Image enlarging or contracting method

An image enlarging or contracting method comprises the steps of obtaining groups of interpolated image signal components along every array of original picture elements so that the interpolated picture elements corresponding to the interpolated image signal components of each group are deviated in position in a predetermined direction from the interpolated picture elements corresponding to the interpolated image signal components of every other group. A mean value of the values of the interpolated image signal components corresponding to a set of the interpolated picture elements, which belong to different groups of the interpolated image signal components and which correspond to one another, is calculated. The calculation of the mean value is repeated for every other set of the interpolated picture elements, thereby to ultimately obtain a group of the interpolated image signal components, which are to be used for image enlargement or contraction, along every array of the original picture elements.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to an image enlarging or contracting method for 
enlarging or contracting an image in a predetermined direction or in two 
directions by reading out a recorded image in order to obtain image signal 
components and carrying out interpolation on the image signal components. 
2. Description of the Prior Art 
Techniques for reading out a recorded image at its picture elements arrayed 
at predetermined intervals in two directions in order to obtain a 
plurality of image signal components which represent information about the 
image, and reproducing an image from the image signal components have 
heretofore been known in various fields. Also, there have heretofore been 
known techniques for reproducing an image enlarged or contracted in a 
predetermined direction by carrying out interpolation on the image signal 
components along every array of picture elements standing in the 
predetermined direction in order to obtain a number of interpolated image 
signal components, which is different from the number of the original 
image signal components, along every array of picture elements. 
FIG. 4 shows how interpolation on image signal components has heretofore 
been carried out most popularly. 
FIG. 4 shows an example wherein an image is enlarged to a size 4/3 times as 
large as the size of the original image in the horizontal direction. White 
dots indicate the center points of picture elements arrayed in the 
predetermined direction, i.e. in the direction of image enlargement or 
contraction, and a0, a1, a2, . . . denote the original image signal 
components detected at corresponding picture elements. Interpolation is 
carried out on the image signal components in order to obtain interpolated 
image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . of picture elements having their 
center points at black dots shown at the lower part of FIG. 4. 
By way of example, the interpolated image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . 
. are obtained by carrying out interpolation of first order expressed as 
##EQU1## 
The interpolated image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . can also be 
obtained by carrying out interpolating operations of a high order. 
When an image is reproduced from the "x" interpolated image signal 
components b0, b1, b2, . . . , an image enlarged in the predetermined 
direction as compared with the original image is obtained. An image 
contracted in a predetermined direction as compared with the original 
image can be obtained in the same manner. 
In cases where interpolation on image signal components is carried out in 
accordance with the conventional techniques and an image enlarged or 
contracted in a predetermined direction is reproduced on a display means, 
such as a CRT display device, from the interpolated image signal 
components, a moire fringe-shaped artifact arises in the reproduced image, 
and renders the reproduced image unsuitable for viewing purposes. 
Also, there have heretofore been known techniques for reading out a 
recorded image in order to obtain a plurality of image signal components 
corresponding to picture elements of the image arrayed at predetermined 
intervals in two directions, reproducing an image enlarged or contracted 
in two directions by carrying out interpolation on the image signal 
components in order to obtain interpolated image signal components 
corresponding to a number of picture elements, which is different from the 
number of the original picture elements. 
FIG. 5 shows how first-order interpolation on image signal components has 
heretofore been carried out most popularly in order to enlarge or contract 
an image in two directions. FIG. 5 shows an example wherein an image is 
contracted to a size 5/6 times as large as the size of the original image. 
The "o" marks indicate the center points of the original picture elements 
arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions on a recorded image. 
The center points of the original picture elements are represented by aij 
where i and j each denote an integer. The "x" marks indicate the center 
points of interpolated picture elements at which interpolated image signal 
components are to be obtained by interpolating operations. The center 
points of the interpolated picture elements are represented by bij where i 
and j each denote an integer. The image signal components corresponding to 
the center points aij and bij of the picture elements are also represented 
by aij and bij. Also, points on the image which are used midway during the 
interpolating operations and the image signal components corresponding to 
said points are represented by pi where i denotes an integer. 
The distance l on the image shown in FIG. 5 is equal to the distance of six 
intervals as for aij, and is equal to the distance of five intervals as 
for bij. Therefore, when an image is reproduced and displayed from the 
interpolated image signal components bij on an image displaying device 
such as a CRT display device, the reproduced image is contracted to a size 
5/6 times as large as the size of the image reproduced and displayed from 
the original image signal components aij. 
How the interpolated image signal component b11 corresponding to a center 
point b11 is obtained by the interpolating operations will be described 
hereinbelow. 
Interpolation of first order is carried out as described below: 
(1) The value of an image signal component p1 corresponding to a point p1 
is calculated by linear interpolation from the values of original image 
signal components a11 and a12. 
(2) The value of an image signal component p2 corresponding to a point p2 
is calculated by linear interpolation from the values of original image 
signal components a21 and a22. 
(3) The value of an interpolated image signal component b11 corresponding 
to a center point b11 is calculated by linear interpolation from the 
values of the image signal components p1 and p2. 
Operations (1), (2) and (3) are repeated for all center points bij in order 
to obtain the interpolated image signal components bij corresponding to 
the image contracted to a size 5/6 times as large as the size of the 
original image. 
Also, in order to obtain, for example, the interpolated image signal 
component b11 corresponding to the center point b11, there has heretofore 
been known a technique wherein interpolation of second order is carried 
out by use of the original image signal components at the center points 
a01, a02, a03, a11, a12, a13, a21, a22 and a23. There has also been known 
a technique wherein an appropriate value among the values at the center 
points a11, a12, a21 and a22 located in the vicinity of the center point 
b11 (for example, the value of the point nearest to the center point b11 
among the center points a11, a12, a21 and a22, or the maximum value or the 
minimum value among the values of the center points a11, a12, a21 and a22) 
is employed as the value of the interpolated image signal component b11. 
In this specification, various techniques for obtaining values of arbitrary 
points in an image are referred to as the interpolation. 
With the conventional interpolating operations described above with 
reference to FIG. 5, the original image signal components aij have 
predetermined sharpness, and the sharpness of the interpolated image 
signal components bij is fixed, depending on a mode of interpolating 
operations employed. In order to change the sharpness of the interpolated 
image signal components bij, it was necessary to carry out specific 
operation processing on the interpolated image signal components bij for 
changing the sharpness (hereinafter referred to as sharpness operations). 
The term "sharpness operations" as used herein means, for example, the 
operations for averaging the image signal components at surrounding 
picture elements and blurring the image in cases where the sharpness is to 
be decreased. 
When both the interpolating operations and the sharpness operations are 
carried out on the image signal components, a longer time is required to 
complete the operations, and the image processing speed cannot be 
increased. Also, in order to carry out the operations by a hardware means 
for the purpose of increasing the image processing speed, it is necessary 
to use both the apparatus for carrying out the interpolating operations 
and the apparatus for carrying out the sharpness operations. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The primary object of the present invention is to provide an image 
enlarging or contracting method which enables the reproduction of a 
visible image enlarged or contracted in a predetermined direction so that 
the visible image is free of a moire fringe-shaped artifact and is 
suitable for viewing purposes. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image enlarging or 
contracting method which simultaneously achieves both the interpolating 
operations and the sharpness operations, and which increases the image 
processing speed and can be carried out with a single apparatus. 
The present invention provides a first image enlarging or contracting 
method for reading out a recorded image at its original picture elements 
arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions in order to obtain a 
plurality of original image signal components which represent information 
about the image, and carrying out interpolation on the original image 
signal components along every array of the original picture elements 
standing in a predetermined direction in order to obtain interpolated 
image signal components corresponding to a number of interpolated picture 
elements, which number is different from the number of the original 
picture elements along each picture element array corresponding to the 
original image signal components, along every array of the original 
picture elements, thereby to enlarge or contract the image in the 
predetermined direction, 
wherein the improvement comprises the steps of: 
(i) obtaining a plurality of groups of interpolated image signal components 
along every array of the original picture elements so that the 
interpolated picture elements corresponding to the interpolated image 
signal components of each group are deviated in position in said 
predetermined direction from the interpolated picture elements 
corresponding to the interpolated image signal components of every other 
group, 
(ii) calculating a mean value of the values of the interpolated image 
signal components corresponding to a set of the interpolated picture 
elements which belong to different groups of the interpolated image signal 
components and which correspond to one another, and 
(iii) repeating the calculation of the mean value for every other set of 
the interpolated picture elements which belong to different groups of the 
interpolated image signal components and which correspond to one another, 
thereby to ultimately obtain a group of said interpolated image signal 
components, which are to be used for the enlargement or contraction of 
said image, along every array of the original picture elements. 
Experiments carried out by the inventor revealed that a moire fringe-shaped 
artifact readily arises in an enlarged or contracted image when the 
enlarged or contracted image is reproduced from image signal components 
obtained so that the enlarged or contracted image include both the picture 
elements, the center points of which coincide with the center points of 
the picture elements of the original image (for example, the picture 
elements corresponding to b0=a0, b4=a3, b8=a6, . . . in FIG. 4), and the 
picture elements, the center points of which do not coincide with the 
center points of the picture elements of the original image (for example, 
the picture elements corresponding to b1, b2, b3, b5, b6, b7, . . . in 
FIG. 4). The state in which center points of picture elements coincide 
with each other will hereinafter be referred to as "in phase", and the 
state in which center points of picture elements do not coincide with each 
other will hereinafter be referred to as "out of phase". 
With the first image enlarging or contracting method in accordance with the 
present invention, a plurality of groups of interpolated image signal 
components are first obtained along every array of the original picture 
elements so that the interpolated picture elements corresponding to the 
interpolated image signal components of each group are deviated in 
position in the predetermined direction from the interpolated picture 
elements corresponding to the interpolated image signal components of 
every other group. Thereafter, a mean value of the values of the 
interpolated image signal components corresponding to a set of the 
interpolated picture elements which belong to different groups of the 
interpolated image signal components and which correspond to one another 
is calculated. The calculation of the mean value is repeated for every 
other set of the interpolated picture elements which belong to different 
groups of the interpolated image signal components and which correspond to 
one another, thereby to ultimately obtain a group of the interpolated 
image signal components, which are to be used for the enlargement or 
contraction of the image, along every array of the original picture 
elements. Therefore, all interpolated picture elements corresponding to 
the interpolated image signal components which are obtained ultimately are 
out of phase with respect to the picture elements of the original image. 
Accordingly, it is possible to reproduce an enlarged or contracted image 
which is free of any moire fringe-shaped artifact and which is suitable 
for viewing purposes. 
The present invention also provides a second image enlarging or contracting 
method for reading out a recorded image at its original picture elements 
arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions in order to obtain a 
plurality of original image signal components which represent information 
about the image, and carrying out interpolation on the original image 
signal components in order to obtain interpolated image signal components 
corresponding to a number of interpolated picture elements, which number 
is different from the number of the original picture elements, thereby to 
enlarge or contract the image in two directions, 
wherein the improvement comprises the steps of: 
(i) weighting the values of said original image signal components with 
areas of an interpolated picture element, which areas are occupied by the 
original picture elements corresponding to said original image signal 
components, and 
(ii) averaging the weighted values, thereby to calculate the value of an 
interpolated image signal component corresponding to said interpolated 
picture element. 
The present invention further provides a third image enlarging or 
contracting method for reading out a recorded image at its original 
picture elements arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions in 
order to obtain a plurality of original image signal components which 
represent information about the image, and carrying out interpolation on 
the original image signal components in order to obtain interpolated image 
signal components corresponding to a number of interpolated picture 
elements, which number is different from the number of the original 
picture elements, thereby to enlarge or contract the image in two 
directions, 
wherein the improvement comprises the steps of: 
(i) carrying out interpolation on the original image signal components in 
order to obtain intermediately processed image signal components 
corresponding to a group of picture elements in different positions so 
that said group extends across a plurality of said original picture 
elements, and 
(ii) averaging the values of the intermediately processed image signal 
components corresponding to the picture elements, the center points of 
which are included in an interpolated picture element, thereby to 
calculate the value of the interpolated image signal component 
corresponding to said interpolated picture element. 
With the second image enlarging or contracting method in accordance with 
the present invention, the values of the original image signal components 
are weighted with areas of an interpolated picture element, which areas 
are occupied by the original picture elements corresponding to the 
original image signal components, and the weighted values are averaged, 
thereby to calculate the value of an interpolated image signal component 
corresponding to the interpolated picture element. Therefore, :t is 
possible to obtain interpolated image signal components which have 
sharpness corresponding to the sizes of the interpolated picture elements. 
When the sizes of the interpolated picture elements are changed during the 
calculation of the values of the interpolated image signal components, 
interpolated image signal components having various levels of sharpness 
can be obtained. 
With the third image enlarging or contracting method in accordance with the 
present invention, interpolation is carried out on the original image 
signal components in order to obtain intermediately processed image signal 
components corresponding to a group of picture elements in different 
positions so that said group extends across a plurality of the original 
picture elements. The values of the intermediately processed image signal 
components corresponding to the picture elements, the center points of 
which are included in an interpolated picture element, are averaged in 
order to calculate the value of the interpolated image signal component 
corresponding to the interpolated picture element. Therefore, it is 
possible to obtain interpolated image signal components which have 
sharpness corresponding to the sizes of the interpolated picture elements. 
When the sizes of the interpolated picture elements are changed during the 
calculation of the values of the interpolated image signal components, 
interpolated image signal components having various levels of sharpness 
can be obtained. 
As described above, with the second and third image enlarging or 
contracting methods in accordance with the present invention, both the 
interpolating operations and the sharpness operations can be achieved 
simultaneously. Accordingly, the image processing speed can be increased, 
and the image enlarging or contracting method can be carried out with a 
single apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The present invention will hereinbelow be described in further detail with 
reference to the accompanying drawings. 
With reference to FIG. 2, a radiation image read-out and displaying 
apparatus, wherein the image enlarging or contracting method in accordance 
with the present invention is employed, utilizes a stimulable phosphor 
sheet. When the stimulable phosphor which constitutes the stimulable 
phosphor sheet is exposed to radiation such as X-rays, .alpha.-rays, 
.beta.-rays, .gamma.-rays, cathode rays or ultraviolet rays, it stores 
part of the energy of the radiation. Then, when the stimulable phosphor 
which has been exposed to the radiation is exposed to stimulating rays 
such as visible light, light is emitted by the stimulable phosphor in 
proportion to the amount of energy stored during exposure to the 
radiation. 
The stimulable phosphor sheet has been exposed to radiation which has 
passed through an object such as the human body in an image recording 
apparatus (not shown), and a radiation image of the object is stored on 
the stimulable phosphor sheet. 
A stimulable phosphor sheet 1 on which a radiation image has been stored in 
the manner described above is placed at a predetermined position in the 
radiation image read-out and displaying apparatus shown in FIG. 2. 
The stimulable phosphor sheet 1 placed in the radiation image read-out and 
displaying apparatus is conveyed in a sub-scanning direction indicated by 
the arrow Y by a sheet conveyance means 3 which is constituted of an 
endless belt or the like and which is operated by a motor 2. On the other 
hand, stimulating rays 5 produced by a laser beam source 4 are reflected 
and deflected by a rotating polygon mirror 6 which is being quickly 
rotated by a motor 3 in the direction indicated by the arrow, and are 
caused to pass through a converging lens 7 constituted of a f.theta. lens 
or the like. The direction of the optical path of the stimulating rays 5 
is then changed by a mirror 8, and the stimulating rays 5 are caused to 
impinge upon the stimulable phosphor sheet 1 and scan it in a main 
scanning direction indicated by the arrow X, which direction is 
approximately normal to the sub-scanning direction indicated by the arrow 
Y. When the stimulable phosphor sheet 1 is exposed to the stimulating rays 
5, the exposed portion of the stimulable phosphor sheet 1 emits light 9 in 
an amount proportional to the amount of energy stored during exposure to 
the radiation. The emitted light 9 is guided by a light guide member 10, 
and photoelectrically detected by a photomultiplier 11 which acts as a 
photodetector. The light guide member 10 is made by forming a light 
guiding material such as an acrylic plate, and has a linear light input 
face 10a positioned to extend along the main scanning line on the 
stimulable phosphor sheet 1, and a ring-shaped light output face 10b 
positioned so that it is in close contact with a light receiving face of 
the photomultiplier 11. The emitted light 9 which has entered the light 
guide member 10 through its light input face 10a is guided through 
repeated total reflection inside of the light guide member 10, emanates 
from the light output face 10b, and is received by the photomultiplier 11. 
In this manner, the amount of the emitted light 9 carrying the radiation 
image is detected by the photomultiplier 11. An analog signal S1 generated 
by the photomultiplier 11 is amplified by an amplifier 16. The analog 
signal S1 after being amplified are sampled by an A/D converter 17 so that 
the sampled image signal components correspond to picture elements which 
are arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions on the radiation 
image, and the sampled image signal components are digitized. The original 
image signal components S2 thus obtained are stored in a memory 18. The 
original image signal components S2 are then read from the memory 18 and 
fed into an operating section 19. The operating section 19 carries out 
operations on the original image signal components S2 in order to enlarge 
or contract the radiation image in a predetermined direction as will be 
described later, and generates interpolated image signal components S3 
corresponding to the enlarged or contracted image. The interpolated image 
signal components S3 thus obtained are fed into an image displaying means 
20 constituted of a CRT display device or the like, and an enlarged or 
contracted radiation image P is reproduced from the interpolated image 
signal components S3 and displayed. 
An embodiment of the first image enlarging or contracting method in 
accordance with the present invention will be described hereinbelow. 
FIGS. 1A and 1B are explanatory views showing examples of how interpolated 
image signal components corresponding to images enlarged or contracted in 
a predetermined direction are obtained. 
FIG. 1A shows only part of a single array among a plurality of arrays of 
original picture elements standing in a predetermined direction (in the 
horizontal direction in this case). In this example, interpolated image 
signal components corresponding to interpolated picture elements with five 
intervals intervening among them are obtained per every four intervals of 
original picture elements arrayed in the predetermined direction in order 
to enlarge an image to a size 5/4 times as large as the original size. 
White dots represent the center points of the original picture elements 
arrayed in the predetermined direction, and a0, a1, a2, . . . denote the 
original image signal components obtained from the corresponding original 
picture elements. 
The original picture elements are also denoted by the same reference 
characters (i.e. a0, a1, a2, . . . ) as the original image signal 
components. This also applies to the interpolated picture elements and the 
interpolated image signal components. 
The distance of four intervals among the original picture elements a0, a1, 
a2, a3 and a4 is equally divided into five intervals in order to obtain 
interpolated picture elements b01, b11, b21, b31, b41 and b51 along a 
chained line A so that the original picture element a0 is in phase (with 
respect to the interpolated picture element b01). (In this case, the 
original picture element a4 is also in phase with respect to the 
interpolated picture element b51.) In this manner, interpolated image 
signal components b01, b11, b21, b31, b41 and b51 corresponding to the 
interpolated picture elements are obtained. Thereafter, said distance is 
equally divided into five intervals in order to obtain interpolated 
picture elements b02, b12, b22, b32, b42 and b52 along a chained line B so 
that the original picture element a1 is in phase (with respect to the 
interpolated picture element b12). In this manner, interpolated image 
signal components b02, b12, b22, b32, b42 and b52 corresponding to the 
interpolated picture elements are obtained. In the same manner, 
interpolated image signal components b03, b13, b23, b33, b43 and b53 are 
obtained so that the original picture element a2 is in phase. Also, 
interpolated image signal components b04, b14, b24, b34, b44 and b54 are 
obtained so that the original picture element a3 is in phase. 
In order to calculate the values of the interpolated image signal 
components, interpolation using equations of first order (i.e. 
interpolation of first order) or interpolation of a high order may be 
carried out on the original image signal components a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4. 
In the manner described above, a plurality of groups of interpolated image 
signal components (four groups indicated by A, B, C and D in the example 
shown in FIG. 1A) are obtained along every array of the original picture 
elements (only a single array is shown in FIG. 1A) so that the 
interpolated picture elements corresponding to the interpolated image 
signal components of each group are deviated in position in the 
predetermined direction from the interpolated picture elements 
corresponding to the interpolated image signal components of every other 
group. Thereafter, a mean value of the values of the interpolated image 
signal components corresponding to a set of the interpolated picture 
elements which belong to different groups of the interpolated image signal 
components and which correspond to one another (i.e. a set of the 
interpolated picture elements b01, b02, b03 and b04) is calculated. The 
calculation of the mean value is repeated for every other set of the 
interpolated picture elements which belong to different groups of the 
interpolated image signal components and which correspond to one another 
(i.e. a set of the interpolated picture elements b11, b12, b13 and b14, a 
set of the interpolated picture elements b21, b22, b23 and b24, and so 
on). For example, the mean value of the interpolated image signal 
components b01, b02, b03 and b04, and the mean value of the interpolated 
image signal components b11, b12, b13 and b14 are calculated with the 
formulas expressed as 
##EQU2## 
In this manner, a group of interpolated image signal components b0, b1, 
b2, . . . , which are to be used for the enlargement or contraction of the 
image, are ultimately obtained along every array of the original picture 
elements. All the interpolated image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . 
thus obtained are out of phase with respect to the original picture 
elements. Therefore, when an image is reproduced from the interpolated 
image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . , a reproduced image free of a 
moire fringe-shaped artifact can be obtained. 
An example of how the value of the interpolated image signal component b4 
shown in FIG. 1A may be calculated will be described hereinbelow. In the 
example described below, interpolation of first order is utilized. 
The center point of the interpolated picture element b41 lies on the 
straight line connecting the center point of the original picture element 
a3 to the center point of the original picture element a4, and the ratio 
of the distance between the center point of the original picture elements 
a3 and the center point of the interpolated picture element b41 to the 
distance between the center point of the interpolated picture elements b41 
and the center point of the original picture element a4 is 1:4. Therefore, 
the value of the original image signal component a3 corresponding to the 
original picture element a3 nearer to the interpolated picture element b41 
is weighted with a larger weight factor which is inversely proportional to 
the ratio of the distances, and the value of the interpolated image signal 
component b41 is calculated with the formula expressed as 
##EQU3## 
In the same manner, the values of the interpolated image signal components 
b42, b43 and b44 are calculated with the formulas expressed as 
##EQU4## 
The ultimately interpolated image signal component b4 is calculated by 
averaging the values of Formulas (1) through (4) with the formula 
expressed as 
##EQU5## 
In the manner described above, the ultimately interpolated image signal 
components b0, b1, b2, . . . are obtained along every array of the 
original picture elements. When an image is reproduced from the ultimately 
interpolated image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . on a CRT display 
device or the like, an image enlarged to a size 5/4 times as large as the 
size of the original image in the horizontal direction in FIG. 1A is 
displayed. 
In the operations described above, the interpolation of first order and the 
arithmetical averaging are employed. However, interpolating operations of 
a high order and different averaging operations such as the geometric 
averaging may be employed. Also, in the operations described above, the 
mean value of the values of the interpolated image signal components 
corresponding to every set of the interpolated picture elements, which 
belong to the groups indicated by the chained lines A, B, C and D and 
which correspond to one another, is calculated. Or instead, the mean value 
of the values of the interpolated image signal components corresponding to 
every set of the interpolated picture elements, which belong to the groups 
indicated by the chained lines A, B and C and which correspond to one 
another, may be calculated. Alternatively, the mean value of the values of 
the interpolated image signal components corresponding to every set of the 
interpolated picture elements, which belong to the groups indicated by the 
chained lines A and B and which correspond to one another, may be 
calculated. 
FIG. 1B shows an example of how an image is contracted to a size 6/7 times 
as large as the size of the original image in a predetermined direction 
(in the horizontal direction in this case). In FIG. 1B, only part of a 
single array among a plurality of arrays of original picture elements 
standing in the predetermined direction is shown. In FIG. 1B, similar 
elements are numbered with the same reference characters with respect to 
FIG. 1A. 
The values of the interpolated image signal components b11, b12, . . . , 
b17 are calculated by interpolation of first order with formulas expressed 
as 
##EQU6## 
The arithmetical mean of the values of Formulas (6) through (12) is 
calculated with the formula expressed as 
##EQU7## 
In order to calculate the value of the interpolated image signal component 
b1, the values of all the interpolated image signal components b11, b12, . 
. . , b17 calculated with Formulas (6) through (12) need not necessarily 
be averaged. But instead, the mean value of the values of only the 
interpolated image signal components b11, b12, b13 and b14 may be 
calculated. 
In the manner described above, the ultimately interpolated image signal 
components b0, b1, b2, . . . are obtained along ever array of the original 
picture elements. When an image is reproduced from the ultimately 
interpolated image signal components b0, b1, b2, . . . on a CRT display 
device or the like, an image contracted to a size 6/7 times as large as 
the size of the original image in the horizontal direction in FIG. 1B is 
displayed. 
The first image enlarging or contracting method in accordance with the 
present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and 
is applicable to various cases where an image is to be enlarged or 
contracted in a predetermined direction. 
Embodiments of the second and third image enlarging or contracting methods 
in accordance with the present invention will be described hereinbelow. 
FIG. 3 shows how an image may be enlarged or contracted in two directions. 
By way of example, FIG. 3 shows the cases where an image is contracted to 
a size 5/6 times as large as the size of the original image as in the case 
of the conventional method described above with reference to FIG. 5. 
In FIG. 3, the "o" marks indicate the center points of the original picture 
elements arrayed at predetermined intervals in two directions on a 
recorded image. The original picture elements correspond to regions Aij 
where i and j each denote an integer, which regions are surrounded by 
solid lines. The center points of the original picture elements are 
represented by aij where i and j each denote an integer. The "x" marks 
indicate the center points of interpolated picture elements at which 
interpolated image signal components are to be obtained by interpolating 
operations. The interpolated picture elements correspond to regions Bij 
where i and j each denote an integer, which regions are surrounded by 
broken lines. The center points of the interpolated picture elements Bij 
are represented by bij where i and j each denote an integer. The original 
image signal components corresponding to the original picture elements Aij 
are represented by the same reference characters aij as the center points 
aij of the original picture elements Aij. Also, the interpolated image 
signal components corresponding to the interpolated picture elements Bij 
are represented by the same reference characters bij as the center points 
bij of the interpolated picture elements Bij. Points on the image which 
are used midway during the interpolating operations and the image signal 
components corresponding to said points are represented by pmn where m and 
n each denote an integer. 
An embodiment of the second image enlarging or contracting method in 
accordance with the present invention will first be described hereinbelow. 
The value of an interpolated image signal component b11 corresponding to 
an interpolated picture element B11 is calculated as described below. 
The whole area of the interpolated picture element B11 corresponding to the 
interpolated image signal component b11 the value of which is to be 
calculated is occupied by original picture elements A11 and A12. The ratio 
of the area of the interpolated picture element B11, which area is 
occupied by the original picture element A11, to the area of the 
interpolated picture element B11, which area is occupied by the original 
picture element A12, is expressed as 
EQU Area of B11 occupied by A11:area of B11 occupied by A12=3:6(14) 
Therefore, the value of the interpolated image signal component b11 is 
calculated with the formula expressed as 
##EQU8## 
The operations of Formulas (14) and (15) can be rewritten as described 
below. 
A plurality of points pmn indicated by dots are positioned so that a group 
of the points pmn positioned within each original picture element Aij 
equally have the value of the original image signal component aij which 
corresponds to said original picture element Aij. The values of the image 
signal components pmn corresponding to the points pmn positioned within 
each interpolated picture element Bij are averaged in order to calculate 
the value of the interpolated image signal component bij corresponding to 
said interpolated picture element Bij. For example, in order to calculate 
the value of the interpolated image signal component b11, the mean value 
of the values of image signal components p57, p67, p77, p58, p68, p78, 
p59, p69 and p79 corresponding to points p57, p67 and p77 of the original 
picture element A11, which points are located within the interpolated 
picture element B11, and corresponding to points p58, p68, p78, p59, p69 
and p79 of the original picture element A12, which points are located 
within the interpolated picture element B11, is calculated. The 
calculation is expressed as 
##EQU9## 
On the other hand, the following formulas obtain: 
EQU p57=p67=p77=a11 (17) 
EQU p58=p68=p78=p59=p69=p79=a12 (18) 
Substitution of Formulas (17) and (18) into Formula (16) yields the formula 
expressed as 
##EQU10## 
Formula (19) is the same as Formula (15). 
The operation of Formula (15) or (19) is repeated for all the interpolated 
picture elements Bij. In this manner, interpolated image signal components 
bij having sharpness corresponding to the sizes of the interpolated 
picture elements Bij can be obtained. Specifically, in cases where all the 
interpolated picture elements have a larger size as indicated by an 
interpolated picture element B22', the values of a larger number of the 
image signal components pij are averaged, and therefore the sharpness can 
be decreased as compared with the cases where all the interpolated picture 
elements have the same size as the interpolated picture element B22. 
The sizes of the interpolated picture elements may be further increased as 
indicated by an interpolated picture element B2,-1' so that part of the 
interpolated picture element B2,-1' overlaps part of an adjacent 
interpolated picture element B2,-2'. 
Also, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, shapes of the interpolated picture 
elements Bij are square. However, the interpolated picture elements may 
have any other shapes, for example, rectangular shapes in order to change 
the sharpness in accordance with directions. The second image enlarging or 
contracting method in accordance with the present invention is also 
applicable when an image is to be enlarged or contracted to different 
scales in vertical and horizontal directions. 
Furthermore, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the mean value of the values of 
image signal components corresponding to the points pmn positioned within 
each interpolated picture element Bij is calculated by the arithmetical 
averaging. However, any other averaging process may be employed for this 
purpose. For example, the geometric averaging may be employed, or a median 
value may be employed. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the original picture elements Aij are 
positioned so that no space intervenes between edges thereof. However, the 
original picture elements Aij may be positioned so that a space intervenes 
between adjacent original picture elements Aij or the adjacent original 
picture elements Aij partially overlap upon each other, as in the case of 
the aforesaid interpolated picture elements. Also, the shapes of the 
original picture elements Aij are not limited to squares, and may be 
rectangular or the like. 
An embodiment of the third image enlarging or contracting method in 
accordance with the present invention will be described hereinbelow with 
reference to FIG. 3. 
In the second image enlarging or contracting method in accordance with the 
present invention, processes for calculating the values of the image 
signal components corresponding to the points pmn is omitted, and the 
values of the interpolated image signal components bij are calculated on 
the assumption that all the image signal components corresponding to the 
points pmn positioned within each original picture element Aij have the 
same value. On the other hand, the third image enlarging or contracting 
method in accordance with the present invention is characterized by 
carrying out interpolating operations in order to calculate the values of 
the image signal components corresponding to the points pmn. Specifically, 
interpolation is carried out on the original image signal components aij 
in order to obtain intermediately processed image signal components pmn 
corresponding to a group of picture elements (having their center points 
pmn) in different positions so that said group extends across a plurality 
of the original picture elements Aij. The values of the intermediately 
processed image signal components pmn corresponding to the picture 
elements, the center points pmn of which are included in each interpolated 
picture element Bij, are averaged. In this manner, the value of the 
interpolated image signal component corresponding to each interpolated 
picture element Bij is calculated. By way of example, interpolation of 
first order may be employed in order to calculate the values of the 
intermediately processed image signal components pmn. 
By way of example, how the value of the interpolated image signal component 
b11 may be calculated with interpolation of first order will be described 
below. 
Linear interpolation is carried out on the original image signal components 
a11 and a12 in order to calculate the values of the intermediately 
processed image signal components p57, p58 and p59. The operations of the 
linear interpolation are expressed as 
##EQU11## 
Linear interpolation is carried out on the original image signal components 
a21 and a22 in order to calculate the values of the intermediately 
processed image signal components p10,7, p10,8 and p10,9. The operations 
of the linear interpolation are expressed as 
##EQU12## 
Thereafter, values of the intermediately processed image signal components 
p67 and p77 are calculated from the values of the intermediately processed 
image signal components p57 and p10,7. Also, values of the intermediately 
processed image signal components p68 and p78 are calculated from the 
values of the intermediately processed image signal components p58 and 
p10,8, and values of the intermediately processed image signal components 
p69 and p79 are calculated from the values of the intermediately processed 
image signal components p59 and p10,9. The operations are expressed as 
##EQU13## 
Substitution of Formulas (20) through (25) into Formulas (26) through (31) 
yields the formulas expressed as 
##EQU14## 
Therefore, the value of the interpolated image signal component b11 is 
calculated with the formula expressed as 
##EQU15## 
The operation of Formula (38) is repeated for all the interpolated picture 
elements Bij. In this manner, interpolated image signal components bij 
having sharpness corresponding to the sizes of the interpolated picture 
elements Bij can be obtained. 
The embodiment of the third image enlarging or contracting method in 
accordance with the present invention may be modified in various manners 
as in the embodiment of the second image enlarging or contracting method 
in accordance with the present invention. For example, instead of the 
square shapes, the interpolated picture elements Bij may have any other 
shapes. 
The second and third image enlarging or contracting methods in accordance 
with the present invention are not limited to the aforesaid embodiments, 
and are applicable to various cases where an image is to be enlarged or 
contracted in two directions. 
Also, the first, second and third image enlarging or contracting methods in 
accordance with the present invention are applicable to the radiation 
image read-out and displaying apparatus shown in FIG. 2 and various other 
apparatuses, for example, an apparatus for reading out an image recorded 
on a sheet of X-ray film in order to detect image signal components 
representing information about the image, and reproducing an image from 
the image signal components.