Pneumatic spreader and distributor nozzles therefor

A pneumatic spreader and distributor nozzles for the distribution of solid materials is disclosed. The nozzles include a flow chamber having an inlet opening, an outlet opening, and a discharge structure positioned adjacent to the outlet opening. Both the flow chamber and the discharge structure are shaped and dimensioned so as to discharge the materials in a uniform pattern.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a pneumatic spreader and improved 
distributor nozzles for solids distribution and, more particularly, to a 
spreader and distributor nozzles for uniform distribution and application 
of solid materials, such as fertilizers and the like. 
Various types of materials applicators for distributing solid materials, 
such as fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and the like, have been 
utilized in the past. These prior solids applicators generally have one or 
more hoppers that contain the materials to be distributed and the 
materials are dispensed from the hopper via an arrangement of metering 
mechanisms and conduits. In some of the prior applicators the materials 
are propelled through the conduits by air and distributed to the ground. 
One such applicator of this type is shown by way of example in my U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,562,968 in which the solids are disclosed as injected directly 
into the ground by way of a tool bar mechanism. In the alternative in the 
conduit system shown in my aforementioned patent the solids may also be 
distributed by broadcast where the solids are discharged above the ground 
through transversely spaced distributor nozzles. 
A typical solids broadcast distributor nozzle in the past consisted of a 
simple flat deflector plate which was mounted beneath and spaced from the 
outlet of the solids conduit at a preselected angle to the discharge flow 
of the materials. The solids struck the deflector plate upon discharge 
from the outlet and spread in a random fashion, often resulting in a poor 
spread patternization. In other words, some areas across the path of 
travel of the nozzle would receive too much of the materials and other 
areas too little. 
Pneumatic solids distributor nozzles of the present invention overcome the 
aforementioned shortcoming. In pneumatic solids distributor nozzles 
incorporating the principles of the present invention, a highly uniform 
distribution of materials over the entire width of each nozzle's coverage 
width is realized. 
In one principal aspect of the present invention, a distributor nozzle for 
distributing materials suspended in a stream of fluid comprises a flow 
chamber, an inlet opening into the chamber for introducing the materials 
suspended in the fluid to the chamber, and a discharge opening from the 
chamber for discharging the materials suspended in the fluid from the 
chamber. The discharge opening is spaced from the inlet opening and has a 
cross-sectional area greater than the cross-sectional area of the inlet 
opening. A discharge structure means is positioned adjacent to but 
downstream of the discharge opening. The discharge structure means 
comprises a deflector plate of increasing width and extending at an angle 
relative to and into the flow from the discharge opening, and a pair of 
spaced flared sidewalls on the deflector plate which extend at an angle to 
each other and away from the discharge opening. The angle of the sidewalls 
is greater than the angle of spread of the materials issuing from the 
discharge opening. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, a pneumatic 
spreader for broadcasting solids suspended in a gas stream comprises 
suspension means for suspending the solids in the gas stream, conduit 
means for conveying the suspended solids to a plurality of transversely 
spaced locations, and a plurality of distributor nozzles at each of the 
locations and affixed to the conduit means for broadcasting the solids 
conveyed by the conduit means. The distributor nozzles comprise a flow 
chamber, an inlet opening into the chamber for introducing the materials 
suspended in the fluid to the chamber, and a discharge opening from the 
chamber for discharging the materials suspended in the fluid from the 
chamber. The discharge opening is spaced from the inlet opening and has a 
cross-sectional area greater than the cross-sectional area of the inlet 
opening. A discharge structure means is positioned adjacent to but 
downstream of the discharge opening. The discharge structure means 
comprises a deflector plate of increasing width and extending at an angle 
relative to and into the flow from the discharge opening, and a pair of 
spaced flared sidewalls on the deflector plate which extend at an angle to 
each other and away from the discharge opening. The angle of the sidewalls 
is greater than the angle of spread of the materials issuing from the 
discharge opening. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the 
aforementioned nozzles include deflector means spaced from the deflector 
plate adjacent the discharge opening to deflect materials toward the 
deflector plate as they issue from the discharge opening. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the discharge 
opening of the last mentioned nozzles is defined at least in part by a 
downstream edge of the deflector means. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the discharge 
opening of the last mentioned nozzles is also defined by the deflector 
plate and the flared sidewalls. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the flared 
sidewalls of the aforementioned nozzles extend from the discharge opening 
at different angles to each other. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the inlet 
opening and discharge opening of at least some of the aforementioned 
nozzles respectively enter and leave the flow chamber in angular 
relationship to each other. The flow chamber includes a chamber sidewall 
for deflecting the flow of materials and fluid from the inlet opening to 
the discharge opening. The chamber sidewall comprises a major portion of 
which is curved, and a minor portion of which is substantially straight 
adjacent the discharge opening. 
In still another principal aspect of the present invention, the discharge 
opening of the aforementioned nozzles is rectangular. 
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention 
will be more clearly understood through a consideration of the following 
detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
An overall perspective view of a solid materials applicator including a 
vehicle 10 is shown in FIG. 1. The applicator includes an elongate boom 12 
mounted on the vehicle with a network of transversely spaced distributor 
nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 incorporating the principles of the present 
invention. The vehicle 10 includes a hopper 18 for containing and 
transporting the solid materials which are to be spread by the applicator 
20 and the nozzles 14a, 14b and 16. The hopper 18 as shown in the drawings 
is one which contains solid particulate materials such as, for example, 
fertilizer which is to be applied to the soil. 
The solid particulates in hopper 18 are discharged from the rear of the 
hopper and may be transported to the network of nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 of 
the present invention by a pneumatic distribution system, such as, for 
example, is disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,968, the details of which 
are hereby incorporated by reference. In such a system the solid 
particulates are discharged from the rear of hopper 18 and forced by air 
from the blower 22 through a series of conduits 24 for each of the 
distributor nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 whereby they are evenly distributed to 
each of the nozzles. Upon reaching the nozzles the solids are then 
discharged through the distributor nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 of the present 
invention. It will be understood that the pneumatic system as described is 
by way of example only and that the use of the distributor nozzles of the 
present invention is not limited to the pneumatic system described. 
FIG. 1 shows twenty-seven distributor nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 constructed 
in accordance with the present invention which are connected by welding or 
other suitable means to the discharge openings of the conduits 24. The 
nozzles 14a, 14b and 16 are mounted at relatively equal transversely 
spaced locations along the length of boom 12. The thirteen nozzles 14a to 
the left of center nozzle 16 are substantially identical to the thirteen 
nozzles 14b to the right of center nozzle 16, except that the left-hand 
nozzles 14a are the mirror-image of the right-hand nozzles 14b. 
Consequently, depending upon which side of the nozzle the inlet opening 40 
is located, see FIG. 2, the flow chamber 26 of the nozzle curves 
accordingly in order to force the particulate matter rearward. The 
twenty-six nozzles 14a and 14b are described below as the preferred 
embodiment and the center nozzle 16 is described as a second embodiment. 
The preferred embodiment of distributor nozzle 14a incorporating the 
principles of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 2-5. Nozzle 14a 
includes a flow chamber 26 and a discharge structure 28 positioned 
adjacent the discharge from chamber 26. The flow chamber 26 is defined by 
an inlet wall 30, an upper wall 32, a lower wall 34, a curved flow 
deflecting outer sidewall 36 and an inner sidewall 38. An inlet opening 40 
in the inlet wall 30 communicates with the discharge opening (not shown) 
from one of the conduits 24 and a generally rectangular outlet opening 42 
by way of the flow chamber 24. The inlet wall 30 with its inlet opening 40 
are preferably substantially perpendicular to the plane of the outlet 
opening 42. 
The curved flow deflecting sidewall 36 is generally curvilinear over a 
major portion 44 of its length as shown in FIG. 5, negotiating a 
substantially 90.degree. curve between edge 48 of inlet wall 30 and a 
location near, but short of the outlet opening 42. At the latter location, 
the curved wall 36 terminates in a substantially straight wall portion 46 
adjacent the outlet opening, also as shown in FIG. 5. Both wall portions 
44 and 46 are positioned generally in the flow path of the materials 
passing through the chamber 26 from the inlet opening 40. The inner 
sidewall 38 is substantially straight and extends from the opposite edge 
52 of inlet wall 30 to adjacent the side 54 of outlet opening 42 which is 
nearest the inlet opening 40. 
Upper wall 32 and lower wall 34 are substantially identical to each other 
except as to be noted to follow. They are fixed to inlet wall 30, curved 
flow deflecting sidewall 36, and inner sidewall 38 by welding or other 
suitable means in order to enclose the flow chamber 26. As shown in FIG. 
3, the downstream edge of flow deflecting sidewall 36 and its straight 
portion 46 are preferably approximately perpendicular to the upper and 
lower edges 58 and 60 of sidewall 36, which edges are in contact with the 
upper wall 32 and lower wall 34. The downstream edge 66 of inner sidewall 
38 is also oriented in the same manner with respect to the upper and lower 
walls 32 and 34, as shown in FIG. 4. 
The discharge structure 28 comprises an upper deflector tab 72, a lower 
deflector plate 74, and a pair of outwardly flared sidewalls 76 and 77. 
The upper deflector tab 72 is positioned adjacent the outlet opening 42 
and extends at an angle a, preferably about 15.degree., from the plane of 
the upper wall as shown in FIG. 4. The deflector tab 72 is preferably 
formed by bending an elongated portion of the upper wall 32 downwardly, as 
shown in FIG. 4, toward the lower deflector plate 74. 
The lower deflector plate 74 is also positioned adjacent the outlet opening 
42 and preferably extends upwardly at about a 45.degree. angle from the 
lower wall 34. The lower deflector plate 74 is also preferably formed by 
bending an extended portion of lower wall 34 upward, as shown in FIG. 4. 
Also as shown in FIG. 4, the lower deflector plate 74 is substantially 
longer than upper deflector tab 72. The upper deflector tab 72 and lower 
deflector plate 74 are angled towards each other and the rectangular 
outlet opening 42 is defined by a plane p, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, 
which passes through the downstream edge of the upper deflector tab 72. 
The relationship between the areas of this outlet opening 42 and the inlet 
opening 40 are an important feature of the present invention and will be 
described later. 
It will be seen when viewing FIG. 2, that sidewalls 76 and 77 of the 
discharge structure 28 are generally triangular in shape and preferably 
extend outward from the inner sidewall 38 and curved flow deflecting 
sidewall 36, respectively. Sidewalls 76 and 77 can be formed either by 
bending a portion of inner sidewall 38 and curved flow deflecting sidewall 
36 outward, by welding the sidewalls to inner sidewall 38 and curved flow 
deflecting sidewall 36 adjacent outlet opening 42, or by other suitable 
means. The lower edge 80 of each sidewall 76 and 77 is fixed to the outer 
edge 82 of lower deflector plate 74, such as by welding. The outer end 
edges 84 of upper deflector tab 72 are also preferably welded to the top 
corner 86 of each sidewall 76 and 77, as shown in FIG. 3, to define an 
enclosed structure. 
Lower deflector plate 74 is generally trapezoidally shaped with its width 
continuously increasing away from outlet opening 42. The lower deflector 
plate 74 has a width approximately equal to that of the outlet opening 42 
at that opening. Moving from outlet opening 42 to the end 88 of lower 
deflector plate 74, the width of lower deflector plate 74 continuously 
increases so that it is the widest at its end 88. It is preferred that the 
width increase at a rate such that sidewalls 76 and 77 of the discharge 
structure 28 which are attached thereto spread at an angle greater than 
the width of the spread pattern of the solid particulate matter as 
suspended in air which issues from the nozzle. Additionally, it is 
preferred that the sidewall 77, which is furthest from inlet opening 40, 
be angled outward slightly more than sidewall 76. 
When installed on the boom 12, each nozzle 14a and 14b is preferably 
oriented such that inlet wall 30 and its inlet opening 40 are 
substantially vertical. Additionally, each nozzle 14a and 14b is 
preferably oriented such that the lower deflector plate 74 is at an angle 
b to the ground, as shown in FIG. 3, of approximately 15.degree.. 
It has been found that certain relationships of elements of the distributor 
nozzles incorporating the principles of the present invention are 
important in achieving the substantially improved performance and uniform 
patternization of the nozzles of the invention. 
The flow deflecting outer wall 36 with its curved major portion 44 
terminating in the substantially straight wall portion 46 adjacent the 
outlet opening 42 is important in achieving uniformity of distribution of 
the solid particulates across the lower deflector plate 74. It has been 
found that the straight wall portion 46 precludes the presence of greater 
amounts of the solids on that side of the deflector plate 74 than on the 
opposite side of the plate. By way of example, it has been found that a 
length of about one inch for the straight wall portion 46 is satisfactory 
in achieving a uniform distribution across the width of the deflector 
plate 74. 
Another important feature of the nozzles of the present invention is that 
the area of the outlet opening 42 should be larger than the area of the 
inlet opening 40. This also insures even distribution of the materials 
across the lower deflector plate 74. This is true whether the outlet 
opening is defined either at plane p or at plane pp, as viewed in FIGS. 3 
and 4. 
Still another important feature of the present invention is the presence of 
the upper deflector tab 72 at the discharge opening 42. This tab 72 
deflects the flowing materials downwardly against the lower deflector 
plate 72 to permit full utilization of the deflector plate 74 and shaping 
of the discharge with a uniform distribution of materials across the 
cross-section of the discharge opening 42. Although the exact angle a of 
the upper deflector tab 72 is not critical itself, it should not be so 
large as to cause particulate solids to be retained. As previously 
mentioned, an angle a about 15.degree. has been found to be satisfactory. 
Yet another important feature of the present invention is the degree of 
flare of the sidewalls 76 and 77 of the discharge structure 28. The angle 
at which these sidewalls flare away from each other toward the downstream 
edge 88 of the discharge structure 28 should be greater than the spread 
angle of the solid particulates as suspended in air as they issue from the 
discharge opening 42. This precludes build up of the solids at the 
sidewalls 76 and 77. 
Another embodiment of the distributor nozzle of the present invention is 
shown as the center nozzle 16 in FIG. 1 and in more detail in FIGS. 6-8. 
This nozzle is essentially identical to the distributor nozzle 14a thus 
far described, except that it is not curvilinear and the inlet opening 
enters from the top rather than the side of the nozzle. 
Nozzle 16 includes a discharge structure 28 similar to that shown in FIGS. 
2-5 and discussed above. Accordingly, like reference numerals are employed 
to designate similar elements of the outlet structure 28. The principal 
difference between the outlet structure of the nozzles 14a and 16 is that 
the sidewalls 76 and 77 in the nozzle 14a preferably flares outwardly at 
different angles, whereas those of nozzle 16 need not. This is due to the 
symmetric location of the top entering inlet 100 and its conduit 24 in the 
nozzle 16. 
Nozzle 16 also has a flow chamber 90 defined by an upper inlet wall 92, a 
top wall 94, a bottom wall 96 and a pair of identical sidewalls 98. An 
inlet opening 100 enters the upper inlet wall 92 and a generally 
rectangular outlet opening 102 exits from the flow chamber 90 opposite the 
inlet opening 100. Upper inlet wall 92 and inlet opening 100 are 
approximately horizontal when installed on conduit 24 and are located at 
the top of flow chamber 90. Top wall 94 and bottom wall 96 are fixed to 
inlet wall 92 at opposite edges of inlet wall 92 and are approximately 
parallel to each other. As shown in FIG. 8, top wall 94 and bottom wall 96 
are positioned at an angle to upper inlet wall 92. Sidewalls 98 are fixed 
as by welding to the edges 104 of inlet wall 92, edges 106 of the top wall 
94 and edges 108 of the bottom wall 96. Outlet opening 102 is again 
defined by plane p as shown in FIG. 8 which passes through the downstream 
edge of the upper deflector tab 72. As in the nozzle 14a, it is preferred 
that the cross-sectional area of the outlet opening 102, either as defined 
by plane p or plane pp as shown in FIG. 8, be greater than the 
cross-sectional area of the inlet opening 100. 
It will also be appreciated that the flare angle of the sidewalls 76 and 77 
of the discharge structure 28 relative to each other and the presence of 
the upper deflector tab 72 enjoy the same degree of importance in the 
nozzle 16 embodiment that they do in the previously described nozzle 14a 
embodiment. More specifically, the angle of these sidewalls should be 
greater than the angle of spread of the solid particulates suspended in 
air as they issue from the outlet opening 102. 
It will be appreciated that although the nozzles of the present invention 
have been described in terms of use with solids suspended in air, the 
principles of the present invention may be utilized with liquids or 
slurries suspended in air or other fluid media. 
It will also be understood that the embodiments of the present invention 
which have been described herein are merely illustrative of an application 
of the principles of the invention. Numerous modifications may be made by 
those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of 
the invention.