Multi-phase mixing in a hydraulic jump

A stationary hydraulic jump is utilized in a multi-phase mixing system to mix components present in a plurality of separate phases. The flow rate and film height of a liquid phase in a first pipe section is metered and combined with a flow rate metered gas phase to form a stationary hydraulic jump in a second pipe section. The jump position is monitored and maintained stationary. A mixed fluid flows from the jump. A variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous components may be mixed in the hydraulic jump through appropriate selection of the liquid and gas phase components.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to multi-phase mixing and, more particularly, 
to the use of a stationary hydraulic jump for mixing the components of a 
liquid with the components of a gas. The present invention is useful both 
in processes where materials are physically mixed as well as where a 
material is transferred from one phase to another through mass transfer 
and/or where a chemical reaction occurs during mixing. References to 
mixing in this specification should be taken to include those operations 
where physical mixing, mass transfer, and/or a chemical reaction occurs. 
Multi-phase mixing is employed in a variety of applications. For example, 
particulate matter is mixed with a solvent to dissolve the particles in 
the solvent; particulate matter is mixed with a fluid to suspend the 
particles in the fluid; and, a gas and liquid are mixed to react the gas 
and liquid, to react components suspended or dissolved in the gas or 
liquid, or to treat a component of one with a component of the other. 
Multi-phase mixing processes are limited by the speed and efficiency of the 
particular mechanical structures which blend the components of different 
phases. As a result, long residence times within the particular mixer are 
often required. Further, many multi-phase mixing processes involve the use 
of noxious components. Additional structure must be provided to prevent 
release of these components into the environment if the mixer itself is 
not equipped to prevent their release. Many multi-phase mixing systems 
also include moving parts which malfunction after prolonged use and 
exposure to the components of a mixture. 
Accordingly, there is a need for a multi-phase mixing system which 
efficiently and quickly blends components, prevents release of noxious 
mixing components into the environment, and utilizes a minimum of moving 
parts in the mixing process. The present invention utilizes stationary 
hydraulic jump technology to meet these needs. 
Stationary hydraulic jumps had previously been studied to gain a greater 
understanding of slug flow within pipelines. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 
5,232,475, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, 
slugs are fluid bodies which fill the cross section of a liquid/gas 
pipeline. Individual slugs flow within the pipeline at a much higher flow 
rate than the liquid carried within the pipeline. As a result, the piping 
and related equipment downstream of the slugs experience intermittent 
surges and subsequent impact from the flowing slugs. 
In an effort to eliminate slug flow within pipelines, open and closed 
channel stationary hydraulic jumps have been the subject of diagnostic 
examination. For example, Jepson and Kouba have studied slug flow 
characteristics by creating a stationary hydraulic jump ("The Flow 
Characteristics in Horizontal Slug Flow," 3rd International Conference on 
Multi-Phase Flow, May, 1987; "Slugs and Hydraulic Jumps in Horizontal Two 
Phase Pipelines," 4th International Conference on Multi-Phase Flow, June, 
1989.) The fixed frame of reference provided by the stationary hydraulic 
jump facilitates an improved analysis of the flow characteristics of a 
slug. Prior to the present invention, however, stationary hydraulic jumps 
had not been utilized to fill the above described need for improved 
multi-phase mixing systems. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides a stationary hydraulic jump which is 
utilized in a multi-phase mixing system to efficiently, ecologically, and 
reliably mix components present in a plurality of separate phases. 
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of mixing 
materials is provided comprising the steps of providing a first inlet flow 
of a first fluid in a first pipe section, providing a second inlet flow of 
a non-atmospheric second fluid in the first pipe section, creating at 
least one stationary hydraulic jump in a second pipe section in 
communication with the first pipe section, mixing the first fluid and the 
second fluid in the at least one stationary hydraulic jump, and providing 
a mixed fluid flow in a third pipe section. The term "non-atmospheric 
fluid," as used in the present specification and claims, denotes any gas, 
gas mixture, gas-liquid mixture, and any gas-particulate mixture, 
substantially different than the mixture of components commonly present in 
air. Examples include but are not limited to: hydrogen; nitrogen; carbon; 
oxygen; helium; gaseous mixtures; air mixed with another gas; and air 
mixed with particulate matter, such as for example effluent from a smoke 
stack or volcano. 
The first fluid comprises a liquid and the second fluid comprises a gas. 
The method may further comprise the steps of monitoring pressure values 
within a monitoring pipe section at a plurality of points along the 
monitoring pipe section, and controlling the at least one stationary 
hydraulic jump in response to the monitored pressure values. 
The controlling step preferably comprises maintaining constant a back 
pressure applied to the mixed fluid flow when the monitoring step 
indicates a first pressure distribution along the monitoring section, and 
altering the back pressure when the monitoring step indicates a second 
pressure distribution different than the first pressure distribution along 
the monitoring section. The controlling step may also comprise maintaining 
constant a flow rate of the first fluid, a flow rate of the second fluid, 
and a back pressure applied to the mixed fluid flow, when the monitoring 
step indicates a first pressure distribution along the monitoring section, 
and altering at least one of the first fluid flow rate, the second fluid 
flow rate, and the back pressure when the monitoring step indicates a 
second pressure distribution different than the first pressure 
distribution along the monitoring section. It is also possible, but not 
preferred, to control the jump based upon a single pressure measurement, 
wherein one pressure value corresponding to one point along a monitoring 
pipe section is monitored and wherein the back pressure is altered when 
the monitoring step indicates movement of the hydraulic jump. 
In horizontal configurations, a single jump may be created, the first 
pressure distribution may include a relatively high pressure region 
substantially at a jump portion of the monitoring section and a relatively 
low pressure region in a remainder of the monitoring section, and the 
second pressure distribution may include a relatively high pressure region 
substantially removed from the jump portion of the monitoring section and 
a relatively low pressure region in a remainder of the monitoring section. 
If the system is inclined upwards, a plurality of jumps may be created, 
the first pressure distribution may include relatively high pressure 
regions located substantially symmetrically with respect to the midpoint 
of a plurality of jump portions of the monitoring section and relatively 
low pressure regions in a remainder of the monitoring section, and the 
second pressure distribution may include relatively high pressure regions 
substantially removed from the substantially symmetrical locations and 
relatively low pressure regions in a remainder of the monitoring section. 
The controlling step may comprise controlling one of a flow rate of the 
first fluid, a flow rate of the second fluid, and a back pressure applied 
to the mixed fluid flow. Further, the controlling step may comprise 
controlling the position of the at least one stationary hydraulic jump in 
the monitoring pipe section or controlling the strength of the at least 
one stationary hydraulic jump in the monitoring pipe section. 
The creating step may comprise selecting a film height and a flow rate of 
the first fluid, selecting a flow rate of the second fluid, and applying a 
back pressure to the mixed fluid flow. The back pressure is applied in a 
direction opposite a direction of the mixed fluid flow. An increase in 
back pressure moves the at least one stationary hydraulic jump in an 
upstream direction, and a decrease in back pressure moves the at least one 
stationary hydraulic jump in a downstream direction. 
The creating step may comprise selecting a desired mixing intensity and 
controlling one of a film height and a flow velocity of the first fluid 
corresponding to the selected intensity. The selected mixing intensity is 
characterized by a Froude number of preferably between about 1 and about 
14, and most preferably between about 4 and about 12. 
The first pipe section is at a first pressure and the second fluid is 
introduced into the second inlet at a same or similar pressure. 
One of the first and second fluids may contain a contaminant while the 
other of the first and second fluids contains a contaminant removal 
component which, through mass transfer, removes the contaminant from one 
of the fluid phases, and/or through a chemical reaction removes or 
destroys the contaminant. The removal component may be selected from the 
group consisting of an absorbent liquid, a leaching gas, an emulsifying 
agent, and combinations thereof. 
One of the first and second fluids may contain a component which dissolves 
in a component of the other of the first and second fluids after the 
mixing step. One of the first and second fluids may contain a component 
which is suspended in the other of the first and second fluids after the 
mixing step. One of the first and second fluids may comprise a contaminant 
and the other of the first and second fluids may comprise an agent for 
treating the contaminant. One of the first and second fluids may contain a 
component which reacts with a component of the other of the first and 
second fluids. The first fluid may comprise a liquid and a substantial 
portion of particulate matter, while the second fluid comprises a gas. The 
first fluid may comprise a liquid and a substantial portion of a gas, 
while the second fluid comprises a gas. The first fluid may comprise a 
liquid, while the second fluid comprises a gas and a substantial portion 
of particulate matter. The first fluid may comprise a liquid, while the 
second comprises a gas mixed with a substantial portion of a liquid. 
Finally, at least one of the first and second fluids may comprise a three 
phase mixture of components. 
The method may further comprise a step of separating at least two 
components of the mixed fluid flow. 
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of 
mixing materials is provided comprising the steps of providing a first 
inlet flow of a first fluid in a first pipe section, providing a second 
inlet flow of a second fluid in the first pipe section, creating at least 
one stationary hydraulic jump in a second pipe section in communication 
with the first pipe section, mixing the first fluid and the second fluid 
in the at least one stationary hydraulic jump, providing a mixed fluid 
flow in a third pipe section, monitoring pressure values within a 
monitoring pipe section at a plurality of points along the monitoring pipe 
section, and controlling the at least one stationary hydraulic jump in 
response to the monitored pressure values. 
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, an 
apparatus is provided for mixing materials comprising: a first pipe 
section including a first fluid inlet, a second non-atmospheric fluid 
inlet, and a first fluid film height controller; a second stationary 
hydraulic jump pipe section in communication with the first pipe section; 
and, a third pipe section, in communication with the second pipe section, 
including a back pressure regulator. 
The apparatus may further comprise a pipe pressure distribution sensor 
adapted to sense the pressure distribution along a monitoring pipe 
section, a controller adapted to control the back pressure regulator in 
response to the sensed pressure distribution, or a controller adapted to 
control the back pressure regulator, the film height controller, and a 
first fluid flow rate controller, in response to a sensed pressure 
distribution. 
The second pipe section may be inclined with respect to a flow direction of 
the first fluid and the second fluid inlet may comprise a plurality of 
fluid inlet ports located so as to be positioned prior to a first 
stationary hydraulic jump and between successive stationary hydraulic 
jumps in the second pipe section. In which case, the second pipe section 
may be inclined at an angle of about 3 degrees or less from the horizontal 
plane. The second pipe section may include a plurality of pipes each 
including a section carrying at least one stationary hydraulic jump, and 
the plurality of pipes may communicate with a common fluid header. 
The apparatus may further comprise a mixed fluid separator. The first, 
second and third pipe sections may have pipe diameters of about 10 cm. 
Accordingly, it is a feature of the present invention to provide a high 
speed, high efficiency, environmentally and mechanically sound multi-phase 
mixing system. It is a further feature of the present invention to provide 
a mixing system with automatically and readily controllable mixing 
parameters. These and other features and advantages of the present 
invention will be apparent from the following description, the 
accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIG. 1 illustrates a mixing system 10 for mixing a gas and a liquid in a 
stationary hydraulic jump 12 in accordance with the present invention. An 
input liquid flow 14 in an input pipe 16 is metered by a first flow rate 
controller 18 and a film height controller 20. As a result of this 
metering, a first inlet flow of liquid 22 having a predetermined film 
height and flow rate is provided in a first pipe section 24. The film 
height, or fluid thickness, is defined as the cross sectional area of a 
liquid flow divided by the width of the liquid flow at a gas/liquid 
interface 23. The film height controller 20 is any fluid flow metering 
device which produces a fluid film having a preselected thickness or fluid 
height in the first pipe section 24. For example, the film height 
controller may be a flow obstructing gate positioned in the fluid path in 
the input pipe 16. Such a gate is constructed so as to pass a preselected 
fluid thickness between the bottom of the gate and the bottom of the input 
pipe 16. The height of the gate may be adjustable so as to enable variable 
selection of an appropriate film height, or may be fixed, i.e., in the 
form of an orifice plate positioned in the flow path. 
A non-atmospheric gas source 26 and a second flow rate controller 27 are 
coupled to the first pipe section 24 to provide an inlet flow 28 of a 
non-atmospheric gas in the first pipe section 24. The terms 
"non-atmospheric gas" and "non-atmospheric fluid," as used in the present 
specification and claims, denote any gas, gas mixture, gas-liquid mixture, 
and any gas-particulate mixture, substantially different than the mixture 
of components commonly present in air. Examples include but are not 
limited to: hydrogen; nitrogen; carbon; oxygen; helium; gaseous mixtures; 
air mixed with another gas; and air mixed with particulate matter, such as 
for example effluent from a smoke stack or volcano. It is contemplated by 
the present invention that a component of a third phase, e.g., solid 
particles, can be introduced into either the gas, the liquid, or the gas 
and liquid phases of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1. The term 
"fluid" as used in the present specification and claims, denotes any gas, 
gas mixture, gas-liquid mixture, gas-particulate mixture, liquid mixture, 
and any liquid-particulate mixture characterized by low resistance to flow 
and the tendency to conform to the shape of a container. 
For the purpose of describing the present invention, the pipe utilized by 
the system is described as having first 24, second 30, and third 32 pipe 
sections with boundaries indicated by dashed lines 36 and 38. Further, a 
monitoring pipe section 34 is indicated as occupying a portion of the 
second section 30. The monitoring pipe section 34 is defined by that pipe 
region subject to pressure monitoring by a pressure distribution sensor 
40. It is contemplated by the present invention that the monitoring 
section 34 may occupy a portion of any one or all of the first, second, 
and third pipe sections 24, 30, 32. Further, a plurality of spaced 
monitoring sections may be arranged in any of the pipe sections so long as 
an indication of jump location is obtainable from the measured pressure 
values. 
A back pressure regulator 42 is located in the third pipe section 32 and 
functions to apply pressure in an upstream direction to a mixed fluid flow 
44. The back pressure regulator 42 is typically a fluid flow control 
valve, a variable height fluid flow obstructing gate, or any flow 
restrictive device which applies an upstream pressure to the mixed fluid 
flow 44. 
The inlet liquid flow 22, the inlet gas flow 28, and the back pressure 
regulator 42 combine to form the stationary hydraulic jump 12. The jump 12 
comprises a turbulent mixture of the liquid phase introduced in the inlet 
liquid flow 22 and the gas phase introduced in the inlet gas flow 28. The 
multi-phase mixture so formed is output as a mixed phase fluid 46. The 
first flow rate controller 18, the film height controller 20, the second 
flow rate controller 27, and the back pressure regulator 42 are each 
subject to control by a controller 48 which operates to monitor and 
control the position and intensity of the jump 12. It should be noted, 
however, that if the film height controller 20 is a fixed-height orifice 
plate, the film height controller will not be subject to control by the 
controller 48. 
The position of the stationary jump 12 is monitored by measuring pressure 
values at a plurality of points within the monitoring pipe section 34 with 
the pressure distribution sensor 40. These measured pressure values define 
a pressure distribution along the monitoring section 34. The pressure 
distribution is input to the controller 48 and includes a jump portion 
defined by a relatively high pressure region corresponding to the jump 12 
and a remaining portion defined by a relatively low pressure region 
corresponding to fluid flow outside the bounds of the jump 12. A change of 
location of the relatively high pressure region within the pressure 
distribution indicates movement of the jump 12 within the monitoring 
section 34. If movement of the jump is indicated, the controller responds 
by changing the back pressure applied by back pressure regulator 42, the 
flow rate imparted to the inlet liquid flow 22 by the first flow rate 
controller 18, and/or the flow rate imparted to the inlet gas flow 28 by 
the second flow rate controller 27. Regulation of the back pressure is the 
preferred manner of controlling the position of the jump 12. Specifically, 
an increase in back pressure will reduce movement of the jump in the 
downstream direction and a decrease in back pressure will reduce movement 
of the jump in the upstream direction. Similarly, an increase in liquid or 
gas flow rate will reduce movement of the jump in the upstream direction 
and a decrease in liquid or gas flow rate will reduce movement of the jump 
in the downstream direction. Thus, since the location and orientation of 
the pressure measurement points along the monitoring section are known, 
the direction of jump movement can be determined from the pressure 
distribution and controlled by varying the back pressure and the fluid 
flow rates as described above. 
It is contemplated by the present invention, that the pressure distribution 
sensor may be replaced by a pressure sensor which measures one or two 
pressure values corresponding to one or two points along a monitoring pipe 
section, as opposed to a complete pressure distribution. The back pressure 
is altered when the pressure measurements indicate movement of the 
hydraulic jump. For example, a substantial change in pressure at one or 
both of the sensors would indicate movement of the jump. 
If no movement of the jump is indicated, alteration of the back pressure 
and/or flow rates is not necessary. It should be noted, however, that the 
back pressure and the flow rates may be changed to alter the mixing 
intensity of the jump 12, even if the jump is stationary. 
The intensity of the stationary jump 12 may be characterized by a 
dimensionless Froude number, Fr, and is defined by the following equation: 
EQU Fr=V.sub.f /.sqroot.(g*h) (equation 1) 
where V.sub.f is the average velocity of the inlet liquid flow 22, g is the 
component of acceleration due to gravity in a direction perpendicular to 
the fluid flow, and h is the film height of the inlet defined as the cross 
sectional area of the liquid flow 22 divided by the width of the liquid 
flow 22. Thus, to change the intensity of the jump, the film height and/or 
the inlet liquid velocity must be changed. 
To maintain a stationary jump while changing the intensity, the back 
pressure regulator must be controlled in accordance with the pressure 
distribution sensed along the monitoring section 34, as described above. 
Specifically, the back pressure must be changed to a value which 
stabilizes the position of the relatively high pressure region in the 
monitoring section. 
Selected preferred mixing intensities are characterized by Froude numbers 
(Fr) between about 1 and about 14. Minimal mixing occurs in a jump 
characterized by a Froude number of 1. A jump characterized by a Froude 
number of 4 demonstrates moderate mixing. Strong jumps are characterized 
by Froude numbers ranging from 12 to 14. Selection of mixing intensity is 
guided by the type of mixing to be done as well as by the properties of 
the components to be mixed. For example, if a biological agent present in 
one of the phases is subject to degradation at high mixing intensities, it 
will be necessary to select a mixing intensity low enough to avoid 
degradation, e.g. Fr=1 or Fr=4. 
Preferred liquid and gas flow velocities range from about 0.5 to 1.5 m/sec 
within a pipe diameter of about 10 cm (4 inches). Preferred film heights 
occupy from about 25% to about 35% of the pipe diameter. It should be 
noted, however, that a wide range of flow velocities and film heights may 
be utilized. Indeed, the flow velocities and film heights are limited only 
by the selected jump intensity defined above (see equation 1). Once the 
flow velocity and fluid height have been selected, the back pressure is 
adjusted to a value which will yield a stationary jump. The pressure drop 
created across the back pressure regulator is typically near about 0.1 to 
about 0.5 psig (0.689 to 3.45 kPa). In the event a variable height fluid 
flow obstructing gate is used as the back pressure regulator 42, an 
appropriate back pressure will often be achieved by blocking 5% to 20% of 
the pipe diameter with the gate. It should, however be noted that a 
variety of back pressure values can be used to achieve a stationary jump 
according to the present invention because the appropriate back pressure 
value is dependent on a variety of system variables, e.g., fluid 
properties, pipe diameter, fluid flow rates, film height, system 
pressures, etc. 
The system illustrated in FIG. 1 may be operated at a range of pressures. 
The gas and liquid inlet pressures are preferrably substantially the same. 
The nature of the invention is such that a wide range of operating 
pressures may be utilized as long as the gas source pressure is higher 
than the pressure of the first pipe section 24 in order to facilitate 
entry of the gas into the first pipe section 24. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that the stationary hydraulic 
jump position and intensity control of the FIG. 1 system may be provided 
in any of the stationary hydraulic jump mixing systems described herein. 
The mixing system 10' illustrated in FIG. 2, where like elements are 
referenced by like reference numerals, provides for recycling of a liquid 
phase by passing the mixed fluid flow through a gas/liquid phase separator 
50 and recycling the separated liquid phase after purification. A 
preferable phase separator is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,475, the 
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Initially, a 
liquid is pumped from a fluid header 52, through liquid conduit 54 and 
pump 56. As described above, the liquid passes through first flow rate 
controller 18 and film height controller 20 to form an inlet liquid flow 
in the first pipe section 24. A gas containing a contaminant is introduced 
from the non-atmospheric gas source 26 and a stationary hydraulic jump is 
formed in the second pipe section 30 as described in the FIG. 1 
embodiment. The inlet liquid flow contains a contaminant absorbent 
component or a contaminant reaction component which removes the 
contaminant from the gas phase in the second pipe section 30. A mixed 
fluid passing from the third pipe section 32 and through the back pressure 
regulator flows through the phase separator 50 wherein the liquid phase is 
separated from the gas phase. The contaminant removed from the gas phase 
is subsequently removed from the liquid phase through settlement, or other 
purification means, and the liquid phase is recycled through valve 58 and 
conduit 60 to join the liquid flow upstream from the first flow rate 
controller 18. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that, in the event the gas 
phase is used to remove a contaminant from the liquid phase, the phase 
separator 50 may be utilized to provide a recycled gas phase, as opposed 
to a recycled liquid phase, by passing the separated gas phase through a 
filter and/or a dryer prior to reintroducing the gas phase into the first 
pipe section 24. It is further contemplated by the present invention that 
fluid recycling technique of the FIG. 2 system may be provided in any of 
the stationary hydraulic jump mixing systems described herein by providing 
a phase separator, fluid purifying devices, and fluid directing conduits 
arranged to redirect a purified phase to the first pipe section 24. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that a contaminant, as used in 
the specification and claims, is defined as any fluid component which is 
targeted for manipulation within, or removal from, one of the fluid phases 
introduced into the first pipe section 24. The contaminant may be a solid, 
liquid, or gas component of either of the fluids introduced into the first 
pipe section 24. 
A plurality of stationary hydraulic jumps 12a, 12b, 12c may be formed in a 
stationary hydraulic jump mixing system by inclining a pipe section 70, as 
illustrated in FIG. 3. The pipe section 70 is inclined with respect to the 
flow direction of the inlet liquid at an angle .theta. of approximately 
three degrees. Gas sources are coupled to gas inlets 62, 64, 66 between 
the stationary hydraulic jumps 12a, 12b, 12c to facilitate formation of 
the jumps 12a, 12b, 12c. It is contemplated by the present invention that 
gas inlets 64 and 66 may be eliminated from the pipe section 70 or may be 
supplied with different gas phase components than inlet 62. In this manner 
an increased variety of mixtures may be produced as compared to single gas 
inlet embodiments. 
In order to properly control the position of the plurality of jumps 12a, 
12b, 12c within the pipe section 70, a controller must be provided which 
responds to a pressure distribution sensed within the pipe section 70 and 
controls back pressure applied to the jumps 12a, 12b, 12c to maintain a 
preferred pressure distribution. A preferred pressure distribution 
includes relatively high pressure regions located substantially 
symmetrically with respect to a midpoint of a plurality of jump portions 
in the monitoring section and relatively low pressure regions in a 
remainder of the monitoring section. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that any of the mixing systems 
described herein may be modified to incorporate an inclined pipe section 
so as to create a plurality of stationary hydraulic jumps, as illustrated 
in FIG. 3. It is also contemplated by the present invention that a 
plurality of jumps may be formed in a horizontal pipe section if film 
height controllers and gas inlet ports are provided between successive 
jumps. 
FIG. 4 illustrates a mixing system 80 including a plurality of pipes 81a, 
81b, 81c each accommodating a stationary hydraulic jump 12d, 12e, 12f. 
Each pipe 81a, 81b, 81c is coupled to a common fluid header 82. The header 
82 supplies a liquid flow which is metered by liquid film height control 
gates 84. Gas inlets 86 provide a gas phase to be mixed with the liquid in 
the jumps 12d, 12e, 12f. Back pressure regulators 88 facilitate creation 
and control of the stationary hydraulic jumps 12d, 12e, 12f as described 
above. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that any of the stationary 
hydraulic jump mixing systems described herein may be modified to 
incorporate a plurality of stationary hydraulic jump pipe sections coupled 
to a common fluid source, as illustrated in FIG. 4. 
FIG. 5 illustrates a stationary hydraulic jump mixing system 90 wherein a 
rectangular shaped flow channel 91 accommodates a stationary jump 12g. The 
channel 91 is coupled to a fluid header 92. The header 92 supplies a 
liquid flow which is metered by a liquid film height control gate 94. A 
plurality of gas inlets 96 provide a gas phase to be mixed with the liquid 
in the jump 12g, and back pressure regulator 98 facilitates creation and 
control of the stationary hydraulic jump 12g. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that a gas inlet exposed to air 
or the ambient may be used in place of a non-atmospheric gas source 
utilized in any of embodiments described herein. It is further 
contemplated by the present invention that, in any of the stationary 
hydraulic jump mixing systems described herein, a rectangular shaped flow 
channel may be utilized as any or all of the pipe sections within the 
mixing system. 
It is contemplated by the present invention that the liquid flow 14 and the 
gas flow 28 can be any of a variety of combinations of fluid flows. For 
example, any chemical reaction involving a gas phase and a liquid phase 
reactant can be enhanced by combining the gas and liquid phases in the 
mixing system of the present invention. The gas flow 28 may be an effluent 
and the liquid flow 14 may comprise, for example, sodium hydroxide or 
calcium hydroxide for removing carbon dioxide from the gas through 
absorption during mixing, i.e., mass transfer. Volatile organic compounds 
present in the liquid flow 14, for example vinyl chloride, may be stripped 
from the liquid by mixing the liquid with a carrier gas, such as carbon 
dioxide, in the stationary hydraulic jump. Oxygen enrichment of water can 
be achieved by mixing an oxygen-containing gas with the water. 
Deoxygenation of water can be achieved by mixing an inlet flow of the 
water with carbon dioxide. A coal or oil/coal slurry may be mixed with air 
or oxygen to create an oxygen enriched combustible material. Fuels 
comprising mixed solid, liquid, and gaseous components may be created in 
the mixing system. A gas carrying a cement powder may be mixed with water 
to create a water/cement slurry. One of the fluid phases can be introduced 
to treat the other of the fluid phases through mass transfer, chemical 
reaction, biological activity, or otherwise. 
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to preferred 
embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations 
are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in 
the appended claims.