Three-dimensional memory device containing III-V compound semiconductor channel and contacts and method of making the same

A three-dimensional memory device includes an alternating stack of insulating layers and electrically conductive layers, and a memory stack structure vertically extending through the alternating stack. The memory stack structure includes a vertical semiconductor channel and a memory film. The vertical semiconductor channel can include a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. A III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer or a III-V compound semiconductor source region can be used to provide low-resistance electrical connection to a bottom end of the vertical semiconductor channel, and a drain region including a graded III-V compound semiconductor material can be used to provide low-resistance electrical connection to a top end of the vertical semiconductor channel.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of semiconductor devices, and particularly to a three-dimensional memory device including III-V compound semiconductor channel and source and drain contacts, and methods of making the same.

BACKGROUND

Recently, ultra-high-density storage devices employing three-dimensional (3D) memory stack structures have been proposed. Such memory stack structures can employ an architecture known as Bit Cost Scalable (BiCS) architecture. For example, a 3D NAND stacked memory device can be formed from an array of an alternating stack of insulating materials and spacer material layers that are formed as electrically conductive layer or replaced with electrically conductive layers. Memory openings are formed through the alternating stack, and are filled with memory stack structures, each of which includes a memory film and a vertical semiconductor channel.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: a substrate comprising a III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer; an alternating stack of insulating layers and electrically conductive layers located over the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer; a memory opening vertically extending through the alternating stack; a memory opening fill structure located in the memory opening and comprising a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal in contact with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer, a vertical semiconductor channel, and a memory film located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of forming a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: forming a III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer over a substrate; forming an alternating stack of insulating layers and spacer material layers over the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer, wherein the spacer material layers are formed as, or are subsequently replaced with, electrically conductive layers; forming a memory opening vertically extending through the alternating stack; forming a memory opening fill structure in the memory opening, wherein the memory opening fill structure is formed by: forming a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal on the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer; forming a memory film in the memory opening; and forming a vertical III-V compound semiconductor channel on the memory film.

According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: at least one alternating stack of insulating layers and electrically conductive layers located over a substrate; a memory opening vertically extending through the at least one alternating stack; and a memory opening fill structure located in the memory opening and comprising a vertical semiconductor channel comprising a III-V compound semiconductor channel material having a doping of a first conductivity type, a memory film located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel, and a drain region including a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type and having a compositional gradient therein.

According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of forming a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: forming at least one alternating stack of insulating layers and spacer material layers over a substrate, wherein the spacer material layers are formed as, or are subsequently replaced with, electrically conductive layers; forming a memory opening vertically extending through the alternating stack; forming a memory film in the memory opening; forming a vertical semiconductor channel comprising a III-V compound semiconductor channel material having a doping of a first conductivity type on the memory film; and forming a drain region including a graded III-V compound semiconductor material on the vertical semiconductor channel, wherein the drain region has a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type and has a compositional gradient therein.

According to even another aspect of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: a source-level contact layer overlying a substrate and comprising a III-V compound semiconductor source region; at least one alternating stack of insulating layers and electrically conductive layers located over the source-level contact layer; a memory opening vertically extending through the at least one alternating stack; and a memory opening fill structure located in the memory opening and comprising a vertical semiconductor channel comprising a III-V compound semiconductor channel material in contact with an inner sidewall of the III-V compound semiconductor source region, and a memory film located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel.

According to further another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of forming a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: forming a sacrificial source-level material layer overlying a substrate; forming at least one alternating stack of insulating layers and spacer material layers located over the sacrificial source-level material layer, wherein the spacer material layers are formed as, or are subsequently replaced with, electrically conductive layers; forming a memory opening through the at least one alternating stack; forming a memory opening fill structure in the memory opening, wherein the memory opening fill structure comprises a vertical semiconductor channel including a III-V compound semiconductor channel material, and a memory film located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel; and replacing the sacrificial source-level material layer with a source-level contact layer, wherein the source-level contact layer comprises a III-V compound semiconductor source region that contacts an outer cylindrical sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed above, the present disclosure is directed to a three-dimensional memory device including III-V compound semiconductor channel and source and drain contacts, and methods of making the same, the various aspects of which are discussed herein in detail.

As used herein, a first surface and a second surface are “vertically coincident” with each other if the second surface overlies or underlies the first surface and there exists a vertical plane or a substantially vertical plane that includes the first surface and the second surface. A substantially vertical plane is a plane that extends straight along a direction that deviates from a vertical direction by an angle less than 5 degrees. A vertical plane or a substantially vertical plane is straight along a vertical direction or a substantially vertical direction, and may, or may not, include a curvature along a direction that is perpendicular to the vertical direction or the substantially vertical direction.

Generally, a semiconductor package (or a “package”) refers to a unit semiconductor device that can be attached to a circuit board through a set of pins or solder balls. A semiconductor package may include a semiconductor chip (or a “chip”) or a plurality of semiconductor chips that are bonded thereamongst, for example, by flip-chip bonding or another chip-to-chip bonding. A package or a chip may include a single semiconductor die (or a “die”) or a plurality of semiconductor dies. A die is the smallest unit that can independently execute external commands or report status. Typically, a package or a chip with multiple dies is capable of simultaneously executing as many number of external commands as the total number of planes therein. Each die includes one or more planes. Identical concurrent operations can be executed in each plane within a same die, although there may be some restrictions. In case a die is a memory die, i.e., a die including memory elements, concurrent read operations, concurrent write operations, or concurrent erase operations can be performed in each plane within a same memory die. In a memory die, each plane contains a number of memory blocks (or “blocks”), which are the smallest unit that can be erased by in a single erase operation. Each memory block contains a number of pages, which are the smallest units that can be selected for programming. A page is also the smallest unit that can be selected to a read operation.

Referring toFIG. 1, a first exemplary structure according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated, which includes a substrate containing a single crystalline silicon layer9. The single crystalline silicon layer9can have a major surface7, i.e., a surface that occupies more than 25% of the entire area of the single crystalline silicon layer9. The major surface may be a planar surface located within a horizontal plane. In one embodiment, the single crystalline silicon layer9may be provided within a semiconductor substrate such as a commercially available bulk single crystal silicon wafer or a silicon-on-insulator substrate. The single crystalline silicon layer9may comprise an upper portion of a bulk silicon wafer, a doped well in a bulk silicon wafer, a single crystal silicon film deposited on the silicon wafer, the silicon portion of a silicon on insulator substrate or any other underlying single crystal silicon surface.

An optional graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910may be grown on the major surface7(which may be a top surface) of the single crystalline silicon layer9by an epitaxial deposition process. The optional graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910includes a graded epitaxial silicon-germanium alloy material in which the atomic concentration of germanium increases gradually within a vertical distance from the single crystalline silicon layer9. If present, the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910can include a vertically increasing atomic percentage of germanium that may include, for example, from 0% to 100%, such as from 10% to 90%, and/or from 20% to 80%. The thickness of the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910can be selected such that the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910remains single crystalline throughout the growth process. The average lattice constant may gradually change from the lattice constant of silicon to the lattice constant of germanium from the bottom portion of the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910to the top portion of the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910. The thickness of the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910may be in a range from 50 nm to 1,000 nm, such as from 100 nm to 500 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed. Alternatively, the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910may be omitted.

A germanium-containing buffer layer920can be grown directly on the single crystalline silicon layer9(in case a graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910is omitted) or directly on a top surface of the graded silicon-germanium-containing buffer layer910. The germanium-containing buffer layer920can include single crystalline germanium and/or a single crystalline silicon-germanium alloy in which the atomic concentration of germanium is at least 80%. An epitaxy process employing a germanium-containing precursor (such as digermane) can be performed to form the germanium-containing buffer layer920. The germanium-containing buffer layer920can be epitaxially aligned to the single crystalline silicon layer9. The thickness of the germanium-containing buffer layer920may be in a range from 50 nm to 600 nm, such as from 100 nm to 300 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed.

A III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be grown over the top surface of single crystalline silicon layer9. The III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930includes a III-V compound semiconductor material such as AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InGaAs, InSb, AlGaN, AlGaP, AlGaAs, AlGaSb, GaInN, GaInP, GaInAs, GaInSb, etc. In one embodiment, the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930comprises GaAs. The III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be grown directly on the top surface of the germanium-containing buffer layer920by an epitaxial deposition process, which may employ a chemical vapor deposition process. The III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be epitaxially aligned to the single crystalline material of the germanium-containing buffer layer920. The III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930may be intrinsic or may have a doping of a first conductivity type, which may be p-type or n-type. The atomic concentration of dopants of the first conductivity type in the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930may be in a range from 1.0×1015/cm3to 1.0×1018/cm3, m, such as from 1.0×1016/cm3to 1.0×1017/cm3, although lesser and greater atomic concentrations can also be employed. In one embodiment, the first conductivity type may be p-type, and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can include p-doped GaAs.

The first exemplary structure may include a memory array region100in which a memory array is to be subsequently formed, a staircase region300in which contact via structures to word lines are to be subsequently formed, and an optional peripheral device region200in which peripheral semiconductor devices are to be subsequently formed. If present, the peripheral device region200may be employed to provide a logic (i.e., driver) circuit including field effect transistors and configured to control operation of memory elements in the memory array to be subsequently formed. Alternatively, the driver circuit may be formed below the memory array region100or on a separate substrate from the memory array region100and then bonded to the memory array region100.

Referring toFIG. 2, a photoresist layer (not shown) can be applied over the top surface of the first exemplary structure, and can be lithographically patterned to cover the memory array region100and the staircase region300. An etch process can be performed to physically expose the single crystalline silicon layer9in the peripheral device region200. The photoresist layer can be subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

Referring toFIG. 3, at least one semiconductor device707for a peripheral circuitry can be formed in the peripheral device region200. The at least one semiconductor device can include, for example, field effect transistors. For example, at least one shallow trench isolation structure720can be formed by etching portions of the single crystalline silicon layer9and depositing a dielectric material therein. A gate dielectric layer, at least one gate conductor layer, and a gate cap dielectric layer can be formed over the single crystalline silicon layer9, and can be subsequently patterned to form at least one gate structure (750,752,754,758), each of which can include a gate dielectric750, a gate electrode (752,754), and a gate cap dielectric758. The gate electrode (752,754) may include a stack of a first gate electrode portion752and a second gate electrode portion754. At least one gate spacer756can be formed around the at least one gate structure (750,752,754,758) by depositing and anisotropically etching a dielectric liner. Active regions730can be formed in upper portions of the single crystalline silicon layer9, for example, by introducing electrical dopants employing the at least one gate structure (750,752,754,758) as masking structures. Additional masks may be employed as needed. The active region730can include source regions and drain regions of field effect transistors. A first dielectric liner761and a second dielectric liner762can be optionally formed. Each of the first and second dielectric liners (761,762) can comprise a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, and/or a dielectric metal oxide layer. As used herein, silicon oxide includes silicon dioxide as well as non-stoichiometric silicon oxides having more or less than two oxygen atoms for each silicon atoms. Silicon dioxide is preferred. In an illustrative example, the first dielectric liner761can be a silicon oxide layer, and the second dielectric liner762can be a silicon nitride layer. The least one semiconductor device for the peripheral circuitry can contain a driver circuit for memory devices to be subsequently formed, which can include at least one NAND device. Alternatively, as described above the peripheral region200containing the driver circuit may be formed under the memory array region100or on a separate substrate from the memory array region100.

A dielectric material such as silicon oxide can be deposited over the at least one semiconductor device, and can be subsequently planarized to form a planarization dielectric layer770. The planarization dielectric layer770and the dielectric liners (761,762) can be removed from the memory array region100and the staircase region300, for example, by performing a chemical mechanical planarization process. In one embodiment, the top surface of the planarization dielectric layer770may be within the same horizontal plane as the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930.

Referring toFIG. 4, a stack of an alternating plurality of insulating layers32and spacer material layers can be formed over the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The spacer material layers may be formed as electrically conductive layers, or may be formed as sacrificial material layers42and may be subsequently replaced with electrically conductive layers. While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the spacer material layers are sacrificial material layers42that are subsequently replaced with electrically conductive layers, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which electrically conductive layers are formed instead of sacrificial material layers42. In this case, steps for replacing the sacrificial material layers42with electrically conductive layers can be omitted.

The stack of the alternating plurality is herein referred to as an alternating stack (32,42). The insulating layers32include a first material, which is an insulating material. Insulating materials that can be employed for the insulating layers32include, but are not limited to, silicon oxide (including doped or undoped silicate glass), silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, organosilicate glass (OSG), spin-on dielectric materials, dielectric metal oxides that are commonly known as high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric oxides (e.g., aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, etc.) and silicates thereof, dielectric metal oxynitrides and silicates thereof, and organic insulating materials. In one embodiment, the insulating layers32comprise, and/or consists essentially of, silicon oxide.

The spacer material layers include a second material that is different from the first material. In case the spacer material layers are formed as the sacrificial material layers42, the sacrificial material layers42include a sacrificial material that can be subsequently removed selective to the material of the insulating layers32. As used herein, a removal of a first material is “selective to” a second material if the removal process removes the first material at a rate that is at least twice the rate of removal of the second material. The ratio of the rate of removal of the first material to the rate of removal of the second material is herein referred to as a “selectivity” of the removal process for the first material with respect to the second material. The sacrificial material layers42comprise, and/or consist essentially of, an insulating material, a semiconductor material, or a conductive material. The sacrificial material layers42can be subsequently replaced with electrically conductive electrodes which can function, for example, as control gate electrodes of a vertical NAND device. Non-limiting examples of the sacrificial material that can be employed for the sacrificial material include silicon nitride, an amorphous semiconductor material (such as amorphous silicon), and a polycrystalline semiconductor material (such as polysilicon). In one embodiment, the sacrificial material layers42can include silicon nitride.

In one embodiment, the insulating layers32can include silicon oxide, and sacrificial material layers can include silicon nitride sacrificial material layers. The insulating layers32can be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For example, if silicon oxide is employed for the insulating layers32, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) can be employed as the precursor material for the CVD process. The sacrificial material layers42can be formed, for example, CVD or atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thicknesses of the insulating layers32) and the sacrificial material layers42can be in a range from 10 nm to 60 nm, such as from 20 nm to 40 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can be employed for each insulating layer32and for each sacrificial material layer42. In some embodiments, the bottommost sacrificial material layer42may be subsequently replaced with an electrically conductive layer that functions as a source-side electrode that turns on or turns off a horizontal semiconductor channel that is formed in the top surface portions of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930.

The number of repetitions of the pairs of an insulating layer32and a sacrificial material layer (e.g., a control gate electrode or a sacrificial material layer)42can be in a range from 2 to 1,024, and typically from 8 to 256, although a greater number of repetitions can also be employed. The top and bottom gate electrodes in the stack may function as the select gate electrodes. In one embodiment, each sacrificial material layer42in the alternating stack (32,42) can have a uniform thickness that is substantially invariant within each respective sacrificial material layer42.

Optionally, an insulating cap layer70can be formed over the alternating stack (32,42). The insulating cap layer70includes a dielectric material that is different from the material of the sacrificial material layers42. In one embodiment, the insulating cap layer70can include a dielectric material that can be employed for the insulating layers32as described above. The insulating cap layer70can have a greater thickness than each of the insulating layers32. The insulating cap layer70can be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition. In one embodiment, the insulating cap layer70can be a silicon oxide layer.

Referring toFIG. 5, stepped surfaces are formed at a peripheral device region of the alternating stack (32,42), which is herein referred to as a terrace region. As used herein, “stepped surfaces” refer to a set of surfaces that include at least two horizontal surfaces and at least two vertical surfaces such that each horizontal surface is adjoined to a first vertical surface that extends upward from a first edge of the horizontal surface, and is adjoined to a second vertical surface that extends downward from a second edge of the horizontal surface. A stepped cavity is formed within the volume from which portions of the alternating stack (32,42) are removed through formation of the stepped surfaces. A “stepped cavity” refers to a cavity having stepped surfaces. The terrace region is formed in the staircase region300, which is located between the memory array region100and the peripheral device region200containing the at least one semiconductor device for the peripheral circuitry.

The stepped cavity can have various stepped surfaces such that the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the stepped cavity changes in steps as a function of the vertical distance from the top surface of the substrate (9,10). In one embodiment, the stepped cavity can be formed by repetitively performing a set of processing steps. The set of processing steps can include, for example, an etch process of a first type that vertically increases the depth of a cavity by one or more levels, and an etch process of a second type that laterally expands the area to be vertically etched in a subsequent etch process of the first type. As used herein, a “level” of a structure including alternating plurality is defined as the relative position of a pair of a first material layer and a second material layer within the structure. Each sacrificial material layer42other than a topmost sacrificial material layer42within the alternating stack (32,42) laterally extends farther than any overlying sacrificial material layer42within the alternating stack (32,42) in the terrace region. The terrace region includes stepped surfaces of the alternating stack (32,42) that continuously extend from a bottommost layer within the alternating stack (32,42) to a topmost layer within the alternating stack (32,42).

Optionally, drain select level isolation structures72can be formed through the insulating cap layer70and a subset of the sacrificial material layers42located at drain select levels. The drain select level isolation structures72can be formed, for example, by forming drain select level isolation trenches and filling the drain select level isolation trenches with a dielectric material such as silicon oxide. Excess portions of the dielectric material can be removed from above the top surface of the insulating cap layer70.

Referring toFIGS. 6A and 6B, a lithographic material stack (not shown) including at least a photoresist layer can be formed over the insulating cap layer70and the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65, and can be lithographically patterned to form openings therein. The openings include a first set of openings formed over the memory array region100and a second set of openings formed over the staircase region300. The pattern in the lithographic material stack can be transferred through the insulating cap layer70or the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65, and through the alternating stack (32,42) by at least one anisotropic etch that employs the patterned lithographic material stack as an etch mask. Portions of the alternating stack (32,42) underlying the openings in the patterned lithographic material stack are etched to form memory openings49and support openings19. As used herein, a “memory opening” refers to a structure in which memory elements, such as a memory stack structure, is subsequently formed. As used herein, a “support opening” refers to a structure in which a support structure (such as a support pillar structure) that mechanically supports other elements is subsequently formed. The memory openings49are formed through the insulating cap layer70and the entirety of the alternating stack (32,42) in the memory array region100. The support openings19are formed through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65and the portion of the alternating stack (32,42) that underlie the stepped surfaces in the staircase region300.

The memory openings49extend through the entirety of the alternating stack (32,42). The support openings19extend through a subset of layers within the alternating stack (32,42). The chemistry of the anisotropic etch process employed to etch through the materials of the alternating stack (32,42) can alternate to optimize etching of the materials in the alternating stack (32,42). The anisotropic etch can be, for example, a series of reactive ion etches. The sidewalls of the memory openings49and the support openings19can be substantially vertical, or can be tapered. The patterned lithographic material stack can be subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

The memory openings49and the support openings19can extend from the top surface of the alternating stack (32,42) to at least the horizontal plane including the topmost surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. In one embodiment, an overetch into the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930may be optionally performed after the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is physically exposed at a bottom of each memory opening49and each support opening19. The overetch may be performed prior to, or after, removal of the lithographic material stack. In other words, the recessed surfaces of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930may be vertically offset from the un-recessed top surfaces of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930by a recess depth. The recess depth can be, for example, in a range from 1 nm to 50 nm, although lesser and greater recess depths can also be employed. The overetch is optional, and may be omitted. If the overetch is not performed, the bottom surfaces of the memory openings49and the support openings19can be coplanar with the topmost surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930.

Each of the memory openings49and the support openings19may include a sidewall (or a plurality of sidewalls) that extends substantially perpendicular to the topmost surface of the single crystalline silicon layer9. A two-dimensional array of memory openings49can be formed in the memory array region100. A two-dimensional array of support openings19can be formed in the staircase region300.

FIGS. 7A-7Killustrate structural changes in a memory opening49, which is one of the memory openings49in the exemplary structure ofFIGS. 6A and 6B. The same structural change occurs simultaneously in each of the other memory openings49and in each of the support openings19.

Referring toFIG. 7A, a memory opening49in the exemplary device structure ofFIGS. 6A and 6Bis illustrated. The memory opening49extends through the insulating cap layer70, the alternating stack (32,42), and optionally into an upper portion of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. At this processing step, each support opening19can extend through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65, a subset of layers in the alternating stack (32,42), and optionally through the upper portion of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The recess depth of the bottom surface of each memory opening with respect to the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be in a range from 0 nm to 30 nm, although greater recess depths can also be employed. Optionally, the sacrificial material layers42can be laterally recessed partially to form lateral recesses (not shown), for example, by an isotropic etch.

Referring toFIG. 7B, an optional III-V compound semiconductor pedestal (e.g., an epitaxial pedestal)11can be formed at the bottom portion of each memory opening49and each support openings19, for example, by selective epitaxy. Each III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11comprises a single crystalline III-V compound semiconductor material in epitaxial alignment with the single crystalline semiconductor material of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11can be formed by selectively growing a single crystalline III-V compound semiconductor material from a physically exposed portion of a top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930at the bottom of the memory opening49. Each III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11can include any of the III-V compound semiconductor materials that may be employed for the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The single crystalline III-V compound semiconductor material of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11may be the same as, or may be different from, the III-V compound semiconductor material of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. In one embodiment, the top surface of each III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11can be formed above a horizontal plane including the top surface of a bottommost sacrificial material layer42. In this case, a source select gate electrode can be subsequently formed by replacing the bottommost sacrificial material layer42with a conductive material layer. The III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11can be a portion of a transistor channel. The transistor channel extends between a source region to be subsequently formed on the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930and a drain region to be subsequently formed in an upper portion of the memory opening49. A memory cavity49′ is present in the unfilled portion of the memory opening49above the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11. In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11can have a doping of the first conductivity type, which is the same as the conductivity type of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930that the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11contacts. In one embodiment, the single crystalline III-V compound semiconductor material of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11may include p-type doped (“p-doped”) GaAs or InGaAs.

Referring toFIG. 7C, a stack of layers including a blocking dielectric layer52, a charge storage layer54, a tunneling dielectric layer56, and an optional first semiconductor channel layer601can be sequentially deposited in the memory openings49.

The blocking dielectric layer52can include a single dielectric material layer or a stack of a plurality of dielectric material layers. In one embodiment, the blocking dielectric layer can include a dielectric metal oxide layer consisting essentially of a dielectric metal oxide. As used herein, a dielectric metal oxide refers to a dielectric material that includes at least one metallic element and at least oxygen. The dielectric metal oxide may consist essentially of the at least one metallic element and oxygen, or may consist essentially of the at least one metallic element, oxygen, and at least one non-metallic element such as nitrogen. In one embodiment, the blocking dielectric layer52can include a dielectric metal oxide having a dielectric constant greater than 7.9, i.e., having a dielectric constant greater than the dielectric constant of silicon nitride. The thickness of the dielectric metal oxide layer can be in a range from 1 nm to 20 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The dielectric metal oxide layer can subsequently function as a dielectric material portion that blocks leakage of stored electrical charges to control gate electrodes. In one embodiment, the blocking dielectric layer52includes aluminum oxide. In one embodiment, the blocking dielectric layer52can include multiple dielectric metal oxide layers having different material compositions. Alternatively or additionally, the blocking dielectric layer52can include a dielectric semiconductor compound such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, or a combination thereof.

Subsequently, the charge storage layer54can be formed. In one embodiment, the charge storage layer54can be a continuous layer or patterned discrete portions of a charge trapping material including a dielectric charge trapping material, which can be, for example, silicon nitride. Alternatively, the charge storage layer54can include a continuous layer or patterned discrete portions of a conductive material such as doped polysilicon or a metallic material that is patterned into multiple electrically isolated portions (e.g., floating gates), for example, by being formed within lateral recesses into sacrificial material layers42. In one embodiment, the charge storage layer54includes a silicon nitride layer. In one embodiment, the sacrificial material layers42and the insulating layers32can have vertically coincident sidewalls, and the charge storage layer54can be formed as a single continuous layer.

In another embodiment, the sacrificial material layers42can be laterally recessed with respect to the sidewalls of the insulating layers32, and a combination of a deposition process and an anisotropic etch process can be employed to form the charge storage layer54as a plurality of memory material portions that are vertically spaced apart. While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the charge storage layer54is a single continuous layer, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which the charge storage layer54is replaced with a plurality of memory material portions (which can be charge trapping material portions or electrically isolated conductive material portions) that are vertically spaced apart. The charge storage layer54can be formed as a single charge storage layer of homogeneous composition, or can include a stack of multiple charge storage layers. The multiple charge storage layers, if employed, may, or may not, comprise a plurality of spaced-apart floating gate material layers that contain conductive materials and/or semiconductor materials. Alternatively or additionally, the charge storage layer54may comprise an insulating charge trapping material, such as one or more silicon nitride segments. Alternatively, the charge storage layer54may comprise conductive nanoparticles such as metal nanoparticles, which can be, for example, ruthenium nanoparticles. The charge storage layer54can be formed, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or any suitable deposition technique for storing electrical charges therein. The thickness of the charge storage layer54can be in a range from 2 nm to 20 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.

The optional first semiconductor channel layer601includes a semiconductor material such as at least one III-V compound semiconductor material. The at least one III-V compound semiconductor material has a doping of the first conductivity type, i.e., the same conductivity type as the conductivity type of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930and the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11. In one embodiment, the first semiconductor channel layer601includes p-doped GaAs or InGaAs. The first semiconductor channel layer601can be formed by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The thickness of the first semiconductor channel layer601can be in a range from 2 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. A memory cavity49′ is formed in the volume of each memory opening49that is not filled with the deposited material layers (52,54,56,601).

Referring toFIG. 7D, the optional first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52are sequentially anisotropically etched employing at least one anisotropic etch process. The portions of the first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52located above the top surface of the insulating cap layer70can be removed by the at least one anisotropic etch process. Further, the horizontal portions of the first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52at a bottom of each memory cavity49′ can be removed to form openings in remaining portions thereof. Each of the first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52can be etched by a respective anisotropic etch process employing a respective etch chemistry, which may, or may not, be the same for the various material layers.

Each remaining portion of the first semiconductor channel layer601can have a tubular configuration. The charge storage layer54can comprise a charge trapping material or a floating gate material. In one embodiment, each charge storage layer54can include a vertical stack of charge storage regions that store electrical charges upon programming. In one embodiment, the charge storage layer54can be a charge storage layer in which each portion adjacent to the sacrificial material layers42constitutes a charge storage region.

A surface of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11(or a surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930in case the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11are not employed) can be physically exposed underneath the opening through the first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52. Optionally, the physically exposed semiconductor surface at the bottom of each memory cavity49′ can be vertically recessed so that the recessed semiconductor surface underneath the memory cavity49′ is vertically offset from the topmost surface of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11(or of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930in case III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11are not employed) by a recess distance. A tunneling dielectric layer56is located over the charge storage layer54. A set of a blocking dielectric layer52, a charge storage layer54, and a tunneling dielectric layer56in a memory opening49constitutes a memory film50, which includes a plurality of charge storage regions (comprising the charge storage layer54) that are insulated from surrounding materials by the blocking dielectric layer52and the tunneling dielectric layer56. In one embodiment, the first semiconductor channel layer601, the tunneling dielectric layer56, the charge storage layer54, and the blocking dielectric layer52can have vertically coincident sidewalls.

Referring toFIG. 7E, a second semiconductor channel layer602can be deposited directly on the semiconductor surfaces of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11(or the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930if the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11is omitted), and directly on the first semiconductor channel layer601. The second semiconductor channel layer602includes at least one III-V compound semiconductor material. In one embodiment, the second semiconductor channel layer602includes the same III-V compound semiconductor material as the first semiconductor channel layer601. The second semiconductor channel layer602can have a doping of the first conductivity type. For example, the second semiconductor channel layer602can include p-doped GaAs or InGaAs. The second semiconductor channel layer602can be formed by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The thickness of the second semiconductor channel layer602can be in a range from 2 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The second semiconductor channel layer602may partially fill the memory cavity49′ in each memory opening, or may fully fill the cavity in each memory opening.

The materials of the first semiconductor channel layer601and the second semiconductor channel layer602are collectively referred to as a semiconductor channel material, which may be a polycrystalline III-V compound semiconductor material. In other words, the semiconductor channel material is a set of all semiconductor material in the first semiconductor channel layer601and the second semiconductor channel layer602.

Referring toFIG. 7F, in case the memory cavity49′ in each memory opening is not completely filled by the second semiconductor channel layer602, a dielectric core layer62L can be deposited in the memory cavity49′ to fill any remaining portion of the memory cavity49′ within each memory opening. The dielectric core layer62L includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide or organosilicate glass. The dielectric core layer62L can be deposited by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), or by a self-planarizing deposition process such as spin coating.

Referring toFIG. 7G, the horizontal portion of the dielectric core layer62L can be removed, for example, by a recess etch from above the top surface of the second semiconductor channel layer602. Further, the material of the dielectric core layer62L can be vertically recessed selective to the semiconductor material of the second semiconductor channel layer602into each memory opening49down to a depth between a first horizontal plane including the top surface of the insulating cap layer70and a second horizontal plane including the bottom surface of the insulating cap layer70. Each remaining portion of the dielectric core layer62L constitutes a dielectric core62.

Referring toFIG. 7H, portions of the first semiconductor channel layer601and the second semiconductor channel layer602that are located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the dielectric core62can be removed, for example, by performing a selective isotropic etch process that etches the semiconductor materials of the semiconductor channel layers (601,602) selective to the dielectric materials of the insulating cap layer70and the memory film50. Each remaining portion of the semiconductor channel layers (601,602) comprises a vertical semiconductor channel60. The III-V compound material of the vertical semiconductor channel60is herein referred to as a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. In one embodiment, the first semiconductor channel layer601and the second semiconductor channel layer602may have a same material composition. In another embodiment, an anneal process can be formed at this processing step or at a later processing step to homogenize the material composition in the vertical semiconductor channel60. In this case, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material of the vertical semiconductor channel60can have a fixed band gap, which is the band gap of the III-V compound semiconductor material of the vertical semiconductor channel60.

Referring toFIG. 7I, the dielectric core62can be vertically recess below the horizontal top surfaces of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The top surface of the dielectric core62may be recessed down to, or below, the horizontal plane including the top surface of the topmost sacrificial material layer42. Top portions of the inner sidewall of the second semiconductor channel layer602can be physically exposed to the recess region that is formed over the dielectric core62. The recess region can have an upper portion that is laterally bounded by the memory film50and a lower portion that is laterally bounded by the inner sidewall of the second semiconductor channel layer602.

Referring toFIG. 7J, a graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L can be deposited over the dielectric core62, the vertical semiconductor channel60, and the insulating cap layer70. In one embodiment, the graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L includes a layer stack of at least two discrete III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) having different material compositions and having a doping of a second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. Specifically, the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) may include at least two III-V compound semiconductor material layers such as three or more III-V compound semiconductor material layers having a respective band gap. The band gaps of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) are selected such that the band gap of the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A that is deposited directly on the vertical semiconductor channel60may substantially match or be slightly greater than the band gap of the vertical semiconductor channel60. Subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63B,63C,63D) have a respective band gap that is less than the band gap of any previously deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

In an illustrative example, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material of the vertical semiconductor channel60can include p-doped GaAs or InGaAs, and the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) can include a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A including n-doped GaAs or InGaAs and having the same band gap or substantially the same band gap as the vertical semiconductor channel60. For example, if the vertical semiconductor layer60comprises p-doped GaAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A comprises n-doped GaAs or n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where 0<x<0.1. If the vertical semiconductor layer60comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where x>y. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B is deposited on the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the vertical semiconductor layer60and the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A. For example, if the vertical semiconductor layer60comprises p-doped GaAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>0.1, such as 0.1<z<0.3. If the vertical semiconductor layer60comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>x>y. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer63C may be deposited on the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer63C comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer63B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer63C may have a formula InpGa1-pAs, where p>z, for example 0.3<p<0.5. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer63D may be deposited on the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer63C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer63D comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer63C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer63D may have a formula InqGa1-qAs, where q>p, for example 0.5<q<0.7. Generally, the III-V compound semiconductor material of each successive III-V compound semiconductor material layer can be selected such that the band gap of each subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer decreases relative to the band gap of an immediately preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) include four III-V compound semiconductor material layers, two, three, four, or more layers can be included in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D). Further, while an example in which the vertical semiconductor channel60includes n-doped GaAs or InGaAs, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which the vertical semiconductor channel60includes any III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of a first conductivity type and having a fixed band gap. The III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) include any number of III-V compound semiconductor material layers. The III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L may be deposited by non-selective III-V compound semiconductor deposition processes (such as chemical vapor deposition processes without concurrent flow of an etchant gas such as HCl), or by selective III-V compound semiconductor deposition process (such as chemical vapor deposition processes employing concurrent or alternating flow of an etchant gas).

The first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A that contacts the vertical semiconductor channel60has the same band gap as, or has substantially the same band gap as, the vertical semiconductor channel60. Each subsequently deposited layer within the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) has a lesser band gaps relative to the band gap of a respective preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The layers in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) can have a doping of a second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. The thickness of each layer within the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) can be selected such that each interface between layers within the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) extends below the horizontal plane including the top surface of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The total thickness of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) can be selected that the entire volume of the recess region overlying the vertical semiconductor channel60is filled with the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D).

While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) are formed as discrete material layers, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which a single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L replaces the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D). In this case, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer has a composition gradient that provides a continuously decreasing band gap as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. For example, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may include an InGaAs layer in which the atomic concentration of indium continuously increases as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel. The atomic concentration of indium in the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may increase, for example, from 0% to 10% at the interface to a range from 50% to 100% at a distal portion of the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L includes a continuously decreasing band gap from the vertical semiconductor channel60to the top of the layer63L. Thus, in this embodiment, layer63L may be an InGaAs layer of a second conductivity type (e.g., n-doped InGaAs layer) having a continuously increasing indium content and a continuously decreasing gallium content starting from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel and ending at the top surface of layer63L. In one embodiment, the bottom surface of layer63L may comprise a gallium rich InGaAs material or a GaAs material which contains essentially no indium. In one embodiment, the top surface of layer63L may comprise an indium rich InGaAs material which has a higher indium content than the gallium rich InGaAs material, or an InAs material which contains essentially no gallium.

Referring toFIG. 7K, portions of the III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the insulating cap layer70can be removed by performing a planarization process. For example, a chemical mechanical planarization process can be performed to remove portions of the III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the insulating cap layer70. Each remaining portion of the III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L that fills a recess region and contacts a respective one of the vertical semiconductor channels60comprises a drain region63. Each drain region63can include either plural layers of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) or one single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

Each drain region63is formed at an upper end of a respective vertical semiconductor channel60. The III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11, the vertical semiconductor channels60, and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930have a doping of the first conductivity type, and each drain region63has a doping of the second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. Each drain region has a compositional gradient therein. The III-V compound semiconductor material layer(s) within each drain region63incudes a variable band gap (e.g., different discrete band gaps or a continuously graded band gap) that decrease with a distance from an interface between the drain region63and the vertical semiconductor channel60.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the vertical semiconductor channel60within each memory opening49comprises a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material has a fixed band gap that is uniform throughout the vertical semiconductor channel60. The drain region63within each memory opening49has a variable band gap that varies within the drain region63. In one embodiment, the variable band gap of the drain region63can monotonically decrease within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. The distance may be measured vertically from a horizontal interface, or may be measured horizontally from a vertical interface. As used herein, a quantity “monotonically decreases” with a parament if the value of the quantity does not increase for any increase in the parameter. In one embodiment, the variable band gap of the drain region63can decrease continuously or stepwise within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. As used herein, a quantity “decreases stepwise” with a parament if the value of the quantity decreases in steps as the value of the parameter increases.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises a doped gallium arsenide channel material, and the drain region63comprises a layer stack including a doped gallium arsenide drain layer (which may comprise a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A) and at least one doped indium gallium arsenide layer (which may be comprise one or more additional III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63B,63C,63D). In one embodiment, the drain region63comprises a plurality of doped indium gallium arsenide layers including indium atoms at different atomic indium percentages. In one embodiment, the difference between the variable band gap of the drain region63and the fixed band gap of the vertical semiconductor channel60monotonically increases within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises a cylindrical inner sidewall, a cylindrical outer sidewall, and an annular top surface extending between the cylindrical inner sidewall and the cylindrical outer sidewall. The drain region63contacts the annular top surface and an upper portion of the cylindrical inner sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The dopant concentration of dopants of the second conductivity type in the drain region63can be in a range from 5.0×1018/cm3to 2.0×1021/cm3, although lesser and greater dopant concentrations can also be employed.

Each adjoining pair of a first semiconductor channel layer601and a second semiconductor channel layer602can collectively form a vertical semiconductor channel60through which electrical current can flow when a vertical NAND device including the vertical semiconductor channel60is turned on. A tunneling dielectric layer56is surrounded by a charge storage layer54, and laterally surrounds a portion of the vertical semiconductor channel60. Each adjoining set of a tunneling dielectric layer56, a charge storage layer54, and a blocking dielectric layer52collectively constitute a memory film50, which includes a vertical stack of memory elements that can store a respective data bit with a macroscopic retention time. As used herein, a macroscopic retention time refers to a retention time suitable for operation of a memory device as a permanent memory device such as a retention time in excess of 24 hours. In alternative embodiments, a blocking dielectric layer52may not be formed in each memory opening49, and may be subsequently formed in backside recesses that are formed by removal of the sacrificial material layers42at a subsequent processing step.

Each combination of a memory film50and a vertical semiconductor channel60within a memory opening49constitutes a memory stack structure55. The memory stack structure55is a combination of a semiconductor channel60, a tunneling dielectric layer56, a plurality of memory elements as embodied as portions of the charge storage layer54, and a blocking dielectric layer52. Each combination of a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11(if present), a memory stack structure55, a dielectric core62, and a drain region63within a memory opening49is herein referred to as a memory opening fill structure58. Each combination of a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11(if present), a memory film50, a vertical semiconductor channel60, a dielectric core62, and a drain region63within each support opening19fills the respective support openings19, and constitutes a support pillar structure.

Referring toFIG. 8, the exemplary structure is illustrated after formation of memory opening fill structures58and support pillar structure20within the memory openings49and the support openings19, respectively. An instance of a memory opening fill structure58can be formed within each memory opening49of the structure ofFIGS. 6A and 6B. An instance of the support pillar structure20can be formed within each support opening19of the structure ofFIGS. 6A and 6B.

Each memory stack structure55includes a vertical semiconductor channel60, which may comprise multiple semiconductor channel layers (601,602), and a memory film50. The memory film50may comprise a tunneling dielectric layer56laterally surrounding the vertical semiconductor channel60, a vertical stack of charge storage regions (comprising charge storage layer54) laterally surrounding the tunneling dielectric layer56, and an optional blocking dielectric layer52. While the present disclosure is described employing the illustrated configuration for the memory stack structure, the methods of the present disclosure can be applied to alternative memory stack structures including different layer stacks or structures for the memory film50and/or for the vertical semiconductor channel60.

Referring toFIGS. 9A-9C, a contact level dielectric layer73can be formed over the alternating stack (32,42) of insulating layer32and sacrificial material layers42, and over the memory stack structures55and the support pillar structures20. The contact level dielectric layer73includes a dielectric material that is different from the dielectric material of the sacrificial material layers42. For example, the contact level dielectric layer73can include silicon oxide. The contact level dielectric layer73can have a thickness in a range from 50 nm to 500 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.

A photoresist layer (not shown) can be applied over the contact level dielectric layer73, and is lithographically patterned to form openings in areas between clusters of memory stack structures55. The pattern in the photoresist layer can be transferred through the contact level dielectric layer73, the alternating stack (32,42) and/or the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65employing an anisotropic etch to form backside trenches79, which vertically extend from the top surface of the contact level dielectric layer73at least to the top surface of the substrate (9,10), and laterally extend through the memory array region100and the staircase region300.

In one embodiment, the backside trenches79can laterally extend along a first horizontal direction hd1and can be laterally spaced apart among one another along a second horizontal direction hd2that is perpendicular to the first horizontal direction hd1. The memory stack structures55can be arranged in rows that extend along the first horizontal direction hd1. The drain select level isolation structures72can laterally extend along the first horizontal direction hd1. Each backside trench79can have a uniform width that is invariant along the lengthwise direction (i.e., along the first horizontal direction hd1). Each drain select level isolation structure72can have a uniform vertical cross-sectional profile along vertical planes that are perpendicular to the first horizontal direction hd1that is invariant with translation along the first horizontal direction hd1. Multiple rows of memory stack structures55can be located between a neighboring pair of a backside trench79and a drain select level isolation structure72, or between a neighboring pair of drain select level isolation structures72. In one embodiment, the backside trenches79can include a source contact opening in which a source contact via structure can be subsequently formed. A top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is physically exposed at the bottom of each backside trench79. The photoresist layer can be removed, for example, by ashing.

Referring toFIG. 10, a III-V compound semiconductor source region75can be formed in each backside trench79by performing a series of selective III-V compound deposition processes. Each III-V compound semiconductor source region75includes a graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer, which may comprise a single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer or a layer stack including at least two discrete III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) having different material compositions and having a doping of the second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. Specifically, the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) may include at least two III-V compound semiconductor material layers such as three or more III-V compound semiconductor material layers having a respective band gap. The band gaps of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) are selected that the band gap of a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A that is deposited directly on the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930substantially matches or is slightly smaller than the band gap of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. Subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75B,75C,75D) have a respective band gap that is less than the band gap of any previously deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) may be deposited by selective III-V compound semiconductor deposition processes (such as chemical vapor deposition processes employing concurrent or alternating flow of an etchant gas).

In an illustrative example, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material of the substrate semiconductor layer930can include p-doped GaAs or InGaAs, and the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) can include a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A including n-doped GaAs or InGaAs and having the same band gap or substantially the same band gap as the substrate semiconductor layer930. For example, if the substrate semiconductor layer930comprises p-doped GaAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A comprises n-doped GaAs or n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where 0<x<0.1. If the substrate semiconductor layer930comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where x>y. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B is deposited on the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the substrate semiconductor layer930and the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A. For example, if the substrate semiconductor layer930comprises p-doped GaAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>0.1, such as 0.1<z<0.3. If the substrate semiconductor layer930comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>x>y. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer75C may be deposited on the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer75C comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer75B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer75C may have a formula InpGa1-pAs, where p>z, for example 0.3<p<0.5. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer75D may be deposited on the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer75C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer75D comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer75C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer75D may have a formula InqGa1-qAs, where q>p, for example 0.5<q<0.7. Generally, the III-V compound semiconductor material of each successive III-V compound semiconductor material layer can be selected such that the band gap of each subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer decreases relative to the band gap of an immediately preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) include four III-V compound semiconductor material layers, two, three, four, or more layers can be included in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D). Further, while an example in which each source region75includes n-doped GaAs or InGaAs, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which each source region75includes any III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of the second conductivity type and having a variable band gap that increases stepwise or continuously with a vertical distance from an interface with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. Generally, the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) include any number of III-V compound semiconductor material layers. The first III-V compound semiconductor material layer75A that contacts the vertical semiconductor channel60has the same band gap as, or has substantially the same band gap as, the vertical semiconductor channel60. Each subsequently deposited layer within the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) has a lesser band gaps relative to the band gap of a respective preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The layers in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) can have a doping of the second conductivity type. The thickness of each source region75can be in a range from 20 nm to 60 nm, and top surface of each source region75can be at, or below, the top surface of the bottommost insulating layer32.

While an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D) are formed as discrete material layers is described above, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which a single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer replaces the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (75A,75B,75C,75D). In this case, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer has a composition gradient that provides a continuously decreasing band gap as a function of a distance from the interface with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. For example, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may include an InGaAs layer in which the atomic concentration of indium continuously increases as a function of a distance from the interface with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The atomic concentration of indium in the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may increase, for example, from 0% to 10% at the interface to a range from 50% to 100% at a distal portion of the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

Generally, each source region75can be formed as a III-V compound semiconductor source region comprising a doped III-V compound material, and can be formed on the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The III-V compound semiconductor source region comprises a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a vertical compositional gradient that provides a variable band gap (e.g., varying continuously or step wise) that decreases with a vertical distance from an interface with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The vertical composition gradient may be stepwise (i.e., including stepwise changes in composition) or may be gradual (i.e., including a continuous change in composition).

An upper portion of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930that extends between the source region75and the plurality of III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11constitutes a horizontal semiconductor channel59for a plurality of field effect transistors. The horizontal semiconductor channel59is connected to multiple vertical semiconductor channels60through respective III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11. The horizontal semiconductor channel59contacts the source region75and the plurality of III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11.

Referring toFIGS. 11A and 11B, an etchant that selectively etches the second material of the sacrificial material layers42with respect to the first material of the insulating layers32can be introduced into the backside trenches79, for example, employing an etch process. Backside recesses43are formed in volumes from which the sacrificial material layers42are removed. The removal of the second material of the sacrificial material layers42can be selective to the first material of the insulating layers32, the material of the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65, the semiconductor material of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930, and the material of the outermost layer of the memory films50. In one embodiment, the sacrificial material layers42can include silicon nitride, and the materials of the insulating layers32and the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65can be selected from silicon oxide and dielectric metal oxides.

Each of the plurality of backside recesses43can extend substantially parallel to the top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. A backside recess43can be vertically bounded by a top surface of an underlying insulating layer32and a bottom surface of an overlying insulating layer32. In one embodiment, each backside recess43can have a uniform height throughout.

Referring toFIG. 12A, physically exposed surface portions of the optional III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be converted into dielectric material portions by thermal conversion and/or plasma conversion of the semiconductor materials into dielectric materials. For example, thermal conversion and/or plasma conversion can be employed to convert a surface portion of each III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11into a tubular dielectric spacer116, and to convert each physically exposed surface portion of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930into a planar dielectric portion616. In one embodiment, each tubular dielectric spacer116can be topologically homeomorphic to a torus, i.e., generally ring-shaped. As used herein, an element is topologically homeomorphic to a torus if the shape of the element can be continuously stretched without destroying a hole or forming a new hole into the shape of a torus. The tubular dielectric spacers116include a dielectric material that includes the same semiconductor element as the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11and additionally includes at least one non-metallic element such as oxygen and/or nitrogen such that the material of the tubular dielectric spacers116is a dielectric material. In one embodiment, the tubular dielectric spacers116can include a dielectric oxide derived from the semiconductor material of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestals11. For example, the tubular dielectric spacers116can comprise, and/or can consist essentially of, gallium oxide. In one embodiment, the planar dielectric portions616can include a dielectric oxide derived from the semiconductor material of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. For example, the planar dielectric portions616can comprise, and/or can consist essentially of, indium oxide or indium gallium oxide. Dopants in the drain regions63, the source regions75, and the semiconductor channels60can be activated during the anneal process that forms the planar dielectric portions616and the tubular dielectric spacers116. Alternatively, an additional anneal process may be performed to active the electrical dopants in the drain regions63, the source regions75, and the semiconductor channels60.

Referring toFIG. 12B, a backside blocking dielectric layer44can be optionally formed. The backside blocking dielectric layer44, if present, comprises a dielectric material that functions as a control gate dielectric for the control gates to be subsequently formed in the backside recesses43. In case the blocking dielectric layer52is present within each memory opening, the backside blocking dielectric layer44is optional. In case the blocking dielectric layer52is omitted, the backside blocking dielectric layer44is present.

The backside blocking dielectric layer44can be formed in the backside recesses43and on a sidewall of the backside trench79. The backside blocking dielectric layer44can be formed directly on horizontal surfaces of the insulating layers32and sidewalls of the memory stack structures55within the backside recesses43. If the backside blocking dielectric layer44is formed, formation of the tubular dielectric spacers116and the planar dielectric portion616prior to formation of the backside blocking dielectric layer44is optional. In one embodiment, the backside blocking dielectric layer44can be formed by a conformal deposition process such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). The backside blocking dielectric layer44can consist essentially of aluminum oxide. The thickness of the backside blocking dielectric layer44can be in a range from 1 nm to 15 nm, such as 2 to 6 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.

The dielectric material of the backside blocking dielectric layer44can be a dielectric metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, a dielectric oxide of at least one transition metal element, a dielectric oxide of at least one Lanthanide element, a dielectric oxide of a combination of aluminum, at least one transition metal element, and/or at least one Lanthanide element. Alternatively or additionally, the backside blocking dielectric layer44can include a silicon oxide layer. The backside blocking dielectric layer44can be deposited by a conformal deposition method such as chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition. The backside blocking dielectric layer44is formed on the sidewalls of the backside trenches79, horizontal surfaces and sidewalls of the insulating layers32, the portions of the sidewall surfaces of the memory stack structures55that are physically exposed to the backside recesses43, and a top surface of the planar dielectric portion616. A backside cavity79′ is present within the portion of each backside trench79that is not filled with the backside blocking dielectric layer44.

Referring toFIG. 13, a metallic barrier layer46A can be deposited in the backside recesses43. The metallic barrier layer46A includes an electrically conductive metallic material that can function as a diffusion barrier layer and/or adhesion promotion layer for a metallic fill material to be subsequently deposited. The metallic barrier layer46A can include a conductive metallic nitride material such as TiN, TaN, WN, or a stack thereof, or can include a conductive metallic carbide material such as TiC, TaC, WC, or a stack thereof. In one embodiment, the metallic barrier layer46A can be deposited by a conformal deposition process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thickness of the metallic barrier layer46A can be in a range from 2 nm to 8 nm, such as from 3 nm to 6 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. In one embodiment, the metallic barrier layer46A can consist essentially of a conductive metal nitride such as TiN.

A metal fill material is deposited in the plurality of backside recesses43, on the sidewalls of the at least one the backside trench79, and over the top surface of the contact level dielectric layer73to form a metallic fill material layer46B. The metallic fill material can be deposited by a conformal deposition method, which can be, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), electroless plating, electroplating, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the metallic fill material layer46B can consist essentially of at least one elemental metal. The at least one elemental metal of the metallic fill material layer46B can be selected, for example, from tungsten, cobalt, ruthenium, titanium, and tantalum. In one embodiment, the metallic fill material layer46B can consist essentially of a single elemental metal. In one embodiment, the metallic fill material layer46B can be deposited employing a fluorine-containing precursor gas such as WF6. In one embodiment, the metallic fill material layer46B can be a tungsten layer including a residual level of fluorine atoms as impurities. The metallic fill material layer46B is spaced from the insulating layers32and the memory stack structures55by the metallic barrier layer46A, which can block diffusion of fluorine atoms therethrough.

A plurality of electrically conductive layers46can be formed in the plurality of backside recesses43, and a continuous electrically conductive material layer46L can be formed on the sidewalls of each backside trench79and over the contact level dielectric layer73. Each electrically conductive layer46includes a portion of the metallic barrier layer46A and a portion of the metallic fill material layer46B that are located between a vertically neighboring pair of dielectric material layers such as a pair of insulating layers32. The continuous electrically conductive material layer46L includes a continuous portion of the metallic barrier layer46A and a continuous portion of the metallic fill material layer46B that are located in the backside trenches79or above the contact level dielectric layer73.

Each sacrificial material layer42can be replaced with an electrically conductive layer46. A backside cavity79′ is present in the portion of each backside trench79that is not filled with the backside blocking dielectric layer44and the continuous electrically conductive material layer46L. A tubular dielectric spacer116laterally surrounds a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11. A bottommost electrically conductive layer46laterally surrounds each tubular dielectric spacer116upon formation of the electrically conductive layers46.

Referring toFIGS. 14A-14C, the deposited metallic material of the continuous electrically conductive material layer46L is etched back from the sidewalls of each backside trench79and from above the contact level dielectric layer73, for example, by an isotropic wet etch, an anisotropic dry etch, or a combination thereof. Each remaining portion of the deposited metallic material in the backside recesses43constitutes an electrically conductive layer46. Each electrically conductive layer46can be a conductive line structure. Thus, the sacrificial material layers42are replaced with the electrically conductive layers46.

Each electrically conductive layer46can function as a combination of a plurality of control gate electrodes located at a same level and a word line electrically interconnecting, i.e., electrically shorting, the plurality of control gate electrodes located at the same level. The plurality of control gate electrodes within each electrically conductive layer46are the control gate electrodes for the vertical memory devices including the memory stack structures55. In other words, each electrically conductive layer46can be a word line that functions as a common control gate electrode for the plurality of vertical memory devices.

In one embodiment, the removal of the continuous electrically conductive material layer46L can be selective to the material of the backside blocking dielectric layer44. In this case, a horizontal portion of the backside blocking dielectric layer44can be present at the bottom of each backside trench79. In another embodiment, the removal of the continuous electrically conductive material layer46L may not be selective to the material of the backside blocking dielectric layer44or, the backside blocking dielectric layer44may not be employed. The planar dielectric portions616can be removed during removal of the continuous electrically conductive material layer46L. A backside cavity79′ is present within each backside trench79.

Referring toFIG. 15, an insulating material layer can be formed in the backside trenches79and over the contact level dielectric layer73by a conformal deposition process. Exemplary conformal deposition processes include, but are not limited to, chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition. The insulating material layer includes an insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, a dielectric metal oxide, an organosilicate glass, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insulating material layer can include silicon oxide. The insulating material layer can be formed, for example, by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thickness of the insulating material layer can be in a range from 1.5 nm to 60 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.

If a backside blocking dielectric layer44is present, the insulating material layer can be formed directly on surfaces of the backside blocking dielectric layer44and directly on the sidewalls of the electrically conductive layers46. If a backside blocking dielectric layer44is not employed, the insulating material layer can be formed directly on sidewalls of the insulating layers32and directly on sidewalls of the electrically conductive layers46.

An anisotropic etch is performed to remove horizontal portions of the insulating material layer from above the contact level dielectric layer73and at the bottom of each backside trench79. Each remaining portion of the insulating material layer constitutes an insulating spacer74. A backside cavity79′ is present within a volume surrounded by each insulating spacer74. A top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930can be physically exposed at the bottom of each backside trench79.

A bottommost electrically conductive layer46provided upon formation of the electrically conductive layers46within the alternating stack (32,46) can comprise a select gate electrode for the field effect transistors. Each source region75is formed in an upper portion of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. Semiconductor channels (59,11,60) extend between each source region75and a respective set of drain regions63. The semiconductor channels (59,11,60) include the vertical semiconductor channels60of the memory stack structures55.

A backside contact via structure76can be formed within each backside cavity79′. Each backside contact via structure76can fill a respective backside cavity79′. The contact via structures76can be formed by depositing at least one conductive material in the remaining unfilled volume (i.e., the backside cavity79′) of the backside trench79. For example, the at least one conductive material can include a conductive liner76A and a conductive fill material portion76B. The conductive liner76A can include a conductive metal silicide and/or germanide, such as nickel germanosilicide, and/or a conductive metallic liner such as TiN, TaN, WN, TiC, TaC, WC, an alloy thereof, or a stack thereof. The thickness of the conductive liner76A can be in a range from 3 nm to 30 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The conductive fill material portion76B can include a metal or a metallic alloy. For example, the conductive fill material portion76B can include W, Cu, Al, Co, Ru, Ni, an alloy thereof, or a stack thereof.

The at least one conductive material can be planarized employing the contact level dielectric layer73overlying the alternating stack (32,46) as a stopping layer. If chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process is employed, the contact level dielectric layer73can be employed as a CMP stopping layer. Each remaining continuous portion of the at least one conductive material in the backside trenches79constitutes a backside contact via structure76.

The backside contact via structure76extends through the alternating stack (32,46), and contacts a top surface of the source region75. If a backside blocking dielectric layer44is employed, the backside contact via structure76can contact a sidewall of the backside blocking dielectric layer44.

Referring toFIGS. 16A and 16B, additional contact via structures (88,86,8P) can be formed through the contact level dielectric layer73, and optionally through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65. For example, drain contact via structures88can be formed through the contact level dielectric layer73on each drain region63. The drain contact via structures88may comprise a nickel germanosilicide layer which contacts the drain region63and a tungsten fill layer located on the nickel germanosilicide layer. Word line contact via structures86can be formed on the electrically conductive layers46through the contact level dielectric layer73, and through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65. Peripheral device contact via structures8P can be formed through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65directly on respective nodes of the peripheral devices.

Referring toFIGS. 1-16Band according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: a substrate comprising a III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930; an alternating stack of insulating layers32and electrically conductive layers46located over the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930; a memory opening49vertically extending through the alternating stack (32,46); a memory opening fill structure58located in the memory opening49and comprising a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11in contact with the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930, a vertical semiconductor channel60, and a memory film50located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, the substrate comprises a single crystalline silicon layer9; and a germanium-containing buffer layer920located on top of the single crystalline silicon layer9, wherein the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is located over the germanium-containing buffer layer920. In one embodiment, the germanium-containing buffer layer920is epitaxially aligned to the single crystalline silicon layer9; and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is epitaxially aligned to the germanium-containing buffer layer920. In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. In one embodiment, the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is single crystalline; and the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11is epitaxially aligned to the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930.

In one embodiment, a drain region63can be located at an upper end of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930have a doping of a first conductivity type; and the drain region63has a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises polycrystalline gallium arsenide or indium gallium arsenide; and the drain region63comprises a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a compositional gradient that provides a variable band gap that decreases with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, a top surface of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11is located above a horizontal plane including a top surface of a bottommost one of the electrically conductive layers46. A tubular dielectric spacer116can laterally surround, and can contact, the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11. The tubular dielectric spacer116can comprise, and/or can consist essentially of, an oxide of a III-V compound material of the III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional memory device comprises: a III-V compound semiconductor source region75comprising a doped III-V compound material and contacting a top surface of the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930; an insulating spacer74contacting sidewalls of the alternating stack (32,46); and a backside contact via structure76laterally surrounded by the insulating spacer74and contacting a top surface of the III-V compound semiconductor source region75. In one embodiment, a bottom surface of the insulating spacer74contacts a peripheral portion of a top surface of the III-V compound semiconductor source region75. In one embodiment, the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930comprises gallium arsenide; and the graded III-V compound semiconductor material of the drain63comprises a continuously or step wise graded indium gallium arsenide.

In one embodiment, the memory film50include a tunneling dielectric layer56contacting the vertical semiconductor channel60; a charge storage layer54in contact with the tunneling dielectric layer56; and a blocking dielectric layer52located between the charge storage layer54and the electrically conductive layers46.

In one embodiment, the alternating stack comprises a terrace region in which each electrically conductive layer46other than a topmost electrically conductive layer46within the alternating stack (32,46) laterally extends farther than any overlying electrically conductive layer46within the alternating stack (32,46). The terrace region comprises stepped surfaces of the alternating stack (32,46) that continuously extend from a bottommost layer within the alternating stack (32,46) to a topmost layer within the alternating stack (32,46). A retro-stepped dielectric material portion65can overlie the stepped surfaces. Contact via structures86can vertically extend through the retro-stepped dielectric material portion65, and can contact a top surface of a respective one of the electrically conductive layers46.

Referring toFIGS. 17A and 17B, a second exemplary structure according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated. The second exemplary structure includes a substrate8and semiconductor devices710formed thereupon. The substrate8includes a substrate semiconductor layer5at least at an upper portion thereof. Shallow trench isolation structures720may be formed in an upper portion of the substrate semiconductor layer5to provide electrical isolation from other semiconductor devices. The semiconductor devices710may include, for example, field effect transistors including respective transistor active regions742(i.e., source regions and drain regions), channel regions746, and gate structures750. The field effect transistors may be arranged in a CMOS configuration. Each gate structure750may include, for example, a gate dielectric752, a gate electrode754, a dielectric gate spacer756and a gate cap dielectric758. The semiconductor devices710may include any semiconductor circuitry to support operation of a memory structure to be subsequently formed, which is typically referred to as a driver circuitry, which is also known as peripheral circuitry. As used herein, a peripheral circuitry refers to any, each, or all, of word line decoder circuitry, word line switching circuitry, bit line decoder circuitry, bit line sensing and/or switching circuitry, power supply/distribution circuitry, data buffer and/or latch, or any other semiconductor circuitry that may be implemented outside a memory array structure for a memory device. For example, the semiconductor devices may include word line switching devices for electrically biasing word lines of three-dimensional memory structures to be subsequently formed.

Dielectric material layers are formed over the semiconductor devices, which are herein referred to as lower-level dielectric material layers760. The lower-level dielectric material layers760may include, for example, a dielectric liner762(such as a silicon nitride liner that blocks diffusion of mobile ions and/or apply appropriate stress to underlying structures), first dielectric material layers764that overlie the dielectric liner762, a silicon nitride layer (e.g., hydrogen diffusion barrier)766that overlies the first dielectric material layers764, and at least one second dielectric material layer768.

The dielectric layer stack including the lower-level dielectric material layers760functions as a matrix for lower-level metal interconnect structures780that provide electrical wiring to and from the various nodes of the semiconductor devices and landing pads for through-memory-level contact via structures to be subsequently formed. The lower-level metal interconnect structures780are formed within the dielectric layer stack of the lower-level dielectric material layers760, and comprise a lower-level metal line structure located under and optionally contacting a bottom surface of the silicon nitride layer766.

For example, the lower-level metal interconnect structures780may be formed within the first dielectric material layers764. The first dielectric material layers764may be a plurality of dielectric material layers in which various elements of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780are sequentially formed. Each dielectric material layer selected from the first dielectric material layers764may include any of doped silicate glass, undoped silicate glass, organosilicate glass, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and dielectric metal oxides (such as aluminum oxide). In one embodiment, the first dielectric material layers764may comprise, or consist essentially of, dielectric material layers having dielectric constants that do not exceed the dielectric constant of undoped silicate glass (silicon oxide) of 3.9. The lower-level metal interconnect structures780may include various device contact via structures782(e.g., source and drain electrodes which contact the respective source and drain nodes of the device or gate electrode contacts), intermediate lower-level metal line structures784, lower-level metal via structures786, and landing-pad-level metal line structures788that are configured to function as landing pads for through-memory-level contact via structures to be subsequently formed.

The landing-pad-level metal line structures788may be formed within a topmost dielectric material layer of the first dielectric material layers764(which may be a plurality of dielectric material layers). Each of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780may include a metallic nitride liner and a metal fill structure. Top surfaces of the landing-pad-level metal line structures788and the topmost surface of the first dielectric material layers764may be planarized by a planarization process, such as chemical mechanical planarization. The silicon nitride layer766may be formed directly on the top surfaces of the landing-pad-level metal line structures788and the topmost surface of the first dielectric material layers764.

The at least one second dielectric material layer768may include a single dielectric material layer or a plurality of dielectric material layers. Each dielectric material layer selected from the at least one second dielectric material layer768may include any of doped silicate glass, undoped silicate glass, and organosilicate glass. In one embodiment, the at least one second dielectric material layer768may comprise, or consist essentially of, dielectric material layers having dielectric constants that do not exceed the dielectric constant of undoped silicate glass (silicon oxide) of 3.9.

The lower-level metal interconnect structures780may be electrically connected to active nodes (e.g., transistor active regions742or gate electrodes754) of the semiconductor devices710(e.g., CMOS devices), and are located at the level of the lower-level dielectric material layers760. Through-memory-level contact via structures may be subsequently formed directly on the lower-level metal interconnect structures780to provide electrical connection to memory devices to be subsequently formed. In one embodiment, the pattern of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780may be selected such that the landing-pad-level metal line structures788(which are a subset of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780located at the topmost portion of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780) may provide landing pad structures for the through-memory-level contact via structures to be subsequently formed.

A sacrificial source-level material layer104can be formed over the at least one second dielectric material layer768. The sacrificial source-level material layer104includes a sacrificial material that may be removed selective to the at least one second dielectric material layer768, which includes at least one dielectric material layer overlying the lower-level metal interconnect structures780. In one embodiment, the sacrificial source-level material layer104may include a semiconductor material such as undoped amorphous silicon or polysilicon. The thickness of the sacrificial source-level material layer104may be in a range from 30 nm to 400 nm, such as from 60 nm to 200 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used.

The region of the semiconductor devices710and the combination of the lower-level dielectric material layers760and the lower-level metal interconnect structures780is herein referred to an underlying peripheral device region700, which is located underneath a memory-level assembly to be subsequently formed and includes peripheral devices for the memory-level assembly. The lower-level metal interconnect structures780are formed in the lower-level dielectric material layers760.

Referring toFIG. 18, an alternating stack of first material layers and second material layers is subsequently formed. Each first material layer may include a first material, and each second material layer may include a second material that is different from the first material. In case at least another alternating stack of material layers is subsequently formed over the alternating stack of the first material layers and the second material layers, the alternating stack is herein referred to as a first-tier alternating stack. The level of the first-tier alternating stack is herein referred to as a first-tier level, and the level of the alternating stack to be subsequently formed immediately above the first-tier level is herein referred to as a second-tier level, etc.

The first-tier alternating stack may include first insulting layers132as the first material layers, and first spacer material layers as the second material layers. In one embodiment, the first spacer material layers may be sacrificial material layers that are subsequently replaced with electrically conductive layers. In another embodiment, the first spacer material layers may be electrically conductive layers that are not subsequently replaced with other layers. While the present disclosure is described using embodiments in which sacrificial material layers are replaced with electrically conductive layers, embodiments in which the spacer material layers are formed as electrically conductive layers (thereby obviating the need to perform replacement processes) are expressly contemplated herein.

In one embodiment, the first material layers and the second material layers may be first insulating layers132and first sacrificial material layers142, respectively. In one embodiment, each first insulating layer132may include a first insulating material, and each first sacrificial material layer142may include a first sacrificial material. An alternating plurality of first insulating layers132and first sacrificial material layers142is formed over the sacrificial source-level material layer104.

The first-tier alternating stack (132,142) may include first insulating layers132composed of the first material, and first sacrificial material layers142composed of the second material, which is different from the first material. The first material of the first insulating layers132may be at least one insulating material. Insulating materials that may be used for the first insulating layers132include, but are not limited to silicon oxide (including doped or undoped silicate glass), silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, organosilicate glass (OSG), spin-on dielectric materials, dielectric metal oxides that are commonly known as high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric oxides (e.g., aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, etc.) and silicates thereof, dielectric metal oxynitrides and silicates thereof, and organic insulating materials. In one embodiment, the first material of the first insulating layers132may be silicon oxide.

The first sacrificial material layers142may comprise an insulating material, a semiconductor material, or a conductive material. The second material of the first sacrificial material layers142may be subsequently replaced with electrically conductive electrodes which may function, for example, as control gate electrodes of a vertical NAND device. In one embodiment, the first sacrificial material layers142may be material layers that comprise silicon nitride.

In one embodiment, the first insulating layers132may include silicon oxide, and sacrificial material layers may include silicon nitride sacrificial material layers. The first material of the first insulating layers132may be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For example, if silicon oxide is used for the first insulating layers132, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) may be used as the precursor material for the CVD process. The second material of the first sacrificial material layers142may be formed, for example, CVD or atomic layer deposition (ALD).

The thicknesses of the first insulating layers132and the first sacrificial material layers142may be in a range from 20 nm to 50 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may be used for each first insulating layer132and for each first sacrificial material layer142. The number of repetitions of the pairs of a first insulating layer132and a first sacrificial material layer142may be in a range from 2 to 1,024, and typically from 8 to 256, although a greater number of repetitions may also be used. In one embodiment, each first sacrificial material layer142in the first-tier alternating stack (132,142) may have a uniform thickness that is substantially invariant within each respective first sacrificial material layer142.

A first insulating cap layer170is subsequently formed over the first alternating stack (132,142). The first insulating cap layer170includes a dielectric material, which may be any dielectric material that may be used for the first insulating layers132. In one embodiment, the first insulating cap layer170includes the same dielectric material as the first insulating layers132. The thickness of the first insulating cap layer170may be in a range from 20 nm to 300 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used.

Referring toFIG. 19, the first insulating cap layer170and the first-tier alternating stack (132,142) may be patterned to form first stepped surfaces in the staircase region300. The staircase region300may include a respective first stepped area in which the first stepped surfaces are formed, and a second stepped area in which additional stepped surfaces are to be subsequently formed in a second-tier structure (to be subsequently formed over a first-tier structure) and/or additional tier structures. The first stepped surfaces may be formed, for example, by forming a mask layer (not shown) with an opening therein, etching a cavity within the levels of the first insulating cap layer170, and iteratively expanding the etched area and vertically recessing the cavity by etching each pair of a first insulating layer132and a first sacrificial material layer142located directly underneath the bottom surface of the etched cavity within the etched area. In one embodiment, top surfaces of the first sacrificial material layers142may be physically exposed at the first stepped surfaces. The cavity overlying the first stepped surfaces is herein referred to as a first stepped cavity.

A dielectric fill material (such as undoped silicate glass or doped silicate glass) may be deposited to fill the first stepped cavity. Excess portions of the dielectric fill material may be removed from above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the first insulating cap layer170. A remaining portion of the dielectric fill material that fills the region overlying the first stepped surfaces constitute a first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165. As used herein, a “retro-stepped” element refers to an element that has stepped surfaces and a horizontal cross-sectional area that increases monotonically as a function of a vertical distance from a top surface of a substrate on which the element is present. The first-tier alternating stack (132,142) and the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165collectively constitute a first-tier structure, which is an in-process structure that is subsequently modified.

An inter-tier dielectric layer180may be optionally deposited over the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165). The inter-tier dielectric layer180includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide. In one embodiment, the inter-tier dielectric layer180may include a doped silicate glass having a greater etch rate than the material of the first insulating layers132(which may include an undoped silicate glass). For example, the inter-tier dielectric layer180may include phosphosilicate glass. The thickness of the inter-tier dielectric layer180may be in a range from 30 nm to 300 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used.

Referring toFIGS. 20A and 20B, various first-tier openings (149,129) may be formed through the inter-tier dielectric layer180and the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165) and the sacrificial source-level material layer104and into an upper portion of the lower-level dielectric material layers760. A photoresist layer (not shown) may be applied over the inter-tier dielectric layer180, and may be lithographically patterned to form various openings therethrough. The pattern of openings in the photoresist layer may be transferred through the inter-tier dielectric layer180and the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165), through the sacrificial source-level material layer104, and into the lower-level dielectric material layers760by a first anisotropic etch process to form the various first-tier openings (149,129) concurrently, i.e., during the first isotropic etch process. The various first-tier openings (149,129) may include first-tier memory openings149and first-tier support openings129. Locations of steps S in the first alternating stack (132,142) are illustrated as dotted lines inFIG. 20B.

The first-tier memory openings149are openings that are formed in the memory array region100through each layer within the first alternating stack (132,142) and are subsequently used to form memory stack structures therein. The first-tier memory openings149may be formed in clusters of first-tier memory openings149that are laterally spaced apart along the second horizontal direction hd2. Each cluster of first-tier memory openings149may be formed as a two-dimensional array of first-tier memory openings149.

The first-tier support openings129are openings that are formed in the staircase region300, and are subsequently employed to form support pillar structures. A subset of the first-tier support openings129that is formed through the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165may be formed through a respective horizontal surface of the first stepped surfaces.

In one embodiment, the first anisotropic etch process may include an initial step in which the materials of the first-tier alternating stack (132,142) are etched concurrently with the material of the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165. The chemistry of the initial etch step may alternate to optimize etching of the first and second materials in the first-tier alternating stack (132,142) while providing a comparable average etch rate to the material of the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165. The first anisotropic etch process may use, for example, a series of reactive ion etch processes or a single reaction etch process (e.g., CF4/O2/Ar etch). The sidewalls of the various first-tier openings (149,129) may be substantially vertical, or may be tapered. After etching through the alternating stack (132,142) and the first retro-stepped dielectric material portion165, the chemistry of a terminal portion of the first anisotropic etch process may be selected to etch through the sacrificial source-level material layer104.

Optionally, the portions of the first-tier memory openings149and the first-tier support openings129at the level of the inter-tier dielectric layer180may be laterally expanded by an isotropic etch. In this case, the inter-tier dielectric layer180may comprise a dielectric material (such as borosilicate glass) having a greater etch rate than the first insulating layers132(that may include undoped silicate glass) in dilute hydrofluoric acid. An isotropic etch (such as a wet etch using HF) may be used to expand the lateral dimensions of the first-tier memory openings149at the level of the inter-tier dielectric layer180. The portions of the first-tier memory openings149located at the level of the inter-tier dielectric layer180may be optionally widened to provide a larger landing pad for second-tier memory openings to be subsequently formed through a second-tier alternating stack (to be subsequently formed prior to formation of the second-tier memory openings).

Referring toFIG. 21, sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128) may be formed in the various first-tier openings (149,129). For example, a sacrificial first-tier fill material is deposited concurrently deposited in each of the first-tier openings (149,129). The sacrificial first-tier fill material includes a material that may be subsequently removed selective to the materials of the first insulating layers132and the first sacrificial material layers142.

In one embodiment, the sacrificial first-tier fill material may include a semiconductor material such as silicon (e.g., a-Si or polysilicon), a silicon-germanium alloy, germanium, a III-V compound semiconductor material, or a combination thereof. Optionally, a thin etch stop liner (such as a silicon oxide layer or a silicon nitride layer having a thickness in a range from 1 nm to 3 nm) may be used prior to depositing the sacrificial first-tier fill material. The sacrificial first-tier fill material may be formed by a non-conformal deposition or a conformal deposition method.

In another embodiment, the sacrificial first-tier fill material may include a silicon oxide material having a higher etch rate than the materials of the first insulating layers132, the first insulating cap layer170, and the inter-tier dielectric layer180. For example, the sacrificial first-tier fill material may include borosilicate glass or porous or non-porous organosilicate glass having an etch rate that is at least 100 times higher than the etch rate of densified TEOS oxide (i.e., a silicon oxide material formed by decomposition of tetraethylorthosilicate glass in a chemical vapor deposition process and subsequently densified in an anneal process) in a 100:1 dilute hydrofluoric acid. In this case, a thin etch stop liner (such as a silicon nitride layer having a thickness in a range from 1 nm to 3 nm) may be used prior to depositing the sacrificial first-tier fill material. The sacrificial first-tier fill material may be formed by a non-conformal deposition or a conformal deposition method.

In yet another embodiment, the sacrificial first-tier fill material may include amorphous silicon or a carbon-containing material (such as amorphous carbon or diamond-like carbon) that may be subsequently removed by ashing, or a silicon-based polymer that may be subsequently removed selective to the materials of the first alternating stack (132,142).

Portions of the deposited sacrificial material may be removed from above the topmost layer of the first-tier alternating stack (132,142), such as from above the inter-tier dielectric layer180. For example, the sacrificial first-tier fill material may be recessed to a top surface of the inter-tier dielectric layer180using a planarization process. The planarization process may include a recess etch, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), or a combination thereof. The top surface of the inter-tier dielectric layer180may be used as an etch stop layer or a planarization stop layer.

Remaining portions of the sacrificial first-tier fill material comprise sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128). Specifically, each remaining portion of the sacrificial material in a first-tier memory opening149constitutes a sacrificial first-tier memory opening fill portion148. Each remaining portion of the sacrificial material in a first-tier support opening129constitutes a sacrificial first-tier support opening fill portion128. The various sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128) are concurrently formed, i.e., during a same set of processes including the deposition process that deposits the sacrificial first-tier fill material and the planarization process that removes the first-tier deposition process from above the first alternating stack (132,142) (such as from above the top surface of the inter-tier dielectric layer180). The top surfaces of the sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128) may be coplanar with the top surface of the inter-tier dielectric layer180. Each of the sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128) may, or may not, include cavities therein.

Referring toFIG. 22, a second-tier structure may be formed over the first-tier structure (132,142,170,148). The second-tier structure may include an additional alternating stack of insulating layers and spacer material layers, which may be sacrificial material layers. For example, a second alternating stack (232,242) of material layers may be subsequently formed on the top surface of the first alternating stack (132,142). The second alternating stack (232,242) includes an alternating plurality of third material layers and fourth material layers. Each third material layer may include a third material, and each fourth material layer may include a fourth material that is different from the third material. In one embodiment, the third material may be the same as the first material of the first insulating layer132, and the fourth material may be the same as the second material of the first sacrificial material layers142.

In one embodiment, the third material layers may be second insulating layers232and the fourth material layers may be second spacer material layers that provide vertical spacing between each vertically neighboring pair of the second insulating layers232. In one embodiment, the third material layers and the fourth material layers may be second insulating layers232and second sacrificial material layers242, respectively. The third material of the second insulating layers232may be at least one insulating material. The fourth material of the second sacrificial material layers242may be a sacrificial material that may be removed selective to the third material of the second insulating layers232. The second sacrificial material layers242may comprise an insulating material, a semiconductor material, or a conductive material. The fourth material of the second sacrificial material layers242may be subsequently replaced with electrically conductive electrodes which may function, for example, as control gate electrodes of a vertical NAND device.

In one embodiment, each second insulating layer232may include a second insulating material, and each second sacrificial material layer242may include a second sacrificial material. In this case, the second alternating stack (232,242) may include an alternating plurality of second insulating layers232and second sacrificial material layers242. The third material of the second insulating layers232may be deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The fourth material of the second sacrificial material layers242may be formed, for example, CVD or atomic layer deposition (ALD).

The third material of the second insulating layers232may be at least one insulating material. Insulating materials that may be used for the second insulating layers232may be any material that may be used for the first insulating layers132. The fourth material of the second sacrificial material layers242is a sacrificial material that may be removed selective to the third material of the second insulating layers232. Sacrificial materials that may be used for the second sacrificial material layers242may be any material that may be used for the first sacrificial material layers142. In one embodiment, the second insulating material may be the same as the first insulating material, and the second sacrificial material may be the same as the first sacrificial material.

The thicknesses of the second insulating layers232and the second sacrificial material layers242may be in a range from 20 nm to 50 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may be used for each second insulating layer232and for each second sacrificial material layer242. The number of repetitions of the pairs of a second insulating layer232and a second sacrificial material layer242may be in a range from 2 to 1,024, and typically from 8 to 256, although a greater number of repetitions may also be used. In one embodiment, each second sacrificial material layer242in the second alternating stack (232,242) may have a uniform thickness that is substantially invariant within each respective second sacrificial material layer242.

Second stepped surfaces in the second stepped area may be formed in the staircase region300using a same set of processing steps as the processing steps used to form the first stepped surfaces in the first stepped area with suitable adjustment to the pattern of at least one masking layer. A second retro-stepped dielectric material portion265may be formed over the second stepped surfaces in the staircase region300.

A second insulating cap layer270may be subsequently formed over the second alternating stack (232,242). The second insulating cap layer270includes a dielectric material that is different from the material of the second sacrificial material layers242. In one embodiment, the second insulating cap layer270may include silicon oxide. In one embodiment, the first and second sacrificial material layers (142,242) may comprise silicon nitride.

Optionally, drain-select-level isolation structures72may be formed through a subset of layers in an upper portion of the second-tier alternating stack (232,242). The second sacrificial material layers242that are cut by the drain-select-level isolation structures72correspond to the levels in which drain-select-level electrically conductive layers are subsequently formed. The drain-select-level isolation structures72include a dielectric material such as silicon oxide. The drain-select-level isolation structures72may laterally extend along a first horizontal direction hd1, and may be laterally spaced apart along a second horizontal direction hd2that is perpendicular to the first horizontal direction hd1. The combination of the second alternating stack (232,242), the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion265, the second insulating cap layer270, and the optional drain-select-level isolation structures72collectively constitute a second-tier structure (232,242,265,270,72).

Referring toFIGS. 23A and 23B, various second-tier openings (249,229) may be formed through the second-tier structure (232,242,265,270,72). A photoresist layer (not shown) may be applied over the second insulating cap layer270, and may be lithographically patterned to form various openings therethrough. The pattern of the openings may be the same as the pattern of the various first-tier openings (149,129), which is the same as the sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128). Thus, the lithographic mask used to pattern the first-tier openings (149,129) may be used to pattern the photoresist layer.

The pattern of openings in the photoresist layer may be transferred through the second-tier structure (232,242,265,270,72) by a second anisotropic etch process to form various second-tier openings (249,229) concurrently, i.e., during the second anisotropic etch process. The various second-tier openings (249,229) may include second-tier memory openings249and second-tier support openings229.

The second-tier memory openings249are formed directly on a top surface of a respective one of the sacrificial first-tier memory opening fill portions148. The second-tier support openings229are formed directly on a top surface of a respective one of the sacrificial first-tier support opening fill portions128. Further, each second-tier support openings229may be formed through a horizontal surface within the second stepped surfaces, which include the interfacial surfaces between the second alternating stack (232,242) and the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion265. Locations of steps S in the first-tier alternating stack (132,142) and the second-tier alternating stack (232,242) are illustrated as dotted lines inFIG. 7B.

The second anisotropic etch process may include an etch step in which the materials of the second-tier alternating stack (232,242) are etched concurrently with the material of the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion265. The chemistry of the etch step may alternate to optimize etching of the materials in the second-tier alternating stack (232,242) while providing a comparable average etch rate to the material of the second retro-stepped dielectric material portion265. The second anisotropic etch process may use, for example, a series of reactive ion etch processes or a single reaction etch process (e.g., CF4/O2/Ar etch). The sidewalls of the various second-tier openings (249,229) may be substantially vertical, or may be tapered. A bottom periphery of each second-tier opening (249,229) may be laterally offset, and/or may be located entirely within, a periphery of a top surface of an underlying sacrificial first-tier opening fill portion (148,128). The photoresist layer may be subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

Referring toFIG. 24, the sacrificial first-tier fill material of the sacrificial first-tier opening fill portions (148,128) may be removed using an etch process that etches the sacrificial first-tier fill material selective to the materials of the first and second insulating layers (132,232), the first and second sacrificial material layers (142,242), the first and second insulating cap layers (170,270), and the inter-tier dielectric layer180. A memory opening49, which is also referred to as an inter-tier memory opening49, is formed in each combination of a second-tier memory openings249and a volume from which a sacrificial first-tier memory opening fill portion148is removed. A support opening19, which is also referred to as an inter-tier support opening19, is formed in each combination of a second-tier support openings229and a volume from which a sacrificial first-tier support opening fill portion128is removed.

FIGS. 25A-25Dprovide sequential cross-sectional views of a memory opening49during formation of a memory opening fill structure. The same structural change occurs in each of the memory openings49and the support openings19.

Referring toFIG. 25A, a memory opening49in the second exemplary device structure ofFIG. 24is illustrated. The memory opening49extends through the first-tier structure and the second-tier structure.

Referring toFIG. 25B, a stack of layers including a blocking dielectric layer52, a charge storage layer54, a tunneling dielectric layer56, and a semiconductor channel material layer60L may be sequentially deposited in the memory openings49. The blocking dielectric layer52may have the same material composition and the same thickness range as in the first exemplary structure. The charge storage layer54may have the same material composition and the same thickness range as in the first exemplary structure. The tunneling dielectric layer may have the same material composition as in the first exemplary structure.

The semiconductor channel material layer60L can have the same material composition as the first semiconductor channel layer601and/or the second semiconductor channel layer602of the first embodiment. The semiconductor channel material layer60L includes a semiconductor material, such as at least one III-V compound semiconductor material. The at least one III-V compound semiconductor material has a doping of a first conductivity type. In one embodiment, the semiconductor channel material layer60L includes p-doped GaAs or InGaAs. The semiconductor channel material layer60L can be formed by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The thickness of the semiconductor channel material layer60L can be in a range from 2 nm to 20 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. A memory cavity49′ is formed in the volume of each memory opening49that is not filled with the deposited material layers (52,54,56,60L). In one embodiment, the semiconductor channel material layer60L has a same band gap throughout, i.e., a fixed band gap. The semiconductor channel material layer60L may be formed by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD).

Referring toFIG. 25C, in case the cavity49′ in each memory opening is not completely filled by the semiconductor channel material layer60L, a dielectric core layer may be deposited in the cavity49′ to fill any remaining portion of the cavity49′ within each memory opening. The dielectric core layer includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide or organosilicate glass. The dielectric core layer may be deposited by a conformal deposition method such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), or by a self-planarizing deposition process such as spin coating. The horizontal portion of the dielectric core layer overlying the second insulating cap layer270may be removed, for example, by a recess etch. The recess etch continues until top surfaces of the remaining portions of the dielectric core layer are recessed to a height between the top surface of the second insulating cap layer270and the bottom surface of the second insulating cap layer270. Each remaining portion of the dielectric core layer constitutes a dielectric core62.

Referring toFIG. 25D, the material of the dielectric core layer62L can be vertically recessed selective to the semiconductor channel material layer60L into each memory opening49down to a depth between a first horizontal plane including the top surface of the second insulating cap layer270and a second horizontal plane including the bottom surface of the second insulating cap layer270. Each remaining portion of the dielectric core layer62L constitutes a dielectric core62.

Portions of the semiconductor channel material layer60L that are located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the dielectric core62can be removed, for example, by performing a selective isotropic etch process that etches the semiconductor materials of the semiconductor channel material layer60L selective to the dielectric materials of the second insulating cap layer270and the memory film50. Each remaining portion of the semiconductor channel material layer60L comprises a vertical semiconductor channel60. The III-V compound material of the vertical semiconductor channel60is herein referred to as a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. The III-V compound semiconductor channel material of the vertical semiconductor channel60can have a fixed band gap, which is the band gap of the III-V compound semiconductor material of the vertical semiconductor channel60.

Referring toFIG. 25E, the dielectric core62can be vertically recess below the horizontal top surfaces of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The top surface of the dielectric core62may be recessed down to, or below, the horizontal plane including the top surface of the topmost sacrificial material layer42. Top portions of the inner sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60can be physically exposed to the recess region that is formed over the dielectric core62. The recess region can have an upper portion that is laterally bounded by the memory film50and a lower portion that is laterally bounded by the inner sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60.

Referring toFIG. 25F, a graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L can be deposited over the dielectric core62, the vertical semiconductor channel60, and the second insulating cap layer270. The graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L may be the same as in the first embodiment, and may include a layer stack including at least two III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) having different material compositions and having a doping of a second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. The band gaps of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) are selected that the band gap of the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer63A that is deposited directly on the vertical semiconductor channel60may substantially match or be slightly greater than the band gap of the vertical semiconductor channel60. Subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63B,63C,63D) have a respective band gap that is less than the band gap of any previously deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The layer stack including at least two III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) is described above with respect to the first embodiment illustrated inFIG. 7J, and will not be described again for brevity.

While an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D) are formed as discrete material layers is described above, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which a continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L replaces the discrete III-V compound semiconductor material layers (63A,63B,63C,63D), as described with respect to the first embodiment. In this case, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer has a composition gradient that provides a continuously decreasing band gap as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. For example, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may include an InGaAs layer in which the atomic concentration of indium continuously increases as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

Referring toFIG. 25G, portion of the graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the second insulating cap layer270can be removed by performing a planarization process. For example, a chemical mechanical planarization process can be performed to remove portions of the graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L located above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the second insulating cap layer270. Each remaining portion of the graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L that fills a recess region and contacts a respective one of the vertical semiconductor channels60comprises a drain region63. Each drain region63can include one or more layers of the graded III-V compound semiconductor material layers63L.

Each drain region63is formed at an upper end of a respective vertical semiconductor channel60. The vertical semiconductor channels60have a doping of the first conductivity type, and each drain region63has a doping of the second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. Each drain region has a compositional gradient therein. The graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer63L within each drain region63have different band gaps that decrease step wise or continuously with a distance from an interface between the drain region63and the vertical semiconductor channel60.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the vertical semiconductor channel60within each memory opening49comprises a III-V compound semiconductor channel material. In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material has a fixed band gap that is uniform throughout the vertical semiconductor channel60. The drain region63within each memory opening49has a variable band gap that varies within the drain region63. In one embodiment, the variable band gap of the drain region63can monotonically decrease in a step wise or continuous manner within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. The distance may be measured vertically from a horizontal interface, or may be measured horizontally from a vertical interface.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises a doped gallium arsenide channel material, and the drain region63comprises at least one doped indium gallium arsenide layer with a decreasing band gap from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the drain region63comprises a plurality of doped indium gallium arsenide layers including indium atoms at different atomic indium percentages. In one embodiment, the difference between the variable band gap of the drain region63and the fixed band gap of the vertical semiconductor channel60monotonically increases within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises a cylindrical inner sidewall, a cylindrical outer sidewall, and an annular top surface extending between the cylindrical inner sidewall and the cylindrical outer sidewall. The drain region63contacts the annular top surface and an upper portion of the cylindrical inner sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The dopant concentration of dopants of the second conductivity type in the drain region63can be in a range from 5.0×1018/cm3to 2.0×1021/cm3, although lesser and greater dopant concentrations can also be employed.

Referring toFIG. 26, the second exemplary structure is illustrated after formation of the memory opening fill structures58. Support pillar structures20are formed in the support openings19concurrently with formation of the memory opening fill structures58. Each support pillar structure20may have a same set of components as a memory opening fill structure58.

Each adjoining pair of a first semiconductor channel layer601and a second semiconductor channel layer602can collectively form a vertical semiconductor channel60through which electrical current can flow when a vertical NAND device including the vertical semiconductor channel60is turned on. A tunneling dielectric layer56is surrounded by a charge storage layer54, and laterally surrounds a portion of the vertical semiconductor channel60. Each adjoining set of a tunneling dielectric layer56, a charge storage layer54, and a blocking dielectric layer52collectively constitute a memory film50, which includes a vertical stack of memory elements that can store a respective data bit with a macroscopic retention time. As used herein, a macroscopic retention time refers to a retention time suitable for operation of a memory device as a permanent memory device such as a retention time in excess of 24 hours. In alternative embodiments, a blocking dielectric layer52may not be formed in each memory opening49, and may be subsequently formed in backside recesses that are formed by removal of the sacrificial material layers42at a subsequent processing step.

Each combination of a memory film50and a vertical semiconductor channel60within a memory opening49constitutes a memory stack structure55. The memory stack structure55is a combination of a semiconductor channel60, a tunneling dielectric layer56, a plurality of memory elements as embodied as portions of the charge storage layer54, and a blocking dielectric layer52. Each combination of a memory stack structure55, a dielectric core62, and a drain region63within a memory opening49is herein referred to as a memory opening fill structure58. Each combination of a memory film50, a vertical semiconductor channel60, a dielectric core62, and a drain region63within each support opening19fills the respective support openings19, and constitutes a support pillar structure.

Referring toFIGS. 27A and 27B, a first contact-level dielectric layer280may be formed over the second-tier structure (232,242,270,265,72). The first contact-level dielectric layer280includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, and may be formed by a conformal or non-conformal deposition process. For example, the first contact-level dielectric layer280may include undoped silicate glass and may have a thickness in a range from 100 nm to 600 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used.

A photoresist layer (not shown) may be applied over the first contact-level dielectric layer280, and may be lithographically patterned to form discrete openings within the area of the memory array region100in which memory opening fill structures58are not present. An anisotropic etch may be performed to form vertical interconnection region cavities585having substantially vertical sidewalls that extend through the first contact-level dielectric layer280, the second-tier structure (232,242,270,265,72), and the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165) may be formed underneath the openings in the photoresist layer. A top surface of a lower-level metal interconnect structure780may be physically exposed at the bottom of each vertical interconnection region cavity585. The photoresist layer may be removed, for example, by ashing.

Referring toFIG. 28, a dielectric material such as silicon oxide may be deposited in the vertical interconnection region cavities585by a conformal deposition process (such as low pressure chemical vapor deposition) or a self-planarizing deposition process (such as spin coating). Excess portions of the deposited dielectric material may be removed from above the top surface of the first contact-level dielectric layer280by a planarization process. Remaining portions of the dielectric material in the vertical interconnection region cavities585constitute interconnection region dielectric fill material portions584.

Referring toFIGS. 29A and 29B, a photoresist layer may be applied over the first contact-level dielectric layer280and may be lithographically patterned to form elongated openings that extend along the first horizontal direction hd1between clusters of memory opening fill structures58. Backside trenches79may be formed by transferring the pattern in the photoresist layer (not shown) through the first contact-level dielectric layer280, the second-tier structure (232,242,270,265,72), and the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165), and into the sacrificial source-level material layer104. Portions of the first contact-level dielectric layer280, the second-tier structure (232,242,270,265,72), the first-tier structure (132,142,170,165), and the sacrificial source-level material layer104that underlie the openings in the photoresist layer may be removed to form the backside trenches79. In one embodiment, the backside trenches79may be formed between clusters of memory stack structures55. The clusters of the memory stack structures55may be laterally spaced apart along the second horizontal direction hd2by the backside trenches79.

Referring toFIGS. 30 and 31A, a backside trench spacer77may be formed on sidewalls of each backside trench79. For example, a conformal spacer material layer may be deposited in the backside trenches79and over the first contact-level dielectric layer280, and may be anisotropically etched to form the backside trench spacers77. The backside trench spacers77include a material that is different from the material of the sacrificial source-level material layer104. For example, the backside trench spacers77may include silicon nitride.

Referring toFIG. 31B, an etchant that etches the material of the sacrificial source-level material layer104selective to the materials of the first alternating stack (132,142), the second alternating stack (232,242), the first and second insulating cap layers (170,270), the first contact-level dielectric layer280, the at least one second dielectric material layer768, and the memory films50may be introduced into the backside trenches in an isotropic etch process. For example, if the sacrificial source-level material layer104includes undoped amorphous silicon or polysilicon, the backside trench spacers77include silicon nitride, a wet etch process using hot trimethyl-2 hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide (“hot TMY”) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) may be used to remove the sacrificial source-level material layer104selective to the memory films50. A source cavity109is formed in the volume from which the sacrificial source-level material layer104is removed. The source cavity109is vertically bounded by insulating surfaces.

Referring toFIG. 31C, a sequence of isotropic etchants, such as wet etchants, may be applied to the physically exposed portions of the memory films50to sequentially etch the various component layers of the memory films50from outside to inside, and to physically expose cylindrical surfaces of the vertical semiconductor channels60at the level of the source cavity109. The source cavity109may be expanded in volume by removal of the portions of the memory films50at the level of the source cavity109. The source cavity109is formed by isotropically etching the sacrificial source-level material layer104and a sidewall portion of each of the memory films50selective to the bottommost insulating layer32, the at least one dielectric material layer768, and the vertical semiconductor channels60.

Referring toFIG. 31D, a III-V compound semiconductor source region14can be formed in the source cavity109by performing a series of selective III-V compound deposition process(es) while suppressing growth of any III-V compound material from insulating surfaces (e.g., from the insulating layers132). The III-V compound semiconductor source region14has a shape of an annular III-V compound semiconductor material portion that is selectively deposited on the exposed portion of the III-V compound semiconductor material of the vertical semiconductor channel60exposed in the source cavity109.

Each III-V compound semiconductor source region14includes a graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer, which may comprise a single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer or a layer stack including at least two discrete III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) having different material compositions and having a doping of the second conductivity type that is the opposite of the first conductivity type. Specifically, the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D may include at least two III-V compound semiconductor material layers, such as three or more III-V compound semiconductor material layers having a respective band gap. The band gaps of the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) are selected that the band gap of a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A that is deposited directly on the vertical semiconductor channel60substantially matches or is slightly smaller than the band gap of the vertical semiconductor channel60. Subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14B,14C,14D) have a respective band gap that is less than the band gap of any previously deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) may be deposited by selective III-V compound semiconductor deposition processes (such as chemical vapor deposition processes employing concurrent or alternating flow of an etchant gas).

In an illustrative example, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material of the vertical semiconductor channel60can include p-doped GaAs or InGaAs, and the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) can include a first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A including n-doped GaAs or InGaAs and having the same band gap or substantially the same band gap as the vertical semiconductor channel60. For example, if the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises p-doped GaAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A comprises n-doped GaAs or n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where 0<x<0.1. If the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InxGa1-xAs, where x>y. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B is deposited on the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A. The second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the vertical semiconductor channel60and the first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A. For example, if the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises p-doped GaAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>0.1, such as 0.1<z<0.3. If the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises p-doped InGaAs having a formula InyGa1-yAs, then the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B comprises n-doped InGaAs having a formula InzGa1-zAs, where z>x>y. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer14C may be deposited on the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer14C comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the second III-V compound semiconductor material layer14B. The third III-V compound semiconductor material layer14C may have a formula InpGa1-pAs, where p>z, for example 0.3<p<0.5. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer14D may be deposited on the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer14C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer14D comprises a n-doped InGaAs which contains more indium than the third III-V compound semiconductor material layer14C. The fourth III-V compound semiconductor material layer14D may have a formula InqGa1-qAs, where q>p, for example 0.5<q<0.7. Generally, the III-V compound semiconductor material of each successive III-V compound semiconductor material layer can be selected such that the band gap of each subsequently deposited III-V compound semiconductor material layer decreases relative to the band gap of an immediately preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

While the present disclosure is described employing an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) include four III-V compound semiconductor material layers, two, three, four, or more layers can be included in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D). Further, while an example in which each source region14includes n-doped GaAs or InGaAs, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which each source region14includes any III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of the second conductivity type and having a variable band gap that increases stepwise or continuously with a vertical distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. Generally, the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) include any number of III-V compound semiconductor material layers. The first III-V compound semiconductor material layer14A that contacts the vertical semiconductor channel60has the same band gap as, or has substantially the same band gap as, the vertical semiconductor channel60. Each subsequently deposited layer within the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) has a lesser band gaps relative to the band gap of a respective preceding III-V compound semiconductor material layer. The layers in the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) can have a doping of the second conductivity type. The thickness of each source region14can be in a range from 20 nm to 60 nm, and top surface of each source region14can be at, or below, the top surface of the bottommost insulating layer132.

While an embodiment in which the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D) are formed as discrete material layers is described above, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which a single continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer replaces the III-V compound semiconductor material layers (14A,14B,14C,14D). In this case, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer has a composition gradient that provides a continuously decreasing band gap as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. For example, the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may include an InGaAs layer in which the atomic concentration of indium continuously increases as a function of a distance from the interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. The atomic concentration of indium in the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer may increase, for example, from 0% to 10% at the interface to a range from 50% to 100% at a distal portion of the continuously graded III-V compound semiconductor material layer.

Generally, each source region14can be formed as a III-V compound semiconductor source region comprising a doped III-V compound material, and can be formed on the lower side surface of the vertical semiconductor channel60. The III-V compound semiconductor source region14comprises a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a horizontal compositional gradient that provides a variable band gap (e.g., varying continuously or step wise) that decreases with a horizontal distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. The horizontal composition gradient may be stepwise (i.e., including stepwise changes in composition) or may be gradual (i.e., including a continuous change in composition).

Referring toFIG. 31E, a tubular silicon-germanium alloy portion15can be selectively grown on the outer sidewall of each III-V compound semiconductor source region14while suppressing growth of a silicon-germanium alloy material from the insulating surfaces around the source cavity109. The tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15can be grown by a selective silicon-germanium alloy deposition process in which source gases for silicon and germanium are flowed into a process chamber concurrently with, or alternatively with, an etchant gas. For example, the source gases may include germane and disilane or silane, and the etchant gas can include hydrogen chloride gas. Alternative source gases and/or alternative etchant gas may also be employed. The lateral thickness of each tubular silicon-germanium alloy portion15(i.e., the distance between an inner sidewall and an outer sidewall of each tubular silicon-germanium alloy portion15) may be in a range from 10 nm to 60 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed. The atomic percentage of germanium in the silicon-germanium alloy material of the tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15may be in a range from 15% to 85%, such as from 30% to 70%, although lesser and greater percentages may also be employed.

Referring toFIG. 31F, a sacrificial source-level metallic layer16can be conformally deposited by a conformal deposition process, such as a chemical vapor deposition process. The sacrificial source-level metallic layer16includes a material that forms a metallic compound with a silicon-germanium alloy. Specifically, the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16includes a metal that forms a germanosilicide (e.g., a silicon containing germanide, a germanium containing silicide or a germanide-silicide) upon reaction with a silicon-germanium alloy material. For example, the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16can include nickel, titanium, cobalt, platinum, or tungsten. The sacrificial source-level metallic layer16can be formed on an outer sidewall of each annular metal germanosilicide portion18. The thickness of the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16can be in a range from 10 nm to 100 nm, such as from 20 nm to 50 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed.

Referring toFIG. 31G, a thermal anneal process is performed at an elevated temperature to induce metallization of the tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15. The semiconductor material of the tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15reacts with the metal of the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16to form annular metal germanosilicide portions18. The annular metal germanosilicide portions16include a metal germanosilicide material, such as nickel germanosilicide (NiGeSi) derived from metallization of the tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15. The tubular silicon-germanium alloy portions15are converted into the annular metal germanosilicide portions18.

Referring toFIG. 31H, remaining portions of the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16can be subsequently removed selective to the annular metal germanosilicide portions18and to the insulating materials of the at least one second dielectric material layer768, the bottommost insulating layer132, and the backside trench spacers77. For example, a wet etch process that etches metal selective to metal germanosilicide material can be performed to remove the remaining portions of the sacrificial source-level metallic layer16.

Referring toFIG. 32A, the sacrificial material layers (142,242) are may be removed selective to the insulating layers (132,232), the first and second insulating cap layers (170,270), the first contact-level dielectric layer280, the annular metal germanosilicide portions18, the dielectric semiconductor oxide plates122, and the annular dielectric semiconductor oxide spacers124. For example, an etchant that selectively etches the materials of the sacrificial material layers (142,242) with respect to the materials of the insulating layers (132,232), the first and second insulating cap layers (170,270), the retro-stepped dielectric material portions (165,265), and the material of the outermost layer of the memory films50may be introduced into the backside trenches79, for example, using an isotropic etch process. For example, the sacrificial material layers (142,242) may include silicon nitride, the materials of the insulating layers (132,232), the first and second insulating cap layers (170,270), the retro-stepped dielectric material portions (165,265), and the outermost layer of the memory films50may include silicon oxide materials.

The isotropic etch process may be a wet etch process using a wet etch solution, or may be a gas phase (dry) etch process in which the etchant is introduced in a vapor phase into the backside trench79. For example, if the sacrificial material layers (142,242) include silicon nitride, the etch process may be a wet etch process in which the exemplary structure is immersed within a wet etch tank including phosphoric acid, which etches silicon nitride selective to silicon oxide, silicon, and various other materials used in the art.

Backside recesses (143,243) are formed in volumes from which the sacrificial material layers (142,242) are removed. The backside recesses (143,243) include first backside recesses143that are formed in volumes from which the first sacrificial material layers142are removed and second backside recesses243that are formed in volumes from which the second sacrificial material layers242are removed. Each of the backside recesses (143,243) may be a laterally extending cavity having a lateral dimension that is greater than the vertical extent of the cavity. In other words, the lateral dimension of each of the backside recesses (143,243) may be greater than the height of the respective backside recess (143,243). A plurality of backside recesses (143,243) may be formed in the volumes from which the material of the sacrificial material layers (142,242) is removed. Each of the backside recesses (143,243) may extend substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate semiconductor layer5. A backside recess (143,243) may be vertically bounded by a top surface of an underlying insulating layer (132,232) and a bottom surface of an overlying insulating layer (132,232). In one embodiment, each of the backside recesses (143,243) may have a uniform height throughout.

Referring toFIG. 32B, a backside blocking dielectric layer (not shown) may be optionally deposited in the backside recesses (143,243) and the backside trenches79and over the first contact-level dielectric layer280. The backside blocking dielectric layer includes a dielectric material such as a dielectric metal oxide, silicon oxide, or a combination thereof. For example, the backside blocking dielectric layer may include aluminum oxide. The backside blocking dielectric layer may be formed by a conformal deposition process such as atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition. The thickness of the backside blocking dielectric layer may be in a range from 1 nm to 20 nm, such as from 2 nm to 10 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used.

At least one conductive material may be deposited in the plurality of backside recesses (143,243), in the source cavity1-9, on the sidewalls of the backside trenches79, and over the first contact-level dielectric layer280. The at least one conductive material may be deposited by a conformal deposition method, which may be, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), electroless plating, electroplating, or a combination thereof. The at least one conductive material may include an elemental metal, an intermetallic alloy of at least two elemental metals, a conductive nitride of at least one elemental metal, a conductive metal oxide, a conductive doped semiconductor material, a conductive metal-semiconductor alloy such as a metal silicide, alloys thereof, and combinations or stacks thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least one conductive material may include at least one metallic material, i.e., an electrically conductive material that includes at least one metallic element. Non-limiting exemplary metallic materials that may be deposited in the backside recesses (143,243) include tungsten, tungsten nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, cobalt, and ruthenium. For example, the at least one conductive material may include a conductive metallic nitride liner that includes a conductive metallic nitride material such as TiN, TaN, WN, or a combination thereof, and a conductive fill material such as W, Co, Ru, Mo, Cu, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the at least one conductive material for filling the backside recesses (143,243) may be a combination of titanium nitride layer and a tungsten fill material.

Electrically conductive layers (146,246) may be formed in the backside recesses (143,243) by deposition of the at least one conductive material. A plurality of first electrically conductive layers146may be formed in the plurality of first backside recesses143, a plurality of second electrically conductive layers246may be formed in the plurality of second backside recesses243, and a continuous metallic material layer (not shown) may be formed on the sidewalls of each backside trench79and over the first contact-level dielectric layer280. A source-level metallic layer112can be formed in the source cavity109. Each of the first electrically conductive layers146and the second electrically conductive layers246may include a respective conductive metallic nitride liner and a respective conductive fill material. Thus, the first and second sacrificial material layers (142,242) may be replaced with the first and second electrically conductive layers (146,246), respectively. Specifically, each first sacrificial material layer142may be replaced with an optional portion of the backside blocking dielectric layer and a first electrically conductive layer146, and each second sacrificial material layer242may be replaced with an optional portion of the backside blocking dielectric layer and a second electrically conductive layer246. A backside cavity is present in the portion of each backside trench79that is not filled with the continuous metallic material layer.

Residual conductive material may be removed from inside the backside trenches79. Specifically, the deposited metallic material of the continuous metallic material layer may be etched back from the sidewalls of each backside trench79and from above the first contact-level dielectric layer280, for example, by an anisotropic or isotropic etch. Each remaining portion of the deposited metallic material in the first backside recesses constitutes a first electrically conductive layer146. Each remaining portion of the deposited metallic material in the second backside recesses constitutes a second electrically conductive layer246. Sidewalls of the first electrically conductive material layers146and the second electrically conductive layers may be physically exposed to a respective backside trench79. The backside trenches may have a pair of curved sidewalls having a non-periodic width variation along the first horizontal direction hd1and a non-linear width variation along the vertical direction.

Each electrically conductive layer (146,246) may be a conductive sheet including openings therein. A first subset of the openings through each electrically conductive layer (146,246) may be filled with memory opening fill structures58. A second subset of the openings through each electrically conductive layer (146,246) may be filled with the support pillar structures20. Each electrically conductive layer (146,246) may have a lesser area than any underlying electrically conductive layer (146,246) because of the first and second stepped surfaces. Each electrically conductive layer (146,246) may have a greater area than any overlying electrically conductive layer (146,246) because of the first and second stepped surfaces.

In some embodiments, drain-select-level isolation structures72may be provided at topmost levels of the second electrically conductive layers246. A subset of the second electrically conductive layers246located at the levels of the drain-select-level isolation structures72constitutes drain select gate electrodes. A subset of the electrically conductive layer (146,246) located underneath the drain select gate electrodes may function as combinations of a control gate and a word line located at the same level. The control gate electrodes within each electrically conductive layer (146,246) are the control gate electrodes for a vertical memory device including the memory stack structure55.

Each of the memory stack structures55comprises a vertical stack of memory elements located at each level of the electrically conductive layers (146,246). A subset of the electrically conductive layers (146,246) may comprise word lines for the memory elements. The semiconductor devices in the underlying peripheral device region700may comprise word line switch devices configured to control a bias voltage to respective word lines. The memory-level assembly is located over the substrate semiconductor layer5. The memory-level assembly includes at least one alternating stack (132,146,232,246) and memory stack structures55vertically extending through the at least one alternating stack (132,146,232,246).

A source-level contact layer114is formed at the source level. The source-level contact layer114includes the source-level metallic layer112that includes the same material as the electrically conductive layers (146,246), annular metal germanosilicide portions18laterally surrounding a respective one of the vertical semiconductor channels60, and III-V compound semiconductor source regions14including a graded III-V compound semiconductor material. The sacrificial source-level material layer104is replaced with the source-level contact layer114. The source-level contact layer114comprises III-V compound semiconductor source regions14that contact an outer cylindrical sidewall of a respective one of the vertical semiconductor channels60.

Referring toFIGS. 33A-33C, a dielectric fill material layer may be conformally deposited in the backside trenches79and over the first contact-level dielectric layer280by a conformal deposition process. The dielectric fill material layer may include, for example, silicon oxide. Each portion of the dielectric fill material layer that fills a backside trench79comprises a dielectric wall structure176.

A second contact-level dielectric layer282may be formed over the first contact-level dielectric layer280. The second contact-level dielectric layer282includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, and may have a thickness in a range from 100 nm to 600 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be used. The second contact-level dielectric layer282may comprise a horizontal portion of the dielectric fill material layer that is deposited over the first contact-level dielectric layer280.

Referring toFIGS. 34A and 34B, a photoresist layer (not shown) may be applied over the second contact-level dielectric layer282, and may be lithographically patterned to form various contact via openings. For example, openings for forming drain contact via structures may be formed in the memory array region100, and openings for forming staircase region contact via structures may be formed in the staircase region300. An anisotropic etch process is performed to transfer the pattern in the photoresist layer through the second and first contact-level dielectric layers (282,280) and underlying dielectric material portions. The drain regions63and the electrically conductive layers (146,246) may be used as etch stop structures. Drain contact via cavities may be formed over each drain region63, and staircase-region contact via cavities may be formed over each electrically conductive layer (146.246) at the stepped surfaces underlying the first and second retro-stepped dielectric material portions (165,265). The photoresist layer may be subsequently removed, for example, by ashing.

Drain contact via structures88are formed in the drain contact via cavities and on a top surface of a respective one of the drain regions63. Staircase-region contact via structures86are formed in the staircase-region contact via cavities and on a top surface of a respective one of the electrically conductive layers (146,246). The staircase-region contact via structures86may include drain select level contact via structures that contact a subset of the second electrically conductive layers246that function as drain select level gate electrodes. Further, the staircase-region contact via structures86may include word line contact via structures that contact electrically conductive layers (146,246) that underlie the drain select level gate electrodes and function as word lines for the memory stack structures55.

Referring toFIG. 35, peripheral-region via cavities may be formed through the second and first contact-level dielectric layers (282,280), the second and first retro-stepped dielectric material portions (265,165), and the at least one second dielectric material layer768to top surfaces of a first subset of the lower-level metal interconnect structure780in the peripheral device region400. Through-memory-region via cavities may be formed through the interconnection region dielectric fill material portions584and the at least one second dielectric material layer768to top surfaces of a second subset of the lower-level metal interconnect structure780. At least one conductive material may be deposited in the peripheral-region via cavities and in the through-memory-region via cavities. Excess portions of the at least one conductive material may be removed from above the horizontal plane including the top surface of the second contact-level dielectric layer282. Each remaining portion of the at least one conductive material in a peripheral-region via cavity constitutes a peripheral-region contact via structure488. Each remaining portion of the at least one conductive material in a through-memory-region via cavity constitutes a through-memory-region via structure588.

At least one additional dielectric layer may be formed over the contact-level dielectric layers (280,282), and additional metal interconnect structures (herein referred to as upper-level metal interconnect structures) may be formed in the at least one additional dielectric layer. For example, the at least one additional dielectric layer may include a line-level dielectric layer290that is formed over the contact-level dielectric layers (280,282). The upper-level metal interconnect structures may include bit lines98contacting a respective one of the drain contact via structures88, and interconnection line structures96contacting, and/or electrically connected to, at least one of the staircase-region contact via structures86and/or the peripheral-region contact via structures488and/or the through-memory-region via structures588. The word line contact via structures (which are provided as a subset of the staircase-region contact via structures86) may be electrically connected to the word line driver circuit through a subset of the lower-level metal interconnect structures780and through a subset of the peripheral-region contact via structures488.

Referring toFIGS. 17A-35and according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: a source-level contact layer114overlying a substrate and comprising a III-V compound semiconductor source region14; at least one alternating stack of insulating layers (132,232) and electrically conductive layers (146,246) located over the source-level contact layer114; a memory opening49vertically extending through the at least one alternating stack {(132,246), (232,246)}; and a memory opening fill structure58located in the memory opening49and comprising a vertical semiconductor channel60comprising a III-V compound semiconductor channel material in contact with an inner sidewall of the III-V compound semiconductor source region14, and a memory film50located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, the source-level contact layer114further comprises an annular metal germanosilicide portion18contacting and laterally surrounding the III-V compound semiconductor source region14. In one embodiment, the source-level contact layer114further comprises a source-level metallic layer112contacting an outer sidewall of the annular metal germanosilicide portion18. In one embodiment, a bottom surface of a bottommost one of the insulating layers (132,232) contacts an annular top surface of the III-V compound semiconductor source region14, the metal germanosilicide portion18, and the source-level metallic layer112. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive layers (146,246) have a same material composition as the source-level metallic layer112. In one embodiment, the annular metal germanosilicide portion18comprises nickel germanosilicide.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises GaAs or InGaAs having a fixed band gap that is uniform throughout the vertical semiconductor channel60; and the III-V compound semiconductor source region14comprises InGaAs that has a variable band gap that is smaller than the fixed band gap of the III-V compound semiconductor channel material.

In one embodiment, the variable band gap of the III-V compound semiconductor source region14monotonically decreases within the III-V compound semiconductor source region14with a lateral distance from a cylindrical interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor source region14comprises a doped indium gallium arsenide layer having a graded indium concentration which increases within the III-V compound semiconductor source region14with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In another embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor source region14comprises a stack of cylindrical III-V compound material layers having different material compositions; and the cylindrical III-V compound material layers have different band gaps that decrease with a lateral distance from a cylindrical interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises a gallium arsenide material; and the stack of cylindrical III-V compound material layers comprises at least one indium gallium arsenide layer.

In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60has a doping of a first conductivity type; and the III-V compound semiconductor source region14has a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type. In one embodiment, a drain region63can be provided, which includes a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type. In one embodiment, the drain region63has a compositional gradient therein such that a variable band gap within the drain region63decreases with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, the memory film50comprises a tunneling dielectric layer56contacting the vertical semiconductor channel56; a charge storage layer54in contact with the tunneling dielectric layer54; and a blocking dielectric layer52located between the charge storage layer54and the electrically conductive layers (146,246).

Referring toFIGS. 1-35and according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a three-dimensional memory device is provided, which comprises: at least one alternating stack of insulating layers {(32or (132,232))} and electrically conductive layers {(46or (146,246))} located over a substrate; a memory opening49vertically extending through the at least one alternating stack; and a memory opening fill structure58located in the memory opening49and comprising a vertical semiconductor channel60comprising a III-V compound semiconductor channel material having a doping of a first conductivity type, a memory film located adjacent to the vertical semiconductor channel, and a drain region63including a graded III-V compound semiconductor material having a doping of a second conductivity type that is an opposite of the first conductivity type and having a compositional gradient therein.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material has a fixed band gap that is uniform throughout the vertical semiconductor channel60; and the drain region63has a variable band gap that varies within the drain region63. In one embodiment, the variable band gap of the drain region63monotonically decreases within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60.

In one embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises a doped gallium arsenide channel material; and the drain region63comprises at least one doped graded indium gallium arsenide layer. In one embodiment, the drain region63comprises a plurality of discrete doped indium gallium arsenide layers (63A-63D) having an indium concentration which increases within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In another embodiment, the drain region63comprises a doped indium gallium arsenide layer having a graded indium concentration which increases within the drain region63with a distance from an interface with the vertical semiconductor channel60. In yet another embodiment, the III-V compound semiconductor channel material comprises a doped indium gallium arsenide channel material, and the drain region63comprises at least one doped graded indium gallium arsenide layer having a higher indium concentration than the III-V compound semiconductor channel material.

In one embodiment, the vertical semiconductor channel60comprises a cylindrical inner sidewall, a cylindrical outer sidewall, and an annular top surface extending between the cylindrical inner sidewall and the cylindrical outer sidewall; and the drain region63contacts the annular top surface and an upper portion of the cylindrical inner sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the memory opening fill structure58comprises a dielectric core62located within the vertical semiconductor channel60and contacting the inner cylindrical sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60; and the drain region63contacts a top surface of the dielectric core62.

In one embodiment, the substrate comprises a III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930; and the memory opening fill structure58comprises a III-V compound semiconductor pedestal11located between the vertical semiconductor channel60and the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930. The substrate comprises: a single crystalline silicon layer9; and a germanium-containing buffer layer920located on top of the single crystalline silicon layer9, wherein the III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930is located over the germanium-containing buffer layer920.

In the first embodiment, the three-dimensional memory device comprises: a III-V compound semiconductor source region14comprising a doped III-V compound semiconductor material and contacting a top surface of III-V compound substrate semiconductor layer930; an insulating spacer74contacting sidewalls of the at least one alternating stack; and a backside contact via structure76laterally surrounded by the insulating spacer74and contacting a top surface of the III-V compound semiconductor source region14.

In the second embodiment, the three-dimensional memory device comprises a source-level contact layer114overlying the substrate and contacting an outer sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60. In one embodiment, the source-level contact layer114comprises: a III-V compound semiconductor source region14having a doping of an opposite conductivity type as the vertical semiconductor channel60and contacting the outer sidewall of the vertical semiconductor channel60; and an annular metal germanosilicide portion18contacting and laterally surrounding the III-V compound semiconductor source region14.

In one embodiment, the memory film50comprises a tunneling dielectric layer56contacting the vertical semiconductor channel60; a charge storage layer54in contact with the tunneling dielectric layer56; and a blocking dielectric layer52located between the charge storage layer54and the electrically conductive layers {(46or (146,246))}.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure can be employed to provide a III-V compound semiconductor contact region (e.g., drain63and/or source14) having a gradually decreasing band gap width at end portions of semiconductor channels {(930,11,60) or60} that include a III-V compound semiconductor material. The gradually decreasing band gap may be a function of gradually decreasing gallium content (and increasing indium content) in the semiconductor contact region. This provides a higher quality semiconductor material due to closer lattice match between the channel and gradually varying composition of the contact material compared to a case with an abruptly decreasing gallium content between the channel and the contact region.

Furthermore, when the semiconductor channels comprise GaAs and the semiconductor contact regions comprises InAs or InGaAs, a metal contact to the InAs or InGaAs contact region exhibits a lower contact resistance than if the metal contact was made to a GaAs semiconductor contact region. This is because the Fermi level for n-type InAs or indium rich InGaAs pins very close to the conduction band, resulting in a smaller barrier for electrons to move across the metal-semiconductor junction. In contrast, the Fermi level for n-type GaAs pins within the band gap, leading to a net positive barrier height (i.e., a larger barrier) for electrons to move across the metal-semiconductor junction.

Finally, the III-V compound semiconductor material of the vertical semiconductor channels {(930,11,60) or60} can provide enhanced charge carrier mobility to provide enhanced on-current for the vertical semiconductor channels of three-dimensional memory devices.