Porphyrin compounds and their use as MRI contrast agents

Water soluble porphyrin compounds useful in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents. Particular compounds include manganese.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to water soluble porphyrin compounds useful in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Developed in the 1970's,2, MRI has rapidly grown into an indispensable and increasingly popular imaging modality. Owing to its deep tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, excellent soft tissue contrast and high spatial resolution, MRI is used for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of a wide variety of diseases.

In conventional MRI scans, signals are mainly derived from1H-NMR peaks of water and fat molecules present in the body being imaged. The image contrast of the tissues is determined by a number of factors, such as proton density, spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), and the spin-spin relaxation time (T2). T1is a measure of how quickly the longitudinal magnetization vector (Mz) of spinning nuclei recovers towards the equilibrium direction after a resonant radio frequency (RF) pulse6. T2relaxation time is a time constant that describes the dephasing of the transverse nuclear magnetization. Since T1and T2relaxations vary from tissue to tissue, acquisition parameters can be adjusted to differentiate among tissues. For example, dipoles in fats or hydrocarbon rich environments have much shorter T1relaxation times than those in aqueous environments.

Despite its increasing number of applications, MRI is impeded by its intrinsic low detection sensitivity7,8compared to imaging modalities that use ionizing radiation such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), hampering its ability to detect certain pathologies, such as small tumors or differentiating post therapy tumor progression. Governed by the thermal equilibrium polarization of the nuclei, e.g. at room temperature and magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla (T) (commonly used in most clinical MR scanners), only 5 out of 1 million1H spins are polarized9. According to Curie's Law, macroscopic magnetization is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength10. Increasing the field strength can partly compensates for this loss in sensitivity and improve signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)11. However, other than the cost of ultrahigh field scanners (higher than 7 T), there is a major concern relating to tissue overheating due to overexposure of radio frequency12and technical issues such as coil design13.

Currently, the widely applied method of increasing MRI S/N, hence contrast and specificity, is the use of relaxation contrast agents, which can accelerate the relaxation rate of surrounding waters' nuclei spins. MRI CAs are categorized into T1and T2agents. T1agents are mainly based on paramagnetic metal ions with unpaired valence electrons which can effectively shorten mainly the T1relaxation time of the nearby water nuclei via electron-nuclear spin-spin coupling6. Clinical T1CAs predominantly utilize Gd(III) which is chelated by different ligands to reduce the toxicity of free Gd(III) in vivo. Typical ligands include diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA; Gd-DTPA is sold under the name Magnevist®) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA; Gd-DOTA is sold under the name Dotarem®) and their derivatives. T2agents, which are mostly superparamagnetic particles, disrupt the homogeneity of the magnetic field causing predominant decreases in T2and T2* due to diffusion of water through field gradients. T1agents are able to generate positive contrast (increased signal intensity) in T1weighted images while T2agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), generate negative contrast in T2weighted images. For clinical diagnostic applications, T1agents are usually preferred because a number of natural sources (tissues with low signal intensity) also generate negative contrast, complicating the analysis of the MRI image. In fact, most FDA approved T2agents were discontinued. Therefore the focus of this patent is on T1agents.

A number of Gd-based CAs have been approved for clinical applications, such as ProHance® and Magnevist®, which are currently dominating the CA market. At least two problems exist with small Gd-based CAs. The relaxivity of Gd-based contrast agents could be higher, particularly at high magnetic fields e.g., at 3 T or higher. Further there is a problem of toxicity that results from free Gd(III) i.e., which escapes the chelating agent in certain patients with renal dysfunction. These two issues are interrelated.

Small Gd-based CAs have relatively low relaxivity (about 3-4 mM−1s−1at 1 T, 37° C.) and as a result, gram quantities are typically injected into a patient for generating an image with reasonable quality. In recent years, MRI scanners are moving to higher magnetic fields (mainly 3 T) in order to perform scans with improved signal/noise ratio, shorter acquisition times and better image resolution. Since the relaxivity of the commercially available Gd-based CAs decreases at higher magnetic fields, even larger quantities of CAs would be required for adequate contrast enhancement14. In addition, studies such as contrast-enhanced MR angiography and delayed contrast-enhanced myocardinal viability examinations require even higher CA doses and thus, further increase the risk of metal toxicity15. Although many in vitro studies have indicated that these Gd-based CAs are thermodynamically stable, the emergence and proliferation of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) cases correlated to the usage of Gd-based CAs since the late 1990s suggests in vivo release and accumulation of toxic free Gd(III) in certain patients with renal dysfunction. Symptoms of NSF include severe skin induration, muscle restlessness and sometimes, physical disability. To address the severity of this safety issue, the FDA requires a “Black Box” warning label to be attached to all Gd-based CAs indicating possible adverse effects.

Various attempts have been made to improve the relaxivity mainly by increasing the size and thus rotational diffusion time (TR) of Gd-based CAs, based on the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory. Common strategies include attachment of Gd CAs to proteins, dendrimers or polymers. Notably, at high magnetic fields (>1.5 T), the electron spin relaxation of Gd(III) dominates the inner-sphere relaxivity, therefore, the strategy of increasing TRbecomes much less efficient to improve r for Gd-based CAs at high fields than low fields. Despite the moderate relaxivity increase, Gd toxicity is likely to persist in these macromolecular CAs16. In fact, because most of the conjugation chemistry involves the chelation sites, the Gd affinity will be lowered, contributing to higher risk of heavy metal leakage. In addition, the internal flexibility of these aliphatic dendrimers or polymers also contributed to the less than expected increase in relaxivity per Gd. Lastly, these large CAs are retained in the body for a longer period of time, leading to higher chance of Gd release than small Gd-based CAs.

There is thus a need to create a new generation of CAs that is more efficient and avoids the adverse effects of Gd toxicity. It will be desirable if the new generation of CAs are free of toxic heavy metals such as Gd(III) and exhibit high T1relaxivity at high field.

SUMMARY

The invention includes a water soluble porphyrin compound of formula (A), or a salt thereof:

wherein one or more of D, E and F is defined as in paragraphs (a) to (c):

(a) (i) D is of the formula (LD):

wherein:each LDand LD1is independently a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of D1and D2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of D3, D4and D5is a water-solubilizing group; andmDhas a value of from 0 to 20; or(ii) D is of the formula (LD′):

wherein:LDis a rigid trivalent linker;each LD1is, independently of any other LD1, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LD2is, independently of any other LD2, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LD3is, independently of any other LD3, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LD4is, independently of any other LD4, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker:one or the other or both of D1and D2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of D3, D4and D5is a water-solubilizing group;one or the other or both of D6and D7is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of D8, D9and D10is a water-solubilizing group;mD1has a value of from 0 to 20; andmD2has a value of from 0 to 20:

(b) (i) E is of the formula (LE):

wherein:each LEand LE1is, independently, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of E1and E2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of E3, E4and E5is a water-solubilizing group;mEhas a value of from 0 to 20; or(ii) E is of the formula (LE′):

wherein:LEis a rigid trivalent linker;each LE1is, independently of any other LE1, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LE2is, independently of any other LE2, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LE3is, independently of any other LE3, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LE4is, independently of any other LE4, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of E1and E2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of E3, E4and E5is a water-solubilizing group;one or the other or both of E6and E7is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of E8, E9and E10is a water-solubilizing group;mE1has a value of from 0 to 20; andmE2has a value of from 0 to 20;

(c) (i) F is of the formula (LF):

wherein:each LFand LF1is, independently, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of F1and F2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of F3, F4and F5is a water-solubilizing group;LF1is a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker; andmFhas a value of from 0 to 20; or(ii) F is of the formula (LF′):

wherein:LFis a rigid trivalent linker;each LF1is, independently of any other LF1, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LF2is, independently of any other LF2, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LF3is, independently of any other LF3, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LF4is, independently of any other LF4, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of F1and F2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of F3, F4and F5is a water-solubilizing group;one or the other or both of F6and F7is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of F8, F9and F10is a water-solubilizing group;mF1has a value of from 0 to 20; andmF2has a value of from 0 to 20; and wherein:
when D, E and F are all defined as in paragraphs (a) to (c), G is a water-solubilizing group, or G is defined as in paragraph (d):

(d) (i) G is of the formula (LG):

wherein:each LGand LG1is, independently, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent liner;one of the other or both of G1and G2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of G3, G4and G5is a water-solubilizing group;LG1is a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker; andmGhas a value of from 0 to 20; or(ii) G is of the formula (LG′):

wherein:each LG1is, independently of any other LG1, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LG2is, independently of any other LG2, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LG3is, independently of any other LG3, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;each LG4is, independently of any other LG4, a covalent bond or a rigid bivalent linker;one or the other or both of G1and G2is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of G3, G4and G5is a water-solubilizing group;one or the other or both of G6and G7is a water-solubilizing group;one or more of G8, G9and G10is a water-solubilizing group;mG1has a value of from 0 to 20; andmG2has a value of from 0 to 20; and
the sum of mD, mD1, mD2, mE, mE1, mE2, mF, mF2, mG, mG1and mG2is from 0 to 30; and
M is a paramagnetic metal ion present in at least one porphyrin ring, and may be the same or different when present in a plurality of porphyrin rings.

In embodiments of a compound having formula (A), G can be a water-solubilizing group selected from:(I) carboxyl, sulfonate, phosphate (—OPO3H2), alkylphosphate (—OPO3RH), phosphonate (—PO3H2), alkylphosphonate (—PO3RH), phosphinate (—PO2H), alkylphosphinate (—PO2R), amino, alkylamino (—NHR), dialkylamino (—NR2), alkylammonium (—NR3+), aminoalkyl (—(C1-C20alkyl)NH2), guanidine (—NHC(NH)NH2), alkyl guanidine (—NHC(NH)NRH), amido (—C(O)NH2, a C3-C20cycloalkyl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring wherein the cycloalkyl group is bonded to the porphyrin ring by a carbon or nitrogen atom, a C3-C20aryl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring, and

In such embodiments, one or more of i.e., at least one of D, E and F can be defined as in foregoing paragraphs (a) to (c) in which:(A) the one or the other or both of D1and D2that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (1), and the other of D1and D2is selected from the group consisting of:(II) hydrogen;C1-C20alkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C3-C20cycloalkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C3-C20heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C1-C20alkenyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C3-C20cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C3-C20heterocycloalkenyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C6to C20aryl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro;C3to C20heteroaryl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro;C7to C20arylalkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C4to C20heteroarylalkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C2to C20alkynyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C1to C20heteroalkyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C2to C20heteroalkenyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);C2to C20heteroalkynyl optionally substituted with up to 4 of any of hydroxyl, halogen, thiol, cyano, nitro, oxo (═O);(B) the one or more of D3, D4and D6that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of D3, D4and D5is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(C) the one or the other or both of D6and D7that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of D6and D7is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(D) the one or the other or both of E1and E2that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of E1and E2is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(E) the one or more of E3, E4and E5that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of E3, E4and E5is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(F) the one or the other or both of E6and E7that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of E6and E7is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(G) the one or the other or both of F1and F2that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of F1and F2is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(H) the one or more of F3, F4and F5that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of F3, F4and F5is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II);(I) the one or the other or both of F6and F7that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, as defined in paragraph (I), and the other of F6and F7is, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (II); and
the other(s) of said one or more of D, E and F can be as defined in paragraph (I) or (II); and
each of R1to R107can be, independently of the others, as defined in paragraph (I) or paragraph (II).

In particular embodiments, each said rigid bivalent linker is, independently, selected from the group consisting of:

wherein a said linker is optionally substituted with one or more water-solubilising groups and a said linker is optionally substituted with one or more of the substituents defined by paragraph (II). It is preferred that the one or more water-solubilising groups with which such a linker is optionally substituted is selected from the group defined by foregoing paragraph (I).

In such embodiments, each of E and F can be, independently of the other, a water-solubilizing group selected from:carboxyl, sulfonate, phosphate (—OPO3H2), alkylphosphate (—OPO3RH), phosphonate (—PO3H2), alkylphosphonate (—PO3RH), phosphinate (—PO2H), alkylphosphinate (—PO2R), amino, alkylamino (—NHR), dialkylamino (—NR2), alkylammonium (—NR3+), aminoalkyl (—(C1-C20alkyl)NH2), guanidine (—NHC(NH)NH2), alkyl guanidine (—NHC(NH)NRH), amido (—C(O)NH2, a C3-C20cycloalkyl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring wherein the cycloalkyl group is bonded to the porphyrin ring by a carbon or nitrogen atom, a C3-C20aryl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring, and

wherein n is from 1 to 20, and each R is independently straight or branched C1-C20alkyl; and
D can be of the formula (LD) wherein mDhas a value from 0 to 10.

According to particular embodiments of the compound, or a salt thereof, each LDand LD1is a covalent bond,

each of D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is p-sulfonated phenyl or carboxyl;
each of R1to R24is H;
mDis 8; and
and M is manganese for each porphyrin ring.

In a particular embodiment of the compound, or a salt thereof, D is of the formula (LD);

each of D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is p-sulfonated phenyl;
each of R1to R8and R17to R24is H; and
each M is manganese.

Other embodiments include a compound, or a salt thereof, wherein D, E, F and G are as defined as in paragraphs (a) to (d) in which:(aa) the one or the other or both of D1and D2that is a water-solubilizing group is, independently of the other, selected from the group consisting of:(1) carboxyl, sulfonate, phosphate (—OPO3H2), alkylphosphate (—OPO3RH), phosphonate (—PO3H2), alkylphosphonate (—PO3RH), phosphinate (—PO2H), alkylphosphinate (—PO2R), amino, alkylamino (—NHR), dialkylamino (—NR2), alkylammonium (—NR3+), aminoalkyl (—(C1-C20alkyl)NH2), guanidine (—NHC(NH)NH2), alkyl guanidine (—NHC(NH)NRH), amido (—C(O)NH2, a C3-C20cycloalkyl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring wherein the cycloalkyl group is bonded to the porphyrin ring by a carbon or nitrogen atom, a C3-C20aryl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring,

Preferred aspects of such embodiments are compounds or their salts, in which:

D is of the formula (LD′), E is of the formula (LE′), F is of the formula (LF′), G is of the formula (LG′);
mD1=mD2=mE1=mE2=mF1=mF2=mG1=mG2=0;
each of LD2, LD4, LE2, LE4, LF2LF4, LG2and LG4is a covalent bond,

In a preferred aspect of the compound, or a salt thereof, each of LD, LE, LFand LGis:

A second broad aspect of the invention is a water soluble porphyrin compound of formula (A), or a salt thereof:

In preferred aspects, each of D, E, F and G is carboxyl, each of R1to R8is hydrogen; and M is manganese.

Compounds and salts find use as CAs in MRI. In an aspect, the invention includes a pharmaceutical formulation containing a compound or salt thereof, as described herein. Such a formulation includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the formulation is suitable for administration as an imaging enhancing agent and the contrast agent is present in an amount sufficient to enhance a magnetic resonance image.

According to another aspect, the invention is a method of generating an image of at least a part of a subject. The method includes administering a compound or salt thereof, as described herein, to a subject, and generating an image of at least a part of said subject to which said compound has been distributed.

According to an embodiment, the invention includes a method of imaging a tumor and surrounding tissue in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a compound or salt thereof, as described herein, and imaging the tumor and surrounding tissue in said subject.

The invention includes a composition containing a compound or salt thereof, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent, suitable for administration to a subject.

The invention is also a method for imaging a patient. The method includes administering a composition comprising a compound or salt thereof, as described herein, as a blood-pool imaging agent, and obtaining a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An embodiment of the invention is represented by a porphyrin compound of formula (A), exemplified here by MnTCP:

In MnTCP, each of R1to R8of a compound of formula (A) is a hydrogen atom, and each of D, E, F and G is a carboxyl group, shown in the ionized form for convenience, and the metal complexed by the porphyrin ring is manganese, which is Mn(III) in the exemplified embodiment, described below.

Another embodiment of the invention is represented by a porphyrin compound of formula (A-LD) exemplified by (MnTPPS3)2:

In (MnTPPS3)2, substituent D of compound A is LD in which mD=0 and LD1is a biphenyl group in which each phenyl group is para-substituted, each of R1to R8and R17to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a para-sulfonated phenyl group, shown in the ionized form for convenience, and the metal complexed by each porphyrin ring is manganese, which is Mn(III) in the exemplified embodiment, described below.

Embodiments of the invention include compounds of formula (A) similar to (MnTPPS3)2in which aromatic rings of the linkers bear solubilising groups, such as sulfonate groups:

Another polyporphyrin related to (MnTPPS3)2, is one in which substituent D of compound A is LD and LDand LD1are biphenyl groups, mDis from 1 to 30, each of R1to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a para-sulfonated phenyl group:

An embodiment of the invention is a compound of formula (A) in which substituent D is LD and mD=0 and LD1is a phenyl group linking porphyrin rings by through covalent bonds at para-positions, each of R1to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a para-sulfonated phenyl group, shown in the ionized form for convenience, and the metal complexed by each porphyrin ring is manganese, which is Mn(III):

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of formula (A) in which substituent D is LD and mD=0 and LD1is a covalent bond, each of R1to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a para-sulfonated phenyl group, shown in the ionized form for convenience, and the metal complexed by each porphyrin ring is manganese, which is Mn(III):

Another embodiment of the invention is (MnTCP)2:

(MnTCP)2is thus a compound of formula (A) in which substituent D is LD and mD=0 and LD1is a covalent bond linking meso-positions of porphyrin rings, each of R1to R7and R17to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a carboxyl group, shown above in the ionized form for convenience, and the metal complexed by each porphyrin ring is manganese.

A related polyporphyrin is one in which substituent D of compound A is LD and LDand LD1are covalent linkages between meso-positions of porphyrin rings, mDis from 1 to 30, each of R1to R24is a hydrogen atom, and each of D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, E, F and G is a carboxyl group:

One can thus see that disclosed embodiments encompass monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric porphyrins. In preferred embodiments, the molecules are free of gadolinium, and M can be manganese, either Mn(II) or Mn(III), preferably Mn(III). Useful as contrast agents, compounds of the invention include substituent groups that render the compound soluble in water i.e., a biological medium provided by the human body in the context of clinical examinations, particularly, plasma, blood and biological fluids.

Field-dependent T1relaxivities of MnTCP and (MnTPPS3)2were examined and compared to known agents, MnTPPS and Gd-DTPA. Chen et al. first reported the relaxivity of MnTPPS at ˜0.5 T (20 MHz)17, and Konieg and colleagues subsequently measured the T1Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Dispersion (NMRD) profile (field-dependent relaxivity) of this monomeric MnP18and found that it exhibits “anomalous high relaxivity”, considering there are only four unpaired electrons (S=4/2) in Mn(III) relative to seven in Gd(III).

The relaxivity of MnTPPS peaks at 0.2 T at 37° C. and plateaus at >10 mM−1s−1up to 1 T.18The rigidity of the porphyrin scaffold reduces internal rotation and efficiently lowers the rotational diffusion rate of the CAs. The electron configuration of the complex is important to determining relaxivity. Since porphyrins have large conjugated π systems, electronic properties at the paramagnetic center can be tuned by introducing different functional groups on the porphyrin ring. Structural modifications made available by approaches described herein, such as appending polar groups to the porphyrin ring can not only optimize the electronic properties but also be made to tune the CA's pharmacokinetics. Small and polar porphyrins can be used as extracellular fluid CAs since they tend to be cleared rapidly by the kidney. Large porphyrins that have relatively high relaxivity and longer retention times in the body can be used for targeted imaging. Porphyrin chelates can have extended applications such as PET imaging (replacing Mn(III) with a radioactive isotope51Mn. Moreover, fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be performed if diamagnetic versions, such as metal-free or Zn(II)-inserted porphyrins are used19.

NMRD profiles were obtained to demonstrate continuous field-dependent T1relaxivities. These were recorded using a field cycling NMR relaxometer covering magnetic fields from 0 to 1 T. As shown inFIG. 2, compared to MnTPPS, MnTCP, and Gd-DTPA, the dimeric (MnTPPS3)2exhibited the highest relaxivity per Mn at fields above ˜0.2 T. The relaxivity peak of (MnTPPS3)2occurs close to 1 T and this broad peak extends to higher fields of 3 T and above, favoring high relaxivity at high magnetic fields. Although MnTCP displayed a lower relaxivity than MnTPPS at clinical field strengths, it was still found to be substantially higher than Gd-DTPA at fields above 0.2 T.

Relaxivities of MnPs at 3 T were measured on a clinical MRI scanner (Philips Achieva). Each of the four CAs were prepared in a series of increasing concentrations, 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mM, and imaged using an inversion-recovery spin-echo pulse sequence with varied inversion times TI and a multi-echo spin-echo sequence with varied echo times TE. As demonstrated inFIG. 3, by comparison of samples at the same concentration, (MnTPPS3)2shows the highest signal intensity on T1weighted images due to highest T1relaxivity, and MnTCP exhibits significantly higher relaxivity than Gd-DTPA at 3 T. The r1values, listed in Table 1, also confirmed the high efficacy of MnPs at high field and increased high-field T1relaxivity per Mn with increased porphyrin size. The r1values in Table 1 were derived by calculating T1relaxation times from the inversion-recovery images and then linearly fitting the T1relaxation rates to obtain the relaxivity r1. T2relaxivities of the MnPs were also calculated and are listed in

TABLE 1The relatively weak T2effect (negative contrast enhancement)does not significantly compromise positive contrast enhancement.Overall, in vitro characterizations suggest that all MnPs are efficientT1agents and useful for high field applications.Table 1:T1and T2relaxivities for the Mn-PorphyrinsPorphyrinr1(mM−1s−1)r2(mM−1s−1)MnTCP7.909.11MnTPPS8.8310.4(MnTPPS3)214.118.0

MnPs MnTCP and (MnTPPS3)2were administrated in rats and submitted for MRI studies on a 3T clinical scanner (Philips Achieva), with MnTPPS as a reference, and found to be efficient T1CAs for in vivo applications, MnTCP and (MnTPPS3)2. A relatively low dose, 0.05 mmol Mn/kg (typical dose for clinical Gd-based CAs is ˜0.1 mmol Gd/kg) was chosen based on the in vitro relaxivity values described above. All MnPs were found to exhibit significant T1contrast enhancements in vivo after intravenous injection, allowing the pharmacokinetic properties of MnPs, including tissue distribution, metabolic pathway and clearance rate to be analyzed from the in vivo MRI data.

As shown in the whole body images of the rats,FIG. 4, the small and polar MnTCP rapidly accumulated in the kidney within 10 minutes post injection and the majority of kidney enhancement was quickly relocated into the bladder within an hour. The desired rapid clearance of MnTCP via renal filtration was further confirmed by urine sample analysis. The characteristic reddish color of MnPs was clearly visible by eye in the urine samples. The concentrations of MnPs can be accurately quantified by both UV-vis and Mn atomic absorption (Mn AA) spectroscopic analyses. Very high concentrations of MnP were detected in urine 60 minutes (11.7 μM) after injection. Absence of MnTCP in urine sample collected about 24 h post injection suggested complete clearance, similar to Gd-DTPA. In contrast, although MnTPPS showed similar kidney T1enhancement 10 minutes post injection, the signal lasted significantly longer than MnTCP and was still visible in the image 1 day post-injection. In the same image, the clear liver enhancement suggested a dual-metabolic pathway through both kidneys and liver for MnTPPS, as reported in the literature25. The significantly slower renal clearance process of MnTPPS vs MnTCP was confirmed by urine sample analysis. The concentration of MnTPPS 60 min post injection, was 4.41 μM in the urine sample, lower than that of MnTCP. Moreover, a significant amount of MnTPPS (1.12 μM) could still be detected in urine 24 hours post-injection. For the dimeric porphyrin, (MnTPPS3)2, no bladder enhancement was detected over the three days of the experimental period. Although accumulation was observed in the kidney, the dimer did not cross the glomerulus and did not collect in urine on the tubular side. The exclusion of the renal metabolic pathway for (MnTPPS3)2was further confirmed by urine sample analysis. No MnP signal was found by either Mn-AA or UV-vis in urine over the 72 hour post-injection period. The significant liver enhancement suggests that (MnTPPS3)2was mainly metabolized by the liver. Noticeably, (MnTPPS3)2exhibited relatively long-lasting enhancement in the blood vessels and in the heart. Overall, these observations demonstrated the feasibility of (MnTPPS3)2as a blood-pool CA as well as a tissue-selective agent for liver imaging.

As T1agents, polyporphyrins (two or more covalently linked porphyrin rings) have multiple paramagnetic centers per molecule, and have slower rotational reorientation rates (TR) to increase the T1relaxivity, particularly at high magnetic fields according to the SBM theory. For in vivo applications, relatively low doses are needed, reducing toxic exposure of a subject. The size and geometry of a polyporphyrin can be tailored to adjust the pharmacokinetic properties, including diffusion rate, tissue specificity and metabolic pathway to match the different criteria for different applications, such as tissue-specific targeted imaging or dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI.

Monomeric water soluble porphyrins can be rapidly cleared through renal filtration after in vivo administration, reducing the exposure time and thus toxicity risk. Monomeric orphyrins can be structurally modified to positively influence the effect of electron configuration on relaxivity. The optimized monomers can then be used directly for in vivo applications or as described herein as building blocks or precursors to dimeric and oligomeric porphyrins.

As indicated above, porphyrin compounds described herein are encompassed by the family of compounds represented by formula (A):

Ring substituents D, E, F and G are covalently bonded to the meso-positions of the porphyrin ring. The R-groups are covalently bound to the 3- and 4-positions of pyrrole groups of the porphyrin ring.

The compounds are water soluble, so contain at least one water-solubilizing group. Water-solubilizing groups of the invention render a compound suitably soluble in an aqueous medium for use as a CA agent.

Examples of water-solubilizing groups include the cationic groups amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylammonium (—NR3+), aminoalkyl, guanidine (—NHC(NH)NH2), alkyl guanidine (—NHC(NH)NRH), amido (—C(O)NH2, heterocyclic cations. A heterocylic cation is a cycloalkyl or aryl group containing a nitrogen atom in its ring, e.g. alkyl pyridiums such as methylpyridiniums:

A porphyrin compound such as the MnTCP of the examples can include multiple water-solubilizing groups. Such groups can be anionic, such as the carboxyl group of MnTCP, cationic, or can be a mixture of both, so that the compound can be viewed as zwitterionic. A carbon-based substituent e.g. alkyl containing a water-solubilizing group such as a carboxyl can also contain an amino group and thus also be zwitterionic.

A water-solubilizing group can also be a neutral hydrophilic group, which can be instead of, or in addition to one or more ionic water-solubilizing groups. Such groups include polyols, polyethylene oxides (PEG), diethylene glycol (—OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH) carbohydrates e.g., glucose, polysaccharides, dextrins, cylclodextrins, amino sugar, glucosamine, glucamine, their derivatives, and the following groups:

Water-solubilizing groups that are referred to as ionic are groups are charged at physiological pH. By “physiological pH” or “physiological conditions” is meant water at a pH of about 7.5 and about 37° C., and an ionic strength of about 150 mM. Basic groups, such as amino groups that are converted to positively charged groups under physiological conditions, and acidic groups, such as carboxyl groups that exist as negatively charged groups under physiological conditions are water-solubilizing groups. Under such conditions, at least 10%, but more preferably at least 20%, or at least 30%, or at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% of the water-solubilizing group exists in its charged i.e. ionic form under physiological conditions. Such positively charged groups bearing a proton such as a protonated amino group (ammonium), have a pKaunder such conditions that is less than about 8.5. More preferably, the pKais less than 8, or less than 7.5, and more preferably less than 7.0, more preferably still less than 6.5. Likewise, negatively charged groups that are unprotonated under physiological conditions, such as a carboxyl group (carboxylate in unprotonated form), have a pKaunder such conditions that is less than about 8.5. More preferably, the pKais less than 8, or less than 7.5, and more preferably less than 7.0, more preferably still less than 6.5.

It is also to be understood that terms such as carboxyl encompass such groups whether or not in ionized form as part of the compound, so cover salts such as sodium carboxylate (—CO2−Na+), etc.

As describe elsewhere, in embodiments, carbon atoms of a polyporphyrin ring or rings of a compound can bear one or more substituents i.e., have one or more hydrogens replaced by e.g., an alkyl, aryl group, etc. When such a substituent of a polyporphyrin bears a water solubilising group such as an ionic or hydrophilic group e.g., carboxyl or sulfonate, then the substituent is itself a water solubilising group.

Of course, a monoporphyrin compound can also include one or more substituents such as alkyl groups covalently linked to carbon atoms of the porphyrin ring, and these substituents can bear ionic or hydrophilic water-solubilizing groups.

For use as an MRI agent, a compound is typically soluble in amount of between 10 μM to at least 1 M. Other minimum solubility ranges include from 0.0001 M to 1 M, 0.001 M, 0.01 M to 1 M, 0.1 M to 1 M, or the minimum solubility could be at least 0.0001 M, 0.001 M, 0.01 M or 0.1.

The metal “M” is a paramagnetic metal ion, and includes Mn(II), Mn(III), Fe(II), Fe(III). Gd(III), Cu(I), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ni(I) and Ni(III). Advantageously, the ion can be Mn(II) and Mn(III), also referred to as Mn2+and Mn3+, respectively, due to its relatively low toxicity. Mn(III) is preferred among the two oxidation states, due to the higher stability. It is possible for there to be more than one type of metal ion, paramagnetic or diamagnetic to be incorporated as part of a compound. At least one porphyrin ring of a polyporphyrin compound of the invention is metalated with paramagnetic ion, but it is thought preferable that all porphyrin rings of a polyporphyrin compound be metalated for use as an MRI contrast agent.

Porphyrin substituents appended by covalent linkages to the porphyrin rings, when specifically defined, are designated as R-groups, R1, R2, etc., and the letters D, E, F, G, D1, D2, etc. When so-defined, such substituents are monovalent radicals, and it is understood by the skilled person that such groups may be denoted for example as “R” or “—R”. So a fluorine radical, for example, may be designated as “F” or “—F” without confusion.

An “alkyl” group indicates the radical obtained when one hydrogen atom is removed from a hydrocarbon. An alkyl group has 1 to 20, 1 to 12, such as 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom. The term includes the subclasses normal alkyl (n-alkyl), secondary and tertiary alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec.-butyl, tert.-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and isohexyl.

A “cycloalkyl” group indicates a saturated cycloalkane radical having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, so can have 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or 6 carbon atoms and includes fused monocyclic, bicyclic, polycyclic, fused, bridged, or spiro polycyclic ring structures, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl.

A “heterocycloalkyl” denotes a cycloalkane radical as described above in which one or more CH2groups atoms e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 CH2groups are replaced by corresponding heteroatoms, O or S, or in which one or more CH groups are replaced by a corresponding heteroatom N, an example of which is piperazinyl.

A “heterocycloalkenyl” indicates a cycloalkene radical (cycloalkenyl group) in which one or more CH2groups atoms e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4 CH2groups are replaced by corresponding heteroatoms, O or S, or in which one or more CH groups are replaced by a corresponding heteroatom N, examples being dihydrofuranyl and 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl.

An “aryl” group is a radical of aromatic carbocyclic rings having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms, particularly 5- or 6-membered rings, that can be fused carbocyclic rings with at least one aromatic ring, such as phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl and indanyl.

A “heteroaryl” group is a radical containing at least one aromatic ring having 1 to 6 O, S and or N heteroatoms, and 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 5 heteroatoms and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 to 5 heteroatoms and 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in particular 5- or 6-membered rings with 1 to 4 heteroatoms, and can include fused bicyclic rings with 1 to 4 heteroatoms, and wherein at least one ring is aromatic, such as pyridyl, triazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thienyl, pyrazinyl, isothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl and benzofuranyl.

“Arylalkyl” denotes an aryl radical covalently joined to an alkyl group such as a benzyl group.

A “heteroarylalkyl” group indicates a heteroaryl radical covalently joined to an alkyl group.

An “alkynyl” group is a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 5 triple C—C bonds —C≡C—) and 2 to 20 carbon atoms, typically having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 4 carbon atoms, examples being ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl or hexynyl.

“Heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl” refer to alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, in which one or more of the carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatoms O, S or N.

“Halogen” indicates a substituent from the seventh main group of the periodic table: fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” indicates an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms as defined above, e.g. difluoromethyl. An alkyl optionally substituted with halogen is a haloalkyl when so substituted.

In general, an optional substitution with specified groups, radicals or moieties means that the subsequently described substitution may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. An atom with unsatisfied valence(s) is assumed to have the hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences.

“Carboxy” or “carboxyl” means the radical —C(O)OH.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” denotes an alkyl group substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups such as hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl.

An “alkoxy” group indicates a radical of the formula —OR′ in which R′ is alkyl such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, etc.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl” indicates a radical of the formula —C(O)—O—R′ in which R′ is alkyl, such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxy-carbonyl, etc.

The term “alkylcarbonyl” indicates a radical of the formula —C(O)—R′ in which R′ is alkyl, such as acetyl.

A “heterocyclic ring” includes heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl and heterocylcoalkenyl and further includes annelated ring systems with each other or with cyclic hydrocarbons.

According to various embodiments, a covalent linkage within a compound of formula (A) is provided by, for example, LD, where LDmay be a covalent bond or a bivalent radical that provides the linkage. So here L is a “linker” that links two groups directly covalently as through a bond, or indirectly via a chemical moiety i.e., bivalent radical. Such a bivalent radical corresponds to a monovalent radical obtained when a hydrogen atom is removed therefrom. Where, for example, an aryl or cycloalkyl group provides such linkage and is therefore bivalent, the bivalent aryl or cycloalkyl is referred to as “arylene” or “cycloalkylene”, respectively. Examples of these respective groups are thus —C6H4— and —C6H10—, based on the phenyl and cyclohexyl groups. The terms “alkylene”, “alkenylene”, “heterocycloalkylene”, “cycloalkenylene”, “heterocyclo-alkenylene”, “heteroarylene”, “arylalkylene”, “heteroarylalkylene”, “alkynylene”, “haloalkylene” etc. are similarly derived terms. Other bivalent linkers are —X—C(Y)— in which X and Y are independently selected from the group O, S and NH,

and —XC(Y)—Z— in which X, Y and Z are independently selected from the group O, S and NH.

According to various embodiments, a covalent linkage within a compound of formula (A) by LDwhere the linker covalently links three groups, as in the moiety (LD′), so the linker is a trivalent radical. Such a trivalent radical corresponds to a bivalent radical obtained when a hydrogen atom is removed therefrom, examples of which are:

These linkers are referred to herein as “trivalent cyclohexyl” and “trivalent phenyl” groups, respectively, and other trivalent linkers are correspondingly termed.

Linkers, such as those illustrated above, can also bear water-solubilizing groups.

It will thus be appreciated that a variety of water soluble porphyrin compounds useful as MRI contrast agents are made available through this disclosure. In addition to monomeric porphyrins described herein, there are a number of polyporphyrins in which porphyrin rings are covalently linked to each other. As described in greater detail elsewhere herein, one general example is a diporphyrin in which porphyrin rings are directly covalently linked to each other through the meso-positions of the peripheral twenty carbon ring:

Here, for the sake of simplicity, substituents of porphyring rings are omitted, be they hydrogen atoms, water-solubilizing groups, etc. Porphyrin ring-substitutents can be the same or different from ring to ring of a compound, as can be the paramagnetic metal, M.

Covalent linkage of porphyrin rings can also be provided by a covalent linker:

Bivalent covalent linkers, illustrated above as the boxed “L”, are described in greater detail elsewhere herein. Again, as for other polyporphyrins described herein, it is possible that porphyrin substitutents be the same or different from ring to ring of a compound, as can be the paramagnetic metal, M.

The linkers provide a rigid link between the porphyrin rings i.e., have relatively high conformational rigidity and examples are aromatic ring(s), conjugated or partially conjugated (hyperconjugated) π-bond(s), or rigid systems with saturated bonds, to reduce internal motion.

A rigid linker covalently connects sites in the porphyrin rings, such as carbon atoms in meso-positions of neighboring porphyrin rings, so as to confine movement of those sites with respect to each other within the molecule. So, in aqueous solution at room temperature (21° C.) two porphyrin rings directly connected to each other by a covalent bond between meso-carbons can rotate to some extent with respect to the axis defined by that bond, but the distance between those meso-carbons themselves remains essentially unchanged. The degree to which such distance can vary is possible to determine by molecular modeling methods, such as molecular mechanics calculation. Two such covalently linked porphyrin rings, be it through a bond or linker such as para-carbons of phenyl ring (—C6H4—), etc., are rigidly linked if the distance between the linking sites does not vary significantly due to conformational changes.

Polyporphyrins can have more than two porphyrin rings covalently linked:

Here, the linker can instead be a covalent bond, and such linkages can be different between rings so that a compound includes different linkers between porphyrin rings, and/or covalent bonds acting as linkages. The number “n” in the foregoing is a whole number used to designate the number of porphyrin rings between the end rings. Various values of n, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . etc. are described in greater detail elsewhere herein.

Other arrangements of porphyrin rings are possible, such as:

In such configuration, one, two, three or all of the four external porphyrins can have additional porphyrin rings covalently appended thereto as described immediately above. It is also possible that any one of the above-illustrated porphyrin rings be omitted to obtain a configuration in which three porphyrin rings are covalently linked to three meso-positions of a single porphyrin ring, again such linkages being provided by any combination or bivalent linkers or direct covalent bonds. Two of the illustrated porphyrin rings in neighboring positions can be omitted such that a porphyrin ring is linked to a pair of porphyrins through neighboring or vicinal meso-positions of its peripheral carbon ring. Additional porphyrin rings can be appended to one or more meso-positions of the illustrated porphyrins. In the foregoing example of a polyporphyrin, the porphyring ring bound to four porphyrins does not necessarily bear a water-solubilizing group.

Additionally, neighboring porphyrin rings in a compound can be linked by a trivalent linker:

Again, one, two or all three of the illustrated porphyrin rings can further have additional porphyrin ring(s) covalently appended thereto as described for the above-illustrated configurations.

The foregoing examples illustrate polyporphyrin compounds in which all the porphyrin rings are shown as being metalated i.e., containing a paramagnetic metal ion “M”. It is possible for one to all of the porphyrin rings to be metalated.

Bivalent and trivalent linkers themselves can bear one or more water-solubilizing groups as well as other substituents.

Compounds of the invention are particularly useful as CAs at relatively high magnetic fields, for example at 1 T or higher, 1.5 T or higher, 3 T or higher, 4.3 T or higher, 7 T or higher, 9.4 T or higher, 11.7 T or higher, and up to 21 T.

The present invention provides CAs that can be used to generate an image of a human or non-human subject involving administering the contrast agent to the subject e.g., vascularly, via the gastrointestinal tract, etc. and generating an image of at least a part of the subject to which the contrast agent has been distributed.

Known methods for administering diagnostics can be used to administer CAs. For example, fluids that include pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable fluids, including water, physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, buffers, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like as a vehicle, can be administered by any method used by those skilled in the art. These solutions are typically sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration of active agent in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight and the like in accordance with the particular mode of administration and imaging modality selected. The invention further provides formulations comprising CA and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the CA is formed according to any of the embodiments described herein, and wherein the formulation is suitable for administration as an imaging enhancing agent and the CA is present in an amount sufficient to enhance an MRI image. These agents can be administered by any means in any appropriate formulation. Detergents can also be used to stabilize the composition or the increase or decrease the absorption of the composition. Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives that are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the choice of acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable compound depends, e.g. on the route of administration and on the particular physio-chemical characteristics of any co-administered agent.

Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, rectal, vaginal, and oral routes. A CA composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings e.g., oral mucosa, vaginal, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc., and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, a CA composition may be introduced into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. A CA composition can be delivered by any means known in the art systematically e.g., intravenously, regionally or locally e.g. intra- or peri-tumoral or intra-cystic injection, e.g. to image bladder cancer by e.g., intra-arterial, intra-tumoral, intra-venous, parenteral, intra-pneural cavity, etc. For example, intra-arterial injections can be used to have a regional effect e.g. to focus on a specific organ (e.g. brain, liver, spleen, lungs). For example intra-hepatic artery injection or intra-carotid artery injection may be used. If it is decided to deliver the preparation to the brain, it can be injected into a carotid artery or an artery of the carotid system of arteries e.g., ocipital artery, auricular artery, temporal artery, cerebral artery, maxillary artery, etc. The present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions which include a CA alone or with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

An embodiment of the invention is a method of detecting a condition in which cells express a characteristic surface protein. The method includes administering to the cells a CA comprising a compound of the invention that is coupled to an agent which binds to the protein, and obtaining an MRI image of the cells. The condition can be a lung disease, emphysema, asthma, a cancer, particularly breast, prostate, or brain cancer, ischemia, particularly stroke, cardiac infarct, muscle ischemia, chronic kidney disease, or liver disease, particularly cirrhosis or cancer of the liver. Administering the CA to cells can be in vivo or in vitro.

The invention is also a method for monitoring transport of an effector agent to a target found within a cell. This aspect includes contacting the cell with a delivery vehicle encapsulating the agent and a CA described herein, and obtaining an MRI image of the cell. The delivery vehicle can be a nanoparticle, a nanocapsule or a liposome.

The invention is also a method of labeling a cell. The method includes administering to the cell a CA comprising a compound of the invention coupled to an agent which binds to cell. The method can further include detecting the labeled cell by obtaining an MRI image thereof. The agent can be an antibody.

The invention includes a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease. This can include contacting a molecule comprising a test compound coupled to a CA disclosed herein and contacting the molecule with a target cell, and detecting the labeled cell by obtaining an MRI image thereof.

A CA and agent that includes coating material may be made up of, for example, nanoparticles or nanocapsules, liposomes and the like. A suitable means is the encapsulation in biodegradable polymers with controllable release, such as polylactide and/or polyglycolide. In this context, the coating material may be chosen such that the agent is released in a predetermined manner. Such coating materials have been described in the literature and the skilled worker can select, from a multiplicity of materials, the material best suited to the purpose in hand.

The agent and CA are encapsulated with the encapsulation material, or coated therewith, in a known manner. Encapsulation means that the agent is shielded by the polymer from the physiological environment, such that it is not altered or degraded until it arrives at the target. The encapsulation may be only one layer which surrounds the CA and agent, but it may also be a liposome or nanoparticle or microparticle in which the agent is embedded or enclosed. It may also be enclosed by complexing. A CA and agent may be covalently coupled to each other prior to encapsulation. A person skilled in the art is familiar with various forms of encapsulation or coating of agents, which can be employed as long as they do not interfere with the binding of e.g., the target-finding agent to its receptor and the introduction of the agent into the cell, and release the agent in the cell. The encapsulation of the agent with the encapsulation material, and/or the preparation of suitable particles, can be done using customary methods. In the simplest embodiment, the active agent is mixed with the encapsulation material, for example a cationic polymer, such as polyethyleneimine, if appropriate in dissolved form.

EXAMPLES

In general, monomeric porphyrins can be synthesized based on the Lindsey method20from pyrrole and the corresponding aldehydes. Monomers can then be used directly, or after necessary functional group transformations, to build dimeric, oligomeric or polymeric porphyrins using coupling reactions. After installation of water solubilizing groups, paramagnetic ions e.g., manganese ions are inserted into the porphyrin cores to generate the final products. The sequence of these reaction steps can be varied in certain cases. Examples for reaction steps are described below.

Synthesis of Porphyrin Building Blocks

Using different compositions of aldehydes and pyrrole, different porphyrin monomers can be obtained by a Lindsey reaction20, as exemplified in Scheme 1. Both symmetric (R1=R2=R3=R1) or non-symmetric (at least two R groups are different) porphyrins can be obtained.

For certain porphyrin building blocks, protection or functional group trans-formation is necessary before they can be coupled together. Two examples are shown in Scheme 2, including protection of the porphyrin core by zinc insertion and bromination on the porphyrin meso-position.

Coupling of Porphyrins

In principle, coupling chemistry can be applied to porphyrin building blocks with complimentary functional groups. Scheme 3 shows examples of three different coupling reactions, including oxidative coupling reaction with hypervalent iodine, Suzuki coupling, and Pd(II)-catalyzed homolytic coupling that could be applied for linking porphyrin rings.

Installation of Water Solubilizing Groups and Mn-Insertion

The final MnPs should be water-soluble for in vivo applications. The polar and water-solubilizing groups, such as sulfonates or carboxylates can be introduced by different methods. By sulfonation reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, the sulfonates can be installed on the phenyl groups attached to the porphyrin meso-position; the carboxylate groups can be generated from the hydrolysis of ester groups pre-installed on the porphyrins. Mn can be inserted into the porphyrins, either before or after the introduction of water-solubilizing groups, as exemplified in Scheme 4.

Synthetic Procedures

All reagents and solvents were of commercial reagent grade and were used without further purification except where noted.1H NMR spectra were performed at 500 MHz. Mass spectra were obtained on electron-spray ionization mode. UV-vis spectra were recorded on an Agilent 8453 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Systems. Column Chromatography was carried out using Calcdon Silica Gel 60; 50-200 microns 70-300 mesh, or using Sephadex™ LH-20 with dry bead size of 18-111 μm from GE Health Care Dialysis was performed with Sigma Aldrich Pur-A-Lyzer™ Mega 3500/1000 MWCO. Reverse Phase column was loaded with Agela Technologies C18 Flash 40-60 μm. Cation ion exchange was performed using an Amberlite® IR120, H resin.

2.31 g (9.9 mmol) of 4-boronopinacolbenzaldehyde was added to a RB flask. 3.0 ml (30 mmol) of benzaldehyde was then added followed by 400 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane. The flask was sealed and N2was bubbled through for 20 min. 2.79 ml (40.2 mmol) of freshly distilled pyrrole was added together with 0.63 ml of BF3.OEt2(12.4 mM). After 1 h of reflux in the dark, 7.94 g (35 mmol) of DDQ was added and the reaction was allowed to reflux for another 1 h. The solution was filtered with basic alumina and column chromatography with 6:4 dichloromethane-hexane solvent system was run through silica to remove TPP. The solvent was switched to 8:2 dichloro-methane-hexane to elute the product. The product (30 mg) was isolated with 4% yield, characterized by NMR and MS.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.84 (8H, s, por-β), 8.18-8.25 (10H, m, Ph), 7.72-7.78 (9H, m, Ph), 1.50 (12H, s, alkyl), −2.78 (2H, s, NH). ESI MS found m/z=741.3 ([M+H]+), calcd for C50H42BN4O2+, m/z=741.3.

(c) Sulfonation of Porphyrin (TPP)2to Produce (TPPS3)2, Modified from the Literature Method23

30 mg of (TPP)2was allowed to react in 2 ml of conc. Sulfuric acid at 80° C. for 9 h. The solution turned from red to green upon acidifying. After the reaction, the porphyrin solution was poured into a beaker of ice, diluted and neutralized with 1 M NaOH until the solution turned deep red. The solution was concentrated and the porphyrin solution was rinsed off from Na2SO4salt with cold water. The porphyrin solution was dialyzed using a 3500 MWCO membrane to remove the excess salt. 40 mg of product was obtained (96%).1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.06 (4H, d, J=4.6 Hz, por-β), 8.98 4H, d, J=4.6 Hz, por-β), 8.87 (8H, s, β), 8.49 (8H, m, Ph), 8.25-8.15 (12H, m, Ph), 8.12-8.00 (12H, m, Ph), −2.86 (4H, s, NH). ESI MS found m/z=283.4 ([M]6-), calcd for C88H48N8O18S66-, m/z=283.4.

10.7 mg (5 eqv) of Mn(OAc)2and 10 mg (1 eqv) of (TPPS3)2was used for Mn insertion. The reaction occurred for overnight at 115° C. with stirring in 3 ml of DMF. DMF was removed by distillation. The crude product was dried and dissolved in pure water. Dialysis was used to separate bulk excess salt. RP column was subsequently used to remove excess salt. Ion-exchange column was used to replace possible Mn2+counter ions into Na+ions. 11 mg (97%) of dark green solid product was obtained. ESI MS found m/z=451.5048 ([M]4-), calcd for C88H48N8O18S6Mn24-, m/z=451.5047. UV-vis (HEPES buffer, pH=7.0) λabs=382, 402, 421, 469, 569, 602 nm.

(e) The Synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(ethoxycarbonyl)porphyrin, 11

The procedure was performed with a slight modification of the literature method.24Ethyl glyoxalate (50% in toluene, 1.88 ml, 9.4 mmol) in dichloromethane and pyrrole (0.65 ml, 9.4 mmol) were stirred at room temperature, in the dark and under an argon atmosphere. After 10 min BF3.OEt2(42 ml, 3.10 mmol) was added drop wise. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1.25 h followed by the addition of DDQ (1.5999 g, 7.05 mmol). After a stirring period of 2.25 h NEt3(0.43 ml, 3.06 mmol) was added via syringe and the reaction mixture was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The crude solution was suction filtered over sealite using DCM as an elution solvent. The solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. Purification by column chromatography (DCM) on silica gel gave 169.2 mg (12%) of compound 7 as a black-purple solid.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) 9.52 (8H, s, por-β), 5.11 (8H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 1.81 (12H, t, J=7.2 Hz), −3.33 (2H, s, NH). UV-vis (DCM) λmax=409 nm.

The current step was performed according to the literature method.24Compound 11 (17.8 mg, 29.7 μmol) was dissolved in 2 ml of DMF. MnCl2.4H2O (17.7 mg, 89.2 μmol) was added and the reaction was refluxed open to air for 5 h. The reaction was stirred at room temperature open to air for a further 11.5 h. Distillation of DMF resulted in a black-purple solid. Purification by stepped gradient column chromatography (eluting with DCM to 7% MeOH in DCM) on silica gel gave 16.5 mg (85%) of compound Mn-11 as a black-purple solid. ESI MS found m/z=651.1 ([M]+), calcd for C32H28MnN4O8+, m/z=651.1. UV-vis (MeOH) λabs=328, 366, 387, 413, 456, 552 nm.

REFERENCES