INVERTED PLASMA SOURCE

A plasma source, comprising a plasma source body, comprising: a plurality of magnetic cores, a plurality of primary windings capable of being energized, and a cooling structure, wherein one or more sections of the plasma source body comprising a dielectric material, and wherein, when the plurality of primary windings are energized, a plasma forms around an outer portion of the plasma source body.

BACKGROUND

The cleaning of process byproducts in semiconductor processing is performed by reactive radical gas species that are generated by a plasma source. With remote plasma sources, this presents a significant challenge since the free radicals emitted by the source are prone to recombine before reaching the desired location of cleaning.

An inductively coupled plasma source can reach high power densities, and therefore generate more reactive gas radicals. Toroidal inductively coupled plasma sources (ICPs) are very efficient, in that a large fraction of the power in the primary winding is coupled into the plasma. However, toroidal ICPs can be difficult to ignite. Also, most toroidal plasma sources are enclosed in a plasma block with a gas inlet and outlet. Both the walls of the plasma block and the transport tube between the exit of the plasma source and the chamber leads to recombination losses of the reactive radicals that had been formed in the plasma.

Recombination losses increase with higher pressure. Typically, remote plasma sources require a transport tube to introduce the reactive radicals to the wafer processing chamber, and often the radicals must transport through an outlet or showerhead. As higher flux of reactive radicals is desired, the input flow rate through the remote plasma source increases, which drives the need for higher power and cooling. However, as the flow rate increases, the pressure in the plasma source and transport tubes will increase, which further increases undesirable recombination. Due to these factors, increasing flow rate and power leads to diminishing returns in increasing the quantity of reactive radicals delivered to the wafer processing chamber.

Furthermore, as the size of the conventional toroidal plasma source increases, the required loop voltage increases. The need to operate at higher pressure also increases the loop voltage. Higher loop voltage also increases the heating of the cores.

Various plasma sources configured to provide a toroidal plasma are known in the art. While these various systems have proven somewhat useful, a number of shortcomings have been identified. For example, prior art systems are used for wafer processing, not targeted cleaning. As such, the prior art plasma sources tend to be large and require substantial power to ignite and maintain a plasma. Further, the prior art plasma sources art systems result in undesirable radical recombination, thereby limiting their cleaning efficiency. In light of the foregoing, there is an ongoing need for a plasma source which may be positioned proximate to a cleaning target area, thereby minimizing radical recombination. In addition, there is an ongoing need for a plasma source which may require lower power to ignite and maintain a plasma within a plasma chamber.

SUMMARY

The present application discloses various embodiments of plasma sources configured to overcome the above listed problems in the art and to provide point of views plasma sources that find applicability in lower chamber cleaning, foreline line cleaning, oxygen cleaning applications and point of use cleaning.

In one embodiment, present application discloses a plasma source comprising a plasma source body, the plasma source body comprising: a plurality of magnetic cores, a plurality of primary windings capable of being energized, and a cooling structure, wherein one or more sections of the plasma source body comprises a dielectric material, and wherein, when the plurality of primary windings are energized, a plasma forms around an outer portion of the plasma source body.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention the plasma source proposed further comprises potting situated on the inner portion of the plasma source body. In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention the plasma source body comprises an electrode capable of forming a dielectric barrier discharge for ignition.

The plasma source body comprised by the plasma source of a present invention may have either a torus shape or a cylindrical shape.

The cooling structure comprises water passages, such as a plurality of pipes capable of conducting heat after a temperature threshold of the plurality of pipes has been exceeded. The plasma source comprises a torus shaped plasma source body having a diameter of less than 1 inch to approximately 4 inches, and a height of about 1.5 inches, and capable of operating at about 500-2000 W. Exemplarily, the plasma source has a diameter of about 3.25 inches. A ferrite core is coupled with a portion of the cooling structure, and the plasma source body is coupled with a second portion of the cooling structure.

For the embodiment of the present invention in which the plasma source comprises a vessel of a toroidal shape, the torus shaped plasma source body has a diameter of less than 1 inch to approximately 4 inches, and a height of about 1.5 inches, and is capable of operating at about 500-2000 W.

In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the plasma source has a diameter of about 3.25 inches, the plurality of magnetic cores are ferrite cores, and the plurality of magnetic cores is encased in a thermally conductive potting. The input gas is injected into a plasma discharge region.

In a further yet embodiment, the present invention comprises a plasma source, comprising a plasma source body formed from at least one plasma source body member and at least one dielectric break, the plasma source body defining at least one plasma source body passage therein, at least one ferrite core positioned within the plasma source body passage, at least one primary winding traversing at least a portion of the plasma source body, the primary winding positioned proximate to the ferrite core, the primary winding in communication with at least one source RF energy, wherein the application of RF energy to the primary winding results in the formation of a plasma proximate to an outer surface of the plasma source body, and at least one thermal management structure positioned within the plasma source body passage proximate to the ferrite core, the thermal management structure in fluid communication with at least one fluid source via at least one thermal management system inlet on the plasma source body.

The plasma source of the present invention has plasma source body further comprising at least one electrode positioned within the plasma source body, the electrode capable of forming a dielectric barrier discharge for ignition of the plasma. The plasma source body has either a torus shape or a cylindrical shape. The plasma source comprises a torus shaped plasma source body having a diameter of less than 1 inch to approximately 4 inches, and a height of about 1.5 inches, and capable of operating at about 500-2000 W. The at least one ferrite core is encased in a thermally conductive potting.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application discloses various embodiments of an inverted plasma source. The proposed plasma source exhibits an inverted geometry, compared to conventional, for example toroidal, remote plasma source implementations. While exemplary non-inverted sources are conventional toroidal remote plasma sources (RPSs), where the vacuum is contained on the inside of a vacuum vessel, and the ferrite core, cooling, and primary winding are on the outside of the vacuum vessel, by a plasma with “inverted” geometry is understood a plasma source wherein vacuum is established on the outside of the of a plasma source body or vessel of the plasma source and the magnetic/ferrite core, cooling structure and, and primary winding are on the inside of the vessel. Optionally, the vessel may have either a toroidal geometry or a cylindrical geometry. Throughout the document the terms “plasma source body” and “vessel” are used interchangeable and are ascribed the same meaning.

FIGS.1-3show various views of an embodiment of a plasma source. The plasma source100illustrated inFIG.1is a toroidal plasma source, which exhibits an inverted geometry, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the plasma source may have any desired shape. As it will be described in detail in the following portions of this document, the plasma source100includes at least one plasma source body or vessel104configured to generate at least one plasma102. At least one primary winding106may be used to provide energy to at least one component within the plasma source body104. Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the plasma source100may include at least one thermal management inlet/outlet108(hereinafter inlet) configured to permit active thermal management of the plasma source100during use. As such, the thermal management inlet may be in fluid communication with at least one fluid source (not shown).

When a vacuum is established on the outside of the plasma source body104, the primary winding106may be energized with RF energy. At least one generated plasma102forms on the exterior of the plasma source100, forming poloidal current loops around the minor diameter of the torus, on the outside of the vessel or plasma source body104. Hereinafter vessel and plasma source body104may be used interchangeably. The current loops may overlap in the center of the torus.

The plasma source100may be manufactured in any variety of sizes, shapes, and transverse dimensions. In one embodiment, the plasma source100may be quite small. For example, in one specific embodiment the plasma source100has a diameter of about 3.25 inches and a height of 1.5 inches, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the plasma source100, and various components thereof may be manufactured in desired transverse dimension or size within this range. Further, the plasma source100may be configured to operate at any desired power. For example, in one embodiment the plasma source100operates at about 500-2000 W, although those skilled in the art will appreciate lower or higher powers may be used with the present embodiment of the plasma source100. In one embodiment, the plasma source100may be installed in a wafer manufacturing lower chamber region, below a wafer pedestal and above a pressure control valve or chamber bottom. Alternatively, the plasma source100may be installed in the exhaust pumping lines, above a deposition trap, or upstream of the chamber. As such, at least one plasma source100may be used in any variety of locations within a semiconductor wafer manufacturing or processing systems. The size of the plasma source can be scaled to a range of sizes, from an inside diameter of less than about 1 inch, to approximately about 4 inches or more.

Referring toFIGS.2and3, in one embodiment the plasma source100may include a one-piece toroidal ferrite or magnetic core116located within the plasma source body104. In alternate constructions, the plasma source100uses multiple magnetic core sections, for example pressed together with springs, to form larger sizes that are non-circular in shape (e.g. square, rectangular, or polygon shaped). An alternate embodiment may include multiple ferrite cores116. One common primary winding106can form around multiple cores116that are stacked. Alternatively, each core can have its own primary winding106. Multiple primary windings106can be wired in series or in parallel. At higher pressures (1-10 Torr) the plasma102tends to form more tightly to the exterior surfaces of the plasma source100. At lower pressure (1 mTorr-1 Torr) the plasma used tends to grow and extend beyond the torus. The size of the discharge will also depend on the gas type. With NF3 or an electronegative gas, the plasma102is smaller and will form tightly to the plasma source structure. With a gas such as Argon, Oxygen, or Nitrogen, the plasma102expands beyond the plasma source100. A larger plasma102can be advantageous to cleaning with gas, such as oxygen or hydrogen, which rapidly recombines. As evident fromFIG.1, the plasma source100comprises a plasma source body104in form of a torus, comprising at least a plurality of primary windings106capable of being energized. Exemplarily, the torus shaped plasma source body104may have a diameter of less than 1 inch to approximately 4 inches, and a height of about 1.5 inches, and is capable of operating at about 500-2000 W, while the plasma source100has a diameter of about 3.25 inches.

As shown inFIGS.2and3, the plasma source100comprises a plasma source body104formed from a plasma source body member112and at least one the dielectric break body member114. In one embodiment, the plasma source body member112comprises an aluminum body although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of materials may be used to form the plasma source body104. The dielectric break body member114may be manufactured from alumina or one or more materials having similar electrical properties to alumina. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper surface of the plasma source body104comprises the dielectric break body member114. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any surface of the plasma source body104may comprises the dielectric break body member114. For example, the body member structure126may be formed from alumina and, as such, may form the dielectric break body member114. At least one plasma body source passage110is formed within the plasma source body104by the plasma source body member112and the dielectric break body member114. One or more fasteners122may be used to couple the dielectric break body member114to the plasma source body member112.

Referring again toFIGS.2and3, at least one ignition electrode124may be positioned within the plasma source body passage110. Hereafter, the terms ignition electrode and starter electrode are used interchangeably and refer to a dielectric barrier discharge (or DBD), which is considered a subset of a capacitively coupled plasma source. During use, the electrode124can ignite a plasma very reliably, and therefore is a good temporary ignition source for transitioning to the higher powered inductively coupled plasma. As shown, the electrode124may be positioned proximate to the ferrite core116located within the plasma source body passage110. As shown inFIG.2, at least a portion of the primary winding106is positioned proximate to at least one ferrite and/or magnetic core116. In the illustrated embodiment, the primary winding106is wrapped around at portion of the ferrite core116, although other configurations are considered. During use, the primary winding106is configured to provide energy (e.g. RF energy) and create at least one electric field proximate to the ferrite core116. At least one thermal epoxy/potting cavity118may encase the toroidal ferrite core116. In the illustrated embodiment the potting cavity118is located proximate to the dielectric break body member114. The plasma source100illustrated inFIGS.1-3may include at least one integrated thermal management structure or cooling structure120. The thermal management structure120is in communication with at least one thermal management inlet/outlets108formed in the plasma source body104. During use, one or more fluids may be flowed through the thermal management system120via the inlet/outlet108thereby permitting the temperature of the plasma source body104and various components thereof to be selectively controlled. In one embodiment, the thermal management structure120may comprise a closed structure that forms an enclosed channel for containing at least one fluid. The closed structure of the thermal management structure120may be formed by brazing, bonding or sealing machined parts. Alternatively, the cooling structure could also be comprised of a simple bent tube. Optionally, the thermal management structure120may be manufactured from any variety of materials, including copper, stainless steel, or other materials.

As shown inFIG.4, the application of an RF signal as a primary signal at the primary winding106results in the formation of plasma current130. In one embodiment, the frequency of the RF signal used may be 400 KHz, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the RF signal frequency may range from about 4 KHz to 150 KHz or more. The plasma current130results in the formation of plasma102around the plasma source body104. Throughout this document, although reference is made to a primary loop, primary winding, primary coil and primary winding coil, the same meaning is associated to each one of these terms and concerns a winding106that is energized by an external RF generator.

As shown inFIG.5, the plasma source100includes an electrode124positioned proximate to the ferrite core116. The approximate current path of the DBD ignition discharge134forms a path between the outer dielectric barrier surface114and a nearby grounded aluminum surface (not shown).

Advantageously, the plasma source100is small enough to integrate with other vacuum components, but still maintains high power density. Further, the plasma source100exhibits combined toroidal behaviors, both as inductively coupled plasma source and dielectric barrier discharge for ignition purposes.

Because ignition is more difficult when using an inductively coupled plasma (hereinafter ICP), a capacitive electrode may be included to assist in ignition. In this case, the dielectric alumina break114that completes the vacuum cavity (without forming a shorted turn) also serves as the barrier dielectric for a dielectric barrier discharge. The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can be operated in parallel or independently of the ICP source, that may be an ICP RF source. The DBD can be powered at the same frequency as the ICP, such as 400 kHz, or a higher or lower frequency. Operation of the capacitively coupled plasma (hereinafter CCP) at a higher frequency, such as 1 MHZ, will lead to improved capacitive coupling. The excitation voltage for the CCP can be applied as a continuous wave, or can be applied as a very short pulse, or a sequence of short pulses. After the ICP mode is achieved, the DBD electrode can be de activated. The dielectric barrier discharge is a subset of the CCP. A hybrid plasma source can also be constructed with a CCP, where both the positive and negative electrodes do not have a dielectric barrier.

Characteristic for the toroidal plasma source100is that at least one of its ignition electrode or starter electrode124, ferrite core114, thermal management structure120, and potting cavity118are integrated on an atmospheric side of the vacuum cavity in a substantially toroidal shape. The purpose of having potting cavity118in such a plasma source100is to facilitate the effective heat transfer from the heat generating components to the thermal management structure120, while simultaneously providing high voltage isolation between the primary winding106and the capacitive ignition electrode124. Cooling of the ferrite core116is optimized by placing the thermal management structure120between the outside wall plasma source body member112and the ferrite core116. At least one face of the ferrite core116is closely coupled with the thermal management structure120. There is a significant heat load on the outside surface of the plasma source body member112from the plasma102(seeFIG.1). This heat load is dissipated in one side of the thermal management structure120, while the ferrite core116is cooled by the other side of the thermal management structure120. This arrangement results in more effective cooling and a lower operating temperature for the ferrite core116.FIGS.3-5show one embodiment of the thermal management structure120, but alternate embodiments can be constructed with additional thermal management structure120. For example, two thermal management structures120can sandwich the ferrite core116such that the ferrite magnetic core116has very good thermal isolation from the plasma source body structure112.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments shown inFIGS.1-5show only one embodiment of the toroidal plasma source100and various other configurations are within the scope of this document. For example, there are multiple options for the construction of the toroidal plasma source100, such as with three sides metal and one side ceramic, two U channels made of metal with one centerline made of ceramic, and two U channels of ceramic, with a centerline of metal. Alternatively, the structure could be formed using two short ceramic tubes along the axis, where one forms the inner diameter and the other forms the outer diameter, and two flat metal end caps complete the structure. Optionally, the ignition electrodes are placed on the inside of the ceramic surfaces. In another embodiment, the plasma envelope structure is fabricated with substantially all plasma facing surfaces of the envelope made from a solid dielectric material, such as aluminum nitride or aluminum oxide. Dielectric surfaces facing the plasma discharge will have minimal parasitic capacitive coupling, which will reduce ion bombardment, erosion, and particle contamination. The interfaces between sections may be “o” ring sealed (with overlapping features to prevent direct plasma exposure), or bonded. The capacitive ignition electrode may be bonded, or silk screened and then co-fired on one or more dielectric members.

Placing capacitive ignition electrodes124on opposite faces of the minor diameter of the ferrite core116is advantageous since it facilitates the creation of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma that encompasses most of the minor diameter. Exemplarily the electrical parameters of the inductively coupled plasma are a loop voltage of around 4 V/cm, loop voltage of about 46 V, a core such as Epcos N87, a magnetic field of about 168 mT and core loss of about 2000 mW/cm3, resulting in 48 W of core dissipation, operating at a frequency of 400 KHz.

FIG.6aillustrates the plasma source100comprising a dielectric U channel602, a conductive ground604, a capacitive electrode606, the ferrite core608, and the thermal management structure (e.g. cold plate)610.

FIG.6Billustrates the plasma source100surrounded by the capacitive discharge612and by the inductive toroidal discharge614.

FIG.7aillustrates the plasma source100comprising in addition to the dielectric U channel602and the capacitive electrode606and a ferrite core608additional elements, such as an O-ring702.

FIG.7billustrates that the inductive toroidal discharge614occurs along an inductive discharge path704and that the plasma source includes as well a positive CCP electrode708and a negative CCP electrode706.

The arrangements described inFIGS.6a,6b,7a, and7bgenerate a capacitively coupled plasma that overlaps almost entirely with the current path of the inductively coupled plasma. The capacitively coupled plasma will generate free electrons generally along the entire current path of the inductively coupled plasma. This will facilitate reliable ignition and transition to ICP operation over a wider range of operating conditions.

It is possible, with a relatively high-power density plasma in an open chamber, that not enough gas will enter the plasma, to fully utilize the plasma's power in dissociating gas into reactive radicals. In these operating conditions, a gas feed is required to direct input gas into the discharge region. When the plasma source is used for this application, the best place to inject the gas is in the central region of the source's toroid, since the power density is highest in this region. Alternatively, gas can be distributed along the top and bottom surfaces, or around the perimeter of the cavity to ensure that sufficient gas is entering the plasma. As it may be observed for example inFIGS.8and9, via a plurality of gas inlets802, gas is distributed in approximate planes along the top and bottom surfaces of the plasma source100.

Alternative implementations are also envisioned for the plasma source. An alternative implementation, that is an inverted rod plasma source1000, is shown inFIG.10. As may be seen inFIG.10, the inverted rod plasma source1000comprises at least: a dielectric tube1002, a ferrite core1004, a primary winding coil1006, a water cooling tube1008, a capacitive ignition electrode1010, and an internal cavity for thermally conductive potting1012. The plasma region1014forms in a vacuum space situated at the exterior of the dielectric tube1002. In a conventional solenoid ICP, the vacuum space and the plasma (transformer secondary) is on the inside of a dielectric tube, and the primary is on the outside. In the alternative implementation, proposed by the present invention, the construction enables that the plasma1014forms loops on the outside of the dielectric tube1002, and the primary winding coil1006is situated on the inside of the tube1002. This enables the use of a ferrite core1004, which improves the coupling efficiency of a transformer. Cooling water can be routed in a helical pattern around the ferrite core1004via the water cooling tube1008, or it may be routed axially. The tube can be small in diameter (on the order of 0.75-1 inch). This allows the formation of a very small plasma loop diameter, and a correspondingly small plasma loop voltage of approximately 30V. Care must be taken to avoid forming a shorted turn of any conductor inside or outside of the dielectric tube1002. Therefore, a structure at the ends of the dielectric tube1002that forms a vacuum seal must be made as well of dielectric. In this design approach the magnetic field extends beyond the ends of the dielectric tube1002and returns outside the diameter of the dielectric tube1002. These fields may cause parasitic heating and power loss of nearby metal structures, such as chamber wall components that are too close.

Optionally, heat pipes may be utilized either in conjunction with the solenoid or toroidal implementation of the plasma source and may be configured to draw heat from the highest temperature regions of the plasma source to an outside surface of the source that is more easily dissipated. The outside surface can be cooled with natural convection to external air, forced convection, or a water-cooled plate. The hot side of the heat pipe can be potted in place with thermally conductive epoxy, ideally (for the rod implementation) between the dielectric tube1002and the ferrite core1004. In this case, the heat pipes must be oriented such to avoid forming a shorted turn around the ferrite core1004. The use of heat pipes1102is advantageous because they can move away from the source large amounts of heat in a very compact, passive physical format. A configuration of a rod plasma source1000with heat pipes is shown inFIG.11.

Heat pipes are generally configured to have a fluid inside that is operating right at a boundary between vapor and liquid. The fluid is typically water, filled at a low pressure, such as a few Torr. As heat adds energy to the liquid at the hot end, it forms a vapor and pressure carries this vapor to the cold end. At the cold end, the vapor loses energy, condenses, which lowers the pressure. Capillary action then draws the liquid back to the hot end of the heat pipe and the cycle continues. Heat pipes are typically configured to maximize heat removal with a cold end temperature of approximately 20 degrees C. Exemplarily heat pipes, their constructional details and their disposition is illustrated inFIG.11.

In some applications, it is desired to remove power from a plasma source when the plasma source is powered, but not to let the plasma source fall below a certain temperature when the plasma is off, and it is not generating power. For example, a plasma source can be placed in the pumping line to clean deposition from the pumping line. However, the pumping line and the plasma source may be kept at an elevated temperature such as 100° C. In this case, it is desired to remove power when the plasma source is on, but the temperature of the plasma source should not fall below 100° C. when the plasma source is off and not generating heat. If the temperature of the plasma source is too low, it can cause process gasses to condense and to create additional solid particle sources.

With this goal in mind, the heat pipe can be configured with a higher fill pressure such that the liquid to vapor transition occurs at a higher temperature. This configuration still allows high power to be moved only with a small temperature drop, but at a temperature that is below the vapor temperature, the heat pipe transfers little heat, so that the plasma source is not “overcooled”. An alternate solution is a heat pipe with a different media, such as sodium, lithium, or potassium, which has a different PT curve, to shift the heat removal to a higher temperature. The temperature threshold is exemplarily one of 100 C, 80 C, and 60 C.

The plasma sources100or1000, discussed above, irrespective of their configuration, exhibit high power density, namely, moderate power in a small package, and electrodeless operation, but with a small plasma loop, and corresponding small plasma loop voltage. Further, they possess more robust ignition in a wider process window. The integrated DBD electrode enables more robust ignition in a wider process window, while enabling point of use radical generation for cleaning applications with minimal transport and recombination loss. Their construction is possible with all solid dielectric materials facing the plasma, and as such, resulting in minimal parasitic capacitive coupling, erosion, and corresponding reduced particles and contamination.

An application of the above-described plasma sources may be found in the placement of these in a small, compact environment, such as hard to clean regions of a semiconductor processing chamber shown inFIG.12. This illustrative chamber consists of a gas box1206, a showerhead1208, an upper chamber region1206, a wafer pedestal1214, a wafer1214, a pressure control valve1216, and a pump1218. A plasma source is placed upstream above the showerhead1208. The placement of plasma source100or1000can be in the lower chamber1202, above the pressure control valve1216and below the pedestal1214. This integration of the inverted toroidal plasma source with a semiconductor processing chamber enables radicals to be generated in the bottom of the chamber while minimizing transport loss or recombination losses between the plasma and the surfaces in the bottom of the chamber to be cleaned. This can also be achieved with multiple plasma sources in a chamber, as illustrated inFIG.13. Therein there are multiple plasma sources in a large multi-wafer chamber, for example a quad wafer chamber. Another possible arrangement, illustrated inFIG.14, is to implement the toroidal plasma source1408in pipe1406, as foreline cleaning, with unobstructed flow through the center of torus. The pipe cross section is enlarged to allow room in the vacuum space for the full plasma loop1410. This implementation is useful for cleaning a vacuum pumping lining, or when placed above a deposition trap, for the purpose of cleaning the deposition from the trap to minimize tool downtime associated with trap maintenance and periodically removing byproduct from the trap.

FIG.15shows an alternate implementation, which is to enclose the plasma source in a compact vacuum enclosure. The enclosure may have a gas supply fitting1502to introduce gas to the plasma source1508, and an outlet flange1506. This configuration can be mounted closely coupled, but external, to a vacuum chamber or larger piping segment. Gas flowing through the enclosure passes through the plasma1510. An isolation valve may be used in the gas delivery line, just upstream of the plasma source. This implementation allows a closely coupled remote plasma source, such that radicals can be delivered to the main vacuum chamber or vessel, with minimum recombination, but with minimum disruption to chamber volume, conductance, or flow patterns.

FIGS.16aand16bshow a representative sidewall of a vacuum chamber1602, with pockets1606formed in the sidewalls. Inverted plasma sources1604are positioned in these pockets. This implementation has the benefit of providing point of use plasma sources with line of sight between the plasma and chamber surfaces to be cleaned, while minimizing impact to the chamber volume, conductance, and flow patterns in the chamber.

The above-described plasma sources and their placement finds applicability in lower chamber cleaning, foreline cleaning, oxygen cleaning applications, and point of use cleaning.

Although the foregoing descriptions of certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have shown, described and pointed out some fundamental novel features of the invention, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail of the apparatus as illustrated as well as the uses thereof, may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention. Consequently, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the foregoing discussions and subsequent claims.