Extended range bullet

A cartridge with an expanding bullet that has advantageous terminal effects over an extended range. The expanding bullet including a bullet body including a metal jacket extending from a tail portion to a nose portion and surrounding an interior solid core and defining a forward opening and interior cavity. A tip has an exterior surface substantially flush with an exterior surface of the metal jacket. The tip has a main portion forward of the opening and a tip retention portion that at least partially fills the interior cavity. In certain embodiments the tip retention portion includes one or more fluid entry facilitation means such as a fracture regions configured to, upon impact of the bullet with a target, fracture or deform to expose one or more fluid pathways into the interior cavity and to a forward facing interior surface for initiating expansion of the expanding bullet.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to firearm projectiles, and more specifically, to cartridges and bullets having a polymer tip.

BACKGROUND

In the sport of hunting, responsible hunters go to great lengths to ensure a quick, clean and humane kill. Hunters seek to select the best rifle, cartridge, bullet and optics for the particular species being hunted and the specific conditions likely to be encountered (e.g., rough terrain and thick underbrush). Hunters also practice marksmanship so that a shot can be carefully placed even under challenging circumstances. If a bullet is poorly placed, the game animal may travel a long distance through rough terrain after having been shot. In these situations, there is a risk that the wounded game animal will not be recovered.

Firearm projectiles, specifically bullets, may be designed as “hollow-points”, having a central pit or generally hollowed out frontal cavity that causes the projectile to “upset” or expand upon impact with a target. Expansion may decrease penetration and as a result, increase the amount of kinetic energy transfer from the projectile to the target for improved stopping power. However, the central pit or hollowed out design may result in diminished aerodynamic characteristics. For example, the hollowed out design may increase axial drag which can reduce overall projectile accuracy and range.

To help counteract this, in some instances, hollow-point bullets may have a converging polymer tip that is inserted into the frontal cavity to mimic the shape of a spritzer or pointed bullet.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to an expanding projectile for firing from a gun, the projectile including a projectile body and an expansion configured tip. In one or more embodiments, the projectile body includes a metal jacket extending from a tail portion to a nose portion and surrounding an interior solid core. The metal jacket is tapered along the nose portion to an annular forward edge where the jacket defines an opening to an interior region including a forward facing interior surface of the interior solid core. In one or more embodiments the expansion configured tip is positioned in the opening of the projectile and tapered forwardly from the annular forward edge to an ogive tip that defines a spitzer-type aerodynamic shape of the total projectile.

Various embodiments of the disclosure provide benefits from improved expansion characteristics for projectiles that impact a target at medium to lower impact velocities. In various instances, when a projectile is fired and begins to travel downrange, the forward velocity of the projectile will decay along over time and distance due to aerodynamic drag. As such, a projectile may fail to fully expand upon impact with a target at or beyond a certain range, as the projectile will lack the necessary velocity upon impact to cause projectile expansion. Alternatively, known projectiles will vary their mush

This can be particularly true for projectiles with polymer tips. For example, known projectiles with polymer tips generally include tips that, upon impact, are pushed axially rearward towards the tail end of the projectile and compressed within the interior region. As such, known projectiles with conventional polymer tips can impede the path of fluid into the interior of the projectile, in turn impeding projectile expansion. As such, known polymer tips typically result in a higher impact velocity threshold for expansion, as compared to un-tipped projectiles.

As such, certain embodiments are directed to an expansion configured tip for low impact velocity consistent symmetrical expansion of a projectile. In various embodiments, the expansion configured tip is configured to provide, upon impact, one or more fluid pathways into the interior region of the projectile for improved projectile expansion characteristics at medium to lower impact velocities. This results in a projectile with improved expansion characteristics at longer ranges or at reduced impact velocities compared to known expanding projectiles while still maintaining the aerodynamic improvements of a polymer tipped round.

In addition, certain embodiments are directed to an expansion configured tip formed using a relatively high density or high strength material such as a steel, tungsten, other metal, or ceramic material. In various embodiments, the expansion configured tip is formed from other materials that are stronger more dense or harder than polymer. As such, one or more embodiments provide benefits in an expanding projectile with improved munition durability before and after firing. For example, one or more embodiments provide improved resistance to rough product handling, violent magazine and feed ramp function, and excessive tip heating due to aerodynamic drag. In addition, one or more embodiments provide benefits in an expanding projectile with improved penetration characteristics. As such, certain embodiments provide and expanding projectile with improved terminal performance through barriers and that routinely break apart conventional bullets upon impact.

In addition, various embodiments can change the visual appearance of an expanding projectile. For example, one or more embodiments include geometric features, such as tip radii and/or angles, shown to have an effect on the light performance. The bullet and casing may be nickel covered

As such, one or more embodiments are directed to an expanding projectile including a projectile body including a metal jacket extending from a tail portion to a nose portion and surrounding an interior solid core. In various embodiments, the metal jacket is tapered at the nose portion in a forward direction to an annular forward edge, the annular forward edge defining an opening in the metal jacket to an interior cavity extending from the opening in a rearward direction to a forward facing interior surface of the interior solid core.

In one or more embodiments, a tip is mounted in the interior cavity and has an exterior surface substantially flush with an exterior surface of the metal jacket. In certain embodiments the tip has a main portion forward of the opening and a tip retention portion that at least partially fills the interior cavity. In certain embodiments the tip retention portion or stem of the tip that includes one or more fracture regions configured to, upon impact of the expanding projectile with a target, fracture or deform to expose one or more fluid pathways into the interior cavity and to the forward facing interior surface for initiating expansion of the projectile body. The fluidic pathways may extend through or past the stem to the core effecting initiating of the expansion. Upon effective initiation of expansion, the bullet continues to expand or mushroom which may be facilitated by skives at the forward end of the bullet body initially defining pedals that peel rearwardly. Bonding of the core to the jacket retains the deformed core material with the jacket even at close ranges.

In embodiments, a bullet with a central axis has a bullet body with a forward ogive portion with a forward opening, a mid-barrel engaging or bearing surface, and a rear boat tail portion. A tip is secured in the forward opening with a conical portion substantially flush with the ogive portion. A meplat is on the forward end of the tip. On the bearing portion, forward and rearward wall portions and a bottom wall defining a circumferential groove, the rearward wall having a lead-in surface or ramp from the bottom wall to the exterior surface of the bearing portion. In embodiments the ramp set an angle of from 20 to 45° measured from a line on the outer surface of the body portion parallel to the bullet axis with the 20 to 45° angle facing forward. In embodiments the ramp is from 18 to 34° as measured above. The ramp can extend a distance of 30 to 40% of the axial length of the groove. In embodiments the groove has a maximum depth of 0.008 inches±20%. The groove reduces the bearing surface contact area and provides a pedaling stop. In embodiments the groove is positioned in the forward half of the bearing surface portion lengthwise and is positioned in the rearward half of the bullet body lengthwise. The bullet body includes a lead core surrounded by a jacket comprising copper. The lead core extends from the within the forward opening rearward to the axial location of the groove. In embodiments the boat tail extends an axial length greater than 12% of total length of the bullet including the tip.

A feature and advantage of embodiments is weight retention at short and long shooting distances, for example from 50 yards to over 900 yards providing a highly effective hunting bullet.

In embodiments a core comprising lead is bonded to a the jacket, the lead core extending rearwardly within the jacket to an axial position of where the groove is positioned on the exterior of the jacket, the position of the groove may provide a facilitating effect to pedaling upon impact through the full axial distance, the length of the core. A bullet expansion initiation means is provided with a tip. Such means may be a central fluidic pathway through the tip. In embodiments the fluidic pathway may be provided after fracturing of the forward conical portion of the tip from the stem portion wherein the stem portion is tubular. The fluidic pathway may be through the stem portion where it is tubular or around the stem portion where there are axially extending fluidic pathways on the exterior of the stem portion.

A further feature and advantage of embodiments is advantageous terminal effects at a wide range of bullet velocities and distances. For example, consistent expansion of the bullet occurs over a wide range of velocities which reflect a wide range of distances at which the bullet will perform, specifically perform with a consistent symmetrical mushrooming about the bullet axis, that is at short distances there may be a greater mushrooming effect than longer distances, but even up to 900 or more yards, the bullet can effectively mushroom without asymmetrical deformation pedals may be longer, the terminated bullet may be a longer due to the reduced mushrooming but the bullet still mushrooms. In embodiments, the consistent mushrooming is provided by a fluidic path through the forward opening of the bullet body facilitated by breaking of a conical portion of a tip from a stem portion in the bullet body forward opening. In embodiments, the stem portion may be tubular that then provides a central fluid path directly to the center of the lead core facilitating initiation of expansion of the bullet. Moreover, the tubular configuration facilitates fracture and/or deformation of the tip on impact providing a means for initiating the radial expansion, the mushrooming, of the bullet.

A feature and advantage of embodiments is a bullet with a very high ballistic coefficient providing enhanced hunting performance through a greater range of velocities and distances than conventional bullets and providing upset along with more consistent terminal performance over said greater range of velocities and distances.

A further feature and advantage of the invention is the casing and bullet may both be nickel plated providing a protective finish that facilitates handling of the bullet and provides an aesthetic advantage to discriminate the cartridge from other types of cartridges.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring toFIG. 1, a side view of an expanding projectile100is depicted according to one or more embodiments. The projectile100includes a projectile body104having a tail portion108, a nose portion112, and a tip116located forward of the nose portion116.

In one or more embodiments, the projectile100is jacketed or plated, having a projectile body104composed of at least two parts including a metal jacket120that surrounds an interior solid core124depicted inFIG. 1under a cutaway portion of the metal jacket120. In various embodiments, the metal jacket120is a continuous piece of metal extending from the tail portion108to the nose portion112, and defines the exterior of the expanding projectile100.

Described further herein, in one or more embodiments the interior solid core124, is composed of a malleable material, relative to the metal jacket120for expansion of the projectile body104upon impact with a target. In some embodiments, the interior solid core124is composed of lead, alloyed lead, or other suitable core material for expansion of the projectile body104upon impact. In various embodiments, the metal jacket120is composed of unalloyed copper, a copper alloyed with another metal, or other suitable projectile jacketing or plating material. For example, the metal jacket120may be composed of a copper-zinc alloy for covering the interior solid core124while firing the projectile from a barrel. The core material may be bonded to the jacket such as is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,879,953; 4,793,037; 5,641,937; and 3,756,158 for example. These patents are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

In some embodiments, the projectile100is a lead-free projectile, where the projectile body104is a single, unitary piece of non-lead material. For example, in some embodiments, the body104is entirely composed of unalloyed copper, a copper alloyed with another metal, or other suitable non-lead material.

Described further herein, in one or more embodiments, the tip116defines a most forward portion for the projectile100. In various embodiments, the tip116is a unitary structure having an exterior surface128that is substantially flush with an exterior surface132of the metal jacket120for forming a spitzer aerodynamic shape for the total projectile100.

As such, in various embodiments, the exterior surface128of the tip116extends from a rearward portion136, which is positioned directly adjacent to a forward portion140of the metal jacket120, to a forward point144of the tip116. In various embodiments, the tip116has a substantially pointed or ogive shape with a taper from the rearward portion136to the forward point144defined by an aspect ratio of the width145of the projectile100at the rearward portion136to the total length146of the projectile100.

In various embodiments, the aspect ratio is in the range of 6.00 to 10.00. In certain embodiments the aspect ratio is in the range of 7.00 to 8.00. However, in various embodiments the aspect ratio can be higher or lower depending on the design and type of projectile100.

In various embodiments, projectile100can be sized according to various different calibers. For example, in certain embodiments, the projectile could be a .308 Winchester round, .17 HMR, .22 Hornet, .223 Remington, .223 WSSM, .243 Winchester, .257 Roberts, .270 Winchester, 7 mm Remington Magnum, .30-06 Springfield, .300 Winchester Magnum, .338 Winchester Magnum, .375 H&H, 45.70 Gov't, and .458 Winchester Magnum. However, in certain embodiments, the projectile100could be sized to various other types of calibers not listed, but known in the art. The calibers of embodiments herein are utilized and suitable for hunting. In embodiments the bullet sizes are no greater than 50 caliber.

Referring toFIGS. 2A-2B, cross-section views of an expanding projectile200and a projectile tip204are depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, expanding projectile200shares one or more like elements with the expanding projectile100ofFIG. 1. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers.

Expanding projectile200is jacketed, including a projectile body104composed of a metal jacket120extending from the tail portion108to the nose portion116and surrounding an interior solid core124. The metal jacket120and nose portion116tapers in a forward direction, indicated by arrow208on a central axis212. The metal jacket120extends to an annular forward edge216that defines an opening in the metal jacket120to expose a forward facing interior surface220of the interior solid core124and defines a scoop that facilitates opening upon impact with a target media that has a fluidic basis.

The interior solid core124is composed of a relatively malleable material so that, upon impact, the interior core material is compressed rearwardly, and the projectile200expands or mushrooms for increased transfer of kinetic energy to a target. In certain embodiments, the forward facing interior surface220is a substantially flat surface normal to the central axis212. However, in some embodiments, the forward facing interior surface220may be asymmetrical, have a central indentation or depression, or may have other shape based on the design of the projectile200, on manufacturing variations, or on other factors.

In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile200includes a central cavity224extending from the opening defined by the annular forward edge216to the forward facing interior surface220. In some embodiments, the size and shape of the central cavity224is defined by the forward facing interior surface220and the interior surface228of the metal jacket120, forward of the forward facing interior surface220. In various embodiments, the central cavity224has a conical shape or other shape in the interior of the projectile200. In certain embodiments, the central cavity224can extend into the interior solid core124for enhancing mushrooming characteristics of the expanding bullet200upon impact.

In certain embodiments, the central cavity224has an undercut shape, as the metal jacket120tapers from the forward facing interior surface220to the opening such that the opening has a diameter smaller than that of the width of the forward facing interior surface220and defines undercut corner regions232. As used herein, the undercut corner regions232are defined as the portion of the cavity224exterior to an axially extending cylinder with the radius equal to the opening.

In one or more embodiments, the tip204defines a most forward tip for the projectile200. The tip204is a unitary structure including a main portion236and a tip retention portion240rearward of the main portion236and opening. The main portion236has an exterior surface244substantially flush with the exterior surface132of the metal jacket120for forming a relatively streamlined or spitzer aerodynamic shape.

In various embodiments, the tip retention portion240is a plug element that, when assembled in the central cavity224, resists axial movement of the tip240and retains it in place in the projectile body104. In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion240is a cylindrical plug. In certain embodiments, tip retention portion240can have other shapes, for example, tip retention portion240could be rectangular, hexagonal, or have other suitable shape.

In one or more embodiments, the tip retention portion240includes a blind hole or axial recess248along the central axis of the tip204from a rear end252of the tip retention portion204to a recess end point256within the interior of the tip204.

In certain embodiments, the axial recess248is cylindrical hole that defines a tubular sidewall260of the tip retention portion240. In various embodiments, the axial recess248has a diameter264to define a thickness268of the sidewall260. For example, in one or more embodiments, the diameter264of the axial recess248is approximately in the range of 10% to 70% of a total diameter272of the tip retention portion240. As a result, in some embodiments, the sidewall260has a thickness268in the range of 45% to 15% of the total diameter272of the tip retention portion240. In some embodiments, the axial recess248has a diameter264in the range of 80% to 60% of the total diameter272of the tip retention portion240. As a result, in some embodiments, the sidewall has a thickness268in the range of 10% to 20% of the total diameter272of the tip retention portion240. However, in various embodiments, the diameter of the axial recess248and the corresponding thickness of the sidewall260can be selected as any suitable value, described further below.

In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion240includes a fracture region266. Fracture region266is a portion of the tip204that is configured to fracture or deform upon impact of the projectile200with a target, described further below. As such, the fracture region266provides a weak point for the main portion236of the tip to break off such as at the juncture267of the main portion and tip retention portion, while still leaving the main portion236as solid as possible to resist the heating of air friction that occurs during projectile flight. In various embodiments, the fracture region266includes portions of the tip retention portion240that are designed to fracture or deform at a particular impact velocity or impact force. For example, in one or more embodiments, the fracture region266is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1500 feet per second. In some embodiments, the fracture region266is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1000 feet per second. For example, in certain embodiments, the fracture region266is configured to fracture or deform at impact energy as low as 800 foot pounds. However, in various embodiments, fracture regions can be designed to fracture at higher or lower impact velocities or with various energy requirements based on the structural strength of the fracture region.

For example, depicted inFIG. 2B, fracture region266includes the sidewall260. In various embodiments, due to the axial recess248, the sidewall260forms the structurally weakest element of the tip204. Described further below, upon impact with a target or object at sufficient speed or with sufficient force, the sidewall260will fracture or deform.

In one or more embodiments, the axial recess248extends from the rear end252to the recess end point256that is within the interior of the tip204and which is forward of the end216of the metal jacket120. As such, in various embodiments, the tubular sidewall260is in contact with the metal jacket120at the annular forward end216.

In certain embodiments, the axial recess248extends through at least 50% to 80% of the total length280of the tip204. For example, referring toFIG. 2B, the recess end point256is positioned at approximately 60% of the length280of the tip204, measured from the rear end252. In embodiments the cavity extends forwardly beyond the forward edge of the bullet body. Referring toFIG. 2C, in some embodiments, the recess end point256is positioned approximately 80% of the length280of the tip204, as measured from the rear end252. However, in various embodiments, the axial recess248can extend through greater or lesser lengths.

Referring toFIGS. 3A-3C, in operation, the projectile200is fired at a target304. In various embodiments, the projectile200is spin stabilized due to being fired from a rifled barrel and has a rotating or spinning trajectory.FIGS. 3A and 3Bdepict the projectile200upon impact with the target304. In various embodiments, the spinning trajectory of the projectile200results in a torquing force, depicted as arrow308, which is applied onto the tip204on impact with the target304. As a result, in one or more embodiments, the torquing force can cause deformation or fracturing in a lateral direction, substantially normal to the direction of the trajectory of the projectile200. In addition, in certain embodiments, the tip204is constructed to have sufficient structural integrity to maintain its form during firing and projectile flight but is constructed to reliably deform or fracture upon impact. For example, depicted inFIGS. 3A-3C, in various embodiments the tip204is designed to reliably deform or fracture along one or more portions of the sidewall260of the tip retention portion240due to the axial recess248and the relatively thin material of the sidewall260. Further, in various embodiments, the tip240is designed to, as a result of fracture or deformation, provide an opening or passageway for fluid to enter the interior of the projectile and to contact the forward facing interior surface220.

In certain embodiments, the number of and location of fractures or deformation of the tip204can vary based on normal deviations in materials and manufacturing of the tips204, the amount of and location of force on the tip204upon impact, and other various factors.

For example, depicted inFIG. 3A, due to the force generated on the tip204the tip204begins to fracture in one or more locations312in the tip retention portion240such that at least some of the main portion236separates from the tip retention portion240. In various embodiments, this results because as the main portion236is torqued, the tip retention portion240is maintained within the interior of the projectile200and held by its fit within the metal jacket120. As such, the material of the tip retention portion240is strained and, with sufficient force, breaks or fractures the sidewall260of the tip retention portion240.

InFIG. 3A, tip204includes fracture points312located at the annular end216of the metal jacket120while another part of the sidewall260at point316has warped and stretched under the strain of the torque. However, this part of the sidewall260has not fractured and maintains its connection with the main portion236. As a result of the fracture, an opening320is created into the interior of the tip retention portion240providing access into the axial recess248. As a result, a fluid pathway is created through the opening320and axial recess248to expose the forward facing interior surface220of the projectile200to aid projectile expansion.

Depicted inFIG. 3B, the tip204fractures at points322upon impact such that the main portion236is torn or fractured from the tip retention portion240. As a result, opening324is created providing access into the axial recess248. Thus, a fluid pathway is created through the opening324and axial recess248to the forward facing interior surface220of the projectile200.

Depicted inFIG. 3C, the tip204deforms upon impact such that the main portion236and tip retention portion240are deformed. For example, in one or more embodiments, the main portion236and the tip retention portion240are compressed as a result of torquing forces on the tip204. An opening328is therefore created from the deformed shape of the tip retention portion240providing access into the interior of the projectile200and to the forward facing interior surface220.

In various embodiments, the torque or force required to fracture or deform the tip204is based on the materials used in the tip204. For example, in one or more embodiments, the tip204can be constructed from polymer, elastomer, metal, ceramic or other material. In various embodiments, the energy required to fracture the tip204will depend upon the material used on and the design of the tip204. For example, thinner or weaker structural portions of the tip204will have different energy requirements for deformation or fracture than thicker and stronger structural portions of the tip204.

In some embodiments, the tip116could be constructed using a combination of materials. For example, in one or more embodiments, the tip116could be constructed from a combination of metal and polymer, with polymer portions located at strategic areas that are designed to fracture at lower energy requirements than a solid metal tip116.

Referring toFIGS. 4A and 4B, cross-section views of an expanding projectile400are depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, expanding projectile400shares one or more like elements with the expanding projectile200ofFIGS. 2A and 2B. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers.

For example, expanding projectile400is jacketed, including a metal jacket120defining a projectile body104extending from the tail portion108to a nose portion112and surrounding an interior solid core124. The metal jacket120extends to an annular forward edge216that defines an opening in the metal jacket120to expose an interior solid core124and a forward facing interior surface220. In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile400includes a central cavity224extending from the opening defined by the annular forward edge216to the forward facing interior surface220.

In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile400includes a tip404defining a most forward tip for the projectile400. The tip404is a unitary structure including a main portion408and a tip retention portion412rearward of the main portion408and opening. The main portion412has an exterior surface414substantially flush with an exterior surface132of the metal jacket120for forming a relatively streamlined or spitzer aerodynamic shape.

In various embodiments, the tip retention portion412is a plug element that, when assembled in the central cavity232, resists axial movement of the tip404and retains it in place in the projectile body104. In various embodiments, tip retention portion412is a cylindrical plug. In certain embodiments, tip retention portion412can have other shapes, for example, tip retention portion412could be rectangular, hexagonal, or have other suitable shape.

In one or more embodiments, the tip retention portion412includes a shoulder portion414and a neck portion416that is connected to the main portion408. In various embodiments, the neck portion416defines a generally thinner and structurally weaker portion of the tip retention portion412having a thinner area of material for connection to the main portion408. For example, in one or more embodiments, the neck portion416has a thickness424and a width428compared to a shoulder width432of the shoulder portion414. In certain embodiments, the neck portion416has a thickness424approximately in the range of 33% to 10% of the width432of the shoulder portion420. In some embodiments the neck portion416has a thickness428approximately in the range of 5% to 20% of the total length437of the tip404.

In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion412includes a fracture region434. Similarly as described above with reference toFIGS. 2A-3C, fracture region434is a portion of the tip404that is configured to fracture or deform upon impact of the projectile400with a target, described further below. In various embodiments, the fracture region434includes portions of the tip retention portion412that are designed to fracture or deform at a particular impact velocity or impact force. For example, in one or more embodiments, the fracture region434is configured to fracture or deform at impact velocities as low as 1500 feet per second. In some embodiments, the fracture region434is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1000 feet per second. For example, in certain embodiments, the fracture region434is configured to fracture or deform at impact energy as low as 800 foot pounds. However, in various embodiments, fracture regions can be designed to fracture at higher or lower impact energies or velocities or based on the structural strength of the fracture region434.

For example, depicted inFIG. 4B, fracture region434includes the neck portion416. In various embodiments, due to the generally reduced width428and thickness424of the neck portion416, as compared to the main portion408and the shoulder portion414, the neck portion416forms the structurally weakest element of the tip404. Described further below, upon impact with a target or object at sufficient speed or with sufficient force, the neck portion416will fracture or deform.

In various embodiments, the shoulder portion420includes one or more axial recesses432. As used herein, axial recess refers to any hole or cut out portion in the tip404that extends lengthwise or substantially parallel to the central axis of the tip404. For example, axial recesses432are offset from the central axis of the tip, but extend lengthwise from the rear end435to a recess end point436. In certain embodiments, the axial recess432extends through at least 40% to 80% of the total length437of the tip404. For example, referring toFIG. 4B, the recess end point436is positioned at approximately 50% of the length437of the tip404, measured from the rear end435. However, in various embodiments, the axial recess432can extend through greater or lesser lengths of the tip404.

Referring toFIGS. 5A-5B, in operation, the projectile400is fired at a target304. In various embodiments, the projectile400is spin stabilized due to being fired from a rifled barrel and has a rotating or spinning trajectory.FIGS. 5A-5Bdepict the projectile400upon impact with the target304. In various embodiments, the spinning trajectory of the projectile400results in a torquing force, depicted as arrow308, which is applied onto the tip404on impact with the target304. As a result, in one or more embodiments, the torquing force can cause deformation or fracturing of the fracture region434in a lateral direction, substantially normal to the direction of the trajectory of the projectile400.

In addition, in certain embodiments, the fracture region434is constructed to have sufficient structural integrity to maintain its form during firing and projectile flight but is constructed to reliably deform or fracture upon impact. For example, depicted inFIGS. 5A-5B, in various embodiments the fracture region434is designed to reliably deform or fracture in the neck portion416due to the relatively thin material compared to the shoulder portion420of the tip retention portion412.

Further, in various embodiments, the tip404is designed to, as a result of fracture or deformation, provide an opening440or passageway for fluid to enter the interior of the projectile and to contact the forward facing interior surface220.

For example, depicted inFIG. 5A, due to the force generated on the tip404, the neck portion416of the tip retention portion412begins to fracture in one or more locations436such that the main portion408is separated from the tip retention portion412. In various embodiments, this results because as the main portion408is torqued, the tip retention portion412is maintained within the interior of the projectile400and held by its fit within the metal jacket120. As such, the fracture region434of the tip retention portion412is strained and, with sufficient force, fractures or deforms the neck portion416.

InFIG. 5A, the tip404fractures upon impact such that the main portion408is torn or fractured from the tip retention portion412. As a result, opening440is created into the interior of the tip retention portion412and provides access to axial recesses432. Thus, a fluid pathway is exposed through the opening440and fluid passageways432to the forward facing interior surface220to aid projectile expansion.

Depicted inFIG. 5B, the tip404deforms upon impact such that the main portion408and tip retention portion412are deformed. For example, in one or more embodiments, the main portion408and the tip retention portion412are compressed together in a lateral direction as a result of torquing forces on the tip404. An opening440is therefore created from the deformed shape of the tip retention portion400providing access to one or more of the axial recesses432.

As described above, in various embodiments, the torque or force required to fracture or deform the tip404is based on the materials used in the tip404. For example, in one or more embodiments, the tip404can be constructed from polymer, elastomer, metal, ceramic or other material. In various embodiments, the energy required to fracture the tip will depend upon the material used on and the design of the tip404. For example, thinner or weaker structural portions of the tip404will have different energy requirements for deformation or fracture than thicker and stronger structural portions of the tip404. In some embodiments, the different portions of the tip404can be constructed from different materials. For example, in some the main portion408or other elements of the tip404could be constructed from at least one of metal or ceramic and the fracture region434could be constructed from a polymer material. A suitable material for the tip has been found to be polyphenylsulfone (PPSU). Transparent polymers may be utilized providing visibility of the cavity from exterior of the bullet.

In certain embodiments, the number of and location of fractures or deformation of the tip404can vary based on normal deviations in materials and manufacturing of the tips404, the amount of and location of force on the tip404upon impact, and other various factors.

Referring toFIGS. 5A-12B, various tips are depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

For example, referring toFIGS. 6A & 6B, a tip500is depicted having a main portion504and a tip retention portion508. In various embodiments, the tip retention portion508can be constructed with various designs. For example, tip retention portion508is cross shaped or tee-shaped having a widthwise portion512and a crosswise portion516that intersect along a central axis520. Crosswise portion516and widthwise portion512provide a plurality of outwardly facing surfaces518that allow for frictional mounting the tip500within an interior of an expanding projectile. Further, as a result of the crosswise and widthwise portions512,516, four axial recesses524are defined extending from a rear end528of the tip retention portion508to a rear end532of the main portion504. Further, a fracture region is defined in the tip retention portion508by the widthwise and the crosswise portions512,516as the tip500is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact to expose one or more openings into the axial recesses524which would in turn provide a fluid passageway to interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 7A & 7B, a tip700is depicted having a main portion704and a tip retention portion708. In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion708includes one or more splines712which extend radially from a central axis720and extend along the length of the tip retention portion708. Depicted inFIGS. 7A & 7B, four splines712are shown, however, in various embodiments fewer or greater amounts of splines712could be included in the tip retention portion708based on the preferred design. In various embodiments, the one or more splines712provide a plurality of outwardly facing surfaces718that allow for frictional mounting of the tip700within an interior of an expanding projectile.

As a result of the splines712four axial recesses724are defined extending from a rear end728of the tip retention portion708to a rear end732of the main portion704. Further, a fracture region is defined in the tip retention portion708by the splines712as the tip retention portion708is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact to expose one or more openings into the axial recesses724, which would expose interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 8A & 8B, a tip800is depicted having a main portion804and a tip retention portion808. In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion808includes a plurality of splines812which extend outwardly radially along a central axis820. Depicted inFIGS. 8A&8B, ten splines812are shown, however, in various embodiments fewer or greater amounts of splines812could be included in the tip retention portion808based on the preferred design. In various embodiments, the plurality of splines812provide a plurality of outwardly facing surfaces818that allow for frictional mounting of the tip800within an interior of an expanding projectile. As a result of the splines812ten axial recesses824are defined extending from a rear end828of the tip retention portion808to a rear end832of the main portion804. Further, a fracture region is defined in the tip retention portion808by the splines812as the tip retention portion808is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact to expose one or more openings into the axial recesses824, which would expose interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 9A-10B, in one or more embodiments, a tip can include a one or more axial recesses that extend through both the tip retention portion and a substantial portion of the main portion. For example, referring toFIGS. 9A-9B, a tip900is depicted having a main portion904and tip retention portion908. In addition, a plurality of axial recesses912extend from a rear end914of the tip to a recess end point916positioned in the main portion904and define a splined shape for the tip904, depicted in the top down profile view inFIG. 9B. Further, when mounted in an expanding projectile, the tip900includes one or more openings into the axial recesses912without fracture or deformation, to ensure exposure of interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Similarly,FIG. 10A-10Bdepicts a tip1000having a main portion1004and tip retention portion1008with a plurality of axial recesses1012extend from a rear end1014of the tip1000to a recess end point1016positioned in the main portion1004. As such, when mounted in an expanding projectile, the tip1000includes one or more openings into the axial recesses1012without fracture or deformation, to ensure exposure of interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 11A-12C, in one or more embodiments, a tip can include one or more axial recesses in a main portion for improved fracturing or deformation of a fracture region. For example, referring toFIGS. 11A-11C, in one or more embodiments a tip1100having a main portion1104and tip retention portion1108. A plurality of axial recesses1112extend from a rear end1113of the main portion to a recess end point1114in the main portion1104. In addition, tip retention portion1108includes a fracture region1116in the tip retention portion1108from a neck portion that connects a wider shoulder portion to the main portion1104. In various embodiments, axial recesses1112provide an opening exposing the fracture region1116for increased aerodynamic friction on the fracture region1116to assist in deformation or fracture upon impact, as described above.

InFIGS. 12A-12Ca tip1200is depicted having a main portion1204with a plurality of axial recesses1212extend from a rear end1213of the main portion to a recess end point1214. In addition, a tip retention portion1208includes a fracture region1216in the tip retention portion1208from a neck portion that connects a wider shoulder portion to the main portion1204. In various embodiments, axial recesses1212provide an opening exposing the fracture region1216for increased aerodynamic friction on the fracture region1216to assist in deformation or fracture upon impact, as described above.

Referring toFIG. 13, a top perspective view of a nose of an expanding projectile1300is depicted, according to one or more embodiments. In various embodiments, expanding projectile1300can share one or more like elements with expanding projectile100ofFIG. 1. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers For example, expanding projectile1300is jacketed, including a projectile body104composed of a metal jacket120extending from a tail portion to an annular forward end1304and surrounding an interior solid core. In various embodiments, the forward end1304of the metal jacket120includes one or more skives1308or longitudinal cuts for improved expansion upon projectile impact.

In one or more embodiments, projectile1300includes a tip1312. In various embodiments, tip1312can include a forward central opening1316defined by an annular forward edge1320at a forward most portion of the tip1312. Described further below, in various embodiments the central opening1316of the tip1312is a recess end point for an axial recess that extends through the tip1300to expose a forward facing interior surface of the projectile1300.

For example, referring toFIGS. 14A-14G, various designs of a tip including one or more axial recesses that extend through the length of the tip are depicted, according to one or more embodiments. Referring toFIG. 14A-14C, a tip1400A,1400B,1400C includes a centrally located axial recess1404,1405,1406that extends from a rear end1408of a tip retention portion1412to a recess end point1416at the forward most point of the tip1400A,1400B,1400C. As such, axial recess1404,1405,1406defines a central through-hole in the tip1400A,1400B,1400C that, when mounted in an expanding projectile, provides a fluid passageway through to various interior surfaces.

Referring toFIG. 14D, in various embodiments, a tip1400D, includes a plurality of axial recesses1418that extends from a rear end1408of a tip retention portion1412to a recess end point1420at the forward most point of the tip1400D. As such, axial recess1418defines a central through-hole in the tip1400D that, when mounted in an expanding projectile, provides a fluid passageway through to various interior surfaces. Depicted inFIGS. 14E-14G, in various embodiments, the tip1400D can include a variety of axial recesses. For example, tip1400E includes four axial recesses1418, while tips1400F and1400G includes three and six axial recesses1418respectively. In various embodiments the tip1400D can include fewer or greater number of axial recesses1418.

Referring toFIG. 15a cartridge1500including an expanding projectile100is depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, the cartridge1500includes casing1504, propellant1508, and a primer1512. Seen inFIG. 15, casing1504is sized to contact a portion of projectile100, such that when fired, the projectile100is launched from the casing1504and directly engages with a rifled barrel of a projectile delivery system.

Referring toFIGS. 16A-16C, cross-section views and a perspective view of an expanding projectile1600and a projectile tip1604are depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, expanding projectile1600shares one or more like elements with the expanding projectile200ofFIG. 2A. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers. Expanding projectile1600is jacketed, having a metal jacket120extending from the tail portion108to the nose portion116and surrounding an interior solid core124. The metal jacket120extends to an annular forward edge216that defines an opening in the metal jacket120to expose a forward facing interior surface220of the interior solid core124.

In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile1600includes a central cavity224extending from the opening defined by the annular forward edge216to the forward facing interior surface220. In certain embodiments, the central cavity224has an undercut shape, as the metal jacket120tapers from the forward facing interior surface220to the opening such that the opening has a diameter smaller than that of the width of the forward facing interior surface220and defines undercut corner regions232.

In one or more embodiments, the tip1604defines a most forward tip for the projectile1600. The tip1604is a unitary structure including a main portion1608and a tip retention portion1612rearward of the main portion1608and opening. As described above, in various embodiments the tip retention portion1612is a plug element that, when assembled in the central cavity224, resists axial movement of the tip1604and retains it in place in the projectile1600.

In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion1612tapers rearwardly from a forward portion1616, adjacent to the main portion1608, to a rearward portion1618adjacent a rearwardly facing end surface1620of the tip1604. For example, tip retention portion1612has a first width1624at the forward portion1616and a second smaller width1628at the rearward portion1618. In various embodiments the second width1628is approximately 10% smaller than the first width1624. In certain embodiments the second width1628is approximately 5% to 20% smaller than the first width1624. In certain embodiments the first width is approximately 20% to 50% smaller than the first width1624. In various embodiments, the first width1624defines the outermost width of the tip. In addition, in certain embodiments the first width1624is sized such that the tip fits or couples to the remainder of the projectile1600via a friction fit or interference fit with the metal jacket120at the opening.

As such, in one or more embodiments, tip retention portion1612includes a fracture region1632defined by the tapered shape of the tip retention portion1612. Fracture region1632is a portion of the tip1604that is configured to fracture or deform upon impact of the projectile1600with a target, as described above, thereby providing a fluid pathway into the central cavity224and exposing the forward facing interior surface220. In various embodiments the fracture region1632is defined by the tapered shape of the tip retention portion1612. For example, the tapered shape provides a weak point in the coupling between the tip1604and the remainder of the projectile1600in the form of a void1636between the metal jacket120and the tip retention portion1612for the main portion1608of the tip to deform or break off.

In one or more embodiments, the fracture region1632is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1500 feet per second. In some embodiments, the fracture region1632is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1000 feet per second. For example, in certain embodiments, the fracture region1632is configured to fracture or deform at impact energy as low as 800 foot pounds. However, in various embodiments, fracture regions can be designed to fracture at higher or lower impact velocities or with various energy requirements based on the structural strength of the fracture region.

Referring toFIGS. 17A-17B, cross-section views of an expanding projectile1700and a projectile tip1704are depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, expanding projectile1700shares one or more like elements with the expanding projectile200ofFIG. 2A. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers. In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile1700includes a central cavity224extending from the opening defined by the annular forward edge216to the forward facing interior surface220. In certain embodiments, the central cavity224has an undercut shape, as the metal jacket120tapers from the forward facing interior surface220to the opening such that the opening has a diameter smaller than that of the width of the forward facing interior surface220and defines undercut corner regions232.

In one or more embodiments, the tip1704defines a most forward tip for the projectile1700. The tip1704is a unitary structure including a main portion1708and a tip retention portion1712rearward of the main portion1608and opening. As described above, in various embodiments the tip retention portion1612is a plug element that, when assembled in the central cavity224, resists axial movement of the tip1704and retains it in place in the projectile1700.

In various embodiments the tip retention portion1712is shortened, having a first length1716that is between 10% to 40% of a total bullet length1720including the tip1704. In various embodiments, this shortened tip retention portion1712provides a void1724between the forward facing interior surface220and the tip1704. As a result, the tip1704is not supported axially by the interior surface200and is supported solely by the metal jacket of the projectile1700. In various embodiments this allows the tip to, upon impact, telescope into the central cavity224upon impact with a target, thereby providing a fluid pathway to the central core124.

Referring toFIG. 18a cross-section view an expanding projectile1800and projectile tip1804is depicted, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure. In various embodiments, expanding projectile1800share one or more like elements with the expanding projectile200ofFIG. 2A. As such, like elements are referred to with the same reference numbers. Expanding projectile1800is jacketed, having a metal jacket120extending to an annular forward edge216that defines an opening in the metal jacket120to expose a forward facing interior surface220of the interior solid core124.

In one or more embodiments, the expanding projectile1800includes a central cavity224extending from the opening defined by the annular forward edge216to the forward facing interior surface220. In certain embodiments, the central cavity224has an undercut shape, as the metal jacket120tapers from the forward facing interior surface220to the opening such that the opening has a diameter smaller than that of the width of the forward facing interior surface220and defines undercut corner regions232.

In one or more embodiments, the tip1804defines a most forward tip for the projectile1800. The tip1704is a unitary structure including a main portion1808and a tip retention portion1812rearward of the main portion1808and opening. As described above, in various embodiments the tip retention portion1812is a plug element that, when assembled in the central cavity224, resists axial movement of the tip1804and retains it in place in the projectile1600.

In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion1812at a forward portion1816, adjacent to the main portion1808. As a result, tip retention portion1812has a reduced width at the forward portion1816. In various embodiments the width at the forward portion is reduced approximately 10% as compared to the wider portions of the tip retention portion1812. In certain embodiments the reduced width is approximately 5% to 20% smaller. In certain embodiments the reduced width is 20% to 50% smaller.

In various embodiments, the width at the forward portion1816defines a fracture region1832defined by the tapered shape of the tip retention portion1812. Fracture region1832is configured to fracture or deform upon impact of the projectile1800with a target, as described above, thereby providing a fluid pathway into the central cavity224and exposing the forward facing interior surface220. In one or more embodiments, the fracture region1832is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1500 feet per second. In some embodiments, the fracture region1832is configured to fracture or deform at impact energies associated with velocities as low as 1000 feet per second. For example, in certain embodiments, the fracture region1832is configured to fracture or deform at impact energy as low as 800 foot pounds. However, in various embodiments, fracture regions can be designed to fracture at higher or lower impact velocities or with various energy requirements based on the structural strength of the fracture region.

Referring toFIG. 19a cross-sectional view of an expanding projectile1900with tip1904is depicted, according to one or more embodiments. In certain embodiments, projectile1900includes an interior solid core124having a forwardly extending central stub1906. In various embodiments, the central stub1906is axially centered and extends forward to the forward opening of the projectile1900as defined by the metal jacket120. In certain embodiments the central stub extends to be flush with the forward opening.

In various embodiments the tip1904is injection molded or insert molded onto the projectile1900. As a result the polymer material of the tip1904fills the area surrounding the central stub1906as well as the volume outside of the bullet—to form the tip1904. As a result, the tip1904defines an annular tip retention portion1912surrounding the central stub1906and that is rigidly locked to the bullet. In addition, as a result of the tapered shape of the metal jacket at the nose portion116, the molding process defines a fracture region1932of thinner material near the main portion1908. In various embodiments the fracture region1932is thinner to promote breakage upon impact, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 20A-20Ba tip2000is depicted having a main portion2004and a tip retention portion2008. In one or more embodiments, tip retention portion808includes a plurality of axially extending recesses2012which are distributed circumferentially about the exterior of the tip retention portion2008. Depicted inFIGS. 20A & 20B, six recesses2012are shown, however, in various embodiments fewer or greater amounts could be included in the tip retention portion2008based on the preferred design.

As a result of the recesses2012, a fracture region is defined in the tip retention portion2008, as the tip retention portion808is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact to expose one or more openings into the axial recesses2012, which would expose interior surfaces of an expanding projectile, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 21-22tips2100,2200are depicted having a main portion2104,2204and a tip retention portion2108,2208. In one or more embodiments, tip2100,2200are constructed using multiple materials. For example, tip retention portion2108,2208is constructed, in certain embodiments, of a first material, while the main portion2104,2204is constructed from a first material. In various embodiments the main portion and tip retention portion are constructed using a two-shot mold. In certain embodiments the first material is a generally harder material for resisting heat and providing robustness, while the second material is a softer material configured to fail upon impact and provide fluid passageways into the projectile as described above.

As a result of the molding processes, a fracture region2112,2212is defined in the tip retention portions2108,2208, as the tip retention portion is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact.

Referring toFIG. 23a tip2300is depicted having a main portion2304and a tip retention portion2308. In one or more embodiments, tip2300includes a recesses2316defining a fracture region2312in the tip retention portion2308from structurally weakened areas resulting from the reduction of materials in the recess2316. As a result of the fracture regions2312the tip retention portion2308is configured to either deform or fracture upon impact, as described above.

Referring toFIGS. 24 and 25another embodiment of a cartridge3000has a casing3010with an open interior3020with propellant3022therein, a casing shoulder3024, a reduced diameter forward end3030defining a casing neck and a bullet receiving opening3036with a bullet3050therein, and a primer recess3052with a primer3054therein. Referring toFIGS. 24-30, the bullet3050having a bullet body3060, the bullet body comprising a metal jacket3064extending from a tail portion3066to a nose portion3068, having a solid heel portion3070, and a forward jacket portion3074defining a core recess3076with a malleable core3080therein. The core extending

Referring specifically toFIGS. 26-30, two configurations of exemplary bullets are illustrated which correlate with a 30 caliber 175 grain bullet and a 30 caliber 200 grain bullet. The bullet bodies have an axis3088, a front ogival portion3090with an ogival surface3092, a mid barrel engaging or bearing portion3102with a bearing surface3104, a rearward boattail portion3110with a boattail surface3112, and a rearward facing end surface3116. In embodiments the boat tail extends an axial length3117greater than 12% of total length3118of the bullet including the tip.

A tip3120is inserted into the nose portion3068and has an axis an exterior surface3122that is substantially flush with the exterior surface3092of the ogival portion. The tip3120has a main portion configured as a tapered forward portion3130that may be conical or ogival with a rounded meplat3136and further has a tip retention portion configured as a stem portion3144unitary with the main portion. The stem portion3144having a rearward end3146with a rearward facing surface3148, an exterior circumferential surface3152. The tip body defines a hollow core3158that extends from the rearward end3146of the stem portion3144forwardly and may extend into the main portion3130. The hollow core may be configured as a bore and may have other shapes as well. The stem with the hollow core being tubular.

Referring toFIGS. 24-29and particularly28B, the bullet body3060at the bearing portion3102defining a circumferential groove3200. The bearing portion at the groove having a forward wall portion3210and a rearward wall portion3212and a bottom wall portion3214. The rearward wall having a chamfer or lead-in surface or ramp3220from the bottom wall portion to the exterior bearing surface3104of the bearing portion3102. In embodiments the ramp3220has an angle of from 20 to 45° measured from a line on the outer surface of the body portion parallel to the bullet axis with the 20 to 45° angle facing forward.FIG. 28Billustrates an angle of 30°. In embodiments the ramp is from 18 to 34° as measured above. In embodiments the ramp can extend a distance of 30 to 40% of the axial length3230of the groove3200. In embodiments the ramp can extend a distance of 30 to 70% of the axial length3230of the groove3200. In embodiments the groove has a maximum depth of 0.008 inches±20%. The circumferential groove reduces the bearing surface contact area and may provide a pedaling stop. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,125; incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

Referring toFIGS. 26-29, in embodiments, the groove is positioned in the forward half of the bearing portion3102lengthwise and is positioned in the rearward half of the bullet body lengthwise. The placement is the forward half of the bearing surface is believed to provide better sealing of the propellant gases during obturation as compared to a more rearwardly positioned groove. The groove is also position in embodiments at the rearward end axially of the core. The groove may provide an axial stop to the pedaling and positioning the groove at this point allows substantially full upsetting of the malleable core material. The groove does not impede the mushrooming of the core.

In embodiments, the bearing portion extends a length3270that is 44% or less of the total bullet length3118. In embodiments, the bearing portion extends a length3270that is 37% or less of the total bullet length3118. In embodiments, the length of the ogive portion and tip3119is greater than 40% of the total bullet length3118. In embodiments, the length of the ogive portion and tip3119is greater than 45% of the total bullet length3118. In embodiments, the length of the ogive portion and tip3119is greater than 50% of the total bullet length3118.

Referring toFIGS. 31 and 32, images of terminal effects, the deformation of a bullet in accord with the inventions herein are illustrated. The image ofFIG. 31reflects the terminal effects at 2740 feet per second, which equates to a 200 grain 300 Winchester Magnum load with the bullet impacting test gel at about 50 yards. The image ofFIG. 32reflects the terminal effects of the same load with the bullet impacting test gel at a distance greater than 900 yards and with a velocity of about 1350 feet per second. Such a consistent mushrooming has not been available at such a range of distances. Referring toFIGS. 26-30, these velocities and terminal performances were obtained using the configurations herein. The dimensioned configurations set forth specific embodiments of the inventions not inclusive, of course, with all embodiments. In embodiments, the dimensions may vary±3% of the dimensions inFIGS. 26-30. In embodiments, the dimensions may vary±6% of the dimensions inFIGS. 26-30. In embodiments, the dimensions may vary±10% of the dimensions inFIGS. 26-30.