Abrasive composition

An environmentally safe abrasive composition which contains at least about 60 weight percent of ferrometalsilicate, at least about 5 weight percent of spinel, and at least about 70 weight percent of crystalline material. This composition has a Vickers hardness of at least about 550 and a density of from about 2.8 to about 4.1 grams per cubic centimeter. It is crystallized in situ from a thermally crystallizable mixture comprising from about 50 to about 75 weight percent of electric arc furnace dust, from about 5 to about 40 weight percent of glass, and at least about 10 weight percent of silica sand.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
An effective, durable, and environmentally safe abrasive composition made 
by melting a mixture of electric arc furnace dust, glass, and silica sand. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In the electric arc furnace (or "EAF") process used to make various grades 
of steel, a considerable amount of dust, known as "EAF dust," is 
generated. In addition to containing iron oxides derived from the steel 
making process, this dust also contains significant amounts of toxic 
substances, such as compounds of lead, cadmium, chromium, and other heavy 
metals. These toxic substances are contained in the dust in a potentially 
soluble condition, and the EAF dust thus has to be treated as a toxic 
material for waste disposal purposes. As is disclosed at lines 13-15 of 
column 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,111 of Scott W. Frame, "EAF dust is 
classified as a hazardous waste by the Environmental Protection Agency and 
is designated the identification K061." 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,152 of Charles L. Smith, discloses that there ". . . 
are few effective, environmentally acceptable options for disposal of . . 
. hazardous waste compositions containing electric arc furnace dust . . . 
" (see lines 13-17 of column 1). This Smith patent teaches that the EAF 
dust may be fixated and/or stabilized in compositions containing lime, 
Portland cement, or class "C" fly ash, which are alkaline in nature but 
that, when such fixated and/or stabilized compositions are subjected to 
acid rain, the pH levels within the compositions will decrease, thereby 
allowing many of the heavy metals in the EAF dust (such as lead, nickel, 
and chromium, to be re-solubilized in water (see lines 15-25 of column 2). 
The prior art also teaches that the danger from materials such as EAF dust 
can be substantially reduced by incorporating the materials into a 
vitreous composition. Thus, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,566 of Gerald P. 
Balcar et al. discloses that (at lines 39-45 of column 2) "The principal 
danger from inorganic wastes is from heavy metal oxides and certain other 
oxides which may be considered `hazardous.` Heavy metal oxides readily 
react when exposed to strong acids or alkalies to produce soluble 
compounds. Vitrifying the metal oxide in a glass substantially reduces the 
oxides' solubility in acid." The identical disclosure also appears in U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,462,570 of Gerald P. Balcar et al. 
The vitrification process is energy intensive and relatively expensive, and 
it generally produces a product whose only commercial utility is for use 
in an landfill. It would be desirable to be able to make a useful, salable 
product from the vitrified EAF dust such as, e.g., a hard abrasive. 
The Balcar et al. patents teach that one cannot make a hard abrasive from 
vitrified oxide-containing material, such as vitrified EAF dust. Thus, 
e.g., in the section of Balcar et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,566 starting 
at line 66 of column 2 (and extending to line 5 of column 3), Balcar et 
al. discuss U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,511 of Sarko et al. and state that "The 
Sarko, et al. reference teaches a mobile system for fixing a hazardous 
waste in a silicate matrix . . . Although this reference teaches a 
vitrification process for disposal of hazardous wastes, it is directed to 
stabilizing those wastes in a silicate matrix. Further, while this type of 
material is acceptable for use in stabilizing wastes, it is inappropriate 
for fabrication of a high hardness, abrasive material." 
The Balcar et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,566 was issued in 1993. However, for 
many years prior to such issuance, it was widely known that vitreous 
materials were not suitable for making high hardness abrasive materials. 
Thus, for example, in 1964 U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,545 issued to Samuel S. 
Kistler et al. This patent disclosed (at lines 21-26 of column 2) that "It 
is well known that glassy materials are fragile and readily susceptible to 
fracture and disintegration and at least partially for this reason, the 
abrasive industry has intentionally avoided glassy compositions in 
abrasive grains up to the present time." Thus, by way of yet another 
example, in 1931 U.S. Pat. No. 1,830,757 issued and disclosed that glass 
is a "comparatively weak non-abrasive particle." 
Many different, potentially toxic substances may be present in EAF dust, 
and/or in vitreous products made therefrom, and/or in the dust created 
when a friable abrasive made from EAF dust is used; and the concentration 
and/or identity of these toxic substances can vary from one batch to 
another. As is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,031 of Faisal H. Al-Sugair 
et al., "Because typically electric arc furnaces are being used when 
processing scrap metals and to a lesser degree sponge iron and the like, 
the consistency of EAF dust components may vary fairly radically and the 
control thereof is fairly difficult to maintain" (see lines 42-47 of 
column 1). Thus, even if one were to conduct extensive testing and to 
determine that the use of a friable abrasive composition made from one 
particular batch of EAF dust was environmentally safe, there would be no 
guarantee that the use of a friable abrasive composition made from a 
different batch of EAF dust also would be environmentally safe. 
It thus is an object of this invention to provide an abrasive composition 
made from EAF dust which is environmentally safe and, additionally, does 
not exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Leaching 
Procedure regulatory limits. 
It is another object of this invention to produce an abrasive composition 
which is economical to produce. 
It is another object of this invention to provide an abrasive composition 
with good hardness and fracture toughness properties. 
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an abrasive 
composition which is effective. As is known to those skilled in the art, 
the mere fact that a material might have good hardness and fracture 
toughness properties does not necessarily mean that it will be a good 
abrasive. Thus, as is disclosed at page 5 of Richard L. McKee's "Machining 
With Abrasives (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, New York, 1982), 
"It has been observed that all abrasives are hard, but not all hard 
substances are abrasive. Indeed, there are several materials which are 
harder than either silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, but no so abrasive. 
Other factors than relative hardness enter into the picture in determining 
which abrasives to use on what materials. Diamond is harder than CBN, and 
more effective on carbides, but less effective on steels . . . Aluminum 
oxide is more effective on most steels and less so on nonferrous metals 
and nonmetallic substances than is silicon carbide. The best explanation 
of the problems of diamond an silicon carbide on steel is that there is a 
chemical reaction between the abrasive and the steels which in effect 
`melts` the abrasive and causes excess wear." 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with this invention, there is provided an abrasive 
composition made from electric arc furnace dust which contains at least 
about 60 weight percent of iron metasilicate and at least 5 weight percent 
of spinel, wherein at least about 70 percent of the material in the 
abrasive composition is crystalline and at least two percent of the 
material in the abrasive is vitreous.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The first part of this specification will describe a preferred abrasive 
composition comprised of crystalline material. The second part of this 
specification will describe a preferred process for making such abrasive 
composition. 
The abrasive composition of this invention is comprised of at least about 
60 weight percent of ferrometasilicate, which has the formula FeSiO.sub.3. 
As is indicated, e.g., in Robert C. Weast et al.'s "CRC Handbook of 
Chemistry and Physics," 63.sup.rd Edition (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 
Fla., 1982-1983), iron(II) metasilicate has a molecular weight of 131.93, 
and a melting point of 1,146 degrees Centigrade. This iron compound is 
well known in the art and is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,326,526, 
4,604,140, 4,519,811, 4,205,392, 3,650,802, 3,616,041, and the like. The 
disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated 
by reference into this specification. 
In one embodiment, the abrasive composition of this invention contains from 
about 60 to about 85 weight percent of such ferrometasilicate. In another 
embodiment, the abrasive composition contains from about 80 to about 85 
weight percent of ferrometasilicate. 
Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, applicants believe 
that the presence of such ferrometasilicate in their abrasive composition 
is at least partially responsible for the fracture toughness of such 
composition. 
The abrasive composition of this invention is also comprised of at least 
five weight percent of one or more spinels. As is known to those skilled 
in the art, a normal spinel is a material with the formula AR.sub.2 
O.sub.4, wherein A is a divalent metal ion and R is a trivalent metal ion. 
A is usually a divalent metal or mixture of divalent metals such as 
magnesium, ferrous ion, zinc, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, 
strontium, barium, nickel, and manganese, and R is usually selected from 
the group consisting of ferric ion, aluminum, and chromium. Typical 
spinels exist when A is zinc and R is iron, when A is magnesium and R is 
aluminum, when A is iron and R is aluminum, when A is cobalt and R is 
aluminum, when A is nickel and R is aluminum, when A is manganese and R is 
aluminum, and when A is zinc and R is aluminum. See, e.g., pages 64-66 of 
W. D. Kingery et al.'s "Introduction to Ceramics," Second Edition (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976). 
Alternatively, instead of the normal spinels described above, one may have 
one or more inverse spinels in which the divalent A ions and half of the 
trivalent R ions are on octahedral sites; and the other half of the R ions 
are on tetrahedral sites. The formula for these inverse spinels is 
R(AR)O.sub.4. Some typical reverse spinels exist when R is iron and A is 
magnesium, when R is iron and A is Ti,Fe, when the spinel is ferric oxide, 
and the like. See, e.g., page 66 of the Kingery et al. reference. 
Spinel structures are often found in abrasive compositions. See, e.g., U.S. 
Pat. Nos. 5,770,145, 5,690,707, 5,514,631, 5,431,705, 5,431,704, 
5,395,407, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States 
patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. 
In one embodiment, the abrasive composition of this invention contains from 
about 7 to about 25 weight percent of one or more spinels. Without wishing 
to be bound to any particular theory, applicants believe that, in their 
novel structure, the spinel material is disposed within a primary 
ferrometasilicate base. 
The abrasive composition of this invention contains at least 70 weight 
percent of its material in a crystalline structure, and at least 2 weight 
percent (and preferably at least five weight percent) of its material in 
an amorphous, vitreous structure. It s preferred that the abrasive 
composition contain at least about 80 percent of its material in a 
crystalline structure. In another embodiment, the abrasive composition 
contains at least 90 percent of its material in a crystalline structure. 
The determination of the percent crystallinity in a material, and the 
percent glass, may be determined by the well-known X-ray diffraction 
technique. See, e.g., John P. Sibilia's "A Guide to Materials 
Characterization and Chemical Analysis," (VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 
N.Y., 1988), at pages 115-133. Reference also may be had to an article by 
Ohlberg et al., "Determination of Percent Crystallinity by X-Ray 
Diffraction," American Ceramic Society, October, 1960, pages 170-171. One 
also may refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,432,137, 5,358,631, 5,376,259, and the 
like, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference 
into this specification. 
It is preferred that the ratio of material in the composition which is 
crystalline to that material which is glass be from about 8/1 to about 
50/1. 
The abrasive composition of this invention is preferably comprised of 
abrasive grains wherein at least about 60 weight percent of which have 
either the blocky and/or pyramidal (triangular) grain shape. In one 
preferred embodiment, at least about 70 weight percent of the abrasive 
particles are of the blocky and/or pyramidal shape. In one embodiment, an 
abrasive material which about 70 percent angular and 30 percent blocky 
became more angular in use. 
These grain shapes are well known to those skilled in the art and are 
described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,462,570, 5,372,620, 5,244,477, 
5,185,012, 5,161,696, 5,129,919, 5,104,424, 5,103,598, 5,035,723, 
5,009,676, 5,007,943, 4,848,041, and the like. The disclosure of each of 
these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this 
specification. 
The abrasive composition of this invention is substantially durable; it 
generates relatively little dust in use. In order to test the composition 
of this invention for durability, a test is conducted in which fifty 
pounds of abrasive are loaded into a 6.0 cubic foot Schmidt blasting pot 
(sold by the Schmidt Manufacturing Company of Houston, Texas) equipped 
with a feed valve and a number 6 nozzle. With this assembly, abrasive is 
blasted at 85 pounds per square inch onto four separate steel plates, each 
6'.times.8', two of which are coated with scale, one of which is coated 
with ISO level sea rust, and one of which is coated with a synthetic 
coating; the plates are located 20 inches away from the nozzle. During the 
test, photographs are taken to determine the extent of dustiness. The 
abrasive composition of this invention produces relatively little dust. 
Another indication of the substantial durability of the abrasive 
composition of this invention is its fracture toughness. The abrasive 
composition of this invention has a Vickers fracture toughness, as 
measured by the indentation technique, of from about 0.9 to about 1.3 
(and, more preferably, from about 0.94 to about 1.2) 
megaPascals.meters.sup.0.5. Means for determining Vickers fracture 
toughness are well known and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 
5,769,176, 5,759,933, 5,658,837, 5,655,956, and the like; the disclosure 
of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference 
into this specification. 
The abrasive composition of this invention has a Vickers hardness, tested 
with a 200 gram load and a 10 to 15 second loading time, of at least about 
550 and, more preferably, at least about 650. As is known to those skilled 
in the art, the Vickers hardness number is a number related to the applied 
load and the surface area of the permanent impression made by a 
square-based pyramidal diamond indentor having included face angles of 136 
degrees. Means for determining Vickers hardness are well known to those 
skilled in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,066,619, 
5,028,567, 4,985,375, 4,861,657, 4,575,493, 3,657,780, and the like; the 
disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated 
by reference into this specification. It is preferred to conduct hardness 
testing with a Vickers diamond indentor in open atmosphere conditions with 
a 200 gram load and 15 second dwell time. 
The abrasive composition of this invention has a density of 2.8 to about 
4.1 grams per cubic centimeter. 
The abrasive composition of this invention is environmentally safe; it does 
not exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Leaching 
Procedure regulatory limits. As is known to those skilled in the art, the 
Environmental Protection Agency has published a test (at 40 Code of 
Federal Regulations [C.F.R.] 268.7[a]) for determining the leachability of 
hazardous substances in a material. This test is well known and is 
described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,769,961, 5,766,303, 5,762,891, 
5,754,002, 5,744,239, and the like; the disclosure of each of these United 
States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this 
specification. 
When a 100-gram sample of the composition of this invention with a particle 
size not exceeding 70 microns is tested for leachability in accordance 
with the aforementioned test, no mercury is detected in the extractant 
fluid, less than about 0.2 parts per million of barium is detected in the 
fluid, no selenium is detected in the fluid, less than 0.2 parts per 
million of lead is detected in the fluid, less than 0.5 parts per million 
of chromium is detected in the fluid, less than 0.1 parts per million of 
cadmium is detected in the fluid, less than 0.005 parts per million of 
arsenic is detected in the fluid, and less than 0.04 parts per million of 
silver is detected in the fluid. 
The abrasive composition of this invention exhibits superior speed of 
cleaning when used as a loose grain abrasive. In open blasting tests, 
samples of the abrasive were blasted at 85 pounds per square inch with a 
number 6 (3/8') nozzle at 14 to 20 inches. 
A 20-50 abrasive composition was tested. This composition had a particle 
size distribution such that at least about 80 percent of its particles 
passed through a 20 mesh screen (841 microns) but were retained on a 50 
mesh screen (297 microns). With heat treated SAE 2030 steel, the 
performance was 3.97 square feet per minute. With level A scale, the 
performance was 2.65 square feet per minute. with Level C Rust, the 
performance was 6.56 square feet per minute. With Coated Steel, the 
performance was 4.42 square feet per minute. 
A 40-80 abrasive composition was tested. This composition had a particle 
size distribution such that at least about 80 percent of its particles 
passed through a 40 mesh screen (420 microns) but were retained on a 80 
mesh screen (177 microns). With heat treated SAE 2030 steel, the 
performance was 5.1 square feet per minute. With level A scale, the 
performance was 2.88 square feet per minute. with Level C Rust, the 
performance was 4.88 square feet per minute. With Coated Steel, the 
performance was 1.93 square feet per minute. 
A 50-120 abrasive composition was tested. This composition had a particle 
size distribution such that at least about 80 percent of its particles 
passed through a 50 mesh screen (297 microns) but were retained on a 120 
mesh screen (125 microns). With heat treated SAE 2030 steel, the 
performance was 5.9 square feet per minute. With level A scale, the 
performance was 3.83 square feet per minute. With Level C Rust, the 
performance was 3.98 square feet per minute. With Coated Steel, the 
performance was 3.8 square feet per minute. 
A 80-200 abrasive composition was tested. This composition had a particle 
size distribution such that at least about 80 percent of its particles 
passed through a 80 mesh screen (177 microns) but were retained on a 200 
mesh screen (74 microns). With heat treated SAE 2030 steel, the 
performance was 4.35 square feet per minute. With level A scale, the 
performance was 2.16 square feet per minute. With Level C Rust, the 
performance was 2.45 square feet per minute. With Coated Steel, the 
performance was 2.85 square feet per minute. 
A preferred process for making the abrasive composition of this invention 
The abrasive composition of this invention is preferably made from electric 
arc furnace dust. Electric arc furnace dust also is sometimes referred to 
as "EAF dust," "EAFD," or "baghouse dust." 
Electric arc furnace dust is a mixture of metal oxides that are collected 
by scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, or other known 
filtering systems in electric arc furnace (EAF) steel making facilities. 
It typically is composed mainly of oxides of iron, zinc, lead, tin, 
cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, and molybdenum; but silica, 
lime, and alumina may also be present in the dust. 
Electric arc furnace dust, and means for its use and/or disposal, are 
extensively described in the patent literature. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 
5,738,683 (formation of briquettes from EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,759 
(process for combining EAFD and polyvinylchloride), U.S. Pat. No. 
5,672,146 (low temperature vitrification of a mixture of EAFD, silica, and 
alumina), U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,553 (process for recovering metals from 
EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,118 (process for recovering iron from EAFD), 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,031 (use of electric arc furnace by-products in 
concrete), U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,627 (plasma treatment of oxide-containing 
dusts), U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,336 (gasification of EAFD to produce reduction 
gas and molten iron), U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,111 (EAFD as a raw material for 
brick), U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,122 (stabilization of EAFD by entrapping it 
within a cementitiously hardened product), U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,658 
(process for recovering zinc from zinc-containing waste materials), U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,186,742 (product made from EAFD, quicklime, calcium stearate, 
and waste paper), U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,532 (process for reducing and 
recovering zinc from EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,757 (a 
calcium-alumino-silicate composition made from EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 
4,822,410 (reaction of a finely-divided volatile carbonaceous reductant 
with EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,005 (formation of stable ceramic spinels 
from EAFD), U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,368 (pyrometallurgical treatment of EAFD), 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,431 (process for selectively vaporizing oxides from 
EAFD), and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents 
is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. 
It is preferred that the EAF dust used in the process of this invention 
have a particle size distribution such that at least about 70 weight 
percent of its particles are smaller than about 20 microns. In another 
embodiment, at least about 80 weight percent of the EAF dust particles are 
smaller than about 20 microns. 
The EAF dust used in the process of this invention typically contains from 
about 35 to about 65 weight percent of at least one iron oxide compound 
and, more preferably, from about 45 to about 55 weight percent of iron 
oxide. Thus, e.g., it may contain black iron oxide, such as, e.g., 
ferrosferric oxide, ferroferric oxide, iron oxide, magnetic, black rouge, 
and the like. Thus, e.g., it may contain hematite (also known as red iron 
ore, bloodstone, or iron oxide), which is a brilliant black to blackish 
red or red mineral with a density of from about 4.9 to about 5.3. Thus, 
e.g., it may contain the iron oxide identified as Chemical Abstracts 
number CAS 1309-37-1. 
It is preferred that the EAF dust used in the process of this invention 
contain from about 0.1 to about 4.0 weight percent of one or more divalent 
metal oxides selected from the group consisting of cadmium oxide, lead 
oxide (such as, e.g., litharge), and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, 
the EAF dust contains from about 0.5 to about 3.0 weight percent of lead 
oxide. Applicants have discovered that, without the presence of such 
oxide(s) in the EAF dust, the desired properties of applicants' abrasive 
composition are not obtained. 
The EAF dust also should contain from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent 
of an oxide selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, chromium 
oxide, titanium oxide, and mixtures thereof. It has been found that, 
without the presence of such oxide(s) in the EAF dust, the desired 
properties of applicant's abrasive composition are not obtained. 
In one embodiment, the EAF dust used in the process of this invention 
preferably contains from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent of at least 
one oxide of chromium, also known as "chromic oxide" and, preferably, from 
about 0.05 to about 0.2 percent of at least one oxide of chromium. Thus, 
e.g., the chromic oxide may be chromium (III) oxide, chromia, chromium 
sesquioxide, green cinnabar, and the like. Without wishing to be bound to 
any particular theory, applicant believes that, during the process of this 
invention, the chromium molecules serve as crystallization sites for the 
spinels which form at the quench, thereby increasing the hardness of the 
abrasive formed. 
The EAF dust used in the process of this invention can contain from about 
10 to about 35 weight percent of zinc oxide, which is also known as 
"Chinese white" and "zinc white." In one embodiment, no zinc oxide is 
present in the EAF dust. Without wishing to be bound to any particular 
theory, it is believed that the zinc might facilitate the formation of 
spinel structures in the abrasive. 
The EAF dust used in the process of the invention should contain from about 
0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent of one or more oxides of manganese, and/or 
from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent of one or more oxides of 
magnesium. It is believed that these oxides also contribute to the 
formation of the desired spinel structure which, in turn, contributes to 
the desired hardness and fracture toughness properties of the abrasive. 
In one embodiment, the EAF dust used in the process is obtained from Nucor 
Steel Company of Armorel, Arkansas as "Steel Mill Electric Arc Furnace 
Dust" Referring to FIG. 1, and to the preferred embodiment depicted 
therein, it will be seen that EAF dust is charged via line 12 to mixer 10. 
In general, from about 50 to about 75 weight percent of EAF dust (by total 
weight of material in mixer 10) is charged to mixer 10. It is preferred to 
charge from about 60 to about 70 weight percent of the EAF dust to mixer 
10. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, glass is charged via line 14 to mixer 10. It is 
preferred that the glass so charged is crushed to a particle size 
distribution such that at least about 70 percent of its particles have a 
maximum dimension smaller than about 1.0 centimeter. It is even more 
preferred that glass used be glass cullet. 
As is known to those skilled in the art, cullet is broken or reclaimed 
glass; it often is fragments of scrap glass for production operations 
which are collected and recylced. Glass cullet is well known and is 
described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,620,491, 5,588,978, 5,578,102, 
5,558,691, 5,556,443, 5,529,594,5,524,837, 5,498,285, 5,460,638, 
5,399,181, 5,350,118, 5,342,427, 5,125,943, 4,875,919, 4,797,092, 
4,793,845, 4,781,742, 4,723,979, 4,696,690, 4,549,893, and the like. The 
disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated 
by reference into this specification. 
One preferred glass cullet is soda lime glass cullet of mixed chips, which 
is preferably obtained from residential glass recycling plants; soda lime 
glasses contain silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide. Soda lime glass 
cullet material is well known and is commercially available; see, e.g., 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,367, 5,585,452, 5,563,232, 5,538,786, 5,468,432, 
5,350,778, 5,028,569 (virgin soda lime glass cullet), U.S. Pat. Nos. 
4,934,307, 4,541,842, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United 
States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this 
specification. 
Instead of using soda lime glass and/or soda lime glass cullet, one may 
additionally and/or alternatively use other glass compositions such as 
borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, Vicor glass, fused silica 
glass, borax glass, transparent mirror glass, and the like. These and 
other glasses are descried on pages 376-382 of George S. Brady et al.'s 
"Materials Handbook," Thirteenth Edition (McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 
1991). 
In one embodiment, the glass charged via line 14 contains from at least 
about 50 to about 75 weight percent of silica in the glass. 
Regardless of which glass or glasses are used, it is preferred to charge 
from 5 to about 40 weight percent of glass, by weight of total material in 
mixer 10, and more preferably from about 10 to about 30 weight percent of 
such glass is charged to the mixer 10. The EAF dust and the glass are 
charged so that their weight/weight ratio is preferably from about 2.0/1 
to about 4.5/1. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment depicted 
therein, at least about 10 weight percent of silica sand is charged to 
mixer 10 via line 16; in a more preferred embodiment, from about 10 to 
about 25 weight percent of silica sand is so charged. This silica sand 
preferably has a particle size distribution such that at least about 70 
percent of its particles range in size from about 0.05 to about 2.0 
millimeters. 
In one preferred embodiment, a sufficient amount of glass and silica sand 
is added so that the final composition contains about 30 to 55 weight 
percent of silica. 
Silica sand is well known to those skilled in the art and is described, 
e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,613,453, 5,551,632, 5,492,548, 5,476,416, 
5,472,500, 5,426,145, 5,411,352, 5,334,364, 4,401,638, 3,856,213, and the 
like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby 
incorporated by reference into this specification. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, it will be seen that from about 0 to about 7 
percent, and more preferably from 1 to about 5 weight percent, of glass 
flux material may be charged to mixer 10 via line 18. As is known to those 
skilled in the art, a flux is a substance added to a refractory material 
to aid in its melting. One may use any of the conventional glass fluxes 
commonly available such as, e.g., the glass fluxes disclosed in U.S. Pat. 
Nos. 5,613,453, 5,551,632, 5,492,548, 5,476,416, 5,472,500, 5,426,145, 
5,411,352, 5,334,364, 4,401,638, 3,856,213, and the like. The entire 
disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated 
by reference into this specification. 
One preferred glass flux is sodium oxide, or a precursor material (such as 
sodium carbonate) which, upon heating, yields sodium oxide. It will be 
appreciate, when referring to any oxide materials herein, that one also 
may use precursor materials (such as, e.g., metal carbonates) which are 
transformed into the oxide by heating. Another preferred glass flux is 
calcium oxide, or its precursor. Yet another preferred glass flux is 
magnesium oxide, or its precursor. Barium oxide and/or strontium oxide, 
and/or their precursors, also may be used as a fluxing agent. 
Other reagents also may be added to the glass batch in mixer 10. Thus, by 
way of illustration, one may charge from about 5 to about 15 weight 
percent of alumina, by total weight of material in the mixer and, more 
preferably, from about 5.5 to about 8.5 weight percent of alumina. In this 
embodiment, at least about 70 percent of the alumina particles charged are 
preferably smaller than 10 microns. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, the glass batch from mixer 10 is conveyed via 
line 20 to furnace 22. Furnace 22 preferably has an elongated shape and is 
equipped with a multi-zone temperature control. 
In one preferred embodiment, the furnace has a low velocity exhaust. 
Furnaces with low velocity exhaust are well known to those skilled in the 
art; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,996, the entire disclosure of which is 
hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. 
It is preferred, within furnace 22, to maintain the glass melt at a 
substantially constant shallow depth of from about 6 to about 12 inches; 
this is done to insure substantially that the same temperature will be 
found throughout the depth of the melt. Means for maintaining a melt at a 
shallow depth are well known to those skilled in the art and are 
described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,571, 4,157,728, 4,002,468, 
3,875,322, 3,801,309, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United 
States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this 
specification. 
In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, furnace 22 is equipped 
with at least three heating zones, viz., heating zones 14, 26, and 28. 
It is preferred to use heating zone 24 as a preheating zone. In this zone, 
the furnace temperature is maintained at from about 1,500 to about 2,400 
degrees Fahrenheit; a sensor, such as sensor 25, preferably monitors the 
temperature within the glass batch. The glass batch is maintained in this 
zone until substantially all of it is has reached the desired temperature 
of from about 1,500 to about 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The preheated glass batch is then subjected to a temperature of from about 
2,300 to about 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit in melting zone 26; a sensor, such 
as sensor 27, monitors the temperature and the viscosity of the glass melt 
and determines when, in fact, it has been completely melted. The "soak 
time" during which the preheated glass batch is in the melting zone 
generally is from about 3 to about 5 hours and, more preferably, from 
about 3.5 to about 4.5 hours. 
During the melting process, in zone 26, gases form which may include 
hazardous substances incorporated therein in liquid, vapor, or particulate 
form. Thus, gases such as chlorine, fluorine, sulfur dioxide, mercury 
vapor, lead vapor, cadmium vapor, and the like, may be evolved. 
The off gases produced during the melting process are preferably passed via 
line 30 to scrubber 31, which is adapted to remove hazardous particulate 
liquid and vapor byproducts from the gas entering the scrubber. Such 
exhaust gas scrubbers are well known and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,627,682 (scrubber for waste gas), U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,469 (exhaust 
gas scrubber), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,760, 5,512,097, 5,505,752, 5,415,684, 
5,009,511, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States 
patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. 
Referring again to FIG. 1, after the glass melt has been maintained in the 
melting zone 26 for the desired time, it is then passed to crystallization 
zone 28. In this crystallization zone, the glass melt is preferably 
maintained in a substantially motionless state at a flow rate of less than 
about one inch per minute while being subjected to a temperature of from 
about 2,400 to about 2,900 degrees Fahrenheit. A sensor 29 is maintained 
in the glass melt to monitor the temperature and viscosity within the 
glass melt. Each of sensors 25, 27, and 29 is operatively connected to 
controller which, via feedback line 34, is adapted to maintain the desired 
temperatures in zones 24, 26, and 28. 
The partially crystallized melt from crystallization zone 28 is withdrawn 
and quenched by being contacted with water 42. It is preferred, when 
quenching the glass melt from furnace segment 28, that the temperature of 
the glass melt be reduced from its initial temperature (of from about 
2,400 to about 2,900 degrees Fahrenheit) to a temperature above the 
annealing temperature of the glass (which generally is from about 1350 to 
about 1500 degrees Fahrenheit) in less than about 20 seconds, and 
preferably in less than about 5 seconds. Thus, by way of illustration and 
not limitation, one may withdraw molten glass from furnace segment 28 into 
a molten glass stream 40 and blast one or more streams 42 of water against 
the molten flow 40 at a high pressure of from about 40 to about 60 pounds 
per square inch. In this embodiment, it is preferred to have the source of 
the water (not shown) be disposed at from about 10 to about 18 inches from 
the molten glass stream 40. In this process, following such high pressure 
quenching, the quenched material drops into a quenching bath of hot or 
boiling water 44. 
The quenched glass bath 44 is moved via an auger 46 in bath 44 and passed 
via lines 48 to grinder 50, in which the size of the quenched glass 
material is reduced so that substantially all of the glass particles have 
a largest dimension less than about 5 millimeters. It will be appreciated 
that the grinding can be conducted to produce other particle size 
distributions, both larger and smaller. 
Conventional grinding means may be used. Thus, by way of illustration and 
not limitation, one may use a size reduction auger to produce the frit 
which passes through a United States number 4 sieve, or through any other 
desired sieve. Reference may be had to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,600,425, 
5,505,388, and 5,419,102 for descriptions of size reduction augers; the 
disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated 
by reference into this specification. 
In one embodiment, the glass is comminuted so that the particles pass 
through a 20 mesh sieve (841 microns) but are retained on a 40 mesh sieve 
(420 microns); this is referred to as a 20/40 compact. In another 
embodiment, the glass is crushed so that the particles pass through an 80 
mesh screen (177 microns) but are retained on a 120 mesh screen (125 
microns); this is referred to as an 80/120 compact. In another embodiment, 
the glass is crushed so that the particles pass through a 20 mesh screen 
(841 microns) but are retained on a 30 mesh screen (595) microns; this is 
referred to as a 20/30 compact. In another embodiment, the glass is 
crushed so that the particles pass through a 40 mesh screen (420 microns) 
but are retained on a 60 mesh screen (250 microns); this is a 40/60 
compact. In yet another embodiment, the glass is crushed so that the 
particles pass through a 120 mesh screen (125 microns) but are retained on 
a 200 mesh screen (74 microns); this is a 120/200 compact Referring again 
to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment depicted therein, after the 
glass has been ground in grinder 50 to a size such that substantially all 
of its particles are smaller than about 5 millimeters, or to any other 
desired particle size distribution, the ground glass may then be passed 
via line 52 to siever 54, in which the desired particle sizes are produced 
for the final product. 
In one alternative embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1, prior to being fed to 
siever 54, the ground material from grinder 50 is first passed via line 51 
to heat treater 53. Applicant has found, unexpectedly, that heat treatment 
at this stage of the process substantially improves the properties of the 
finished product. 
In heat treater 53, it is preferred to subject the ground material to a 
temperature of from about 740 to about 760 degrees Centigrade for about 
2.5 to about 3.5 hours. The material is first raised from ambient 
temperature to the soak temperature of 740-760 degrees Centigrade over a 
period of from about 3.5 to about 4.5 hours, held at the soak temperature 
for from about 2.5 to about 3.5 hours, and then cooled over a period of at 
least 7 hours. 
In one embodiment, the furnace used for heat treater 53 is a 30 square foot 
shuttle furnace manufactured by the Frederick Kiln Company of Alfred 
Station, New York. This furnace contains an orifice metering system, a 
multiple burner flame supervisory system, valve actuators, gas regulators, 
and a turboblower, all of which are manufactured by the North American 
Inc. Manufacturing Company of 4455 East 71.sup.st Street, Cleveland, Ohio. 
The furnace is also eqipped with a Yokogawa Electric Program Controller, 
Model UP25, and a primary control manufactured by the Honeywell 
Corporation. The furnace also contains an ultraviolet flame detector 
manufactured by Honeywell. 
The heat treated material from heat treater 53 is preferably passed via 
line 55 to siever 54. The sieved material from siever 54, is passed via 
line 56 to bagger 58, wherein the sieved particles are bagged. 
In one embodiment, the composition of this invention can be used as roofing 
granules. In this embodiment, it is preferred the particle sizes of the 
granules range from about 0.2 to about 2.0 millimeters. The roofing 
granules of this invention may replace prior roofing granules in such 
structures as those disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,573 (roofing 
granules embedded in asphalt), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,382,449, 4,380,552, 
5,206,068, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States 
patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. 
In another embodiment, the composition of this invention can be used as a 
proppant; it can be suspended in drilling fluid during the fracturing 
portion of the drilling operation to keep the fracture open when fluid is 
withdrawn. Thus, e.g., such composition may be used as a proppant in one 
or more of the applications disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,049, 
5,604,194, 5,597,043, 5,595,245, 5,582,250, 5,575,335, 5,562,160, 
5,558,161, 5,531,274, 5,515,920, and the like. The disclosure of each of 
these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this 
specification. In one aspect of this embodiment, the particle size of the 
proppant particles used is from about 0.2 to about 3.0 millimeters. 
In another embodiment, the composition of this invention can be used to 
manufacture foam glass. As is known to those skilled in the art, foam 
glass is a light, black, opaque cellular glass made by adding powdered 
carbon to crushed glass and firing the mixture. Thus, one may use the 
composition of this invention in one or more of the processes or 
structures described in United States patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,960 
(foam glass tile), U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,398 (foam glass tile), U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,833,015 (multilayer foam glass structure), U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,758 
(foam glass with crust layer), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,703,019, 4,430,108, 
4,430,107, 4,124,365, 4,038,063, 4,024,309 (foam glass structural 
element), U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,975,174, 3,951,632, 3,811,851, 3,767,377, and 
the like. The disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby 
incorporated by reference into this specification. 
In one preferred embodiment, the composition of this patent is used to make 
foam glass structural elements or foam glass panels, such as those 
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,024,309, 5,464,114, 4,557,090, 4,463,043, 
3,628,937, and the like. The disclosure of each of these United States 
patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. It is 
to be understood that the aforementioned description is illustrative only 
and that changes can be made in the apparatus, in the ingredients and 
their proportions, and in the sequence of combinations and process steps, 
as well as in other aspects of the invention discussed herein, without 
departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following 
claims.