Doubly overload-protected power distribution system

A power distribution system consists of an inverter means providing power to a plurality of separate outputs, with each separate output being protected by its own individual overload protection means. In case more than a pre-determined rate of power has been drawn from one of these separate outputs for longer than a pre-determined time, the associated individual overload protection means acts to remove the power from this particular output--without affecting the other outputs. However, if for some reason the individual overload protection means for that particular output fails to operate within the pre-determined time, a second overload protection means operates to disable the inverter, thereby to remove power from all the separate outputs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of Invention 
The present invention relates to power-line-operated overload-protected 
power distribution systems in general, and to doubly overload-protected 
high-frequency lighting systems in particular. 
2. Description of Prior Art 
High-frequency lighting systems have been described in several prior art 
references, such as for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,497 to Capewell et 
al, or in U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,498 to Spira et al. In all of these systems, 
high-frequency power is distributed in the same fashion as in 
conventionally done with ordinary low-frequency power supplied directly 
from the power line. That is, the high-frequency power is distributed from 
a central source to the various high-frequency lighting fixtures by way of 
a single pair of output terminals and a single pair of high-frequency 
conductors--with all the fixtures connected with this single pair of 
conductors at spaced-apart points therealong. 
3. Related Patent Application 
The applicant of the present application has a co-pending patent 
application, Ser. No. 573,423 filed on Jan. 24, 1984, in which is 
described another form of high-frequency lighting system--a form in which 
high-frequency power is distributed to a plurality of individual lighting 
fixtures from a central source by way of a plurality of separate pairs of 
output terminals and a like plurality of separate pairs of high-frequency 
conductors. That is, each individual lighting fixture is powered directly 
from the central source by way of a separate dedicated pair of conductors. 
4. Rationale of Invention 
When powering a number of lighting fixtures from a central high-frequency 
source, which normally would comprise electronic converter means, it is 
important to effectively protect this source against overload--especially 
in situations where these fixtures contain series-resonant-loaded gas 
discharge lamps. 
This issue has not been effectively dealt with in prior art, and especially 
not for the case where a plurality of lighting fixtures are separately and 
individually powered directly from a plurality of separate and individual 
outputs of a central high-frequency power source. 
The instant invention is aimed at providing a cost-effective resolution to 
this issue. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
1. Objects of the Invention 
A first object of the present invention is that of providing an improved 
overload-protected power distribution system. 
A second object is that of providing a doubly overloadprotected 
high-frequency lighting system. 
A third object is that of providing a high-frequency lighting system 
wherein each one of a plurality of lighting fixtures is individually 
powered from a separate power output of a central source of high-frequency 
power, and where said source is redundantly protected against overload. 
These as well as other objects, features and advantages of the present 
invention will beome apparent from the following description and claims. 
2. Brief Description 
In its preferred embodiment, subject invention constitutes a high-frequency 
lighting system consisting of the following principal component parts: 
(a) a number of power-line-operated central power supplies, each such power 
supply having a plurality of individual output receptacles, each output 
receptacle providing a high-frequency output voltage, and each power 
supply having double protection against overload; 
(b) for each power supply, a plurality of high-frequency lighting fixtures, 
each such lighting fixture comprising one or more gas discharge lamps and 
a matching network operative to derive the requisite lamp operating 
voltages and currents from the output voltage of one of the power supply's 
individual output receptacles; and 
(c) for each fixture, a pair of conductor wires adapted to provide for 
electrical connection between that fixture and one of the power supply's 
individual output receptacles. 
The double overload protection is achieved by way of two independent 
overload protection means: a first one that is operative to remove power 
output from any one output receptacle from which more than a certain power 
has been drawn for more than a pre-determined brief period of time; and a 
second one that, in case the first one fails to operate, is operative to 
remove power from all the output receptacles.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Details of System and Circuits 
In FIG. 1, a source S of 120 Volt/60 Hz voltage is applied to a pair of 
power line conductors PL1 and PL2. Connected at various points along this 
pair of power line conductors are a number m of power-line operated 
inverter power supplies PS1, PS2-PSm. 
To each such power-line-operated power supply are connected a variable 
number n of lighting units LU1, LU2-LUn. (The number n may be different 
for different power supplies and/or at different times.) 
FIG. 2 illustrates in further detail one of the power supplies of FIG. 1 
and its associated n lighting units. This one power supply is referred to 
as PSx, and is powered from power line conductors PL1 and PL2. 
Inside PSx, power line conductors PL1 and PL2 are directly conected with a 
rectifier-filter combination RF, the substantially constant DC output 
voltage of which is applied to an inverter I; which inverter has a pair of 
control terminals CTa and CTb operative to disable the inverter by 
application thereto of a disable current. 
The output from inverter I is a 30 kHz AC voltage, which AC voltage is 
applied to the primary winding Tp of an isolating transformer T. 
The output of transformer T is provided from its secondary winding Ts and 
is a 30 kHz AC voltage of approximately 100-150 Volt RMS magnitude. 
By way of a number n of current sensors CS1, CS2-CSn and circuit breakers 
CB1, CB2-CBn, the transformer output voltage is supplied to a number n of 
power output receptacles OR1, OR2-ORn, all respectively. 
Each current sensor is connected with a load means LM1, LM2-LMn; and the 
outputs from the loaded current sensors are applied by way of rectifier 
means RM1, RM2-RMn to a common charge-storing capacitor CSC. The output 
from CSC is applied by way of a threshold device TD, which is connected in 
series with a current-limiting resistor CLR, to control terminal CTa on 
inverter I. 
By way of male plugs MP1, MP2-MPn, conduction wire-pairs CW1, CW2-CWn, and 
female plugs FP1, FP2-FPn, the female output receptacles OR1, OR2-ORn are 
connected with male input receptacles IR1, IR2-IRn on lighting units LU1, 
LU2-LUn, all respectively. 
The assembly consisting of rectifier and filter means RF, inverter I, 
transformer T, current sensors CS1, CS2-CSn, load means LM1, LM2-LMn, 
rectifier means RM1, RM2-RMn, capacitor CSC, threshold device TD, resistor 
CLR, circuit breakers CB1, CB2-CBn, and the n output receptacles OR1, 
OR2-ORn, is referred to as power supply PSx. 
FIG. 3 illustrates one of the n lighting units referred to in FIG. 2 as 
LU1, LU2-LUn. This one lighting unit is referred to as LUx. It has a power 
input receptacle IR, which has two output terminals OTa and OTb, and 
comprises a pair of fluorescent lamps FL1 and FL2, a pair of corresponding 
ballasting inductors L1, L2 and ballasting capacitors C1, C2. 
Fluorescent lamp FL1 has two thermionic cathodes TC1a and TC1b; and 
fluorescent lamp FL2 has two similar cathodes TC2a and TC2b. 
Inductor L1 is connected between output terminal OTa and one of the 
terminals of cathode TC1a. Capacitor C1 is connected between the other 
terminal of cathode TC1a and one of the terminals of cathode TC1b. The 
other terminal of cathode TC1b is connected with output terminal OTb. 
Inductor L2 is connected between output terminal OTa and one of the 
terminals of cathode TC2a. Capacitor C2 is connected between the other 
terminal of cathode TC2a and one of the terminals of cathode TC2b. The 
other terminal of cathode TC2b is connected with output terminal OTb. 
FIG. 4 illustrates an expectedly typical installation in a building of 
subject lighting system. The power line conductors are provided by way of 
conduit CON to a number of different power supplies: PS1, PS2, and PSx. 
These power supplies are mounted (in a way similar to that of regular 
electrical junction boxes) onto the permanent ceiling PC. Suspended from 
this permanent ceiling is a non-permanent ceiling NPC; which non-permanent 
ceiling is an ordinary so-called suspended ceiling, which has a grid 
structure of suspended T-bars with ceiling panels and lighting fixtures 
used for filling in the openings in the grid structure. For sake of 
clarity, the suspended ceiling is shown without the ceiling panels. 
From each of the power supplies, a plurality of conduction wire-pairs 
provided for light-weight flexible plug-in connection with a like 
plurality of lighting units. However, for sake of clarity, only a few 
connections are specifically shown: From power supply PS1, connect wires 
CW1, CW2 and CW3 are shown to connect with lighting units LU1, LU2 and 
LU3. 
Description of Operation 
The operation and use of the subject lighting system may be explained as 
follows. 
In FIG. 1, the pair of power line conductors PL1 and PL2 provides 120 
Volt/60 Hz power to each and every inverter power supply: PS1, PS2-PSm. 
Each of these inverter power supplies (Ex: PSx) converts its 120 Volt/60 Hz 
input voltage to a high-frequency output voltage; which output voltage is 
transformed by a transformer (T) to a magnitude of 100-150 Volt RMS and is 
supplied to each one of the plurality of output receptacles (Ex: OR1). The 
load current flowing to each of these output receptacles passes through a 
current sensor (Ex: CS1) and a circuit breaker (Ex: CB1); which, in 
combination, provide for distinct limitations on the magnitude of load 
current that can be supplied to any given output receptacle. 
The current sensor (CS1), which is simply a small high-frequency current 
transformer of conventional design, senses the load current flowing 
through it and provides a proportional sensor output current at its 
output. This sensor output current is fed into a load means (LM1), which 
then develops across it a sensor AC output voltage of magnitude 
substantially proportional to that of the load current flowing through the 
current sensor. 
The sensor AC output voltage is rectified by a rectifier means (RM1), and 
the resulting sensor DC output current is applied to the charge-storing 
capacitor (CSC). Thus, this capacitor will eventually charge up to a DC 
voltage of magnitude proportional to that of the peak amplitude of the 
largest one of the various load currents flowing through the various 
current sensors (CS1, CS2-CSn) and to the different power output 
receptacles (OR1, OR2-ORn), with the time required to reach this magnitude 
being dependent on the magnitude of the capacitance of CSC, as well as on 
the net magnitude of the sum of all the resulting sensor DC output 
currents. 
After the DC voltage across capacitor CSC reaches a certain threshold 
magnitude, the threshold device (TD) breaks down, and disable current from 
capacitor CSC is then provided, by way of the current-limiting resistor 
(CLR), to control terminal CTa of inverter I. (The threshold device could 
be a Diac, such as ST-2 from General Electric, which would have a 
break-down or threshold voltage of about 30 Volt.) 
As soon as disable current is supplied to control terminal CTa, the 
inverter becomes disabled and the 30 KHz inverter output voltage 
disappears; which, of course, reduces the various load currents to zero. 
The disablement of the inverter is accomplished by way of well known means, 
the details of which are herein omitted for the reason of overall clarity. 
In particular, the disablement is accomplished by way of an electrically 
actuatable switch means comprised within the inverter and connected in 
circuit with the B+ supply and the control terminals CTa, CTb. When, from 
the outside, the inverter is provided with a disable current by way of 
terminal CTa, this built-in switch means acts to prevent the flow of B+ 
current within the inverter, thereby stopping inverter operation. After 
having been disabled, the inverter will resume its operation again as soon 
as the magnitude of the disable current falls below a certain threshold 
level. (Of course, if required, it would readily be possible to provide 
for a latching effect, whereby the inverter would remain out of operation 
until line power is removed and then restored again.) 
As with the current sensor (CS1), the circuit breaker (CB1) is also 
responsive to the current flowing through it. In particular, the circuit 
breaker is a normally-closed thermally-activated bimetallic switcher that 
operates to latch itself into an open-circuit position in case the current 
flowing through it exceeds a certain pre-established RMS magnitude for 
more than a few seconds. After having latched itself into such an 
open-circuit position, power has to be removed to cause it to reset. 
The purpose of the circuit breakers (Ex: CB1) within the various power 
supplies (Ex: PSx) is that of removing power from a given output 
receptacle (Ex: OR1) in case an excess current (i.e., more than 1.0 Amp) 
flows for longer than a brief period of time (i.e., for longer than about 
two to six seconds). 
The purpose of the current sensors (Ex: CS1) is that of providing a 
relatively slow-acting back-up means for removing power from the output in 
case too much current (i.e., more than about 1.0 Amp) is flowing from at 
least one output receptacle for too long a time (i.e., for longer than 
about ten to thirty seconds). 
Thus, in case of an overload condition caused by a given lighting unit 
(among the plurality of lighting units powered from a single power 
supply), the power supplied to that given lighting unit will be 
interrupted by way of the particular circuit breaker associated with the 
given lighting unit--leaving the remaining lighting units unaffected. 
However, if for some reason that particular circuit breaker were to 
malfunction (thereby leaving the overload condition in effect for a period 
of more than a few seconds), the power supply would be disabled by way of 
disabling the inverter I in the power supply PSx. Of course, in this case, 
the power to all the lighting units powered by that power supply would be 
interrupted. 
After having been disabled, the inverter will remain disabled for a 
time-period TP, which will last until the disable current flowing from the 
charge-storing capacitor CSC has diminished below a certain threshold 
level. The length of time-period TP can routinely be designed to be as 
short or as long as desired. In the preferred embodiment herein, the 
time-period TP was chosen to be about five minutes. 
However, it is also routinely possible to arrange for the inverter to 
become disabled in a latched fashion--using the power line voltage for the 
latching function. In this case, provided that the time-period TP is 
designed to be just a few seconds long, the inverter may be re-started at 
any time after having been disabled by simply removing the power line 
voltage for a brief period. 
The fluorescent lamp ballasting arrangement shown in FIG. 3 is of a 
high-frequency resonant-type, and operates similarly to ballasting 
circuits previously described in pusblished literature--such as, for 
instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,177 to Ward. 
An important feature of these resonant or near-resonant ballasting circuits 
relates to the fact that they can be arranged to draw power from their 
source at a nearly unity (or 100%) power factor. In other words, for a 
given Volt-Ampere product available from a source, the resonant ballast 
provides for the maximum possible power to be pulled from that source. 
FIG. 4 illustrates the use and installation in a building of the 
power-limited lighting system of FIG. 1, and shows two multi-output power 
supplies mounted to the permanent ceiling above a non-permanent suspended 
ceiling. 
Each of these multi-output power supplies has a plurality of output 
receptacles; and each of these receptacles provides an independently 
current-limited (or Volt-Amp-limited) AC voltage output. 
A number of lighting units (of the type described in FIG. 3, but in the 
form of lighting fixtures and/or lighting panels) are fitted into the grid 
system of the suspended ceiling--much in the fashion of ordinary ceiling 
panels. Each of these lighting units are then connected by way of a 
plug-in flexible cord with one of the Volt-Amp-limited output receptacles 
of one of the multi-output power supplies mounted on the permanent ceiling 
above the grid structure. 
It is believed that the present invention and its several attendant 
advantages and features will be understood from the preceeding 
description. However, without departing from the spirit of the invention, 
changes may be made in its form and in the construction and 
interrelationships of its component parts, the form herein presented 
merely representing the preferred embodiment.