Optical card and card reader system for purchase of parking time

A card-operated parking system utilizes cards having a succession of discrete filtered light transmitting areas thereon. The cards operate a card reader which includes a light source and light sensing means, between which the card is inserted, and a punch which punches out a filter area after it has triggered the time-dispensing mechanism. The filters transmit light having a photon energy below a level characteristic of the filter material but absorb light having a photon energy above that level. Two light sensors are positioned in the light path, one receptive to light of the first mentioned photon energy and the other to light of the second photon energy. Only the outputs corresponding to filtered light trigger the parking time dispensing mechanism. The light source may be a tungsten filament bulb or a pair of light emitting diodes of different photon energies. The light sensing means may be a pair of photodiodes or a pair of phototransistors.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to card-controlled apparatus for dispensing 
services. It is more particularly concerned with parking meters which 
dispense parking time in response to the introduction of a card-like 
ticket into the meter, the ticket having optically absorbing regions 
thereon. My invention is also applicable to automatic laundries, 
photocopiers, and vending machines of other descriptions for dispensing 
services. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
My invention will be described hereinafter with reference to parking meters 
but it will be understood that such use is exemplary only. 
At present almost all parking meters controlling the use of positions in 
automobile parking lots are coin-operated and mechanical in nature. In 
recent years there has been an increase in the cost of such parking to the 
point where quarter-dollars may be the only accepted coin and a spell of 
one or two hours of parking time may require the provision of many such 
coins. This presents an availabilty problem that is a growing source of 
inconvenience to frequent users of such meters. Attempts have been made 
therefore to devise credit card related systems to operate parking meters. 
One approach is the use of a conventional bank credit card, or Visa or 
Mastercharge card, to purchase a magnetically encoded parking card 
entitling the purchaser to a number of units, for example 20 hours, of 
parking time (see for instance Kenyon UK Patent Application No. 2027965A). 
The parking card could be dispensed from a bank money dispensing machine 
or from an adjacent stand-alone dispensing machine after a standard bank 
credit card, or Visa or Mastercharge card, had been temporarily 
magnetically encoded to allow dispensing of the parking card. The parking 
card could then be carried in a purse or wallet and used in the parking 
location. Typically a card with magnetic regions recorded as on an audio 
cassette tape must be scanned by a reading head at a known speed and this 
entails problems of cost and reliability. Some applications of magnetic 
cards involve reading of the card's magnetic regions, and change of 
certain of the magnetic regions to correspond to the amount of service 
supplied. Then the cash value is subtracted from the purchased value of 
the card and the card imprinted with the unused value remaining. This 
requires a complicated mechanical mechanism and an associated 
sophisticated electrical system. An example of such a system may be found 
in Pfost et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,020,325. 
Because of the high cost, such systems have not come into general use in 
connection with parking meters. It is conceivable that such a system might 
be set up as a single unit to supply parking time to a large array of 
individual parking meters, which would distribute the cost. It could 
dispose coin-like parking tokens that could then be used as substitutes 
for coins in regular parking meters. However many street areas have 
parking meters in widely dispersed locations not conveniently serviced by 
a central token dispenser. The need, therefore, exists for a low-cost box 
unit that could be added to an existing parking meter post to provide 
parking time with the aid of a low-cost card. The electrical power 
requirement of each box should be low enough to be provided by battery 
rather than 60 Hz electrical power line. 
In the present state of the art of magnetically encoded cards, it is 
difficult to apply them economically to parking control. My invention 
makes use of encoded cards of special design that are interrogated by 
light of suitably chosen photon energies to achieve parking control at 
considerably lower cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The principal object of the present invention is to provide apparatus for 
the purchase of parking time with a card system that is an alternative to 
the need to supply coins for parking meter operation. 
The card itself is a wallet-size parking card that is pre-purchased and 
entitles the holder to a number of units of parking time determined by 
optically filtering components on the card. These components become 
deactivated by change in optical transmission as use of the card proceeds. 
Finally, all the parking has been consumed and a new card must be 
purchased. The deactivation is accomplished in the card reader by means 
which punch a hole in the filtering region when the user is setting up a 
visible signal flag showing the parking time he desired to purchase. 
My card reader positions a card as above-described with a discrete light 
filter between a light source and two light sensors both of which are in 
the light path. The filter transmits light having a photon energy below a 
predetermined level but absorbs light having a photon energy above that 
level. One light sensor is receptive to light of the first mentioned 
photon energy and the other to light of the second photon energy. The 
electri- cal output of the light sensors corresponding to filtered light 
is, respectively, high (one) and low (zero). The respective outputs 
corresponding to the unfiltered light are both high. Those outputs are 
introduced into a logic circuit which triggers the service dispensing 
means only when filtered light is received and also triggers a punch 
which, after the service is dispensed, punches out the discrete light 
filter so that the filter unit is deactivated. 
It is envisaged that the pre-purchasing of the parking card of this system 
may be accomplished at many locations in shops and stores or through the 
mail. A particularly convenient method may be through the use of money 
dispensing machines presently installed outside most banks. The user would 
insert his banking card, or Visa or Mastercharge or similar card, into the 
machine and following an instruction code indicate his wish to purchase a 
parking card say for $10.00. His bank account would be debited $10.00 plus 
a service charge and a temporary magnetic code would appear on his credit 
card. This credit card would then be inserted in a parking card dispenser 
and the parking card received and the temporary magnetic code representing 
the enabling action would be erased. At a later stage it is envisaged that 
some bank money dispensing machines would be modified to allow direct 
dispensing of the parking cards. 
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
FIG. 1 shows the card reader box 11 of my invention mounted on the standard 
of a conventional parking meter 12. On one side of box 11 is a knob 13 
which may be rotated to advance the card into the box and to select the 
desired parking interval. That interval is displayed by indicator 14 which 
is coupled to knob 13 as will be shown hereinafter. A lever 15 is mounted 
on one face of box 11 to set up parking time and actuate a punch as 
described hereinafter. The card 16 of my invention is inserted through a 
slot in box 11 which may be in any side thereof. In FIG. 1 the slot is in 
the bottom and is not shown. 
FIG. 2 is the top view of a parking card or token 16 that is approximately 
the length of a dollar bill so that it will fit conveniently in a wallet 
or purse. 
The card comprises a substrate 17 formed with a series of discrete light 
filtering areas 22-26 inclusive. Those areas may be set in holes in an 
opaque substrate 17 or the light filtering areas may be printed on a 
substrate 18 at least semi-transparent to light of infra-red energy down 
to photon energies of 0.7 electron volts. Ordinary high quality 
semi-transparent drafting paper for engineering drawings has suitable 
light transmitting properties. Likewise, a wide range of plastic materials 
such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyvinyl chloride, 
polyethylene terphthalate (polyester), and trademarked products such as 
Mylar and Saran wrap may be used. 
The card 16 is formed with a series of uniformly spaced perforations 21 
along each side that aid its insertion in the parking meter box 11, as 
will be described hereinafter. Printed on the top side of the card (or on 
a plastic insert 18 on the card) is a series of light filtering regions 
shown as 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 in FIG. 2. These filter regions may be 
typically 0.2 to 0.5 inches in diameter and of thickness typically 0.002 
inches. They are made typically of powdered crystalline silicon, of 
semiconductor purity and lightly doped, embedded in a matrix of glue, 
epoxy or plastic material to produce a solid that does not transmit light 
of photon energy greater than 1.1 electron-volts (eV) but that is 
transparent to light photons of energy less than 1.1 electron-volts for 
reasons that will be explained hereinafter. The matrix is selected to 
provide ease of application and good adhesion. With a choice between two 
matrices that are equal in these respects, the material with a refractive 
index that reduces the scattering of the light within the 
silicon-containing layer is preferred. This filtering action comes about 
because silicon in crystalline silicon form has an energy gap of 1.1 eV 
and absorbs and converts to heat only photons of this energy or greater. 
Photons of lower energy are transmitted without being absorbed. FIG. 3 
shows a cross section of a portion of the card with the plastic insert 18 
sandwiched between two substrate layers 17 that form the card 16. The 
thickness of an absorbing region such as 22 is non-critical, being 
typically in the range 0.001 inches to 0.010 inches, the only requirement 
being that light of photon energy greater than 1.1 eV is attenuated by a 
factor of 50 or more in passing through the region and that light of 
photon energy less than 1.1 eV is not attenuated by a factor greater than 
about 5. The average diameter of the grains of powdered crystalline 
silicon should be such that there are many overlapping grains in the 
thickness of the filter. A typical size is 5 micrometers diameter. FIG. 2 
shows two rows of filter regions. Regions 22, 23, and 24 in the first row 
are used in sequence with the card inserted in box 11 with end 20 
foremost. After all the regions up to 24 in this row are used the card is 
withdrawn and reinserted with the other end foremost so that regions 25 
and its corresponding row can be used in sequence. 
FIG. 4 is a schematic of my card reading apparatus where the card 16 is 
transparent in region 29 without the use of a plastic insert. The light 
filter region 23 under interrogation is positioned below a light source 28 
that may be an ordinary tungsten filament flashlight bulb, so as to be 
illuminated thereby. The light is screened from the rest of the card by a 
cylindrical opaque metal or plastic screen 27. The lightbulb is energized 
by battery power box 34 through switch 41 that is closed by manual 
insertion of the card 16 by rotation of knob 13. Also activated by 
insertion of the card are the sensing circuit diodes 30 (germanium) and 31 
(silicon) through switch 42 and the signal processing logic circuit box 35 
and lock mechanism 37 through switch 43. Lightbulb 28 may be operated at 
reduced voltage to conserve power. Knob 13 and toothed wheel 36, meter 
display 14, the lever 15 and punch mechanism 39 are mechanically coupled. 
Lock mechanism 37 prevents forward rotation of toothed wheel 36 once a 
valid filter spot is in position under source 28 in the absence of a 
signal from logic circuit box 35. Depressing the lever 15 unlocks the 
mechanism 37 and sets up one unit of parking time on the display 14 and 
advances the card one sensing region and punches a hole in the filter 
region that has just been interrogated and used. 
The output of light sensing diode 30 is applied across resistor 32 to one 
input of logic circuit box 35. The output of light sensing diode 31 is 
applied across resistor 33 to the other input of logic circuit box 35. The 
output of that circuit is connected to latch mechanism 37. The teeth of 
wheel 36 mate with perforations 21 along the sides of card 16. Meter 
display 14 is coupled to knob 13 and toothed wheel 36. Also coupled to 
those elements is lever 15 and punch mechanism 39 which, as is best shown 
in FIG. 5, is positioned over card 16 aligned with the row of filter areas 
so as to be immediately above the filter area interrogated--area 23--after 
service has been dispensed and card 16 advanced one position in the 
direction of the arrow. Punch mechanism 39 is positioned so that when it 
is operated by depression of lever 15 it punches out the filter material 
area immediately below it. 
The operation of my apparatus will be explained by assuming that all the 
optical filter regions in the row 22 up to 23 have already been 
deactivated by the punch mechanism 39. Filter region 23 is the next valid 
region and is located under the light source 28. Since the silicon powder 
filter region 23 is intact the only light that passes through it has 
photon energies less than 1.1 eV. This light falls on both the germanium 
diode sensor 30 and on the silicon diode sensor 31 each of which contains 
a pn rectifying junction indicated schematically by the dotted line. Both 
sensors are reverse biased with a voltage V.sub.R, typically 5 volts, as 
shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. The response currents of these two kinds of diodes 
are shown in FIG. 8. The germanium diode 30 provides reverse current 
output for light of photon energies between 0.7 eV and 1.1 eV whereas the 
silicon diode 31 provides no output for this band of photon energies. The 
result, therefore, of illumination through the filter spot 23 is that the 
current through the germanium sensor 30 rises as shown by I.sub.L in FIG. 
6 and an increased voltage appears across the resistor 32. The current 
I.sub.00 in FIG. 7 for the silicon diode sensor 31 however remains low and 
so therefore does the voltage across resistor 33. The logic circuit box 
interprets this as the presence of a valid filter spot. This locks the 
insertion knob 13 and the toothed wheel 36 so that the user knows that a 
valid region has been located under the light spot. The user then begins 
to depress the lever 15. The first part of the lever travel releases the 
lock mechanism 37 on the toothed wheel mechanism 36 and advances the card 
one further filter spot distance. The second part of the lever movement 
sets up one unit of parking time on the meter display 14 via the geared 
linkage indicated by the dotted line 44 and also actuates the punch 
mechanism 39, via linkage 45, to pierce the filter spot 23 that is now 
conveniently located under the punch, as shown in FIG. 5, and not under 
the light source 28. 
This completes one unit of parking display. If a further unit of time is 
required the user depresses the lever 15 once more and a reading is now 
made of the next filter spot 24 and a fresh cycle begins. The display 
meter winds back mechanically as for a normal meter as parking time 
elapses. The card 16 is withdrawn from the parking box 11 by reverse 
rotation of knob 13 since the locking mechanism 37 allows reverse 
rotation. 
If the card has been withdrawn and is reinserted with filter spot 22 
already perforated by a previous use, then because of the hole the light 
entering the sensing diode 31 has photons of energy greater than 1.1 eV 
and hence the current through the diode is increased and the voltage 
across resistor 33 is increased. This is interpreted by the logic circuit 
box 35 as an indication that the card must be advanced a further step by 
knob 13 in search of a valid (unused) filter spot. 
There are several ways by which the ruggedness and sensitivity of the 
system may be increased. One is by coating the filter spots with a 
transparent lacquer to prevent the filter spots from being abraded when 
the card is being carried in a purse or wallet. The sensitivity may be 
increased by the use of bipolar photosensitive transistors of germanium 46 
and silicon 47 in place of the diodes 30 and 31, respectively, as is shown 
in FIG. 9 where the two dotted lines indicate the emitter and collection 
junction regions. Phototransistors when operative with the base 
open-circuited as shown in FIG. 9 have an inherent current gain that is 
not present in diodes. Another way of adjusting sensitivity is by 
adjusting the composition of the filter spot to minimize reflectance by 
choosing a matrix of suitable refractive index and to maximize the 
transmission of the photons having energies between 0.7 and 1.1 eV. One 
way of adjusting the optical transmissibility cutoff of the filter spot 
material is by adding to the crystalline silicon powder a very small 
percentage of powder of another semiconductor such as Ge or InP (bandgap 
1.2 eV). 
Likewise, the light source 28 may consist of a pair of light emitting 
diodes, 48 and 49, one of GaP emitting green light at 2.1 eV photon energy 
and one of GaAs emitting infrared light of photon energy 1.4 eV, as is 
also shown in FIG. 9. The filter region 25 may then be powdered 
semiconductor crystalline CdSe (bandgap 1.7 eV) in a matrix as described 
previously. Other possibilities for the filter material in this 
illustration would be the semiconductors Al.sub.0.2 Ga.sub.0.8 As or 
GaAs.sub.0.7 P.sub.0.3 since both of these have bandgaps of about 1.7 eV. 
The detector 30 in FIG. 4 used in this example could then be either a Si 
or a Ge diode since both materials respond to light of the GaAs photon 
energy 1.4 eV that is transmitted by the filter. The photon detector 31 in 
FIG. 4 that must respond to the 2.1 eV green light in the event that the 
filter spot 25 has been punctured, then has to be a diode with the 
absorption edge (E.sub.1 in FIG. 8) located above 1.7 eV, the filter cut 
off energy, and below 2.1 eV the photon energy of the light. Diodes made 
of GaAs.sub.x P.sub.1-x where x is between 0.35 and 0.45 have the desired 
characteristics. So do diodes made of Al.sub.0.35 Ga.sub.0.65 As since 
both have energy bandgaps of about 1.8 eV. 
The most convenient and economical way of applying the filter material is a 
painting or printing process. This has the advantage of being a low 
temperature process. However, other processes such as sputtering or 
evaporation or vapor deposition known to those experienced in silicon 
processing may be used. 
It is not essential that the filter spot be made of silicon or CdSe. More 
generally, the essential feature is that if the two detectors used have 
energy sensitive cliffs at E.sub.1 and E.sub.2 as shown in FIG. 7, then 
the filter used must cut off photons of energy greater than E.sub.1 and be 
transparent to photons of energy between E.sub.1 and E.sub.2. Certain 
metallic or organic dye chemicals may be found that exhibit photon pass 
characterictics that meet this criterion. Infra-red transmitting visible 
absorbing filters that could be used are described by Macleod in Thin-Film 
Optical Filters, American Elsevier Publishing Company, 1969, page 56, et 
seq. 
Other pairs of photo sensors that could be used would be InP (1.2 eV) and 
Ge (0.7 eV), GaAs (1.45 eV) and Si (1.1 eV), GaAs (1.45 eV) and Ge (0.7 
eV), to give a few examples from the wide range that might be possible. 
These have been chosen from the list of semiconductors given in Table 4.2 
of the book, Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Electronics, by A. G. 
Milnes, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980. This book explains the 
differences between phototransistor and photodiode sensitivity on page 
772. 
The choice of the filter material characteristics make it very unlikely 
that an unethical user could find some commonly available material with 
equivalent optical filtering action. From FIGS. 4 and 5 it is seen that 
the punchhole is substantial in relation to the size of the filter spot 
with the result that cutting up residual filter material from an old card 
to patch a used area is not practical. The punched hole is also, of 
course, a convenience feature for the user of the card since it clearly 
indicates how much has been used. 
While I have shown and described a present preferred embodiment of my 
invention and have illustrated a presently preferred method of practicing 
the same, it is to be distinctly understood that the invention is not 
limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodied within the scope 
of the following claims.