Method and apparatus for efficient execution of nested branches on a graphics processor unit

An apparatus and method for executing nested control flow instructions on a graphics processing unit (GPU). For example, one embodiment of a processor comprises: an execution unit having a plurality of channels to execute control flow instructions including fused control flow instructions comprising two or more consecutive control flow instructions fused into a single fused control flow instruction; and a branch unit to process the control flow instructions and to maintain a global counter indicating a nesting level of the control flow instructions, wherein to process a fused control flow instruction, the branch unit is to store a value N in a stack indicating a number of control flow instructions fused into the fused control flow instruction, the branch unit to subsequently read the value N from the stack upon execution of the fused control flow instruction and decrement the global counter by a value of N responsive to execution of the fused control flow instruction.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to the field of computer processors. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for efficient execution of nested branches on a graphics processor unit.

Description of the Related Art

Managing control flow in single instruction multiple data (SIMD) programs is a complex problem. Traditionally, graphics processing units (GPUs) use scalar code and program routines to control instruction pointer (IP) addresses for each SIMD channel. This is inefficient both in terms of performance and power usage.

Control flow is managed on some architectures by maintaining a unique IP address for each channel. For example, when a control flow instruction is encountered, the IP of each channel is updated with a particular IP based on the predicate mask of the instruction. For each and every instruction, the execution IP is compared to the channel's IP to determine if that channel is enabled for a particular instruction at the current IP.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary Graphics Processor Architectures and Data Types

System Overview

FIG. 1is a block diagram of a data processing system100, according to an embodiment. Data processing system100includes one or more processors102and one or more graphics processors108, and may be a single processor desktop system, a multiprocessor workstation system, or a server system having a large number of processors102or processor cores107. In on embodiment, the data processing system100is a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit for use in mobile, handheld, or embedded devices.

An embodiment of data processing system100can include, or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In some embodiments, data processing system100is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. Data processing system100can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In some embodiments, data processing system100is a television or set top box device having one or more processors102and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors108.

In some embodiments, the one or more processors102each include one or more processor cores107to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In some embodiments, each of the one or more processor cores107is configured to process a specific instruction set109. In some embodiments, instruction set109may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). Multiple processor cores107may each process a different instruction set109, which may include instructions to facilitate the emulation of other instruction sets. Processor core107may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP).

In some embodiments, the processor102includes cache memory104. Depending on the architecture, the processor102can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the cache memory is shared among various components of the processor102. In some embodiments, the processor102also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores107using known cache coherency techniques. A register file106is additionally included in processor102which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). Some registers may be general-purpose registers, while other registers may be specific to the design of the processor102.

In some embodiments, processor102is coupled to a processor bus110to transmit data signals between processor102and other components in system100. System100uses an exemplary ‘hub’ system architecture, including a memory controller hub116and an input output (I/O) controller hub130. Memory controller hub116facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of system100, while I/O Controller Hub (ICH)130provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus.

Memory device120can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static random access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. Memory120can store data122and instructions121for use when processor102executes a process. Memory controller hub116also couples with an optional external graphics processor112, which may communicate with the one or more graphics processors108in processors102to perform graphics and media operations.

In some embodiments, ICH130enables peripherals to connect to memory120and processor102via a high-speed I/O bus. The I/O peripherals include an audio controller146, a firmware interface128, a wireless transceiver126(e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), a data storage device124(e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.), and a legacy I/O controller for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to the system. One or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers142connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse144combinations. A network controller134may also couple to ICH130. In some embodiments, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples to processor bus110.

FIG. 2is a block diagram of an embodiment of a processor200having one or more processor cores202A-N, an integrated memory controller214, and an integrated graphics processor208. Those elements ofFIG. 2having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. Processor200can include additional cores up to and including additional core202N represented by the dashed lined boxes. Each of cores202A-N includes one or more internal cache units204A-N. In some embodiments each core also has access to one or more shared cached units206.

The internal cache units204A-N and shared cache units206represent a cache memory hierarchy within the processor200. The cache memory hierarchy may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where the highest level of cache before external memory is classified as the LLC. In some embodiments, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between the various cache units206and204A-N.

In some embodiments, processor200may also include a set of one or more bus controller units216and a system agent210. The one or more bus controller units manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). System agent210provides management functionality for the various processor components. In some embodiments, system agent210includes one or more integrated memory controllers214to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown).

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores202A-N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In such embodiment, the system agent210includes components for coordinating and operating cores202A-N during multi-threaded processing. System agent210may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate the power state of cores202A-N and graphics processor208.

In some embodiments, processor200additionally includes graphics processor208to execute graphics processing operations. In some embodiments, the graphics processor208couples with the set of shared cache units206, and the system agent unit210, including the one or more integrated memory controllers214. In some embodiments, a display controller211is coupled with the graphics processor208to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In some embodiments, display controller211may be separate module coupled with the graphics processor via at least one interconnect, or may be integrated within the graphics processor208or system agent210.

In some embodiments, a ring based interconnect unit212is used to couple the internal components of the processor200. However, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques, including techniques well known in the art. In some embodiments, graphics processor208couples with the ring interconnect212via an I/O link213.

The exemplary I/O link213represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module218, such as an eDRAM module. In some embodiments, each of the cores202-N and graphics processor208use embedded memory modules218as a shared Last Level Cache.

In some embodiments, cores202A-N are homogenous cores executing the same instruction set architecture. In another embodiment, cores202A-N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of cores202A-N execute a first instruction set, while at least one of the other cores executes a subset of the first instruction set or a different instruction set.

In some embodiments, processor200is a part of, or implemented on, one or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies, for example, Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), Bipolar Junction/Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) or N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic (NMOS). Additionally, processor200can be implemented on one or more chips or as an SoC integrated circuit having the illustrated components, in addition to other components.

FIG. 3is a block diagram of a graphics processor300, which may be a discrete graphics processing unit, or may be a graphics processor integrated with a plurality of processing cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor communicates via a memory mapped I/O interface to registers on the graphics processor and with commands placed into the processor memory. In some embodiments, graphics processor300includes a memory interface314to access memory. Memory interface314can be an interface to local memory, one or more internal caches, one or more shared external caches, and/or to system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor300also includes a display controller302to drive display output data to a display device320. Display controller302includes hardware for one or more overlay planes for the display and composition of multiple layers of video or user interface elements. In some embodiments, graphics processor300includes a video codec engine306to encode, decode, or transcode media to, from, or between one or more media encoding formats, including, but not limited to Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) formats such as MPEG-2, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) formats such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, as well as the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers (SMPTE) 421M/VC-1, and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats such as JPEG, and Motion JPEG (MJPEG) formats.

In some embodiments, graphics processor300includes a block image transfer (BLIT) engine304to perform two-dimensional (2D) rasterizer operations including, for example, bit-boundary block transfers. However, in one embodiment, 2D graphics operations are performed using one or more components of the graphics-processing engine (GPE)310. In some embodiments, graphics-processing engine310is a compute engine for performing graphics operations, including three-dimensional (3D) graphics operations and media operations.

In some embodiments, GPE310includes a 3D pipeline312for performing 3D operations, such as rendering three-dimensional images and scenes using processing functions that act upon 3D primitive shapes (e.g., rectangle, triangle, etc.). The 3D pipeline312includes programmable and fixed function elements that perform various tasks within the element and/or spawn execution threads to a 3D/Media sub-system315. While 3D pipeline312can be used to perform media operations, an embodiment of GPE310also includes a media pipeline316that is specifically used to perform media operations, such as video post-processing and image enhancement.

In some embodiments, media pipeline316includes fixed function or programmable logic units to perform one or more specialized media operations, such as video decode acceleration, video de-interlacing, and video encode acceleration in place of, or on behalf of video codec engine306. In some embodiments, media pipeline316additionally includes a thread spawning unit to spawn threads for execution on 3D/Media sub-system315. The spawned threads perform computations for the media operations on one or more graphics execution units included in 3D/Media sub-system315.

In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem315includes logic for executing threads spawned by 3D pipeline312and media pipeline316. In one embodiment, the pipelines send thread execution requests to 3D/Media subsystem315, which includes thread dispatch logic for arbitrating and dispatching the various requests to available thread execution resources. The execution resources include an array of graphics execution units to process the 3D and media threads. In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem315includes one or more internal caches for thread instructions and data. In some embodiments, the subsystem also includes shared memory, including registers and addressable memory, to share data between threads and to store output data.

FIG. 4is a block diagram of a graphics processing engine410of a graphics processor in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, the GPE410is a version of the GPE310shown inFIG. 3. Elements ofFIG. 4having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, GPE410couples with a command streamer403, which provides a command stream to the GPE 3D and media pipelines412,416. In some embodiments, command streamer403is coupled to memory, which can be system memory, or one or more of internal cache memory and shared cache memory. In some embodiments, command streamer403receives commands from the memory and sends the commands to 3D pipeline412and/or media pipeline416. The 3D and media pipelines process the commands by performing operations via logic within the respective pipelines or by dispatching one or more execution threads to an execution unit array414. In some embodiments, execution unit array414is scalable, such that the array includes a variable number of execution units based on the target power and performance level of GPE410.

In some embodiments, a sampling engine430couples with memory (e.g., cache memory or system memory) and execution unit array414. In some embodiments, sampling engine430provides a memory access mechanism for execution unit array414that allows execution array414to read graphics and media data from memory. In some embodiments, sampling engine430includes logic to perform specialized image sampling operations for media.

In some embodiments, the specialized media sampling logic in sampling engine430includes a de-noise/de-interlace module432, a motion estimation module434, and an image scaling and filtering module436. In some embodiments, de-noise/de-interlace module432includes logic to perform one or more of a de-noise or a de-interlace algorithm on decoded video data. The de-interlace logic combines alternating fields of interlaced video content into a single fame of video. The de-noise logic reduces or removes data noise from video and image data. In some embodiments, the de-noise logic and de-interlace logic are motion adaptive and use spatial or temporal filtering based on the amount of motion detected in the video data. In some embodiments, the de-noise/de-interlace module432includes dedicated motion detection logic (e.g., within the motion estimation engine434).

In some embodiments, motion estimation engine434provides hardware acceleration for video operations by performing video acceleration functions such as motion vector estimation and prediction on video data. The motion estimation engine determines motion vectors that describe the transformation of image data between successive video frames. In some embodiments, a graphics processor media codec uses video motion estimation engine434to perform operations on video at the macro-block level that may otherwise be too computationally intensive to perform with a general-purpose processor. In some embodiments, motion estimation engine434is generally available to graphics processor components to assist with video decode and processing functions that are sensitive or adaptive to the direction or magnitude of the motion within video data.

In some embodiments, image scaling and filtering module436performs image-processing operations to enhance the visual quality of generated images and video. In some embodiments, scaling and filtering module436processes image and video data during the sampling operation before providing the data to execution unit array414.

In some embodiments, the GPE410includes a data port444, which provides an additional mechanism for graphics subsystems to access memory. In some embodiments, data port444facilitates memory access for operations including render target writes, constant buffer reads, scratch memory space reads/writes, and media surface accesses. In some embodiments, data port444includes cache memory space to cache accesses to memory. The cache memory can be a single data cache or separated into multiple caches for the multiple subsystems that access memory via the data port (e.g., a render buffer cache, a constant buffer cache, etc.). In some embodiments, threads executing on an execution unit in execution unit array414communicate with the data port by exchanging messages via a data distribution interconnect that couples each of the sub-systems of GPE410.

Execution Units

FIG. 5is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor500. Elements ofFIG. 5having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, graphics processor500includes a ring interconnect502, a pipeline front-end504, a media engine537, and graphics cores580A-N. In some embodiments, ring interconnect502couples the graphics processor to other processing units, including other graphics processors or one or more general-purpose processor cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor is one of many processors integrated within a multi-core processing system.

In some embodiments, graphics processor500receives batches of commands via ring interconnect502. The incoming commands are interpreted by a command streamer503in the pipeline front-end504. In some embodiments, graphics processor500includes scalable execution logic to perform 3D geometry processing and media processing via the graphics core(s)580A-N. For 3D geometry processing commands, command streamer503supplies commands to geometry pipeline536. For at least some media processing commands, command streamer503supplies the commands to a video front end534, which couples with a media engine537. In some embodiments, media engine537includes a Video Quality Engine (VQE)530for video and image post-processing and a multi-format encode/decode (MFX)533engine to provide hardware-accelerated media data encode and decode. In some embodiments, geometry pipeline536and media engine537each generate execution threads for the thread execution resources provided by at least one graphics core580A.

In some embodiments, graphics processor500includes scalable thread execution resources featuring modular cores580A-N (sometimes referred to as core slices), each having multiple sub-cores550A-N,560A-N (sometimes referred to as core sub-slices). In some embodiments, graphics processor500can have any number of graphics cores580A through580N. In some embodiments, graphics processor500includes a graphics core580A having at least a first sub-core550A and a second core sub-core560A. In other embodiments, the graphics processor is a low power processor with a single sub-core (e.g.,550A). In some embodiments, graphics processor500includes multiple graphics cores580A-N, each including a set of first sub-cores550A-N and a set of second sub-cores560A-N. Each sub-core in the set of first sub-cores550A-N includes at least a first set of execution units552A-N and media/texture samplers554A-N. Each sub-core in the set of second sub-cores560A-N includes at least a second set of execution units562A-N and samplers564A-N. In some embodiments, each sub-core550A-N,560A-N shares a set of shared resources570A-N. In some embodiments, the shared resources include shared cache memory and pixel operation logic. Other shared resources may also be included in the various embodiments of the graphics processor.

FIG. 6illustrates thread execution logic600including an array of processing elements employed in some embodiments of a GPE. Elements ofFIG. 6having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, thread execution logic600includes a pixel shader602, a thread dispatcher604, instruction cache606, a scalable execution unit array including a plurality of execution units608A-N, a sampler610, a data cache612, and a data port614. In one embodiment the included components are interconnected via an interconnect fabric that links to each of the components. In some embodiments, thread execution logic600includes one or more connections to memory, such as system memory or cache memory, through one or more of instruction cache606, data port614, sampler610, and execution unit array608A-N. In some embodiments, each execution unit (e.g.608A) is an individual vector processor capable of executing multiple simultaneous threads and processing multiple data elements in parallel for each thread. In some embodiments, execution unit array608A-N includes any number individual execution units.

In some embodiments, execution unit array608A-N is primarily used to execute “shader” programs. In some embodiments, the execution units in array608A-N execute an instruction set that includes native support for many standard 3D graphics shader instructions, such that shader programs from graphics libraries (e.g., Direct 3D and OpenGL) are executed with a minimal translation. The execution units support vertex and geometry processing (e.g., vertex programs, geometry programs, vertex shaders), pixel processing (e.g., pixel shaders, fragment shaders) and general-purpose processing (e.g., compute and media shaders).

Each execution unit in execution unit array608A-N operates on arrays of data elements. The number of data elements is the “execution size,” or the number of channels for the instruction. An execution channel is a logical unit of execution for data element access, masking, and flow control within instructions. The number of channels may be independent of the number of physical Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) or Floating Point Units (FPUs) for a particular graphics processor. In some embodiments, execution units608A-N support integer and floating-point data types.

One or more internal instruction caches (e.g.,606) are included in the thread execution logic600to cache thread instructions for the execution units. In some embodiments, one or more data caches (e.g.,612) are included to cache thread data during thread execution. In some embodiments, sampler610is included to provide texture sampling for 3D operations and media sampling for media operations. In some embodiments, sampler610includes specialized texture or media sampling functionality to process texture or media data during the sampling process before providing the sampled data to an execution unit.

During execution, the graphics and media pipelines send thread initiation requests to thread execution logic600via thread spawning and dispatch logic. In some embodiments, thread execution logic600includes a local thread dispatcher604that arbitrates thread initiation requests from the graphics and media pipelines and instantiates the requested threads on one or more execution units608A-N. For example, the geometry pipeline (e.g.,536ofFIG. 5) dispatches vertex processing, tessellation, or geometry processing threads to thread execution logic600(FIG. 6). In some embodiments, thread dispatcher604can also process runtime thread spawning requests from the executing shader programs.

Once a group of geometric objects has been processed and rasterized into pixel data, pixel shader602is invoked to further compute output information and cause results to be written to output surfaces (e.g., color buffers, depth buffers, stencil buffers, etc.). In some embodiments, pixel shader602calculates the values of the various vertex attributes that are to be interpolated across the rasterized object. In some embodiments, pixel shader602then executes an API-supplied pixel shader program. To execute the pixel shader program, pixel shader602dispatches threads to an execution unit (e.g.,608A) via thread dispatcher604. In some embodiments, pixel shader602uses texture sampling logic in sampler610to access texture data in texture maps stored in memory. Arithmetic operations on the texture data and the input geometry data compute pixel color data for each geometric fragment, or discards one or more pixels from further processing.

In some embodiments, the data port614provides a memory access mechanism for the thread execution logic600output processed data to memory for processing on a graphics processor output pipeline. In some embodiments, the data port614includes or couples to one or more cache memories (e.g., data cache612) to cache data for memory access via the data port.

FIG. 7is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor instruction formats700according to some embodiments. In one or more embodiment, the graphics processor execution units support an instruction set having instructions in multiple formats. The solid lined boxes illustrate the components that are generally included in an execution unit instruction, while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the instructions. In some embodiments, instruction format700described and illustrated are macro-instructions, in that they are instructions supplied to the execution unit, as opposed to micro-operations resulting from instruction decode once the instruction is processed.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor execution units natively support instructions in a 128-bit format710. A 64-bit compacted instruction format730is available for some instructions based on the selected instruction, instruction options, and number of operands. The native 128-bit format710provides access to all instruction options, while some options and operations are restricted in the 64-bit format730. The native instructions available in the 64-bit format730vary by embodiment. In some embodiments, the instruction is compacted in part using a set of index values in an index field713. The execution unit hardware references a set of compaction tables based on the index values and uses the compaction table outputs to reconstruct a native instruction in the 128-bit format710.

For each format, instruction opcode712defines the operation that the execution unit is to perform. The execution units execute each instruction in parallel across the multiple data elements of each operand. For example, in response to an add instruction the execution unit performs a simultaneous add operation across each color channel representing a texture element or picture element. By default, the execution unit performs each instruction across all data channels of the operands. In some embodiments, instruction control field712enables control over certain execution options, such as channels selection (e.g., predication) and data channel order (e.g., swizzle). For 128-bit instructions710an exec-size field716limits the number of data channels that will be executed in parallel. In some embodiments, exec-size field716is not available for use in the 64-bit compact instruction format730.

Some execution unit instructions have up to three operands including two source operands, src0722, src1722, and one destination718. In some embodiments, the execution units support dual destination instructions, where one of the destinations is implied. Data manipulation instructions can have a third source operand (e.g., SRC2724), where the instruction opcode712determines the number of source operands. An instruction's last source operand can be an immediate (e.g., hard-coded) value passed with the instruction.

In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format710includes access/address mode information726specifying, for example, whether direct register addressing mode or indirect register addressing mode is used. When direct register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands is directly provided by bits in the instruction710. When indirect register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands may be computed based on field726, which specifies an address register value mode and/or an address immediate field in the instruction. In one embodiment the access/address mode information726may determine the operand mode to define a data access alignment for the instruction. For example, when in a first mode, the instruction710may use byte-aligned addressing for source and destination operands and, when in a second mode, the instruction710may use 16-byte-aligned access mode and 1-byte aligned addressing for all source and destination operands. access mode, where the byte alignment of the access mode determines the access alignment of the instruction operands.

In some embodiments instructions are grouped based on opcode bit-fields to simplify Opcode decode740. For an 8-bit opcode, bits4,5, and6allow the execution unit to determine the type of opcode. The precise opcode grouping shown is merely an example. In some embodiments, a move and logic opcode group742includes data movement and logic instructions (e.g., move (mov), compare (cmp)). In some embodiments, move and logic group742shares the five most significant bits (MSB), where move (mov) instructions are in the form of 0000xxxxb (e.g., 0x0x) and logic instructions are in the form of 0001xxxxb (e.g., 0x01). A flow control instruction group744(e.g., call, jump (jmp)) includes instructions in the form of 0010xxxxb (e.g., 0x20). A miscellaneous instruction group746includes a mix of instructions, including synchronization instructions (e.g., wait, send) in the form of 0011xxxxb (e.g., 0x30). A parallel math instruction group748includes component-wise arithmetic instructions (e.g., add, multiply (mul)) in the form of 0100xxxxb (e.g., 0x40). The parallel math group748performs the arithmetic operations in parallel across data channels. The vector math group750includes arithmetic instructions (e.g., dp4) in the form of 0101xxxxb (e.g., 0x50). The vector math group performs arithmetic such as dot product calculations on vector operands.

Graphics Pipeline

FIG. 8is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor800. Elements ofFIG. 8having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, graphics processor800includes a graphics pipeline820, a media pipeline830, a display engine840, thread execution logic850, and a render output pipeline870. In some embodiments, graphics processor800is a graphics processor within a multi-core processing system that includes one or more general purpose processing cores. The graphics processor is controlled by register writes to one or more control registers (not shown) or via commands issued to graphics processor800via a ring interconnect802. In some embodiments, ring interconnect802couples graphics processor800to other processing components, such as other graphics processors or general-purpose processors. Commands from ring interconnect802are interpreted by a command streamer803, which supplies instructions to individual components of graphics pipeline820or media pipeline830.

In some embodiments, command streamer803directs the operation of a vertex fetcher805that reads vertex data from memory and executes vertex-processing commands provided by command streamer803. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher805provides vertex data to a vertex shader807, which performs coordinate space transformation and lighting operations to each vertex. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher805and vertex shader807execute vertex-processing instructions by dispatching execution threads to execution units852A,852B via a thread dispatcher831.

In some embodiments, execution units852A,852B are an array of vector processors having an instruction set for performing graphics and media operations. In some embodiments, execution units852A,852B have an attached L1 cache851that is specific for each array or shared between the arrays. The cache can be configured as a data cache, an instruction cache, or a single cache that is partitioned to contain data and instructions in different partitions.

In some embodiments, graphics pipeline820includes tessellation components to perform hardware-accelerated tessellation of 3D objects. In some embodiments, a programmable hull shader811configures the tessellation operations. A programmable domain shader817provides back-end evaluation of tessellation output. A tessellator813operates at the direction of hull shader811and contains special purpose logic to generate a set of detailed geometric objects based on a coarse geometric model that is provided as input to graphics pipeline820. In some embodiments, if tessellation is not used, tessellation components811,813,817can be bypassed.

In some embodiments, complete geometric objects can be processed by a geometry shader819via one or more threads dispatched to execution units852A,852B, or can proceed directly to the clipper829. In some embodiments, the geometry shader operates on entire geometric objects, rather than vertices or patches of vertices as in previous stages of the graphics pipeline. If the tessellation is disabled the geometry shader819receives input from the vertex shader807. In some embodiments, geometry shader819is programmable by a geometry shader program to perform geometry tessellation if the tessellation units are disabled.

Before rasterization, a clipper829processes vertex data. The clipper829may be a fixed function clipper or a programmable clipper having clipping and geometry shader functions. In some embodiments, a rasterizer873in the render output pipeline870dispatches pixel shaders to convert the geometric objects into their per pixel representations. In some embodiments, pixel shader logic is included in thread execution logic850. In some embodiments, an application can bypass the rasterizer873and access un-rasterized vertex data via a stream out unit823.

The graphics processor800has an interconnect bus, interconnect fabric, or some other interconnect mechanism that allows data and message passing amongst the major components of the processor. In some embodiments, execution units852A,852B and associated cache(s)851, texture and media sampler854, and texture/sampler cache858interconnect via a data port856to perform memory access and communicate with render output pipeline components of the processor. In some embodiments, sampler854, caches851,858and execution units852A,852B each have separate memory access paths.

In some embodiments, render output pipeline870contains a rasterizer and depth test component873that converts vertex-based objects into an associated pixel-based representation. In some embodiments, the rasterizer logic includes a windower/masker unit to perform fixed function triangle and line rasterization. Associated render and depth buffer caches878,879are also available in some embodiments. A pixel operations component877performs pixel-based operations on the data, though in some instances, pixel operations associated with 2D operations (e.g. bit block image transfers with blending) are performed by the 2D engine841, or substituted at display time by the display controller843using overlay display planes. In some embodiments, a shared L3 cache875is available to all graphics components, allowing the sharing of data without the use of main system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor media pipeline830includes a media engine837and a video front end834. In some embodiments, video front end834receives pipeline commands from the command streamer803. In some embodiments, media pipeline830includes a separate command streamer. In some embodiments, video front-end834processes media commands before sending the command to the media engine837. In some embodiments, media engine337includes thread spawning functionality to spawn threads for dispatch to thread execution logic850via thread dispatcher831.

In some embodiments, graphics processor800includes a display engine840. In some embodiments, display engine840is external to processor800and couples with the graphics processor via the ring interconnect802, or some other interconnect bus or fabric. In some embodiments, display engine840includes a 2D engine841and a display controller843. In some embodiments, display engine840contains special purpose logic capable of operating independently of the 3D pipeline. In some embodiments, display controller843couples with a display device (not shown), which may be a system integrated display device, as in a laptop computer, or an external display device attached via a display device connector.

In some embodiments, graphics pipeline820and media pipeline830are configurable to perform operations based on multiple graphics and media programming interfaces and are not specific to any one application programming interface (API). In some embodiments, driver software for the graphics processor translates API calls that are specific to a particular graphics or media library into commands that can be processed by the graphics processor. In some embodiments, support is provided for the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) and Open Computing Language (OpenCL) from the Khronos Group, the Direct3D library from the Microsoft Corporation, or support may be provided to both OpenGL and D3D. Support may also be provided for the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV). A future API with a compatible 3D pipeline would also be supported if a mapping can be made from the pipeline of the future API to the pipeline of the graphics processor.

Graphics Pipeline Programming

FIG. 9Ais a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command format900according to some embodiments.FIG. 9Bis a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command sequence910according to an embodiment. The solid lined boxes inFIG. 9Aillustrate the components that are generally included in a graphics command while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the graphics commands. The exemplary graphics processor command format900ofFIG. 9Aincludes data fields to identify a target client902of the command, a command operation code (opcode)904, and the relevant data906for the command. A sub-opcode905and a command size908are also included in some commands.

In some embodiments, client902specifies the client unit of the graphics device that processes the command data. In some embodiments, a graphics processor command parser examines the client field of each command to condition the further processing of the command and route the command data to the appropriate client unit. In some embodiments, the graphics processor client units include a memory interface unit, a render unit, a 2D unit, a 3D unit, and a media unit. Each client unit has a corresponding processing pipeline that processes the commands. Once the command is received by the client unit, the client unit reads the opcode904and, if present, sub-opcode905to determine the operation to perform. The client unit performs the command using information in data field906. For some commands an explicit command size908is expected to specify the size of the command. In some embodiments, the command parser automatically determines the size of at least some of the commands based on the command opcode. In some embodiments commands are aligned via multiples of a double word.

The flow diagram inFIG. 9Bshows an exemplary command sequence910. In some embodiments, software or firmware of a data processing system that features an embodiment of a graphics processor uses a version of the command sequence shown to set up, execute, and terminate a set of graphics operations. A sample command sequence is shown and described for purposes of example only as embodiments are not limited to these specific commands or to this command sequence. Moreover, the commands may be issued as batch of commands in a command sequence, such that the graphics processor will process the sequence of commands in at least partially concurrence.

In some embodiments, sample command sequence910may begin with a pipeline flush command912to cause any active graphics pipeline to complete the currently pending commands for the pipeline. In some embodiments, the 3D pipeline922and the media pipeline924do not operate concurrently. The pipeline flush is performed to cause the active graphics pipeline to complete any pending commands. In response to a pipeline flush, the command parser for the graphics processor will pause command processing until the active drawing engines complete pending operations and the relevant read caches are invalidated. Optionally, any data in the render cache that is marked ‘dirty’ can be flushed to memory. In some embodiments, pipeline flush command912can be used for pipeline synchronization or before placing the graphics processor into a low power state.

In some embodiments, a pipeline select command913is used when a command sequence requires the graphics processor to explicitly switch between pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline select command913is required only once within an execution context before issuing pipeline commands unless the context is to issue commands for both pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline flush command is912is required immediately before a pipeline switch via the pipeline select command913.

In some embodiments, a pipeline control command914configures a graphics pipeline for operation and is used to program the 3D pipeline922and the media pipeline924. In some embodiments, pipeline control command914configures the pipeline state for the active pipeline. In one embodiment, the pipeline control command914is used for pipeline synchronization and to clear data from one or more cache memories within the active pipeline before processing a batch of commands.

The remaining commands in the command sequence differ based on the active pipeline for operations. Based on a pipeline determination920, the command sequence is tailored to the 3D pipeline922beginning with the 3D pipeline state930, or the media pipeline924beginning at the media pipeline state940.

The commands for the 3D pipeline state930include 3D state setting commands for vertex buffer state, vertex element state, constant color state, depth buffer state, and other state variables that are to be configured before 3D primitive commands are processed. The values of these commands are determined at least in part based the particular 3D API in use. In some embodiments, 3D pipeline state930commands are also able to selectively disable or bypass certain pipeline elements if those elements will not be used.

In some embodiments, sample command sequence910follows the media pipeline924path when performing media operations. In general, the specific use and manner of programming for the media pipeline924depends on the media or compute operations to be performed. Specific media decode operations may be offloaded to the media pipeline during media decode. In some embodiments, the media pipeline can also be bypassed and media decode can be performed in whole or in part using resources provided by one or more general purpose processing cores. In one embodiment, the media pipeline also includes elements for general-purpose graphics processor unit (GPGPU) operations, where the graphics processor is used to perform SIMD vector operations using computational shader programs that are not explicitly related to the rendering of graphics primitives.

In some embodiments, media pipeline924is configured in a similar manner as the 3D pipeline922. A set of media pipeline state commands940are dispatched or placed into in a command queue before the media object commands942. In some embodiments, media pipeline state commands940include data to configure the media pipeline elements that will be used to process the media objects. This includes data to configure the video decode and video encode logic within the media pipeline, such as encode or decode format. In some embodiments, media pipeline state commands940also support the use one or more pointers to “indirect” state elements that contain a batch of state settings.

In some embodiments, media object commands942supply pointers to media objects for processing by the media pipeline. The media objects include memory buffers containing video data to be processed. In some embodiments, all media pipeline states must be valid before issuing a media object command942. Once the pipeline state is configured and media object commands942are queued, the media pipeline924is triggered via an execute command944or an equivalent execute event (e.g., register write). Output from media pipeline924may then be post processed by operations provided by the 3D pipeline922or the media pipeline924. In some embodiments, GPGPU operations are configured and executed in a similar manner as media operations.

Graphics Software Architecture

FIG. 10illustrates exemplary graphics software architecture1000for a data processing system according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, software architecture includes a 3D graphics application1010, an operating system1020, and at least one processor1030. In some embodiments, processor1030includes a graphics processor1032and one or more general-purpose processor core(s)1034. The graphics application1010and operating system1020each execute in the system memory1050of the data processing system.

In some embodiments, 3D graphics application1010contains one or more shader programs including shader instructions1012. The shader language instructions may be in a high-level shader language, such as the High Level Shader Language (HLSL) or the OpenGL Shader Language (GLSL). The application also includes executable instructions1014in a machine language suitable for execution by the general-purpose processor core1034. The application also includes graphics objects1016defined by vertex data.

In some embodiments, operating system1020is a Microsoft® Windows® operating system from the Microsoft Corporation, a proprietary UNIX-like operating system, or an open source UNIX-like operating system using a variant of the Linux kernel. When the Direct3D API is in use, the operating system1020uses a front-end shader compiler1024to compile any shader instructions1012in HLSL into a lower-level shader language. The compilation may be a just-in-time (JIT) compilation or the application can perform shader pre-compilation. In some embodiments, high-level shaders are compiled into low-level shaders during the compilation of the 3D graphics application1010.

In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver1026contains a back-end shader compiler1027to convert the shader instructions1012into a hardware specific representation. When the OpenGL API is in use, shader instructions1012in the GLSL high-level language are passed to a user mode graphics driver1026for compilation. In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver1026uses operating system kernel mode functions1028to communicate with a kernel mode graphics driver1029. In some embodiments, kernel mode graphics driver1029communicates with graphics processor1032to dispatch commands and instructions.

Apparatus and Method for SIMD Structured Branching

One embodiment of the invention performs SIMD control flow in hardware, thereby increasing performance and reducing power. In particular, a SIMD processor functional unit is described that can be used in SIMD threads where channels diverge and re-converge using structured flow. One example of channel divergence is an IF/ELSE/ENDIF sequence where, if the “IF” condition is met, the instruction stream diverges to a first instruction sequence, but if the “IF” condition is not met, the instruction stream diverges to a second instruction sequence (specified by the “ELSE” condition). Channel convergence occurs in response to the ENDIF statement (e.g., when all divergent instructions required by the “IF” and/or “ELSE” statements have been completed).

In one embodiment of the invention, channel divergence and convergence are detected by a new branch unit (e.g., via new instructions) which responsively enables and disables each channel. The branch unit may be shared across all threads in an execution unit (EU) and may compute the result of all structured control flow instructions for all channels in the processor.

One embodiment of the branch unit computes a channel mask, one bit per channel, to enable or disable channels during structured control flow processing. This removes the necessity to compare channel IPs for every instruction. In one embodiment, the channel mask is used as-is for all non-control flow instructions, which are processed by another unit.

In one embodiment, the channel enable mask is generated from a counter per channel which indicates if the channel is disabled, and if so, by what control flow instruction (i.e., IF/ELSE/ENDIF, CALL/RETURN, etc). This saves gates when compared with existing per-channel IP solution and saves compute cycles per instruction. The embodiments of the invention may be implemented with any structured control flow instructions supported by a standard (e.g., c/c++). This includes, by way of example and not limitation: IF/ELSE/ENDIF, DO/BREAK/CONTINUE/WHILE, CALL/RETURN, HALT, BRANCH, and may work with any other structured control flow instructions.

Recursion is also supported in one embodiment using a counter that differentiates occurrences of control flow instructions. In particular, in one embodiment, a “Control Instruction Count” is maintained for each branching type (IF/ELSE/ENDIF, DO/BREAK/CONTINUE/WHILE, CALL/RETURN, etc), which provides a count of the current level of nesting of that branching type. For example, a value of 2 for an IF branching type means two nested IF statements. In one embodiment, the Control Instruction Count is zero if the current IP is outside of any branching conditional blocks.

One embodiment also maintains a “Per Channel Count” to determine if a channel is enabled. If the Per Channel Count is 0, the channel is enabled. In one embodiment, when a channel is disabled, its corresponding count contains the value of the Control Instruction Count at which the channel was disabled along with an encoded ID representing the branching type. (e.g., IF, 2 for an IF branching type with 2 nested IF statements).

In one embodiment, an n-channel entry stack is used to store the address (IP) of converging instructions (e.g., for an IF instruction, the IP of the ENDIF instruction is stored). A Top of Stack pointer is maintained for each branching type to identify the IP for the converging instruction within the stack.

In addition, in one embodiment, each instruction contains a predicate mask. Each bit of the predicate mask represents one channel, and is used to determine if the channel takes the conditional or not. (e.g., for IF, a channel can either enter the IF block, or jump to the ELSE block). In one embodiment, only enabled channels are evaluated for execution.

FIG. 11illustrates an architecture for an execution unit1100in which a branch unit1101is implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. A plurality of channels 0-2 execute instructions stored in an instruction memory1105which may be an instruction buffer, instruction cache or any other memory suitable for storing instructions prior to execution. While 3 channels are illustrated inFIG. 11, the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with any number of channels. An instruction pointer1110-1112associated with each channel 0-2, respectively, identifies the next instruction to be executed over its respective channel. Instruction dispatch logic1120-1122then dispatches the instructions for execution on a plurality of functional units1130, which may include, for example, vector functional units, scalar functional units, and logical functional units (and/or any other type of functional unit designed to execute the instructions).

The execution unit1100shown inFIG. 11may be implemented within a graphics processing unit architecture such as described above (see, e.g., execution units608shown inFIG. 6). However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to a graphics processing implementation.

As mentioned above, channel divergence and convergence are detected by the branch unit1101which responsively enables and disables each channel. The branch unit1101may be shared across all threads in the EU1100and may compute the result of all structured control flow instructions for all channels in the processor. In one embodiment, each thread is executed on a different channel 0-2.

FIG. 12illustrates additional details associated with one embodiment of the branch unit1101. As illustrated, this embodiment of the branch unit1101computes a channel enable mask1250, one bit per channel, to enable or disable channels during structured control flow processing (thereby removing the necessity to compare channel IPs for every instruction). In one embodiment, the channel mask1250is used as-is for all non-control flow instructions, which are processed by another unit.

In one embodiment, the channel enable mask1250is generated from a set of per-channel counters1200-1202which indicate whether the channel is disabled, and if so, by what control flow instruction (i.e., IF/ELSE/ENDIF, CALL/RETURN, etc). A set of control instruction counters1211differentiates occurrences of control flow instructions with a “control instruction count” maintained for each branching type (IF/ELSE/ENDIF, DO/BREAK/CONTINUE/WHILE, CALL/RETURN, etc). In one embodiment, the control instruction count indicates the current level of nesting of that branching type. In the example shown inFIG. 12, a value of 2 is shown for an IF branching type, meaning two nested IF statements. Values of 1 are shown for CALL/RETURN and DO/BREAK/CONTINUE/WHILE instructions indicating 1 level of nesting. In one embodiment, the control instruction count is zero if the current IP is outside of any branching conditional blocks.

In one embodiment, if the per channel count is 0 in a per-channel counter1200-1202, then the corresponding channel is enabled, as indicated by a 0 in the channel mask1250. In one embodiment, when a channel is disabled, its corresponding count in its per-channel counter1200-1202comprises the control instruction count at which the channel was disabled along with the encoded ID representing the branching type (provided by the control instruction counters1211).

FIG. 12also illustrates an n-channel entry stack1260used to store the address (IP) of converging instructions (e.g., for an IF instruction, the IP of the ENDIF instruction is stored). Top of stack pointers1261are maintained for each branching type to identify the IP1250-1254for the converging instruction within the stack1260. In one embodiment, the IP of the converging instruction is added to the stack when executing the corresponding diverging instruction.

As mentioned, in one embodiment, each instruction contains a predicate mask where each bit represents one channel, and is used to determine if the channel takes the conditional or not (e.g., for IF, a channel can either enter the IF block, or jump to the ELSE block). In one embodiment, only enabled channels are evaluated for execution.

A method for executing diverging instructions is set forth inFIG. 13. The method may be implemented within the context of the system shown inFIGS. 11-12but is not limited to any particular system architecture.

Starting at1301, for each channel n, a determination is made at1302as to whether the per channel count is 0. As mentioned, in one embodiment, a channel count of 0 indicates that the corresponding channel is enabled, determined at1303. If the per channel count is non-zero, the corresponding channel is not enabled, determined at1304. The above process is performed for each channel n.

At1305a tag for the converging IP is set equal to the current IP+ the converging offset (i.e., the distance from the current IP to the converging IP). At1306, a determination is made as to whether all enabled channels have the same predicate value associated therewith (e.g., whether the predicate mask of the instructions are the same). If not, then at1307, the control instruction count is incremented for the current control flow instruction type (e.g., the IF count is incremented within the corresponding control instruction counter1211).

At1308, for each channel n, a determination is made as to whether the channel is enabled at1309. If so, then at1310a determination is made as to whether the channel is enabled for the current instruction based on the predicate enable field. If not, then the per channel count is set equal to the control instruction count for the control flow instruction at1311(thereby disabling the channel). The above process is repeated for each channel n. At1312, the next instruction pointer is incremented (e.g., the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer+1).

Turning back to decision block1306, if all enabled channels have the same predicate value associated therewith (i.e., the predicate mask of the instructions are the same), then at1313, a determination is made as to whether all active channels take the current condition (e.g., whether all channels can process the control flow instruction). If so, then at1315the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer added to the jump offset (i.e., the IP location of the diverging instruction). If not, then at1314the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer added to the converging offset (i.e., the location of the converging instruction).

As a result of the foregoing method, if the predicate is uniform for all channels, then the per channel count is not updated, and only the Execution IP is updated. If the predicate mask is not uniform for all channels, this is called divergence and, in this case, some channels take the condition and some do not. In this instance, the control instruction count is incremented, and the per channel count of each channel which does not take the condition is updated with the control instruction count of the current branching type. The Tag is pushed onto the stack (to store the IP of the converging instruction), and the top of stack pointer is updated.

FIG. 14illustrates one embodiment of a method for processing converging control flow instructions. The method may be implemented within the context of the processor architecture shown inFIGS. 11-12but is not limited to any particular architecture.

At1401, a tag is set equal to the current instruction pointer. At1402, if the tag is equal to the instruction pointer at the top of the stack (e.g., stack1260), then the process moves to1403. For each channel n, if the per channel count is equal to the control instruction count, determined at1404, then the per channel count is set equal to 0 at1405(enabling the channel).

Once the process completes for each channel, at1406a determination is made as to whether any channel count is equal to the control instruction count. If not, then at1407, the control instruction count is decremented and the instruction pointer is popped from the stack. At1408a determination is made as to whether any channel is enabled. If so, then at1409the instruction pointer is incremented (i.e., the next instruction pointer is set to the current instruction pointer+1). If not, then at1410, the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer added to the jump offset (i.e., to arrive at the IP for the divergent control flow instruction).

As a result of the foregoing method, the current IP is compared to the Top of Stack IP. If those values match, then each per channel count is compared to the branching type's control instruction count, for channels with an enabled predicate mask bit. If these values match, the per channel count is set to 0 (indicating an active channel). If all channels are enabled corresponding to a particular control instruction count, then the count is decremented and the stack is popped. The IP is incremented and the program continues as normal.

Apparatus and Method for Unstructured Control Flow for a SIMD Execution Engine

As mentioned above, unstructured control flow is not currently supported in hardware for SIMD programs. Modern compilers produce unstructured SIMD program code which is traditionally converted back to structured program code by the compiler, and some optimizations are lost due to converting back to structured flow.

To address this limitation, one embodiment of the invention supports unstructured control flow instructions for SIMD programs in hardware, thereby maintaining the compiler optimizations which improves performance and reduces power. In particular, a branch unit may be equipped with logic to implement both the structured branching embodiments (described above) and unstructured branching embodiments (described below). It should be noted, however, that the structured branching techniques described above are not required for implementing the unstructured branching techniques described below (i.e., the unstructured branching techniques may be implemented in a branch unit with or without the structured branching techniques).

As illustrated inFIG. 15, in one embodiment, the branch unit1501includes unstructured control flow logic1500to support new unstructured control flow instructions. The unstructured control flow logic1500may be used in SIMD threads where channels diverge and re-converge using unstructured control flow. Channel divergence and convergence is may be detected from new instructions and the branch unit1501manages enables for each channel as described below.

As in the structured control flow embodiments, a plurality of channels 0-2 execute instructions stored in an instruction memory1105which may be an instruction buffer, instruction cache or any other memory suitable for storing instructions prior to execution. While three channels are illustrated inFIG. 15, the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with any number of channels. An instruction pointer1110-1112associated with each channel 0-2, respectively, identifies the next instruction to be executed over its respective channel. Instruction dispatch logic1120-1122then dispatches the instructions for execution on a plurality of functional units1130, which may include, for example, vector functional units, scalar functional units, and logical functional units (and/or any other type of functional unit designed to execute the instructions). The execution unit1100shown inFIG. 15may be implemented within a graphics processing unit architecture such as described above (see, e.g., execution units608shown inFIG. 6). However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to a graphics processing implementation.

As mentioned above, channel divergence and convergence are detected by the branch unit1101which responsively enables and disables each channel. The branch unit1101may be shared across all threads in the EU1100and may compute the result of all unstructured control flow instructions for all channels in the processor. In one embodiment, each thread is executed on a different channel 0-2.

FIG. 16provides additional details for implementing unstructured control flow including a channel mask1250to enable and disable channels. The channel mask1250may be computed for both structured and unstructured control flow instructions by the branch unit1501and may be used as-is for all non-control flow instructions, which are processed by another unit. In one embodiment, two new instructions are added for unstructured control flow, GOTO and JOIN, and a new counter1605is added to process these new instructions. In one embodiment, GOTO causes a jump to a specified location in the instruction stream and JOIN returns to a specified location in the instruction stream (e.g., both specified via an address/instruction pointer).

In the embodiments described above related to SIMD structured branching, the branch unit1501has defined a Control Instruction Count per branching type (e.g., IF/THEN/ENDIF, BREAK/WHILE/CONTINUE, CALL/RETURN, etc), which is a count of the current level of nesting of that branching type. In one embodiment, this mechanism is modified to handle unstructured instructions. Instead of using a count as the unique identifier, this embodiment uses the address of the IP tag in the local memory. While the unstructured instructions used a stack structure1260shown inFIG. 12(top of stack being the last address pushed onto the stack), the new unstructured instructions use a sorted linked-list structure1660to store IP tags1650-1654in the same memory space as shown inFIG. 16. One difference with the stack structure1260is that in the sorted linked-list structure1660the unstructured instruction IP tags1650-1654are sorted by hardware (while in the stack structure the structured IPs are sorted by definition).

The existing Per Channel Count maintained in per channel counters1200-1202is used to determine if a channel is enabled. If the Per Channel Count is 0, the channel is enabled. In one embodiment, when a channel is disabled by an unstructured instruction its corresponding count is updated to contain the address of the IP tag1650-1654at which the channel was disabled along with an encoded ID representing the branching type (e.g., “GOTO2” to identify the GOTO instruction and IP tag at entry #2 in the linked list memory1660structure1660).

As in the prior embodiments, each instruction may include a predicate mask. Each bit in the predicate mask represents one channel, and is used by the unstructured control flow logic1500of the branch unit1501to determine if the channel takes the conditional or not. Only enabled channels are evaluated for execution.

One embodiment of a method for executing unstructured diverging instructions is set forth inFIG. 17. The method may be implemented within the context of the system shown inFIGS. 15-16but is not limited to any particular system architecture.

Starting at1701, for each channel n, a determination is made at1702as to whether the per channel count is 0. As mentioned, in one embodiment, a channel count of 0 indicates that the corresponding channel is enabled, determined at1703. If the per channel count is non-zero, the corresponding channel is not enabled, determined at1704. The above process is performed for each channel n.

At1705a tag for the converging IP is set equal to the current IP+ the converging offset (i.e., the distance from the current IP to the IP of the converging instruction). At1706, a determination is made as to whether all enabled channels have the same predicate value associated therewith (e.g., whether the predicate mask of the instructions are the same). If not, then at1707, the sorted linked list memory structure (e.g.,1660inFIG. 16) is searched to determine whether the IP tag is found in the memory. If not, then at1708, the tag is inserted into the memory and the tag address is saved (e.g., into a temporary storage such as counter1606accessible by the unstructured control flow logic1500). If the IP tag is found in the memory, then at1709the tag address is saved.

Starting at1710, for each channel n, a determination is made as to whether the channel is enabled at1711. If so, then at1712a determination is made as to whether the channel is enabled for the current instruction based on the predicate enable field of the instruction. If not, then the per channel count is set equal to the tag address (identifying the IP tag within the memory1660). In one embodiment, the tag address is stored in the corresponding Per Channel Counter1200-1202for the current channel n (thereby disabling the channel). The above process is repeated for each channel n. At1714, the next instruction pointer is set by adding the jump offset to the current instruction pointer (i.e., to arrive at the IP address of the diverging instruction).

Turning back to decision block1706, if all enabled channels have the same predicate value associated therewith (i.e., the predicate mask of the instructions are the same), then at1715, a determination is made as to whether all active channels take the current condition (e.g., whether all channels can process the control flow instruction). If so, then at1717the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer added to the jump offset (i.e., the IP location of the diverging instruction). If not, then at1716the instruction pointer is incremented, i.e., the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer+1 (i.e., the diverging instruction is not taken).

As a result of the foregoing method, if the predicate is uniform for all channels, then the per channel count is not updated, and only the Execution IP is updated. If the predicate mask is not uniform for all channels, this is called divergence and, in this case, some channels take the condition and some do not. In this instance, the control instruction count is incremented, and the per channel count of each channel which does not take the condition is updated with the memory address of the converging IP. The IP Tag1650-1654is inserted into memory1660.

FIG. 18illustrates one embodiment of a method for processing unstructured converging instructions. The method may be implemented within the context of the processor architecture shown inFIGS. 15-16but is not limited to any particular architecture.

At1801, the tag is set equal to the current instruction pointer. At1802, the memory containing IP tags (e.g., sorted linked-list memory1660) is searched using the tag. If a match is found, then the tag address is saved at1803(e.g., into a temporary storage such as a counter1606accessible by the unstructured control flow logic). At1804, for each channel n, if the predicate enable bit is set (determined at1805) and the per channel count is equal to the tag address (determined at1806), then the per channel count is set equal to 0 at1807(thereby enabling the channel).

Once the process completes for each channel, at1808a determination is made as to whether any channel count is equal to the tag address. If not, then at1809, the IP tag is deleted from memory. At1810a determination is made as to whether any channel is enabled. If so, then at1811the instruction pointer is incremented (i.e., the next instruction pointer is set to the current instruction pointer+1). If not, then at1812the next instruction pointer is set equal to the current instruction pointer added to the jump offset (i.e., to arrive at the IP for the next unstructured instruction).

As a result of the foregoing method, the current IP is searched for in memory. If it is found, then each Per Channel Count is compared to the memory address for channels with an enabled predicate mask bit. If these values match, the Per Channel Count is set to 0 (indicating an active channel). If all channels are enabled corresponding to a particular Control Instruction Count, then the Tag is removed from memory.

Efficient Support for Nested Branches on a GPU Architecture

Some single instruction multiple data (SIMD) architectures includes special IF, ELSE, and ENDIF control flow instructions to support SIMD branching. One such example is Intel's integrated graphics (GEN) instruction set architecture (ISA). In an IF/ELSE/ENDIF block, only channels that are enabled via predicate control execute the THEN block, while the disabled channels execute the ELSE block. Control flow re-converges at the ENDIF instruction, when the execution mask, which controls the active channels, is restored to be the same as before the IF instruction. Hardware may implement this by maintaining a global counter of the active divergent branches together with a set of per-channel counters that mark the first branch that disables this channel. For example,FIG. 12(described above) illustrates a set of per-channel counters1200-1202and a global counter1211(referred to as a control instruction counter). The global counter1211is incremented at each divergent if instruction and decremented at its matching ENDIF. In one embodiment, each per-channel counter1200-1202is reset to zero if it is equal to the global counter to indicate re-convergence. The execution mask1250is formed by comparing each per-channel counter against the global counter.

This requires the number of IF and ENDIF instructions to be identical in a kernel, and thus means that for nested IF/ENDIF blocks that converge at the same program point, there are multiple redundant ENDIF instructions at the nested IF/ENDIF exit. The embodiments of the invention described below include a mechanism that allows a single ENDIF instruction to be generated in these situations, thereby both improving performance and reducing power.

One embodiment of the invention detects the presence of multiple consecutive control flow instructions such as ENDIFs in a kernel and fuses them into a single control flow instruction (e.g., a single ENDIF). A hardware stack may be added in one embodiment to keep track of the number of divergent IFs that map to an ENDIF. When hardware sees a (possibly fused) ENDIF, it may correctly restore the execution mask to that before the outermost IF for this ENDIF.

The embodiments of the invention described herein improve upon the known solutions by fusing back-to-back control flow instructions (e.g., ENDIFs) together for arbitrary level nests, thus avoiding the overhead of executing consecutive control flow instructions such as ENDIFs. This results in a 4% performance improvement for a 16 level deep IF-ENDIF nest in an OpenCL benchmark. These embodiments require modest hardware and software changes and can potentially benefit any GPU applications with divergent control flow.

While some of the embodiments of the invention described below are specifically directed to IF/ENDIF control flow instructions, the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with other forms of control flow instructions.

FIG. 19illustrates exemplary program code containing three sets of IF/ENDIF instructions. The parenthesized bits before the IF instruction are the predicate values, and each IF matches with its corresponding ENDIF via a unique label (L1, L2, L3 in the illustrated example). For the purpose of this demonstration the number of SIMD channels is set to 4, but the underlying principles of the invention can be applied to IF/ELSE/ENDIF blocks with arbitrary SIMD widths and nest levels.

In the illustrated embodiment, the global counter1910records the number of active divergent branches at the current program point. Thus, the global counter starts at 0, increments to 1 in response to IF L1, increments to 2 in response to IF L2 and increments to 3 in response to IF L3, as illustrated. It then decrements from 3 to 2 in response to ENDIF L3, decrements to 1 in response to ENDIF L2, and finally decrements back to 0 in response to the final ENDIF L1.

As illustrated, each channel also has its own counter to track the divergent branch that first disables the channel. Because the illustrated example uses four SIMD channels, four per-channel counters1900-1904are illustrated inFIG. 19. The counters are incremented to indicate the current nesting level associated with each IF/ELSE instruction which may be determined from the global counter (i.e., in response to an IF/ELSE, the relevant per-channel counter may be set equal to the global counter as illustrated). In response to and ENDIF, each per-channel counter storing the value of the corresponding IF/ELSE may be reset to 0. For example, inFIG. 19, per-channel counter1900is set equal to the global counter value of 1 in response to IF L1; per-channel counter1901is set equal to the global counter value of 2 in response to IF L2; and per-channel counter1902is set equal to the global counter value of 3 in response to IF L3. In response to the ELSE instruction (i.e., if the IF condition is not true), per-channel counter1903is set equal to the global counter value of 3. Then, in response to the first ENDIF (L3), the global counter value is 2 so any per-channel counter value greater than 3 (e.g., counter1903or1902) is reset to 0. On the next ENDIF (L2), any per-channel counter value greater than the global counter value of 1 is reset to 0 (i.e., counter1901). For the final ENDIF (L1), the global counter value is 1, so all per-channel counters are reset to 0. As mentioned above, the channel enable mask1950is set based on the per-channel counter values. Any per-channel counter with a value greater than 0 sets its corresponding channel enable mask bit to 0 (disabled). Otherwise, the corresponding channel enable mask bit is set to 1 (enabled).

In one embodiment, the counters are updated according to the following rules:

Note that the counters are not updated at a uniform branch, since either the THEN block or the ELSE block will be skipped and the execution mask does not need to be restored at the ENDIF. The execution mask is formed by

One embodiment of the invention further improves upon the above solution by combining any back-to-back control flow instructions (e.g., ENDIFs). In particular, as illustrated inFIG. 20, one embodiment includes control flow fusing logic2005which detects multiple consecutive control flow instructions such as ENDIFs (L2 and L3 in the above example) within program code2001, and generates program code2010in which the consecutive control flow instructions are fused into a single control flow instruction. In one embodiment, the labels of the divergent control flow instructions (e.g., IFs) corresponding to the converging control flow instructions (e.g., ENDIFs) are also updated to all point to the fused instruction as described below (see, e.g.,FIG. 22and associated text).

The other components shown inFIG. 20may operate substantially as described above (aside from the branch unit2001which may include additional logic for processing the fused control flow instructions as described herein). In particular,FIG. 20illustrates an architecture for an execution unit2000in which a branch unit2001is implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Four channels 0-3 execute instructions stored in an instruction memory2005which may be an instruction buffer, instruction cache or any other memory suitable for storing instructions prior to execution. While four channels are illustrated inFIG. 20, the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with any number of channels. An instruction pointer2010-2013associated with each channel 0-3, respectively, identifies the next instruction to be executed over its respective channel. Instruction dispatch logic2020-2023then dispatches the instructions for execution on a plurality of functional units2030, which may include, for example, vector functional units, scalar functional units, and logical functional units (and/or any other type of functional unit designed to execute the instructions).

The execution unit2000shown inFIG. 20may be implemented within a graphics processing unit architecture such as described above (see, e.g., execution units608shown inFIG. 6). However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to a graphics processing implementation.

As mentioned above, channel divergence and convergence are detected by the branch unit2001which responsively enables and disables each channel as described herein. The branch unit2001may be shared across all threads in the EU2000and may compute the result of all control flow instructions for all channels in the processor. In one embodiment, each thread is executed on a different channel 0-3.

FIG. 21illustrates additional details of one embodiment of the branch unit2101including the set of per-channel counters1900-1903maintaining a count representing the current level of IF/ELSE/ENDIF nesting and responsively updating the channel enable mask1950. As mentioned, each bit in the channel enable mask indicates whether its corresponding channel is enabled (1) or disabled (0). If the value in a per-channel counter is 0, then the corresponding channel enable mask bit is set to 1 (to indicate the channel is enabled). If the value in the per-channel counter is greater than 0, then the corresponding channel enable mask bit is set to 0 (to indicate that the channel is disabled). As discussed above, the per-channel counters1900-1903may be modified based on comparisons against the current value in the global counter1910. In one embodiment, fused control flow processing logic2100processes the program code with fused control flow instructions2010(e.g., ENDIFs) to update the per-channel counters1900-1903and global counter1910as described herein. In hardware, a stack2101is added to record the control flow instructions of active divergent branches, and each control flow instruction on the stack additionally has a counter to store the number of diverging control flow instructions (e.g., IFs) that match the converging control flow instructions (e.g., ENDIFs).

FIG. 22provides an example of how fused ENDIFs may be processed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In this example, the ENDIF L3 and ENDIF L2 fromFIG. 19have been fused into a single ENDIF L2. As inFIG. 19, the first IF L1 increments the global counter1910to 1 and sets the per-channel counter1900to 1 for the associated channel. The enable mask1950bit for this channel is then set to 0 (indicating that the channel is disabled). The next IF L2 increments the global counter1910to 2 and sets a value of 2 in the corresponding per-channel counter1901, thereby causing the enable mask1950bit for this channel to be set to 0. The third IF statement also has the L2 label since the L2 and L3 ENDIFs were fused. It sets the global counter1910and the corresponding per-channel counter1902to 3, thereby disabling the channel. Alternatively, the ELSE instruction may set per-channel counter1903and global counter to 3, as illustrated.

In contrast to the embodiment shown inFIG. 19, inFIG. 22, a single ENDIF L2 decrements the global counter by 2 (from 3 to 1) and, in response, all values in the per-channel counters greater than 1 are reset to 0 (all but per-channel counter1900which remains at a value of 1 in the example). Thus, a single ENDIF instruction provides the same end result as two separate ENDIF instructions in the prior embodiments. In one embodiment, the stack2101is consulted to determine the number of divergent IFs mapped to each ENDIF. Because the ENDIF L2 (identified in the stack at line #25) has two divergent IFs mapped to it (as indicated by 25:2 in the stack), the global counter is decremented by 2 (i.e., from 3 to 1). By contrast, the second ENDIF L1 is associated in the stack2101with a single IF (as indicated by 30:1). As such the global counter is decremented from 1 to 0 and the associated per-channel counter1900is reset to 0, as illustrated.

In one embodiment, the below rules are used to compute the counters, with pertinent updates bolded to contrast with the prior embodiments:

Thus, the embodiments of the invention ensure that on an ENDIF, the global counter1910is decremented by the number of IFs that map to it. While the example shown inFIG. 22uses two fused ENDIFs for the purpose of explanation, the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with a larger number of fused ENDIFs. To reduce the number of bits needed for the stack2101counter, ENDIF fusing may be disabled when the number of consecutive ENDIFs exceeds a predetermined threshold. For example, the stack counter may be limited to 3 bits and the number of fused ENDIFs may be set to 8. In one embodiment, the stack2101depth is bounded by the maximum number of divergent branches and must therefore be at most the SIMD width, since at least one channel must be disabled for each such IF.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention is illustrated inFIG. 23. The method may be implemented within the context of the architectures described above, but is not limited to any particular architecture.

At2301, N consecutive control flow instructions (e.g., ENDIFs) are detected within program code and, in response, the control flow instructions are fused to generate program code containing the fused control flow instructions. In one particular embodiment, the fused control flow instructions are converging control flow instructions such as ENDIFs. As mentioned, the operation of fusing the control flow instructions may be performed by software (e.g., a compiler or kernel). However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to a software-based implementation.

At2302, the program code is executed and a counter value of N is stored in a stack and associated with the fused control flow instruction. As mentioned, the control flow instruction may be identified with a label (e.g., a line #). At2303, the fused control flow instruction is executed and, in response, the stack is consulted to determine the value of N. The global counter is then decremented by N. At2304, the per channel counters are updated in accordance with the new global counter value (e.g., per-channel counters greater than the global counter may be set to 0 as described above). In addition, the channel enable mask may be updated in accordance with the new per-channel counter values as described herein (e.g., enabling channels with a per-channel counter value of 0).

As described herein, instructions may refer to specific configurations of hardware such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) configured to perform certain operations or having a predetermined functionality or software instructions stored in memory embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium. Thus, the techniques shown in the figures can be implemented using code and data stored and executed on one or more electronic devices (e.g., an end station, a network element, etc.). Such electronic devices store and communicate (internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) code and data using computer machine-readable media, such as non-transitory computer machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks; optical disks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memory devices; phase-change memory) and transitory computer machine-readable communication media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). In addition, such electronic devices typically include a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components, such as one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readable storage media), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, a touchscreen, and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling of the set of processors and other components is typically through one or more busses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers). The storage device and signals carrying the network traffic respectively represent one or more machine-readable storage media and machine-readable communication media. Thus, the storage device of a given electronic device typically stores code and/or data for execution on the set of one or more processors of that electronic device. Of course, one or more parts of an embodiment of the invention may be implemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and/or hardware. Throughout this detailed description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details were set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In certain instances, well known structures and functions were not described in elaborate detail in order to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the invention should be judged in terms of the claims which follow.