Electric heating tapes

A heating tape comprising a pair of elongate electrodes embedded in a body of electrically conductive material wherein the highest current density in the effective current path between the electrodes as herein defined, is at a location spaced from and intermediate the electrodes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to electrically conductive heating tapes of the 
type, hereinafter referred to as the type described, comprising a pair of 
elongate electrodes embedded in a body of electrically conductive material 
such as silicone rubber or other elastomer having dispersed therein 
particles of conductive material such as carbon black. 
The invention is particularly, but not exclusively, concerned with a 
heating tape as described in our copending U.S. application Ser. No. 
907,415. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An object of the invention is to provide a heating tape of the type 
described above wherein electrical failure of the tape is avoided or is 
reduced. 
According to one aspect of the invention we provide a heating tape of the 
type described wherein the highest current density in the effective 
current path between the electrodes, as herein defined, is at a location 
spaced from and intermediate the electrodes. 
According to another aspect of the invention we provide a heating tape of 
the type described wherein the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the 
effective current path in a lateral cross section of the tape is at a 
location intermediate the electrodes. 
In general the effective current path is bounded at the electrodes by a 
part of the electrode/body interface which has a portion which faces 
generally towards the other electrode and which is of a transverse extent 
substantially equal to one half of the total peripheral extent of the 
electrode/body interface. 
In the case of a circular or substantially circular electrode the current 
path is bounded at the electrodes by a part of the electrode/body 
interface a normal to which extends in a direction which has a component 
extending towards the other electrode. 
Said smallest cross sectional dimension is preferably not more than 60% of 
the transverse dimension of said part of the interface. 
According to another aspect of the invention we provide a heating tape of 
the type described wherein the smallest cross sectional dimension of the 
body between the electrodes is smaller than the maximum effective cross 
sectional dimension of the electrodes. 
The maximum effective cross sectional dimension of the electrode is, if the 
electrodes are of different size, the maximum cross sectional dimension of 
the smallest electrode. If the electrodes are of composite construction, 
for example, a cylindrical copper wire inner part in a tubular case of 
conductive rubber of higher conductivity than the body, the effective 
dimension is the sum of the diameter of the copper wire, Dw and the 
product of the total thickness Tc and the ratio of the electrical 
conductivity of the wire and case Cw, Cc. That is to say: 
EQU Dw+Tc (Cc/Cw) 
said smallest cross sectional dimension of the body is preferably not more 
than 60% of the maximum effective cross sectional dimension of the 
electrodes. 
Conventionally a heating tape of the type described is generally 
rectangular in lateral cross-section. We consider that when such tapes 
fail it is due to the carbon chains in the electrically conductive rubber 
adjacent the electrodes breaking down due to them carrying the most 
current since the smallest cross sectional dimension of the electrically 
conductive rubber and thus, the highest current density, in said lateral 
section is in the part of the rubber surrounding the electrodes. 
A tape embodying the present invention avoids or reduces the problem of 
tape failure due to the above cause by locating the smallest cross-section 
dimension and hence the highest current density as specified above. 
The tape may comprise in said lateral section a main body part of 
electrically conducting material and at each end thereof electrode 
surrounding parts of greater overall thickness than the main body part and 
which project transversely relative to the main body part on one side only 
of the main body part. 
The electrode surrounding parts may be of generally circular external 
configuration in said cross section, one surface of the main body part 
being tangential to the circular electrode surrounding parts and the other 
surface of the main body part being parallel to and spaced from said one 
surface. 
Alternatively the tape may include a non-conductive part located between 
the electrodes of such a configuration as to provide said reduced 
cross-sectional dimension part. Said part may be a non-conductive insert. 
The tape may be of generally constant cross-sectional dimension in said 
lateral section between the electrodes and have an insert of glass fibre 
or silicone or other semi-flexible solid non-conductive material. 
The insert may be generally rectangular in said lateral section and may be 
located so as to have a layer of conductive material on each side thereof 
transversely of said section. 
In both this and the previous embodiment less conductive rubber is used 
than if the tape, except for the electrodes, comprised only rubber and 
hence production is facilitated as a longer length of tape may be made 
from a given mass of rubber. 
In a further alternative there may be embedded within the tape between the 
electrodes one or more electrically conductive wires which are 
electrically insulated from the electrically conductive material of the 
body. This arrangement is advantageous when long tapes are used or where 
T-junctions are used since it can simplify the wiring of the power 
circuits. 
In a still further alternative the tape may be of constant thickness in 
said lateral cross section and there being at least one groove formed in 
the rubber between the electrodes and extending in the transverse 
direction of the section so as to produce a region of reduced dimension in 
the electrically conductive material. 
In one embodiment a single groove may be provided extending transversely 
inwardly from one side surface of the tape to a position adjacent the 
other side surface and spaced inwardly thereof. 
In another embodiment a pair of opposite grooves may be formed one 
extending inwardly from each of the side surfaces to form a region of 
reduced thickness in the electrically conductive material between the 
bottom of the grooves. 
In a further embodiment three grooves may be provided, two extending 
inwardly in a transverse direction of the section from one side surface 
and the other being located longitudinally between the first mentioned two 
grooves and extending inwardly in the transverse direction of the section 
from the other side surface to produce two regions of reduced dimension in 
a direction extending longitudinally of the lateral section between said 
other groove and each of the two first mentioned grooves.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to FIG. 1, an electrically conductive tape is of indefinite 
length and in a lateral section taken at right angles to the longitudinal 
extent of the tape is of the configuration shown in FIG. 1. Thus in 
lateral section the tape comprises a pair of spaced metal wire electrodes 
10 embedded in electrically conductive material, 11, 12 such as rubber and 
preferably rubber of the composition described in our co-pending U.S. 
application Ser. No. 907,415. The electrode surrounding parts 11 are of 
generally circular configuration and are connected together by a main body 
part 12 of the tape which is of constant thickness having a first side 
surface 13 which is planar and which extends tangentially to the outer 
surface of the electrode surrounding parts 11 and a second side surface 14 
spaced a constant distance from the first mentioned side surface 13 in a 
direction transversely of said lateral section and hence also of planar 
configuration and which extends, as a result, chordally of the electrode 
surrounding parts 11. The whole tape is surrounded by a non-conductive 
outer sheath of rubber indicated at 15. 
Thus, the main body part 12 of the tape is of less overall thickness than 
the overall thickness of the tape in the electrode surrounding parts 11. 
The resulting cross sectional dimension D of the electrically conductive 
material of the main body part is less than that D1+D2, of the 
electrically conductive material of the annular electrode surrounding part 
so that the part 12 acts as a current limiting region since the current 
density will be highest in this region. 
In assessing the current density in this, and in the following embodiments, 
the effective current path is bounded at the electrode by the half 
cylindrical portion of the electrode/body interface facing the other 
electrode. Thus the current path has in all the embodiments, a transverse 
dimension of .pi./2 times the electrode diameter. In the case of 
substantially non-circular electrodes the transverse dimension of the part 
of the interface which bounds the current path can be approximated to one 
half of the total peripheral extent of the interface. 
Preferably the dimension D is not more than 60% of said transverse 
dimension of the current path. 
It is also to be noted that the dimension D is less than the effective 
maximum cross sectional dimension of the electrodes and is preferably not 
more than 60% of said effective maximum cross sectional dimension. 
The effective maximum cross sectional dimension of the electrodes is, where 
there are electrodes of different diameter the maximum cross sectional 
dimension of the smallest electrode. 
In the present embodiment, the electrodes comprise a wire electrode 10 
which is embedded in a thin case 10a of electrically conductive rubber 
which is of greater electrical conductivity than the electrode surrounding 
body part and is made of a material described in our co-pending U.S. Ser. 
No. 40,067. In this case the effective maximum cross sectional dimension 
of the electrode is equal to Dw+Tc (Cc/Cw) where Dw is the wire dimension, 
Tc is the total thickness of the case and Cc and Cw are, respectively, the 
conductivity of the case and wire. 
Referring to FIG. 2 the tape again comprises a pair of wire electrodes 110 
embedded in electrically conductive material 110a, 111, 112 as described 
in the first embodiment in connection with the parts 10a, 11, 12 
respectively. The main body part 112 is made, in this case, of the same 
overall thickness as electrode surrounding parts 111, which in this 
example are of semi-circular shape, and embedded in the main body part 112 
is a non-electrically conductive insert 116 which in the present example 
is made of woven fibre glass cloth but which may be made of any 
semi-flexible, solid, non-conducting material such as fiberglass in other 
forms or silicone strip. The dimensions of the insert 116 are arranged so 
that the sum of the thicknesses of the electrically conductive material in 
the parts indicated at 117 is less than the sum of the thickness D.sub.1 
+D.sub.2 of the electrically conductive material in the electrode 
surrounding regions 111 so that the parts 117 act as a current limiting 
part of the tape. 
It will be appreciated that the insert 116 may be of other configuration 
than that described hereinbefore so long as it has the effect of producing 
current limiting regions of reduced thickness compared with the thickness 
of the electrically conductive material in the parts 111. 
The tape is again enclosed in an outer sheath of non-conductive material 
such as rubber as indicated at 115. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, in this example the heating tape again comprises 
two electrically conductive wires 210 embedded in electrically conductive 
rubber 110a of the same material as described in connection with 110a of 
FIG. 1. The wires 210 are embedded in an electrode surrounding part 211 of 
the rubber of semi-circular configuration and the main body of the tape 
comprises a part 212 of constant thickness having planar side surfaces 213 
and 214. 
Embedded within the main body part 212 are two electrically conductive 
wires 218 which are surrounded by insulating material 219 so that they are 
insulated from the body of the tape 212. If desired, one or more than two 
such electrically conductive wires may be provided. The insulating 
material need not be of uniform thickness. 
The wires 218 thus define reduced portions 217 of the electrically 
conductive rubber so that these act as current limiting portions in 
similar manner to the previously described embodiments, since the sum of 
the thickness of the portions 217 is less than the sum of the thickness 
D.sub.1 +D.sub.2. The whole tape is again enclosed within the sheath of 
electrically insulating rubber indicated at 215. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, in this embodiment the tape again comprises two 
electrically conductive wires 310 surrounded by electrically conductive 
rubber portions 310a and 311 of semi-circular configuration whilst the 
main body of the tape 312 again has generally planar side surfaces 313 and 
314. The electrically conductive rubber of which the parts 310a, 311 and 
312 are made is as described in connection with the previous embodiments. 
In this embodiment a current limiting portion 317 is provided by the 
presence of grooves 320 and 321. The groove 320 extends inwardly of the 
tape from the side surface 313 in a direction transverse to the lateral 
section shown in FIG. 4 and does of course, extend in the longitudinal 
direction of the whole tape. The groove 320 is of limited extent in the 
longitudinal direction of the lateral section. A similar groove 321 
extends in the transverse direction of the lateral section from the 
surface 314 and is aligned with the groove 320 in the longitudinal 
direction of that section thereby defining a current limiting part 317 
therebetween of less thickness than the sum of the thickness D.sub.1 and 
D.sub.2. 
The tape is again enclosed within a sheath of electrically insulating 
material 315 which also extends within the grooves 320 and 321. 
Referring now to FIG. 5 an alternative embodiment of the invention relating 
to that of FIG. 4 is shown which again comprises electrode wires 410 
surrounded by electrically conductive rubber 410a, 411 whilst the main 
body of the tape is indicated at 412 and the material of which the parts 
410a, 411 and 412 are made is as described hereinbefore. 
In this example a single groove 420 extends inwardly in the transverse 
direction of the section from the side surface 413 and affords a current 
limiting portion 417 between the bottom end of the groove 420 and the 
other side surface 414 since the thickness of the portion 417 is less than 
the sum of the thickness D.sub.1 +D.sub.2. 
The tape is again encompassed in a sheath of insulating rubber 415 which 
extends into the groove 420. 
Referring now to FIG. 6, a further modification is shown and in this case 
the tape comprises wire electrodes 510 surrounded by electrically 
conductive rubber 510a, 511 whilst the main body of the tape 512 again has 
generally planar side surfaces 513 and 514. The material of the parts 
510a, 511 and 512 is as described in the previous embodiments. In this 
embodiment however two grooves 520 are provided at longitudinally spaced 
apart positions of the transverse section of the tape, which extend 
transversely inwardly from the surface 513 towards the other surface 514 
whilst longitudinally between the two grooves 520 is provided a further 
groove 521 which extends transversely inwardly from the surface 514 
towards the surface 513. Thus in this case the current limiting portions 
are as indicated at 517 and in this case their dimension in the 
longitudinal direction of the section is significant i.e. the sum of the 
distances a-b is less than the sum of the thickness D.sub.1 +D.sub.2. 
If desired more than 3 grooves may be provided. It will be appreciated that 
the cross section of the groove may be other than the rectangular 
configuration described hereinbefore. 
The groove or grooves of the embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 6 could also be 
filled with a thermally conductive material to improve heat dissipation 
from the tape, or alternatively, the grooves could be filled with a 
material of lower conductivity than the main body of the tape in order to 
modify the overall conductivity. 
Although circular wire elements have been described in the above examples 
the electrodes may be of other shape such as strips or foil as can be 
electrically conductive wires 218. 
In all the embodiments described and illustrated above the electrodes are 
embedded in a thin case of electrically conductive rubber 10a, 110a, 310a, 
410a, 510a. This may be the same material as the electrode surrounding and 
main, body parts or may be of different material, for example, material of 
greater electrical conductivity than the electrode surrounding and main, 
body parts such as the material described in our co-pending application 
claiming priority from U.K. patent application No. 20418/78. 
If desired, however, the electrodes may be embedded directly into the 
material of the body. 
It should also be appreciated that combinations of the embodiments 
described hereinbefore may be provided.