Pressure control

A pressure control arrangement for a fluid line in a system, particularly a pressure swing adsorption system, wherein, in the event of a valve or control system malfunction, there is a risk of the fluid line being subject to an overpressure in an excess of its maximum design pressure, has a normally open valve, a flow restricting member, and a pressure sensor disposed in the fluid line. The pressure sensor is disposed upstream of the flow restricting member and arranged to sense the pressure in the line and to actuate the valve to close the line in the event of the sensed pressure exceeding a predetermined limit. The predetermined limit is above the normal operating pressure range of the fluid line but below the maximum overpressure to which there is a risk of the line being subject, and that portion of the fluid line upstream of the flow restricting member is constructed to have a maximum design pressure at least equal to the maximum overpressure.

This invention relates to pressure control and in particular to the control 
of pressure in apparatus wherein there is a risk that the design pressure 
may accidentally be exceeded. 
Vessels and pipelines for fluids are designed such that pressures in an 
excess of the maximum encountered during normal operation can safely be 
tolerated, up to a maximum design pressure. However for reasons of economy 
the maximum design pressure is desirably as low as possible. In many 
applications, relief valves can be incorporated to vent fluid to safety in 
the event of the fluid pressure exceeding the maximum design pressure. 
However problems in designing a suitable relief system are encountered 
where there is a risk of the maximum design pressure being exceeded by a 
considerable amount, particularly where the fluid flow rate is high, 
and/or where there is a relatively large amount of the high pressure fluid 
upstream of the desired relief system. 
In particular problems are encountered where an inlet fluid stream is 
subjected to a process wherein a minor part stream is separated from the 
inlet stream and is provided at a pressure that is normally considerably 
below that of the inlet fluid stream and there is a risk of the inlet 
stream, or a higher pressure stream produced by separation of the lower 
pressure stream from the inlet stream, being inadvertently, e.g. through 
some equipment malfunction or operator error, connected to the lower 
pressure stream. An example of such a process is a pressure swing 
adsorption process wherein an inlet gas stream at relatively high pressure 
is separated, by adsorption, into a first gas stream at a relatively high 
pressure and a second gas stream at a relatively low pressure. Such 
processes are becoming increasingly adopted for gas separation, e.g. air 
separation, or gas purification processes. An example of the use of 
pressure swing adsorption for gas purification is described in EP-A-157480 
where it is employed for the separation of carbon dioxide and other 
components from a raw gas to provide ammonia synthesis gas. In such 
pressure swing adsorption processes there is a risk that, as a result of 
valve or control system malfunction, the feed gas line may become 
connected to the low pressure second gas stream line. As a consequence the 
low pressure gas line would be subjected to the inlet feed pressure and so 
the maximum design pressure limit of the low pressure line is liable to 
become exceeded. 
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for dealing with the 
above problems, particularly where, in normal operation, the low pressure 
mass flow rate is less than about half the feed mass flow rate. 
Accordingly the present invention provides a pressure control arrangement 
for a fluid line in a system wherein, in the event of a valve or control 
system malfunction, there is a risk of the fluid line being subject to an 
overpressure in an excess of its maximum design pressure, comprising: 
(a) valve means disposed in said fluid line, said valve means being in the 
open state during normal operation; 
(b) flow restricting means disposed in said fluid line; 
that portion of the fluid line upstream of said flow restricting means 
being constructed to have a maximum design pressure at least equal to the 
maximum overpressure to which there is a risk of said line being subject; 
and 
(c) pressure sensing means disposed upstream of the flow restricting means 
and arranged to sense the pressure in said line and to actuate said valve 
means to close said line in the event of the sensed pressure exceeding a 
predetermined limit, 
said predetermined limit being above the normal operating pressure range of 
the fluid line but below said maximum overpressure. 
A conventional relief valve may be provided to relieve the fluid line 
downstream of the flow restricting means, and downstream of said valve 
means, of any excess of pressure, over the maximum design pressure of the 
fluid line downstream of the relief valve, resulting from any leakage of 
fluid past said valve means when the latter is in the closed position. 
The degree of flow restriction provided by the flow restricting means, and 
the predetermined limit at which the valve means actuates, should be such, 
in relation to the time taken for the valve means to change from the open 
to the closed position, that, in the event of said fluid line being 
subject to the maximum overpressure, the maximum design pressure of the 
fluid line downstream of said flow restricting means is not exceeded. 
The valve means is typically one or more rapid acting, e.g. spring 
operated, ball or spade valves. There are preferably two rapid acting 
valves, disposed in series, so that, in the event of one failing to 
operate, the other acts as a back-up. The use of two valves in series also 
has the advantage that one valve can be tested, as is periodically 
desirable, without stopping normal flow of fluid through the fluid line, 
while maintaining the pressure protection offered by the system. Thus, to 
enable such testing to be accomplished, each valve may be provided with a 
bypass, which is closed except during testing of that valve, so that the 
fluid flow can bypass the valve under test, while the other valve remains 
in operative condition in the fluid line. 
The flow restricting means, which is preferably of a venturi construction, 
preferably exerts no appreciable flow restriction during normal operation: 
in this way little or no pressure drop in the fluid line occurs during 
normal operation. The flow restricting means may be upstream or, 
preferably, downstream of the valve means. The pressure sensing means is 
disposed upstream of the flow restricting means since this results in a 
more rapid response than if the pressure sensing means were to be 
downstream of the flow restricting means. 
The present invention also provides a method of protecting a fluid line 
from overpressure in a system wherein, in the event of a valve or control 
system malfunction, there is a risk of the fluid line being subject to an 
overpressure in excess of its maximum design pressure, comprising 
automatically: 
(a) monitoring the pressure in said line and actuating valve means to close 
said line in the event of the monitored pressure exceeding a predetermined 
limit, 
said predetermined limit being above the normal operating pressure range of 
the fluid line but below the maximum overpressure to which there is a risk 
of said line being subject; and 
(b) in the event of the pressure in the line exceeding the normal 
operational range, restricting the flow of fluid in said line downstream 
of the position at which the pressure is monitored; 
the degree of flow restriction, and the predetermined limit at which the 
valve means actuates, being such, in relation to the time taken for the 
valve means to change from the open to the closed position, that, in the 
event of said fluid line being subject to the maximum overpressure, the 
maximum design pressure of the fluid line downstream of said flow 
restricting means is not exceeded. 
In accordance with a preferred form of the invention there is provided a 
pressure swing adsorption system wherein an inlet gas stream is separated 
by adsorption into a first gas stream at a first pressure and a second gas 
stream at a second pressure that is lower than said first pressure, and 
the fluid line for said second gas stream is provided with a pressure 
control arrangement comprising: 
(a) valve means disposed in said fluid line, said valve means being in the 
open state during normal operation; 
(b) flow restricting means disposed in said fluid line, 
that portion of the fluid line upstream of said flow restricting means 
being constructed to have a maximum design pressure at least equal to the 
first pressure; and 
(c) pressure sensing means disposed upstream of the flow restricting means 
and arranged to sense the pressure in said line and to actuate said valve 
means to close said line in the event of the sensed pressure exceeding a 
predetermined limit, 
said predetermined limit being above the normal operating pressure range of 
the fluid line but below said first pressure. 
The present invention is of particular utility in an ammonia plant having a 
pressure swing adsorption system to separate raw gas produced in previous 
reforming and shift stages into an ammonia synthesis gas product (which 
may be methanated prior to use for ammonia synthesis) and a waste gas. 
One embodiment of the invention is illustrated by reference to the 
accompanying drawing.

In the drawing there is shown diagramatically a pressure swing adsorption 
(PSA) system for the production of ammonia synthesis gas by separation of 
impurities from a raw gas. The PSA system comprises a plurality of 
adsorber vessels 1 (only two, 1a, 1b are shown; in practice there will 
usually be at least four, and in some cases up to ten or even more) to 
which the raw gas at a high pressure, typically in the range 20 to 50 bar 
abs., is supplied via a feed line 2. Unadsorbed product gas, i.e. the 
desired ammonia synthesis gas, generally at a pressure not substantially 
below the pressure of the raw gas in line 2, is taken from the adsorber 
vessels 1 via line 3. The separated impurity-containing gas is taken from 
the adsorbers 1, in a counter-current depressurisation stage of the PSA 
cycle, via a waste gas line 4. Usually the pressure in waste gas line 4 is 
much lower than that in the raw gas feed line 2 and the product gas line 
3. Typically the pressure in the waste gas line 4 is below 10 bar abs. and 
often is no greater than 4 bar abs. 
The flow of gas to and from the adsorbers 1 is determined by a series of 
valves 5, 6, 7 in the raw gas feed line 2, the product gas line 3, and the 
waste gas line 4 respectively. Also further valves and lines (not shown) 
will normally be provided to permit equalisation, repressurisation, and, 
usually, purge and/or co-current depressurisation, and possibly sweep, 
stages to be included in the PSA cycle. The sequencing of the various 
valves to effect the desired PSA cycle is typically computer or 
microprocessor controlled. In normal operation valve 7a will be closed 
while valve 5a is open, and vice-versa. Likewise valve 7b will be closed 
while valve 5b is open and vice-versa. However should a malfunction occur, 
e.g. as a result of one or more valves sticking and/or a fault in the 
sequencing control arrangement, there is a risk that the waste gas line 4 
is inadvertently connected to the raw gas line, directly, e.g. if both 
valves 5a and 7a become open simultaneously, or indirectly, e.g. if, while 
valves 5a, 6a and 7b are open, valve 6b opens. In this event the waste gas 
line 4 will be subject to the pressure of the raw gas line 2, i.e. well 
above its normal working pressure range. In order that all of the waste 
gas line 4 does not have to be constructed to withstand the possible high 
pressure of the raw gas line 2, a pressure control system is required. 
While in some applications a simple relief valve can be incorporated in the 
waste gas line 4, this is not a practical proposition in cases, such as 
the above mentioned application, where there is a large mass of high 
pressure gas upstream of the raw gas inlet and the mass flow rates are 
high. 
For example, in a process according to EP-A-157480, for an ammonia plant 
producing about 1100 te/day of ammonia, the raw gas flow rate is typically 
about 8900 kg mol/hr and is at a pressure of about 35 bar abs., the 
product gas flow rate is typically about 5900 kg mol/hr at pressure only 
about 0.3 bar below that of the raw gas and the waste gas flow rate is 
typically about 3000 kg mol/hr at a pressure of about 1.5 bar abs. In such 
a process it would be realistic to provide a maximum design pressure of no 
more than about 10 bar abs. for the waste gas line 4. Because of the large 
volume of the plant upstream of the PSA system, e.g. in the reforming and 
shift stages producing the raw gas, conventional relief valve arrangements 
would not be able to handle the mass of gas involved, if the raw gas line 
were to be connected to the waste gas line, without that maximum design 
pressure being exceeded by a considerable amount. 
In accordance with the present invention, in order to provide the necessary 
pressure protection for the waste gas line 4 in the above embodiment, two 
rapid acting ball valves 8 and a venturi flow restrictor 9 are provided in 
series in the waste gas line 4 downstream of valves 7. The actuators for 
valves 8 cause the valves 8 to close when the pressure sensed by pressure 
sensors 10 upstream of the flow restrictor 9 reaches a predetermined 
limit. For a high integrity system, each valve 8 may have more than one 
sensor 10 and actuates when the pressure sensed by any one or more of the 
sensors reaches the predetermined limit. Each valve 8a, 8b has its own 
pressure sensor, or set of sensors, 10a, 10b and actuator although in some 
arrangements only one sensor, or set of sensors, may be necessary. In the 
drawing the pressure sensor is shown upstream of its respective valve but 
it will be appreciated that the sensor, or sensors, can be in any position 
upstream of the flow restrictor 9. Also, in the drawing, the valves 8 are 
shown to be upstream of the flow restrictor 9: again it will be 
appreciated that this is not essential. Downstream of the flow restrictor 
9 is a conventional relief valve 11 which opens when the pressure reaches 
a pressure determined by the maximum design pressure of the waste gas line 
downstream of valve 11. The waste gas line upstream of the flow restrictor 
9 is constructed to withstand a maximum pressure equal to, or greater 
than, the maximum pressure that is liable to be encountered in the raw gas 
feed line 2. 
During normal operation, valves 8a, 8b, and 11 are open, allowing fluid to 
flow through the waste gas line 4. In the event of one or both of the 
pressure sensors 10 sensing a pressure above the predetermined limit, the 
respective valve 8 actuates to close the waste gas line 4. Since valves 
that permit the required mass throughput at the normal waste gas pressure 
during normal operation without causing appreciable pressure drop are of a 
relatively large bore, even if the valves are of the rapid acting type, 
there is a considerable time delay between the sensor 10 sensing a 
pressure above the predetermined level and the valve 8 being fully closed. 
For example rapid acting spring loaded valves capable of allowing a gas 
flow of 3000 kg mol/hr at 1.5 bar abs. without appreciable pressure drop, 
typically have a time delay of about 3 sec between the actuating pressure 
being sensed and the valve being fully closed. 
During normal operation the venturi flow restrictor 9 effects little flow 
restriction and so little pressure drop across the venturi restrictor 
occurs. However, in the event of the raw gas line 2 becoming connected to 
the waste gas line 4, the venturi flow restrictor exerts a considerable 
throttling effect thus limiting the rate at which gas can flow through the 
venturi restrictor 9 and so limiting the rate at which the pressure 
downstream of the restrictor 9 rises. 
The predetermined pressure level at which the sensors 10 cause actuation of 
the valves 8 is set to be sufficiently above the normal operating waste 
gas pressure to prevent spurious actuation of the valves 8 but below the 
maximum pressure that the waste gas line 4 is liable to be subject in the 
event of a malfunction causing the raw gas line 2 to be connected to the 
waste gas line 4. This predetermined pressure level is set such that, in 
relation to the closing time of valves 8 and the throttling effect of the 
flow restrictor 9, the valves 8 fully close before the maximum design 
pressure of the waste gas line downstream of flow restrictor 9 is 
exceeded. Typically, for the above system normally handling about 3000 kg 
mol/hr of gas at 1.5 bar abs., but subject to the risk of gas at 35 bar 
abs. being supplied thereto, with valves 8 having a closing time of 3 sec, 
the waste gas line 4 has an internal diameter of about 60 cm, the venturi 
flow restrictor 9 has a minimum internal diameter of about 30 cm and the 
predetermined pressure at which the sensors 10 actuate valves 8 is about 3 
bar abs. By such an arrangement, the pressure downstream of venturi 9 will 
not exceed about 10 bar abs. in the event of the raw gas line 2 becoming 
connected to the waste gas line. 
The relief valve 11 actuates when the sensed pressure reaches a level that 
is above the normal operating pressure range of the waste gas line 4 but 
below the maximum design pressure of the waste gas line downstream of 
relief valve 11. Relief valve 11 should be arranged to operate at a 
pressure not exceeding the pressure that might occur downstream of the 
flow restrictor 9 as a result of leakage of gas past valves 8 when the 
latter are closed and the raw gas line 2 is connected to the waste gas 
line 4. 
Each of valves 8 is provided with a bypass line 12, fitted with a normally 
closed valve 13, to enable the valves 8 to be tested without interruption 
of normal operation of the PSA system and yet still the pressure 
protection offered by the invention is maintained. Thus, when it is 
desired to test valve 8a, valve 13a is opened, thereby bypassing valve 8a, 
but leaving valve 8b in the waste gas line 4 to operate in the 
aforementioned manner in the event of the waste gas line becoming subject 
to overpressure. 
It is seen that in the present invention, in the event of the waste gas 
line 4 becoming subject to overpressure, the waste gas line 4 is 
effectively closed, thus protecting apparatus downstream of the flow 
restrictor 9. Provision may be made, if desired, for venting the high 
pressure gas bottled up in the waste gas line 4 in a controlled manner.