Separating gaseous or vaporous substances according to the separating nozzle principle

In order to separate gaseous or vaporous substances having different molecular weights and/or different gas kinetically effective cross sections, by conducting the mixture to be separated together with a lighter additive gas into a separating chamber through two slit-shaped nozzles to form, in the chamber, two jets which are directed toward, and deflect, one another, the flow lines of each jet converging in the flow direction, dividing the thus deflected jets by means of separating baffles into partial streams of respectively different compositions, and discharging the partial streams separately from the chamber.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for separating 
gaseous or vaporous substances having different molecular weights and/or 
different gas kinetically effective cross sections, particularly isotopes, 
in which the mixture to be separated is conducted, together with a lighter 
additive gas, through two slit-shaped nozzles in the form of jets which 
are directed toward one another so as to be mutually deflecting, the jets 
thus entering a separating chamber and the thus deflected jets being 
separated into partial streams of respectively different compositions by 
means of separating baffles and being discharged separately, the lines of 
flow of the mixture to be separated converging radially during 
introduction into the separating chamber. 
The principle of the so-called separating nozzle method is disclosed in 
German Pat. No. 1,052,955 and is based on the spatial partial separation 
of a jet expanding from a nozzle-like opening into a low pressure chamber 
at subatmospheric pressure. German Pat. No. 1,096,875 discloses advantages 
that can be realized in the practice of this method by addition of a light 
additive gas with a mole excess to the mixture to be separated and by 
using, if required, at least two converging gas streams. 
German Pat. No. 1,198,328 teaches that the separating properties of an 
arrangement can be improved by mechanically deflecting the jet leaving the 
nozzle on its path toward the separating baffle by means of a curved wall 
so as to make the curvature of the flow lines and the size of the angle of 
deflection greater than would be possible in the expanding jet. The 
curvature of the flow lines produces a centrifugal field as a result of 
which the partial stream formed in the vicinity of the wall is heavier 
than that formed at a greater distance from the wall. The curved 
deflecting wall, however, produces friction losses which may reduce the 
separating effect. 
An explanation of the generic process is given in the KFK Report 2138 of 
March 1975 by Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe published by Gesellschaft 
fur Kernforschung mbH. In it, it is stated, inter alia, that with jet-jet 
systems of this type, there may appear two completely different flow 
configurations, i.e. the desired, mirror symmetrical jet-jet deflection 
changes, above certain "critical" parameters, and a configuration in which 
the jets slide one on top of the other at a small mutual angle, as 
described at pages 37 et seq. of the above-cited report. This sudden 
conversion of the flow configuration is associated with a sudden drop in 
separation. 
It has been found, as explained at pages 40 et seq. of the above-cited 
report, that this flow instability is associated with the fact that the 
mixture, e.g. UF.sub.6, which has been accelerated by the lighter additive 
gas, retains, due to its high inertia, approximately its original 
direction of flow even after leaving the opening of the nozzles, i.e. 
after passing through the most constricted point of the facing nozzles. 
That is, the UF.sub.6 flow lines continue to converge in a radial pattern 
even after leaving the opening of the nozzles so that a sharply bundled, 
or concentrated, UF.sub.6 jet is produced. This bundling and thus this 
tendency of mutual deflection of oppositely directed jets is reinforced by 
an increase in the limitation angle from 18.degree. to 30.degree.. It was 
thus decided not to further increase this limitation angle. 
Due to these instabilities it was impossible, during prior studies, to 
realize any technological or economic improvements compared to other prior 
art separating nozzle systems. This was the more regrettable since it had 
also been found in these studies that a jet-jet separating system tends to 
be less subject to annoying dust deposits than arrangements provided with 
a fixed deflection wall. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to create, in a flow arrangement 
of the above-described type, a stable, mirror symmetrical flow 
configuration under operating conditions which enable a jet-jet separating 
nozzle system to operate more economically than prior art separating 
nozzle systems. 
These and other objects are achieved, according to the present invention in 
a method and apparatus for separating gaseous or vaporous substances 
having different molecular weights and/or different gas kinetically 
effective cross sections, particularly isotopes, which includes conducting 
the mixture to be separated together with a lighter additive gas into a 
separating chamber through two slit-shaped nozzles to form, in the 
chamber, two jets which are directed toward, and deflect, one another, the 
flow lines of each jet converging in the flow direction, dividing the thus 
deflected jets by means of separating baffles into partial streams of 
respectively different compositions, and discharging the partial streams 
separately from the chamber, by causing the flow lines of each jet to 
converge, at least in the region of the outlet opening of each nozzle, at 
a limiting angle of more than 30.degree.. 
The present invention is based on the unexpected discovery that a tendency 
of the jets to suddenly mutually slide over each other not only does not 
increase further, but gradually decreases again, when the flow lines of 
the mixture to be separated converge at least in the region of the nozzle 
opening at a limiting angle of more than 30.degree. and that when this 
limiting angle is increased to more than 30.degree., in spite of the 
reduction of the extraction cross sections for the partial streams which 
have already been separated, there is a surprising improvement in economy 
of operation. In connection with the invention, the term "region of the 
nozzle opening" designates the area upstream of the nozzle opening to a 
distance equal to four times the width of the nozzle opening. 
Significant advantages are obtained already with an increase in the 
limiting angles to 45.degree.. Better results yet can generally be 
obtained with angles of between 60.degree. and 90.degree..

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The separating nozzle element shown in a cross-sectional view in FIG. 1 and 
extending transversely perpendicular to the plane of the drawing includes 
two mirror symmetrically opposing nozzles for the supply of streams 
D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 composed of the mixtures to be separated and of the 
additive gas, into separating chamber T, two separating channels for the 
heavier partial streams S.sub.1 and S.sub.2, and four separating channels 
for the lighter partial streams L.sub.1, L.sub.2, L.sub.3 and L.sub.4, the 
plane of symmetry of the separating channels being perpendicular to the 
plane of symmetry of the supply nozzles. The nozzles and channels are 
formed by baffles 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d and 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d whose free ends 
surround the separating chamber T. 
The baffle 1a is set relative to baffle 1b, and baffle 1c is set relative 
to baffle 1d, at respective angles which are such that the limiting, or 
boundary, angles of the flow lines from each nozzle are greater than 
30.degree.. The two points F.sub.1 ' and F.sub.2 ' in chamber T constitute 
the virtual focal points which would result for individual operation of 
each nozzle, i.e. without mutual deflection of the jets. Each focal point 
is closer to its respective associated nozzle opening than to the 
oppositely disposed nozzle opening. Such a positioning of the focal points 
contributes to the prevention of instabilities. 
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, flow dividers 23a and 23b are provided 
between the nozzle baffles 1 in the central inflow region of each nozzle. 
Thus the individual flow lines of the oppositely directed jets are 
subjected on the average to a greater deflection angle. It has further 
been found to be of advantage in some cases to equip the nozzle baffles 
1a, 1b, 1c and 1d with connecting channels 24a, 24b, 24c and 24d, 
respectively, leading to the discharge channels for the lighter partial 
streams and/or to provide a toothed profile 22a, 22b, 22c or 22d at the 
rounded end of each of those baffles which faces the separating chamber T. 
These help to avoid instabilities even if the operating conditions deviate 
extensively from desired values. FIG. 2a shows a sectional top view in 
direction of arrow A of FIG. 2 of a nozzle limiting baffle (1a) provided 
with a toothed profile at the end adjacent the separation chamber. The 
free space (22 a) between the teeth is typically one half of the nozzle 
opening, and its depth is typically equal to the nozzle opening. The width 
of the teeth is typically three times the nozzle opening. The diameter of 
the connecting channels (24a) is typically one half of the nozzle opening, 
the distance between each other is typically three times the nozzle 
opening and their distance from the end adjacent the separation chamber is 
typically one half of the nozzle opening. 
In FIG. 3 a plurality of parallel connected separating nozzle elements form 
the nodes of a network combined of pairs of baffle sets 31a, 31b, 31c, 
31d, and 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d whose ends form the nozzle openings and 
discharge channel inlets. The gaps between the nozzle baffles 31a and 31c 
and between 31b and 31d are widened to form inlet lines 33a and 33b which 
extend perpendicular to the plane of the network and which are each 
associated with two adjacent separating nozzle elements. In a 
corresponding manner, the discharge channels 34a and 34b for the heavier 
partial streams S are are formed between baffles 32a and 32b and between 
baffles 32c and 32d. The discharge channels 35a, 35b, 35c and 35d for the 
lighter partial streams L are each associated with four adjacent 
separating nozzle elements. With such an arrangement it is possible to 
produce a very compact device. It is, of course, also possible to provide 
the separating nozzle elements separately with supply and discharge lines. 
In order to form the slit-shaped nozzles and channels, the arrangement may 
be assembled of a stack of mutually aligned plates or foils provided with 
the network structure. In such a case it is of advantage to mainly connect 
the peaked ends of the baffles 31 and 32 in the vicinity of the nodes by 
means of bars 36 and 37 each extending around the associated separating 
chamber. In order not to interfere with the inlet and exit of the mixture 
and of the partial streams, transversely adjacent bars are offset in space 
with respect to one another, as shown in FIG. 4. 
Example 
An apparatus constructed according to the embodiment of FIG. 1 was 
constructed so that the convergence angle of the sides of each of the 
facing individual nozzles formed by plane baffles 1a-1d was 90.degree.. 
The minimum distance between adjacent inlet baffles 1a and 1b, between 
inlet baffles 1c and 1d, between separating baffles 2a and 2c, and between 
separating baffles 2b and 2d was 0.3 mm. The distance between the pair of 
inlet baffles 1a, and 1b and the diametrically opposed pair of inlet 
baffles 1c and 1d as well as the distance between the pair of separating 
baffles 2a and 2c and the pair of baffles 2b and 2d, was 0.8 mm. The 
length of the slit-shaped arrangements perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 
1 was 20 mm. 
In this device, a mixture of 4 mol% UF.sub.6 (N.sub.0 =0.04) and 96 mol% 
H.sub.2 were treated for separation of the uranium isotopes. The total gas 
quantities extracted in light and heavy partial streams had a ratio of 
1:0.58 (.nu.total=0.633) the corresponding UF.sub.6 quantities had a ratio 
of 1:3 (.nu..sub.u =0.25). The pressure P.sub.O at which the UF.sub.6 
/H.sub.2 mixture was introduced was set at 22 Torr. The lighter partial 
streams were expanded by the factor P.sub.O /P.sub.L =1.5, where P.sub.L 
was the outlet pressure of the light partial streams, and the heavier 
partial streams were expanded by the factor P.sub.O /P.sub.s =1.12, where 
P.sub.s was the outlet pressure of the heavy partial streams. The 
resulting elementary effect of separation of the uranium isotopes was 
.epsilon..sub.A =10.15 per thousand. 
The above data correspond to a specific energy consumption E.sub.s of 
0.773.times.10.sup.6 RT or, assuming an operating temperature of T=310 K, 
the specific energy consumption is 2300 kWh/kg SWU. The specific energy 
consumption was obtained by the following formula 
##EQU1## 
where R=the universal gas constant 
T=the absolute temperature. 
The specific energy consumption could thus be reduced by the solution of 
the present invention to 60% of the value quoted in the above-cited KFK 
Report 2138, Table 2, page 32, for an H.sub.2 /UH.sub.6 mixture containing 
5 Mol% UF.sub.6. 
The angle of limitation of the radially converging flow lines of the 
mixture to be separated upon entry into the separating chamber, in certain 
arrangements according to the invention, will result from the 
configuration of the delimiting walls of the individual nozzles. The same 
applies for the determination of the geometric positions of the locations 
of maximum jet focusing. In such embodiments, where the determination of 
the limiting angles or of the focal points is not easily possible, e.g. 
because of curved or angled nozzle baffles, these points can easily be 
determined by means of known measuring methods, e.g. the molecular probe 
measuring method described by K. Bier, H. Brandtstadter, U. Ehrfeld, W. 
Ehrfeld in KFK Report No. 1440, August 1971. 
The limiting angles can be measured directly according to the cited 
measuring method; the focal point of each individual nozzle is measured as 
that point at which the also directly measurable stream density of the 
mixture to be separated, i.e. the quantity of the mixture flowing per unit 
time and area, has its absolute maximum value. 
It will be understood that the above description of the present invention 
is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations, and the 
same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of 
equivalents of the appended claims.