Driving assistance device and driving assistance program product

A driving assistance device includes: a risk degree obtaining portion obtaining a degree of a risk of an event threatening a safety of a driver when an occurrence of the event is predicted; a risk handling control portion controlling an execution of a risk handling measure by a risk handling unit against the event that is predicted; a risk factor obtaining portion obtaining a factor which causes the risk as a risk factor; and a presentation control portion controlling a presentation of information about the risk factor. The presentation control portion presents information indicating a presence of the risk factor when the risk handling control portion controls the risk handling unit not to execute the risk handling measure and the degree of the risk is equal to or higher than a predetermined value.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/JP2017/009958 filed on Mar. 13, 2017. This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-074381 filed on Apr. 1, 2016. The entire disclosures of all of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a driving assistance device and to a driving assistance program product.

BACKGROUND ART

It is important for safety that a driver's line of sight is directed to a road in a vehicle moving direction while driving. A driving assistance configuration proposed in the related art presents warning information indicating an occurrence of an event threatening safety of a driver (for example, appearance of a bicycle running parallel to an own vehicle) upon occurrence of such an event (see, for example, Patent Literature 1).

PRIOR ART LITERATURE

Patent Literature

Patent Literature 1: JP 2015-106326 A

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An occurrence of an event threatening safety of the driver is a precondition for the configuration of the above-described related art and warning information is presented after the event becomes apparent. The configuration above is effective in giving warning to the driver. However, the driver is unable to take any measure unless the event threatening safety of the driver becomes apparent. A well-experienced driver knows tips on where to look to drive safely and has a habit of safe driving whereas an inexperienced driver is less likely to know such tips and have a habit of safe driving.

In view of the foregoing difficulties, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a driving assistance device and a driving assistance program product capable of properly assisting a driver with driving operation by giving a driver tips on where to look to drive safely.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a risk degree obtaining portion obtaining a degree of a risk of an event threatening a safety of a driver when an occurrence of the event is predicted; a risk handling control portion controlling an execution of a risk handling measure by a risk handling unit against the event that is predicted; a risk factor obtaining portion obtaining a factor which causes the risk as a risk factor; and a presentation control portion controlling a presentation of information about the risk factor. The presentation control portion presents information indicating a presence of the risk factor when the risk handling control portion controls the risk handling unit not to execute the risk handling measure and the degree of the risk is equal to or higher than a predetermined value.

Information indicating presence of a risk factor is presented when a degree of risk becomes equal to or above the predetermined value even when the risk handling unit does not take a risk handling measure since an event threatening safety of the driver is not apparent. By presenting information indicating presence of a risk factor before an event threatening safety of the driver becomes apparent, the driving assistance device can control a driver's line of sight to direct to a direction in which the risk factor is present. The configuration as above is thus capable of appropriately assisting a driver with driving operation by giving the driver tips on where to look to drive safely.

EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT INVENTION

Hereinafter, one embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. A driving assistance system1includes a driving assistance device2, an observation information obtaining unit3, a risk handling unit4, and an information presentation system5.

The observation information obtaining unit3includes an image sensor6, a laser sensor7, a navigation system8, a vehicle state sensor group9, a road-to-vehicle communication device10, and a vehicle-to-vehicle communication device11. The image sensor6and the laser sensor7obtain information on various objects present on a periphery of a vehicle. The navigation system8detects a present location of the vehicle and obtains various types of information from a map near the present location. The vehicle state sensor group9obtains information on a behavior of the vehicle and a state of the vehicle. The road-to-vehicle communication device10obtains information on traffic jamming, road regulations, and so on from a communication party which is provided by an infrastructure. The vehicle-to-vehicle communication device11obtains information on a behavior of another vehicle present on the periphery of the vehicle. The observation information obtaining unit3observes a situation of the vehicle and surrounding circumstances of the vehicle from the information specified above, generates an observation information group D1for an object present on the periphery of the vehicle, and outputs the observation information group D1thus generated to the driving assistance device2. The observation information group D1generated in the observation information obtaining unit3contains information on at least a type of object, an attribute of object, and information reliability. For example, in a case where an object is a mobile object, an attribute of object includes a location, a moving velocity, and a moving direction of the object, and so on. In a case where an object is a pedestrian, an attribute of object may include a gender, an adult or a child, belongings, and so on.

Upon input of a risk handling signal from the driving assistance device2, the risk handling unit4takes a risk handling measure, such as controls the vehicle and notifies the driver of a risk. The risk handling unit4controls the vehicle by taking a risk handling measure, for example, a speed control, a speed reduction, an emergency stop, and automated driving to avoid a risk. The risk handling unit4notifies the driver of a risk by taking a risk handling measure, such as an auditory notification or a visual notification. The risk handling unit4provides an auditory notification by, for example, outputting a warning sound from a buzzer, outputting a warning speech as an audio guidance from a speaker. The risk handling unit4provides a visual notification by, for example, displaying a danger spot on a map screen, displaying a danger spot and attracting the driver's line of sight to the danger spot using a head-up display. The risk handling unit4may change contents of a risk handling measure depending on a degree of risk.

The information presentation system5is a display unit formed of, for example, a liquid crystal display and provided to a position easy to see from the driver even while driving, such as close to a speedometer. Upon input of a presentation command signal from the driving assistance device2, the information presentation system5presents (displays) a risk factor which may develop to a risk. A risk factor may be a bicycle running parallel to an own vehicle, a pedestrian walking along a roadside, another vehicle coming closer to the own vehicle in an attempt to overtake. The risk factor is an event threatening safety of the driver.

The driving assistance device2includes a control unit12and a knowledge base13. The control unit12is formed of a micro-computer having a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a ROM (Read Only Memory), a RAM (Random Access Memory), and an I-O (Input-Output). By running a computer program stored in a non-transitory tangible recording medium, the control unit12performs a process according to the computer program and controls an overall operation of the driving assistance device2. The computer program executed by the control unit12includes a driving assistance program.

The control unit12includes a logical formula conversion portion12a, an abductive inference portion12b, an inference result interpretation portion12c, a risk degree obtaining portion12d, a risk handling control portion12e, a risk factor obtaining portion12f, and a presentation control portion12g. The respective portions12athrough12gare formed of the computer program executed by the control unit12and implemented in software manner.

The logical formula conversion portion12aconverts the observation information group D1generated in the observation information obtaining unit3into a logical formula. Hereinafter, a literal forming a logical formula is expressed as Li, where i is an identifier and has a value of positive integer. A literal means a logical formula without a partial logical formula. A cost is given to each literal. A cost is a value set according to reliability of a literal and hence reliability of observation, which is a literal generation source, and expressed as ci. Herein, a cost ci is set to a value ranging from 1 to 100 in inverse proportion to reliability. That is, a cost ci=1 means that a content expressed by a literal Li definitely holds true and means 100% reliability. Conversely, a cost ci=100 means that whether a content expressed by a literal Li holds true is totally unknown and means 0% reliability. Hereinafter, a literal with a cost is expressed as Li$ci.

A process performed by the logical formula conversion portion12awill now be described with reference toFIG. 2.

The logical formula conversion portion12aassigns identification names for identifying objects to respective pieces of the observation information forming the observation information group D1and generates an observation information group D11with the identification names (S1). As is set forth inFIG. 3A, logical constants represented by symbols, such as alphabets, are used as the identification names for identifying the objects.

The logical formula conversion portion12ascans the observation information forming the observation information group D11with identification names, checks the observation information against a conversion rule21, and converts the observation information into literals Li. Then, the logical formula conversion portion12asets a cost of each literal Li to a unique value of ci=1. The logical formula conversion portion12agenerates an observation logical formula D12, which is a logical formula formulated by combining the literals with costs by using a logical operator AND (∧) (S2).

As is set forth inFIG. 3B, examples of the conversion rule21include but not limited to a rule relating to weather and road conditions (it is raining/it is night-time/a road has an intersection), a rule relating to the attribute of object (an object X is a car/an object Y is a pedestrian/an object Y is with an open umbrella), a rule relating to a positional relationship between objects (Y is ahead of X/Y is on an intersection C/Y is closer to an intersection C than X).

As is set forth inFIG. 4, the logical formula conversion portion12aadjusts the cost ci for each literal with cost Li$ci, which forms the observation logical formula D12, according to reliability of recognition of the observation information, which is the literal generation source, and outputs an adjustment result as an observation logical formula D2with cost (S3).

The knowledge base13is general knowledge expressed by knowledge logical formulae and includes an intention estimation knowledge base13a, a natural law knowledge base13b, and a risk factor knowledge base13c. Define Aj and C as literals, and define wj as a real-valued weight of a literal Aj and wj is set to 0 or greater. Then contents of the respective knowledge bases13athrough13care expressed by a knowledge logical formula (1) as follows:
A1w1∧A2w2∧−∧Anwn→C(1)

The intention estimation knowledge base13ais a description about relationships among a driver's intention, a vehicle state and road environment, a positional relationship with respect to a detected object, and so on. The intention estimation knowledge base13ais written in a predicate logic. As is set forth inFIG. 5, contents, for example, “when a driver has an intention to turn left (right), the driver also has an intention to slow down”, “when a left tail light is ON, a driver has an intention to turn left”, and “when a heavy vehicle is running ahead, a driver may take an avoiding action” are expressed by knowledge logical formulae.

The natural law knowledge base13bis a description about inconsistent relationships in physical law and concept, relationships between objects, and so on. As is set forth inFIG. 6, contents, for example, “a nature of being an adult and a nature of being a child are not established at the same time”, “a car cannot belong to different lanes at the same time”, and “a child follows a soccer ball” are expressed by knowledge logical formulae.

The risk factor knowledge base13cis a description about patterns of dangerous surrounding circumstances and expressed by knowledge logical formulae with a consequent of “risk”. As is set forth inFIG. 7, contents, for example, “in case an object exists at your location in future, the object poses a risk”, “in a case where an object having an intention to slow down and turn left is running ahead of you, the object poses a risk”, “in case an object invisible to you rushes out, the object poses a risk” are expressed by knowledge logical formulae.

Knowledge logical formulae stored in the knowledge base13may be formulated manually or automatically obtained from web pages, a database of a collection of accidents, or the like by using a known text mining technique. A weight wj may be added to a literal Aj manually or automatically by using a known supervised machine learning method (for example, Fuuto Yamamoto, Naoya Inoue, Yotaro Watanabe, Naomi Okazaki, and Kentaro Inui, “Backpropagation Learning for Weighted Abduction”, Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan, Vol. 2012-NL-206, May 2012).

The following lists examples of literals converted from the observation information group D1and literals used to describe contents (logical formulae) in the knowledge base13. Literals include literals expressing types of object, literals expressing states of object, literals expressing intentions of agents, literals expressing positional relationships between objects, literals expressing semantic relationships between objects, literals expressing road conditions, and so on.

Examples of literals expressing semantic relationships between objects include but not limited to: belongs-to, has, keep, mother-of, plays-at, follows, ride-on, and heavier-than.

The abductive inference portion12bperforms an abductive inference about dangerous circumstances by using the observation logical formula D2converted in the logical formula conversion portion12aand a knowledge logical formula D3stored in the knowledge base13. The abductive inference portion12bproves a risk predicted from the observation logical formula D2by using the knowledge logical formula D3as background knowledge. Herein, a proof of maximum-likelihood is found by using weighted abductive inference (see Hobbs, Jerry R., Mark Stickel, Douglas Appelt, and Paul Martin, 1993. “Interpretation as Abduction”, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 63, Nos. 1-2, pp. 69-142).

A process performed by the abductive inference portion12bwill now be described with reference toFIG. 8.

The abductive inference portion12bgenerates a proof candidate, which is a logical formula formulated by combining the observation logical formula D2and a literal expressing “risk” with a logical operator “AND (∧)” and generates multiple proof candidates by applying backward inference to the generated proof candidate (S11).

More specifically, the abductive inference portion12bgenerates multiple proof candidates by applying rules of the risk factor knowledge base13cto a literal expressing “risk” in the proof candidate generated first. The phrase, “apply rules”, referred to herein means a procedure as follows. That is, define a literal forming the proof candidate as a target literal, then the knowledge logical formula D3with the target literal as a consequent of the rule are extracted and the target literal in the proof candidate is replaced by an antecedent of the extracted knowledge logical formula D3. The abductive inference portion12bgenerates a series of multiple proof candidates by repeatedly performing the procedure to apply rules of the intention estimation knowledge base13aand the natural law knowledge base13bto an arbitrary literal in each of the multiple proof candidates generated in the manner as above. Hereinafter, a set of proof candidates thus generated is referred to as a proof candidate group D21.

The abductive inference portion12bcalculates a proof cost for each proof candidate belonging to the proof candidate group D21to select a cost-lowest proof, which is a proof candidate with a most low proof cost (extract a proof of maximum-likelihood), and outputs a logical formula and a proof cost of the cost-lowest proof as cost-lowest proof information D4(S12).

The abductive inference portion12bcalculates a proof cost by adding up costs of all literals forming the proof candidate. In a case where “rules are applied”, the abductive inference portion12bmultiplies a cost ci of a literal before replacement (literal subject to replacement) by a weight wj given to a literal after replacement (replaced literal) and uses a resulting product as a cost of the replaced literal. For example, when two literals of a same predicate are in the proof candidate, the abductive inference portion12bunifies the two literals by deleting whichever has the higher cost. That is, a proof cost normally increases by applying rules because the number of literals forming the proof candidate increases. However, when same literals are in one proof candidate, the proof cost is reduced in some case. The above indicates that of all the rules of the risk factor knowledge base13c, one rule that can be proved intuitively by using more observation logical formulae is the proof of maximum likelihood.

Given that a set B of the knowledge logical formulae D3, which are rules used for proof, and a set O of literals forming the observation logical formula are expressed, respectively, by formula (2) and formula (3) below, where p(x), q(x), r(x), and s(x) are literals.
B={p(x)1.2→q(x),(x)0.8∧r(x)0.4→s(x)}  (2)
O={q(a)$10,s(b)$10}  (3)

As is expressed in the formula (4) below, an observation logical formula itself is given as a proof candidate H1. Then, a proof cost of the proof candidate H1, cost (H1), is found in accordance with formula (5) below.
H1={q(a)$10,s(b)$10}  (4)
cost(H1)=10+10=20  (5)

By applying a rule to a literal q(a) belonging to the proof candidate H1, a proof candidate H2expressed by formula (6) below is generated. Deleting the literal subject to replacement from the proof candidate H2is expressed by setting a cost of the literal to $0. A proof cost of the proof candidate H2, cost (H2), is found in accordance with formula (7) below. It is understood that the proof cost of the proof candidate H2increases from the proof cost of the proof candidate H1by applying the rule, that is, by performing backward inference.
H2={q(a)$0,s(b)$10,p(a)$1.2·10=$12}  (6)
cost(H2)=10+12=22  (7)

By applying the rule to a literal s(b) belonging to the proof candidate H2, a proof candidate H3expressed by formula (8) below is generated. A simply found proof cost of the proof candidate H3, cost (H3), is expressed by formula (9) below.
H3={q(a)$0,s(b)$0,p(a)$12,p(b)$8,r(b)$4}  (8)
cost(H3)=12+8+4=24  (9)

However, same literals p(a) and p(b) are in the proof candidate H3. Hence, the two literals are unified (a=b) and the literal p(a) with the higher cost is deleted. Consequently, the proof candidate H3is expressed by formula (10) below. That is, it is understood that the proof cost of the proof candidate H3, cost(H3), is actually found in accordance with formula (11) below and that the proof cost is reduced by unifying the literals.
H3={q(a)$0,s(b)$0,p(b)$8,r(b)$4,a=b}(10)
cost(H3)=8+4=12  (11)

The inference result interpretation portion12cidentifies a risk predicted from present surrounding circumstances by using the cost-lowest proof information D4and by referring to the observation logical formula D2and the observation information correlated with the respective literals forming the observation logical formula D2. The inference result interpretation portion12ccalculates a degree of risk of the identified risk and identifies a danger spot. The inference result interpretation portion12cis capable of identifying a risk from the rule of the risk factor knowledge base13cused to generate the cost-lowest proof and capable of calculating a degree of risk from the proof cost. To be more exact, a reciprocal of the proof cost may be calculated as a degree of risk. Alternatively, a degree of risk may be calculated by using a regression model using a proof result, proof cost, an own vehicle speed, and so on as a feature amount. Also, a danger spot may be identified by correlating literals forming the cost-lowest proof with identification names assigned to literals forming the observation logical formula D2and by using location information of an object specified by the observation information identified via a correlated identification name.

The risk degree obtaining portion12dobtains a degree of risk calculated in the inference result interpretation portion12c. The risk handling control portion12econtrols the risk handling unit4to take a risk handling measure, such as controlling the vehicle and notifying the driver of a risk, as described above by using a risk prediction result. The risk factor obtaining portion12fobtains a risk factor which may cause a risk. The presentation control portion12gcontrols presentation of information on a risk factor by controlling an output of a presentation command signal to the information presentation system5.

A function of the configuration above will now be described with reference toFIG. 9throughFIG. 11.

The control unit12performs risk factor presentation process. The control unit12starts the risk factor presentation process when a start condition of the risk factor presentation process is satisfied, for example, when an ignition switch is switched ON from OFF. The control unit12may determine that the start condition of the risk factor presentation process is also satisfied when, for example, a vehicle speed rises to and stays at or above a certain speed or the driver makes a predetermined operation in addition to ON-OFF switching of the ignition switch.

When the risk factor presentation process starts, the control unit12determines whether the inference result interpretation portion12cidentifies a risk predicted from present surrounding circumstances (S21). When it is determined that the inference result interpretation portion12cidentifies a risk predicted from present surrounding circumstances (S21: YES), the control unit12obtains a degree of risk by using the risk degree obtaining portion12d(S22, corresponding to a risk degree obtaining step), and determines whether the risk handling unit4executes a risk handling measure (S23). When it is determined that the risk handling unit4executes a risk handling measure (S23: YES), the control unit12determines that an event threatening safety of the driver is now apparent and determines whether an end condition of the risk factor presentation process is satisfied (S28) by skipping Steps S24through S27described below.

Meanwhile, when it is determined that the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure (S23: NO), the control unit12determines that an event threatening safety of the driver is not apparent and determines whether a degree of risk is equal to or higher than a predetermined value (S24). The control unit12determines whether a degree of risk is equal to or higher than the predetermined value by using, for example, a distance between an object which configures an event threatening safety of the driver and the own vehicle or a moving direction of the object. For example, when it is determined that a distance between the object and the own vehicle is shorter than a predetermined distance or the object is moving in a direction to come closer to the own vehicle, the control unit12determines that a degree of risk is equal to or higher than the predetermined value. When it is determined that a risk of degree is equal to or higher than the predetermined value (S24: YES), the control unit12obtains a risk factor by using the risk factor obtaining portion12f(S25, corresponding to a risk factor obtaining step), and controls the information presentation system5to present information indicating presence of a risk factor by outputting a presentation command signal to the information presentation system5(S26, corresponding to a presentation control step).

Meanwhile, when it is determined that, for example, a distance between the object and the own vehicle is equal to or longer than the predetermined distance or the object is moving in a direction to move away from the own vehicle, the control unit12determines that a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value. When it is determined that a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value (S24: NO), the control unit12does not obtain a risk factor by using the risk factor obtaining portion12fand controls the information presentation system5to present information indicating absence of a risk factor by outputting a presentation command signal to the information presentation system5(S27, corresponding to the presentation control step).

The control unit12determines whether an end condition of the risk factor presentation process is satisfied (S28). When it is determined that the end condition of the risk factor presentation process is not satisfied (S28: NO), the flow returns to Step S21to repeat Step S21and the following steps. When it is determined that the end condition of the risk factor presentation process is satisfied (S28: YES), for example, when the ignition switch is switched OFF from ON, the control unit12ends the risk factor presentation process. The control unit12may determine that the end condition of the risk factor presentation process is also satisfied when a vehicle speed decreases and stays below a certain speed, or the driver makes a predetermined operation in addition to ON-OFF switching of the ignition switch.

When it is determined that the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure and a degree of risk is equal to or higher than the predetermined value, the control unit12determines that a possibility that an event threatening safety of the driver becomes apparent is relatively high, and presents information indicating presence of a risk factor as is shown inFIG. 10. In an example ofFIG. 10, the control unit12presents an icon M representing the own vehicle, an icon B representing a bicycle as a risk factor, an icon A1representing a direction in which the bicycle as the risk factor is present when viewed from the own vehicle, and an icon A2representing a moving direction of the own vehicle. Accordingly, the driver is notified of that a bicycle as a risk factor appears ahead of the own vehicle on the left after a short time (for example, several seconds later) before the bicycle actually appears ahead of the own vehicle on the left. Consequently, the driver becomes able to regularly direct the line of sight to a left front of the vehicle and hence becomes able to drive the vehicle carefully while moving the line of sight to the left front of the vehicle.

When it is determined that the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure and a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value, the control unit12determines that a possibility that an event threatening safety of the driver becomes apparent is relatively low. Hence, as is shown inFIG. 11, the control unit12presents information indicating absence of a risk factor. In an example ofFIG. 11, the control unit12presents an icon M representing the own vehicle but does not present an icon representing a risk factor, an icon representing a direction in which the risk factor is present when viewed from the own vehicle, or an icon representing a moving direction of the own vehicle. Accordingly, the driver is notified of that a risk factor does not appear for a while (for example, for several seconds). Consequently, the driver's line of sight can be kept directed to a vehicle moving direction and therefore the driver becomes able to drive without moving the line of sight unnecessarily. While the above has described examples where a bicycle running parallel to the own vehicle is a risk factor, a risk factor may be a pedestrian walking along a roadside, another vehicle coming closer to the own vehicle in an attempt to overtake, and so on. In such a case, too, the control unit12presents information indicating presence of a risk factor in the same manner as above.

The following advantages can be obtained by the present embodiment described above.

The driving assistance device2presents information indicating presence of a risk factor while a degree of risk is equal to or higher than the predetermined value even though the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure, that is, when an event threatening safety of the driver is not apparent. By presenting information indicating presence of a risk factor before an event threatening safety of the driver becomes apparent, the driver's line of sight can be directed to a direction in which the risk factor is present. The driving assistance device2is thus capable of appropriately assisting a driver with driving operation by giving the driver tips on where to look to drive safely.

The driving assistance device2presents information indicating absence of a risk factor while a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value. Consequently, by presenting information indicating absence of a risk factor, the driver's line of sight can be kept directed to a vehicle moving direction. Hence, an unwanted situation that the driver moves the line of sight unnecessarily can be avoided.

While the disclosure has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the preferred embodiment and constructions. The disclosure is intended to cover various modification and equivalent arrangements. In addition, the various combinations and configurations, which are preferred, other combinations and configurations, including more, less or only a single element, are also within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

The above has described a configuration to present information indicating absence of a risk factor when it is determined that the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure and a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value as an example. Alternatively, information indicating absence of a risk factor may not be presented when it is determined that the risk handling unit4does not execute a risk handling measure and a degree of risk is lower than the predetermined value.

A determination as to whether a degree of risk is equal to or higher than the predetermined value may be made continuously after the information indicating presence of a risk factor is presented. In such a case, presentation of the information being presented may be continued when a degree of risk maintains equal to or higher than the predetermined value and the information being presented may be erased when a degree of risk decreases to a value lower than the predetermined value.

In a case where multiple events with relatively high possibilities of becoming apparent occur at a same time, multiple icons representing the respective risk factors may be presented at the same time. For example, different icons may be presented at the same time at, for example, the right front of the vehicle and the left front of the vehicle. When configured in such a manner, the driver's line of sight can be directed regularly to the right front of the vehicle and the left front of the vehicle in turn. Hence, the driver becomes able to drive carefully by directing the line of sight to the right front of the vehicle and the left front of the vehicle in turn. In a case where multiple icons representing multiple risk factors are presented at the same time, high and low degrees of risk may be presented in a distinguishable manner. For example, an icon representing a risk factor at a relatively high degree of risk may be presented in red and an icon representing a risk factor at a relatively low degree of risk may be presented in yellow.