds, the C, M and Y components are moderated and discharge 
signals, the number of which corresponds to the four-valued K-component 
data, are outputted for the K component. 
In the fourth embodiment described above, dot diameter and the density of 
the dot itself are changed, so as to express tones, by changing the number 
of times ink droplets are discharged. However, it is possible also to 
change dot density without altering dot diameter. 
FIGS. 20(A) through (C) illustrate the dot-diameter relationship when the 
interval from discharge of the first ink droplet to discharge of the 
second ink droplet differs. Specifically, FIG. 20 shows that when the 
discharge interval is lengthened, dot density increases. In addition, 
since the second droplet discharge takes place after the ink droplet 
discharged first has had enough time to sink in, dot growth due to 
discharge of the second ink droplet is rapid. As a result, it is possible 
to form a dot having multiple densities while reducing the degree of 
dot-diameter growth. If interval t3 in which the growth of dot diameter is 
reduced is adequate, no problems are encountered. However, this will 
reduce traveling speed of the carriage and slow down recording speed. 
Accordingly, though the interval 3t preferably is as short as possible, 
the interval is decided depending upon the environment (temperature and 
humidity) in which the apparatus is installed, the recording paper 
material and the composition of the ink solution, and should be corrected 
appropriately in conformity with these factors. 
In the first through fourth embodiments set forth above, examples are 
described in which the apparatus performs three- or four-valued 
pseudo-half-tone processing. However, the present invention is not limited 
to these arrangements and can be applied to two-valued pseudo-half-tone 
processing or pseudo-half-tone processing based on five or more values. 
Further, the processing of the present invention is applicable also to a 
mean-density preservation method in addition to the error-diffusion method 
and dither method, and results similar to those of the foregoing 
embodiments can be obtained. 
The construction of the black-character detector is not limited to that of 
the present invention. For example, a Laplacian can be treated as a 
threshold value, and a Pf value and KB, KW signals similar to those of the 
foregoing embodiments can be obtained from this array. 
Further, the multivalued recording means of the recording unit 5 in the 
present invention is not limited to an ink-jet recording unit which 
discharges ink having the foregoing shades and reproduces shades by a 
number of ink-discharge operations. The invention is applicable also to 
laser printers and printers which use a shade reproduction method typified 
by pulse-width modulation in thermal recording. 
In addition, printers capable of color recording, such as color ink-jet 
printers, color thermal-transfer printers, color-dot printers and color 
laser-beam printers, can be used as the printer for outputting the 
recording signals produced in the manner described above. 
The present invention is particularly effective when applied to a printer 
using a head of the type which discharges ink droplets by utilizing film 
boiling produced by thermal energy, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,723,129 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,740,793. 
The arithmetic circuits described above can be realized by computer 
software capable of performing the aforementioned arithmetic operations 
using a ROM, a RAM, etc. 
Further, the image data can be entered not only by a CCD line sensor but 
also from a host computer via an interface, or from an external storage 
device (e.g., a floppy disk). 
Further, slender black lines are not the only slender lines that can be 
identified. For example, slender lines in the color red or blue can be 
discriminated by preparing red and blue as the recording colors. 
In accordance with the above-described embodiments, the invention has the 
following effects applied to the recording of color signals, which have a 
small number of bits, obtained from inputted color-component signals: 
1. The black-character portions and fine black line portions of an original 
image can be recorded and expressed in blacker color and with higher 
definition. 
2. The foregoing effect can be obtained without disturbing the image in the 
proximity of a gray edge in an ordinary image. 
ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention as described 
above, excellent images can be produced in which characters and lines of a 
prescribed color are made to stand out from a neighboring image, and in 
which the characters and lines of the prescribed color will not undergo 
color displacement. 
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention as described 
above, characters and lines of a prescribed color are made relatively 
conspicuous without reducing the density of an image portion neighboring 
the character or line. 
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention as described 
above, excellent images are produced in which characters and lines of a 
prescribed color are made to stand out from both their inner and outer 
sides, and in which the characters and lines of the prescribed color do 
not undergo color displacement. 
As many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention 
can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to 
be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific 
embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims.