Thermoelectric energy conversion apparatus

Apparatus is disclosed in which a pair of elongated solid cylindrical metal conductors mounted with their central axes mutually parallel are connected at their ends to form a closed electrical circuit path, there being heat sinks at spaced positions along their length which serve as heat transfer means setting up a temperature gradient along the lengths of the conductors. A strong electrical current flow in the conductors creates a circumferential magnetic field in the metal directed at right angles to the heat flow and this, by the Nernst Effect, produces a radial electric field gradient in the metal coupled with the transient accumulation of stored electrical energy. The apparatus disclosed serves for the experimental testing of energy conversion and storage by thermoelectric processes occurring in the metal and the ultimate utilization of the technology involved.

FIELD OF INVENTION 
The invention relates to energy conversion apparatus in which electric 
field effects are produced in an electrical conductor by the combined 
action of a magnetic field and heat flow. The magnetic field is produced 
by electrical current flow in the body of that conductor and the field of 
invention is therefore essentially in the discipline of thermoelectricity, 
notably involving the Nernst Effect, which relates temperature gradient, 
magnetic field and a mutually orthogonal induced electric field powered by 
the heat resource. The research on which the invention is based has 
demonstrated certain energy anomalies some of which are not yet well 
understood, but which involve apparatus having general design features 
based on sound and well understood scientific principles. 
The invention is only concerned with specific novel and non-obvious 
features of apparatus to be utilized in the onward experimental research 
and the eventual technological applications which can exploit these energy 
anomalies. 
This application is filed as a continuation-in-part deriving from U.S. 
patent application Ser. No. 08/191,381 because the apparatus as described 
in the specification of that application and its original counterpart U.S. 
patent application Ser. No. 07/480,816 was presented in the context of its 
suggested relevance to what has come to be termed `cold fusion` and it is 
expressly affirmed that, though the conception of this invention may owe 
its origin to inspiration connected with that theme, this subject 
continuation-in-part application application makes no claim dependent upon 
`cold fusion`. 
The invention concerns electrical apparatus aimed specifically at setting 
up an orthogonal interaction between a magnetic field and a temperature 
gradient in an electrical conductor, ostensibly for no apparent purpose 
since this involves power loss. However, by the Nernst Effect, there is 
then an electric field set up in the conductor in the mutually orthogonal 
direction and the consequences of this in the apparatus configuration of 
this invention are a basic research pursuit concerning a certain energy 
anomaly which gives the invention utility at least as experimental 
apparatus. 
However, notwithstanding the fact that the claims of this specification are 
not specific to the `cold fusion` theme, this should not be regarded as a 
disclaimer of rights should what has come to be known as `cold fusion` 
eventually develop as a specific application of the apparatus covered by 
the claims. 
As support justifying this statement and as a matter of documentary record, 
but without it being part of the detailed patent description needed to 
support the claims, a commentary is added at the end of this specification 
as an `Appendix` aimed at providing some general scientific background. 
The text of this Appendix was written in October 1993 with the intention 
of using it as a scientific statement to support a petition to revive the 
parent U.S. patent application No. 07/480,816, it having been deemed 
abandoned owing to the Applicant's non-response to an Examiner's 
communication dated Dec. 16th, 1992. The latter was presumably lost in the 
Christmas mail load as it was never received by the Applicant in U.K. The 
appended commentary has not hitherto been disclosed and so cannot be 
quoted by way of reference to a scientific publication of record. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
There are in electrical science a number of energy anomalies which are 
seldom recognized in modern teaching but which ultimately will be resolved 
and have technological spin-off with patentable merit. 
The primary example known to this Applicant is the subject of his own Ph.D. 
research, which dates from the 1950-1953 period. In electrical sheet steel 
as used in power transformers the eddy-current losses are known to exceed 
the basic theoretical design expectation by a factor which can be 50% in 
thick laminations but much higher, even as high as a ten-fold increase, in 
thin cold-reduced grain-oriented laminations magnetized at 90.degree. to 
the rolling direction. More familiar values are loss factors of 2 or 3. 
As noted in this Applicant's published scientific papers on the subject in 
the 1950 era, for those materials which overall had an anomaly loss factor 
of 2, research revealed that much of this rate of loss occurred over the 
low flux density range in a B-H magnetization cycle which operated between 
high flux densities. 
Although the Applicant researched numerous aspects of how the loss could be 
affected, as by mechanical stress, excitation waveform distortion, d.c. 
polarization bias and especially loss rate factor at progressive stages 
around the B-H magnetization loop, the outcome of that research did not 
reveal a satisfactory final account of the hidden mysteries implicit in 
the loss mechanism. Indeed, the subject has subsequently become dormant 
and is now virtually forgotten, as electrical engineers avoid the 
underlying theory and take manufacturer's specifications of empirical loss 
properties as their input data for computer design analysis structured on 
standard theory. 
This introduction is relevant because the Applicant has recently come to 
realise why those losses in electrical sheet steels are enhanced and the 
reason, seen now in retrospect, is quite simple. Furthermore, there are 
certain new technological implications extending to the field of the 
subject invention. 
Hysteresis and eddy-current losses produce heat. The heat must flow from 
the electrical sheet steel lamination and it tends to flow laterally in 
the plane of the lamination in its width direction to find the shortest 
route to the ambient cooling medium, whether that be air or oil. The 
laminations, if thin enough, of the order of 200 microns, and if of good 
electrical steel quality with large crystals, will have in those crystals 
what are known as magnetic domains. These are regions of the order of 100 
microns across in which the steel is magnetized to saturation in one of 
three mutually orthogonal axial directions fixed by the body-centred 
crystal structure in iron. Now, when heat flows crosswise to a strong 
magnetic field, we know from our knowledge of thermoelectricity that it 
results in an electric field set up in the mutually orthogonal direction. 
This is the Nernst Effect and it really amounts to there being a magnetic 
deflection of the flow of electrical charge in its collisional activity as 
the transporter of heat. What happens is that the thermal motion is 
deflected sideways so that the heat flow is arrested by the charge 
stacking up at the side surfaces of the lamination to set up the electric 
field. Heat energy is converted into electrical energy and the magnetic 
field merely serves as a catalyst, acting to divert charge in motion by a 
well-known force law named after Lorentz. The charge is that of the heat 
carriers, the free electrons inside the iron. 
To explain how this accounts for the eddy-current loss anomaly, one only 
needs then to realise that the heat will flow one way in the laminations 
through a succession of magnetic domains and the circuital eddy-currents 
induced by a.c. magnetization will cross from being adjacent one surface 
of the lamination to the other and so along the same transverse track as 
the induced electric field. The direction of polarization of a magnetic 
domain will determine whether an opposing or assisting electric field is 
provided by that Nernst Effect, but the current flow will always take the 
path of least resistance, meaning that it will opt for passage through the 
domain offering the assisting field. In short, owing to the conversion of 
the heat into electricity, there is an aiding EMF in the eddy-current 
circuital flow and this means that much higher currents will flow than are 
expected from basic theory. In turn, though this has involved cooling as 
energy is converted from heat into electricity, this electricity then adds 
to the eddy-current strength and regenerates heat, more heat than is 
expected from theory which ignores the Nernst Effect and that means an 
anomalous loss. 
Of course, when the lamination is strongly magnetized so that the 
polarization of all magnetic domains tends to be in the same general 
direction, then the current loses its optional path and what it gains near 
one edge in making the traversal of the width of the laimination it loses 
at the other edge. The result is that the loss anomaly factor is quite 
small and indeed normal and close to theoretical prediction, being merely 
affected by structural inhomogeneities at the higher range of the B-H flux 
loop, as this Applicant's Ph. D. experimental research established. 
The above is an example of a hitherto unexplained heat generation anomaly, 
important because it affects all electrical power apparatus using 
electrical sheet steel, which means virtually all motors and transformers 
and yet one which few scientists even know exists. 
In this case, however, the thermal processes affected by magnetism convert 
heat into electricity in such a way that more heat is generated than is 
expected but it all is accounted for as input electricity and, though they 
have not understood the science involved, our scientists have given up and 
accepted the loss situation without explanation. It is only now, by 
chance, and arising from other research connected with this invention, 
that this Applicant has discovered the true explanation. 
This further research was concerned with conversion of heat into 
electricity using intrinsically magnetized materials, typically nickel, in 
structures which were the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,065,085, 5,288,336 
and 5,376,184. In this research it was realised that when heat flows in 
nickel laminations and is diverted at a kHz frequency within that metal by 
a magnetic field so as to set up EMFs in the transverse sense and through 
a laminar capacitor stack built from those laminations, so one can take 
electrical power from the structure. It sustains oscillations by 
developing a negative resistance powered by heat input. This utilizes the 
Nernst Effect primarily and certain other thermoelectric effects for 
functional design reasons, but is a surprising development because one is 
not familiar with the role of magnetism as a catalyst in converting heat 
into electricity. Yet, in power technology in the 1960s, before it was 
pushed aside by the advent of nuclear power there was a new technology for 
generating electrical power developing known as magneto-hydrodynamics 
(MHD) by which hot ionised gases passing through a magnetic field which 
diverted positive and negative ions in opposite transverse directions shed 
heat to produce that electrical power. The magnetic field was a mere 
catalyst but note that the heat was flowing as part of a moving 
electrically conductive medium, in that ease a gas. 
The three U.S. Patents just mentioned describe devices in which the heat to 
electricity conversion occurs within metal and, of course, one might then 
wonder if liquid electrolytes can offer prospect of a similar power 
conversion. Now, it is important to understand that, though we tend to 
believe otherwise, it is a scientific fact, known at least to those who 
really understand the operation of wave guides and reflective properties 
of surfaces, that a metal has what one can term a dielectric constant and 
an electric field gradient can exist in the body of a metal. 
This brings us to another form of energy loss recently encountered in 
experimental electric motor research by this Applicant, but in this case 
what one sees, at least over a period of motor start-up, is a net energy 
loss drawn from an input source but no apparent destiny for the energy as 
output. 
In a university research project in 1984 the Applicant investigated the 
effect of spinning a solid nylon cylinder mounted on a steel shaft and 
enclosed except at its ends in a surrounding cylindrical electrode, there 
being some 20,000 volts d.c. potential applied between the shaft and the 
electrode. The object of that research was to verify a theoretical 
prediction that a radial electric field could set up an electrical 
displacement partially in the nylon owing to its high dielectric constant 
and partially also in the underlying coextensive vacuum field medium. The 
latter is that associated with the displacement currents implicit in 
Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic theory. The theory researched by 
the Applicant affirmed that there would be a reaction in the form of a 
field energy spin which would store energy and which might be recoverable 
by inertial interaction. 
The test rig had facilities for declutching the driving motor and allowing 
the slow spin-down of the nylon rotor to be timed to trace a connection 
with the level and duration of the voltage priming the action. In the 
event, the results did not meet expectation. If there was a `vacuum spin` 
set up, it had no evident mechanical coupling with the nylon rotor. 
Much later it was realised that the tests should have been performed using 
a metal rotor, even though only a very small radial electric field 
gradient could be set up in such a test apparatus. The point here is that 
electric charge displacement within the metal will promote a counterpart 
displacement in the underlying vacuum field medium and the charge would 
separate to form a surface charge of one polarity and a distributed 
internal charge of opposite polarity. By the principles of electrostatics, 
in a hollow and even in a solid metal conductor, the surface charge 
develops no back reaction field inside that conductor, and so any setting 
up of a radial electric field gradient within that metal rotor would 
transfer electrons to cause displaced charge of one polarity to be 
balanced at the surface by vacuum field displacement charge. The result is 
that charge of opposite polarity is held neutralized in the body of the 
metal by vacuum field displacement charge of the other polarity. The 
expectation was that so long as the small radial EMF was maintained a 
quite significant current might flow to build-up more and more displaced 
charge which would defy detection by electrical sensing, but which would 
involve storage of energy by `vacuum spin inertia` and energy could, 
possibly, be tapped by somehow reversing the radial EMF. 
Though this was seemingly a speculative proposition, the underlying theory 
had recognized that a great deal of cosmology was connected with energy 
storage by rotation and its origin could best be linked with the setting 
up of radial electrical fields. An example here is the creation of a star 
by nucleation of protons preferentially in a neutral proton-electron 
plasma, compared with the electrons, owing to their stronger mutual 
gravitational attraction. 
It was from this basis that the Applicant was able to understand something 
that emerged whilst testing a new kind of electric motor having axially 
mounted magnets in its rotor. This motor has become the subject of a 
pending GB. Patent Application No. 9,513,855 filed on Jul. 7, 1995 (later 
published as GB 2,303,255A). The corresponding U.S. patent application is 
Ser. No. 08/579,991 filed on Dec. 28, 1995, now abandoned. 
When a magnet is rotated about its axis with its field penetrating a 
conductive rotor disc there is, as is well known from Michael Faraday's 
research, the induction of a radial EMF in that disc. This is what is 
needed to set up that `vacuum field spin` condition which the Applicant 
had tried to trace in his earlier research. The test apparatus in this 
case included an electrical tachometer coupled to the rotor and affording 
a direct measure of the speed as well as an electrical d.c. drive motor 
powered by a stabilized voltage supply. The voltage and current were 
measured, the current being the variable as the motor gained speed. What 
was then noticed was that the particular apparatus tested could achieve a 
steady running speed in a few seconds but that the current input surge to 
the d.c. motor would reduce to its steady state value only over a much 
longer time period with a decay time constant of two or three minutes. 
This meant that there was an input of energy which was related to the 
speed-up process but which did not correspond to the mechanical machine 
requirements for that speed. Any transient electrical power effect would 
be expected to be of a thermal nature affecting motor resistance, but that 
should have implied a decreasing speed accompanying the smaller current, 
given that the supply voltage was steady. 
It was concluded from such tests that a motor system including axially 
mounted magnets in its rotor structure, given an electrically conductive 
rotor, has an affinity on initial start-up for an excess input of energy 
which seems to be of inertial character but which is not the energy of the 
normal rotor inertia. An estimate from one set of tests suggested that the 
extra energy input could be as much as 20 times that needed to spin the 
motor inertially at the test speed. This has, of course, no practical 
significance unless one can find a way of recovering that energy, which is 
a subject now being pursued separately by the Applicant. 
In the above background summary, however, a case has been set forth that 
shows how charge can be held effectively neutralized in a metal by the 
vacuum field electric charge displacement seated in that metal and how 
energy can be lost or stored anomalously by setting up a radial electric 
field in metal of cylindrical form. Also it has been explained how 
magnetic fields can develop electrical fields powered by heat. This 
background introduces the subject invention, which has the object of 
providing a particular form of non-rotating apparatus which is specially 
designed to set up anomalous energy effects based on the radial electric 
field in a metal conductor of circular cross-section. 
BRIEF STATEMENT OF INVENTION 
The object of the invention is to provide thermoelectric energy conversion 
apparatus specifically suited to the experimental testing of the 
interaction between thermal temperature gradients and the tranversely 
directed circumferential magnetic fields developed by electrical current 
flow along the length of a metal conductor as they combine to develop an 
electric displacement field radial to the conductor axis. To the extent 
that the latter electrical displacement induces reactions which build-up a 
sustained ionic charge polarization in the metal, as neutralized by that 
displacement, the latter deriving energy from the partial arrest of the 
heat carriers in the metal, it is a further object of the invention to 
provide the means for controlling the release of that energy in a useful 
way. 
According to the invention, thermoelectric energy conversion apparatus 
comprises (a) mutually parallel elongated cylindrical metal conductors 
disposed side by side with short bridging connecting conductor links at 
their ends so as to form a closed circuital loop, (b) a source of 
electrical input power and circuit control means for regulating the power 
delivered by the source to develop an a.c. voltage at a frequency less 
than 5 Hz, (c) an electrical transformer disposed between adjacent ends of 
the elongated conductors, the transformer having a primary winding 
connected to receive the power delivered and transform it into current in 
said metal conductors which are arranged to form the circuital loop as a 
secondary winding on the transformer, the connecting conductor link at the 
transformer position passing through the ferromagnetic core aperture so as 
to constitute a segment of the secondary winding, and (d) two sets of heat 
sinks in thermal contact with the conductors at different positions along 
their length, with associated thermal transfer means for delivering and 
deploying heat, one set of heat sinks serving as a heat input source and 
one set serving as a heat output source, the a.c. current induced in the 
closed circuital loop being confined to passage through the elongated 
cylindrical metal conductors so as to develop a circumferential magnetic 
field about the conductor axis which interacts with heat flow along that 
axis to develop in turn an electric field within the conductor directed 
radially with respect to that axis. 
According to a feature of the invention, in the apparatus there are only 
two elongated metal conductors connected by two bridging connecting 
conductor links to form a loop which is a single turn secondary winding on 
said transformer. 
According to another feature of the invention, the elongated metal 
conductors are all of equal diameter and so equal cross-sectional area. 
According to yet another feature of the invention, in the apparatus the 
circuit control means for regulating the power delivered by the source to 
develop an a.c. voltage at a frequency less than 5 Hz includes electronic 
power control circuit components which control the voltage waveform 
supplied to the transformer in an asymmetrical manner in which the voltage 
is lower and of longer duration in one polarity direction and higher but 
of shorter duration in the opposite polarity direction. 
According to another feature of the invention, the apparatus includes two 
transformers aiding one another in powering the current flow in the 
conductor loop, these being toroidal transformers, one having a said 
bridging connecting conductor link passing through the central aperture of 
its toroidal core and the other having the other bridging connecting 
conductor link similarly passing through its central toroidial core 
aperture. 
According to another feature of the invention, the elongated cylindrical 
metal conductors are enclosed in thermal insulation along their lengths 
between the heat sinks in order to confine heat flow to passage in an 
axial direction along the conductors. 
In one prospective application of the apparatus provided by this invention 
at least one of the elongated cylindrical conductors is immersed in a 
liquid electrolyte and forms a cathode in a circuit arranged to be 
supplied with d.c. power, there being a cylindrical anode and the 
elongated cathode conductor being located along the central axis of the 
cylindrical anode, whereby the electrolyte itself forms a moderately 
conductive medium subjected to d.c. radial electric field action but has 
negligible conductance relative to that of the elongated cathode conductor 
powered by the transformer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
When a thermal gradient represented in FIG. 1 by .delta.T/.delta.x is set 
up in the x direction of an x, y, z coordinate system and there is a 
magnetic field H in the y direction, there is, within an electrically 
conductive medium, a resulting electric field E set up in the z direction. 
T is temperature. The magnitude of the field E depends upon the intrinsic 
properties of the medium with the field polarity depending upon the type 
of charge carriers conveying the heat, but the relationship 
EQU E=N.sub.c H.delta.T/.delta.x 
applies, where N.sub.c is an applicable coefficient, it being connected 
with the name Nernst as far as concerns metal conductors. 
Typically, E can be several volts per cm in a strong field of the order of 
one Tesla with .delta.T/.delta.x as one degree C. per cm. In practice, 
however, the problem is that of setting up such a temperature gradient in 
a metal conductor and finding a convenient way in which to apply a strong 
magnetic field. Then there is the problem of deciding how to harness the 
electric field, because if it is used to supply electric power through a 
connected circuit, that circuit affects the heat flow path adversely and 
thwarts one's efforts to convert heat into electricity. 
This invention aims at providing an ingenious route by which seek to 
exploit this source of energy. 
The underlying concept is that if a solid cylindrical conductor carries a 
very strong current it will develop a strong circumferential magnetic 
field, particularly if it comprises nickel or iron. Then, given heat flow 
along that conductor, the radial electric field shown in FIG. 2 will 
develop. Of itself this may seem to be inconsequential, a condition 
sustained after an initial transient and deploying heat energy into 
electrical form only in measure related to the electrostatic charge energy 
stored by that E field. In a metal conductor this is something that most 
scientists would discount from warranting consideration. 
However, assuming the magnetic field and the heat flow are sustained, that 
E field in a metal conductor means that electric current must flow, a very 
high current density even with a very low E field, and if there is no good 
conductor path to take current away from the surface of the conductor 
there will be a build-up of charge, eg. the negative charge depicted in 
FIG. 3, whilst a compensating distributed positive charge is set up in the 
body of the conductor. Note that if charge cannot flow out then, even 
though the conductor has a point of connection to an external circuit, 
there can be no inflow of charge either, because a balance has to prevail. 
However, as the heat flows relentlessly through the conductor and the 
magnetic field is maintained, so the electric field persists in urging 
charge displacement. Now, in FIG. 4 we see what happens in a parallel 
plate capacitor when there is charge of opposite polarity on its separate 
plates. There is electric displacement even in the vacuum medium 
permeating the dielectric substance in the intervening space. The Maxwell 
charge displacement is a transfer of charge in that vacuum medium with 
some also in the dielectric from positions adjacent one plate to positions 
adjacent the other. However, there is no distributed charge in that 
intervening space, because the parallel plate geometry sets up the 
uniformity of field gradient that implies no intervening charge sources. 
This is not the case with the radial electric field conditions set up in 
the cylindrical conductor. For uniform heat flow across the cross-section 
and uniform current distribution, the magnetic field H increases linearly 
with radial distance from the central axis and so the field E must share 
that same relationship. It can only do this if there is a uniform 
distribution of charge, a uniform charge density, within the conductor. 
Here, then, with this unusual combination of heat flow and electric 
current in a solid metal conductor we have the most unusual condition of a 
build-up of charge inside the body of that metal. As with the situation in 
the dielectric between the plates of the capacitor, there has to be 
accompanying displacement of charge in the vacuum field medium, but any 
charge displaced to the perimeter surface of the conductor sets up no 
back-field, by the well known principles of electrostatics, so the charge 
of opposite polarity to that displaced to the surface region takes up 
positions where it can neutralize any onward build-up of charge by 
displacement in the metal. 
This process occurs without any evident sign of its action and is a 
self-regulating process because any deployment of heat in setting up this 
neutralized charge system can only promote underlying field turbulence of 
some kind which sheds heat energy back again as instability sets in. 
However, in looking deeper into the physics involved here, this Applicant 
has noted certain phenomena connected with quantum theory which imply 
linear harmonic properties of the vacuum field medium, suggestive of 
harmonious and synchronized jitter-type motion of charge seated in the 
vacuum. This action is connected with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 
and the forces governing, for example, the value of the fine-structure 
constant, which is a dimensionless expression relating Planck's action 
quantum, the speed of light and the unitary fundamental electric charge in 
physics. The synchronous motion of that vacuum charge seems to have a far 
reaching cosmic influence but superimposed on this there is the thermal 
and Fermi type motions once the effects spread into matter as such. 
The point of relevance here is that when a spherical or cylindrical volume 
of the vacuum medium is affected by an electric field radial to the centre 
in that sphere or the central axis in the cylinder, then the harmonious 
jitter of the vacuum charge will lose its strict synchronism with that 
cosmic background. If it cannot, because it is phase-locked, then it must 
itself be displaced radially and at the same time its bodily distribution, 
meaning its lattice system, must develop a rotational motion about the 
centre or that central axis, albeit with some dependence upon orientation 
in space. 
What this amounts to, so far as the subject invention is concerned, is that 
the quantum interactions through the space medium can bring into a focal 
system energy needed to set the vacuum medium in spin as governed by the 
need to cancel that radial electric field. There is then scope for 
wondering whether the switch-off or reversal of that radial electric field 
will unleash this energy and either result in it being shed to our 
material environment as excess heat or possibly becoming something that 
can be tapped in a controlled way to develop mechanical rotation or even 
electrical power directly. 
So far as this subject patent application is concerned the objective is to 
provide apparatus by which to research the thermal theme, though the 
Applicant has already discovered evidence supporting what is said above in 
his research on electric motors. 
Though FIG. 5 is merely an outline depicting what has been said above about 
the vacuum state, it is of interest to consider what happens if a sphere 
comprising such a medium rotates bodily whilst those minor spins shown all 
stay in synchronism. As each is seated in charge neutralized by a 
background charge continuum, the larger motion with the sphere will cause 
them to move faster when furthest away in their minor orbits from the 
central axis of rotation of the sphere and slower when closer to that 
axis, assuming the sphere rotates in the same spin direction. This means a 
loss of synchronism instant by instant but it can be avoided by 
appropriate radial displacement of the system of vacuum charge in measure 
related to the angular speed of the sphere. This is a very fundamental 
process which assuredly underlies the reality of the physical world. One 
early example of the power of the theory involved here is disclosed by the 
Applicant and co-author Dr. D. M. Eagles in Physics Letters 41A, 423 
(1972). 
The essential point is that the setting up of a radial electric field 
within a conductive medium can induce a spin reaction in a coextensive 
spherical or cylindrical volume of the vacuum field medium and this 
involves both Maxwell-type electric charge displacement and the ingress of 
energy from the quantum underworld of space itself. That energy can remain 
hidden and be inaccessible unless we can devise ways of releasing it as by 
heat, but there is a way because this source of energy undoubtedly is the 
priming source for many natural phenomena on a cosmic scale. 
Although this invention is not directed at the `cold fusion` theme it will 
be understood from what has been explained above that the anomalous 
generation of heat claimed by those involved with `cold fusion` research 
and the presence of a positive charge distribution within a metal 
conductor when heat and electric current flow combine in a certain way are 
suggestive. The existence of a positive ion charge balanced by vacuum 
charge displacement on a microfine scale implies the possibility of two 
positive ions easily merging owing to the aethereal nature of the negative 
charge that neutralizes their mutual force interactions. 
This will explain why this patent application is linked by continuation 
with an original patent application filed shortly after the `cold fusion` 
scenario was initiated. 
FIG. 8 is reproduced from that first application and it depicts an 
electrolytic cell in which an elongated conductor serves as a cathode 
enclosed within a cylindrical anode. The a.c. power source 1 supplies a 
high a.c. current through the cathode 2 by connection to the secondary 
winding of transformer 3. The cell housing 4 is filled with electrolyte 5 
and the anode 6 is supplied with a low d.c. current from power source 7 
which makes connection at terminal 8 to one end of the cathode 2. Since 
the a.c. output from the transformer is connected between terminal 8 and 
terminal 9 at the other end of the cathode, the d.c. and a.c. currents are 
confined to separate circuits. The electrical resistivity of the 
electrolyte, if of a typical salt solution, is about one ohm-cm compared 
with a resistivity of the metal cathode that is smaller by a factor of 
100,000, so very little a.c. current will bypass the metal cathode by flow 
through the electrolyte. This means that a very strong current could flow 
through the cathode as a.c. to condition the cathode for its effect on any 
positive ions adsorbed into its metal body and the Applicant saw this as 
meritorious and of relevance. 
However, here the subject is in no way concerned with the processes 
underlying what is termed `cold fusion`, but applies essentially to 
apparatus useful in research aimed at exploring heat energy anomalies. 
More specifically, the subject invention is concerned with the apparatus 
shown in typical form in FIG. 9. 
Here there is emphasis on the structural feature of making the conductor 
circuit of minimal resistance, which requires a relatively thick conductor 
section elongated to give more operational length, but having in mind that 
parallel orientation of the conductors is essential for optimum effect. 
There are two elongated solid cylindrical metal conductors 10, typically of 
nickel, which is ferromagnetic and has a high Nernst coefficient, and 
there are short bridging connecting conductor links 11 passing through the 
apertures in the two toroidal transformers 12. These have their primary 
windings connected to a source of a.c. power duly regulated electronically 
in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art of using power mosfet 
semiconductor devices. This source is not depicted in the drawings because 
it can take any form which assures a very low frequency input. The reason 
for this is that the very low resistance of the conductors 10 needs very 
little voltage to assure a current flow measured in hundreds of amps and 
owing to the thickness of the conductors, typically of one cm diameter, 
and the high magnetic permeability there is the need to avoid skin effects 
distorting the conduction properties. More important, however, there is 
the overriding need to allow time within the cyclic period for the radial 
electric field-dependent vacuum field spin condition to develop before 
reversing the action. 
By keeping the frequency below 5 Hz, but preferably lower at less than 1 
Hz, there is scope for sustaining a high current, notwithstanding the 
limit imposed by the transformer on the voltage-time integral which 
relates to the maximum magnetic flux condition of the transformer cores. 
A quite low voltage of 5 volts applied to a toroidal transformer with a 60 
Hz primary rating of 300 volts will operate at 1 Hz and by switching the 
voltage V of the power input electronically as a function of time t in the 
manner indicated in FIG. 10 the apparatus can be activated with a view to 
researching the possibile presence of anomalous heating. 
Evenso, the apparatus cannot function unless there is some heat priming 
because, without the temperature gradient in the conductors 10, the 
current supplied by the transformer will not produce the radial electric 
field in those conductors. 
The heat sinks 13 and 14 are therefore provided. To minimize temperature 
drops in connecting interfaces, whilst assuring the electrical isolation 
of the conductor loop, the heat sinks have fins with large areas and are 
exposed to heat exchange by air or gas flow directed onto those fins. To 
restrict heat flow to passage through the conductors they can be lagged 
with thermal insulation (not shown in the drawings) but the very high rate 
of heat conduction in a solid metal conductor can suffice but needs to be 
matched by a very high capacity for heat transfer at the heat sink 
surfaces. 
In the apparatus described the heat sinks serve as the means for 
introducing heat priming, but should research using the apparatus result 
in anomalous heat generation the heat sinks become the means for utilizing 
that heat as a source of energy. FIG. 6 is self-explanatory in showing 
that heat inflow into both ends of a conductor from a source at 
temperature T' and egress from a mid region of the conductor at 
temperature T will develop a radial electric field provided a current I 
flows along the length of the conductor to develop a circumferential 
magnetic field H. 
Should the heat flow be reversed as shown in FIG. 7 then there will still 
be a radial electric field, given electrical current flow, but the 
direction of the current can affect the direction of the radial electric 
field. Should anomalous heat be generated within the conductor in research 
tests using the apparatus shown in FIG. 9, then the outflow of heat from 
the ends of the conductor will, with the current reversed at an increased 
value in a short time interval, give scope for testing a variety of 
control conditions using the apparatus. 
In summary, therefore, the invention provides a new means for investigating 
energy conversion techniques based on thermoelectric action relying on the 
Nernst Effect, whilst bringing in sight the technological prospect of 
tapping a source of energy linked to the quantum underworld that regulates 
the physics of our environment. 
This disclosure complements a parallel innovation connected with rotating 
machines in which the conductor spins and generates an internal radial 
electric field owing to the presence of a magnet axially mounted in the 
rotor system. 
APPENDIX 
A Commentary on the Physics of `Cold Fusion` 
Abstract 
This commentary describes the circumstances of the Applicant's background 
interest in the subject of nuclear structure, particularly with regard to 
deuterons and proton creation, and a connected research background on 
anomalous electrodynamic properties associated with current flow in metal 
at room temperature. 
It further explains why there is reason to expect the statistical incidence 
of physical processes associated with nuclear fusion to be different for 
action in metal and action in very hot plasma. 
Furthermore, since any landmark invention in this field must probe 
unexplored territory which is not adequately mapped in the accepted and 
general state of the art, one must be prepared to give credence to physics 
which is new and unfamiliar. It is a recognized `state of the art` fact 
that there are unsolved mysteries in physics, and physicists have at this 
time no way of denying this Applicant's contention that the mystery which 
particularly concerns what has come to known as `cold fusion` is the role 
of the muon, the enigmatic mu-meson, in creating the proton and in 
promoting its decay. 
The Fusion Criteria 
In a very hot proton gas protons can combine to create heavier atomic 
nuclei. This is facilitated if there is something effectively neutralizing 
the charge repulsion between the protons. A proton or antiproton charge 
can become neutral if a beta particle of opposite polarity combines with 
it in some way to be seen as a neutron. Alternatively it is conceivable 
that in the very energetic field conditions that one can foresee, 
particularly in the presence of strong gravity fields, the field medium 
itself can be such as to overcome the mutual repulsion or the medium 
itself may become electrically polarized to provide a background that can 
serve as the neutralizing influence. In any event, the high energy physics 
of the scenario by which protons synthesise heavier forms of matter has to 
explain why hot fusion occurs and the picture just presented has to be 
very close to what has just been outlined. 
Now, there is one important aspect here that tends to be overlooked. How do 
those protons get created in the first place? The scientific challenge 
here is not concerned with fusion but rather initial creation and the 
answer lies in finding the true explanation for what governs the mass of 
the proton. This is a theoretical exercise in which this Applicant has 
played an important and recognized part, because, although the world has 
not rushed into accepting the Applicant's explanation, it is a fact that 
the precise value of the proton-electron mass ratio of 1836.152 was 
deduced in terms of the mu-meson field. This derivation involved 
collaboration with Dr. D. M. Eagles of the then National Standards 
Laboratory in Australia. It was reported in the U.S.A. Institute of 
Physics journal Physics Today in 1984 (November issue, p. 15) and was 
mentioned in their 1985 update by the leading U.S. researchers who measure 
this quantity. See R. S. Van Dyck et al: International Journal of Mass 
Spectroscopy and Ion Processes, 66, (1985) pp. 327-337. They noted how 
remarkably close the theoretical value was to the one they measured and 
added `This is even more curious when one notes that they meaning this 
Applicant and Dr. Eagles! published this result several years before 
direct precision measurements of this ratio had begun.` 
Given that the Applicant knows how protons are created from a mu-meson 
field and taking into account that physicists familiar with quantum 
electrodynamics know that the vacuum field is the seat of activity of 
electron and positron creation and that mu-mesons are otherwise known as 
`heavy electrons`, it needs little imagination then to suspect that Nature 
is trying to create protons continuously everywhere in space. Since we do 
not see such protons materializing before our eyes we must infer that they 
exist only very transiently after creation unless the field medium has 
surplus energy to be shed over and above its local equilibrium 
requirements. 
This scenario of proton creation and annihilation is no less credible than 
the accepted scenario of electron-positron creation and annihilation or 
the equivalent mu-meson activity. We think the electron and the proton 
have an infinite lifetime because none has been measured, but the true 
reason for this is that it is impossible to measure the lifetime of 
something when it gets itself recreated virtually in the same place and 
immediately. Yet, we know that electrons can decay in association with 
positrons and we further know that electrons can tunnel through potential 
barriers with a 10.sup.-13 second lifetime, so physicists do need to get 
their picture of these events into proper context. 
The proton and the electron are the only types of particle that exist in 
stable form, simply because they are recurrently regenerating as the 
primordial forms of matter, as such, in their respective charge polarity 
states. 
Now, given this background knowledge of proton creation, it becomes easier 
to understand how an atomic nucleus might increment in its nucleon value 
and without needing an immensely hot background. If a proton were to be 
created in the very space already occupied by an atomic nucleus one can 
begin to understand how it might fuse with that nucleus and promote the 
emission of a beta particle. Almost all the transmutations that are listed 
in atomic tables, excluding what occurs in the heavy nuclei ranging from 
bismuth onwards, require emissions of beta particles. Beta particles are 
those electrons and positrons already mentioned. They are emitted by 
atomic nuclei. Yet atomic physicists have chosen to ignore their existence 
in atomic nuclei and have instead assumed that there are neutrons present 
to keep the mass balance. Here lies the very heart of the problem 
surrounding cold fusion. Neutrons are unstable. They are artifacts created 
when atoms break up. They are composites of beta particles and protons, 
but they do not exist as `neutrons` in that atomic nucleus. 
Accordingly, one must see the evidence of `cold fusion` as evidence 
confirming this rather obvious proposition, namely that there are no 
neutrons in atomic nuclei. This is a case where discovery in the context 
of a technological advance, meaning `invention`, has given a new insight 
into basic physics and yet has led to the incredible contest by which the 
absence of the neutron hot fusion product has been regarded as disproving 
what is observed. 
However, summarizing the position, Nature is constantly attempting to 
create protons everywhere, but generally does not succeed, because there 
is no energy to sustain the field equilibrium and so the pseudo-creations 
promptly decay. However, given the right conditions the statistical action 
can, even with the field equilibrium requirement, result in nuclear fusion 
because if the trigger threshold is reached it becomes energetically 
favorable for a proton elsewhere, but nearby, to decay to keep the vacuum 
field energy balance. 
No doubt the reader will understand that, if a proton were to be created 
within an atomic nucleus, the event, if also accompanied with the 
expulsion of a positive beta particle, would leave that nucleus one 
nucleon heavier but with its charge unchanged. If, accompanying this 
event, a proton nearby, or a proton in a nearby deuteron, were to decay 
with its beta particle action, then some heat energy would be shed nearby. 
This becomes a very likely event, given that Nature most certainly does 
have a way of creating matter in proton form, provided (a) the overall 
mass energy of particles involved allows the reaction and (b) the close 
proximity of the particles is assured. 
What, then, are the right conditions and how can this action be enhanced? 
The answer is found by analogy with the hot fusion situation. We need to 
bring into very close relationship the two nuclei that are to fuse 
together. We can do this either by moving them at high speed, as by 
thermal excitation, or somehow assuring that, since they are positively 
charged, the field background has a negative electrical condition. The 
nuclei must further be stripped away from the satellite atomic electrons 
of the normal atomic form. 
Now, before explaining how physics can assure this in the cold fusion work, 
it is appropriate to digress a little, in two ways. 
Firstly, reference will be made to some reported evidence of cold fusion 
that antedates the Fleischmann-Pons activity. Secondly, the author will 
refer to his own experimental diversion at the time he made the invention 
which is the subject of the parent patent application based on the GB 
priority date of Apr. 15, 1989. 
Cold Fusion in 1960 
At pages 2-3 of the Journal of the British-American Scientific Research 
Association, Vol. XIII, No. 4, December 1990, there is an article by 
Edward Rietman entitled `MOLECULAR CYCLOTRONS`. The article makes no 
reference to the `cold fusion` theme but is concerned with transmutations 
at normal laboratory temperatures. 
The following are quotations from that article: 
`Digging through some old notes I found results for experiments on 
molecular cyclotrons. C. L. Kervran in 1960 published a book entitled 
TRANSMUTATIONS BIOLOGIQUES. His results were `verified` by H. Komaki of 
Japan. In 1965 Kervran was nominated for the Nobel Prize. 
These two workers observed an increase in metallic elements in seedlings 
germinating in pure water. Specifically they observed transmutations of 
the type 
EQU Na.fwdarw.Mg, K.fwdarw.Ca, Mn.fwdarw.Fe 
In each of these cases a proton was reported to be absorbed by the nuclide 
of lower atomic number to form the next higher element. 
S. Goldfine wrote a report in 1978 discussing how such reactions might take 
place in biological organisms. 
It is well known that ATP in the mitochondria is a key molecular component 
in biochemical energy production. The mitochondria also contains Na, Mg, 
K, Ca, Mn and Fe ions. Goldfine suggested that the periodic field of an 
Mg-ATP crystal lattice will cause periodic fluctuations on the wave 
function of the trapped electron . . . there is a flow of electrons in the 
Mg-ATP caused by the many reactions occurring in the mitochondria . . . 
Goldfine continued to suggest that the small crystallites of Mg-ATP in the 
mitochondria act as molecular cyclotrons to accelerate protons and produce 
reactions of the type: 
EQU Na+H.fwdarw.Mg, K+H.fwdarw.Ca, Mn+H.fwdarw.Fe 
To cast some light on this subject I spent months attempting to grow 
crystals of Mg-ATP complex for study in X-ray diffraction. I never 
succeeded in even obtaining a powdered sample. I concluded that the Mg-ATP 
complex exists only in an aqueous environment . . . ` 
From the above quotation one can see that here was a version of cold fusion 
presented from a background that is in the field of biological organisms. 
One may further infer that living organisms are subject to nuclear 
transmutations that are accentuated where crystallites involve metallic 
elements in an aqueous environment, and this suggests that, in denying the 
realities of cold fusion, one is turning away from something that may have 
relevance to cancer research, inasmuch as those transmutations might well 
have consequences to health. 
Bearing in mind that there is evidence to show that magnetic fields also 
have an effect on biological activity that is problematic from the physics 
viewpoint, it is appropriate to investigate the electrodynamics of heavy 
ions, whether moving in water, in metal or in a plasma. The point of vital 
importance that warrants attention is that all the teaching concerning 
electrodynamic actions is based on empirical studies involving electron 
currents. Electrons are classified as leptons and there are some very 
sound reasons for distinguishing their electrodynamic properties from 
those of hadtonic matter. 
The Applicant's Electrodynamic Research 
There are long-accepted but unresolved anomalies concerning the anomalously 
very high forces exerted on heavy ions in a cold cathode discharge. In 
researching this subject the Applicant has established that the forces 
exerted on a heavy ion owing to its electrodynamic interaction with an 
electron are, in theory, enhanced by a factor equal to the ion-electron 
mass ratio. 
This theory leads to a breach of the law that specifies balance of action 
and reaction, which means that energy is being being exchanged with the 
field medium in which the electromagnetic reference frame is seated. The 
effective electromagnetic reference frame has a structure, as if it is 
formed by a fluid crystal lattice which, on a local scale, can adapt or 
maybe govern the shell structure of an atomic nucleus. Thus, normally, the 
motion of atoms and even ions in a gas or a solution will not evidence the 
anomalous electrodynamic effects, simply because they do not move relative 
to the local electromagnetic reference frame, meaning that, as far as 
concerns translational motion, the electrons present are the only active 
participant electrodynamically. 
It is, however, quite a different situation when we consider a proton or a 
deuteron as a free ion inside the crystal host lattice of a metallic form, 
because there can only be one electromagnetic reference frame effective at 
any location in that metal. Therefore, a proton that is within a host 
crystal, and is free to move through it, will be seen as moving relative 
to the electromagnetic reference frame and then it can contribute to 
anomalous electrodynamic effects. 
These conditions were the subject of the Applicant's research as a Visiting 
Senior Research Fellow at the University of Southampton in England 1983 
onwards. The Applicant had written on the subject of the proton, the 
deuteron and the neutron, pursuing the theme that no neutrons exist inside 
the deuteron and stressing that atomic nuclei are composites of beta 
particles and protons or antiprotons. This work was all published before 
1989. 
The anomalous electrodynamic forces that exist in the heavy ion/electron 
interaction imply a hidden source of energy and so of heat but the 
Applicant's research was aimed essentially at proving the modified law of 
electrodynamics dictated by that research. Certainly, whilst the ability 
to accelerate heavy ions by drawing on a hidden source of field energy was 
one of the Applicant's pursuits, at no time had the Applicant contemplated 
the prospect of a fusion reaction of the kind implied by Fleischmann and 
Pons. 
Nevertheless, as soon as that latter work was reported, the research 
knowledge arising from the author's investigations was seen as relevant in 
the onward exploration of the excess heat phenomenon. 
The Applicant was not only interested because of the excess energy aspect. 
There was the no-neutron feature and the fact that the process involved 
ion migration through water. There was the fact that the deuteron was the 
primary agent and this Applicant had shown, from the theory of the 
deuteron mass and its magnetic moment, that deuterons undergo cyclic 
changes of state and in the state which prevails for one seventh of the 
time, the deuteron has a neutral core, having transiently shed a beta 
particle. More than this, however, the author had become involved at the 
time with two inventions, one of which later became the subject of a U.S. 
Patent (No. 5,065,085) and these involved anomalous energy activity in a 
thermoelectric context which bears upon the cold fusion issue. 
The other, lesser important, of these inventions was concerned with `warm` 
superconductivity. The Applicant's research had suggested that substances 
having certain molecular mass forms are adapted to absorb impact by 
conduction electrons in such a way that the change of inductive energy 
accompanying the collision is conserved until the resulting EMF changes 
can impart the energy to another electron. This meant that the thermal 
energy of a heavy ion in the substance could be reduced to feed the normal 
resistance loss associated with the current. This was, therefore, a 
process by which anomalous heat energy activity was involved in 
electrodynamic interactions between heavy ions and electrons. 
The more important invention of the two just mentioned was concerned with 
the anomalous behaviour of a thermoelectric interface between two metals 
when subjected to a strong magnetic field in a rather special conductor 
configuration. Here, the Nernst Effect operates to cause heat carried by 
electrons in a metal to be converted into an electric potential energy by 
the ordering action of a transversely directed magnetic field. 
The essential requirement for the action of the Nernst Effect is that there 
is a temperature gradient in the metal and, given such a temperature 
gradient, and the magnetic field, there will then be an electric potential 
gradient set up within the metal. Now, a potential gradient inside a metal 
conductor implies that there is inside the body of the metal a 
distribution of electric charge not neutralized by normal metallic 
conduction. The polarity of that charge is determined by the direction of 
the thermal gradient and the orientation of the magnetic field. It can be 
negative or positive by choice in the design of the apparatus used. 
Besides this, the Applicant knew that the flow of a strong current through 
a metal conductor will promote what is known as the pinch effect in which 
electrodynamic forces act on the negative electron charge carriers to 
pinch them inwards and so set up an excess negative charge distribution 
inside the metal conductor. 
This, plus the additional feature that a strong current flow through a 
metal conductor that is populated by free deuterons will promote a 
migration of deuterons that will bring them more frequently into near 
collision, all militated in favour of an invention proposing the provision 
of a supplementary high current closed circuit through the cathode of a 
cold fusion cell. That, indeed, became the subject of the patent 
application which the Applicant filed in U.K. on Apr. 15, 1989, this being 
the priority application relied upon in the U.S. Patent Application under 
petition. 
The Applicant, therefore, had reason to believe that the work on cold 
fusion would progress if the auxiliary current activation circuit were to 
be used. 
However, in the event, the pioneer work of Fleischmann and Ports became the 
subject of such criticism that there was no prospect of getting R & D 
funding to take the subject invention forward and one is confronted with a 
chicken and egg scenario where disbelief of cold fusion as a scientific 
possibility stands in the way of securing patent grant and the doubts 
about securing a patent stands in the way of finding sponsorship for the 
development. 
The Fusion Criteria Reexamined 
There are three criteria that need to be satisfied simultaneously to 
promote and enhance the cold fusion reaction of deuterons. 
Firstly, there is the background incidence of the virtual mu-meson field 
which is trying everywhere to create protons. This is a natural activity 
that cannot be controlled. It is a statistical effect, but one can 
calculate the probability governing proton creation fluctuations in a 
given volume of cathode material. See comments below. 
Secondly, there is the need to bring the deuteron partner in the fusion 
process into close proximity with the target deuteron. In hot fusion 
reactions this is achieved by the motion associated with thermal activity. 
In cold fusion it is achieved by adsorbing deuterons into a host metal in 
which they become separate from their satellite electrons and by 
concentrating the loading by the deuteron population. 
Thirdly, as with the creation of stars and by hydrogen fusion, there is the 
need to provide the field which pulls the deuterons together in spite of 
their mutual repulsion. In cold fusion this means the provision of a 
neutralizing negative charge distribution within the metal body of host 
metal. This requires strong electron current surges resulting in heat 
concentrations which set up temperature gradients in company with 
transverse magnetic fields. However, the structural form of the host metal 
in relation to the current channel, the magnetic field effect and the heat 
conduction path require a mutually orthogonal geometry to provide an 
optimum action. 
Note that the surplus negative charge may result in a charge density that 
is quite small in relation to the positive charge of the deuteron 
population but every unit of charge is seated in a discrete electron and a 
single electron which can upset the normal charge balance of deuterons and 
free conduction electrons can nucleate a pair of deuterons. 
Then, the creation of a proton in one deuteron accompanied by the demise of 
a proton in the other will convert the two deuterons into a tritium 
nucleus and free a proton with a beta particle transferring between the 
two. Alternatively one deuteron will convert into helium 3 and the proton 
released will be in company with a beta minus particle. 
The onward reactions involving neutrons that are observed with hot fusion 
processes need not occur if the events involved are triggered naturally by 
the mu-meson activity in trying to create protons rather than by neutron 
bombardment. 
The Proton Creation Probability 
This probability of proton creation is a calculable quantity in terms of 
the vacuum lattice theory which the author developed in the 1960s and 
published in 1972/1975. It is, however, also evident empirically from the 
action of proton creation in promoting the decay of tritium. The triton 
nucleus comprises what is effectively a two part structure linked together 
by a nuclear bond with one part of the structure seated at a charge site 
in the vacuum lattice. It is this site that is the target for the mu-meson 
attack by which the proton form is created. When the proton does form at 
such a site and that tritium nucleus is present, the two-nucleon part 
converts to helium 3 and the single nucleon part decays to return the 
proton energy to the vacuum and sheds a beta minus particle. This reaction 
occurs with a release of a quite small amount of heat energy, namely 17.9 
kev and with a 12.2 year lifetime. Accordingly, since the deuteron 
presumably has an affinity for the lattice sites in the vacuum, it is 
reasonable to expect the deuteron cold fusion reaction to occur with a 
similar incidence rate. The two deuterons will release 4 Mev in creating a 
proton and a triton and this will be the main source of heat followed by 
the triton converting to helium 3 and the onward heat evolution as helium 
4 develops. The 12.2 year reaction probability, given a sufficient 
concentration of deuterons, could well accounts for any excess heat that 
can truly be said to involve a `cold fusion` process. 
It follows, therefore, that the primary technological problem of assuring 
that heat is generated in a cold fusion cell is that of bringing about the 
right concentration of deuterons in the host metal. This is not to be 
measured in number of deuterons per unit volume but in the number of 
deuterons that have a separation distance less than a certain critical 
threshold. That threshold distance can best be determined empirically but, 
whilst it can be penetrated by deuterons in a spurious activity where 
temperature gradients and field effects combine to be effective 
coincidentally, it is better if the Nernst Effect is harnessed more 
directly so as to create the negative charge background in a controlled 
way. 
This, indeed, is the route by which the invention, the subject of the 
patent application Ser. No. 07/480,816 can develop, but one feels that the 
orthodox scientific establishment bias, which denies that `cold fusion` 
can be a reality, is so determined to obstruct progress that the outcome 
will be to the detriment of interests in the United States. 
This Appendix commentary applies essentially to the substantive disclosure 
in the parent patent application Ser. No. 07/480,816 and is intended to be 
one of historical and public record besides eventually proving of 
relevance to the subject invention depending upon the outcome of events in 
the development of `cold fusion`.