Film deposition apparatus with anti-adhesion film and chamber cooling means

An anti-adhesion film, which is difficult for the deposited film to adhere thereto, is formed on the inner surface of a process chamber. A process gas is supplied from a gas supply unit to that position in the process chamber which is opposed to a table, whereupon a metal film or metallic compound film is deposited on the surface of the object. In the film deposition process, the anti-adhesion film serves considerably to reduce the build-up of the metal film deposited on the inner surface of the process chamber, especially that surface of the gas supply unit which is opposed to the table. Although at least a maintenance operation such as wet cleaning is necessary, therefore, the frequency of such operation can be lowered substantially, so that the operating efficiency of the apparatus can be improved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to a film deposition apparatus and a film 
deposition method for depositing, for example, a metal film. 
2. Information of the Related Art 
In a conventional process for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated 
circuit, a metal or metallic compound, such as W (tungsten), WSi (tungsten 
silicide), Ti (titanium), TiN (titanium nitride), or TiSi (titanium 
silicide), is deposited to form a film on the surface of a semiconductor 
wafer, as an object to be processed, in order to form a wiring pattern on 
the wafer surface or fill up indentations between wires and the like. 
There are three known methods for depositing metal films of this type, 
H.sub.2 (hydrogen) reduction method, SiH.sub.4 (silane) reduction method, 
and SiH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (dichlorosilane) reduction method. The SiH.sub.2 
Cl.sub.2 reduction method is a method in which a W or WSi film for a 
wiring pattern is deposited at a high temperature of about 600.degree. C. 
by using dichlorosilane as a reducing gas. The SiH.sub.4 reduction method 
is a method in which a W or WSi film for a wiring pattern is deposited at 
a lower temperature of about 370 to 400.degree. C. by using silane as a 
reducing gas. 
Further, the H.sub.2 reduction method is a method in which a W film for 
filling up indentations or the like between interconnections on the wafer 
surface is deposited at a temperature of about 400 to 430.degree. C. by 
using hydrogen as a reducing gas. 
For example, WF.sub.6 (tungsten hexafluoride) is used in any of the methods 
described above. 
FIG. 4 shows a conventional film deposition apparatus for depositing a 
metal film. A thin table 4 formed of a carbon material or aluminum 
compound is arranged in a cylindrical process chamber 2 formed of aluminum 
or the like. Heater 8, e.g., halogen lamps, is located under the table 4 
with a diathermanous window 6 of quartz between them. 
Heat rays emitted from the heater 8 are transmitted through the 
diathermanous window 6, and reach and heat the table 4, thereby indirectly 
heating to and keeping a semiconductor wafer W on the table at a 
predetermined temperature. At the same time, a process gas, e.g., WF.sub.6 
or SiH.sub.4, is fed equally onto the wafer surface from a shower head 10 
which is located over the table 4, whereupon a metal film of W or Wsi is 
deposited on the wafer surface. 
In this case, the metal film is deposited not only on the wafer surface, 
but also on structures in the process chamber, e.g., the chamber wall, 
shower head surface, and clamp ring (not shown) and other members 
surrounding the wafer. If the resulting deposited film is separated, it is 
reduced to particles and causes reduction in the yield of wafer 
production. To avoid this, the deposit film of extra W or WSi adhering to 
the surfaces of the internal structures is removed by introducing 
ClF.sub.3 as a cleaning gas after the process of every predetermined 
number of wafers, e.g., 25 wafers. 
As the wafers are carried into or from the process chamber, a small 
quantity of water gets into the chamber. Oxygen generated by the 
resolution of the entrapped water reacts with tungsten to form an oxide. 
Thereupon, the oxide adheres to the bottom face of shower head 10 which is 
exposed to a specially high temperature. 
This tungsten oxide is a stable substance which cannot be thoroughly 
removed by the ClF.sub.3 gas which is used in dry cleaning. It is 
necessary, therefore, to disassemble the whole apparatus and carry out wet 
cleaning after the process of, for example, every 1,000 wafers. Thus, the 
frequency of such an elaborate maintenance operation is increased, so that 
the operating efficiency of the apparatus is lowered substantially. 
Disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication (Kokai) No. 3-29324 is a 
plate which has good adhesion to a metal film and the like, and is 
attached to the inner wall of a process chamber, whereby the maintenance 
operation is eased. However, this plate is formed of a metal, such as 
stainless steel, and positively captures a deposit film which produces 
particles, thus failing to be a very effective measure to solve the 
problem. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The object of the present invention is to provide a film deposition 
apparatus and a film deposition method, in which an anti-adhesion film is 
formed on the surface of a shower head or the like so that the frequency 
of a wet cleaning operation can be lowered. 
According to the present invention, there is provided a film deposition 
apparatus for depositing a metal film or metallic compound film on the 
surface of an object to be processed, comprising: 
a chamber structure, defining a process chamber for depositing the film on 
the object, and including a table for carrying thereon the object in the 
process chamber; 
a gas supply unit for supplying a process gas to that position in the 
process chamber which is opposed to the table, thereby depositing the 
metal film or metallic compound film on the surface of the object; and 
an anti-adhesion film, formed on the inner surface in the process chamber, 
and making it difficult for the deposited film to adhere thereon. 
In summary, according to the present invention, the anti-adhesion film 
serves considerably to reduce the build-up of the metal film (or metallic 
compound film, to be repeated in the following) deposited on the inner 
surface in the process chamber, especially that surface of the gas supply 
unit which is opposed to the table, in a film deposition process. The 
principle on which the build-up of the metal film can be reduced will be 
described later. 
Although at least a maintenance operation such as wet cleaning is 
necessary, therefore, the frequency of such operation can be lowered 
substantially, so that the operating efficiency of the apparatus can be 
improved. 
In this case, the deposition of the metal film can be further restrained, 
when the chamber structure, e.g., the gas supply unit, is formed from a 
material with good thermal conductivity, and it is provided with cooling 
means for cooling the surface of the gas supply unit. 
An oxide, such as quartz, alumina, or Alumite (anodized aluminum), may be 
used for the anti-adhesion film. A quartz film, in particular, can 
efficiently restrain the adhesion or deposition of the metal film. 
Furthermore, the structure in the process chamber, e.g., a wall which 
defines the process chamber, may be formed of the aforesaid material, 
e.g., alumina, which is difficult for the deposited object to adhere.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will become understood from 
the following detailed description referring to the accompanying drawings. 
FIGS. 1 and 2 show one embodiment of a film deposition apparatus 12 
according to the present invention, and FIG. 4 shows a prior art film 
deposition apparatus. Like reference numerals are used to designate like 
portions throughout the drawings. 
The film deposition apparatus 12 comprises a cylindrical or box-shaped 
process chamber 2 formed of, e.g., aluminum. In the process chamber 2, a 
table 4 for carrying thereon a semiconductor wafer W as an object to be 
processed is mounted, by means of a retaining member 16 having, e.g., an 
L-shaped profile, on a support post 14 which is set up on the base of the 
process chamber. The support post 14 and the retaining member 16 are 
formed of a diathermanous material, e.g., quartz, while the table 4 is 
formed of a carbon material, aluminum compound or other material with a 
thickness of about 1 mm. 
Under the table 4, a plurality of lifter pins 18, e.g., three pins, 
protrude upward from a support member 20. As the support member 20 is 
moved up and down by means of a push-up rod 22 which penetrates the base 
of the process chamber 2, the wafer W can be lifted by passing the lifter 
pins 18 through lifter pin holes 24 which are bored through the table 4. 
The lower end of the push-up rod 22 is connected to an actuator 28 by means 
of a flexible bellows 26 in order to keep the process chamber 2 airtight 
inside. 
Located over the peripheral edge portion of the table 4 is a ceramic clamp 
ring 30 which is used to hold the peripheral edge portion of the wafer W 
and fix it to the table 4. The clamp ring 30 is coupled to the retaining 
member 16 by means of support rods 32 which loosely penetrate the member 
16, and is liftable integrally with the lifter pins 18. A coil spring 33 
is fitted on that portion of each support rod 32 which is situated between 
the retaining member 16 and the support member 20, whereby the clamp ring 
30 and the like are assisted in descending, and clamping of the wafer W. 
The lifter pins 18, support member 20, and a retaining member 16 are also 
formed of a diathermanous material, such as quartz. 
An airtight diathermanous window 6 of a diathermanous material, such as 
quartz, is provided at the bottom portion of the process chamber 2. A 
box-shaped heating chamber 34 underlies the diathermanous window 6 so as 
to surround it. In the heating chamber 34, a plurality of heater lamps 8, 
e.g., four lamps, for use as a heater, are mounted on a turntable 36 which 
doubles as a reflector. The turntable 36 is rotated about a rotating shaft 
40 by means of a rotating motor 38 which is mounted on the base of the 
process chamber 2. Heat rays emitted from the heater lamps 8 can be 
transmitted through the diathermanous window 6 to irradiate the underside 
of the table 4, thereby heating the table 4. 
The side wall of the heating chamber 34 is provided with a cooling air 
inlet port 41, through which cooling air for cooling the inside of the 
chamber 34 and the diathermanous window 6, and a cooling air outlet port 
42, through which the air is discharged. 
A ring-shaped flow regulator plate 46 having a large number of flow 
regulator holes 44 is located around the table 4 so as to be supported by 
an annular support column 48. Provided on the inner peripheral side of the 
flow regulator plate 46 is a ring-shaped quartz attachment 47 which comes 
into contact with the outer peripheral portion of the clamp ring 30, 
thereby preventing gas from flowing down. Exhaust ports 50 are bored 
through that portion of the base of the process chamber 2 which is 
situated under the flow regulator plate 46. The exhaust ports 50 are 
connected individually with exhaust pipes 52 which are connected to a 
vacuum pump (not shown), whereby the process chamber 2 can be kept at a 
predetermined degree of vacuum (e.g., 100 to 10.sup.-6 Torr). 
A compartment wall 54 which defines the process chamber 2 is provided with 
a process chamber cooling jacket 56 which is formed by hollowing out the 
wall 54. The jacket 56 is provided with an inlet port 58 and an outlet 
port 60 for cooling water, whereby the inner wall of the process chamber 2 
is cooled lest deposits adhere to the wall. 
On the other hand, the top portion of the process chamber 2 which faces the 
table 4 is provided with a gas supply unit 62 which serves to introduce 
necessary gases, such as process and cleaning gases, into the chamber 2. 
More specifically, the gas supply unit 62 is in the form of a shower head, 
including a circular box-shaped head body 64 of, e.g., aluminum. A gas 
inlet port 66 is formed in the top portion of the head body 64. 
The gas inlet port 66 is connected with process gas sources 70 and 72 for 
WF.sub.6 and SiH.sub.4 and a cleaning gas source 74 for ClF.sub.3 by means 
of a gas pipe 68 and a plurality of branch pipes, individually. Flow 
control valves 70A, 72A and 74A and on-off valves 70B, 72B and 74B are 
inserted in the branch pipes, individually. As a reducing gas, H.sub.2 gas 
may be used in place of SiH.sub.4. 
The side wall of the head body 64 is provided with a water cooling jacket 
80 for use as cooling means which is formed by hollowing out the side wall 
in the shape of a ring. The jacket 80 serves to cool the surface of the 
head body 64, especially that side which faces the table 4. 
A bottom face 64A of the head body 64 which faces the table 4 has a large 
number of gas holes 76 through which the gas fed into the head body is 
discharged. The gas holes 76 are distributed uniformly in the same plane 
so that the gas can be discharged uniformly over the wafer surface. 
As is also shown in FIG. 2, the bottom face 64A of the head body 64 is 
entirely covered by an anti-adhesion film 78 which is difficult for the 
deposited film to adhere thereon and constitutes a feature of the present 
invention. The anti-adhesion film 78 may be formed of an insulating 
material, e.g., an oxide such as quartz (SiO.sub.2), alumina, or Alumite 
(anodized aluminum) obtained without the use of sodium. In consideration 
of the manufacturing cost and the like, quartz should be used with first 
priority. According to the present embodiment, therefore, quartz is used 
for the anti-adhesion film 78. The quartz film 78 may be formed by the 
ion-plating method in which the aluminum head body 64 is used as an 
electrode, for example. However, the way of forming the film 78 is not 
limited to this method. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, the reason will be described why a film of a metal 
or the like cannot easily adhere to the anti-adhesion film 78 which is 
formed of an insulating material (e.g., oxide). 
A material gas which combines SiH.sub.4 or H.sub.2 with WF.sub.6 is used in 
the CVD selective growth of tungsten. In this system, there are two 
coexisting reactions for the formation of nuclei of tungsten which serve 
as the starting points of growth. In one of these reactions, the nuclei of 
tungsten are deposited in a manner such that electrons are supplied from a 
substrate to WF.sub.6 which is adsorbed by the surface of an electrically 
conductive material so that fluorine is dissociated. This reaction is 
bound for an electrically conductive material which involves electrons, 
and is also a cause for the selective growth. In the other reaction, the 
nuclei of tungsten are deposited in a manner such that WF.sub.6 is 
decomposed by reduction with SiH.sub.4 or H.sub.2. Any substrate material 
is available for this second reaction. Although both these reactions are 
caused on the conductive material, the reaction based on the electron 
supply is the principal one. 
On the insulating material, on the other hand, nuclei of tungsten 
repeatedly develop and disappear. When supersaturated tungsten finds a 
point of adsorption, the nuclei starts to grow even if no electrons are 
supplied from the substrate. However, the frequency of formation of nuclei 
is low, and it is a long time before the growth starts. Accordingly, it is 
hard for a film of a metal or the like to adhere to the anti-adhesion film 
78 which is formed of an insulating material (e.g., oxide). 
The reason why the time required before the start of the growth varies 
depending on the substrate material can be qualitatively explained on the 
basis of Mulliken's electronegativity. In a comparative test on four 
different insulating materials, tungsten grew on Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, 
Si.sub.3 N.sub.4, SiO.sub.2, and LiF with priority of ease in the order 
named. This priority order agrees with the fact that the lower the 
electronegativity of the material, the easier the growth of tungsten is, 
as shown in FIG. 3. Since there is no definition indicative of the 
electronegativity of a compound, a value obtained by halving the sum of 
the respective electronegativities of the elements is used herein 
according to Mulliken's proposal. Thus, it is also positively evident that 
a film of a metal or the like cannot easily adhere to the anti-adhesion 
film 78 which is formed of an insulating material (e.g., oxide). 
Further, the diameter (L1) of each gas hole 76 is as large as about 1.1 mm, 
while the thickness (L2) of the film 78 is much smaller, ranging from 
about 3 to 5 .mu.m. In forming the anti-adhesion film 78, therefore, there 
is no possibility of the gas holes 76 being blocked up. 
In order to prevent the adhesion of the film, it may be advisable to form 
the whole head body 64 from quartz. In this case, however, the bottom face 
64A of the head body 64 which faces the table 4 cannot be fully cooled and 
is heated unduly, thus inevitably allowing adhesion of many deposits, 
since quartz has low thermal conductivity. Preferably, therefore, the head 
body 64 should be formed from a material with good thermal conductivity, 
such as aluminum, in consideration of the cooling efficiency. 
Two diffuser plates 84 and 86, each having a large number of gas dispersion 
holes 82, are arranged in layers, upper and lower, in the head body 64, 
whereby the gas can be supplied more uniformly to the wafer surface. 
The following is a description of the operation of the present embodiment 
constructed in this manner. 
First, in depositing a metal film on the wafer surface, a gate valve (not 
shown) attached to the compartment wall of the process chamber 2 is 
opened, and the wafer W is carried into the chamber 2 by means of a 
transfer arm and delivered to the lifter pins 18 by pushing up the pins 
18. Then, the push-up rod 22 is lowered to lower the lifter pins 18, 
thereby placing the wafer W on the table 4, and the rod 22 is further 
lowered to cause the peripheral edge portion of the wafer W to be pressed 
and fixed by the clamp ring 30. 
Subsequently, WF.sub.6 and SiH.sub.4 are supplied as process gases from the 
process gas sources 70 and 72 to the gas supply unit 62 and mixed therein. 
The gas mixture is fed equally into the process chamber 2 through the gas 
holes 76 in the bottom face of the head body 64. The rates of feed of 
WF.sub.6 and SiH.sub.4 range from 5 to 100 SCCM and from 10 to 300 SCCM, 
respectively, for example. At the same time, the process chamber 2 is 
evacuated to a predetermined degree of vacuum within the range of, e.g., 1 
to 50 Torr by sucking out the internal atmosphere from the chamber 2 
through the exhaust ports 50. Also, the heater lamps 8 in the heating 
chamber 34 are rotated as they are driven to release heat energy. 
After the emitted heat rays are transmitted through the diathermanous 
window 6, they are also transmitted through the quartz support member 20 
and the like, and irradiate and heat the underside of the table 4. The 
table 4, which is as thin as about 1 mm, as mentioned before, can be 
heated with speed, so that the wafer W on the table 4 can be quickly 
heated to a predetermined temperature. 
The supplied gas mixture undergoes a specific chemical reaction, whereupon 
a tungsten film is deposited on the wafer surface, for example. As this is 
done, the bottom face of the head body (shower head) 64, which faces the 
wafer surface, is exposed to a relatively high temperature, so that a 
deposit film is also liable to adhere to this region. 
According to the present embodiment, however, the anti-adhesion film 78 is 
formed on the bottom face of the head body 64, so that the adhesion of the 
deposit film can be prevented. This anti-adhesion effect is particularly 
good for a film of a metallic oxide, such as WO.sub.X (tungsten oxide), 
deposited as a result of the resolution of water on the wafer surface 
which is introduced into the process chamber 2 as the wafer W is carried 
into the chamber. 
This film deposition process is executed for each wafer. More specifically, 
one wafer is discharged after it is treated, and another untreated wafer 
is carried in and subjected to film formation. Every time one batch or 25 
wafers, for example, are treated, ClF.sub.3 as a cleaning gas is 
introduced into the process chamber 2, and deposit films adhering to the 
surfaces of the structures in the chamber 2, such as the bottom face of 
the head body 64, inner surface of the compartment wall of the chamber 2, 
etc., are removed by cleaning. Although films of a metal (W) and metallic 
silicide (WSi) can be removed relatively easily with use of the cleaning 
gas or ClF.sub.3, in this cleaning process, the metallic oxide (WO.sub.X) 
film cannot be removed with ease because of its stability. 
According to the present embodiment, however, the anti-adhesion film 78 of, 
e.g., SiO.sub.2 serves to retard the adhesion of a metallic oxide film. 
Even after the process of a large number of wafers, therefore, the 
apparatus requires only dry cleaning using a conventional cleaning gas, 
such as ClF.sub.3. Thus, the frequency of thorough wet cleaning, which is 
entailed by the adhesion of a metallic oxide film, can be lowered 
substantially, so that the operating efficiency of the apparatus can be 
improved considerably. 
In the case of a blanketing process for filling up indentations on the 
wafer surface, not a film deposition process for wiring pattern formation, 
in particular, a film with a thickness of 1,000 to 8,000 angstrom is 
deposited on each wafer, so that the amount of deposits adhering to the 
bottom face of the head body 64 is great. Owing to the function of the 
anti-adhesion film 78, however, the build-up of the metallic oxide film, 
which cannot be easily removed by means of the ClF.sub.3 gas, as mentioned 
before, is very small. Also in this case, therefore, the frequency of the 
wet cleaning operation, which requires disassembly of the apparatus 
itself, can be lowered, so that the operating efficiency of the apparatus 
can be improved. 
A comparative test was conducted on the conventional apparatus and the 
apparatus of the present invention. After 1,000 wafers were subjected to 
the film deposition process in the conventional apparatus, a yellow 
tungsten oxide film was found to be deposited over the bottom face of the 
head body. In the apparatus of the present invention, on the other hand, 
the bottom face of the head body was found in its initial state without 
any substantial tungsten oxide thereon after the process of 1,500 wafers. 
Thus, by previously forming the anti-adhesion film 78 of quartz or the like 
on the bottom face 64A of the head body 64 while effectively cooling the 
head body 64, the adhesion of the metallic oxide film, which cannot be 
easily removed by means of a conventional cleaning gas, such as ClF.sub.3, 
can be restrained considerably. In consequence, the frequency of the wet 
cleaning process, which involves elaborate maintenance and inspection 
operations, can be lowered considerably. 
According to the embodiment described above, the material of the metal film 
to be deposited on the wafer surface is tungsten or tungsten silicide. 
However, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and may 
be also applied to the cases where films of some other metals, such as Ti 
(titanium), TiN (titanium nitride), TiSi (titanium silicide), etc., are 
deposited on the wafer surface. 
According to the above-described embodiment, moreover, aluminum is used as 
the material of the head body 64, and its bottom face 64A is covered by a 
quartz film as an anti-adhesion material. Alternatively, however, the 
whole head body 64 may be formed of an anti-adhesion material such as 
alumina (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3). 
Moreover, the region which is covered by the anti-adhesion film 78 is not 
limited to the bottom face of the head body which faces the table. 
Alternatively, the anti-adhesion film may be formed on any other structure 
in the process chamber, e.g., the inner surface of the compartment wall 
which defines the process chamber, as indicated by dashed line 88 in FIG. 
1. 
According to the film deposition apparatus and the film deposition method 
of the present invention, as described herein, the following excellent 
effects can be produced. 
Since the anti-adhesion film is formed on the surface of some structure in 
the process chamber, e.g., the bottom face of the shower head or the 
compartment wall surface, the adhesion of the metallic oxide film, which 
cannot be removed by dry cleaning, can be restrained. 
Accordingly, the frequency of maintenance operation, such as the wet 
cleaning process in which the apparatus is disassembled to remove the 
metallic oxide film, can be lowered, so that the operating efficiency of 
the apparatus can be improved considerably. 
Further, the deposition of the metallic oxide film can be restrained to 
improve the operating efficiency of the apparatus by forming the head body 
from a base material with good thermal conductivity and providing it with 
the cooling means, as well as by forming the anti-adhesion film on the 
head body. 
Even in the case where the structure in the process chamber is formed of an 
anti-adhesion material such as alumina, furthermore, the same effects as 
aforesaid can be produced. 
While the presently preferred embodiment of the present invention has been 
shown and described, it is to be understood that this disclosure is for 
the purpose of illustration and that various changes and modifications may 
be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in 
the appended claims.