Apparatus for anchoring rock and the like

An anchoring apparatus for insertion into a borehole in a rock stratum for supporting the rock surface or wall, such as in a rock tunnel or rock excavation, includes a tension member in the form of an axially elongated steel rod with force transmission ribs on its outer surface and an anchoring element, such an anchoring nut, engageable with the rod. The anchoring element has an inside surface with inwardly extending projections and the adjacent flanks on the projections form grooves within which the force transmission ribs engage. The anchoring element is formed of a higher strength material than the rod. When a predetermined axially extending tension force acting on the rod is exceeded, relative movement takes place between the anchoring element and the rod. The flanks on the projections on the anchoring element in contact with the ribs on the rod shear off a portion of the ribs contacted. Accordingly, while the predetermined force is exceeded, the shearing action proceeds and affords a sliding anchoring effect between the rod and the anchoring element.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for anchoring a tension 
member, such as a rock anchor where the tension member is an axially 
elongated steel rod formed of one or more axially extending parts with 
force transmission ribs extending helically around the rod and forming at 
least a partial thread. Further, the anchoring apparatus includes an 
anchoring element attachable to one end of the anchor rod and supportable 
against the surface of the material into which the rod is inserted. The 
anchoring element, generally in the form of an anchor nut, has inwardly 
directed projections on its inside surface with the flanks of adjacent 
projections forming grooves into which the ribs on the rod extend. With 
the apparatus secured in a borehole, when a predetermined axially 
extending tensile force acting on the rod is exceeded, relative movement 
takes place between the rod and the anchoring element until the 
predetermined tensile force is again established. 
Rock anchors are employed in mining operations for supporting rock surfaces 
within an excavated area. Hot rolled steel rods with helically extending 
hot rolled force transmission ribs on their outer circumference are 
particularly suitable as tension members for such anchors. Such ribs form 
a partial thread on which an anchoring nut or element can be screwed when 
the nut is provided with a corresponding counterthread. Due to the ribs, 
these steel rods, which can be formed from one or more axially extending 
parts, afford a good bonding action in the region where they extend into a 
borehole and are embedded in a synthetic resin adhesive or grout and act 
in the manner of a ribbed reinforcing rod. At the end of the rod extending 
from the borehole the anchoring element can be provided by screwing a 
correspondingly shaped anchor nut onto the end of the rod. 
In deep excavations the pressure developed by the overburden is held 
temporarily only by rock anchors, while the overburden constantly deforms. 
Accordingly, deformations in the overburden must be permitted so that a 
new state of equillibrium can be established in the excavation. Such 
deformations, however, attain a degree of magnitude which far exceeds the 
extensibility of steel anchor members. As a result, rock anchors with 
yieldable anchoring elements on the end of the rod extending from a 
borehole are known. In such known rock anchors, relative movement between 
the rod and the anchoring element can be effected when a predetermined 
axially extending tensile force is exceeded until the force returns to a 
point below the predetermined level. 
In a yieldable anchoring appparatus of the above type, the anchoring 
element is provided with recesses or grooves suitable for receiving the 
force transmission ribs on the anchor rod. The force transmission ribs 
have flanks on the rod surface inclined relative to the rod axis. The 
grooves in the anchoring element have similarly arranged flanks and the 
anchoring element is formed so that it can expand elastically in the 
radial direction transversely of the axis of the anchor rod. Accordingly, 
when the predetermined axially extending force acting on the rod is 
exceeded, the anchoring element is displaceable in a sliding manner along 
the rod over a certain distance, note the German Patentschrift No. 31 45 
923. The anchoring element can be in the form of a nut where grooves are 
formed in the inside surface of the nut between adjacent projections 
affording a thread-like arrangement. 
Aside from the fact that this known anchoring element is relatively costly 
to produce to ensure elastic expansion, the anchoring force alternates 
between a maximum and a minimum value, that is, when the rod is locked in 
place or when the tensile force overcomes the locking action and there is 
relative movement with the anchoring element expanding outwardly. 
In another known flexible anchoring apparatus, the anchoring element is in 
the form of a steel sleeve with an anchor rod extending through it. The 
bore in the steel sleeve converges toward an anchor plate and is filled 
with a material in pellet form, such as steel balls and is closed, note 
German Patentschrift No. 27 51 020. When a tensile force acts on the 
anchor rod, the filler material within the borehole is grouted within the 
tapering annular space. As a result, high compression occurs at locations 
in the pellet-form filler material or between the material and the anchor 
rod with plastic deformation occurring in these parts so that relative 
displacement occurs. 
Because the position of the pellet-form material in the borehole cannot be 
influenced, the anchoring force and the flexibility of the anchoring 
apparatus is not exactly determinable. Moreover, in addition to elastic 
deformation, plastic deformations take place which are necessary for the 
anchoring effectiveness, however, can lead to the reduction in the 
strength of the anchor rod. Finally, rock anchors are known in which a 
thread is formed on the end of the anchor rod extending out of the 
borehole and the thread projects out from the body of the anchor rod. By 
means of a member slipped onto the body of the anchor rod, such as a 
conically perforated member, which is supported at one end against the 
rock and at the other end on the threads projecting outwardly from the 
body, a yieldability is attained when the threads are deformed or sheared 
off consecutively. 
Apart from the fact that the anchoring element must always be placed on the 
anchor rod in the direction of the end in the borehole, the anchorage 
cannot be provided from the outside of the borehole and the required 
tension of the rod cannot be adjusted. Another disadvantage of this 
anchoring apparatus is that the end of the rod provided with the thread is 
drawn through the anchoring member as through a drawing die so that there 
is no possibility of influencing the anchoring force. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a yieldable 
anchoring apparatus of the above type where movement between the rod and 
the anchoring element can be effected which can be controlled as much as 
possible and affords a definable sliding resistance which is as uniform as 
possible so that the anchoring force is maintained as constant as 
possible. 
In accordance with the present invention, the anchoring element is formed 
of a higher strength material than the material forming the anchor rod. 
Further, the flanks on the projections located on the anchoring element 
for effecting the transmission of force contact the force transmision ribs 
on the anchor rod over only portions of the rib surfaces so that if the 
predetermined axially extending tensile force acting on the rod is 
exceeded, portions of the force transmission ribs can be sheared or cut 
away to the extent that the flanks of the projections engage the ribs. 
Preferably, the anchoring element is in the form of a nut so that the 
projections form at least a partial thread and the grooves or recesses 
between the force transmission ribs on the rod are arranged to receive the 
at least partial threads in threaded engagement. 
The invention is based on the supporting behavior of an anchor nut on an 
anchor rod provided with force transmission ribs extending along a helical 
line and forming a thread. If the steel forming the nut has a 
significantly higher strength than that of the anchor rod, the force 
transmission ribs on the rod are sheared off when a predetermined axially 
extending tensile force acting on the rod is exceeded and relative 
movement occurs between the rod and the nut. A standard nut could not 
afford the requirement for a constant sliding resistance. If such a nut 
were used as the anchoring element, then a point resistance would develop 
because all of the threads on the nut would engage the force transmission 
ribs on the anchor rod and would be stripped or sheared off. After the 
first shearing action the resistance would decrease very sharply because 
only one following force transmission rib would provide engagement with 
the nut. 
The basic concept of the present invention involves using only partial 
surfaces for effecting the force transmission and in selecting the sum of 
the force transmission surfaces between the anchoring element and the ribs 
on the anchor rod or arranging the partial surfaces relative to one 
another so that the force transmission ribs on the rod are sheared off as 
uniformly as possible along its axis when the load acting on the rod 
exceeds a predetermined load, whereby the anchoring force is maintained as 
constant as possible. The magnitude of the anchoring force can be 
influenced not only by the dimensions and/or shape of the partial 
surfaces, but also by the length of the anchoring element, that is, the 
number of the projections and recesses cooperating with the force 
transmission ribs as well as by providing different material strengths for 
the anchoring element and the anchor rod. 
Accordingly, the present invention involves two substanially equivalent 
basic embodiments. In one embodiment of the invention, the projections 
forming the consecutive threads on the anchoring nut, each of which forms 
a complete thread turn, increase in height relative to the base of the 
thread grooves in the direction of the longitudinal tensile force and with 
the flanks of the projection acting at the flanks of the force 
transmission ribs on the anchor rod which flanks are directed toward the 
load so that the force transmission ribs can be sheared off in a stepwise 
manner when the predetermined tensile force is exceeded. 
With such an arrangement each thread on the anchoring nut, as viewed in the 
direction of the tensile force acting on the anchor, cuts or shears off 
another layer of the force transmission ribs on the anchor rod. This can 
be achieved in a simple manner with the anchor rod thread formed in a 
conical bore through the nut. Accordingly, the thread valleys in the nut, 
cooperating with the force transmission ribs on the rod in a screw thread 
manner, have the same depth with reference to the axis of the nut but a 
different depth with reference to the inner surface of the nut. Since the 
shearing force acting counter to the sliding of the nut relative to the 
rod depends on the respective shearing surface, with the shearing surface 
remaining constant, a constant sliding resistance can be produced. 
The flanks of the projections on the anchoring nut can have the same or a 
steeper inclination than the flanks on the force transmission ribs on the 
anchor rod so that the ribs can be sheared off by edges located at the 
surface of the flanks on the projections which flanks are directed toward 
the load. In a preferred arrangement the flanks of the projections on the 
anchoring nut extend perpendicularly to the nut axis. These flanks, along 
with the inner surface of the nut, form cutting edges which ensure a 
problem-free shearing of the force transmission ribs at the desired 
height. Furthermore, the combination of the different flank constructions 
on the anchoring nut and the rod, with the projections on the inside of 
the nut formed along a conical surface, leads to a difference in pitch 
between the nut and the rod. As a result, the force transmission ribs on 
the anchor rod engage the nut one following the other after a certain 
displacement movement occurs. Therefore, an additional uniformity in 
sliding resistance is developed. 
The flanks of the anchoring nut projections directed toward the load can be 
inclined in a flatter manner than the flanks on the force transmission 
ribs on the rod so that the ribs on the rod can be sheared by way of cold 
forming by the flanks on the projections. Such cold forming of the force 
transmission ribs results in a reduction of the rib height and in a 
widening of the rib base and even affords a certain amount of work 
hardening of the anchor rod. 
Without forsaking the concept that the projections on the anchoring nut 
should form a complete thread, it is also possible to form the projections 
with interruptions between them. The interruption can be flush with one 
another in the direction of the axis of the nut. In such an arrangement, 
the partial surfaces available for force transmission can be dimensioned 
around the circumference of the force transmission ribs of the anchor rod 
so that a certain sliding force is obtained. In this way it is possible to 
compensate for tolerances developed during the rolling of the rods by 
using an anchor rod with wide interruptions for a rod with high ribs, or 
vice versa. 
In the second basic embodiment of the invention instead of varying the 
heights of the projection in the anchoring nut, individual projections can 
be provided offset relative to one another in the circumferential 
direction so that the means for force transmission between the anchor rod 
and the anchoring nut are located only at certain positions in the 
thread-like direction. In this embodiment of the invention, the 
projections on the anchoring nut are in the form of cams located along a 
helical line on the inside of the anchoring nut and mutually spaced from 
one another forming a partial or interrupted thread. The flanks on the 
cams directed toward the load and/or the lateral surfaces of the cams then 
act on the force transmission ribs on the rod, which ribs form complete 
threads, whereby the force transmission ribs can be sheared off along the 
dimension in contact with the cams when the predetermined axial tensile 
force is exceeded. The cams are preferably spaced uniformly along the 
helical thread line of the anchoring nut. The cams forming consecutive 
threads can be offset relative to one another in the circumferential 
direction. Accordingly, it is assured that during axial sliding movement 
of the rod relative to the anchoring nut over the axial dimension of a 
rib, the following thread of the anchoring nut strikes against a part of a 
rib on the anchor rod which has not yet been sheared off by the preceding 
thread on the nut. If the cams are offset relative to one another in such 
a way that they appear next to one another in the normal projection of the 
anchoring nut, then, as viewed along the length of the anchoring nut, the 
cams shear off completely the force transmission ribs of the anchor rod. 
To make the sliding resistance more uniform, it is advisable to offset the 
cams relative to one another along the helical line formed by the cams, in 
the axial direction of the anchoring nut preferably with the spacing 
between the cams being the same. With this arrangement, all of the cams 
along a thread of the anchoring nut do not act on the force transmission 
ribs of the anchor rod at the same time, rather the cams act in a serial 
fashion due to the extent of the offset between them. A particular 
uniformity in the sliding resistance is achieved when the cams are offset 
relative to one another by cumulative amounts within the thread pitch of 
the nut. 
It should be evident that a variety of geometric arrangements of the cams 
is possible as long as the threading ability is assured. Thus, the cams 
can have lateral surfaces inclined relative to the axis of the nut and the 
cams can also be formed in a wedge-shaped manner. 
An advantageous feature, applicable to the two basic embodiments of the 
invention, is that the provision of the height variations in the 
projections on the anchoring nut and the spacing of the individual cam 
projections relative to one another, can be effected in an anchoring nut 
formed of at least two parts, each of which can be threaded. These parts 
are located on the anchor rod in spaced relation to one another and are 
not rotatable relative to one another. The parts are spaced in the axial 
direction of the nut by a predetermined amount so that when the 
predetermined tensile force is exceeded, they provide a force locking 
engagement with the anchor rod in a serial manner. 
The offset arrangement of the cam projections on the anchoring nut can be 
effected for spaced engagement without impairing the threadability of the 
individual parts of the anchoring nut with respect to the anchor rod. 
Therefore, it is possible to superimpose the sliding resistance effected 
by the two parts, which sliding resistance for each part is approximately 
sine-shaped, whereby the crest of the sine-shaped curve for one is fully 
effective, while the wave trough for the other is effective with the 
sliding force being maintained uniform. In addition to the fact that the 
nut part cannot be screwed during the time period of its effectiveness, it 
cannot be accidentally loosened. 
The separate nut parts can be secured together so that they rotate as a 
unit but are axially displaceable relative to one another. In one 
arrangement, the parts of the anchoring nut can have a non-circular outer 
contour, such as a hexagonal shape, and can be enclosed within a sleeve 
with a corresponding cross-section. In addition, the nut parts can be 
connected together by an intermediate piece which prevents any relative 
rotation but permits the axial displacement of the parts. 
Another advantage of the anchoring apparatus embodying the present 
invention is that it is maintenance-free. As a result, it can be located 
not only on the end of the anchor rod extending out of a borehole in a 
known manner and supportable against an anchor plate, but it can be 
countersunk in the borehole opening and it can even be secured on the end 
of the anchor rod within the borehole and embedded within the borehole in 
a bonding material. With the anchor member located within the borehole 
there is the advantage that the yieldability of the anchoring apparatus 
does not require a projection outwardly from the surface in which the 
borehole is formed. 
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are 
pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part 
of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its 
operating advantages and specific objects attained by its use, reference 
should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which 
there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention 
.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 displays an axially extending sectional view through a rock anchor 
including an anchor rod 1 inserted into a borehole 2. The anchor rod 1 
extends almost completely to the base of the borehole 2 and the borehole 
is filled along its entire length with a hardenable material 3 with the 
inner end of the anchor rod 1 being secured by the hardenable material, 
such as grout, along a given dimension. A pipe sleeve laterally encloses 
the anchor rod 1 from the opening into the borehole to a point spaced 
between the borehole opening and the base of the borehole. The anchor rod 
1 is freely extendible along its length within the sleeve. At the outside 
of the borehole an anchoring apparatus A is arranged to support the 
surface of the rock in which the borehole is formed. The anchoring 
apparatus A is described in the following text in a number of different 
embodiments. 
Preferably, a hot rolled steel rod with hot rolled force transmission ribs 
5 on its outer surface is employed as the anchor rod 1. The ribs are 
located along a helical line and are positioned on the opposite sides of 
the rod and extend only along a part of its circumference, in other words, 
the ribs form a partial or interrupted thread. An anchoring nut 10 with a 
corresponding internal thread can be screwed onto the partial thread 
formed on the anchor rod 1. With the anchor rod 1 secured within the 
borehole 2, the anchoring nut 10, as shown in FIGS. 1-4, is threaded onto 
the end of the rod extending out of the borehole and the nut holds an 
anchor plate 7 against the rock surface 4 to provide support for the rock 
which has a tendency to move. 
In FIGS. 7 to 10, an embodiment of the anchoring apparatus according to the 
present invention is displayed on an enlarged scale illustrating the 
detail VII indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 2. FIG. 7 sets forth the 
engagement of the thread in the anchoring nut 10 with the ribs 5 on the 
anchor rod in a considerably enlarged partial axial section. 
As indicated chiefly in FIG. 7, the oppositely directed flanks 8 and 9 of 
the force transmission ribs 5 on the anchor rod 1 are inclined obliquely 
relative to the axis of the rod. The inside surface of the anchoring nut 
10 has valleys or recesses 11 corresponding to the ribs 5 on the anchor 
rod 1 and the valleys or recesses are defined between lands or projections 
12 on the inside surface of the nut. Flanks 16 and 17 on the projections 
12 have an inclination corresponding to that of the flanks on the ribs 
whereby the ribs fit into the recesses 11 with the projection 12 extending 
into the corresponding grooves formed between the flanks of the ribs 5. 
The base of the valleys 6 between the ribs 5 correspond to the surface of 
the rod core. 
As can be seen in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10, the inside surface 13 of the 
anchoring nut 10 extends conically so that the inside diameter of the nut 
is greater at its end spaced from the anchor plate 7 than the end of the 
nut located at the anchor plate. The force direction of the anchor rod 1 
is indicated by an arrow in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10. Due to the conical shape 
of the inside surface 13 of the anchoring nut 10, the recesses 11a, 11b, 
and 11c have different depths so that the edges formed by the flanks 16 of 
the projections 12 and the inner surface 13 of the nut act on the 
load-directed flanks 8, that is, the flanks 8 facing in the force 
direction, so that different radial dimensions of the projections have 
different partial surfaces in contact with the ribs. 
FIG. 8 displays the start of the deformation of the anchor rod 1 after the 
anchoring nut 10 is attached. As the axial tensile force acting on the 
anchor rod 1 increases, the flanks of the projections 12a, 12b, and 12c of 
the nut adjacent to the flanks 8 of the ribs 5a, 5b, 5c of the anchor rod 
1 effect a plastic deformation of the ribs, that is, a shearing off of a 
portion of the ribs along the shearing surfaces, as indicated in FIG. 9. 
For a better appreciation of the deformation, the material of the ribs 
which is displaced is not illustrated. 
FIG. 10 illustrates the condition of the ribs 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d on the anchor 
rod 1 after the nut has been axially displaced relative to the rod 1 by 
the pitch of the thread. As a result, recess 11a is located opposite rib 
5b, recess 11b is located opposite rib 5c, and recess 11c is located 
opposite rib 5d. in FIGS. 7-10, there is shown the commencement of the 
deformation of the ribs 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d of the anchor rods with a 
different layer thickness being cut off or shaved off the ribs on the 
anchor rod 1. While these Figures indicate the initial deformation of the 
ribs, additional deformations follow in a similar manner during continuous 
relative movement of the nut with respect to the anchor rod 1. 
To improve the shearing action of the anchoring nut 20, as shown in FIG. 
11, the flanks 26 of the lands or projections 22 can be disposed 
perpendicularly to the axis of the anchoring nut at least on the side 
facing the load, that is, the flank opposite to the flank 8 directed 
toward the load. The flanks 26 along with the inside surface 23 of the nut 
20 form cutting edges which ensure a problem-free shearing off of layers 
of the ribs 5 at the different heights. The opposite flanks 27 of the 
projections 22 on the nut 20 are remote from the load and they can be 
inclined in the same manner as the flanks on the ribs 5 of the anchor rod 
1 to ensure a problem-free screwing on in the region of the recesses 21 in 
the inside surface of the nut. 
When the core diameter of the nut increases conically outwardly from the 
borehole, the combination of the differently formed flanks on the thread 
of the rod as compared to the flanks on the nut leads to a pitch 
distortion, even at the same pitch. Accordingly, all of the ribs 5 are not 
engaged by the nut at the outset, note FIG. 8, rather, engagement between 
the projections 22 on the nut 20 take place consecutively only after a 
certain amount of axial displacement occurs. This can be appreciated from 
FIG. 11 where the rod 1 with the rib closest to the anchor plate 7 is 
almost contacted by the radially inner cutting edge of the nut, while the 
other ribs on the rod 1 are more remote from contact. Due to this 
arrangement, a further uniformity of the sliding resistance is attained. 
Deformation of the force transmission ribs on the anchor rod comparable to 
a flow process is effected with the arrangement of the anchoring nut 30 
illustrated in FIGS. 12, 13a and 13b, with the flanks 36 on the 
projections 32 which effect the deformation of the ribs being provided 
with a flatter inclination relative to the inclination of the 
corresponding flanks 8 on the force transmission ribs 5 of the anchor rod 
1. The flanks 37 on the projections 32 facing in the same direction as the 
flanks 8 are inclined in the same manner as the flanks 9 of the ribs 5 on 
the rod 1 to ensure the effectiveness of the screwing process. 
The deformation of the ribs 5 by the nut 30 is set forth on an enlarged 
scale in FIGS. 13a and 13b. In these Figures it can be noted how the very 
flat flank 36 of the projection 32 on the anchoring nut 30 acts on a rib 5 
of the anchor rod 1 approximately in the manner of a drawing die so that 
by a cold forming operation, partial hardening takes place while the 
radially outer portion 5' of the rib 5 is sheared or stripped, note the 
dotted lines shown in FIG. 13b, with the material stripped from the rib 
being displaced into the adjoining thread valley 6 in the anchor rod. As a 
result, the shearing contact surface between the nut and the rod is 
simultaneously lengthened whereby the friction force acts over an 
increased axial length. 
Another possibility for defining the anchoring force or the sliding 
resistance, respectively, and at the same time to compensate for rolling 
tolerances generated during the production of the anchor rods in a hot 
rolling process, reference is made to FIGS. 14 and 15 displaying another 
arrangement of the anchor rod and the nut. In FIGS. 14 and 15, a two-part 
steel rod acts as the anchor rod with the outwardly facing surfaces on 
each of the rod parts being provided with force transmission ribs. In FIG. 
14, an anchor rod 1a is displayed with ribs 5a extending for a relatively 
high radial dimension from the rib core and providing a positive tolerance 
in connection with an anchoring nut 40 having radially inwardly directed 
projections 42 with relatively wide spaces 48 between the projection 
sections. The spaces 48 are repeated along the inside circumference of the 
nut so that two of such spaces coincide with the ribs 5a on the rod 1a 
with the ribs located opposite one another. Accordingly, the anchoring 
force is transmitted between the ribs 5a and the projections 42 only 
within the region shown by the partial hatched surfaces F. 
FIG. 15 shows a two-part anchor rod 1b, however, the ribs 5b have a 
relatively lesser radial dimension as compared to the arrangement in FIG. 
14 providing a negative tolerance. In this arrangement, the spaces 49 
between the projection sections 42' are narrower whereby the partial 
hatched surfaces F' where the anchoring force is transmitted correspond 
approximately to that in FIG. 14. For practical use, different types of 
anchoring nuts are provided so that it is possible, after determining the 
tolerance of an anchor rod, to provide a nut with corresponding 
dimensions. 
In the embodiment of the present invention set forth in FIGS. 16 to 19, the 
parts forming the anchoring apparatus, that is the anchor rod 1' and the 
anchoring nut 50 are arranged to some degree in a manner opposite to that 
in the above-described embodiments. Anchor rod 1' has continuous force 
transmission ribs 5' with each rib forming a complete circumferentially 
extending thread while the inwardly directed projections on the nut 50 are 
formed only as cams 52 with the recesses 51 between adjacent cams forming 
thread valleys for receiving the ribs 5' on the anchor rod 1'. 
As exhibited by the developed views of the anchor rod 1', note FIG. 18, and 
of the anchoring nut 50, note FIG. 19, which views only show a part of the 
circumferential extent, an anchoring nut 50 with a cylindrical core 
borehole is provided with the thread valleys 51 provided subsequently and 
can be used as the anchoring nut. In the illustrated embodiment, the cams 
52 are offset relative to one another in the axial direction of the nut 
50. During the application of a tensile force on the anchor rod 1, its 
force transmission ribs 5' contact only the flanks 56 of the cams. When 
the predetermined axially extending anchor force is exceeded, the cams 52 
on the nut 50 formed of a harder material than the anchor rod, penetrate 
into the material of the ribs 5' on the anchor rod 1' and thus cut a path, 
corresponding to the cam, in the rib. The width of the paths stripped off 
by the cams 52 is indicated by b in FIG. 18. The cams 52 are offset 
relative to one another, as shown in FIG. 19, so that when the nut 50 
slides axially relative to a rib 5', the next cam strikes a different part 
of the rib 5' on the rod 1' which had not been stripped by the previously 
acting cam. 
A particularly advantageous arrangement for establishing a uniform sliding 
resistance of the anchoring apparatus in accordance with the present 
invention is set forth in FIGS. 20 to 23 in connection with an anchor rod 
1 with force transmission ribs 5 and an anchoring nut 60 with a complete 
internal thread. The anchoring nut is formed of two complete axially 
extending parts 60a and 60b. Part 60a, as shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, has a 
surface in contact with the anchor plate 7 formed in a known manner with a 
dome or spherically rounded configuration affording it the ability to 
rotate in a conically widened hole in the anchor plate. The other part 60b 
of the anchoring nut has the configuration of a conventional nut. Each of 
the parts 60a, 60b has at least one complete thread turn so that it can be 
screwed on the anchor rod 1. The diameter D.sub.2 of the part 60b of the 
nut remote from the load is somewhat greater than the diameter D.sub.1 of 
the part 60a, note FIG. 20. 
As shown in FIG. 21, at the commencement of the application of the load, 
the two parts 60a, 60b of the anchoring nut 60 are spaced apart in the 
axial direction at a distance a from one another. This dimension 
corresponds, in the illustrated embodiment, to approximately one-half of a 
revolution of the part 60b. In this embodiment, the two parts 60a, 60b are 
located in an axially extending sleeve 61 which prevents rotation of the 
parts, but permits axial displacement. When the load on the anchor rod 1 
exceeds a predetermined value with relative movement between the anchor 
rod and the anchoring nut, note the direction of the load indicated by the 
arrow in FIGS. 20-22, the force transmission ribs 5 on the anchor rod 1 
are first sheared off by the projections 62a on the part 60a with the 
part 60a being displaced by a distance a toward the other part 60b which, 
up to that point, has not been axially displaced. As the load acting on 
the rod increases, the projections 62b on the part 60b move into contact 
with the ribs 5 on the rod 1. 
In this manner, by offsetting the thread turns on the parts 60a and 60b 
relative to the anchor rod 1 by a distance a, the anchoring force is made 
uniform. This is indicated by the graphical showing in FIG. 24. In FIG. 
24, the graphical showing has an upper part, a middle part, and a lower 
part, with the upper part indicating the anchor force P.sub.1 assigned to 
part 60a, the middle part with the anchor force P.sub.2 assigned to part 
60b of the composite anchoring nut 60. The anchor force in the axial 
direction of displacement is approximately sine-shaped and is controlled 
by the offset arrangement of the nut parts 60a, 60b whereby a wave crest 
of the anchor force P.sub.2 occurs at a wave trough of anchor force 
P.sub.1. In the superimposition of these two anchor forces, a 
substantially uniform curve of the overall anchor force P is achieved with 
only minor fluctuations occurring. 
In accordance with the requirements of the individual situation, an anchor 
rod can be made up of a plurality of parts arranged relative to one 
another in a corresponding manner. In FIGS. 25 to 27, additional 
embodiments for connecting two nut parts are provided so that they can be 
secured against rotation, but can be axially displaced relative to one 
another on the anchor rod. In FIG. 25, the nut 63 is weakened by providing 
transversely extending notches or cuts 64 which can be squeezed together 
when the predetermined load is exceeded. In FIG. 26, the two parts 60a and 
60b are connected by a spring element 66; while in FIG. 27, the connection 
is provided by a compressible element 68, that is, an element with a 
rubber-elastic characteristic. 
While the anchoring apparatus according to FIGS. 20 to 24 is suitable for 
an anchor rod 1 with force transmission ribs forming a partial or 
interrupted thread, an anchoring apparatus as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 
includes an anchoring nut 70 formed of two axially extending parts 70a and 
70b following one another in the axial direction. On the inside 
circumferential surface of the nut parts, cams 72 are formed extending 
inwardly for engagement with the thread formed by the continuous ribs on 
the anchor rod 1'. As set forth in the developed view of FIG. 30, the cams 
are approximately square in outline, and the flanks 76 directed toward the 
load are exactly the same dimensions as the flanks remote from the load. 
It is also possible to provide the cams with a trapezoidal or wedge-shaped 
configuration with the flanks 76 directed toward the load being narrower 
than the flanks 77 remote from the load, or the cams can be provided with 
one wedge tip. The lateral surfaces are then inclined outwardly relative 
to the force direction and afford additional uniformity of the sliding 
resistance. 
In the embodiment displayed in FIG. 30, the cams are located along a 
helical line S, indicated by a broken line as the connecting line of the 
flanks 76 facing toward the load. In FIG. 31, similar to FIG. 30, the cams 
72 are offset relative to one another in the direction of force with 
respect to the helical line S. When helical line S also indicates a flank 
of the force transmission ribs of the anchor rod 1' formed by a continuous 
thread, then the cams 72' offset relative to the helical line S effect a 
force locking engagement with a delay relative to the cams 72 located 
along the helical line S so that additional uniformity of the sliding 
resistance is provided. 
One problem of such a yieldable anchoring of the type described above is 
that for providing the requisite yieldability, the anchor rod projects 
outwardly from the surface to be anchored and outwardly from the opening 
to the borehole. As a result, the clear or open space within a tunnel, 
drift or the like is reduced. Since the anchoring apparatus in accordance 
with the present invention operates in a maintenance-free manner, it is 
possible to locate the anchoring element in the borehole itself, that is, 
with the anchoring element countersunk at the opening to the borehole, as 
shown in FIG. 28, or located toward the base of the borehole, as set forth 
in FIG. 4. 
FIG. 28 corresponds in all essential features to the embodiment of FIG. 1 
with the exception that the anchoring nut 80 does not project outwardly 
from the surface 4 of the rock which tends to move, rather it is 
countersunk in the borehole opening and is supported relative to the 
anchor plate 7 by a tubular section 81 for resisting tensile force. 
Accordingly, the entire length of the anchor rod 1 within the anchor pipe 
81 is available for the yieldability of the anchor. 
In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, an anchoring nut 90 is located in the 
inner part of the borehole 2 secured within a bonding member 3 forming the 
anchored length of the anchor rod 1. A tubular section 91 extends from the 
anchoring nut 90 to an annular sealing or packing member 92 defining the 
outer end of the bonding member 3. To improve the bonding action of the 
material forming the bonding member 3 with the anchoring nut 90 and the 
tubular section 91, the outer surfaces of these parts are provided with a 
profiled surface 93, note FIG. 5. The end of the anchor rod required for 
the yieldability of the anchoring apparatus is enclosed in a sheathing 94 
to prevent the end of the rod from being gripped by the bonding member 3. 
While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described 
in detail to illustrate the application of the inventive principles, it 
will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without 
departing from such principles.