COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER

Compounds that are specifically toxic to cancer stem cells are disclosed.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain as at least one active ingredient a compound of formula (1) as defined above. The alkyl groups in formula (1) may be straight or branched chain or cyclic and include, for example, methyl, ethyl, tertiary butyl, cyclopentyl, and the like. Methods for synthesizing the compounds of formula (1) are well known in the art and representative members of this genus are commercially available.

As noted above, the compounds of formula (1) are particularly effective in decreasing the viability of cancer stem cells in addition to their ability to effect cell death in non-stem cell forms of cancer—i.e., adherent cells. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention or the compounds of formula (1) per se are useful in treating subjects harboring malignant tumors.

The “alkyl” groups in the compounds described herein may be straight or branched chain or cyclic and include, for example, methyl, ethyl, tertiary butyl, cyclopentyl, and groups that, in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein, would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples. The alkyl group may have from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. Particular alkyl groups are those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic, or fused, bridged, or spiro polycyclic ring structure that is saturated or partially saturated and has from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Particular heterocycloalkyl groups are those having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms or from 5 to 7 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropane, cyclopropene, cyclobutane, cyclobutene, cyclopentane, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, adamantine, and groups that, in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein, would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.

Any formula given herein is intended to represent compounds having structures depicted by the structural formula as well as certain variations or forms. In particular, compounds of any formula given herein may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. All optical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the general formula, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the formula. Thus, any formula given herein is intended to represent a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, one or more atropisomeric forms, and mixtures thereof. Furthermore, certain structures may exist as geometric isomers (i.e., cis and trans isomers), as tautomers, or as atropisomers. Additionally, any formula given herein is intended to refer also to any one of hydrates, solvates, and amorphous and polymorphic forms of such compounds, and mixtures thereof, even if such forms are not listed explicitly. In some embodiments, the solvent is water and the solvates are hydrates.

Any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds described herein include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as2H,3H,11C,13C,14C,15N,18O,17O,31P,32P,35S,18F,36Cl, and125I, respectively. Such isotopically labeled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (preferably with14C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example2H or3H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an18F or11C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e.,2H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Isotopically labeled compounds described herein and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

For treatment purposes, pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds described herein may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. A pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient is a substance that is non-toxic and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to a subject. Such excipients facilitate formulation and administration of a compound described herein and are compatible with the active ingredient. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients include stabilizers, lubricants, surfactants, diluents, anti-oxidants, binders, coloring agents, emulsifiers, or taste-modifying agents. In preferred embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are sterile compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be formulated as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or dispersions in suitable pharmaceutical solvents or carriers, or as pills, tablets, lozenges, suppositories, powders for reconstitution, or capsules along with solid carriers according to conventional methods known in the art for preparation of various dosage forms. For topical applications, the compounds described herein are preferably formulated as creams or ointments or a similar vehicle suitable for topical administration.

For treatment of subjects using the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention or the compounds described herein per se, a variety of protocols and methods of administration may be employed depending on the nature of the subject, the particular kind of tumor, the judgment of the practitioner and the stage of cancer. Various methods of administration are known in the art including parenteral administration, oral or other digestive system-based administration, transmucosal, transdermal administration or administration by suppository. Parenteral administration may include IP, IV and subcutaneous forms.

The term “treat” or “treating” as used herein is intended to refer to administration of a compound described herein to a subject for the purpose of creating a therapeutic benefit. Treating includes reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or lessening the severity of, a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms of cancer. The term “subject” refers to a patient in need of such treatment. The subjects in important aspects of the invention are human subjects, but treatment is not limited to them. Treatment for malignancy is also important in other vertebrate species including various forms of livestock such as cows, pigs, sheep and goats as well as companion animals, fish and birds. In particular, the compounds described herein may be used to treat laboratory animal tumor models, such as rats, mice, rabbits and the like in order to optimize dosage regimens and protocols.

In treatment methods provided herein, “an effective amount” means an amount or dose sufficient to generally bring about the desired therapeutic benefit in subjects needing such treatment. Effective amounts or doses of the compounds described herein may be ascertained by routine methods, such as modeling, dose escalation or clinical trials, taking into account routine factors, e.g., the mode or route of administration or drug delivery, the pharmacokinetics of the agent, the severity and course of the infection, the subject's health status, condition, and weight, and the judgment of the treating physician. An exemplary dose is in the range of about 1 ug to 2 mg of active compound per kilogram of subject's body weight per day, preferably about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg/day, or about 1 to 35 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day. The total dosage may be given in single or divided dosage units (e.g., BID, TID, QID).

As noted above, the compounds described herein are particularly effective in decreasing the viability of cancer stem cells in addition to their ability to effect cell death in non-stem cell forms of cancer—i.e., adherent cells. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention or the compounds described herein per se are useful in treating subjects harboring malignant tumors.

The subjects in important aspects of the invention are human subjects, but treatment is not limited to them. Treatment for malignancy is also important in other vertebrate species including various forms of livestock such as cows, pigs, sheep and goats as well as companion animals, fish and birds. In particular, the compounds of formula (1) may be used to treat laboratory animal tumor models, such as rats, mice, rabbits and the like in order to optimize dosage regimens and protocols.

For treatment of subjects using the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention or the compounds of formula (1) per se, a variety of protocols and methods of administration may be employed depending on the nature of the subject, the particular kind of tumor, the judgment of the practitioner and the stage of cancer. Various methods of administration are known in the art including parenteral administration, oral or other digestive system-based administration, transmucosal, transdermal administration or administration by suppository. Parenteral administration may include IP, IV and subcutaneous forms.

The mode of administration will also depend on the nature of the formulation employed. Suitable formulations may be found inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. The compositions may be simple formulations with conventional excipients or may include liposomes, micelles, controlled release systems or other polymeric supports and may include other active ingredients unrelated to the compounds of formula (1). For solid tumors, it is also possible to provide the compounds of formula (1) directly by intratumoral administration. Dosage levels are variable depending on the practitioner's judgment and the nature of the subject but can readily be determined from the behavior of the compounds in animal models commonly used to optimize dosages.

For each of the embodiments above, Z may be SR2and Y may be S or O.

For each of the embodiments above, p and n may be 0.

As used herein, “a” or “an” means one or more than one unless otherwise indicated or clear from the context. All documents cited are incorporated herein by reference.

Isolation of Stem Cells

Stem cells were isolated from non-small cell lung tumor specimens of human tumors developed in NOD/SCID mice according to the description set forth in Karimi-Busheri, F., et al.,J. Stem Cells(2012) supra, incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, a combination of three criteria were used:

Formation of a subpopulation of cells identifiable by efflux of Hoechst 33342 by ABC transporters via flow cytometry analysis;

Formation of floating spheres in culture; and Expression of the markers CD133, and CD24/CD38 ratio. These enriched populations of stem cells were used in the experiments below.

Viability Assay

The compounds of formula (1) showed activity in a cell viability assay conducted as follows:

Samples of 5×103cells per well were seeded onto 96-well plates along with the desired concentration of compound of formula (1) dissolved in DMSO. Control wells contained cells without treatment and medium without cells was used as a background control. The plates were incubated for 120 hours at 37° C. and then assayed for viability using the commercially available PrestoBlue® Cell Viability Staining assay marketed by Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California. After incubation, the plates were irradiated at 540-570 nm and the emission at 590 nm measured. Cell death was shown by a decrease in fluorescence.

The compounds of formula (1) are able to decrease viability by at least 40% in this assay when the concentration of compound is 100 μM.

Varying concentrations of the compounds of formula (1) were used to determine IC50. The compounds of formula (1) have IC50′s between 1 and 5 μM. A typical result is shown inFIG. 1. As shown, the efficacy of the compound is greater on stem cells than in adherent cancer cells.

Determination of Maximum Tolerated Dose

For each compound tested in this assay, 10 female BALB/c nu/nu mice were used in an in vivo study to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD). An MTD of 25 μM was found for these compounds.

In Vivo Efficacy Model

NOD/SCID mice containing human tumor stem cells of a non-small cell lung tumor specimen are used to evaluate dosage levels for the compounds of formula (1).

Exemplary Compounds

A typical compound of formula (1) is that wherein n and p are 0, Y is S, Z is SCH3, X1is N and X2-X4are CH.