Lower extremity rehabilitation and toning exercise apparatus method

A rocking-type foot and lower leg exercising apparatus incorporates one or two centrally pivoted pedals mounted upon a base in a position facilitating the placement of the feet of the user upon such pedal or pedals while seated in a chair and rocking of the pedals with the foot positioned upon them to provide a soothing motion that will maintain the tone of the muscles of the legs and encourages blood circulation in the feet and legs. The pivot point of the pedal or pedals may be located at any vertical position between the base and the pedal, but is located longitudinally, between about one fourth to one half of the distance from the end of the pedal or pedals. A motor, solenoid, actuator, or other electrical hydraulic or pneumatic means or any combination thereof may be provided to generate rocking-type motion of the pedals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
 1. Field of the Invention
 This invention relates to physical conditioning and medical rehabilitation,
 general exercise and the toning of the lower extremities of the body. More
 particularly the invention provides an apparatus and method for
 maintaining circulation and muscle tone in the feet and lower legs of
 individuals, which is useful while they are seated or confined to a chair.
 2. Prior Art
 Vigorous athletes, such as runners and the like, frequently injure their
 lower legs and/or feet necessitating relatively severe restriction of
 movement during healing. For example, runners are frequently subject to
 hairline stress fractures of the bones of the lower leg, also known as
 "shin splints". Cramps of the calf muscles are also quite common among
 runners. These types of injuries can often pull or tear muscle tissue,
 requiring long term enforced inactivity to allow healing to occur. During
 such enforced inactivity, much of which may be passed resting or reclining
 in a chair, athletes who are normally quite physically active become
 uncomfortable or even nervous from lack of exercise. Enforced inactivity
 also tends to delay healing of the injured muscle tissue. Often, the
 enforced inactivity will require the injured athlete to spend an
 inordinate amount of time reclining or sitting in a chair, even while
 undertaking other activities. While sitting, circulation is often
 seriously decreased to the lower extremities (legs, ankles, feet, etc.)
 tending to induce additional injury. These same problems are often
 encountered by non-athletes, and can be particularly troublesome for older
 persons, whose level of physical activity may already be diminished and
 whose physical health may be declining with age.
 Physical inactivity often causes the muscular tissue of the heart to lose
 tone and become weaker. This loss of heart muscle may take place at the
 same time as extra strain is placed on the heart due to illness or age.
 Such extra strain can also be due to lack of movement of the muscles.
 Movement of the muscles of the lower extremities in particular, where many
 of the major muscles and blood vessels of the body are located, serves
 normally to significantly aid in pumping blood through the body due, in
 part, to kneading, or continuing variable pressure, of the moving muscles
 against adjacent blood vessels. It is frequently estimated that in active
 walking or running, a significant percentage of the actual pumping of
 blood in the body, up to as much as twenty to twenty-five percent or more,
 is due to the pumping effects of blood moving through the vessels of the
 legs under the impetus of muscles squeezing against blood vessels. Thus, a
 certain amount of movement of the lower extremities can be very important
 in maintaining health even in fairly vigorous persons. Consequently, there
 is a need for a practical exercise apparatus to enable movement in the
 lower extremities to be continued, at least on a reduced scale, by those
 persons subjected to long periods of inactivity, particularly in a seated
 position.
 In recent years there have been numerous attempts to provide ergonomically
 designed office machines and office furniture for improving circulation.
 These efforts have been directed more toward developing office machines
 that are less tiring to operate, than providing ways to actually relax the
 body and maintain circulation by mild exercise. A number of large and
 small scale exercise machines are known for exercising the legs, such as
 treadmills, bicycling machines and so-called stepping machines. These and
 other known exercise apparatus often rely upon a stepping or placing of
 the weight alternately upon first one leg and then the other while in a
 standing position, or, at a minimum, while being in a cycling position
 such as in the use of a stationary bicycle. These types of known exercise
 machines are normally not devised for use by persons who are seated in a
 conventional chair, e.g., a desk chair or easy chair. Some examples of
 known, small scale exercise machines are set forth below.
 U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,118--Chen discloses a small scale so-called "stepper"
 device car pedal exerciser in which two adjacent pedals are pivoted at one
 end and act against a pair of air bellows between the pedals and a base.
 The bellows allow the pedals to rise and fall resiliently as the user
 transfers his or her weight alternatively from one to the other pedal. The
 device does not appear to be suitable for operation or use from a sitting
 position.
 U.S. Pat. No. 5,267,923--Piaget et al. discloses a stepper-type exercise
 machine involving the use of bellows at the opposite end of pedals in a
 small scale, easily portable and storable exercise machine. While the
 arrangement of the pedals of the Piaget machine is such that it could
 possibly be used from a seated position, such use would be quite awkward
 unless the seating was in a position similar to that assumed on a bicycle.
 U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,204--Lee discloses a small and compact pedaling machine
 in which the pedals are pivoted at one end and movement is resisted by a
 fluid cylinder means of a suitable type and including a coordinating arm
 to allow only one pedal to be depressed at a time.
 U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,105--Hsieh discloses a small scale stepping-type
 exerciser in which the pedals are pivoted at one end, and are rendered
 resiliently movable by the use of interconnected inflatable balls
 positioned under the pedals. As with Piaget et al., the Hsieh device may
 possibly be used, with some difficulty, from a seated position, but it is
 not conveniently designed for such use.
 U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,995--Ko discloses a relatively small scale foot or leg
 exercising device in which a pair of conventionally pivoted bicycle pedals
 are mounted on flexible members that provide for a reciprocable movement
 in an adjustably pivoting tower arrangement which allows the user to, in
 effect, obtain a bicycling exercise motion from a seated position. The
 essential movement of the pedals is up and down on the apparatus.
 There is a need for a small, easily portable and readily usable apparatus
 for mildly exercising the lower extremities, and particularly the feet and
 calves, from a sitting position such as is customarily assumed when
 watching television, operating a computer, traveling in a car or plane
 which will keep the legs and feet moving, but will not injure already
 injured muscles or ligaments. There is also a need for a method for use of
 this and similar apparatus to exercise the lower extremities.
 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
 It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus
 in which a foot support or pedal pivots from a central or near central
 area of the support so that the support is conveniently and easily
 operated with a rocking motion from a conventional seated position.
 It is a further object of the invention to provide an exercise apparatus
 that provides a gentle rocking motion to the feet from a seated position
 causing movement in the muscles of the lower extremities without excessive
 movement tending to distract the exerciser or overextend injured tissues.
 It is a still further object of the invention to provide a mild exercise
 and movement of the feet of the user that will be effective to relieve
 tension in the lower portion of the lower extremities and keep the blood
 circulating in the tissues involved.
 It is a still further object of the invention to provide a rocking motion
 foot exerciser that can be used from a seated position to move and mildly
 exercise the feet either with or without resilient resistance to such
 rocking motion.
 It is another object of the invention to provide a rocking-type foot
 exerciser that can be used from a seated position in which the rocking
 motion can be inactivated and the apparatus used as a simple foot rest.
 It is a further object of the invention to provide a rocking-type foot
 exerciser having two centrally pivoted pedals which can operate
 independently or coordinated so that the pedals act as a single pedal
 coordinated to rock in alternating fashion or alternatively together in
 unison.
 It is a still further object of the invention to provide a rocking-type
 foot exerciser in which a motor, solenoid, actuator or similar means is
 provided to generate the rocking motion of a centrally pivoted pedal.
 These and other objects are accomplished in the lower extremity exercising
 device according to the invention. The lower extremity exercising device
 has a base upon which is preferably mounted a single pedal having
 sufficient width to accommodate a pair of feet. The pedal is pivotally
 connected at a centrally located portion thereof to the base to allow a
 rocking-type movement of the pedal about a transverse pivotal axis. A
 motor, solenoid, actuator or other electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic
 means or any combination thereof may be used for generating the
 rocking-type pedal movement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
 Active persons or even relatively inactive persons, may be injured so that
 they cannot safely continue to effectively exercise their lower legs, in
 particular their feet and calves. Cessation of exercise causes loss of
 tone and strength in the muscles and ligaments involved. Continued
 exercise would be very beneficial both to maintain conditioning and
 promote healing by encouraging blood supply to the affected parts. In
 these cases, it may not be desirable to provide really vigorous exercise.
 Yet, mild exercise is desirable to prevent a general stasis of the blood,
 as well as to soothe the patient and make him more comfortable. In
 addition, persons having a relatively sedentary work environment,
 including computer programmers, word processor operators and the like,
 often have difficulty in keeping adequate circulation in their lower
 limbs. Travelers in cars and airplanes also are exposed to long periods of
 sitting in relatively restricted positions that interfere with adequate
 circulation.
 It has been found by the inventor that mild and soothing exercise can be
 attained by the use of a novel rocking exercise apparatus for the feet
 which allows the user to be comfortably seated in a chair or the like
 while they rock their feet upon rocking pedals on a portable exercise
 device, thus encouraging circulation in the lower legs and feet and
 soothing the user. By periodically rocking the feet from front to back or
 vice versa, from time to time or continuously over a period of time, the
 user keeps the feet from becoming stiff and maintains a range of movement
 in the ankles. In addition, and very importantly, the user maintains a
 continuous or periodic kneading or massaging of the muscles, particularly
 of the calves, as well as the muscles toward the front of the lower legs
 upon maintaining circulation and combatting stasis or pooling of the blood
 in the tissues. Maintenance of circulation plus periodic movement not only
 increases physical fitness and health, but also has a desirable cosmetic
 effect of maintaining shapely calves. Periodic movement also contributes
 to comfort and general well being of the user.
 FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a basic embodiment of the exercise device of
 the invention in which reference numeral 10 indicates the device broadly.
 Exercise device 10 is comprised of a base 11 that is adapted for placement
 on the floor of a room or other surface upon which one may place their
 feet. There are provided upon base 11 a left side wall 13 and a right side
 wall 15 that are secured to base 11 in any suitable manner. For example,
 side walls 13 and 15 may be integral continuations of base 11. Attached
 to, or extending through side walls 13 and 15 is a pivot rod 17, which, as
 shown, passes through orifices or openings 18. Fasteners 23 are disposed
 on the ends of pivot rod 17 so as to maintain pivot rod 17 in position
 within openings 18 of side walls 13 and 15. Pivot rod 17 supports pedals
 19 and 21 upon which the feet of the user are placed during use of
 exercise device 10. Left pedal 19 and right pedal 21 are journaled upon
 pivot rod 17, and secured by pivot rod fittings 25, as shown more
 particularly in FIGS. 2 and 3. Pivot rod fittings 25 are secured to pedals
 19 and 21 via fasteners 27. It should be understood that pedals 19 and 20
 are loosely journaled on pivot rod 17 so that the two pedals may be
 independently rocked upon pivot rod 17.
 FIG. 2 is a partially broken-away diagrammatic side elevation of the
 exercise device shown in FIG. 1 with the side wall 15 partially
 broken-away to show, in particular, pivot rod fitting 25 and fitting
 fasteners 27 which together secure pedal 19 and pedal 21 to the pivot rod
 17. FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic view of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 1
 and 2, but in which an additional portion of the side wall 15 has been
 partially cut away and the pedal 19a is turned downwardly with its farther
 end near the base 11, while the pedal 21 remains in the same position as
 shown in FIG. 2 with the rear or nearest end of the pedal near to the user
 and rocked downwardly so as to be adjacent to the base 11. FIG. 3 is an
 end elevation of FIG. 2A showing the pedals 19 and 21 positioned in the
 same arrangement as in FIG. 2A. The pivot rod fittings 25 and their
 fitting fastenings 27 are also clearly visible on the lower side of the
 pedal 19 in FIG. 3.
 Pedals 19 and 21 constitute convenient foot contact and support means upon
 which the left and right feet of the user may be placed so that either the
 sole of the user's foot or the sole of any footwear which the user happens
 to be wearing are substantially completely supported against the support
 surface of the contact and support means or members. The heel of a user's
 foot is placed upon the "near" end (relative to the user) of the upper
 surface 19A, 21A of each pedal 19 and 21, and the toe of the user's foot
 is placed upon the "far" end (relative to the user) of upper surfaces 19A,
 21A of each pedal so that each of the user's feet are disposed in a
 comfortable position against the upper surface of each pedal. Depending
 upon the height of pivot rod 17 above base 11, and the length of pedals 19
 and 21, the normal resting position of the feet of the user upon the upper
 surfaces 19A and 21A will be either with the lower ends 19B and 21B of
 pedals 19 and 21 contacting the upper surface of base 11 or with lower
 ends 19B and 211B of pedals 19 and 21 held a certain distance above the
 upper surface of the base 11. It will be understood that if the lower ends
 19B and 21B of pedals 19 and 21 are maintained above the upper surface of
 the base 11 when the feet of the user are securely placed upon upper
 surfaces 19A and 21A, an opportunity for the user to rock their toes
 upwardly or forwardly, and their heels downwardly, is provided so as to
 desirably flex the ankles of the user and to stretch the calf muscles.
 Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 2A, the pivot point or position of pivot rod
 17, with respect to the base 11, is displaced somewhat toward the near or
 rear portion of exercise device 10 to create a steep angle of pedals 19
 and 21, relative to base 11, when the foot of the user is rocked
 rearwardly. This arrangement allows the users foot to be pivoted about the
 ankle joint, toward the shin bone to a position where the angle between
 the user's foot and the user's shin is less than or equal to ninety
 degrees. The user's foot may then be rocked forwardly to a substantially
 extended position. Exercise device 10 is normally placed on the ground at
 a comfortable distance from the user so that the user may place its foot
 lightly upon pedals 19 and 21. Exercise device 10 has a height which will
 tend to lift the outer end of the leg of the user higher than it might
 normally be when placed directly upon the ground surface.
 In the preferred embodiment of the invention, pedals 19 and 21 are freely
 rotatable on pivot rod 17, so that exercise device 10 will normally be
 pushed, by the user, out to a position farther away from the user than his
 foot would normally be placed without the exercise apparatus. This will
 automatically tend to extend the entire leg of the user so that the foot
 is normally in a position somewhat extended, with respect to the leg, as
 if the foot were being placed upon a foot rest or hassock in front of the
 user. In this position, the foot is already extended in its normal
 position upon the pedals 19 and 21, so that the major movement available
 is to the rear, tending to pivot the rear surface or rear end 21b of
 pedals 19 and 21 downwardly toward base 11. When the user's foot is
 extended forwardly, to its maximum extension, it will tend to rotate less.
 In fact, if the device is pushed out to a point where the leg of the user
 is more or less completely extended, the relative rotation of the foot of
 the user will be much less toward the front and will tend to bring the
 foot almost parallel to the upper surface of base 11, rather than be
 rotated downwardly against base 11. Rearward rocking of the foot will tend
 to bring each pedal 19, 21 to an angle that is greater than perpendicular,
 as measured from an axis directed longitudinally along an extended leg.
 This relationship is shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. FIG. 2B shows,
 diagrammatically, the normal leg and foot position of a human body 30
 seated in a chair, such as, an office chair 32. The feet of the user are
 placed upon the ground 34 upon which the chair 32 also rests. FIG. 2C
 shows, diagrammatically, the same position of human body 30 with feet 38
 placed on pedals 19 and 21 of exercise device 10. The exercise range of
 the foot is normally from about parallel with the extended leg of the user
 to about 10 to 25 degrees beyond a point perpendicular to a line that is
 parallel to the lower leg of the user.
 More particularly, and referring to FIG. 2B, the lower leg 36 of human body
 30 extends downwardly to foot 38 which is disposed in parallel relation to
 ground 34. This is the normal position of a person sitting in a typical
 chair 32. FIG. 2C diagrammatically shows human body 30 seated in chair 32
 with foot 38 placed upon the upper surface of pedal 42 of an exercise
 device 10, such as is shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. Base 11 of exercise
 device 10 is shown placed upon ground 34. Since exercise device 10 has a
 certain height above ground 34, it will be seen that lower leg 36 of human
 body 30 will normally be positioned at a more acute angle with respect to
 ground 34, and foot 38 will be more nearly parallel to ground 34. See
 views I of I-IV of FIG. 2C. This is actually a more relaxed position,
 since it more closely approaches the position which the leg and foot would
 assume if they were being supported upon a conventional footrest or
 hassock.
 To exercise the muscles in the foot and the calf as well as other muscles
 in the lower leg, foot 38 is rocked rearwardly to an angle as shown in
 view II of FIG. 2C. Here, foot 38 and pedal 42 are rocked backwardly or
 rearwardly, i.e., toward human body 30, until foot 38 is slightly more
 than perpendicular to a line 44 drawn parallel to the longitudinal axis of
 leg 36 or, approximately 10 to 25 degrees upwardly from, or beyond
 perpendicular to, the longitudinal axis of leg 36. In view III of FIG. 2C,
 foot 38 is shown rocked forwardly or downwardly to the front, i.e., away
 from human body 30, until the angle of pedal 42 and foot 38 are nearly
 parallel to line 44. In other words, foot 38 is essentially parallel to
 the longitudinal axis of the lower portion of leg 36. The angle between
 the maximum rocked backward position of foot 38 on pedal 42 is, as shown
 diagrammatically in view IV of FIG. 2C, essentially the angle 46 which, if
 measured, would be found to be approximately 110 to 115 degrees for the
 average person, or in exceptional persons, up to 125 degrees.
 The length of foot contact and pedals of the exercise device 10 should
 preferably not be much greater than the length of the foot of the person
 using the apparatus. In this way the range of movement or pivoting of the
 pedal is not limited any more than is necessary. However, as a practical
 matter, the length of the foot contact and support means will be made to
 be approximately as long as the foot of the largest average dimensioned
 person who is likely to use the device. Pedals for men or women may be
 supplied, and each pedal includes a heel and ball of the foot contact
 portions, which in some cases will actually be delineated upon the pedal.
 Referring now to FIG. 4, a resistance means (broadly designated by
 reference numeral 29) is shown positioned on the far end of pedal 21.
 Resistance means 29 may comprise a coil spring type resistance having a
 series of interconnected coils 31 which, when pressed together, towards
 each other, allow far end 21c of pedal 21 to be forced downwardly toward
 base 11 and in that manner provides resistance against the movement of
 foot 38 of the user. In this way additional exercise, particularly to the
 calf muscles, is provided by rotating the foot downwardly against the
 resistance of coils 31 of the resistance 29.
 Referring now to FIG. 5, in an alternative embodiment of the present
 invention, two resistance means 33a and 33b may be positioned in contact
 with the lower side of the pedal 21 and the upper surface of base 11. In
 this position, resistance 33a, which is shown in the form of a fluid
 pressure cylinder, will resist rocking of pedal 21 downwardly toward the
 rear or near end of exercise device 10, while pressure cylinder 33b will
 resist movement of the opposite end of pedal 21 toward the base 11. The
 two resistance means 33a and 33b act together to provide resistance to the
 movement of the pedal at all times. Such fluid resistance cylinders may be
 either single acting or double acting and are shown diagrammatically
 merely to illustrate that various resistance means or resilient resistance
 means may be used to resist movement of the pedals and therefore provide
 additional resistance against movement of the muscles of the user's body
 to provide additional exercise.
 Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown an end view of a diagrammatic
 representation of an exercise apparatus in accordance with the invention
 in which pedals 19 and 21 are journaled on separate concentric sections of
 a single pivot rod mounting 35. Pivot rod 35 is formed from an inner pivot
 rod 35A, upon which the pedal 19 is secured, and an outer pivot rod 35B to
 which pedal 21 is attached. In this case, the two pivot rod sections 35A
 and 35B are journaled in side walls 13 and 15 so that pivot rod 35 rotates
 as a unit when pedals 19 and 21 are rotated in unison, and the two
 sections 35A and 35B when operated independently rotate independently with
 respect to each other. Pedals 19 and 21 are attached rigidly to the two
 pivot rod sections 35A and 35B so that the entire assembly, including the
 pedal and the portion of pivot rod upon which it is mounted, rotate or
 rock back and forth as a unit. Pivot rod 35 may be journaled in end walls
 13 and 15 in any suitable bearing arrangement, e.g., a lubricated orifice
 or bearings or roller bearings or other suitable bearing arrangement, not
 shown. At the ends of the two concentric pivot rod sections 35a and 35b,
 there are shown coil spring assemblies 37 which are attached to the pivot
 rods 35a or 35b and to the adjacent side walls 13 or 15. In this way, when
 pivot rod sections 35a or 35b rotate, the spring elements 37 will be
 either tightened or loosened, depending on the particular rotation of
 pivot rod sections 35a or 35b. As a result, the rotation of the pivot rod
 sections is resisted and through such resistance, the resistance of foot
 pedals 19 and 21 to movement of the feet of the user is provided. The
 embodiments shown in FIGS. 6 and 6A provide a convenient and efficient
 arrangement for securing independent resistance against rocking or
 rotational movement of the two pedals, independently, to provide
 additional exercise to the lower portions of the legs and the feet of the
 user.
 There is also shown in FIGS. 6 and 6A, two latching means for securing the
 two independently-acting foot pedals together in case it is desired to
 operate in a single foot pedal mode. In this case, a single foot pedal
 acts in unison with respect to the two feet of the user and, the user
 obtains twice the resistance to movement of the two pedals as would be
 obtained with one pedal. More particularly, straight securing means, or
 pins 39, are shown mounted on the lower portions of pedals 19 and 21 in
 loops or pin fittings 41 in which pins 39 slide and align with similar
 loops or pin fittings 43 on the underside of the adjacent pedal, in this
 case pedal 19. The end of pins 39 are slid to lock pedals 19 and 21
 together for coordinated movement rather than independent movement. As
 viewed in FIG. 6, upper pin 39 on the nearer portion of the pedal 21 is
 shown retracted from the loops 43 so that this portion of the pedals 19
 and 21 are not secured together, while lower pin 39 is shown pushed
 through loops 41 and 43 on both pedals 19 and 21 so that the farther or
 outward portions of the pedals 19 and 21 are temporarily locked together.
 It will be understood that the foregoing arrangement for locking the two
 pedals together is merely a simple illustrative arrangement. There are, of
 course, many other means of interlocking the pedals.
 Referring to FIGS. 7 and 7A a somewhat similar arrangement of pedals 19 and
 21 upon concentric pivot rods 35a and 35b includes a spring resistance
 arrangement at the two ends, which have attached thereto concentric pivot
 rods to which pedals 19 and 21 are permanently secured to independent
 locking members 45A. Locking member 45A may be welded or soldered to the
 pivot rods so that locking members 45 are, in effect, integral with pivot
 rods 35a and 35b. Locking members 45 have a series of locking orifices 47
 which extend through the locking members and provide openings for
 receiving locking pins 49, which may extend through orifices (not shown)
 in side walls 13 and 15 at both sides of pivot rods 35a and 35b. Locking
 pins 49 act to immobilize locking members 45 by extending through the
 locking orifices 47. Since pedals 19 and 21 are secured directly to pivot
 rods 35a and 35b in this embodiment, pivot rods 35a and 35b may be
 effectively immobilized in any position desired by the user to form a foot
 rest.
 Referring to FIG. 8, a coordinating arm 51 is shown pivoted at 53 and
 extending into contact with the lower portion of each pedal 19 and 21. A
 pair of rollers 52 are journaled on the ends of arm 51 to allow the ends
 to move easily in contact with the bottom of each pedal 19, 21. It will be
 understood that when pedal 19 is pushed downwardly (as is shown for the
 nearer portion in FIG. 8) the coordinating arm 51 will be raised on the
 right side under pedal 21 and will cause a portion of pedal 21 to
 pivotally rise while another portion of pedal 21 will be pressed
 downwardly. In this way, the movement of the two pedals is coordinated in
 a very simple mechanical manner so that one will necessarily rock in one
 direction while the other is rocking in a second direction. This may be
 convenient to some users who lack coordination in movements of their feet.
 However, it also enables the user to place varying degrees of pressure
 upon one pedal that is dependent on the resistance placed on the other
 pedal. This arrangement sets up a form of dynamic tension in which one
 portion of the body is arranged to act against another portion of the body
 so that the body of the user is providing the tension or pressure on the
 exercise device to exercise different parts of the body. These dynamic
 tension arrangements are often a simple way to provide additional tension
 in an exercise arrangement.
 Referring to FIG. 9, the entire exercise device 10 is provided with a cover
 55. Cover 55 may be swung up to enclose the apparatus when not in use to
 make it portable. For example, with this embodiment it is possible to
 exercise the legs while riding in an automobile, bus, or airplane during
 long trips when circulation in the legs may become stagnant. A latch 57 is
 provided to interact with another latch, not shown, at the opposite end of
 the apparatus to hold the cover 55 over the apparatus during
 transportation. Pivot pins 59 are provided for pivotally attaching cover
 55 to side walls 13 and 15.
 Referring to FIG. 10, a pivot point for the pedals, in this case enumerated
 as pedals 59 and 61, is provided with a unitary pivoting arrangement in
 which there is no separate pivot rod. Instead, an extension 63 on the
 lower portion of pedals 59 and 61 include a cylindrical pivot support 65
 which mates with a cylindrical pivot groove or channel 67. Pivot groove 67
 is semicircular so that it partially encompasses pivot support 65 to
 prevent pivot support 65 from slipping out of pivot groove 67 in base 69.
 Base 69 may have a series of short, outward extensions 71 on the lower
 surface which provide roughness to such lower surface which will tend to
 interact with a heavy carpet or the like, and prevent base 69 from sliding
 along ground.
 FIG. 11 is an enlarged side elevation of the arrangement shown in FIG. 10
 in which pivot support 65 may be contained within pivot groove 67 in base
 69. It will be noted that the upper portion or opening 73 along the top of
 pivot groove 67 is narrower than the extreme diameter of the pivot support
 65 so that once the pivot support 65 is inserted into pivot groove 67,
 from the side of base 69, pivot support 65 cannot be withdrawn from pivot
 groove 67 except from the side of base 69. Pivot support 65 is held upon
 the end of extension 63, and the width of the extension along the top of
 pivot support 65 is such that a significant clearance is provided between
 the side of opening 73 and extension 63 so that extension 63 may be rocked
 from side to side without contacting the edges of opening 73. This allows
 pedal 61, which is mounted upon the upper portion of extension 63, to rock
 from side to side in accordance with pressure placed upon its surface by
 the feet of the user. Flexible spring strips 75 are secured to pedal 61 by
 fastening loop 77 to the top of base 69 by a similar fastening loop 79.
 The flexible strips hold the underside of pedal 61 away from the upper
 side of base 69. Flexible strips 75 may be formed from any of the well
 known spring materials. Flexible strips 75 serve as an effective rocking
 resistance medium for exercise device 10.
 Exercise device 10 is structurally arranged such that a force must be
 applied to the surface of pedals 59 and 61 to cause them to rock so that
 first one and then the other end approaches the surface of base 69. As
 noted before, the bottom of base 69 is provided with light extensions of
 the surface which serve to roughen the surface and provide additional
 gripping with whatever surface the bottom of base 69 is set upon. A square
 or even circular pattern of slight extensions may also be very effective
 when placed upon a pile rug to prevent slippage of base 69. If base 11 is
 to be placed upon a wooden floor, it is desirable to provide rubber
 extensions or even metal extensions having points upon the ends to obtain
 a better grip. Since the feet of the user are actually placed on top of
 the pedals and then the feet rocked to obtain the exercise inherent in
 operation of the device, there is less tendency for base 11 to slide upon
 the ground.
 Referring to FIG. 12 extension 63 on the bottoms of both pedals 59 and 61,
 along with the spring strips 75, serve to provide resilient resistance
 against rocking of pedals 59 and 61. The apparatus shown in FIGS. 10-13 is
 particularly adaptable for molding from a plastic resin composition, while
 the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 through 9 is particularly adaptable for
 construction from metal, wood, hardboard and the like.
 Referring to FIG. 13, a similar rocking arrangement is provided as in FIGS.
 10 through 12, with pivot support 65 journaled within a pivot groove 67.
 In this case, rather than being an actual groove in the base, pivot groove
 67A comprises overlapping portions 67b which together form enclosed groove
 67a in which pivot support 65 is journaled. As may be seen in FIG. 13,
 pivot support 65 may be slid into the pivot groove 67A from the side of
 base 11. However, in this embodiment, groove 67 is partially embedded in
 base 69 and partially secured upon the surface of base 69. In this way,
 the pivot point of pedal 61 is moved closer to the pedal. The resilient
 means which tend to keep the pedal from approaching the surface of base 69
 comprise resilient elastic members such as rubber sections 81 which are
 held at both ends in mounting rings 83 and 85, respectively, on the
 surface of the pedal and the surface of the base. Such resilient members
 81 may, for example, be in the form of somewhat egg-shaped sections of
 natural or synthetic rubber or may be inflated egg-shaped sections or may
 take several other forms of polymeric substance serving as a resistance
 means to discourage close approach between the lower surface of the pedal
 and the upper surface of the base.
 Referring to FIG. 14, extension 63 will be seen to extend upwardly to the
 bottom of pedals 59 and 61 only in the center of these pedals and the
 enclosing members 67b only extend over pivot supports 65 at the ends of
 the pivot supports, away from the extensions, so that the enclosing
 members 67b can fit more closely about the top of pivot support 65 without
 preventing pivoting of pedals 59 or 61. In such an arrangement, the pedals
 59 and 61 will still pivot, since upon pivoting to either side, the
 extensions 63, which are spaced between the enclosing members 67a, pass
 downwardly about the members at a different point and there is no
 interference between the rocking of the pedals 59 and 61 and contact of
 the extensions 63 with the top of the enclosing members 67b.
 Referring to FIG. 15, an alternative embodiment is disclosed in which pivot
 support 65 is supported on extension 63 and embedded within the pedal
 structure 61 rather than within the structure of base 69. In other words,
 pivot support 65 is supported directly upon base 69 by extension 63 and
 pedal 61 is fitted over pivot support 65 in a pivot groove 67. The same
 arrangement of resilient members which resist pivoting of pedal 61 with
 respect to base 69 is shown in FIG. 15 is as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. It
 will be noted that the pivot support which defines the pivot point of each
 pedal is mounted near the rear of the central portion of the pedal. In one
 embodiment, the pivot point is positioned at about 1/4 to 1/2 the length
 of the pedal, as measured from an end. If such position of the pivot point
 of the pedal is used, the user will obtain the gentle, soothing rocking
 motion desired in the apparatus. Moving the pivot point well beyond the
 central portions will tend to unbalance the entire apparatus and to
 prevent the soothing rocking motion which has been found to be
 particularly appropriate for the treatment of injuries to the lower
 extremities.
 Referring to FIGS. 16 and 17, a further version of the invention is
 disclosed in which there is only a single pedal 91 having a width
 sufficient to accommodate a pair of feet. At least one resilient spring 93
 provides tension to pedal 91. In such an arrangement, springs 93 and 95
 are attached by bar extensions 97 and 99 to the outer lower portions of
 pedal 91 as well as to short posts or bollards 101 mounted upon base 103
 near the center of exercise device 10. As pedal 91 is rocked on its pivot
 rod 105, one or the other of springs 93 or 95 are extended. In this
 particular embodiment the pivot rod 105 passes either directly through the
 center of pedal 91 or via a joint (bearing) attached to the bottom of the
 pedal. The arrangement and size of the springs 93 and 95 shown in FIG. 17
 has the advantage of providing a fairly soft rocking movement of the pedal
 due to the longer tension springs.
 Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, a two pedal version of the apparatus of the
 invention is disclosed, in which two fluid cylinders 107 and 109 are
 substituted, on two separate pedals 91a and 91b, for the springs 93 and
 95. One end of fluid cylinders 107 and 109 is also attached, via extension
 bars 97a and 97b, to transverse attachment bar 111 which extends between
 elevated support pedestals 113 and 115, into which pivot rod 105 is also
 journaled. The remainder of the reference numerals in FIGS. 18 and 19
 refer to similar structures as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 when referring to
 similar structures. The use of the support pedestals 113 and 115 rather
 than side walls 13 and 15 shown in previous figures has the advantage of
 providing a more open structure, but requires a sturdier construction to
 securely support pivot rod 105. The advantage of the arrangement of the
 fluid cylinders shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 is that a larger travel of the
 piston in the cylinder is available and the general feel of the resistance
 will consequently be somewhat different from the analogous use or
 arrangement of fluid cylinders shown in FIG. 5.
 Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21, a further embodiment of the invention is
 disclosed in which two pedals are shown mounted upon a pivot rod 17, as
 shown in FIGS. 1 through 4. Pivot rod 17 is mounted upon the underside of
 two pedals 19A and 19B. The remainder of the arrangement is essentially
 the same as is shown in FIGS. 1 through 4, except that pivot rod 17 is
 mounted in pedestals 113 and 115. A different arrangement of spring
 biasing means is used in this embodiment, in the form of coil springs 113
 and 113a which are coiled about pivot rod 17, and caught behind support
 structures 115 and 115a. When pedals 19 and 21 are depressed either
 forwardly or rearwardly, springs 113 and 113a will either be compressed or
 allowed to extend, thus providing resistance against depression of the
 pedal on either end. An enlarged and simplified detail of the spring
 arrangement is shown in FIG. 21 A with nonessential elements of the
 resilience impacting device deleted. Pivot rod 17 is mounted on the bottom
 of pedals 19 and 21 to provide a convenient spring mounting for this type
 of resistance spring arrangement.
 FIG. 22 shows a still further embodiment of the invention in which a pedal
 19 having an internal pivot rod 105 (as in FIGS. 16 through 19) is used,
 but in which corrugated air or balloon-type spring resistance elements 117
 and 119 are shown arranged to provide resistance to depression of one or
 the other end of the pedal 91.
 FIG. 23 is an enlarged view showing an improved internal latch arrangement
 in which a slide bolt 121 is slidingly mounted in a groove or cut out
 section of one pedal 91B opposite an orifice 123 in an adjacent pedal 91A.
 A handle 125 extends from a groove 127 over the bolt and allows bolt 121
 to be slid either to connect the two pedals or to disconnect them.
 FIG. 24 is a diagrammatic plan view of the foot exerciser of the invention
 in which an actual outline of the feet of the user is shown on top of the
 pedals as a guide to the placement of the feet with a scale indication on
 the side of the relative distance of the pivot point from the defining
 point or heel of the arrangement as a guide. One of the outlines is shown
 as the sole of a shoe and one represents the sole of a barefoot. As
 indicated, the placement of the pivot of the pedals may be from 3/16 of
 the distance from the rear of the heel position of the pedal, to the front
 toe position on the pedal to 9/16 of the distance from the rear of the
 heel position to the front toe position on the pedal. More preferably, the
 pivot will be located between 1/4 and 1/2 of the same distance, and most
 preferably the pivot will be located between 5/16 and 7/16 of the same
 distance. These three ranges are shown at the side of Figure or the bottom
 of the figure by side by side brackets marked "A" for the widest or
 broadest range, "B" for the still more preferable range and "C" for the
 most preferable range. It will be noted that the actual pivot point in
 FIG. 24 is within each of these ranges. The heel of both foot patterns
 131A and 131B in FIG. 24 are designated as 133A and 133B, and the front of
 the foot patterns are designated as 135A and 135B.
 Normally the user of exercise device 10 will place its feet upon the pedal,
 after a little practice or experience, in the most comfortable position
 with respect to the pivot point to obtain a comfortable rocking position.
 This will be found to conform with the range of positions enumerated
 hereinabove. If the pedal is longer than the foot and the pivot position
 is measured with an equal amount of pedal extension on both ends of the
 foot the proper placement of the pivot point will be maintained. In other
 words, if a foot of any reasonable length is imagined placed centrally
 upon the pedal and the pivot point is determined as set forth above,
 approximately the correct position will be attained. Furthermore, if the
 pedal is approximately the same length as the foot the distances can be
 measured from the rear of the pedal. Of course, a custom positioning can
 also be made for any particular user by finding the length of their foot,
 laying out such length on the surface of the pedal and then arranging the
 pivot point within the ranges specified.
 It will be understood that the apparatus of the invention may be formed of
 various materials, depending on the particular design. For example, as
 indicated above, the embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 through
 9 may be readily made of metal, or in some cases, even of wood and various
 grades of plastic. Those embodiments shown, however, in FIGS. 10 through
 15, will generally be more adaptable to formation out of various types of
 structural-type plastic material. Combinations of materials may also be
 used.
 In general, in the use of the apparatus shown in the foregoing drawings and
 figures, the feet of the exerciser are placed upon or against a contact
 and rocking surface which is arranged to be pivotable upon some form of
 pivot support or other apparatus or arrangement providing a comparable
 movement when pressed upon by the feet of the user. The user then
 alternately depresses, or presses downwardly, with the rear or heel
 portion of his or her feet and downwardly with the forward or toe portion
 of their feet. Pressing downwardly with the heels while raising the toes,
 if persisted in until the feet and ankles feel stretched or mildly
 stressed, will be found to be relaxing to the lower legs not only to one
 whose normal movement has been restricted by injury, but also to those
 merely spending a large amount of time in a seated position such as on the
 job or watching television or the like. When the forward or toe portion of
 the foot is pressed downwardly, on the other hand, the relatively large
 calf muscles as well as other muscles in the leg and feet participate in
 moving the foot aiding in particular, as explained above, in the movement
 of blood through and away from the legs thus avoiding stasis or pooling of
 the blood as well as contributing to both the tone of the muscles and a
 feeling of well being of the one making the movement. The more resistance
 offered particularly to depressing of the forward position of the
 exercising apparatus, normally the forward portion of a pedal of the
 exercise apparatus, the more exercise will be had by the participant. The
 advantage, in particular, of being able to rock the feet backward as well
 as merely forward as is more usual in other already available apparatus,
 is that rearward movement or rocking movement of the foot actively
 stretches and relaxes the muscles and ligaments in the leg before again
 stressing them in moving the foot in the opposite direction to contract
 the calf muscles. In addition, of course, there is also active exercising
 of the relatively small muscles in the lower legs which actively raise the
 forward portion of the foot relative to the leg, which muscles are seldom
 exercised or toned, except by some rather specialized weight-type exercise
 apparatus found usually only in certain commercial health-type exercise
 centers.
 In practicing the method of the invention, therefore, the user of the
 apparatus of the invention or any other apparatus providing or allowing a
 similar movement will alternatively rock their foot against the apparatus,
 first raising the toe and pressing down the heel, and then raising the
 heel and pressing down the toes, or vice versa, in usually any rhythm that
 is comfortable to the exerciser. While it is true that anyone can do the
 same thing by extending their leg and alternately rocking the feet up and
 down even without an apparatus against which to rest or press the feet,
 the effect is completely different. In the first place, movements
 accomplished without any coordinating apparatus tends to become
 uncoordinated. In the second place, to properly make the movement, the
 feet will usually have to be raised from the floor, which position cannot
 be held for more than a short time by the usual individual. In the third
 placed, the foot usually operates while in contact with a surface, except
 while changing feet or stepping when either walking or running. As a
 result, the feet simply feel better when exercising, if they are placed in
 contact with a surface. Furthermore, without a suitable apparatus it is
 not possible to conveniently apply any contra or reverse pressure against
 the movement of the foot, particularly when seated. Thus it is only with a
 suitable apparatus that any real contra resistance to the movements of the
 foot can be obtained. However, as indicated, there are a number of
 possible variations of apparatus of which the Applicant's claimed
 apparatus is particularly suitable.
 FIGS. 25a and 25b show a further embodiment of the invention in which there
 is only a single pedal 142 having a width sufficient to accommodate a pair
 of feet. The pedal 142 is pivotally connected to a base 144. A means for
 generating pivotal movement of the pedal is further provided and includes
 a drive wheel 146 mounted to the output shaft of an electric motor (not
 shown). A pulling line 148 is connected between the drive wheel 146 and
 the pedal 142 whereby each rotation of the drive wheel 146 produces a
 reciprocating motion of the pulling line 148. In the embodiment shown, the
 pulling line 148 rides on a pulley wheel 150 which is journaled to base
 144. The pulley wheel redirects the orientation and force generated
 through the pulling line to provide for a full range of motion of the
 pivoting pedal for each revolution of driving wheel while maintaining a
 compact design of the apparatus. A resilient member 152 such as a coil
 spring, for example, is connected between the pedal 142 and the base 144
 and provides an opposing force to the reciprocating pulling line to
 maintain tension in the pulling line and return the pedal to its starting
 position as the driving wheel completes each revolution.
 FIGS. 26a and 26b show a further embodiment of the invention incorporating
 a single pedal design in which a means for generating pivotal motion of
 the pedal 142 comprises a pivot arm 154 which is mounted at one end to an
 actuator (not shown). It is contemplated that numerous known actuator
 devices including electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators may be
 used in accordance with the present invention. A sliding wheel 112 is
 journaled to the opposite end of the pivot arm 154 and has a
 circumferential edge 158 which rides on the surface of pedal 142.
 Operation of the actuator imparts an oscillating motion to the pivot arm
 154 causing the sliding wheel 156 to roll across the surface of the pedal
 142, vertically displacing the contacted end of the pedal 142 and pivoting
 the pedal about its pivotal axis. A resilient member 160 such as a coil
 spring, for example, is connected between the pedal 142 and the base 144
 and provides an opposing force to the force of sliding wheel 156 against
 pedal 142 such that when the direction of the pivot arm 154 and sliding
 wheel 156 reverses through each cycle, the opposing spring force returns
 the pedal 142 to its starting position.
 FIGS. 27a and 27b show a further embodiment of the invention having a
 single pedal design wherein a solenoid is used to generate pivotal motion
 of the pedal 142. The solenoid 162 is connected between the pedal 142 and
 base 144 and may be selectively positioned on either side of the pivotal
 axis of pedal 142, to alternately push or pull, to generate a rocking-type
 motion of the pedal 142.
 While the aforementioned embodiments of the invention are particularly
 adapted to providing a compact design wherein the various mechanisms for
 facilitating rocking-type motion are disposed beneath the foot pedals, it
 is also contemplated that a mechanism for producing a rocking-type motion
 of a foot pedal may be positioned alongside or above the foot pedals. FIG.
 28 shows a further embodiment of the invention wherein a motor/actuator
 164 is positioned beside a pedal 142. A connecting arm 166 extends between
 the motor/actuator and pedal whereby activation of the motor/actuator
 causes a reciprocating motion of the connecting arm 166, which in turn
 generates a rocking-type motion of the pedal 142.
 While the present invention has been described at some length and with some
 particularity with respect to several described embodiments, it is not
 intended that it should be limited to any such particulars or embodiments
 or the particular embodiment, but is to be construed broadly with
 reference to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possible
 interpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore, to
 effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention.