Method for voicemail quality detection

A system and method for speech quality detection is included. The method may include receiving, at a computing device, a first speech signal associated with a particular user. The method may include extracting one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms. The method may also include determining one or more statistics of each of the one or more short-term features from the first speech signal. The method may further include classifying the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to a method for non-intrusive classification of speech quality.

BACKGROUND

Speech quality is a judgment of a perceived multidimensional construct that is internal to the listener and is typically considered as a mapping between the desired and observed features of the speech signal. Speech quality assessment may be used for analyzing the perceptual effects of various degradations on a speech signal. These degradations may be caused when speech processing systems are deployed in non-ideal operating conditions and the problem is compounded further by the increasing complexity and non-linear processing integrated into modern communication systems. In the telecommunications industry, such degradations impact the quality of service of a system and objective techniques for speech quality assessment may be used for optimizing network parameters, capacity management and cost optimization based on customer experience.

The quality of a speech signal (e.g. a voicemail) may be obtained in a listening test with a number of human subjects (subjective methods) or algorithmically (objective methods). As the quality of a speech signal is a highly subjective measure, a number of techniques for subjective speech quality assessment have been proposed. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard outlines a number of protocols for carrying out subjective quality experiments on various measurement scales. There are broadly two types of subjective tests, one where the subjects rate the absolute quality of a signal (absolute rating) and the other where subjects provide a preference for one of a pair of signals (preference rating). A frequently used rating scale for absolute rating is the 5-point Absolute Category Rating (ACR) listening quality scale.

Although it is possible to get accurate results with subjective testing for small quantities of data (and are believed to give the true speech quality), they are time consuming and expensive to administer for large amounts of audio and thus unsuitable for real-time (or even near real-time) applications. The objective methods for speech quality assessment aim to overcome these issues by modeling the relationship between the desired and perceived characteristics of the signal algorithmically, without the use of listeners.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

In one implementation, a method for speech quality detection is provided. The method may include receiving, at a computing device, a first speech signal associated with a particular user. The method may include extracting one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms. The method may also include determining one or more statistics of each of the one or more short-term features from the first speech signal. The method may further include classifying the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes.

One or more of the following features may be included. In some embodiments, the one or more statistics may include at least one of mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. The one or more short-term features may include at least one of linear predictive coding residual, pitch frequency, Hilbert envelope, zero crossing rate, importance weighted signal to noise ratio, and difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum features. In some embodiments, classifying may be based upon, at least in part, non-intrusive classification of speech quality. In some embodiments, classifying may be performed per each time frame. In some embodiments, classifying the one or more statistics may include modeling a speech quality class using a binary tree classifier. The difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum features may include at least one of flatness, centroid, and a power spectrum of long term deviation. The method may include extracting one or more long-term features from the first speech signal. The one or more long-term features may include a percentage of energy per frequency band. The method may include automatically generating at least one training database, based upon, at least in part, the first speech signal and an intrusive speech quality algorithm.

In another implementation, a system is provided. The system may be used for converting speech to text using voice quality detection. The system may include one or more processors configured to receive a first speech signal associated with a particular user. The one or more processors may be further configured to extract one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms. The one or more processors may be further configured to determine one or more statistics of each of the one or more short-term features from the first speech signal. The one or more processors may be further configured to classify the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes.

One or more of the following features may be included. In some embodiments, the one or more statistics may include at least one of mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. The one or more short-term features may include at least one of linear predictive coding residual, pitch frequency, Hilbert envelope, zero crossing rate, importance weighted signal to noise ratio, and difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum features. In some embodiments, classifying may be based upon, at least in part, non-intrusive classification of speech quality.

In another implementation, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may have stored thereon instructions, which when executed by a processor result in one or more operations. The operations may include receiving, at a computing device, a first speech signal associated with a particular user. Operations may further include extracting one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms. Operations may also include determining one or more statistics of each of the one or more short-term features from the first speech signal. Operations may further include classifying the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes.

One or more of the following features may be included. In some embodiments, the one or more statistics may include at least one of mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. The one or more short-term features may include at least one of linear predictive coding residual, pitch frequency, Hilbert envelope, zero crossing rate, importance weighted signal to noise ratio, and difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum features. In some embodiments, classifying may be based upon, at least in part, non-intrusive classification of speech quality. In some embodiments, classifying may be performed per each time frame. In some embodiments, classifying the one or more statistics may include modeling a speech quality class using a binary tree classifier.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings may indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments provided herein are directed towards a system and method for speech quality detection (e.g. in a voicemail to text application). In some embodiments, the speech classification process of the present disclosure may be used to non-intrusively (i.e., without a reference signal) classify the acoustic quality of speech into N classes. Accordingly, the speech classification process may be used to set more appropriate customer expectation for automatic speech recognition (“ASR”) conversion, efficiently control the speech to text process pipeline. For example, in a voicemail system, the teachings of the present disclosure may help in monitoring voice quality from numerous carriers.

Referring toFIG. 1, there is shown a speech classification process10that may reside on and may be executed by computer12, which may be connected to network14(e.g., the Internet or a local area network). Server application20may include some or all of the elements of speech classification process10described herein. Examples of computer12may include but are not limited to a single server computer, a series of server computers, a single personal computer, a series of personal computers, a mini computer, a mainframe computer, an electronic mail server, a social network server, a text message server, a photo server, a multiprocessor computer, one or more virtual machines running on a computing cloud, and/or a distributed system. The various components of computer12may execute one or more operating systems, examples of which may include but are not limited to: Microsoft Windows Server™; Novell Netware™; Redhat Linux™, Unix, or a custom operating system, for example.

As will be discussed below in greater detail inFIGS. 2-7, speech classification process10may include receiving (602), at a computing device, a first speech signal associated with a particular voicemail from a user. The method may further include extracting (604) one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms. The method may also include determining (606) one or more statistics of each of the one or more short-term features from the first speech signal. The method may further include classifying (608) the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes.

The instruction sets and subroutines of speech classification process10, which may be stored on storage device16coupled to computer12, may be executed by one or more processors (not shown) and one or more memory architectures (not shown) included within computer12. Storage device16may include but is not limited to: a hard disk drive; a flash drive, a tape drive; an optical drive; a RAID array; a random access memory (RAM); and a read-only memory (ROM).

In some embodiments, speech classification process10may be accessed and/or activated via client applications22,24,26,28. Examples of client applications22,24,26,28may include but are not limited to a standard web browser, a customized web browser, or a custom application that can display data to a user. The instruction sets and subroutines of client applications22,24,26,28, which may be stored on storage devices30,32,34,36(respectively) coupled to client electronic devices38,40,42,44(respectively), may be executed by one or more processors (not shown) and one or more memory architectures (not shown) incorporated into client electronic devices38,40,42,44(respectively).

Storage devices30,32,34,36may include but are not limited to: hard disk drives; flash drives, tape drives; optical drives; RAID arrays; random access memories (RAM); and read-only memories (ROM). Examples of client electronic devices38,40,42,44may include, but are not limited to, personal computer38, laptop computer40, smart phone42, television43, notebook computer44, a server (not shown), a data-enabled, cellular telephone (not shown), a dedicated network device (not shown), etc.

One or more of client applications22,24,26,28may be configured to effectuate some or all of the functionality of speech classification process10. Accordingly, speech classification process10may be a purely server-side application, a purely client-side application, or a hybrid server-side/client-side application that is cooperatively executed by one or more of client applications22,24,26,28and speech classification process10.

Client electronic devices38,40,42,44may each execute an operating system, examples of which may include but are not limited to Apple iOS™, Microsoft Windows™, Android™, Redhat Linux™, or a custom operating system.

Users46,48,50,52may access computer12and speech classification process10directly through network14or through secondary network18. Further, computer12may be connected to network14through secondary network18, as illustrated with phantom link line54. In some embodiments, users may access speech classification process10through one or more telecommunications network facilities62.

The various client electronic devices may be directly or indirectly coupled to network14(or network18). For example, personal computer38is shown directly coupled to network14via a hardwired network connection. Further, notebook computer44is shown directly coupled to network18via a hardwired network connection. Laptop computer40is shown wirelessly coupled to network14via wireless communication channel56established between laptop computer40and wireless access point (i.e., WAP)58, which is shown directly coupled to network14. WAP58may be, for example, an IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, Wi-Fi, and/or Bluetooth device that is capable of establishing wireless communication channel56between laptop computer40and WAP58. All of the IEEE 802.11x specifications may use Ethernet protocol and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (i.e., CSMA/CA) for path sharing. The various 802.11x specifications may use phase-shift keying (i.e., PSK) modulation or complementary code keying (i.e., CCK) modulation, for example. Bluetooth is a telecommunications industry specification that allows e.g., mobile phones, computers, and smart phones to be interconnected using a short-range wireless connection.

Smart phone42is shown wirelessly coupled to network14via wireless communication channel60established between smart phone42and telecommunications network facility62, which is shown directly coupled to network14.

The phrase “telecommunications network facility”, as used herein, may refer to a facility configured to transmit, and/or receive transmissions to/from one or more mobile devices (e.g. cellphones, etc). In the example shown inFIG. 1, telecommunications network facility62may allow for communication between any of the computing devices shown inFIG. 1(e.g., between cellphone42and server computing device12).

Referring now toFIG. 2, an embodiment of speech classification process10depicting both intrusive and non-intrusive objective speech assessment techniques is provided. There are three main categories of objective speech quality assessment, those which require a reference (un-processed) signal in addition to the received (processed) signal are referred to as intrusive techniques, those that rely only on the received signal are referred to as non-intrusive techniques and those that rely on the parameters of the processing system are commonly referred to as parametric techniques. The quality score estimated with an intrusive or non-intrusive technique is referred as Mean Opinion Score for Objective Listening Quality (MOS-LQO) and when a parametric method is used, it is known as Mean Opinion Score Estimated with a Parametric Listening Quality algorithm (MOS-LQE). The parametric methods estimate speech quality by measuring various properties of the transmission system under test and require a full characterization of the system.

Although certain embodiments discussed herein may involve voicemail applications, the teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to these examples. They are provided merely by way of example and are not intended to limit the speech to text based applications included herein.

Intrusive methods may be used where access to a clean signal is possible, such as CODEC development or for assessing the quality of a communication system with known test signals. An ITU industry standard for intrusive quality testing is the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality measure, which has been further extended for the assessment of wide-band telephone networks and speech CODECs. In PESQ, quality scores are determined on a scale from −0.5 to 4.5 and a mapping function is then used to map the PESQ score to mean opinion scores (MOS). More recently, an extension of PESQ has been standardized as Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (“POLQA”).

When a clean speech signal is not available, a non-intrusive technique may be applied. The current ITU-T industry standard algorithm for non-intrusive speech quality assessment is the P.563, which uses a number of features from the audio stream to estimate the quality directly on the MOS scale. More recently, a number of data-driven methods have been proposed that derive a number of features from the speech signal and use a previously trained model to map the features to a quality score. A number of techniques that use machine learning models such as GMMs to model perceptual speech features such as the Perceptual Linear Prediction (PLP) coefficients have been proposed as well. Additionally, speech quality measures based on a data-mining approach using CART regression trees have also been developed. The Low Complexity Quality Assessment (LCQA) algorithm derives a number of features from the speech signal and has been shown to outperform the P.563 measure for a large set of degradations.

Referring now toFIG. 3, an example depicting an LCQA approach is provided. The LCQA method is a machine learning approach to non-intrusive speech quality assessment and has been shown to outperform the P.563 method for a number of speech databases. See, V Grancharov, D. Y. Zhao, J. Lindblom, and W. B. Kleijn, “Low-complexity, nonintrusive speech quality assessment,” IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1948-1956, November 2006. The LCQA algorithm may begin with a pre-processing stage that splits the input signal into 20 ms non-overlapping frames for further processing. The remaining aspects of the algorithm (e.g. feature extraction, statistical description, and GMM mapping) are described in further detail below.

In some embodiments, the LCQA algorithm may extract a number (e.g. 11) features per frame (denoted as ø in Table 1 shown below). The pitch period may be extracted by an autocorrelation based method and the spectral features may be derived from a 10th order LPC analysis of the speech signal. The spectral flatness feature for time frame i may be calculated as:

where PLPC(i, k) is the frequency response (frequency index k) of the LPC model magnitude spectrum, defined as:

Similarly, the spectral dynamics (ø2(i)) and spectral centroid (ø3(i)) features for the ithtime frame are calculated as:

where ω(k) is the frequency vector (e.g. a vector containing the center frequency of each FFT bin).

In addition to the 6 basic features, the rate of change of these over all time frames is also computed (see Table 1). The next step is a frame selection procedure which applies thresholds on three per-frame features (ø1, ø2, ø5) and retains only those frames that qualify this threshold. This is done to remove unnecessary frames (e.g. those frames that do not help improve the RMSE performance of the algorithm on the training data by a predetermined threshold) from the signal. This has been described as a generalization of a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) and typically discards between 50% to 80% of the frames. The new set of frames is denoted by {umlaut over (Ω)}.

From a statistical standpoint, the 11 per-frame features are described by their mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis as follows:

In some embodiments, for GMM mapping, the final quality estimate may be obtained with a GMM mapping using final global features for the current signal and a trained GMM.

Referring now toFIGS. 4-5, embodiments of speech classification process are shown. In some embodiments, speech classification process10may include, in whole, or in part, one or more Quality of Service (“QOS”) algorithms. In operation, speech classification process10may include receiving (602), at a computing device, a first speech signal associated with a particular user. As discussed above, in some embodiments the speech signal may be associated with a voicemail.

In some embodiments, the QOS algorithm may include a data-driven, machine learning approach that uses a combination of feature extraction followed by a tree based classification model. In this way, speech classification process10may include extracting (604) one or more short-term features from the first speech signal wherein extracting short-term features includes extracting a time frame of between 10-50 ms.

In one particular implementation, 20 ms time frames may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In this particular example, the first step may include the short-time segmentation of the input signal y(n) into 20 ms frames by applying a non-overlapping Hanning window. The resulting signal may be denoted as y(i), where i is a 20 ms frame. The second step may include application of a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) based on the P.56 method to select frames where speech is present. The VAD may refer to a basic energy based method that first computes the speech level of the entire signal using the P.56 method and selects those frames that have a speech level within a range dependent on the P.56 level. The next step may include a normalization of the energy in the speech active frames to make the feature extraction that follows gain independent. This may then be followed by short-term feature extraction and the statistics of the short-term features may be determined (606) and used to characterize the entire signal and combined with the long-term features based on the Long Term Average Speech Spectrum (LTASS) to create the final feature vector, φ, for the current signal. The features, φ, may be used to infer a trained CART classification model, that has been previously trained on a feature matrix, Φ, with corresponding ground truth scores from a training database. Some statistics may include, but are not limited to, mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis.

In some embodiments, the short-term feature extraction may follow the time segmentation of the input speech signal into voice active frames and are described as follows. Some short-term features may include, but are not limited to, linear predictive coding residual, pitch frequency, Hilbert envelope, zero crossing rate, importance weighted signal to noise ratio, and difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum features. In some embodiments, the difference from long-term average speech magnitude spectrum may include at least one of flatness, centroid, and a power spectrum of long term deviation.

Pitch is a feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. The task of pitch estimation in low SNR scenarios is a challenging problem, where many pitch estimation algorithms fail. The QOS method makes use of pitch estimates, and rate of change of pitch, obtained from the RAPT algorithm.

The Importance weighted signal to noise ratio (iSNR) is another feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. The SNR may refer to an intrusive measure of the relative level of distortion in the signal, where the noise and speech power is known. The following additive model for the noise signal is assumed, y(n)=s(n)+v(n), where y(n) is the noisy speech signal, s(n) the clean speech signal and v(n) is the noise signal and Y (i, k) refers to the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the noisy signal at time frame i and frequency bin k. The noisy speech power is defined as Py(i,k)=Y (i,k)×Y*(i,k). The iSNR feature used in QOS is a non-intrusive SNR measure that performs the SNR calculation in short-time frames and also applies a frequency weighting function based on speech intelligibility measurement. The iSNR feature uses the ⅓ octave frequency band importance function from the SII standard that applies more weight to frequencies that have a higher importance to speech intelligibility. The iSNR for time frame i may be defined as:

where I(k) is the SII weighting function, Nkis the number of frequency bands, Pü(i, k) is the estimated noise power spectrum obtained by the minimum statistics algorithm and Py(i, k) is the power spectrum of the noisy speech signal. Additionally, the rate of change of the iSNR feature over all voiced frames may be computed.

The Hilbert envelope is another feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. The Hilbert decomposition of a signal may result in a slowly varying envelope and a rapidly varying fine structure component. The envelope has been shown to be an important factor in speech reception. The envelope for frame i is calculated as:
e(i)=√{square root over (y(i)2+H(y(i))2,)}  (13)
where e(i) is the envelope of the ithframe of y(n) and H{ } is the Hilbert transform. The variance (σe(i)) and dynamic range (Δe(i)) of the envelope for each of the N1frames may be computed as follows:

LTASS deviation is another feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. The long term average speech magnitude spectrum (LTASS) has a characteristic shape that is often used as a model for the clean speech spectrum and has been used in a number of speech processing algorithms, such as blind channel identification. The ITU-T P.50 standard defines an analytic expression for approximating LTASS. The Power spectrum of Long term Deviation (PLD) feature for frame i and frequency bin k is defined as:

where Py(i,k) is the magnitude power spectrum of a noisy signal and PLTASS(k) is the LTASS power spectrum. This deviation spectrum measures the effects on the magnitude spectrum due to the distortion. The per-frame LTASS deviation spectrum is used to derive the spectral flatness (SF), spectral centroid (SC) and spectral dynamics (SD) features as defined below:

where ω is a frequency index vector and Nkis the number of FFT bins. The spectral flatness, dynamics and centroid of LTASS deviation spectrum and their rate of change are included as short-term features.

Linear predictive coding is another feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. A 10th order linear predictive coding (LPC) may be performed on the speech signal using the auto-correlation method. The residual variance and its rate of change over the utterance may be included as features. Here, the term “utterance” may refer to a segment of speech for which the measure of interest is assumed approximately constant. The duration of an utterance should be suitably long as to permit estimation of the various features to be employed. In some embodiments, utterance durations in the range 3 to 8 seconds may be employed. Long speech segments with varying quality may, without loss of generality, be segmented into shorter segments with less variability in the measure of interest.

Zero crossing rate is another feature that may be used in accordance with speech classification process10. The zero crossing rate has been successfully used as a feature for voiced-unvoiced speech and silence classification and is also expected to be a useful feature for speech quality assessment.

In some embodiments, LTASS deviation may be used as a long-term feature in accordance with speech classification process10. The long-term deviation of the magnitude spectrum of the signal (calculated over the entire utterance) is defined as follows

where k if the frequency index, PLD is the power spectrum of long-term deviation. The resulting PLTLDspectrum is then mapped into 16 bins each with a bandwidth of 500 Hz and 50% overlap. The energy in each bin as a percentage of the total energy is then computed to form the long term features in QOS, as follows:

where øfis the jthglobal feature and ω is a 500 Hz window centered on the frame of interest and the numerator is the energy of the current frame and the numerator is the total energy in the residual spectrum. It is expected that this feature can identify the long-term frequency characteristics of different types of degradations.

In some embodiments, speech classification process10may classify the one or more statistics as belonging to one of a set of quality classes. The classes used in the listening test might be traditional MOS integers (1-5) and/or any other classification such as red, amber, green (traffic/stop lights). Where the received speech is associated with a voicemail, the classification approach may simplify the processing of the voice-mail message in the pipeline and also gives a more meaningful feedback to the customer. As discussed herein, classifying may be based upon, at least in part, non-intrusive classification of voicemail message quality. In some embodiments, the classification may be performed per each time frame.

In some embodiments, speech classification process10may use a binary tree classifier to model the speech quality class directly. Current methods estimate a continuous speech quality metric, typically on the MOS score, providing a score in the range from 1 to 5. Accordingly, the use of a classification block rather than a quality determination block may be of benefit to a live service such as voicemail to text because it may provide a go/no go decision for conversion (or traffic light).

As discussed herein, speech classification process10may rely upon both long-term (e.g. Deviation from LTASS based long-term features (e.g., percentage energy per frequency band), etc.) and short-term features (e.g., Hilbert envelope based features such as dynamic range and variance, Deviation from LTASS based short-term features such as Flatness, Centroid, Dynamics of the PLD, etc).

In some embodiments, speech classification process10may employ an intrusive speech quality algorithm to automatically label large training databases. In this way, large amounts of training data may be generated at a low cost. Speech classification process10may require low computational complexity and may be data-driven, so that it may be trained specifically for a target domain and tuned for particular networks.

In some embodiments, speech classification process10may provide active feedback of the speech quality in a voice-mail message, which may help inform customer expectation of the conversion quality in a voicemail to text message system. In this way, the message quality classification system described herein may be used to optimize the conversion process. Accordingly, it may be possible to train models for each message class and then using the quality score obtain better conversion quality.

In some embodiments, the quality score may help guide possible speech enhancement automatically for any speech to text system, including, but not limited to, agent based transcription or ASR, helping to improve output quality and reducing conversion time.

The teachings of the present disclosure may be used in any number of different applications and in numerous implementations. For example, in the general telecommunications context, speech classification process10may be licensed to network operators as a tool for monitoring speech quality in the infrastructure. Additionally and/or alternatively, speech classification process10may also be integrated as a smartphone application for monitoring the speech quality of a voice call.

Embodiments of speech classification process10may utilize stochastic data models, which may be trained using a variety of domain data. Some modeling types may include, but are not limited to, acoustic models, language models, NLU grammar, etc.

As discussed above, any or all of the operations and methodologies included herein are not limited to voicemail and may be used in accordance with any system or application (e.g. speech to text systems, under a license to network operators, etc.).

Referring now toFIG. 7, an example of a generic computer device700and a generic mobile computer device770, which may be used with the techniques described here is provided. Computing device700is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as tablet computers, laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. In some embodiments, computing device770can include various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices. Computing device770and/or computing device700may also include other devices, such as televisions with one or more processors embedded therein or attached thereto. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the inventions described and/or claimed in this document.

Memory704may store information within the computing device700. In one implementation, the memory704may be a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, the memory704may be a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory704may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

Computing device700may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server720, or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system724. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer722. Alternatively, components from computing device700may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as device770. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computing device700,770, and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices700,770communicating with each other.

Computing device770may include a processor772, memory764, an input/output device such as a display774, a communication interface766, and a transceiver768, among other components. The device770may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components770,772,764,774,766, and768, may be interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate.

Processor772may execute instructions within the computing device770, including instructions stored in the memory764. The processor may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the device770, such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device770, and wireless communication by device770.

In some embodiments, processor772may communicate with a user through control interface778and display interface776coupled to a display774. The display774may be, for example, a TFT LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface776may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display774to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface778may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor772. In addition, an external interface762may be provide in communication with processor772, so as to enable near area communication of device770with other devices. External interface762may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used.

In some embodiments, memory764may store information within the computing device770. The memory764can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. Expansion memory774may also be provided and connected to device770through expansion interface772, which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. Such expansion memory774may provide extra storage space for device770, or may also store applications or other information for device770. Specifically, expansion memory774may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory774may be provide as a security module for device770, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of device770. In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory, as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier may be a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory764, expansion memory774, memory on processor772, or a propagated signal that may be received, for example, over transceiver768or external interface762.

Device770may also communicate audibly using audio codec760, which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. Audio codec760may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device770. Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on device770.

Computing device770may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone780. It may also be implemented as part of a smartphone782, personal digital assistant, remote control, or other similar mobile device.