Power transmission fluids having enhanced performance capabilities

Power transmission fluids are described that have a Brookfield viscosity of 13,000 cP or less at -40.degree. C., a viscosity of at least 2.6 mPa.multidot.s at 150.degree. C. in the ASTM D-4683 method, and a viscosity of at least 6.8 cSt at 100.degree. C. after 40 cycles in the FISST of ASTM D-5275. This is achieved by use of particular base oil and additive components in specified proportions. Evaluations to date indicate that the compositions evaluated possess a combination of performance properties deemed necessary by an original equipment manufacturer for a new generation of electronically controlled automatic transmissions equipped with torque converter clutches capable of operating in a continuous slip mode.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention relates to oil-based power transmission fluid compositions, 
especially automatic transmission fluids, of enhanced performance 
capabilities. 
BACKGROUND 
The continuing development of new power transmission equipment such as 
automatic transmissions equipped with electronically controlled torque 
converter clutches capable of operating in a continuous slip mode, gives 
rise to ever-increasing demands for new automatic transmission fluids 
capable of meeting performance requirements sought by the original 
equipment manufacturers. For example, the need has arisen for automatic 
transmission fluids capable of meeting a number of specifications which 
include not only a number of performance requirements but an array of 
physical property parameters as well, including excellent viscometrics at 
high and low temperatures, and extremely high shear stability as reflected 
by the ASTM D-4683 method (Savant Viscosity Loss Trapezoid Method) and the 
ASTM D-5275 method (FISST or Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test), formerly 
known as the ASTM D-3945b method. 
THE INVENTION 
It has been found possible to fulfill the foregoing need while at the same 
time providing automatic transmission fluids that are advantageous from 
the environmental and economic standpoints. Pursuant to this invention 
fluids are provided which have little or no content of metals, and the 
small amount of metal if present is typically an innocuous metal such as 
calcium. At the same time while certain synthetic base oils are desirable 
for use in such fluids because of properties which they may contribute to 
the overall product, they tend to be relatively expensive. However, this 
invention makes possible the achievement of excellent performance in 
fluids in which a major amount of the base oil is of mineral origin 
thereby minimizing costs. 
In accordance with this invention there is provided a power transmission 
fluid composition wherein the composition has on a weight basis an 
oil-soluble boron content of about 0.001 to about 0.1%, an oil-soluble 
phosphorus content of about 0.005 to about 0.2%, and either no metal 
additive content or an oil-soluble metal content as one or more 
metal-containing additives of no more than about 100 ppm; wherein said 
composition comprises: 
a) at least about 50 wt % based on the total weight of said composition of 
one or more hydrotreated mineral oils in the range of about 55N to about 
125N; 
b) about 5 to about 40 wt % based on the total weight of said composition 
of hydrogenated poly-.alpha.-olefin oligomer fluid having a viscosity in 
the range of about 2 to about 6 cSt at 100.degree. C.; 
c) an active ingredient basis, about 5 to about 20 wt % based on the total 
weight of said composition of an acrylic viscosity index improver in the 
form of a solution in an inert solvent; 
d) an effective seal-swelling amount of at least one seal swell agent 
selected from oil-soluble dialkyl esters, oil-soluble sulfones, and 
mixtures thereof; 
e) a dispersant amount of at least one oil-soluble ashless dispersant; 
f) a friction modifying amount of at least one oil-soluble friction 
modifier; and 
g) oil-soluble inhibitors selected from the group consisting of foam 
inhibitors, copper corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, and oxidation 
inhibitors. 
In addition, the components referred to above are selected and combined 
such that finished composition has (i) a Brookfield viscosity of 13,000 cP 
or less at -40.degree. C., (ii) a viscosity of at least 2.6 mPa.multidot.s 
at 150.degree. C. in the ASTM D-4683 method, and (iii) a viscosity of at 
least 6.8 cSt at 100.degree. C. after 40 cycles in the FISST of ASTM 
D-5275. 
It will be seen from the above that although the fluid composition contains 
on a weight basis from none to no more than about 100 ppm (parts per 
million) of metals, the compositions of this invention do contain one or 
more components containing boron or phosphorus or a combination of boron 
and phosphorus, which elements of course are not classified as metals. 
Likewise small amounts of silicon in the form of silicone foam inhibitor 
may be, and preferably are, present in the compositions. 
Despite the fact that the base oils of the fluid compositions of this 
invention predominate in oils of mineral origin instead of synthetic 
lubricant, these fluid compositions have excellent low temperature and 
high temperature viscosity properties and possess high shear stability. 
This is made possible in part because the mineral oils used pursuant to 
this invention are hydrotreated mineral oils. Other contributing factors 
are the characteristics of the particular poly-.alpha.-olefin oligomer 
fluids and acrylic viscosity index improvers used in the compositions of 
this invention. In short, the unification of the herein-described 
components a), b) and c) in the proportions set forth above makes it 
possible to achieve these vitally important high and low temperature 
viscosity and shear stability properties. 
It is important to note that prior general purpose lubricant compositions, 
crankcase lubricant compositions, gear lubricant compositions, metal 
working fluid compositions, cutting oil fluid compositions, slideway 
lubricant compositions, manual transmission fluid compositions, 
transformer oil compositions, hydraulic fluids, etc., cannot be used in 
the practice of this invention. The performance parameters which must be 
achieved and that have been achieved pursuant to this invention cannot be 
realized by any such compositions that have been designed, used or 
suggested for use for such other purposes. The present invention involves 
highly specialized automatic transmission fluid compositions, an area 
which is generally regarded in the art as constituting perhaps the most 
complex area of technology in the entire field of lubrication and power 
transmission fluids. The compositions of this invention are thus of 
greatest utility and are especially adapted for use as automatic 
transmission fluids, and especially for use with the new generations of 
automatic transmissions equipped with electronically controlled torque 
converter clutches capable of operating in a continuous slip mode. The 
compositions of this invention can also be used as hydraulic fluids, 
although all of the excellent performance capabilities of the present 
compositions are unnecessary for such usage. 
Preferably, the ashless dispersant used in the compositions of this 
invention is a phosphorus-containing dispersant, and more preferably, a 
boron- and phosphorus-containing dispersant. In one embodiment the entire 
phosphorus and boron content of the finished fluid is supplied by a boron- 
and phosphorus-containing dispersant, such as a boron- and 
phosphorus-containing succinimide dispersant, a boron- and 
phosphorus-containing Mannich base dispersant, or the like. In another 
embodiment the entire boron content of the finished fluid is supplied by a 
boron- and phosphorus-containing dispersant whereas the phosphorus content 
is supplied in part by the boron- and phosphorus-containing dispersant and 
in part by a non-dispersant metal-free oil-soluble nitrogen- and 
phosphorus-containing antiwear/extreme pressure agent such as an amine 
phosphate, or the like. In this latter embodiment it is especially 
preferred to proportion these components such that a major amount of the 
phosphorus content in the finished fluid is supplied by the dispersant and 
a minor amount is supplied by the non-dispersant antiwear/extreme pressure 
agent. 
The finished compositions preferably contain a combination of all of the 
inhibitors referred to above. Thus the preferred compositions contain at 
least one foam inhibitor, at least one copper corrosion inhibitor, at 
least one rust inhibitor, and at least one oxidation inhibitor. Each such 
inhibitor type, whether comprised of one or more individual component 
materials of that type, is present in an amount that is at least 
sufficient to provide the functional performance for which it has been 
selected. Thus in accordance with this preferred embodiment, the finished 
fluid will contain a foam-inhibiting amount of one or more foam 
inhibitors, a copper corrosion-inhibiting amount of one or more copper 
corrosion inhibitors, a rust-inhibiting amount of one or more rust 
inhibitors, and an oxidation-inhibiting amount of one or more oxidation 
inhibitors. In selecting these components it is important to ensure that 
the components are mutually compatible with each other, and that none of 
them significantly detracts from or interferes with the performance 
capabilities of the overall finished fluid composition. 
In this connection, while other inhibitor components can be used, preferred 
compositions are those in which the oil-soluble inhibitors include at 
least one 2,5-bis(alkyldithio)-1,3,5-thiadiazole, at least one 
ring-alkylated diphenylamine, at least one sterically-hindered tertiary 
butyl phenol, at least one calcium sulfurized alkylphenate, at least one 
alkyloxypropylamine, at least one ethylene oxide-propylene oxide 
copolymeric surfactant, at least one aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, at 
least one alkyl glycol nonionic surfactant, and silicone foam inhibitor. 
The compositions of this invention preferably include at least one 
N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted diethanol amine in which the 
N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituent is at least one straight chain 
aliphatic hydrocarbyl group free of acetylenic unsaturation and having in 
the range of 14 to 20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred compositions 
are those which further include at least one N-aliphatic 
hydrocarbyl-substituted trimethylenediamine in which the N-aliphatic 
hydrocarbyl group is at least one straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl 
group free of acetylenic unsaturation and having in the range of about 14 
to about 20 carbon atoms, or at least one hydroxyalkyl aliphatic 
imidazoline in which the hydroxyalkyl group contains from 2 to about 4 
carbon atoms, and in which the aliphatic group is an acyclic hydrocarbyl 
group containing from about 10 to about 25 carbon atoms. 
These and other embodiments and features of this invention will become 
still further apparent from the ensuing description and appended claims. 
Component a) 
As noted above, a major amount of the oleaginous liquids of this invention 
is compounded from hydrotreated mineral base oils falling in the range of 
about 55N to about 125N. Oils of this type can be obtained from commercial 
petroleum refiners that utilize hydrotreating in their mineral oil 
refining operations. Examples of such materials are 60N, 80N and 100N 
mineral oils available, for example, from PetroCanada Limited. 
Hydrotreated oils are typically characterized by having reduced contents 
of impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. Also, 
hydrotreating converts unsaturates in the oil, such as olefins, into 
saturated compounds. When conducted at moderate or higher severity, 
hydrotreating can remove wax from the base stock and thereby lower its 
pour point. The hydrotreated base oils used in the practice of this 
invention should be substantially free of wax. 
Hydrotreated oils can be made from vacuum gas oil fractions using a 
two-stage hydrotreatment process conducted under high hydrogen pressure 
and in the presence of active zeolite catalysts. Aspects of such 
processing are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,493,493, 3,562,149, 
3,761,388, 3,763,033, 3,764,518, 3,803,027, 3,941,680 and 4,285,804. In 
the first stage of a typical process of this type, the hydrogen pressure 
is in the vicinity of 20 MPa and the temperature is maintained at about 
390.degree. C., using a fluorided Ni--W catalyst on a silica-alumina 
support. In this stage oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing compounds 
are almost entirely removed from the feedstock. In addition, a high degree 
of saturation of aromatics occurs, as well as a high degree of ring 
scission of polycyclic intermediates. Lubricating oil fractions from the 
first stage are dewaxed and subjected to further hydrogen treatment in the 
presence of a catalyst such as Ni-W on a silica-alumina support. In this 
stage, the hydrogen treatment is conducted at a lower temperature than in 
the first stage. This operation results in further saturation of aromatics 
and olefins. The hydrotreated oil produced in this manner contains almost 
no sulfur or nitrogen, and only trace amounts of aromatics. The resultant 
hydrotreated oil is composed almost entirely of saturates, including 
paraffins and cycloparaffins. 
Component b) 
This component is one or more hydrogenated poly-.alpha.-olefin oligomer 
fluids having a viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range of about 2 to 
about 6 cSt. Such fluids are formed by oligomerization of 1-alkene 
hydrocarbon having 6 to 20 and preferably 8 to 16 carbon atoms in the 
molecule and hydrogenation of the resultant oligomer. Hydrogenated 
oligomers formed from 1-decene are particularly preferred. 
Methods for the production of such liquid oligomeric 1-alkene hydrocarbons 
are known and reported in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 
3,763,244; 3,780,128; 4,172,855; 4,218,330; and 4,950,822. Additionally, 
hydrogenated 1-alkene oligomers of this type and of suitable viscosity 
grades are available as articles of commerce, for example, under the 
DURASYN trademark from Albemarle Corporation. Suitable 1-alkene oligomers 
are also available from other suppliers. 
Tabulated below are data concerning typical composition and properties of 
products of this type made from 1-decene. In these tabulations the typical 
compositions are expressed in terms of normalized area percentages by GC 
and "n.d." means "not determined". 
2 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oil: 
Composition--Monomer 0.4, Dimer 90.7, Trimer 8.3, Tetramer 0.6. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 1.80 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 5.54 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 306 cSt; Pour point: -63.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
165.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 99%. 
4 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oil: 
Composition--Trimer 82.7, Tetramer 14.6, Pentamer 2.7. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.06 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 17.4 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 2490 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
224.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 12.9%. 
6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oil: 
Composition--Trimer 32.0, Tetramer 43.4, Pentamer 21.6, Hexamer 3.0. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 5.91 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 31.4 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 7877 cSt; Pour point: -63.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
235.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 7.5%. 
75/25 Blend of 2 Centistoke and 4 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Monomer 0.3, Dimer 66.8, Trimer 27.3, Tetramer 4.8, Pentamer 
0.8. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 2.19 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 7.05 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 84.4 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 464 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 166.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 78.2%. 
50/50 Blend of 2 Centistoke and 4 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Monomer 0.2, Dimer 44.7, Trimer 45.9, Tetramer 7.6, Pentamer 
1.3, Hexamer 0.3. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 2.59 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 9.36 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 133 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 792 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 168.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 57.4%. 
25/75 Blend of 2 Centistoke and 4 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Monomer 0.1, Dimer 23.1, Trimer 62.7, Tetramer 11.5, Pentamer 
2.1, Hexamer 0.5. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 3.23 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 12.6 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 214 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 1410 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 190.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 30.8%. 
95/05 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.5, Trimer 78.4, Tetramer 15.6, Pentamer 3.7. Hexamer 
1.8. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.15 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 17.9 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 2760 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
225.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 10.5%. 
90/10 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.3, Trimer 76.0, Tetramer 17.0, Pentamer 4.7, Hexamer 
2.0. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.23 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 18.4 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 2980 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
228.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 11.4%. 
80/20 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.3, Trimer 71.5, Tetramer 19.4, Pentamer 6.5, Hexamer 
2.3. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.39 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 19.9 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: n.d.; Viscosity at -40.degree. 
C.: 3240 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 92): 
227.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 9.2%. 
75/25 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.7, Trimer 69.0, Tetramer 21.0, Pentamer 7.3, Hexamer 
2.0. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.39 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 20.1 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 436 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 3380 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 226.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 14.2%. 
50/50 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.4, Trimer 57.3, Tetramer 27.4, Pentamer 11.8, Hexamer 
3.1. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 4.82 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 23.0 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 544 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 4490 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 226.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 12.5%. 
25/75 Blend of 4 Centistoke and 6 Centistoke poly-.alpha.-olefin oils: 
Composition--Dimer 0.3, Trimer 45.3, Tetramer 33.4, Pentamer 16.4, Hexamer 
4.6. 
Properties--Viscosity at 100.degree. C.: 5.38 cSt; Viscosity at 40.degree. 
C.: 26.8 cSt; Viscosity at -18.degree. C.: 690 cSt; Viscosity at 
-40.degree. C.: 6020 cSt; Pour point: &lt;-65.degree. C.; Flash point (ASTM D 
92): 250.degree. C.; NOACK volatility: 9.2%. 
Hydrogenated oligomers of this type contain little, if any, residual 
ethylenic unsaturation. Preferred oligomers are formed by use of a 
Friedel-Crafts catalyst (especially boron trifluoride promoted with water 
or a C.sub.1-20 alkanol) followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the 
oligomer so formed using procedures such as are described in the foregoing 
U.S. patents. 
Other catalyst systems which can be used to form oligomers of 1-alkene 
hydrocarbons, which, on hydrogenation, provide suitable oleaginous liquids 
include Ziegler catalysts such as ethyl aluminum sesquichloride with 
titanium tetrachloride, aluminum alkyl catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts 
on silica or alumina supports and a system in which a boron trifluoride 
catalyst oligomerization is followed by treatment with an organic 
peroxide. 
Component c) 
This component is an acrylic viscosity index improver which is supplied in 
the form of an solution in an inert solvent, typically a mineral oil 
solvent, which usually is a severely refined mineral oil. The viscosity 
index improver solution as received often will have a boiling point above 
200.degree. C., and a specific gravity of less than 1 at 25.degree. C. In 
addition, it has sufficient shear stability such that the finished 
composition possesses a viscosity of at least 6.8 cSt at 100.degree. C. 
after 40 cycles in the FISST (Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test) of ASTM 
D-5275. On an active ingredient basis (i.e., excluding the weight of inert 
diluent or solvent associated with the viscosity index improver as 
supplied), the finished fluid compositions of this invention will normally 
contain in the range of about 5 to about 20 wt % of the polymeric 
viscosity index improver. Small departures from this range may be resorted 
to as necessary or desirable in any given situation. 
Suitable proprietary materials for use as component c) are available from 
ROHM GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany) under the trade designations: 
VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5543, VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5548, VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5549, 
VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5550, VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5551 and VISCOPLEX.RTM. 5151, and from 
Rohm & Haas Company (Philadelphia, Pa.) under the trade designations 
ACRYLOID.RTM. 1277 and ACRYLOID.RTM. 1265E. Mixtures of the foregoing 
products can also be used. It is possible that other manufacturers may 
also have viscosity index improvers having the requisite performance 
properties required for use as component c). Details concerning the 
chemical composition and methods for the manufacture of such products are 
maintained as trade secrets by manufacturers of such products. 
Preferably, the acrylic viscosity index will be provided as a hydrocarbon 
solution having a polymer content in the range of from about 50 to about 
75 wt % and a nitrogen content in the range of about 0.15 to about 0.25 wt 
%. Such products preferably exhibit a permanent shear stability index (a 
PSSI value) using ASTM test method D-3945a of no higher than about 35, 
preferably 30 or less, and most preferably 15 or less. 
Component d) 
The seal swell agent used in the compositions of this invention is selected 
from oil-soluble diesters, oil-soluble sulfones, and mixtures thereof. 
Generally speaking the most suitable diesters include the adipates, 
azelates, and sebacates of C.sub.8 --C.sub.13 alkanols (or mixtures 
thereof), and the phthalates of C.sub.4 -C.sub.13 alkanols (or mixtures 
thereof). Mixtures of two or more different types of diesters (e.g., 
dialkyl adipates and dialkyl azelates, etc.) can also be used. Examples of 
such materials include the n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isodecyl, and tridecyl 
diesters of adipic acid, azelaic acid, and sebacic acid, and the n-butyl, 
isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, 
and tridecyl diesters of phthalic acid. 
Other esters which may give generally equivalent performance are polyol 
esters such as Emery 2935, 2936, and 2939 esters from the Emery Group of 
Henkel Corporation and Hatcol 2352, 2962, 2925, 2938, 2939, 2970, 3178, 
and 4322 polyol esters from Hatco Corporation. 
Suitable sulfone seal swell agents are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 
3,974,081 and 4,029,587. Lubrizol 730 additive (The Lubrizol Corporation) 
is understood to be a commercially-available sulfone type seal swell 
agent. Typically these products are employed at levels in the range of 
about 0.25 to about 1 wt % in the finished fluid. 
Preferred seal swell agents are the oil-soluble dialkyl esters of (i) 
adipic acid, (ii) sebacic acid, or (iii) phthalic acid. The adipates and 
sebacates should be used in amounts in the range of about 4 to about 15 wt 
% in the finished fluid. In the case of the phthalates, the levels in the 
finished fluid should fall in the range of about 1.5 to about 10 wt %. 
Generally speaking, the higher the molecular weight of the adipate, 
sebacate or phthalate, the higher should be the treat rate within the 
foregoing ranges. 
Component e) 
The ashless dispersant can be of various types including succinimides, 
succinamides, succinic esters, succinic ester-amides, Mannich products, 
long chain hydrocarbyl amines, polyol esters, or the like. Of these, the 
succinimides are preferred for use in the practice of this invention. 
Methods for the production of the foregoing types of ashless dispersants 
are known to those skilled in the art and are reported in the patent 
literature. For example, the synthesis of various ashless dispersants of 
the foregoing types is described in such patents as 2,459,112; 2,962,442; 
2,984,550; 3,036,003; 3,163,603; 3,166,516; 3,172,892; 3,184,474; 
3,202,678; 3,215,707; 3,216,936; 3,219,666; 3,236,770; 3,254,025; 
3,271,310; 3,272,746; 3,275,554; 3,281,357; 3,306,908; 3,311,558; 
3,316,177; 3,331,776; 3,340,281; 3,341,542; 3,346,493; 3,351,552; 
3,355,270; 3,368,972; 3,381,022; 3,399,141; 3,413,347; 3,415,750; 
3,433,744; 3,438,757; 3,442,808; 3,444,170; 3,448,047; 3,448,048; 
3,448,049; 3,451,933; 3,454,497; 3,454,555; 3,454,607; 3,459,661; 
3,461,172; 3,467,668; 3,493,520; 3,501,405; 3,522,179; 3,539,633; 
3,541,012; 3,542,680; 3,543,678; 3,558,743; 3,565,804; 3,567,637; 
3,574,101; 3,576,743; 3,586,629; 3,591,598; 3,600,372; 3,630,904; 
3,632,510; 3,632,511; 3,634,515; 3,649,229; 3,697,428; 3,697,574; 
3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,725,277; 3,725,441; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 
3,736,357; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,793,202; 3,798,165; 3,798,247; 
3,803,039; 3,804,763; 3,836,471; 3,862,981; 3,936,480; 3,948,800; 
3,950,341; 3,957,854; 3,957,855; 3,980,569; 3,991,098; 4,071,548; 
4,173,540; 4,234,435; 5,137,980 and Re 26,433. 
As used herein the term "ashless dispersant" means that the dispersant does 
not contain any metal constituent. As made clear above, the dispersant may 
contain boron, and preferably contains phosphorus, and most preferably 
contains both boron and phosphorus, elements which of course are not 
metals. Thus the term "ashless dispersant" encompasses dispersants which 
contain either or both of boron and phosphorus, even though such 
dispersant when thermally decomposed may leave some residues containing 
boron or phosphorus, or both. 
The preferred ashless dispersants are one or more alkenyl succinimides of 
an amine having at least one primary amino group capable of forming an 
imide group. The alkenyl succinimides may be formed by conventional 
methods such as by heating an alkenyl succinic anhydride, acid, 
acid-ester, acid halide, or lower alkyl ester with an amine containing at 
least one primary amino group. The alkenyl succinic anhydride may be made 
readily by heating a mixture of polyolefin and maleic anhydride to about 
180.degree.-220.degree. C. The polyolefin is preferably a polymer or 
copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, isobutene and 
the like, having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 
700 to about 2100 as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). 
The more preferred source of alkenyl group is from polyisobutene having a 
GPC molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 1800. In a still 
more preferred embodiment the alkenyl group is a polyisobutenyl group 
derived from polyisobutene having a GPC number average molecular weight of 
about 800-1200, and most preferably in the range of about 900-1000. 
Mannich base dispersants are also a highly useful type of ashless 
dispersant for use in the practice of this invention. 
Amines which may be employed in forming the ashless dispersant include any 
that have at least one primary amino group which can react to form an 
imide group and at least one additional primary or secondary amino group 
and/or at least one hydroxyl group. A few representative examples are: 
N-methyl-propanediamine, N-dodecyl-propanediamine, 
N-aminopropyl-piperazine, ethanolamine, N-ethanol-ethylenediamine and the 
like. 
Preferred amines are the alkylene polyamines, such as propylene diamine, 
dipropylene triamine, di-(1,2-butylene)triamine, and 
tetra-(1,2-propylene)pentamine. 
The most preferred amines are the ethylene polyamines which can be depicted 
by the formula 
EQU H.sub.2 N(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NH).sub.n H 
wherein n is an integer from one to about ten. These include: ethylene 
diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene 
pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, and the like, including mixtures 
thereof in which case n is the average value of the mixture. These 
depicted ethylene polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so can 
form mono-alkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides. Commercially 
available ethylene polyamine mixtures usually contain minor amounts of 
branched species and cyclic species such as N-aminoethyl piperazine, 
N,N'-bis(aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N'-bis(piperazinyl)ethane, and like 
compounds. The preferred commercial mixtures have approximate overall 
compositions falling in the range corresponding to diethylene triamine to 
tetraethylene pentamine, mixtures generally corresponding in overall 
makeup to tetraethylene pentamine being most preferred. 
Especially preferred ashless dispersants for use in the present invention 
are the products of reaction of a polyethylene polyamine, e.g. triethylene 
tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine, with a hydrocarbon substituted 
carboxylic acid or anhydride made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably 
polyisobutene, of suitable molecular weight, with an unsaturated 
polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g., maleic anhydride, maleic acid, 
fumaric acid, or the like, including mixtures of two or more such 
substances. 
When the ashless dispersant contains phosphorus, it serves as a 
multipurpose component in that it an antiwear/extreme pressure agent as 
well as a dispersant. Accordingly, when a phosphorus-containing or boron- 
and phosphorus-containing dispersant is used it can supply all or a 
portion of the requisite phosphorus content of the finished fluid 
composition. 
Methods suitable for introducing phosphorus or boron or a combination of 
phosphorus and boron into ashless dispersants are known and reported in 
the patent literature. One may refer, for example, to such U.S. Pat. Nos. 
as 3,087,936; 3,184,411; 3,185,645; 3,235,497; 3,254,025; 3,265,618; 
3,281,428; 3,282,955; 3,284,410; 3,324,032; 3,338,832; 3,344,069; 
3,403,102; 3,428,561; 3,502,677; 3,511,780; 3,513,093; 3,533,945; 
3,623,985; 3,718,663; 3,865,740; 3,945,933; 3,950,341; 3,991,056; 
4,093,614; 4,097,389; 4,428,849; 4,338,205; 4,428,849; 4,554,086; 
4,615,826; 4,634,543; 4,648,980; 4,747,971, and 4,857,214. The procedures 
that are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,214 are especially preferred for 
use in forming component e) of the compositions of this invention. 
Accordingly, one preferred group of phosphorus- and/or boron-containing 
ashless dispersants comprises aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted 
succinimide of a mixture of cyclic and acyclic polyethylene polyamines 
having an approximate average overall composition falling in the range of 
from diethylene triamine through pentaethylene hexamine, said succinimide 
being heated with (1) at least one phosphorylating agent to form a 
phosphorus-containing succinimide ashless dispersant; or (2) at least one 
boronating agent to form a boron-containing succinimide ashless 
dispersant; or (3) either concurrently or in any sequence with at least 
one phosphorylating agent and at least one boronating agent to form a 
phosphorus- and boron-containing succinimide ashless dispersant. 
Particularly preferred ashless dispersants for use as component e) are 
aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides of the type described above 
which have been heated concurrently or in any sequence with a boron 
compound such as a boron acid, boron ester, boron oxide, or the like 
(preferably boric acid) and one or more inorganic phosphorus compounds 
such as an acid or anhydride (preferably phosphorous acid, H.sub.3 
PO.sub.3) or a partial or total sulfur analog thereof to form an 
oil-soluble product containing both boron and phosphorus. The use of the 
partial or total sulfur analogs is less preferred. 
The amount of ashless dispersant on an "as received basis" (i.e., including 
the weight of impurities, diluents and solvents typically associated 
therewith) is generally within the range of about 1 to about 15 wt %, 
typically within the range of about 1 to about 10 wt %, preferably within 
the range of about 1 to about 6 wt %, and most preferably within the range 
of about 2 to about 5 wt %. 
Component f) 
The compositions of this invention contain one or more friction modifiers. 
These include such compounds as aliphatic amines or ethoxylated aliphatic 
amines, aliphatic fatty acid amides, aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic 
carboxylic esters, aliphatic carboxylic ester-amides, aliphatic 
phosphonates, aliphatic phosphates, aliphatic thiophosphonates, aliphatic 
thiophosphates, etc., wherein the aliphatic group usually contains above 
about eight carbon atoms so as to render the compound suitably oil 
soluble. Also suitable are aliphatic substituted succinimides formed by 
reacting one or more aliphatic succinic acids or anhydrides with ammonia. 
One preferred group of friction modifiers is comprised of the N-aliphatic 
hydrocarbyl-substituted diethanol amines in which the N-aliphatic 
hydrocarbyl-substituent is at least one straight chain aliphatic 
hydrocarbyl group free of acetylenic unsaturation and having in the range 
of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. 
A particularly preferred friction modifier system is composed of a 
combination of at least one N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted diethanol 
amine and at least one N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted trimethylene 
diamine in which the N-aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituent is at least one 
straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbyl group free of acetylenic unsaturation 
and having in the range of about 14 to about 20 carbon atoms. Further 
details concerning this friction modifier system are set forth in U.S. 
Pat. Nos. 5,372,735 and 5,441,656. 
Another particularly preferred friction modifier system is based on the 
combination of (i) at least one di(hydroxyalkyl) aliphatic tertiary amine 
in which the hydroxyalkyl groups, being the same or different, each 
contain from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, and in which the aliphatic group 
is an acyclic hydrocarbyl group containing from about 10 to about 25 
carbon atoms, and (ii) at least one hydroxyalkyl aliphatic imidazoline in 
which the hydroxyalkyl group contains from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, and 
in which the aliphatic group is an acyclic hydrocarbyl group containing 
from about 10 to about 25 carbon atoms. For further details concerning 
this friction modifier system, reference should be had to U.S. Pat. No. 
5,344,579. 
Generally speaking, the compositions of this invention will contain up to 
about 1.25 wt %, and preferably from about 0.05 to about 1 wt % of one or 
more friction modifiers. 
Component g) 
This component will normally comprise a plurality of inhibitor components 
serving different functions. The inhibitors may be introduced in a 
preformed additive package which may contain in addition one or more other 
components used in the compositions of this invention. Alternatively these 
inhibitor components can be introduced individually or in various 
sub-combinations. While amounts can be varied within reasonable limits, 
the finished fluids of this invention will typically have a total 
inhibitor content in the range of about 6 to about 15 wt % and preferably 
about 7 to about 13 wt %, both on an "as received basis"--i.e., including 
the weight of inert materials such as solvents or diluents normally 
associated therewith. 
Foam inhibitors form one type inhibitor suitable for use as inhibitor 
components in the compositions of this invention. These include silicones, 
polyacrylates, surfactants, and the like. One suitable acrylic defoamer 
material is PC-1244 (Monsanto Company). 
Copper corrosion inhibitors constitute another class of additives suitable 
for inclusion in the compositions of this invention. Such compounds 
include thiazoles, triazoles and thiadiazoles. Examples of such compounds 
include benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, octyltriazole, decyltriazole, 
dodecyltriazole, 2-mercapto benzothiazole, 
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 
2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-mercapto-5- 
hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis(hydrocarbylthio)- 
1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 2,5-bis(hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. The 
preferred compounds are the 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, a number of which are 
available as articles of commerce, and also combinations of triazoles such 
as tolyltriazole with a 1,3,5-thiadiazole such as a 
2,5-bis(alkyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Materials of these types that are 
available on the open market include Cobratec TT-100 and HiTEC.RTM. 4313 
additive (Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.). The 1,3,4-thiadiazoles are 
generally synthesized from hydrazine and carbon disulfide by known 
procedures. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,765,289; 2,749,311; 
2,760,933; 2,850,453; 2,910,439; 3,663,561; 3,862,798; and 3,840,549. 
Rust or corrosion inhibitors comprise another type of inhibitor additive 
for use in this invention. Such materials include monocarboxylic acids and 
polycarboxylic acids. Examples of suitable monocarboxylic acids are 
octanoic acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid. Suitable polycarboxylic 
acids include dimer and trimer acids such as are produced from such acids 
as tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, or the like. Products 
of this type are currently available from various commercial sources, such 
as, for example, the dimer and trimer acids sold under the HYSTRENE 
trademark by the Humko Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Corporation and 
under the EMPOL trademark by Henkel Corporation. Another useful type of 
rust inhibitor for use in the practice of this invention is comprised of 
the alkenyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic anhydride corrosion 
inhibitors such as, for example, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, 
tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinic acid, 
tetradecenylsuccinic anhydride, hexadecenylsuccinic acid, 
hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride, and the like. Also useful are the half 
esters of alkenyl succinic acids having 8 to 24 carbon atoms in the 
alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols. Other suitable rust 
or corrosion inhibitors include ether amines; acid phosphates; amines; 
polyethoxylated compounds such as ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated phenols, 
and ethoxylated alcohols; imidazolines; aminosuccinic acids or derivatives 
thereof, and the like. Materials of these types are available as articles 
of commerce. Mixtures of such rust or corrosion inhibitors can be used. 
Oxidation inhibitors constitute still another group of inhibitors which are 
preferably included in the compositions of this invention. These materials 
are exemplified by the phenolic antioxidants, aromatic amine antioxidants, 
sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, and organic phosphites, among others. 
Examples of phenolic antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, liquid 
mixtures of tertiary butylated phenols, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 
4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl6-ter 
t-butylphenol), mixed methylene-bridged polyalkyl phenols, and 
4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol). 
N,N'-di-sec-butyl-pphenylenediamine, 4-isopropylaminodiphenylamine, 
phenyl-.alpha.-naphthyl amine, phenyl-.alpha.-naphthyl amine, and 
ring-alkylated diphenylamines serve as examples of aromatic amine 
antioxidants. Most preferred are the sterically hindered tertiary 
butylated phenols, the ring alkylated diphenylamines and combinations 
thereof. 
The amounts of the inhibitor components used will depend to some extent 
upon the composition of the component and its effectiveness when used in 
the finished composition. However, generally speaking, the finished fluid 
will typically contain the following concentrations (weight percent) of 
the inhibitor components (active ingredient basis): 
______________________________________ 
Typical Preferred 
Inhibitor Range Range 
______________________________________ 
Foam inhibitor 0 to 0.1 0.01 to 0.08 
Copper corrosion inhibitor 
0 to 1.5 0.01 to 1 
Rust inhibitor 0 to 0.5 0.01 to 0.3 
Oxidation inhibitor 
0 to 1 0.1 to 0.6 
______________________________________ 
Other Components 
Very small amounts of certain metal-containing detergents such as calcium 
sulfurized phenates can also be used. However, as noted above, if an 
oil-soluble phenate is used it should be proportioned such that the 
finished fluid contains no more than about 100 ppm of metal, and 
preferably no more than about 50 ppm of metal. These sulfurized phenates 
are preferably neutral salts containing a stoichiometric amount of 
calcium, and in any event should have a total base number (TBN) of not 
more than about 200 mg KOH/gram. 
In another preferred embodiment, the finished fluid will contain only two 
sulfur-containing additive components, namely, (i) one or more oil-soluble 
calcium sulfurized alkylphenates and (ii) one or more oil-soluble 
1,3,5-thiadiazole copper corrosion inhibitors such as a 
2,5-bis(alkyldithio)-l,3,5-thiadiazole. In other words, these preferred 
compositions are devoid of conventional sulfur-containing antiwear 
additives such as sulfurized olefins (sulfurized isobutylene, etc), 
dihydrocarbyl polysulfides, sulfurized fatty acids, and sulfurized fatty 
acid esters. 
When the phosphorus content of the finished fluid is not completely 
supplied by use of a phosphorus-containing ashless dispersant (or a boron- 
and phosphorus-containing ashless dispersant), the remainder of the 
phosphorus content is preferably supplied by inclusion in the composition 
of one or more phosphorus-containing esters or acid-esters such as 
oil-soluble organic phosphites, oil-soluble organic acid phosphites, 
oil-soluble organic phosphates, oil-soluble organic acid phosphates, 
oil-soluble phosphoramidates, and oil-soluble phosphetanes. Examples 
include trihydrocarbyl phosphates, trihydrocarbyl phosphites, 
dihydrocarbyl phosphates, dihydrocarbyl phosphonates or dihydrocarbyl 
phosphites or mixtures thereof, monohydrocarbyl phosphates, 
monohydrocarbyl phosphites, and mixtures of any two or more of the 
foregoing. Oil-soluble amine salts of organic acid phosphates are a 
preferred category of auxiliary phosphorus-containing additives for use in 
the fluids of this invention. Sulfur-containing analogs of any of the 
foregoing compounds can also be used, but are less preferred. Most 
preferred as a commercially-available auxiliary phosphorus additive is an 
amine phosphate antiwear/extreme pressure agent available from Ciba-Geigy 
Corporation as Irgalube 349. 
Thus, in one of its embodiments, this invention provides compositions which 
contain a phosphorus-containing ashless dispersant such as a succinimide, 
a boron-containing ashless dispersant such as a succinimide, and/or a 
phosphorus- and boron-containing ashless dispersant such as a succinimide, 
together with at least one phosphorus-containing substance selected from 
(1) one or more inorganic acids of phosphorus; or (2) one or more 
inorganic thioacids of phosphorus; or (3) one or more monohydrocarbyl 
esters of one or more inorganic acids of phosphorus; or (4) one or more 
monohydrocarbyl esters of one or more inorganic thioacids of phosphorus; 
or (5) any combination of any two, or any three or all four of (1), (2), 
(3), and (4); or at least one oil-soluble amine salt or complex or adduct 
of any of (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), said amine optionally being in 
whole or in part an amine moiety in (i) a basic nitrogen-containing 
ashless dispersant such as a succinimide or (ii) a boron- and basic 
nitrogen-containing ashless dispersant such as a succinimide or (iii) a 
phosphorus- and basic nitrogen-containing ashless dispersant such as a 
succinimide or (iv) a phosphorus-, boron- and basic nitrogen-containing 
ashless dispersant such as a succinimide. 
The boron content of the compositions of this invention is preferably 
supplied by use of a boron-containing ashless dispersant or a boron- and 
phosphorus-containing ashless dispersant). When the boron content of the 
finished fluid is not completely supplied in this manner, the remainder of 
the boron content is preferably supplied by inclusion in the composition 
of one or more oil-soluble boron esters such as a glycol borate or glycol 
biborate. 
Dyes, pour point depressants, air release agents, and the like can also be 
included in the compositions of this invention. 
In selecting any of the foregoing additives, it is important to ensure that 
each selected component is soluble in the fluid composition, is compatible 
with the other components of the composition, and does not interfere 
significantly with the requisite viscosity or shear stability properties 
of the overall finished fluid composition. 
It will be appreciated that the individual components employed, can be 
separately blended into the base fluid or can be blended therein in 
various subcombinations, if desired. Ordinarily, the particular sequence 
of such blending steps is not critical. Moreover, such components can be 
blended in the form of separate solutions in a diluent. It is preferable, 
however, to blend the additive components used in the form of an additive 
concentrate, as this simplifies the blending operations, reduces the 
likelihood of blending errors, and takes advantage of the compatibility 
and solubility characteristics afforded by the overall concentrate. 
Additive concentrates can thus be formulated to contain all of the additive 
components and if desired, some of the base oil component a) and/or b), in 
amounts proportioned to yield finished fluid blends consistent with the 
concentrations described above. In most cases, the additive concentrate 
will contain one or more diluents such as light mineral oils, to 
facilitate handling and blending of the concentrate. Thus concentrates 
containing up to about 50% by weight of one or more diluents or solvents 
can be used, provided the solvents are not present in amounts that 
interfere with the low and high temperature and flash point 
characteristics and the performance of the finished power transmission 
fluid composition. In this connection, the additive components utilized 
pursuant to this invention should be selected and proportioned such that 
an additive concentrate or package formulated from such components will 
have a flash point of 170.degree. C. or above, and preferably a flash 
point of at least 180.degree. C., using the ASTM D-92 test procedure. 
It is deemed possible, but not desirable, to utilize blends of components 
a) and b) with one or more other base oils having suitable viscosities, 
provided that the resultant blend contains a major proportion of the 
combination of components a) and b), and possesses the requisite 
compatibility, viscosity properties, shear stability, and performance 
criteria for use in accordance with this invention. 
Illustrative of such potentially useable auxiliary base oils and fluids of 
lubricating viscosity are synthetic esters such as mixed C.sub.9 and 
C.sub.11 dialkylphthalates (e.g., ICI Emkarate 911P ester oil), 
trimethylol propane trioleate, di-(isotridecyl)adipate (e.g., BASF 
Glissofluid A13), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate and equivalent synthetic 
base oils. Likewise certain dewaxed highly paraffinic mineral oils having 
the requisite viscosity parameters and produced by processing other than 
hydrotreatment may be used in small amounts as auxiliary base oils. 
However in all cases the overall base oil must contain at least about 50 
wt % (and most preferably at least about 60 wt %) of hydrotreated mineral 
oil(s) in the range of about 55N to about 125N, preferably in the range of 
about 55N to about 100N, and most preferably in the range of about 60N to 
about 80N, and for best results, these hydrotreated oils should be 
substantially wax-free.

The practice and advantages of this invention are illustrated by the 
following illustrative examples in which all values are percentages by 
weight on an "as received basis". In these Examples Component a) is 
composed of a mixture of PetroCanada 60N and 80N hydrotreated mineral 
oils, Component b) is a 4 cSt hydrogenated poly-.alpha.-olefin oligomer 
fluid (Durasyn 164), Component c) is Viscoplex 5151, Component d) is 
dibutyl phthalate in Examples 1-3 and diisooctyl adipate in Example 5, 
Component e) is a boronated and phosphorylated preblend composition 
prepared substantially as described in Example 1A of U.S. Pat. No. 
4,857,214, and the Silicone fluid is a 4% solution of 
poly(dimethylsiloxane) in light oil. 
EXAMPLES 1-10 
Automatic transmission fluids are formed by blending together the 
components in the proportions as specified in Tables 1 and 2. 
TABLE 1 
______________________________________ 
Components Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 
______________________________________ 
Component a) - 60N 
33.515 33.495 33.53 33.505 
35.72 
Component a) - 80N 
24.280 24.280 24.28 24.715 
31.11 
Component b) 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 12.00 
Component c) 12.60 12.60 12.60 11.50 11.80 
Component d) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 4.00 
Component e) 3.77 3.77 3.77 4.00 3.77 
Ethomeen T-12 
0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.15 
Duomeen O 0.005 0.005 -- 0.005 -- 
Unamine O -- -- -- 0.01 0.01 
Naugalube 438L 
0.26 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.26 
HiTEC .RTM. 4735 
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 
HiTEC .RTM. 4313 
0.70 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.50 
Irgalube 349 0.05 0.02 -- -- -- 
PC-1244 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 
Silicone fluid 
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 
OLOA 216C 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 
Mazawet 77 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 
Tomah 4 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 
Pluronic L81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 
Octanoic acid 
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 
Red dye 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 
Diluent oil - 45N 
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.465 0.20 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Components Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10 
______________________________________ 
Component a) - 60N 
33.595 33.765 33.720 
37.570 
33.795 
Component a) - 80N 
24.715 24.715 24.715 
24.715 
24.715 
Component b) 22.00 22.00 22.00 18.00 22.00 
Component c) 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 
Component d) 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 
Component e) 4.00 3.77 3.77 4.00 3.77 
Ethomeen T-12 
0.12 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 
Duomeen O 0.005 0.005 -- -- 0.005 
Unamine O 0.05 -- -- -- -- 
Naugalube 438L 
0.20 0.26 0.30 0.40 0.26 
HiTEC .RTM. 4735 
0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.20 
HiTEC .RTM. 4313 
0.65 0.65 0.55 0.50 0.55 
PC-1244 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 
Silicone fluid 
0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.06 
OLOA 216C 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 
Mazawet 77 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 
Tomah 4 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 
Pluronic L81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 
Octanoic acid 
0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 
Red dye 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 
Diluent oil - 45N 
0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 0.465 
______________________________________ 
Although each of the above compositions has not been evaluated, all 
experimental results obtained to date indicate that the compositions of 
the foregoing examples will possess (i) a Brookfield viscosity of 13,000 
cP or less at -40.degree. C., (ii) a viscosity of at least 2.6 
mPa.multidot.s at 150.degree. C. in the ASTM D-4683 method, and (iii) a 
viscosity of at least 6.8 cSt at 100.degree. C. after 40 cycles in the 
FISST of ASTM D-5275. In addition, evaluations to date indicate that the 
compositions evaluated possess a combination of performance properties 
deemed necessary by an original equipment manufacturer for a new 
generation of electronically controlled automatic transmissions equipped 
with torque converter clutches capable of continuous slip operation. 
For example, based on existing data the compositions of this invention have 
the capability of exhibiting a positive slope in the plot of coefficient 
of friction versus sliding speed in the low speed SAE No. 2 Friction Test 
when performed in accordance with Ford Engineering Material Specification 
WSP-M2CZAA-A. That is, at 100.degree. C. the ratio of the coefficient of 
friction at 2 rpm to the coefficient of friction at 20 rpm is less than 
one and likewise, the ratio of the coefficient of friction at 40 rpm to 
the coefficient of friction at 120 rpm is also less than one. Moreover, 
the duration of the positive slope has been found to be at least 45 hours 
of continuous operation in the test, and has extended as long as 135 
hours. 
Likewise, in clutch friction durability tests performed in accordance with 
Ford Engineering Material Specification WSP-M2CZAAA involving 20,000 
cycles, compositions of this invention have achieved the following results 
with SD 1777 friction material: .mu.D values falling in the range of 0.130 
to 0.170; .mu.S values (at 0.25 seconds) falling in the range of 0.110 to 
0.155; low-speed dynamic friction values falling in the range of 0.130 to 
0.170; S1/D values falling in the range of 0.90 to 1.16; and stop times, 
in seconds, falling in the range of 0.70 to 1.0. With BW 4400 friction 
material, compositions of this invention have achieved the following 
results in the above clutch friction durability tests: .mu.D values 
falling in the range of 0.110 to 0.135; .mu.S values (at 0.25 seconds) 
falling in the range of 0.100 to 0.150; low-speed dynamic friction values 
falling in the range of 0.120 to 0.155; S1/D values falling in the range 
of 1.05 to 1.30; and stop times, in seconds, falling in the range of 0.80 
to 1.05. 
In four-ball wear tests (ASTM D-4172) compositions of this invention have 
exhibited the following results in terms of wear scar diameters in 
millimeters: at 100.degree. C. and 600 rpm, wear scars falling in the 
range of 0.40 to 0.61; at 150.degree. C. and 600 rpm, wear scars falling 
in the range of 0.39 to 0.70; at 100.degree. C. and 1200 rpm wear scars 
falling within the range of 0.40 to 0.57; and at 150.degree. C. and 1200 
rpm, wear scars falling within the range of 0.40 to 0.64. 
Falex EP tests (ASTM D-3233) gave the following results using compositions 
of this invention: at 100.degree. C. and one minute, values in the range 
of 1,000 to 2,000 lbs. were achieved; and at 150.degree. C. and one 
minute, values in the range of 1,000 to 2,000 lbs. were likewise achieved. 
Timken wear tests (ASTM D-2782) using compositions of this invention gave 
the following results: under a 9 lb. load at 100.degree. C. for 10 minutes 
and under a 9 lb. load at 150.degree. C. for 10 minutes, no scoring was 
observed. In addition, the burnish widths fell in the range of 0.42 to 
0.65 mm under the 100.degree. C. test conditions and in the range of 0.46 
to 0.73 mm under the 150.degree. C. test conditions. 
In the FZG gear wear tests compositions of this invention gave the 
following results at 1,450 rpm for 15 minutes: at 100.degree. C., from a 9 
stage pass to a 12 stage pass; and at 150.degree. C., from an 11 stage 
pass to a 12 stage pass. 
Using the Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test (ABOT) according to the Ford 
Mercon.RTM. Specification, after 300 hours the following results were 
achieved: pentane insolubles were well below 0.5 wt %; IR carbonyl 
increases were 20/cm and below; TAN increases were well below 4 mg KOH per 
gram of sample, and viscosity increases were below 30%. 
As used herein the term "oil-soluble" means that the substance under 
discussion should be sufficiently soluble at 20.degree. C. in the 
particular power transmission fluid composition being formulated pursuant 
to this invention base oil to reach at least the minimum concentration 
required to enable the substance to serve its intended function. 
Preferably the substance will have a substantially greater solubility in 
the fluid composition than this. However, the substance need not dissolve 
in the fluid composition in all proportions. 
Each and every U.S. patent document referred to hereinabove is incorporated 
herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
It will be readily apparent that this invention is susceptible to 
considerable modification in its practice. Accordingly, this invention is 
not intended to be limited by the specific exemplifications presented 
hereinabove. Rather, what is intended to be covered is within the spirit 
and scope of the appended claims.