Optoelectronic displacement measuring apparatus using color-encoded light

An apparatus for measuring displacement between two members subject to movement relative to one another. The apparatus includes a scale defined by spaced marks provided on one of the members. A light source is arranged to illuminate the marks, wherein light reflected from the marks constitutes light signals. A light-receiving device is provided on the other of the members for receiving at least two light signals reflected from the marks in predetermined phase relationship. A determining circuit is coupled for receiving the light signals and for determining the sense of direction of the relative movement of one of the members based upon the phase relationship of the two light signals. A single optical fiber is provided for transmitting the light signals between the light-receiving device and the determining circuit. Additionally, color-encoding means are located for color-encoding the respective light signals. The light-receiving device is arranged for combining the light signals into a combined light signal which is transmitted via the single optical fiber to the determining circuit. Color-decoding means are arranged between the single optical fiber and the determining circuit for color-decoding the combined light signal.

This invention relates to displacement measuring apparatus and has uses in 
the measuring of displacement of a carriage relative to a supporting track 
in machine tools. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
It is known in displacement measuring apparatus, e.g. for machine tools, to 
provide a mark-space grid on one of two relatively movable members and a 
reading head on the other of said members. The reading head is connected 
to a control unit situated on the one member, the latter usually being 
stationary, by a flexible cable for two-way transmission of electrical 
signals. Further, the reading head includes an optoelectronic system for 
converting an electrical signal received from the control unit into an 
optical signal for illumination of the grid, and for converting optical 
signals generated by the marks and spaces of the grid into electrical 
signals for transmission to the control unit, there to be converted into 
actual dimensions of measurement. Also, the head usually embodies means 
for determining the sense of direction of the movement. It has been found 
that the reading head can be relatively bulky or sensitive to vibration, 
or that the apparatus can be needful of relatively expensive connector and 
cable means for transmission of the electrical signal between the head and 
the control unit. It is generally an object of this invention to overcome 
or reduce those difficulties. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to this invention there is provided apparatus for measuring 
displacement between a fixed and a movable member, comprising an elongate 
mark-space grid secured to the fixed member, a reading head secured to the 
movable member and adapted to traverse the grid along the length thereof 
during movement of the movable member, the reading head having two input 
stations, each adapted to receive radiation emanating from said grid in 
the form of a wave signal corresponding to said marks and spaces thereof, 
the two stations being spaced apart in the direction of the length of the 
grid by a distance p(n +a) where p is the pitch of the marks, n is a whole 
number, and a is a value of approximately 1/4 p so that during movement of 
the reading head the two wave signals are out of phase by approximately 
90.degree., means for counting the periods or fractions thereof of at 
least one of the wave signals thereby to determine the relative 
displacement of the reading head and the grid during said movement, and 
means for detecting which of the two wave signals is leading the other 
thereby to determine the sense of direction of said displacement, 
characterised in that the detecting means is situated on fixed structure 
in a position remote from the said reading head and is connected thereto 
by an elongate flexible radiation guide adapted to transmit said wave 
signals from said reading head to said detecting means. 
Preferably said radiation guide is a single such guide, said radiation 
insofar as it is derived from said stations has different frequencies, 
said reading head has means for combining said frequencies for 
transmission by said single guide, and said detecting means include means 
for discriminating between said two frequencies.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The machine (FIG. 1) comprises a carriage 10 movable along a track 11 and 
supporting a reading head 12 movable together with the carriage relative 
to an elongate grid 13 secured to the track. The reading head 12 is 
connected by a single light guide 14 to a control unit or input/output 
unit 15 mounted on the track or other fixed structure of the machine. 
The unit 15 (FIG. 2) has a random light source 20 illuminating the wide end 
of a first convergent transparent member 21 whose narrow end is connected 
to the centre of the wide end of a second convergent transparent member 22 
whose narrow end is contiguous with the guide 14. Thus scattered light 
entering the member 21 is transmitted through the member 22 to the guide 
14. In the reading head 12 the guide 14 is connected to one end of a 
transparent member 23 such that a divergent cone 24 of light from the 
guide 14 enters the member 23 on an axis 24A. At its other end, the member 
23 is formed to define two lenses, 25,26 positioned to transmit light from 
the cone 24 as two convergent beams focused at 25A,26A on to the grid 13. 
The grid 13 comprises a glass plate 30 at the underside of which are 
defined grid lines 30A extending transverseley to the length of the grid. 
The head 12 is situated above the plate 30 and the foci 25A,26A lie at the 
underside of the plate 30, i.e. in the plane of the lines 30A. If either 
of the foci 25A,26A meets a said line 30A, the light is reflected from the 
line back into the guide 22 where it will emerge at the wide end of that 
guide to illuminate two spaced apart photodiodes 27,28. The lenses 25,26 
are coated with filters 25B,26B of different colours and the photodiodes 
27,28 are provided with filters 27B,28B of corresponding colours so that 
the photodiode 27 receives only light reflected through the lens 25, and 
the photodiode 28 receives only light reflected through the lens 26. 
The lenses 25,26 are positioned for the foci 25A,26A to be spaced apart in 
the direction of the length of the grid by a distance p(n+1/4) where p=the 
pitch of the lines 30A and n=1 or an even multiple thereof. In other 
words, the foci are out of phase in relation to the grid by a quarter of a 
pitch, or 90.degree., so that when the one focus is at the edge of one 
grid line and illumination of one of the diodes 27,28 commences, the other 
focus is at the middle of another grid line and illumination of the other 
diode is at a maximum. 
The outputs, denoted A,B, of the diodes 27,28 (FIG. 4) are substantially 
sinusoidal and are led through squaring circuits 41 to square the signals 
A,B (see also FIG. 5) one of which, B, is fed to a step-sensing circuit 
41A having an output C which goes high in response to the signal B having 
a rising or falling step and remains high for a period slightly less than 
a quarter of the period of the signal B. The signals A,B,C are each led to 
each of four AND gates 32,33,34,35. 
It will be noted (FIG. 5) that when the signals A,B are generated by travel 
of the carriage in one direction, say forwards, the signals A,B are at 
different levels for the duration of the signal C while, when the carriage 
travels in the opposite, i.e. reverse direction, the signals A,B are at 
the same level. Accordingly, the first two AND gates 32,33 are arranged to 
have outputs which go high when the signal C is high and one of the 
signals A,B is high while the other is low, and the second two gates, 
34,35 are arranged to have outputs which go high when the signal C is high 
and both signals A,B are either high or low. The outputs of the gates 
32,33 are joined at an OR gate 36 to provide a single "forward" signal 37 
while the outputs of the gates 34,35 are joined to an OR gate 38 to 
provide a single "reverse" signal 39. 
The periods of the signal C are counted by a counter 40 whose output is 
therefore a measure of the displacement of the carriage 10 along the track 
11 in terms of a multiple of the half-periods of the signal B. 
The counter 40 is reversible for the direction of count to be either "up" 
or "down". The signals 37,39 are connected to the counter 40 to initiate 
the "up" count when the signal 37 is high and to initiate the "down" count 
when the signal 39 is high. Reversible counters whose direction can be 
controlled by separate signals are known per se and are therefore not 
particularly described. 
It is an advantage of the invention that the unit 15 can be mounted on 
fixed structure of the machine in a position sufficiently remote from the 
track 11 to be free from adverse environmental influences, i.e. dirt, 
temperature or vibration. Another advantage is that the connection to the 
unit 15 comprises only the light guides, in the example only a single such 
guide, compared to a system where the direction detecting means, including 
a light source, is mounted directly adjacent the reading head and a 
flexible multicore electrical cable is necessary for taking the current 
supply to the light source and for taking the forward and reverse signals 
back to the fixed structure. 
The lenses 25,26 constitute input stations 251,261 for the radiation 
emanating from the grid 13. The light from the source 20 is a mixture of 
frequencies, e.g. is ordinary white light from a conventional bulb. 
Incident radiation from the source 20 is divided by the filters 25A,26A 
into respective frequencies. Reflected radiation from the grid 13 has 
these different frequencies and the lenses 25,26 act to combine the two 
frequencies by directing the reflected radiation back into the guide 14. 
The diodes 27,28, counter 40, squaring circuits 41, and gates 32 to 36 and 
38 are a means 42 for detecting which of the waves A,B is leading the 
other. The filters 27B,28B are means included in the detecting means 42 
for discriminating between said two frequencies. 
FIG. 6 shows an input/output unit 115 generally corresponding to the unit 
15 but comprising a member 122 of transparent material optically connected 
to the guide 14. The member 122 supports a light source 120 directing 
incident light on to a lens 121 producing a convergent cone 121A defined 
by an angle .alpha. and having a focus 121B at or near the end of the 
guide 14. Reflected light from the guide 14 has a divergent cone 122A 
coaxial with the cone 121A and defined by an angle .beta. equal to the 
maximum angle of internal reflection of the guide 14. The optical 
properties of the lens 121 are so chosen that the angle .alpha. of the 
cone 121A is smaller than the angle .beta. of the cone 122A by an angle 
.gamma. sufficiently large to allow a satisfactory volume of the reflected 
light to be received at locations outside the periphery of the lens 121 at 
recesses 117,118 adapted to receive the filters 27B,28B and diodes 27,28 
described with reference to FIG. 2. 
In a modification, not illustrated, the reading head 12 has two input 
stations each comprising an index grating and a lens system arranged to 
pass collimated light through the index grating on to the grid for 
reflection therefrom. 
In a further modification, not illustrated, the reading head has a prism 
arranged to divide white light from the guide 14 into two frequency bands 
which are then focused onto the grid 13 by lenses such as the lenses 25,26 
which, in turn, receive the reflected light for return transmission 
through the prism to the guide.