Method and apparatus for controlling thermal transfer in a cyclic vacuum processing system

Apparatus for providing thermal transfer between a semiconductor wafer and a heat sink or source in a vacuum processing chamber includes a platen against which the wafer is sealed to define a thermal transfer region therebetween. The platen includes a passage for gas flow between the chamber and the thermal transfer region. The apparatus further includes a valve for controllably opening and closing the passage and a controller for closing the valve when the pressure in the chamber reaches a predetermined value. Gas at the predetermined pressure, typically 0.5 to 100 Torr, is trapped in the thermal transfer region and conducts thermal energy between the workpiece and the platen. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of platens are positioned on a rotating disc in an ion implantation system and a centrifugally operated valve is utilized to close the passage.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to processing of semiconductor wafers in a vacuum 
chamber and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for thermal 
transfer in an ion implantation system which utilizes gas as a transfer 
medium. 
In the fabrication of integrated circuits, a number of processes have been 
established which involve the application of high energy beams onto 
semiconductor wafers in vacuum. These processes include ion implantation, 
ion beam milling and reactive ion etching. In each instance, a beam of 
ions is generated in a source and directed with varying degrees of 
acceleration toward a target. Ion implantation has become a standard 
technique for introducing impurities into semiconductor wafers. Impurities 
are introduced into the bulk of semiconductor wafers by using the momentum 
of energetic ions as a means of imbedding them in the crystalline lattice 
of the semiconductor material. 
As energetic ions impinge on a semiconductor wafer and travel into the 
bulk, heat is generated by the atomic collisions. This heat can become 
significant as the energy level or current level of the ion beam is 
increased and can result in uncontrolled diffusion of impurities beyond 
prescribed limits. As device geometries become smaller, this uncontrolled 
diffusion becomes less acceptable. A more severe problem with heating is 
the degradation of patterned photoresist layers which are applied to 
semiconductor wafers before processing and which have relatively low 
melting points. 
In commercial semiconductor processing, a major objective is to achieve a 
high throughput in terms of wafers processed per unit time. One way to 
achieve high throughput in an ion beam system is to use a relatively high 
current beam. However, large amounts of heat may be generated in the 
wafer. Thus, it is necessary to cool the wafer in order to prevent 
elevated temperatures from being attained. 
Techniques for keeping the wafer temperature below a prescribed limit have 
included batch processing, in which the incident power is spread over a 
number of wafers, time-shared scanning of the beam and conductive cooling 
through direct solid-to-solid contact between a wafer and a heat sink. The 
cooling efficiency of systems employing solid-to-solid contact is limited 
by the extent to which the backside of the wafer contacts the thermally 
conductive surface, since, at the microscopic level, only small areas of 
the two surfaces (typically less than 5%) actually come into contact. 
The technique of gas conduction is known to permit thermal coupling between 
two opposed surfaces and has been applied to semiconductor processing in 
vacuum. In one approach, gas is introduced into a cavity between a wafer 
and a support plate. The achievable thermal transfer with this approach, 
however, is limited, since bowing of the wafer occurs at low gas 
pressures. 
Gas-assisted, solid-to-solid thermal transfer with a semiconductor wafer is 
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,359 assigned to the assignee of the 
present application. A semiconductor wafer is clamped at its periphery 
onto a shaped platen. Gas under pressure is introduced into the 
microscopic void region between the platen and the wafer. The gas pressure 
approaches that of the preloading clamping pressure without any 
appreciable increase in the wafer-to-platen spacing. Since the gas 
pressure is significantly increased without any increase in the 
wafer-to-platen gap, the thermal resistance is reduced; and solid-to-solid 
thermal transfer with gas assistance produces optimum results. In both of 
these approaches, the gas in supplied from a gas source, including means 
for regulating the pressure, coupled to the thermal transfer region behind 
the wafer. 
As the demand for higher throughput ion implantation systems increases, it 
will become necessary to utilize higher currents, thereby, requiring the 
application of gas cooling to batch systems. Typically, in batch systems, 
a number of wafers, for example 25, are mounted on a large disc which is 
rotated during ion implantation. The ion beam can be scanned across the 
rotating disc or the disc can be translated mechanically during rotation 
to provide uniform ion dosage over the surface of the wafers. 
The use of gas cooling in a batch processing system is complicated by two 
factors. First, the hardware required to introduce gas into the thermal 
transfer region behind the wafer must be repeated at each wafer location. 
This greatly increases the complexity and cost of the system. In addition, 
connections external to the disc must be made through rotary connections 
along the axis of rotation. Prior art rotating discs have been water 
cooled with the cooling water piped to the disc through a rotating seal. 
The addition of connections for gas cooling would further complicate this 
arrangement. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide novel apparatus for 
thermal transfer with a semiconductor wafer in vacuum. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide novel methods and 
apparatus for gas conduction thermal transfer with a semiconductor wafer 
in an ion implantation system. 
It is still another object of the present invention to provide novel 
methods and apparatus for gas conduction thermal transfer in an ion 
implantation system utilizing a movable support for mounting a plurality 
of wafers. 
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide methods and 
apparatus for thermal transfer with a semiconductor wafer in a vacuum 
chamber which is vented during a portion of the processing cycle. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to the present invention, these and other objects and advantages 
are achieved in methods and apparatus for providing thermal transfer 
between a workpiece and a heat sink or source in a vacuum processing 
chamber which is vented to atmosphere during one portion of a processing 
cycle and is vacuum pumped to a low pressure during another portion of the 
cycle. The apparatus includes a platen against which the workpiece is 
sealed to define a thermal transfer region therebetween. The platen 
includes a passage for gas flow between the chamber and the thermal 
transfer region. The apparatus further includes valve means for 
controllably opening and closing the passage and control means for closing 
the valve means when the pressure in the chamber reaches a predetermined 
intermediate pressure. Gas at the intermediate pressure is trapped in the 
thermal transfer region during vacuum processing and conducts thermal 
energy between the workpiece and the platen. 
In one embodiment of the invention, a plurality of such platens are 
positioned on a disc adapted for rotation about a central axis. The valve 
means associated with each platen, upon rotation of the disc above a 
predetermined speed, is closed by centrifugal force. The control means 
includes means for sensing the pressure in the chamber and means for 
rotating the disc above the predetermined speed when the chamber reaches 
the intermediate pressure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
An end station and the adjacent portion of the beamline for a batch 
processing ion implantation system are shown in simplified form in FIG. 1. 
A rotating disc assembly includes a rotating disc 10, a plurality of 
semiconductor wafers 12 mounted on the disc 10, a chamber door 14 and a 
drive motor 16 for the rotating disc 10. The rotating disc 10 is connected 
by a drive shaft 18 through the chamber door 14 to the motor 16. During 
implantation, the chamber door 14 is sealed to a housing 20 to define an 
implant chamber 22. The housing 20 also defines a beamline vacuum chamber 
24, which can be isolated from the implant chamber 22 by a gate valve 26. 
An ion beam 28, formed in an ion source and passed through appropriate 
mass analysis and ion optical elements (not shown), is applied to the 
wafers 12 through the gate valve 26. A vacuum pump 30 is coupled through 
an isolation valve 32 to the implant chamber 22. The implant chamber 22 is 
also coupled through an isolation valve 34 to the external environment for 
venting purposes. The beamline vacuum chamber 24 is coupled to a vacuum 
pump (not shown). 
In operation, the ion implantation system shown in FIG. 1 processes 
semiconductor wafers in a cyclic manner. The cycle includes, generally, 
the placement of wafers in the system followed by ion implantation and 
then removal of the wafers from the system. More specifically, at the end 
of one implantation cycle, the gate valve 26 is closed to isolate the 
beamline vacuum chamber 24; and the implant chamber 22 is vented by 
closing valve 32 and opening valve 34. This raises the implant chamber 22 
to atmospheric pressure. The chamber door 14 is opened, and the wafers 12 
are removed and a new set of wafers is placed on the rotating disc 10. The 
exchange of wafers 12 can be automatic or manual. The chamber door 14 is 
then sealed to the housing 20. The valve 34 is closed, and the valve 32 to 
the vacuum pump 30 is opened. Vacuum pumping of the implant chamber 22 
proceeds until the desired pressure level is attained. During vacuum 
pumping of the chamber 22, rotation of the disc is initiated. When a 
suitable pressure level has been attained, the gate valve 26 is opened; 
and implantation of the wafers 12 proceeds. In the embodiment shown in 
FIG. 1, the ion beam 28 is scanned in one dimension over a portion of the 
rotating disc 10 to assure uniform ion dosage of the wafers 12. In other 
systems known in the prior art, the ion beam 28 is held stationary; and 
the rotating disc is reciprocated in one dimension as well as rotated to 
achieve uniform ion implantation of the wafers. After implantation is 
completed, the implant chamber 22 is vented, as described above, and the 
process is repeated. 
The rotating disc 10 and the chamber door 14 are shown in perspective 
cutaway view in FIG. 2. The rotating disc 10 is coupled to the drive motor 
16 through a pulley 40 atached to the drive shaft 18, and a drive belt 42. 
The drive shaft 18 passes through a ferrofluidic seal 44 which permits 
rotary motion to be transmitted into the vacuum region of the implant 
chamber 22. The rotating disc 10 includes a plurality of wafer clamping 
locations 46, which are described in detail hereinafter. The rotating disc 
10 can optionally be water cooled. When this feature is included, water or 
other suitable cooling fluid is circulated through internal passages in 
the disc 10 to each wafer clamping location 46. The passages in the disc 
are connected to an external circulation and cooling system 50 through 
concentric passages in the drive shaft 18. 
A simplified cross-sectional view of one of the wafer clamping locations 46 
on the rotating disc 10 is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Included are a platen 
60 mounted to the disc 10 and means for clamping the wafer 12 against the 
platen 60. The wafer clamping means includes a clamping ring 62, which is 
adapted to clamp the wafer at is circumferential edge against the platen 
60. The clamping ring 62 is coupled by posts 64 through holes in the 
platen 60 to a plate 66 on the backside of the disc 10. Positioned on the 
posts 64 between the plate 66 and the backside of the platen 60 are 
springs 68 which draw the clamping ring 62 against the wafer 12 and firmly 
clamp it in place. When the wafer 12 is to be removed, a plunger (not 
shown) pushes the plate 66 upward, thereby compressing the springs 68, and 
lifts the clamping ring 62. The wafer 12 can be removed manually. 
Alternatively, it can be lifted by a series of support posts or a vacuum 
chuck (not shown) for access by an automatic wafer handling system. 
A top surface 70 of the platen 60, which faces the backside of the wafer 
12, can be flat or can include a cavity in its central portion. 
Preferably, however, the top surface 70 has a convex contour. The wafer 12 
is prestressed by the convex contour and is brought into intimate contact 
with the top surface 70. Regardless of the contour of the top surface 70, 
however, the contact between the wafer 12 and the platen 60 on a 
microscropic scale occurs over no more than 5% of the surface areas. When 
the microscopic voids between contact points are at high vacuum, little 
thermal transfer occurs except at the points of actual contact. It is 
known that the introduction of gas into the region between the wafer 12 
and the top surface 70 of the platen 60 enhances thermal transfer. The 
thermal transfer region can be a cavity, or can be the microscopic voids 
when the wafer and the platen are in contact. The pressure should be as 
high as possible without causing bowing of the wafer 12. In the preferred 
embodiment, in which the wafer 12 is prestressed against the platen 60, 
this pressure is in the range of about 5 to 100 Torr and, preferably, 
about 20 to 30 Torr. In other embodiments, the gas pressure can be as low 
as 0.5 Torr. 
In accordance with the present invention, the thermal transfer region 
between the wafer 12 and the top surface 70 of the platen 60 is connected 
by a passage 74 to the backside of the rotating disc 10. Thus, there is a 
direct passage between the thermal transfer region behind the wafer 12 and 
the implant chamber 22. To insure that the entire thermal transfer region 
is at about the same pressure, a circumferential groove 76, having a 
diameter smaller than that of the wafer 12, is provided in the top surface 
70 of the platen 60. In a preferred embodiment, the passage 74 is 
connected to the groove 76. Further included in the platen 60 is a 
circumferential seal such as an elastomer O-ring 88 positioned on the top 
surface 70 and having a diameter slightly smaller than the wafer 12. The 
O-ring 88 seals the thermal transfer region behind the wafer 12 from the 
implant chamber 22. The platen 60 is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B with a 
conduit 92 for the passage of a cooling fluid, such as water. 
The apparatus in accordance with the present invention further includes 
valve means for closing or blocking the passage 74. In the example of 
FIGS. 3A and 3B, the valve means is a centrifugally operated valve 80. A 
typical speed of rotation of the disc 10 during ion implantation is 1000 
rpm. The centrifugally operated valve 80 is designed to close by the 
operation of centrifugal force at a predetermined speed which is a 
fraction, for example 80%, of the final speed of rotation. The valve 80 
includes a generally L-shaped member 82, which is pivoted at one end about 
an axis 84 and has a counterweight 83 attached to the opposite end. The 
L-shaped member 82 is mounted radially on the backside of the platen 60 
such that, upon rotation of the disc 10 above the predetermined speed, 
centrifugal force acts upon the counterweight 83 and moves the member 82 
into a position which blocks the passage 74, as shown in FIG. 3B. The 
valve 80 further includes a spring 86 which insures that the passage 74 is 
open when the disc 10 is not rotating. An O-ring 90 seals the passage 74 
when the valve 80 is closed. 
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the centrifugally 
operated valve 80 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B is but one of many possible 
embodiments of a centrifugally operated valve. For example, a positive 
snap action may be desired upon closing of the valve. The counterweight 83 
is shown to clearly illustrate the operation of the valve 80. However, the 
member 82 can have any shape which is adapted for movement by centrifugal 
force. The spring 86 can be eliminated when the disc 10 is loaded and 
unloaded in a horizontal position and the force of gravity is sufficient 
to open the valve. 
Means for controlling the operation of the centrifugally operated valve 80 
is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. A pressure sensor 94, such as a diaphragm type 
is positioned in the implant chamber 22 so as to sense the pressure in the 
vicinity of the rotating disc 10. The output of the pressure sensor 94 is 
coupled to a level detector 96 which provides an output signal when the 
pressure in the implant chamber 22 is below a predetermined level 
(typically 0.5 to 100 Torr) which is above the final pressure during 
implantation (typically 1.times.10.sup.-5 Torr or lower). Referring now to 
FIG. 2, the output signal from the level detector 96 is applied to a motor 
speed control 98 which controls the drive motor 16. 
The operation of the thermal transfer apparatus in accordance with the 
present invention is described with reference to FIG. 4A, in which 
pressure in the implant chamber 22 and in the thermal transfer region 
behind the wafer 12 are plotted as a function of time. When the chamber 
door 14 is closed, the vacuum pump 30 begins evacuating the implant 
chamber 22. At this time, the implant chamber 22 is at atmospheric 
pressure, or 760 Torr. The disc 10 is not rotating, and the centrifugally 
operated valve 80 is open. The operation of the vacuum pump 30 causes a 
reduction in pressure in the implant chamber 22, as indicated by the curve 
100 in FIG. 4A. For the present example, it is assumed that the 
predetermined intermediate pressure in the thermal transfer region behind 
the wafer 12 is 20 Torr. When the pressure sensor 94 senses a pressure of 
20 Torr in the implant chamber 22 at time t.sub.o, the level detector 96 
provides a control signal to the motor speed control 98 which energizes 
the drive motor 16 and rotates disc 10. The rotation of the disc 10 causes 
the valve 80 to be operated to its closed position and seals the passage 
74. At this time, the intermediate pressure of 20 Torr is trapped in the 
thermal transfer region. The vacuum pump 30 continues to operate and 
causes a further reduction in pressure in the implant chamber 22, as 
indicated by curve 102 in FIG. 4A. When the implant chamber 22 pressure 
reaches an appropriate level for ion implantation, for example 
1.times.10.sup.-5 Torr, the gate valve 26 is opened, and ion implantation 
proceeds. During this time, the disc 10 continues to rotate; and the 
pressure of 20 Torr is trapped in the thermal transfer region, as 
indicated by the curve 104 in FIG. 4A. 
In the description of FIG. 4A, possible delays between sensing the 
predetermined pressure level and the operation of the valve 80 were 
ignored. The delays are due principally to the time required for the disc 
10 to reach the speed required to close the valve 80. This delay can be 
compensated for or reduced to insure that the desired pressure is trapped 
in the region behind the wafer 12. In one approach, the disc 10 is rotated 
at a speed just below that required to operate the valve 80. When the 
intermediate pressure level is reached, the required speed of the disc 10 
can more quickly be attained. 
In a second approach, when the vacuum pumping characteristics are 
predictable, a delay can be built into the operation of the system. For 
example, assume that the disc 10 requires 20 seconds to reach the speed 
which closes the valve 80. Assume also that the vacuum pump 30 requires 20 
seconds to reduce the pressure level from 60 Torr to 20 Torr. The level 
detector 96 is then arranged to energize the drive motor 16 when the 
pressure level reaches 60 Torr. By the time the rotating disc has reached 
the speed required to operate the valve 80, the pressure in the chamber 
has been reduced to 20 Torr. In effect, vacuum pumping continues as the 
speed of rotation of the disc increases. 
A third approach is illustrated in FIG. 4B. The vacuum pump 30 reduces the 
pressure in the implant chamber 22 from atmosphere to 20 Torr as indicated 
by the curve 108. At time t.sub.1, vacuum pumping is temporarily stopped, 
such as by closing the valve 32 and operation of the drive motor 16 is 
initiated. Vacuum pumping is delayed until time t.sub.2 when the rotating 
disc 10 has reached the speed required to operate the valve 80. At time 
t.sub.2, vacuum pumping continues; and the pressure in the implant chamber 
22 is further reduced, as indicated by the curve 110 in FIG. 4B. The 
pressure of 20 Torr is maintained in the thermal transfer region, as 
indicated by the curve 112 in FIG. 4B. 
Hereinabove, the thermal transfer process has been described as cooling of 
wafers. It will be understood that the present invention is equally 
applicable when heating of the wafer by a heated platen is desired. The 
technique of trapping gas at a predetermined pressure in a thermal 
transfer region behind a wafer is highly advantageous when applied to a 
multiple wafer site rotating disc with centrifugally operated valves. 
However, it will be understood that the technique is applicable to one or 
more stationary wafer sites when other valve types are utilized. All that 
is required is that the vacuum processing chamber cycle between 
atmosphere, or some other relatively high pressure, and a low processing 
pressure, thereby permitting trapping of an intermediate pressure in the 
thermal transfer region behind the wafer. 
While there has been shown and described what is at present considered the 
preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those 
skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made 
therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by 
the appended claims.