Smoking articles

There is provided a smoking article having a mouthpiece 9 and a rod of smoking material 12 wrapped in a wrapper 14. A rod 15 constructed of for example activated carbon is provided within the smoking material 12. Between puffs the smoking material extinguishes leaving the rod 15 smouldering. During each puff the smoking material is reignited by the rod 15.

This invention concerns smoking articles such as cigarettes and has as its 
objective the provision of a smoking article in which sidestream smoke is 
substantially reduced or even eliminated by a means which involves 
substantially quenching the combustion of the smoking material between 
puffs and reigniting said smoking material at the instigation of puffing. 
The term sidestream smoke is generally used to describe all of the 
emissions from a smoking article with the exception of those collected and 
inhaled by the smoker and known as mainstream smoke. In the context of 
this patent the meaning given to the term sidestream smoke is those 
emissions which are produced from the burning coal directly to the 
environment, and specifically those produced during the interval between 
puffs as distinct from those emissions that occur directly to the 
environment during puffing. 
The literature describes various modifications to wrappers and in 
particular cigarette papers designed to achieve reductions in sidestream 
smoke. For example, GB patent 2191930A describes a paper with up to 50% of 
a high superficial surface area filler and including burn modifier salts. 
Other examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,377, 4,420,002 and 
4,450,847 and uses of these materials are discussed in patents numbered 
EP0290911A2, GB2160084,GB2209267A, GB2209268A and GB2209269A. These 
materials are claimed to provide reductions of up to 70% by weight of the 
particulate component of sidestream emissions. However, cigarettes using 
these papers (brand names include PASSPORT previously sold in Canada, 
VANTAGE EXCEL and VIRGINIA SUPERSLIMS sold in the U.S.A.) consume a large 
proportion (by weight) of the tobacco during the period between puffs, a 
proportion comparable to that of conventional cigarettes, i.e. in excess 
of 50% of the total weight of tobacco is normally consumed. Also the rate 
at which the sidestream intensity decays immediately after a puff is not 
satisfactory and the minimum levels of sidestream intensity attained are 
not as low as is desirable. 
It is a further objective of the present invention to substantially reduce 
the amount of tobacco consumed between puffs, since this tobacco is 
wasted, of no benefit to the smoker, and increases the total sidestream 
emissions of the product. 
GB patent 2094130A proposes a cigarette wrapper of preferably not more than 
2 Coresta units, this being a low permeability compared with conventional 
cigarette papers and having an accompanying low gas diffusion property. It 
is claimed that the particular choice of viscous flow permeability and 
diffusion value per unit thickness enables a reduction of 40 or even 60% 
in total sidestream particulate matter delivery, compared on an equal puff 
number basis with comparable cigarettes having conventional cigarette 
papers. This patent recognises the relationship between inherent 
permeability and free smoulder rate and the consequent effects upon 
sidestream emissions. It therefore proposes a need to resort to papers of 
low inherent permeability but suggests that the lowest values used in 
conventional cigarette production are about 5 Coresta units, because the 
use of lower permeabilities has resulted in cigarettes failing to remain 
alight if left to smoulder for even a short time. The claimed improvement 
of patent 2094130A is the discovery of cigarette paper properties which 
enable lower permeability values to be used whilst retaining acceptable 
combustion sustaining characteristics of the smoking articles. Thus patent 
2094130A also results in a product which consumes a relatively high 
proportion of the total weight of tobacco between puffs. 
One aspect of the present invention proposes that the wrapper of the 
smoking article is specifically chosen such that it arrests free 
smouldering. Thus without further adaptation articles employing these 
materials will extinguish within puffing intervals normally associated 
with human smoking of manufactured cigarettes. This performance may be 
achieved in a variety of ways including the use of papers described in 
co-depending patent No. 8912238.6 and by other means such as low inherent 
permeability and high thermal conductivity wrappers. If paper is used, 
such papers will typically have inherent permeabilities of less that 5 
Coresta and more probably less than 2 Coresta and may be coated or contain 
additives to reduce permeability and/or adjust combustibility. The 
inherent permeabilities and gas diffusion properties of the paper wrappers 
to be found on some East European Papirossi smoking articles would achieve 
the required conditions. Such Papirossi cigarettes extinguish between 
puffs if left for periods of time usual in smoking conventional 
cigarettes, and such a feature is normally unacceptable to smokers. 
It is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,031 to construct a smoking product 
comprising a porous self-supporting central core of carbonised fibres, 
circumscribed by tobacco shreds, in order to provide an improved smoking 
product of the type containing carbonised material which will exhibit 
smoking characteristics comparable to conventional cigarettes with 
lessened deliveries of particulate matter and gas phase components. 
References in that patent to prior art cite only the problems of 
construction and smoking experience encountered with previous attempts to 
design carbon substitute cigarettes. One such reference (U.S. Pat. No. 
3,614,956) provides another variation of the use of axial cores in 
cigarettes. Further embodiments of co-axial cigarettes are described in 
GB1086443,GB2070409 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,356,094. 
The product of U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,031 will burn between puffs like a 
conventional cigarette and there is no suggestion that the burn 
characteristics will be modified compared with a conventional cigarette in 
the aspect of the design. 
Thus there are prior proposals known to the applicants to reduce smoke and 
thus the particulate, vapour and gas phase contributions either during 
puffing and between puffs, or between puffs alone and thereby reduce the 
sidestream smoke, but in none of the prior proposals has it been suggested 
that sidestream smoke can be reduced or even eliminated by substantially 
quenching the combustion of the smoking material between puffs whilst 
maintaining combustion of the article itself through the use of an 
integral clean burning fuel element(s) which will itself free-smoulder for 
a time period extended beyond that of the extinguished smoking material. 
The present invention seeks to reduce the production of sidestream smoke by 
constructing a smoking article which substantially ceases to consume the 
smoking material, for example tobacco, between puffs and is designed so 
that the smoking material is reignited during puffing. 
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a 
smoking article incorporating smoking material the combustion products of 
which are inhaled by the smoker by puffing, said smoking article being 
adapted to extinguish the smoking material between puffs, and a combustion 
source incorporated in the smoking article and adapted to reignite the 
smoking material during puffs thereby causing the smoking material to 
combust. 
Whilst in its preferred form the smoking material should completely 
extinguish between puffs, the benefits of the present invention can be 
achieved by so arranging the components that the smoking material is 
substantially completely extinguished but not completely extinguished. 
Essentially, therefore, extinguished should be understood to mean that the 
smoking material could not, without assistance from an additional ignition 
source, regenerate a fully burning coal with a single standard puff. Thus, 
the combustion of the smoking material will be reduced to a level at which 
sidestream smoke is practically invisible or unnoticeable and that will 
achieve an acceptable product. In addition, it is preferable that the 
components of the cigarette be chosen to make the reduction as 
instantaneous as possible. 
It is a feature of the present invention that the smoking article is 
designed to extinguish the smoking material between puffs. Thus, the 
reduction in sidestream smoke production and consumption of smoking 
material between puffs will depend upon the rate at which the burning 
smoking material is completely or substantially completely extinguished. 
Smoking material which is in close contact with the clean burning fuel 
element(s) for the time which this element(s) remains ignited may be 
subject to a residual level of combustion. Therefore, the most effective 
and impressive reductions in sidestream smoke are achieved when the 
smoking material extinguishes most rapidly, bringing about an immediate 
dependence upon a fuel element as a source of reignition when puffing 
recommences. However, it will be appreciated that a less impressive 
performance can be achieved by, for example, suitable choice of the 
wrapper in which the smoking material is extinguished less rapidly and as 
a consequence, dependence on the fuel element(s) for reignition of puffing 
is less immediate. There is therefore a range of performance obtainable 
within this invention. 
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a 
smoking article comprising a rod smoking material incapable of sustaining 
static combustion and a combustion source capable of sustaining static 
combustion and thus smouldering for a finite period of time in the absence 
of static combustion of the smoking material and providing a source of 
combustion for reigniting the smoking material from time to time during 
puffing. 
The arrangement may be such that the combustion source is adapted to ignite 
the smoking material during puffing as a consequence of the rapid rise in 
temperature of the combustion source resulting from the increased oxygen 
supply and the availability of oxygen to the smoking material during 
puffing. This action temporarily re-establishes the vigorous combustion 
reactions. When puffing ceases and the oxygen supply consequently reduces 
the smoking material will cease to combust and the combustion source will 
return to a slowly decaying state of smoulder in which virtually only the 
combustion source remains ignited and virtually no sidestream smoke will 
be produced. Upon puffing on the smoking article once more, the rapid 
airflow past the combustion source will repeat the cycle described above. 
The principle upon which this invention depends is that of controlling the 
fragile balance between heat supplied by the oxygen-carbon reaction and 
heat losses from the burn zone such that the combustion system is no 
longer self sustaining during free smoulder as occurs in most conventional 
manufactured cigarettes. An additonal combustion source/fuel element(s), 
which is chosen to be less quickly quenched than the smoking material 
during this severely oxygen depleted period, continues to burn beyond the 
time at which the smoking material itself is substantially completely 
extinguished. This combustion source provides continuity between puffs and 
is capable of propogating combustion to the smoking material on activation 
by puffing. 
The smoulder of the heat source will continue for as long as sufficient 
oxygen supply is available to support this combustion. Preferably, this 
time period will be in excess of the average duration between puffs 
normally allowed by the majority of smokers but in certain applications 
this may be much shorter and in these cases the only requirement is that 
the interval time to fully extinguish shall be determined by the 
combustion source and not by the smoking material alone. The choice of 
materials used for and the construction of the combustion source are 
critical factors in determining the length of time for which the 
combustion source will free smoulder when inserted in the rod of smoking 
material. Example 1 demonstrates the effect of fuel rod dimensions. 
Conventional cigarettes rely upon the smoking material combined with the 
cigarette paper to provide a self-sustaining heat source. This is achieved 
largely by the choice of cigarette paper such that it provides for 
sufficient combustion of the smoking material in order to sustain the 
continued combustion between puffs regardless of the interval time. 
One aspect of this invention provides for a wrapper or cigarette paper 
which by virtue of its combustibility, oxygen diffusivity and/or thermal 
conductivity prevents the self sustaining free smoulder of the smoking 
material in the presence of a separate combustion source that is added to 
provide re-ignition of the smoking material when puffing commences. 
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a 
smoking article comprising a rod of smoking material enclosed in a sheath 
which denies sufficient oxygen supply to the smoking material to sustain 
combustion of the smoking material in the absence of puffing and a 
combustion source incorporated in the article and adapted to smoulder for 
a finite time between puffs and provide a source of combustion for the 
smoking material when this article is puffed. 
Preferably, the smoking article comprises a rod of smoking material 
enclosed within an outer sheath which restricts static burn of the rod. 
Thus the outer sheath may be a paper sheath of unusually low porosity 
and/or combustibility chosen specifically to be below the values which 
will lead to sustained free smoulder of the smoking material when 
constructed according to the present invention. Whilst the exact values 
will depend on several aspects of the construction of the smoking article, 
for example the density of the smoking material, a suitable cigarette 
paper would exhibit a Coresta air permeability not greater than 10 
ml/min/cm.sup.2 /K Pa and a more suitable paper would probably exhibit a 
Coresta air permeability of not greater than 2 ml/min/cm.sup.2 /K Pa. 
Indeed, our research has included papers which have such low air 
permeabilities that the Coresta method is no longer a suitable means of 
evaluation. In these cases we have used papers with air permeabilities 
greater than 400,000 gurley seconds. 
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a 
smoking article comprising a rod of smoking material enclosed in a sheath 
which is wholly or partly constructed of high conductivity or high heat 
capacity materials so as to conduct or extract heat away from the high 
temperature oxidation region of the combusting smoking material and 
thereby assist in achieving rapid extinguishing of the combustion reaction 
at the cessation of puffing, and a combustion source which continues to 
burn for a finite time between puffs and act as a source of combustion to 
reignite the smoking material during puffing. 
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a 
smoking article comprising a rod of smoking material in which the smoking 
material has been adapted in such a manner as to render it incapable of 
supporting continuous free smoulder in the absence of puffing, and a 
combustion source incorporated in the article and adapted to smoulder for 
a finite time between puffs and provide a source of ignition for the 
smoking material when this article is puffed. 
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a 
smoking article comprising a rod of smoking material enclosed in a wrapper 
and incorporating a combustion source whereby the combination of the 
components renders the rod of smoking material incapable of supporting 
free smoulder in the absence of puffing. 
The combustion source is preferably disposed within the rod of smoking 
material and may for example be made of a carbonised material generally of 
the type proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,031, although not necessarily in 
the form of carbonised fibres. Our research has included extrudites of 
powdered activated carbons for the combustion source. 
The combustion source may itself be located externally of the tobacco rod 
as a wrapper or sheath replacing the paper wrapper and providing the means 
of controlling combustion of the smoking material and also providing the 
combustion source for continuity between puffs. 
In a further embodiment the combustion source may also be included as a 
mixture in the smoking material, for example, in the form of shreds or as 
a multiplicity of filaments. 
The combustion source is preferably constructed of activated carbon and/or 
partly carbonised cellulosic material which preferably forms at least 50% 
by weight of the combustion source, the remainder may be inorganic 
fillers, binding agents such as pectin, quar gum or carboxymethylcellulose 
and combustion modifiers such as organic salts of the Group I and Group II 
metals and other fibres added for mechanical strength.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a cigarette comprising a mouthpiece 9 
comprising filter segments 10 and 11, attached to a rod 12 of tobacco by 
tipping paper 13. The rod 12 of tobacco is wrapped in a wrapper 14 which 
in this smoking article will not support self sustaining free smoulder of 
the smoking material. This may be achieved with a paper wrapper having a 
viscous flow, air permeability of less than 5 Coresta units (the concept 
of air permeability in cigarette paper is described in UK patent 
application GB 2094130A page 1, lines 31 -60 inclusive). 
It may be desirable to enhance the airflows through the paper wrapper by 
means of perforation usually achieved by electrostatic or mechanical 
means, giving rise to increased smoke dilution but not substantially 
altering the gas diffusion characteristics of the wrapper. This mechanism 
enables an increase in the "total permeability" of the wrapper to levels 
consistent with or beyond the total permeability of wrappers of 
conventional cigarettes. These values may exceed 150 Coresta units and may 
even be as high as 200 Coresta units. (The concept of "total permeability" 
is described in GB2094130A page 1, lines 31-60 inclusive). 
The consequence of choosing the wrapper 14 with these characteristics is to 
produce a tobacco rod 12 which ordinarily will not support free/static 
smoulder and will self-extinguish if left unpuffed. 
Disposed within the tobacco rod 12 is a rod 15 constructed of activated 
carbon which forms at least 50% by weight of the constituent elements of 
this rod. The rod 15 may extend throughout the length of the tobacco rod 
12 but as illustrated stops short of both ends in order to achieve 
benefits of appearance and fire safety. 
The rod 15 may take the form of a rigid or flexible rod or filaments which 
may be formed by extrusion or moulding operations. The rod may be 
permeable or impermeable and may have an annular construction to aid gas 
flow through the void. Its cross section may be circular or any convenient 
regular or irregular shape designed to enhance surface contact area with 
the tobacco and air flows. 
The size of rod 15 in cross section may be varied according to the 
application and this size variation may be used to vary the free burning 
time of the rod 15 between puffs. 
The rod 15 is designed to provide a larger thermal mass than that of the 
surrounding tobacco so that it will continue to smoulder for the period 
between puffs whilst combustion in the surrounding tobacco is 
substantially quenched. The rod 15 is so constructed to provide a 
continuing heat source at least over the period allowed by the majority of 
smokers between puffs. It may not be desirable for the rod 15 to continue 
smouldering in the absence of any puffing action by the smoker until it is 
fully consumed, as this might present a fire hazard. Preferably it will 
self-extinguish as it recedes into the tobacco rod 12 and becomes 
progressively less accessible to oxygen and more influenced by heat losses 
to the surrounding tobacco. Thus the rod 15 will provide a conbustion 
source without a forced airflow caused by puffing for periods in excess of 
the normal free smoulder time between puffs imposed by most smokers, and 
be capable of propagating this combustion to the tobacco 12 on activation 
by puffing from the smoker. 
The mouthpiece 9 may be a conventional single element or multi element 
filter or may be formed in the manner described in GB patent application 
No. 2210546 but as illustrated in FIG. 1 is a multiple filter element of 
usual proportions, whereas in FIG. 3 it is an elongated multiple filter 
element designed to provide more customary overall dimensions to the 
finished article. The filter elements 10, 11 may be constructed of 
filamentary material such as cellulose acetate, polypropylene or other 
non-filamentary filtering mediums, for example carbon. The filter elements 
may be open structure mediums, such as melt blown polypropylene, or 
cavities overwrapped with porous and/or perforated wrappers and tipping 
materials. 
FIG. 3 represents an alternative construction in which the benefit of a 
reduced amount of tobacco consumed between puffs gives rise to an 
opportunity to shorten the length of the tobacco rod 14 required to 
achieve the same number of puffs as a conventional cigarette. In turn,this 
dimensional change provides greater scope in the design of the mouthpiece 
9 such that it may be used, for example, as a medium for diffusion losses 
of carbon monoxide due to its extended surface area and increased 
residence time of the mainstream smoke passage. 
The different dimensions of the tobacco rod 14 shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 are a 
consequence of choosing different levels of expanded tobacco and density 
combinations. Thus the cigarette may be constructed so as to have 
conventional or unconventional dimensions. However, compared with 
conventional cigarettes the benefits of this invention may be exploited to 
achieve tobacco savings whilst maintaining equivalent number of puffs 
irrespective of whether conventional or unusual dimensions are chosen. 
The operation of the cigarette is as follows. Upon lighting the cigarette 
the tobacco at the lit end will be ignited and due to the forced airflow 
through the burn zone will cause pyrolysis to be propagated along the rod 
12 thus forming combustion products divided between mainstream and 
sidestream emissions. Mainstream emissions will be inhaled by the smoker 
through the mouthpiece 9 and sidestream emissions will be lost to the 
surrounding atmosphere. When the smoker creases to draw on the cigarette, 
combustion of the smoking material will substantially cease due to the 
properties of the wrapper 14 or the combined effect of the wrapper, 
smoking material and fuel element, whilst the rod 15 will continue to 
provide a source of heat for a sufficiently long period of time to enable 
the smoker to regenerate combustion in the tobacco rod 12 upon puffing at 
the next occasion. 
Between puffs, with the tobacco rod 12 subjected only to the heating effect 
of the rod 15, emissions of distillation and pyrolysis products are 
substantially eliminated and thus virtually no sidestream emissions will 
be apparent. Weight loss plots shown in Example 4 described later confirm 
the virtual absence of combustion of the tobacco rod between puffs. 
As soon as the smoker puffs on the cigarette, air will be drawn past the 
smouldering end of the rod 15 to cause a rapid rise in temperature which 
by virtue of the availability of oxygen from the forced airflow, readily 
propagates combustion to the adjacent tobacco re-establishing a burning 
tobacco zone. Thus mainstream and some sidestream smode will be generated 
in the usual way and in accordance with the needs of the smoker. 
The majority of sidestream emission from conventional cigarettes is 
generated during the free smoulder period between puffs when 50% or more 
of the available tobacco is usually consumed. With cigarettes according to 
the present design most of the sidestream smoke normally generated between 
puffs is eliminated leaving virtually only those emissions which are 
associated with activation of the smoking article during and immediately 
following puffing. This behaviour is shown later in the diagrams of 
visible sidestream production in Example 7. 
Thus, there is provided by the embodiment of FIG. 1 a cigarette which is 
adapted to extinguish the smoking material between puffs, thereby not 
generating appreciable sidestream emissions between puffs and furthermore 
adapted to reignite by activiation through puffing to generate combustion 
products in accordance with the needs of the smoker. Thus the smoking 
material remains substantially unburnt between puffs, burning most of the 
smoking material during puffs. Compared with a cigarette of conventional 
construction there is a substantial reduction in the total amount of 
tobacco that needs to be pyrolised to meet the requirements of the smoker. 
Thus, to provide the equivalent 9 puffs (on a smoking machine at standard 
conditions) of a convnetional cigarette with a tobacco rod 59 mm in 
length, a smoked tobacco rod portion of only about 21 mm in length is 
sufficient with cigarettes made according to the present invention at 
equivalent tobacco rod density (Table 3). Alternatively, expanded tobacco 
may be used at levels up to 100% to achieve reduced density and increased 
length whereby the equivalent weight of tobacco of the Table 3 tobacco rod 
is consumed (Table 1). As a consequence of this invention consumption of 
the tobacco has become much less dependent on time and much more dependent 
on puff number when compared with conventional cigarettes. 
It will be appreciated that the generation of sidestream emissions will be 
determined by the characteristics of the paper wrapper 14, the tobacco 12 
and the combustion source 15, which combine to detemine the rate at which 
combustion will propagate to the tobacco 12 and thereafter cease to 
smoulder. 
The invention will be described with reference to seven Examples, details 
of which are set out in Table 1. 
TABLE 1 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Cigarette Details 
Strand 
Cig. Fuel Element Details 
Type 
Tobacco Circ. 
ODD Width 
Wrap Weight 
O.D. 
I.D. 
No. 
Type mm kg.sup.m-3 
mm Type mg/cm 
(mm) 
(mm) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Example 1 
1. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A -- None 
-- 
9. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 5.6 
1.0 0 
2. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
10. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 16.8 
2.2 1.0 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 30.9 
2.8 1.1 
Example 2 
1. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A -- None 
-- 
2. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
3. 
Expanded 24.8 
178 0.7 A -- None 
-- 
4. 
Expanded 24.8 
178 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
5. 
Unexpanded 
24.8 
231 0.5 A -- None 
-- 
6. 
Unexpanded 
24.8 
231 0.5 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
7. 
Cut Rolled Stem 
24.8 
201 0.3 A -- None 
-- 
8. 
Cut Rolled Stem 
24.8 
201 0.3 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Example 3 
Unexpanded 
21.1 
234 0.5 A -- None 
-- 
Unexpanded 
21.1 
234 0.5 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Example 4 
Players Med. N.C. 
25.2 
247 0.7 PMNC -- None 
-- 
Expanded 24.8 
150 0.7 PMNC -- None 
-- 
2. 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Expanded 25.1 
139 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Example 5 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Embassy Mild 
24.8 
234 0.7 Emb. Mild 
-- None 
-- 
Vantage Excel 
24.9 
142 -- Vantage 
-- None 
-- 
Example 6 
20. 
Expanded 25.1 
139 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Example 7 
Expanded 24.8 
143 0.7 A 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
Embassy Mild 
24.8 
234 0.7 Emb. Mild 
-- None 
-- 
Vantage Excel 
24.9 
142 -- Vantage 
-- None 
-- 
Example 8 
Expanded 24.8 
110 -- B -- None 
-- 
Expanded 24.8 
110 -- B 11.4 
1.8 0.8 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
A. The cigarettes paper wrapper has been chosen to achieve the self 
extinguishing characteristics of the tobacco rod described in this 
specification. 
B. The cigarette's paper wrapper has been chosen to initally have the sam 
properties as for A, but subsequently treated with a burn modifier to 
promote free smoulder. 
Composition of all the fuel elements was by weight 88% activated carbon, 
2% potassium citrate and 10% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. 
EXAMPLE1 
Experiment (a)--Time to Extinguish during Static Smoulder 
Test cigarettes detailed as types 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 in Table 1 were smoked 
according to the following regime. Each cigarette was lit by a 35 ml. puff 
of 2 seconds duration and 30 second allowed to elapse before a further 
puff taken, whereafter the time taken to complete visual extinguishing of 
the sample under subdued lighting was recorded. The procedure was 
replicated 4 times per sample rod (i.e. relit) and for 4 samples to 
achieve an overall mean value. 
In FIG. 11 mean replicate extinguishing time is plotted against sample fuel 
rod weight per unit length which serves to illustrate the ability to 
manipulate and indeed prescribe the desired extinguishing time for the 
smoking article. 
Since the fuel rods were extruded to a constant density, increases in fuel 
rod weight were achieved via cross-sectional area and may also suggest a 
dimensional dependency of the extinguishing time. 
Also shown in FIG. 11 are examples of a fuel rod containing further 
additives such as potassium nitrate or calcium carbonate which modify 
combustion and/or ash appearance of the fuel rod. 
Experiment (b)--Time to Extinguish During Smoking Tests 
Cigarettes were observed whilst being smoked on a 10 port smoking machine, 
to detemine the proportion that extinguished before being fully smoked. 
The puff volume and duration, 35 ml and 2 seconds respectively, were the 
same for all the smokings. 
The interval between puffs was increased on successive smoking runs of 
individual cigarette types, until all the cigarettes extinguished before 
being fully smoked. The cigarettes were considered to be fully smoked if 
they did not extinguish before a pre-detemined length was burned. This 
length was set to produce a similar puff number to commercial cigarettes. 
Ten cigarettes of each type were smoked with, and without, a carbon fuel 
element inserted. 
The cigarettes were made in groups to investigate specific factors. 
Those listed in Table 1 for Example 1 used the same tobacco rod but varied 
with regard to the detail of the fuel element. 
The general conclusion is that the fuel element extends the interval 
between puffs for which cigarettes can be fully smoked and has been shown 
to do so for many different tobacco rods. 
The measurements made on the cigarettes in Example 1 show that the interval 
can be further increased by the use of a fuel rod of increased weight per 
unit length (see FIG. 12). 
EXAMPLE 2 
Cigarettes were observed whilst being smoked on a 10 port smoking machine, 
to determine the proportion that extinguished before being fully smoked. 
The puff volume and duration, 35 ml and 2 seconds respectively, were the 
same for all the smokings. 
The interval between puffs was increased on successive smoking runs of 
individual cigarettes types, until all the cigarettes extinguished before 
being fully smoked. The cigarettes were considered to be fully smoked if 
they did not extinguish before a predetermined length was burned. This 
length was set to produce a similar puff number to commercial cigarettes. 
Ten cigarettes of each type were smoked with, and without, a carbon fuel 
element inserted. 
The cigarettes were made in groups to investigate specific factors. 
Those listed for Example 2 were dimensionally identical and used the same 
fuel element specification, but were made with various tobacco types. 
The general conclusion is that the fuel element extends the interval 
between puffs for which cigarettes can be fully smoked and has been shown 
to do so for many different tobacco rods. 
The measurements made on the cigarettes in Example 2 show that the extended 
interval can be obtained when using tobacco which has been processed in 
different ways. (See FIGS. 13 to 16). 
EXAMPLE 3 
Cigarettes were observed whilst being smoked on a 10 port smoking machine, 
to determine the proportion that extinguished before being fully smoked. 
The puff volume and duration, 35 ml and 2 seconds respectively, were the 
same for all the smokings. 
The interval between puffs was increased on successive smoking runs of 
individual cigarette types, until all the cigarettes extinguished before 
being fully smoked. The cigarettes were considered to be fully smoked if 
they did not extinguish before a predetermined length was burned. This 
length was set to produce a similar puff number to commercial cigarettes. 
Ten cigarettes of each type were smoked with, and without, a carbon fuel 
element inserted. 
The cigarettes were made in groups to investigate specific factors. 
Those listed for Example 3 were made at a reduced circumference. 
The general conclusion is that the fuel element extends the interval 
between puffs for which cigarettes can be fully smoked and has been shown 
to do so for many different tobacco rods. 
The measurements made on the cigarettes in Example 3 show that the extended 
interval can be obtained when the circumference of the tobacco rod is 
reduced. (See FIG. 17). 
EXAMPLE 4 
Plain 62 mm sample rods of test cigarettes detailed as types 2, 14, 15, 16 
in Table 1 were smoked according to the following conditions. Each sample 
was suspended on a computer based digital balance and continuously weighed 
while being puffed via a flexible tube by a 35 ml puff or 2 seconds 
duration and 1 minute cycle. 
In FIG. 18 the weight profiles are shown with respect to puff number and 
time. Types 14 and 15 demonstrate the weight profiles for samples 
constructed with conventional cigarette paper and design at two tobacco 
densities, whereas types 2 and 16 represent examples according to the 
invention. The profiles for types 2 and 16 clearly demonstrate a 
significant reduction in the weight loss between puffs, predominantly due 
to the rapid cessation of tobacco combustion during the interval following 
a puff. 
This is further illustrated in Table 2 by the reduction in average rate of 
weight loss between 10 and 50 seconds after puffing for types 2 and 16. 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Average Puff Interval 
Sample Weight Loss Rate 
Type mg/sec 
______________________________________ 
14 0.94 
15 0.81 
2 0.35 
16 0.32 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 5 
The following method was used to determine the visible intensity sidestream 
emissions for sample cigarettes types 17, 18, 19 detailed in Table 1. 
Sample cigarette tobacco rods were enclosed in a cylindrical perspex tube 
50 having a paper tissue 55 over its lower end to diffuse the air flow at 
the chamber air inlet 56. The cigarettes were puffed externally by a 35 ml 
volume 2 second duration and 1 minute cycle smoking machine 54 as 
illustrated schematically in FIG. 19. An impeller fan 51 mixed and diluted 
the emitted cigarette sidestream smoke with free air from inlet 57 and 
also provided a small laminar extraction air flow over the cigarette 
located in the tube. The diluted sidestream smoke/air mixture was passed 
into an optical light scattering aerosol monitor 52 (GCA Corporation USA) 
from which a signal output was data-logged into a computer 53 at a rate of 
2 samples/sec. 
In FIGS. 20, 21, 22 the plots of sidestream smoke intensity emissions are 
given with respect to puff number, for 10 replicate smokings of cigarette 
types 18, 19, 17 respectively. Ten replicate measurements are superimposed 
in each figure. FIG. 20 illustrates the typical high intensity and random 
sidestream smoke emissions from conventional commercial cigarettes (Type 
18). In FIG. 21 the sidestream smoke emissions for commercial products 
with reduced sidestream smoke are shown (Type 19). The sidestream 
emissions from this cigarette type are characterised by a high peak of 
sidestream emission during a puff followed by a reduced level of emission 
during the interval between puffs compared with FIG. 20, Type 18. However, 
measurements on cigarettes according to the invention (Type 17), 
(illustrated in FIG. 22), show a high peak of sidestream emission during a 
puff which decays more rapidly and consistently to a lower level than for 
Type 19 between puffs as combustion of the tobacco ceases. 
The ideal graph of sidestream smoke intensity versus puff number according 
to the present invention would show a peak during puffing and an 
instantaneous return to zero between puffs. The example used (Type 17) is 
clearly very close to this ideal. 
It will of course be realised that it is essential for the Type 19 
cigarette not to extinguish itself during standard puff intervals because 
there is provided no means to reignite it. Although the sidestream 
intensity decays, it clearly decays much slower than the Type 17 cigarette 
and does not approach the minimum values of sidestream intensity exhibited 
by the Type 17 cigarette. 
EXAMPLE 6 
Cigarette samples of type 20 detailed in Table 1 were constructed with 
cigarette wrappers according to the invention to which tripotassium 
citrate (3.6 wt %) was applied to the external surface. Visible sidestream 
emissions were measured for 3 replicates from the initial 6 puffs 
according to the method in Example 5. It was found that the additive 
improved paper char line uniformity and ash formation and significantly 
reduced the peak sidestream emissions during puffs as illustrated in FIG. 
23. 
EXAMPLE 7 
Simultaneous Measurement of Sidestream and Mainstream Particulate Matter 
Deliveries 
In order to collect sidestream total particulate matter (TPM), cigarettes 
were smoked inside a chamber with the top closed by a glass fibre filter 
pad. An airflow of 3 liters per minute was maintained through the chamber, 
which was rectangular in cross-section (7.2 cm.times.8.98 cm). The 
cigarettes were inserted into a cigarette holder located 10 cm below the 
filter pad for smoking. The holder was connected to a smoking machine set 
to take a 35 ml. puff of 2 seconds duration every minute. 
Mainstream particulate matter was collected for measurement on a filter pad 
incorporated in the cigarette holder. 
Three cigarette types (Example 7) were assessed. These were: 
Type 17--an experimental product with a carbon fuel element 
Type 18--a conventional commercial product 
Type 19--a commercial product with reduced sidestream delivery 
The results achieved are shown in Table 3. 
TABLE 3 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Mainstream and Sidestream Deliveries 
Mainstream Sidestream 
No. of 
TPM PWNF NICOTINE 
TPM TPM 
Type Puffs 
(mg cig.sup.-1) 
(mg cig.sup.-1) 
(mg cig.sup.-1) 
(mg cig.sup.-1) 
(mg min.sup.-1) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
19 Mean 
6.3 11.4 9.6 0.90 8.3 1.31 
S.D. 
(0.5) 
(1.9) (1.8) (0.08) (0.9) (0.09) 
N (30) 
(10) (10) (10) (10) (10) 
18 Mean 
9.0 9.4 7.8 0.92 20.8 2.32 
S.D. 
(0.4) 
(0.9) (0.9) (0.06) (1.1) (0.12) 
N (24) 
(7) (7) (8) (8) (8) 
17 Mean 
13.8 
6.6 5.7 0.54 7.6 0.55 
S.D. 
(1.0) 
(0.8) (0.8) (0.08) (0.7) (0.05) 
N (29) 
(9) (8) (9) (9) (9) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
TPM = Total Particulate Matter 
PWNF = Particulate Matter, Water & Nicotine Free 
S.D. = Standard Deviation 
N = Sample Size 
The cigarettes need to be compared with regard to both the delivery per 
cigarette and the rate of production of sidestream particulate matter. 
On a per cigarette basis, Types 17 and 19 have a comparable sidestream TPM 
delivery which is much reduced on the conventional commercial product Type 
18. 
On a rate of production basis, the rate of sidestream TMP production from 
Type 17 is much reduced on that for Type 19. 
EXAMPLE 8 
The aim of this example was to study the modification of the extinguishing 
characteristics of tobacco rods by the use of a burn modifier on the 
cigarette wrapper. The paper wrapper, a type which would normally cause a 
tobacco rod to self extinguish, was treated with a burn modifier, 
tri-potassium citrate. The resultant additive level was 6.3% of the weight 
of the paper. 
When the cigarette Types 21 and 22 were lit by a 35 ml puff of 2 seconds 
duration it was found that Type 21 would free smoulder to burn a 
predetermined length of tobacco rod (48 mm) whereas 65% of the Type 22 
cigarettes extinguished. 
The addition of the burn modifier to the paper wrapper has therefore 
promoted free smoulder, and thus prevented the tobacco rod from self 
extinguishing when no fuel element was present (Type 21). However, further 
modification of the cigarette by the inclusion of the fuel element (Type 
22) restricted free smoulder and caused a high proportion of the 
cigarettes to self extinguish. The Type 22 cigarettes are therefore 
extinguishing due to the combination of the wrapper and fuel element used 
in their construction. 
In FIGS. 5 and 6 there is shown an alternative embodiment of a cigarette 
according to the present invention. The construction is identical to that 
of FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the rod 15 is replaced with three rods 25 of 
identical material and construction, although somewhat smaller in diameter 
compared to those described in FIGS. 1 and 2. The operation of the 
cigarette is identical to that of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the same benefits are 
achieved. The provision of three rods improves the reignition and 
propogation of the combustion to the tobacco rod when the smoker puffs on 
the cigarette. 
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 of the drawings, there is shown an alternative 
embodiment in which a cigarette comprises a core 31 of conventional 
cigarette tobacco surrounded by a shell 32. The shell is press moulded 
from a mixture of 86% activated carbon powder and 12% sodium 
carboxymethylcellulose the press moulding being effected at a pressure of 
320 lbs per square inch. 
The shell 32 is externally coated with a coating 33 consisting of a mixture 
of 90% calcium carbonate and 10% sodium carboxymethylcellulose. 
Cigarette paper 33a may be used to overwrap the coated shell 32. A 
mouthpiece 34 comprising conventional filter segments 35 and a hollow tube 
36 is connected to one end of the combined core 31 and shell 32 by 
conventional tipping paper 37. 
The mass of the shell 32 will be seen to be substantial compared with that 
of conventional paper wrappers. For example, the mass of the example shown 
in FIGS. 7 and 8 is 190 mg which compares with a mass of, say, 23 mg for a 
conventional cigarette paper wrapper. 
The mass of the shell is substantial compared with the mass of the tobacco 
within the cigarette rod 31 and preferably constitutes at least 20% and 
preferably at least 35% of the combined mass of tobacco 31 and shell 32. 
The shell 32 also constitutes a substantial proportion of the cross 
sectional area of the smoking product. The shell preferably constitutes at 
least 20% of the cross sectional area and in a preferred embodiment at 
least 30%. 
By forming the shell 32 as a substantial heat source with a low static 
combustion rate the shell assumes the role of controlling the rate of 
static combustion of the tobacco rod during the static burn and thereby 
assuming full control of that process. By so controlling the static burn 
the sidestream smoke which is normally produced by the combustion of 
tobacco during the static burn can be substantially reduced or even 
eliminated. By forming the shell of virtually smokeless fuel no sidestream 
smoke will be produced by the static burn of the shell itself and with 
little, if any, combustion of the tobacco rod during the static burn 
period between puffs substantial reductions in the sidestream smoke will 
be achieved. 
The shell 32 is designed to substantially deny oxygen to the tobacco rod 31 
and thus after a puff the tobacco will quickly cease to combust and any 
combustion products will quickly disperse whilst the shell 32 will 
continue to smoulder at its static burn rate whilst denying oxygen to the 
tobacco rod 31. Cessation of tobacco combustion will also be influenced by 
the peripheral mass of carbon downstream of the tobacco coal acting as a 
heat sink. As soon as a further puff is taken on the cigarette, oxygen 
will pass into the tobacco rod 31 and in moving past the shell 32 will 
substantially increase the temperature of the smouldering shell and this 
increase in temperature will cause reignition and combustion of the 
tobacco 31. The continued ingress of oxygen caused during puffing will 
combust the tobacco forming combustion products which will pass to the 
mouth of the smoker via mouthpiece 34. Once the puff ceases, insufficient 
oxygen will pass into the tobacco rod 31, and being denied access by the 
shell 32 the tobacco will quickly cease to smoulder and smouldering will 
be assumed by the shell 32 as before until the next puff is taken. As 
described above, substantial reductions in sidestream smoke are achieved 
using this construction. 
EXAMPLE 9 
In a typical product the mouthpiece 34 was 55 mm long, the tobacco core 31 
and shell 32 with coating 33 were 35 mm long, the overall diameter of the 
product was 8.5 mm. The shell 32 had an overall diameter of 7.9 mm with a 
wall thickness of 0.6 mm and the coating 33 had a thickness of 0.3 mm. 
The weight of tobacco within the rod 31 was 320 mg and the weight of the 
shell 32 was 190 mg. 
In smoking this article a static burn rate of 0.03 mm per second was 
achieved compared with a figure of 0.08 mm per second for that of a 
conventional cigarette made of the same cigarette tobacco with 
conventional cigarette paper wrap. 
The level of sidestream smoke, measured by an optical technique, was 94% 
lower than the sidestream smoke produced by a conventional cigarette using 
the same type of tobacco. In this example under industry standard smoking 
conditions a similar number of puffs and smoke delivery were obtained as 
with a conventional cigarette, and yet the tobacco rod was only 35 mm long 
compared with a conventional length of 59 mm. 
The shell 32 can be made by moulding, forming or extruding from a range of 
suitable materials such as carbon, activated carbon, wood pulp, flax and 
may also include glass or mineral fibres or webbing, tobacco or tobacco 
derivatives. The shell may include binding agents such as ethylcellulose, 
methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose salts, starch, carob and guar 
gums. The shell may be wrapped in an additional paper cellulosic in 
origin, to aid the making process. 
Chemical additives such as metal oxides, silicates, carbonates, nitrates, 
organic salts of the Group I and Group II metals may also be introduced to 
modify the burn rate. A foaming agent such as sodium bicarbonate, solid 
carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen, together with heat, may be used in 
the process of producing suitable shells to act as wrappers for smoking 
products according to the present invention. 
The coating 33 on shell 32 may also include thermally insulating materials 
such as metal oxides, silicates, carbonates, glass and mineral fibres to 
improve the fire safety aspects of the design. 
The outer wrapper 33a may be conventional cigarette paper, according to 
co-depending patent application No. 8912238.6 or aluminium foil or other 
similar material to improve the appearance of the product. The outer 
wrapper may also be perforated. 
Where the shell 32 is wrapped with a base cellulosic material it is 
preferred that the carbon content of the shell should be at least 90% by 
weight of the base cellulosic wrapper. 
The mouthpiece 34 may be formed in the manner described in GB patent 
application No. 2210546 to produce a collapsible mouthpiece facilitating 
disposal after use. 
The minimum size and weight is limited by physical strength considerations 
and the need for the shell to maintain static combustion in the absence of 
simultaneous combustion by the tobacco rod. 
The maximum shell thickness is limited only by the overall size of the 
product and by draw resistance of the tobacco rod which is not expected to 
exceed 300 mm wg at a flow rate of 17.5 milliliters per second. The shell 
32 must be designed with an inherent burn rate comparable to that of the 
tobacco core 31 such that during puffs, the shell and core burn ostensibly 
together but leaving it protruding beyond the core 31 and thus delaying 
oxygen to the core as soon as puffing ceases. 
All of the products according to the present invention show remarkably low 
tobacco consumption rates due to the static burn of the tobacco itself 
being substantially reduced or even eliminated and therefore substantial 
savings in the weight of tobacco can be achieved. Since most tobacco is 
wasted in the static burn between puffs, the amount of tobacco within 
smoking articles according to the present invention can be reduced 
virtually to that tobacco which is consumed during puffs. Thus, the weight 
of tobacco can be reduced to that which is little more than that which the 
consumer will smoke during the usual puffs on a conventional cigarette 
without the waste between puffs. 
For the sake of comparison, a conventional cigarette is shown in FIGS. 9 
and 10. The cigarette has a tobacco rod 41 wrapped in conventional paper 
42. A cellulose acetate filter 43 is attached to the rod 41 by tipping 
paper 44. By comparision the cigarette of FIG. 9 has a tobacco rod length 
of 59 mm compared with a tobacco rod length of 35 mm in FIG. 3, both with 
similar weight per unit length of tobacco and producing similar number of 
puffs. 
Cigarette products which `self-extinguish` may be regarded as unacceptable 
to the smoker owing to the inconvenience of relighting and objections to 
the taste of drawing on an unlit cigarette. Thus previous proposals for 
reducing sidestream smoke incorporating low porosity and slow burning 
paper wrappers have drawn a balance between the slow smoulder of such 
devices and the need to keep the smoking material alight between puffs. 
With the present invention there is provided a cigarette in which this need 
is avoided. The product preferably is of such slow burn characteristic 
that the tobacco is substantially extinguished and ceases to burn although 
still being heated by the combustion source. Thus there is no appreciable 
production of condensable sidestream vapours. 
To achieve this objective, the alternative source of heat in the form of a 
combustion source capable of maintaining glow combustion for periods in 
excess of the normal free smoulder period between puffs and rapidly 
propogating this combustion to the surrounding smoking material when the 
oxygen supply increases during puffing, is provided in all the embodiments 
described above. 
Combustion of the smoking material between puffs is substantially quenched, 
thereby providing a product in which the smoking material does not itself 
sustain static combustion. 
Thus, there is provided with the present invention a product in which the 
smoking material substantially ceases to combust between puffs and so 
ceases to generate appreciable sidestream emissions during the static 
smoulder periods. The combustion source provided for continuity of 
ignition and which provides the heat source for reignition of the smoking 
material as soon as the smoker puffs on the product is in this case 
activated carbon formed with binding agents. It is this rapid reactivation 
of the smoking material which overcomes the objections to taste 
encountered when relighting a conventional cigarette. 
In addition to the benefits outlined above in the form of low sidestream 
emissions, the products according to the invention with internal 
combustion sources would be expected to have an extremely low ignition 
proclivity as defined by contact tests used in the USA FIRE SAFETY STUDIES 
(1987). Thus by the nature of the smoking article described with reference 
to the embodiments of FIGS. 1-6, there is a substantial reduction in the 
period in which the peripheral tobacco is producing sufficient heat to 
propagate combustion to any contacting material such as furniture fabric. 
This reduced period of exposure will substantially reduce the possibility 
of an accidental fire. In particular, the absence of combustion of the 
tobacco surrounding the combustion source between puffs will substantially 
reduce the posibility of any accidental fire at the time when the risk is 
greatest, namely when the product is likely to be left unattended between 
puffs and allowed to smoulder. With the embodiment described in FIGS. 1-6 
the present invention substantially avoids the presence of a peripheral 
hot coal in the smoking product between puffs and provides an insulating 
layer of substantially unburnt tobacco surrounding the combustion source 
between puffs such that the risk of contact with the combustion source in 
the event of careless disposal is reduced. 
Similar benefits can be achieved with the embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8 where 
the shell 32 is surrounded by appropriate heat insulating materials as 
described above in relation to those figures. 
Articles made according to the present invention will also exhibit a 
substantial reduction in the quantity of tobacco needed to provide the 
smoker with the same dose level of combustion products compared with a 
conventional cigarette. Since the present invention confines most of the 
consumption of the smoking material to the period of the puff and `wastes` 
very little of the smoking material by smouldering between puffs, a 
substantially reduced weight of smoking material can be used to provide 
the smoker with the equivalent dose level of combustion products as would 
be achieved with a conventional cigarette not made according to the 
present invention. 
Furthermore, the present invention allows for greater flexibility of the 
duration over which a cigarette may be smoked since the consumption of the 
tobacco according to the present invention substantially depends upon the 
frequency and volume of puffs taken by the smoker and much less on the 
proportion of the time for which the cigarette is free smouldering, 
wherein a conventional cigarette normally consumes in excess of 50% and as 
much as 75% of the available tobacco weight. 
It is our contention that the ideal smoking article is one in which the 
smoking material is only consumed during the puffing regime (whilst 
supplying the requirements of the smoker). The optimum solution minimises 
sidestream emissions, tobacco consumption and ignition proclivity. This 
invention provides a means of substantially achieving these benefits. 
A smoking article in which the smoking material will continuously smoulder 
unassisted by puffing until fully consumed falls outside of this 
invention. 
Conversely, this invention consists of a smoking article that does not 
provide this continuous unassisted smouldering in air, being adapted with 
an integral combustion source in addition to the smoking material in order 
to guarantee to the smoker a facility to reignite the smoking material 
during puffing and continue to do this for an acceptable period after the 
smoking material is substantially extinguished. The acceptable duration of 
this reignition facility will be market dependent, for example, a market 
predisposed towards low ignition proclivity may find that short durations 
will be most acceptable, whereas less sophisticated markets may require 
the converse. Key variables of the construction will be adapted to bring 
about this change. Examples of the variations which have been achieved are 
given in the experimental data.