Hybrid inflator

A hybrid inflator (20) comprising: a pressure vessel (22) including a central member (24) closed at ends by a first (28) and a second closure member (30), one of the closure members including a passage means (70) for introducing pressurized inflation gas into the pressure vessel and the other of the closure members including a breakable disk (34) in communication with at least one exit port (40); a pyrotechnic container (80), within the pressure vessel, secured at one end to one of the closure members (28) and including a plurality of vent openings (90) thereabout, a first quantity of pyrotechnic material (100), located within the pyrotechnic container for providing, at a first controlled gas generation rate, the primary source of heating the inflation gas in the pressure vessel, a second quantity of pyrotechnic material (102) located at least partially within the first quantity of pyrotechnic material characterized by a gas generation rate greater than that of the gas generation rate of the first quantity of material, for producing products of combustion that ignite the first quantity of material and wherein a portion of these products of combustion directly heat the inflation gas, an initiator (104) for igniting the second quantity of pyrotechnic material.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates generally to inflators or gas generators for 
air bags and more particularly, to a hybrid inflator. 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,821 is illustrative of a hybrid inflator. As can be 
seen from this reference, the hybrid inflator includes a pressure vessel 
filled with a predetermined quantity of pressurized inert gas. One side of 
the pressure vessel is closed by a rupturable disk. Upon ignition of 
propellant, the gas pressure within the pressure vessel increases to a 
level sufficient to rupture the disk. Thereafter, heated gas exits one or 
more exit ports to inflate a nearby positioned air bag. U.S. Pat. No. 
3,758,131 is illustrative of a second, though related type, of hybrid 
inflator in which two (2) propellant charges are placed within the 
pressure vessel. Depending upon the intensity of a crash, one or both 
propellant charges are ignited. The dual charges provide a greater degree 
of control of the rate at which gasses flow from the inflator and into the 
air bag. Each of the above patents includes an initiator, or squib which 
when activated by a control signal, starts the burning of the closely 
positioned propellant. 
One deficiency of many hybrid inflators is that it takes a relatively long 
period of time for the pressure inside the pressure vessel to build up a 
level sufficient to burst the rupture disk leading to an exit port. In 
prior art inflators in which the generant is located in a propellant 
chamber that is at atmospheric pressure, the time it takes for the 
inflation gas to exit the inflator consists of the time needed to increase 
the pressure about the generant, that is within the propellant chamber, to 
a level in excess of the back pressure of the inflation gas (which 
typically acts on a seal disk, which typically isolates the propellant 
chamber from the pressure in the pressure vessel) and then the time needed 
for the gas to exit the propellant chamber and enter the pressure vessel. 
During this time the mass flow of the hot propellant gases must continue 
until the pressure in the pressure vessel reaches a level sufficient to 
break the burst or rupture disk allowing inflation gas to exit the 
inflator. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved hybrid 
inflator. Another object of the present invention is to provide a hybrid 
inflator in which the time from initiation to the bursting of the rupture 
disk is shortened while still retaining a controlled gas generation rate 
of the propellant. 
Accordingly, the invention comprises: a hybrid inflator comprising: a 
pressure vessel including a central member closed at its ends by a first 
and a second closure member. One of the closure members includes a means 
for introducing pressurized inflation gas into the pressure vessel and the 
other of the closure members includes a breakable (rupture or burst) disk 
in communication with at least one exit port. A pyrotechnic container is 
provided, within the pressure vessel, and is secured at one end to one of 
the closure members and includes a plurality of vent openings about its 
wall. A first quantity or main charge of pyrotechnic material, is located 
within the pyrotechnic container for providing a first controlled gas 
generation rate. This main charge also provides the primary means of 
heating the inflation gas in the pressure vessel. A second quantity or 
secondary charge of pyrotechnic material is located at least partially 
within the main charge and is characterized by a faster gas generation 
rate than the gas generation rate of the main charge. This secondary 
charge produces products of combustion that ignite the first quantity or 
main charge of material. A portion of these products of combustion 
initially rapidly heat the inflation gas opening the burst disk. Means are 
provided for igniting the second quantity of pyrotechnic material. 
Many other objects and purposes of the invention will be clear from the 
following detail description of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
FIG. 1 shows a hybrid inflator 20 constructed in accordance with the 
present invention. The inflator 20 includes a pressure vessel 22 formed in 
part by a thin wall center member 24 such as a length of steel tubing, a 
first closure member 28 and a second closure member 30. Closure member 28 
is welded to the member 24 at end 26 and closure member 30 is welded to 
member 24 at end 27. The circumferential welds between the closure members 
and center member are generally shown as 35 and 37. The second closure 
member 30 includes a cylindrically shaped, hollow manifold portion 32 
having an open end 33 which extends into the pressure vessel. A rupture or 
burst disk, or diaphragm 34 is welded to the end 33 of the manifold 32. In 
FIG. 1 the disk 34 is shown bowed outwardly due to the internal pressure 
of the stored gas (typically a mixture of Argon and Helium). The manifold 
32 further includes a plurality of exit ports or outlets 40 downstream of 
the disk 34. Situated between the disk and the exit ports 40 is a 
conically shaped particulate screen, filter or trap 42 made of a heat 
resistant material. The screen or filter 42 includes a plurality of small 
ports or orifices 42 sized to capture particulates in the exit gas stream 
while not small enough to restrict the flow of inflation gas out of the 
inflator into a closely placed air bag. The closure member 30 also 
includes a threaded mounting stud 46 to provide a means for attaching one 
side of the inflator to a nearby support structure. 
Reference is again made to closure member 28 which includes a protruding 
boss 60 and a bore 62 extending therethrough. A ledge 64 extends radially 
outward from the base of the boss. A side wall 66 of the ledge 64 includes 
an annular groove 68. The closure member 28 further includes a fill bore 
or passage 70 through which the pressure vessel is filled with inflation 
gas and later closed by a plug 72 welded in a known manner. 
Attached to closure member 28 is a main or first pyrotechnic container 80. 
Also attached to the closure member 28 is a mounting bracket 146 used to 
secure this end of the pressure vessel to a support structure. The 
pyrotechnic container 80 is cylindrically shaped having a side wall 82, 
and a bottom or end 84. End 84 includes at least one opening 86 facing 
toward the rupture disk 34 and a number of standoffs 85. An end 88 of the 
side wall 82 is crimped about the ledge 64 to secure the container 80 to 
the closure member 28. Other means of attachment such as threads or welds 
may be used. The container 80, near end 88 also includes a plurality of 
radially disposed openings 90. 
Situated completely or partially within the container 80 is a main charge 
or quantity of pyrotechnic material 100 and a second or ignition charge of 
pyrotechnic material 102. An initiator 104 is also provided. In the art, 
an initiator is often called a "squib". The main charge 100 is hollow and 
has a convoluted shaped, also see FIGS. 4 and 5. One end 106 of the main 
charge is biased against the stand offs 85 at the end 84. An annular 
washer member 110 bears against an opposite end 108 of the main charge 
100. A bias spring 112 or other resilient member, such as a flexible foam, 
is received about the boss 60 and bears against the washer 110 urging the 
main charge 100 against the end 84. The washer 110 includes a plurality of 
openings 114 and a center hole 116. The flexible mounting provided by the 
resilient member 112 prevents relative motion of the propellant to its 
container if the inflator is subjected to vibration, shock or dropped and 
prevents structural damage to the pyrotechnic charge 104. 
A second pyrotechnic container 120, formed of a thin wall metal tube, 
extends through the center hole 116 of the washer 110 and the opening 86 
in the end 84 of the container 80. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 4 the 
second charge of pyrotechnic material 102 is located with this container 
and is partially supported by the convolutes of the main propellant charge 
100. This second charge 102 has a convoluted shaped having a through bore 
122 facing the opening 86. The second container 120 includes a plurality 
of openings or vents 124 in a wall 126 thereof. The openings 124 are 
preferably situated so that they are generally below the innermost end of 
the first charge 100. This feature allows the hot gases from the second 
container 120 flow over the surface of the main change 100 and improves 
heat transfer and enhance ignition of the main charge. The second 
container includes a plurality of crimps or inward dimples 128 that serve 
to entrap or position the pyrotechnic material 102 and an apertured washer 
130, having openings 132, in the container 120. In the embodiment shown in 
FIG. 1 the end 134 of the second container 120 and pyrotechnic material 
102 extend substantially through the end 84 of the main container 80 and 
the openings or vents 124 are located more toward the middle of the wall 
122. In the embodiment of FIG. 2 the second container includes a narrowed 
section 136 and shoulder 138 that butts against end 84 and extends through 
opening 86. The narrowed end 136 is secured by a serrated washer 141. The 
shoulder 132 positions the pyrotechnic material 102 in the container 120. 
FIGS. 6 and 7 show various cross-sectional views of this inflator. 
Returning to FIG. 1, the second container includes an extending part 140 in 
which is secured the initiator or squib 104. The initiator is positioned 
proximate the opening 116 in the washer 114. A tubular sleeve 142 extends 
from the boss 60 through the opening 116 and about the extending part 140 
and assists in holding the second container in place. An end 144 of the 
sleeve 142 is welded to the boss 62. A plurality of electric leads 150 are 
fed through the bore 62 and sealed by a glass-to-metal seal generally 
shown as 152. The leads 150 communicate a control signal from an 
electronic control unit (not shown) or crash sensor to terminals of the 
initiator or squib 102 of known variety. 
Returning again to FIG. 2 the extending part 140 of the second container 
120 is spaced from the boss 60. Further, the boss 60 is larger than that 
used in FIG. 1 to accommodate the placement of the squib 104 outside of 
the pressure vessel in contrast to the embodiment of FIG. 1. A second 
burst or seal disk 162 closes bore 62 and is attached to an end 160 of the 
boss 60. The disk 162 provides a seal for the left end of the pressure 
vessel. The squib or initiator 104 is located in bore 62 upstream of the 
second burst disk 162. The closure member 28 may include an integral part 
164 crimped about the squib to hold same thereto. A seal 166, such as an 
o-ring, may be provided to prevent gas leakage upon the opening of the 
disk 162. The squib 104 includes electrical terminals as shown. 
In the preferred material, the main charge of pyrotechnic material 100 is 
Arcite, made by Atlantic Research Corporation, and is disclosed in U.S. 
Pat. Nos. 4,981,534 and 3,723,205 which are incorporated herein by 
reference. A benefit of using Arcite is that is can be extruded in and cut 
to any length depending on the specific application. The spring loading of 
the main charge 100 permits varying lengths of the material to be used 
without changing the structure of the inflator. The following is a general 
description of the characteristics of the main charge: weight 27 grams, 
wall thickness 5 mm, total burning area 740 sq. mm. 
The second charge of pyrotechnic material 102 is also made of Arcite and 
can be formed as an extruded hollow cylinder with convoluted wall as shown 
or formed as a number of small particles, pellets or cylinders of the 
Arcite propellant. The purpose of using the convoluted wall or small 
particles, pellets etc., is to increase the exposed or burn surface area 
of this material to provide an intense, though short-lived, heat source 
when activated by the initiator 104 compared to that achieved by the 
material 100. In the preferred embodiment this charge 102 will have a 
weight of about 2.5 grams, a wall thickness of about 1.5 mm with a total 
burning area of about 1600 sq. mm. 
Reference is made to FIG. 3 which shows two basic curves. The first curve 
200 approximates the level of pressure within the pressure vessel 22 while 
the second curve 202 approximates the pressure within an inflating airbag. 
In reality this second curve is the pressure increase that would typically 
be achieved in a 100 liter test tank. FIG. 3 also contains curves 200' and 
202' which show the pressure that would be generated in the pressure 
vessel and air bag were the second pyrotechnic charge 102 not used. FIG. 3 
is also helpful in understanding the operation of the present invention. 
In response to a control signal, the initiator 104 is activated, thereby 
causing the increased surface area (particles/pellets or cylinders) of the 
Arcite propellant 102 to burn intensely. Point 206 of curve 200 
illustrates the activation of the squib which typically occurs within a 
one millisecond interval from receipt of the control signal. The squib 
produces an intense flame which, in turn, causes the propellant 102 to 
burn rapidly. A portion of the products of combustion produced by the 
burning of the second charge 102 are directed through the opening 86 in 
the main container 80 to directly heat the inflation gas. The quantity of 
propellant 102 is chosen such that the pressure vessel's internal pressure 
rapidly increases from an ambient level of approximately 3500 to about 
6000 psi (Kpi). After about a ten millisecond interval the propellant 102 
is completely expended, however, the intense heat produced during its 
burning causes the pressure in the vessel to rise to a level to burst the 
disk 34 and initiate the burning of the larger quantity of propellant 100. 
The remaining products of combustion of the burning propellant 102 are 
vented through the side ports or vents 124 in the second container and 
contact and flow across the main pyrotechnic charge causing it to ignite 
and combust. The main charge of propellant 100 continues to burn to expand 
to stored gas which is communicated to an air bag. Thereafter as the now 
heated stored inflation gas exits the orifices 40 the pressure within the 
vessel 22 reduces to zero. Typical of inflators, it is desirable that the 
peak internal pressure vessel pressure reach its maximum within 
approximately twenty-five (25) milliseconds from the initiation of the 
squib 104. As can be seen from curve 202, the pressure within an adjoining 
air bag (test tank) continues to increase. Typically, it is desirable to 
achieve 80% of its final, or peak air bag inflation pressure within 
approximately forty (40) milliseconds from the activation of the initiator 
and to achieve its maximum value within sixty (60) milliseconds. With the 
air bag inflated in this manner, it will adequately protect the vehicle 
occupant. As can be appreciated, the internal pressure within the bag 
deflates or reduces rapidly after being impacted by the occupant. Curve 
202 is abbreviated and does not show this final interval. 
In the present invention the combined hot gases from the initiator and 
second charge are directed forward inside the main pyrotechnic container 
80. The products of combustion of the initiator 104, charge 102 and the 
main charge 100 flow into the pressure vessel through the radial openings 
90 in the container 80 causing additional heating of the stored inflation 
gas traveling the entire length of the pressure vessel insuring that all 
of the stored gas is heated. The rate at which combustion gases heat the 
inflation gas can be adjusted by the size and number of radial holes 90. 
In an alternate embodiment of the invention some or all of these holes may 
be temporarily blocked by a breakable seal to regulate the flow into the 
interior of the vessel. This breakable material 91 shown in phantom line 
could be the same material as used in to make the burst disk 34. The 
thickness of the material 91 covering each hole or set of holes can be 
varied to provide for the staged or sequenced opening of the holes 90 and 
a delayed flow rate to alter the air bag inflation rate as desired. 
Performance variations can be achieved by changing the granulation size, 
shape and quantity of the second charge 102 as well as the shape size and 
weight of the main charge 100. The time to peak pressure in the air bag 
can be varied by changing the outflow area of the exit ports 40. 
In each embodiment of the invention the main pyrotechnic container 80 and 
the second container 120 are vented via vent opening 139 to allow the 
interior of each of these container to communicate with the interior of 
the pressure vessel and reside at the pressure of the stored gas. In 
simple terms the combustion products of the material 102 and 100 do not 
need to overcome a large pressure differential to burst a disk such as 
162, as such a lower amount of pyrotechnic material is needed to achieve 
the rupture of the disk 34. In the second embodiment, the initiator 104 is 
not maintained at the pressure of the pressure vessel and is separated by 
the second disk 162, however, the volume surrounding the initiator is 
extremely small and very little propellant and time are needed to bring 
the pressure of this volume to a level to burst this second disk 162. 
Many changes and modifications in the above described embodiment of the 
invention can, of course, be carried out without parting from the scope 
thereof. Accordingly, that scope is intended to be limited only by the 
scope of the appended claims.