Preparation of pasta

A process for the preparation of a precooked pasta product which comprises boiling a raw pasta in acidified water to partially cook the pasta, soaking the partially cooked pasta in acidified water, the cooking and soaking conditions being chosen to give the soaked, partially cooked pasta a pH of from 3.8 to 4.3 and a moisture content of from 61% to 68%, the soaking time being sufficient to enable the partially cooked pasta to absorb a further 3% to 7% water after boiling, coating with acidified cream having a milk fat content from 20% to 40% by weight based on the weight of cream, flush packaging with an inert gas or vacuum packaging, sealing and finally heat processing to complete the cooking.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a 
precooked pasta product suitable for rapid preparation for consumption. 
Commercial pasta products may be classified into two categories, viz. 
dehydrated and "wet" pastas. "Wet" pastas can be uncooked, partially 
cooked (pasteurised), fully cooked or sterilised. However, sterilised 
pastas such as canned pastas usually have a less than desirable texture 
owing to the severe heat processing. 
Although partially cooked (pasteurised) pastas with adequate packaging 
protection, such as CO.sub.2 /N.sub.2 or N.sub.2 controlled atmosphere 
packaging, can have storage life of up to 6-8 weeks in refrigerated 
conditions (about 2 .degree.-8.degree. C.), it is not commercially 
feasible to store such products at room temperature. On the other hand, 
fully cooked pastas can only be kept at room temperature for substantial 
periods of time if they are preserved and protected, for example, by 
acidification, reduction of water activity, preservation by materials such 
as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, alcohol, hydrogen sulphide, 
potassium sorbate etc., or vacuum or controlled atmosphere packaging. 
However, in view of the possible adverse effects on human health of some 
preservatives such as hydrogen peroxide, the use of artificial 
preservatives is not desirable. 
One method of preparing a precooked pasta product suitable for rapid 
cooking without using artificial preservatives is described and claimed in 
U.S. Pat. No. 4552772. This process comprises boiling the pastas and 
washing said boiled pastas with water, the improvement comprising 
immersing the boiled pastas in an aqueous solution containing (a) at least 
one of citric acid and lactic acid and (b) table salt, then packaging and 
heat sterilising the pastas which have been immersed, said aqueous 
solution having a pH such that the pH of the boiled pastas, after 
immersion, is about 3.9 to about 4.3. 
However, when prepared by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 4552772 the pasta 
pieces tend to stick together after heat processing and are difficult to 
separate, which is not convenient for consumption. 
French Patent Application, Publication No. 2502907 describes a process for 
the production of a precooked pasta product which comprises treating a raw 
pasta product in the following stages: 
1. Precooking, preferably in acidulated water to give the product a 
moisture content sufficient for subsequent sterilisation, 
2. Cooling, preferably in a current of cold, acidulated water, 
3. Draining off excess water, 
4. Oiling with a vegetable oil e.g. by vapourisation, 
5. Introducing into a flexible container, 
6. Reduction and uniformisation of thickness, 
7. Sealing in the containers in vacuum, 
8. Heat sterilisation of sealed containers. 
The use of the vegetable oil prevents the pasta pieces sticking together 
but, as a result the pastas have an oily appearance and owing to the 
sterilisation treatment, they have a less than desirable texture. 
We have devised a process for preparing precooked pasta products suitable 
for rapid preparation for consumption which do not stick together, do not 
have an oily appearance, have a desirable texture and are shelf stable for 
long periods at ambient temperature. 
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the preparation 
of a precooked pasta product which comprises boiling a raw pasta in 
acidified water to partially cook the pasta, soaking the partially cooked 
pasta in acidified water, the cooking and soaking conditions being chosen 
to give the soaked partially cooked pasta a pH of from 3.8 to 4.3 and a 
moisture content of from 61% to 68%, the soaking time being sufficient to 
enable the partially cooked pasta to absorb a further 3% to 7% water after 
boiling, coating with acidified cream having a milk fat content from 20% 
to 40% by weight based on the weight of the cream, flush packaging with an 
inert gas or vacuum packaging, sealing and finally heat processing to 
complete the cooking. 
The process of this invention is suitable for the production of all kinds 
of pastas whether produced by an extruding or sheeting method, and the 
flour used may be, for example, Semolina wheat, Durum wheat, wheat flour, 
whole wheat flour, corn flour, pre-gelatinized corn flour, rice flour, 
waxy rice flour, pre-cooked rice flour, potato flour, pre-cooked potato 
flour (potato flake), lentil flour, pea flour, soy flour, farina, white 
and red bean flours (kidney and pinto bean), Mung bean flour, corn starch, 
wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, pea starch etc. If desired, 
other materials conventionally used in making pastas may be added to the 
flours. 
The amount of water mixed with the flour and any other ingredients present 
is conveniently from 17.5% to 30% and preferably from 20% to 28% by weight 
based on the weight of the flour and water. The optimum amount of water 
depends on the type of flour. For example, for fine Durum wheat, the 
amount of water is preferably from 24% to 28% by weight while for coarse 
Semolina wheat the amount of water is preferably from 20% to 24% by 
weight, based on the weight of the flour and water. 
The flour and water and any other ingredients present may be mixed into the 
dough by using any conventional mixer which can ensure complete mixing of 
flour and water leaving substantially no flour unmixed, for instance, a 
Hobart mixer or the mixing compartment attached to most pasta extruders. 
The process of the present invention is especially suitable for pastas 
prepared by extrusion, for instance, through a regular pasta extruder and 
is applicable to pastas of various shapes or thicknesses such as 
spaghetti, elbow macaroni, spirals linguine or shells. Conveniently, the 
thickness may vary from 0.5 to 2.5 mm and preferably from 1.0 to 2.0 mm. 
The boiling and soaking times are determined by the pasta thickness and the 
concentration of the acid used in the aqueous solution and the conditions 
can readily be determined by the ordinary person skilled in the art. 
Generally, in order to obtain the required pH and moisture content, longer 
cooking and soaking times are required for thicker pastas and for lower 
acid concentrations while shorter cooking and soaking times are adequate 
for thinner pastas and higher acid concentrations. The amount of water 
used in the boiling and soaking steps may be conventional, for example, 
from 10 to 20 parts by weight of water per part by weight of pasta. 
The soaked partially cooked pasta has a pH preferably from 3.9 to 4.2, 
especially from 3.95 to 4.15 and a moisture content preferably from 62% to 
67% and especially from 62.5% to 66.5%. The soaking time is preferably 
sufficient to enable the partially cooked pasta to absorb a further 4% to 
6% water after boiling and especially a further 4.5% to 5.5% water after 
boiling. The soaking time is related to the thickness of the pasta and is 
usually at least 1 minute, preferably from 1.5 to 10 minutes, more 
preferably from 3 to 8 minutes and especially from 4 to 7 minutes. The 
soaking time required to enable the pasta to absorb the desired further 
amount of water after boiling is shorter for thinner pastas than for 
thicker pastas. The temperature at which the soaking takes place may be 
conventional, for example from 4.degree. C. to 25.degree. C. Ambient 
temperatures are convenient. 
The acid used in the aqueous medium either for boiling or soaking may be 
any food-acceptable acid, for instance, acetic, malic, fumaric, tartaric, 
phosphoric or adipic acid, but is preferably lactic or citric acid. 
After soaking, the soaked partially cooked pasta is preferably drained of 
excess water. The pasta is then coated with acidified cream conveniently 
in an amount from 1-10% preferably from 2-8% and especially from 3-6% by 
weight based on the weight of the soaked partially cooked pasta. 
The cream used in this invention may be a light cream, a light whipping 
cream or a heavy cream containing at least 20% milk fat and generally from 
20% to 40% by weight milk fat based on the weight of the cream. The term 
"cream" should also be understood to include any source of milk fat 
appropriately blended to make an emulsion containing at least 20% by 
weight of milk fat. Preferably the cream used is a heavy cream which 
generally contains from 36% to 40% by weight of milk fat based on the 
weight of the cream. 
The acidified cream preferably has a pH from 4.0 to 4.6 and especially from 
4.1 to 4.4. The acidification can be carried out by adding any 
food-acceptable acid such as citric, acetic, malic, fumaric, tartaric, 
phosphoric, adipic or lactic acid in a suitable amount, for example from 
0.25 to 0.75% by weight and preferably from 0.4 to 0.6% by weight based on 
the weight of cream. The acidification of the cream not only imparts 
better shelf life but also thickens the cream for better coating ability. 
Advantageously, a natural or synthetic food-acceptable antioxidant may be 
added to the heavy cream. Examples of natural antioxidants are rosemary 
extract, tocopherol and tea extract. Examples of synthetic antioxidants 
are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 
propyl gallate (PG). For example, rosemary extract may be used in an 
amount of from 250 to 1,250 ppm and preferably from 500 to 1,000 ppm based 
on the fat content of the heavy cream. 
The flush packaging of the coated pasta may be carried out in a rigid 
container e.g. a metal container, or a flexible container such as a pouch. 
After filling with pastas, the container is flushed with an inert gas such 
as nitrogen or a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and then sealed. 
Finally the pastas are heat-processed to complete the cooking at a 
temperature from 80.degree. C. to 110.degree. C. for a period of from 15 
to 60 minutes and preferably from 90.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. for a 
period of from 20 to 40 minutes. Advantageously, when packaging in a 
pouch, the heat-processing is carried out with an over-riding pressure, 
conveniently from 0.5 to 1 bar to prevent swelling of the pouch. The pH of 
the pasta increases during heat processing to a value from 4.0 to 4.5 and 
preferably to a value from 4.1 to 4.4. 
For consumption, the pouches may either be pierced and placed in a 
microwave oven and heated for 1-2 minutes at high power, or they may be 
placed in boiling water for about 5-7 minutes. 
The pastas have an appealing creamy appearance, not oily, have a good 
texture and flavour and do not stick together. Storage tests showed that 
the pastas were microbiologically safe and organoleptically acceptable 
after 1 year at 21.degree. C. 
The following Examples further illustrate the present invention.

EXAMPLES 1-5 
A pasta dough was prepared from 78.5% Durum Semolina wheat and 21.5% water 
and pastas with various shapes and thicknesses were prepared by extruding 
through a regular pasta extruder. The pasta shapes and thicknesses are 
indicated in Table I below. 800 g of each pasta were boiled in 12 liter of 
water containing lactic acid (88% strength) in the concentrations 
indicated in Table I so that the acidified water had a pH of 3, and then 
soaked in water acidified with lactic acid (88% strength) to a pH of 3 at 
ambient temperature so that the pasta absorbed a further 5% water, the 
cooking and soaking times and the moisture content and pH of the soaked 
pastas after heat processing being indicated in Table I below. 
TABLE I 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
PASTA LACTIC ACID 
COOKING & % 
EXAMPLE 
PASTAS THICKNESS 
CONCENTRATION 
SOAKING TIME 
MOISTURE 
pH 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
1 Spaghetti 
2.0 mm 0.25% 6 min each 
65.7 4.30 
2 Elbow Macaroni 
1.25 mm 0.25% 51/2 
min each 
63.9 4.20 
3 Spiral 1.0 mm 0.17% 41/2 
min each 
63.3 4.20 
4 Linguine 1.25 mm 0.28% 5 min each 
66.0 4.26 
5 Shell 1.25 mm 0.33% 2 min each 
65.0 4.34 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
After the soaking step the pastas were drained of excess water and coated 
with 4% by weight based on the weight of pasta of acidified heavy cream 
having a pH of 4.2 containing lactic acid and rosemary extract. In the 
preparation of the acidified heavy cream, to 99.9% heavy cream was added a 
mixture consisting 0.03% rosemary extract and 0.07% ethanol. To this 
mixture was added 0.5% by weight of lactic acid based on the weight of the 
heavy cream mixture. 
The pastas coated with heavy cream were then packaged in a 150 g pouch made 
of nylon/high barrier coex/linear low density polyethylene. After filling, 
the pouches were flushed with nitrogen, sealed and then heat processed at 
96.degree. C. (inside temperature of pastas in the pouch) for 30 minutes 
in a retort with an over-riding pressure of 1 bar. 
The pastas had an appealing creamy appearance, were not oily, had a good 
texture and flavour and they did not stick together. 
The test results are as follows: 
______________________________________ 
A. Microbiological test results 
1. 12 months/70.degree. F. storage condition 
colony forming units/gram 
Total Aerobes Lactobacilli Yeast and Mold 
Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 10 
2. 6 months/100.degree. F. storage condition 
colony forming units/gram 
Total Mesophilic Bacillus Staphyloccous 
Yeast & 
Aerobes Sporeformers 
Cereus Aureus Mold 
Less than 
Less than 100 
Less than 
Less than 
Less than 
100 100 100 100 
B. Organoleptical Test Results 
1. 12 months/70.degree. F. storage condition 
Color and flavor were good, pastas were not brownish 
and no rancid flavor. 
______________________________________ 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE A 
The process of Example 1 was repeated but without using acidified heavy 
cream. A panel of 27 expert tasters showed no preference for the taste of 
the acidified pasta with or without a coating of acidified heavy cream (14 
votes for the control and 13 votes for the sample with acidified heavy 
cream added). This shows that the coating with acidified heavy cream does 
not further increase the acidic taste of the pasta. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE B 
The process of Example 1 was repeated but using corn oil rather than 
acidified heavy cream for coating the pastas. The sample coated with corn 
oil had an unattractive oily appearance and a panel of 27 tasters showed a 
preference for the sample coated with acidified heavy cream. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE C 
The process of Example 1 was repeated except that there was no nitrogen 
flushing of the pouch during packaging. Samples prepared without nitrogen 
flushing had only 1 month shelf life during storage at 38.degree. C. 
compared with 3 months for the product of Example 1. In addition, samples 
prepared without nitrogen flushing had a rancid taste and their colour 
turned pale at first and then brownish while the product of Example 1 had 
an excellent taste and retained to attractive colour. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE D 
The process of Example 1 was repeated except instead of boiling and soaking 
for 6 minutes each, the pasta was boiled for 8 minutes to obtain a similar 
moisture content of 65.7% followed by a short rinsing step. This extra 2 
minutes of boiling in acidified water solution resulted in a pasta with a 
mushy texture. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE E 
The process of Example 1 was repeated except that the soaking step was 
omitted. Owing to the lower moisture content because of the absence of a 
soaking step, the pasta had an undesirable "stringy" texture.