Sensor for intervertebral fusion indicia

A diagnostic system is provided that provides sensing and transmitting of fusion indicia to determine whether fusion has occurred. In some embodiments, a diagnostic system comprises a spinal implant or graft material; an antenna configured for sending signals to a remote location; a sensor configured for measuring at least one fusion indicia; and a receiver for receiving signals at the remote location. In some embodiments, a method of utilizing a diagnostic system comprises the steps of inserting a spinal implant or graft material within a disc space between two vertebrae; measuring at least one fusion indicia; sending signals to a remote location with an antenna; and receiving signals with a receiver at the remote location.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to medical devices and, more particularly, to a diagnostic systems and methods to indicate successful fusion.

Description of the Related Art

The human spine is a flexible weight bearing column formed from a plurality of bones called vertebrae. There are thirty three vertebrae, which can be grouped into one of five regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal). Moving down the spine, there are generally seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae, and four coccygeal vertebrae. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine are typically separate throughout the life of an individual. In contrast, the vertebrae of the sacral and coccygeal regions in an adult are fused to form two bones, the five sacral vertebrae which form the sacrum and the four coccygeal vertebrae which form the coccyx.

In general, each vertebra contains an anterior, solid segment or body and a posterior segment or arch. The arch is generally formed of two pedicles and two laminae, supporting seven processes—four articular, two transverse, and one spinous. There are exceptions to these general characteristics of a vertebra. For example, the first cervical vertebra (atlas vertebra) has neither a body nor spinous process. In addition, the second cervical vertebra (axis vertebra) has an odontoid process, which is a strong, prominent process, shaped like a tooth, rising perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body of the axis vertebra. Further details regarding the construction of the spine may be found in such common references as Gray's Anatomy, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1977, pp. 33-54, which is herein incorporated by reference.

The human vertebrae and associated connective elements are subjected to a variety of diseases and conditions which cause pain and disability. Among these diseases and conditions are spondylosis, spondylolisthesis, vertebral instability, spinal stenosis and degenerated, herniated, or degenerated and herniated intervertebral discs. Additionally, the vertebrae and associated connective elements are subject to injuries, including fractures and torn ligaments and surgical manipulations, including laminectomies.

The pain and disability related to the diseases and conditions often result from the displacement of all or part of a vertebra from the remainder of the vertebral column. Over the past two decades, a variety of methods have been developed to restore the displaced vertebra to their normal position and to fix them within the vertebral column. Spinal fusion is one such method. In spinal fusion, one or more of the vertebrae of the spine are united together (“fused”) so that motion no longer occurs between them. Thus, spinal fusion is the process by which the damaged disc is replaced and the spacing between the vertebrae is restored, thereby eliminating the instability and removing the pressure on neurological elements that cause pain.

In some methods, spinal fusion can be accomplished by providing an intervertebral implant or bone graft material between adjacent vertebrae to recreate the natural intervertebral spacing between adjacent vertebrae. The bone ingrowth promotes long-term fixation of the adjacent vertebrae. Various posterior fixation devices (e.g., fixation rods, screws etc.) can also be utilize to provide additional stabilization during the fusion process.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a diagnostic system is provided. The diagnostic system can include a spinal implant or graft material configured to be inserted within a disc space between two vertebrae. The diagnostic system can include an antenna located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant, located in, on or adjacent to the graft material, or within the disc space, the antenna configured for sending signals to a remote location. The diagnostic system can include a sensor located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant, located in, on or adjacent to the graft material, or within the disc space, the sensor configured for measuring at least one fusion indicia. The diagnostic system can include a receiver for receiving signals at the remote location.

In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a network that electrically connects the antenna, sensor, and receiver. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a power source located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a power source located at the remote location. In some embodiments, the antenna is located on the spinal implant. In some embodiments, the antenna is located on the sensor. In some embodiments, the fusion indicia are selected from the group consisting of load, strain, and oxygen level. In some embodiments, the sensor is an oxygen sensor. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen level. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is strain. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is load. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen saturation. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is light. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is vibration. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is pressure.

In some embodiments, a diagnostic system is provided. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a spinal implant or bone graft material configured to be inserted within a disc space between two vertebrae, the spinal implant or bone graft material comprising a piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include an antenna located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant or within the disc space, the antenna configured for sending signals to a remote location. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a receiver for receiving signals at the remote location.

In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material emits an electric charge when loaded. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material emits an electric charge to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, the electric charge emitted by the piezoelectric material changes as fusion occurs. In some embodiments, the electric charge emitted by the piezoelectric material changes as the spinal implant experiences less loading. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a network that electrically connects the antenna and receiver. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a power source located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a power source located at the remote location. In some embodiments, the antenna is located on the spinal implant.

In some embodiments, a method of utilizing a diagnostic system is provided. The method can include the step of inserting a spinal implant or graft material within a disc space between two vertebrae. The method can include the step of measuring at least one fusion indicia in, on or adjacent to the implant, in, on or adjacent to the graft material, or within the disc space. The method can include the step of sending signals to a remote location with an antenna located in, on or adjacent to the spinal implant, located in, on or adjacent to the graft material, or within the disc space. The method can include the step of receiving signals with a receiver at the remote location.

In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen level. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is strain. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is load. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen saturation. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is light. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is vibration. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is pressure. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is measured by the implant. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is measured by a sensor. In some embodiments, the method can include the step of expanding the spinal implant within the disc space. In some embodiments, the method can include the step of activating one or more conducting portion to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs after the surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one month after surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one year after surgery.

In some embodiments, a method of utilizing a diagnostic system is provided. The method can include the step of measuring at least one fusion indicia with a sensor located within a body of a patient, the fusion indicia related to fusion of vertebrae. The method can include the step of sending a signal with an antenna located within the body of a patient. The method can include the step of receiving the signal with a receiver at a remote location.

In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen level. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is strain. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is load. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen saturation. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is light. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is vibration. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is pressure. The method can include the step of activating one or more conducting portion to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs after the surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one month after surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one year after surgery. The method can include the step of coupling the sensor to a spinal implant. The method can include the step of coupling the sensor to any of a plurality of spinal implants. The method can include the step of coupling the sensor to a bone graft material.

In some embodiments, a diagnostic system is provided. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a sensor configured to measure at least one fusion indicia, the sensor configured to be located within a body of a patient, the fusion indicia related to fusion of vertebrae. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include an antenna configured to send a signal, the antenna configured to be located within the body of a patient. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include a receiver configured for receiving the signal at a remote location.

In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen level. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is strain. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is load. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is oxygen saturation. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is light. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is vibration. In some embodiments, the at least one fusion indicia is pressure. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system can include one or more conducting portion configured to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs after the surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one month after surgery. In some embodiments, measuring at least one fusion indicia occurs one year after surgery. In some embodiments, the sensor is coupled to a spinal implant. In some embodiments, the sensor is coupled to any of a plurality of spinal implants. In some embodiments, the sensor is coupled to a bone graft material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with certain embodiments disclosed herein, an improved diagnostic system and methods are provided that allows the clinician to receive feedback regarding fusion. For example, in some embodiment, one or more intervertebral implants or one or more bone graft materials can be inserted and allowed time to fuse. One or more components of the diagnostic system can detect whether fusion has occurred. One or more components of the diagnostic system can transmit information regarding fusion. One or more components of the diagnostic system can receive information regarding fusion.

The bone graft material can include one or more osteogenic substances. Examples include xenografts, alloplastic grafts, growth factors, synthetic variants such as artificial bone, autogenous bone graft or bone allograft. The bone graft material described herein can be strategically implanted within the disc space to prompt bone ingrowth in the intervertebral space. In some methods of use, once an intervertebral implant is inserted into the intervertebral space, bone graft material can be strategically implanted in, on, or adjacent to the implant to prompt bone ingrowth in the intervertebral space.

The embodiments disclosed herein are discussed in the context of an spinal fusion because of the applicability and usefulness in such a field. As such, various embodiments can be used to properly space adjacent vertebrae in situations where a disc has ruptured or otherwise been damaged. As also disclosed herein, embodiments can also be used as vertebral body replacements. Thus, “adjacent” vertebrae can include those originally separated only by a disc or those that are separated by intermediate vertebra and discs. Such embodiments can therefore tend to recreate proper disc height and spinal curvature as required in order to restore normal anatomical locations and distances. However, it is contemplated that the teachings and embodiments disclosed herein can be beneficially implemented in a variety of other operational settings, for spinal surgery and otherwise.

For example, the implant or bone graft material disclosed herein can also be used as a vertebral body replacement. In such a use, the implant could be used as a replacement for a lumbar vertebra, such as one of the L1-L5 vertebrae. Thus, the implant or bone graft material could be appropriately sized and configured to be used intermediate adjacent vertebrae, or to entirely replace a damaged vertebra. It is contemplated that the implant can be used as an interbody or intervertebral device or can be used to replace a vertebral body entirely. The implant can also be used in vertebral body compression fractures.

Referring toFIG. 1, there is illustrated a side view of an embodiment of a intervertebral implant200in an unexpanded state while positioned generally between adjacent vertebrae of the lumbar portion of the spine12.FIG. 2illustrates the intervertebral implant200in an expanded state, thereby supporting the vertebrae in a desired orientation and spacing in preparation for spinal fusion. As is known in the art, spinal fusion is the process by which the adjacent vertebrae of the spine are united together (“fused”) so that motion no longer occurs between the vertebrae. Thus, the intervertebral implant200can be used to provide the proper spacing two vertebrae to each other pending the healing of a fusion. See also U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0127906, filed Jul. 18, 2003, application Ser. No. 10/623,193, the entirety of the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

According to an embodiment, the implant200can be installed in an operation that generally entails one or more of the following method steps. The damaged disc or vertebra can be decompressed, such as by distracting. The subject portion (or entire) disc or vertebra can then be removed. The adjacent vertebrae can be prepared by scraping the exposed adjacent portion or plates thereof (typically to facilitate bleeding and circulation in the area). Typically, most of the nucleus of the disc is removed and the annulus of the disc is thinned out. Although individual circumstances may vary, it may be unusual to remove all of the annulus or to perform a complete discectomy. The implant200can then be installed. In some embodiments, distraction of the disc may not be a separate step from placement of the implant; thus, distraction can be accomplished and can occur during placement of the implant. Finally, after implantation of the implant200, osteogenic substances, such as autogenous bone graft, bone allograft, autograft foam, or bone morphogenic protein (BMP) can be strategically implanted in, on or adjacent to the implant200to prompt bone in growth in the intervertebral space. In this regard, as the implant200is expanded, the spaces within the implant can be backfilled; otherwise, the implant200can be prepacked with biologics.

The intervertebral implant200is often used in combination with posterior and/or anterior fixation devices (e.g., rods, plates, screws, etc. that span two or more vertebrae) to limit movement during the fusion process. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0127906 discloses a particularly advantageous posterior fixation device and method which secures two adjacent vertebrae to each other in a trans-laminar, trans-facet or facet-pedicle (e.g., the Boucher technique) application using fixation screws.

It should also be appreciated that inFIGS. 1 and 2only one intervertebral implant200is shown positioned between the vertebrae12. However, as will be discussed in more detail below, it is anticipated that two, three or more implants200can be inserted into the space between the vertebrae. Further, other devices, such as bone screws, can be used on the vertebrae as desired. For example, in a spinal fusion procedure, it is contemplated that one or more implants200can be used in conjunction with one or more bone screws and/or dynamic stabilization devices, such as those disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0127906, filed Jul. 18, 2003, application Ser. No. 10/623,193. The intervertebral implant200is not limited to the shape shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, but may be any shape or size to fit within, or partially within, the disc space.

In some embodiments, the intervertebral implant200is static and does not expand, see e.g.,FIGS. 4-7. The intervertebral implant200can have a fixed dimension in length, width, and/or height. The non-expanding intervertebral implant200can have any features of the expandable implant described below. The intervertebral implant200can have any shape or size to support vertebrae. The intervertebral implant200can have any shape or size to maintain spacing between the endplates. In some embodiments, the intervertebral implant200is generally a rectangular block shape. The intervertebral implant200can have a pair of side surfaces, a top surface, a bottom surface, a proximal surface and a distal surface. In some embodiments, one or more of the side surfaces, top surface, and bottom surface taper. The taper may facilitate insertion of the intervertebral implant depending on the surgical approach.

In some embodiments, intervertebral implant200is expandable.FIGS. 3A and 3Bshow an embodiment of the intervertebral implant200which is expandable. The intervertebral implant200can also be introduced into the disc space anteriorly in an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) procedure, posterior in an posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PILF) or posterial lateral interbody fusion, from extreme lateral position in an extreme lateral interbody fusion procedure, and transformational lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), to name a few.

FIG. 3Ais a perspective view of an embodiment of an expandable intervertebral implant200.FIG. 3Ashows intervertebral implant200in an unexpanded state. The implant200can comprise upper and lower body portions202,204, proximal and distal wedge members206,208, and an actuator shaft210. In the unexpanded state, the upper and lower body portions202,204can be generally abutting with a height of the implant200being minimized. However, the implant200can be expanded, as shown inFIG. 3Bto increase the height of the implant200when implanted into the intervertebral space of the spine. Features of implant200are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/952,900, filed Dec. 7, 2007 which is incorporated by reference.

It is contemplated that the actuator shaft210can be rotated to cause the proximal and distal wedge members to move toward each other, thus causing the upper and lower body portions202,204to be separated. Although the implant is primarily described herein as being used to expand in a vertical direction, it can also be implanted to expand in a horizontal direction in order to increase stability and/or increase surface area between adjacent vertebral bodies. Although, the present embodiment is illustrated using this mode of expansion, it is contemplated that other modes of expansion described above (e.g., one way-ratchet type mechanism) can be combined with or interchanged herewith.

The implant200can also be made using non-metal materials such as plastics, PEEK™ polymers, and rubbers. Further, the implant components can be made of combinations of PEEK™ polymers and metals. Accordingly, the implant200can be at least partially radiolucent, which radiolucency can allow a doctor to perceive the degree of bone growth around and through the implant. The individual components of the implant200can be fabricated of such materials based on needed structural, biological and optical properties. The implant200may define a gripping structure, such as a plurality of ridges. The gripping structure can promote bony in-growth of the upper and lower endplates of the adjacent vertebrae. Other surface structures can be utilized, including surface structures of varying roughness and texture based on the desired surgical objectives and the anatomy of the joint being fused.

The implant200can be configured to include one or more apertures252to facilitate osseointegration of the implant200within the intervertebral space. As mentioned above, the implant200may contain one or more bioactive substances, such as antibiotics, chemotherapeutic substances, angiogenic growth factors, substances for accelerating the healing of the wound, growth hormones, antithrombogenic agents, bone growth accelerators or agents, and the like. Indeed, various biologics can be used with the implant200and can be inserted into the disc space or inserted along with the implant200. The apertures252can facilitate circulation and bone growth throughout the intervertebral space and through the implant200. In such implementations, the apertures252can thereby allow bone growth through the implant200and integration of the implant200with the surrounding materials.

The implant200can include plurality of apertures252to contain bone graft or growth materials. The apertures252can promote bony in-growth for fusion of the adjacent vertebrae. In some embodiments, the implant200can include one or more vertical openings extending between the top and bottom surfaces of the implant200. The vertical openings can have a roughly rectangular shape. In some embodiments, the implant200can include one or more horizontal openings extending between the side surfaces of the implant200. The horizontal openings can have a roughly rectangular shape. The apertures252facilitate permanent fusion through and/or around the body of the implant200.

The intervertebral implant200can a component of a diagnostic system100. The diagnostic system100can include one or more additional components. In some embodiments, one or more components of the diagnostic system100can be located on or near the intervertebral implant200. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes a sensor20or other device to sense one or more fusion indicia. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes an antenna30or other device to transmit one or more fusion indicia. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes a power source40or other device to enable sensing or transmission of one or more fusion indicia. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes a receiver50or other device to receive the transmission of one or more fusion indicia. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes additional electronics60. In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes an activator70to activate a conductive portion of the diagnostic system100to promote bone growth. Other components are contemplated, as discussed in more detail herein.

The bone graft material300can include one or more osteogenic substances. Examples include autograft or allograft. The bone graft material300can be solid or liquid. The bone graft material300can have a defined shape. For instance, the bone graft material300can have a defined height. The defined height can correspond with the desired separation of adjacent vertebrae. In some methods of use, the bone graft material300described herein can be strategically implanted within the disc space to prompt bone ingrowth in the intervertebral space. In some methods of use, once an intervertebral implant200is inserted into the intervertebral space, bone graft material300can be strategically implanted in, on, or adjacent to the implant to prompt bone ingrowth in the intervertebral space. In some methods of use, the bone graft material300is used without an intervertebral implant200.

FIGS. 4-7show possible arrangements of the diagnostic system100, but other configurations are contemplated. The components of the diagnostic system100are shown in block form, since they can take a variety of shapes and configurations. Further, as technology advances, the components of the diagnostic system100can be replaced with newer devices that sense, transmit, power, and receive fusion indicia. The components of the diagnostic system100can be connected via a network. For instance, the network can be a wireless network, a radio network, an electric network or any other network to allow power and/or signals to be transferred between components of the diagnostic system100.

The components of the diagnostic system100are shown inFIGS. 4-7.FIG. 4shows the sensor20and/or the antenna30can be located within the disc space. In some embodiments, the sensor20and/or the antenna30can be integral components with the implant200, if present. In some embodiments, the sensor20and/or the antenna30can be integral components with the bone graft material300, if present. The power source40, the receiver50, the other electronics60, and/or the activator70can be located externally to the disc space. In some embodiments, the power source40, the receiver50, the other electronics60, and/or the activator70are external to the patient.FIG. 5shows the sensor20and/or the antenna30located near the implant200and/or bone graft material300within the disc space. The power source40, the receiver50, the other electronics60, and/or the activator70are located externally to the disc space.

One or more of the components described herein can be integrated into a single component.FIG. 6shows the sensor20and the antenna30located in a combined component within the disc space. The combined component can be located on or near the implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. The power source40, the receiver50, the other electronics60can be located in a combined component external to the disc space. The activator70can be located in a separate component.

The diagnostic system100described herein can include fewer components that other systems described herein.FIG. 7shows the antenna30located within the disc space. The receiver50can be located externally to the disc space. In some embodiments, the implant200or the bone graft material300acts as the sensor20, as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more components generate its own power, as described herein.

In some embodiments, the sensor20is integrally formed with the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. In other embodiments, the sensor20is placed near the deployment site of the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. The sensor20can be placed in any location suitable for sensing the fusion indicia.

In some embodiments, the sensor20can be an oxygen sensor. The oxygen sensor20can be one of many sensors20in the diagnostic system100. The sensor20can be used to sense oxygen levels near the implant200, if present. For fusion, one desired result is a continuation in bone growth from one vertebra to another vertebra. Such bone growth would encapsulate the intervertebral implant200. The encapsulation may lead to a decrease in oxygen levels near the intervertebral implant200. In particular, complete fusion may be detected by a lack of oxygen near the intervertebral implant200. The sensor20can detect the changing oxygen levels near the intervertebral implant200as the intervertebral implant200resides between the vertebrae. The sensor20can be used to sense oxygen levels near the bone graft material300, if present. The sensor20can be placed relative to the bone graft material300such that bone growth would encapsulate the sensor20. The encapsulation may lead to a decrease in oxygen levels sensed by the sensor20. In particular, complete fusion may be detected by a lack of oxygen. The sensor20can detect the changing oxygen levels near the bone graft material300as the bone graft material300resides between the vertebrae.

In some embodiments, the sensor20can sense oxygen saturation. The sensor20can measure the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen molecules. A low percentage indicates that most hemoglobin binding sites are unoccupied such that most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. The sensor20can be a pulse oximeter. The sensor20can rely on light absorption characteristics of saturated or oxygenated hemoglobin. The sensor20can indicated the level of oxygenated hemoglobin. The sensor20can be positioned to monitor oxygenated hemoglobin in a region of the spine. During fusion, the level of oxygenated hemoglobin is expected to decrease.

In some embodiments, the sensor20can utilize light to determine whether fusion has occurred. In some embodiments, the sensor20can include a plurality of sensors include a light emitter and a light receiver. In some embodiments, the light emitter and a light receiver are placed within the disc space. For instance, the light emitter and a light receiver can be placed on opposite sides of the disc. The path of the light can become obstructed by fusion. The light receiver can detect whether the path of light is obstructed.

The sensor20can be any type of sensor configured to detect changes in the environment, such as changes experienced within the body during fusion. Various characteristics are expected to change as the vertebrae fuse. The sensor20can sense one or more of these characteristics. The sensors20can be placed within the body of a patient in an area to detect the characteristic. The sensor20can include one or more sensors configured to measure the same characteristic. The sensor20can include one or more sensors configured to measure different characteristics. The sensor20can include redundant sensors configured to overlap in detection of a characteristic. The intervertebral implant200can include any of the function of the sensor20described herein. The bone graft material300can include any of the function of the sensor20described herein. As described herein, the sensors20can be described by name (e.g., geophone, hydrophone, or microphone). The sensor20can have any features or additional components essential for the named sensor to function. As described herein, the sensors20can be described by function (e.g., measure acoustics, sound and/or vibration). The sensor20can be any type of sensor that performs this function. The sensor20can be any type of sensor that is configured to perform this function. The sensor20can perform a function during a method of use. The sensor20can be configured to perform a function in a system.

The sensor20can measure acoustics, sound and/or vibration. The sensor20can be a geophone, hydrophone, or microphone. For instance, the vibration between adjacent vertebrae is expected to decrease with fusion. The sensor20can measure movement, pressure, air flow, blood flow, position, force and/or torque. For instance, the movement between adjacent vertebrae is expected to decrease with fusion. The sensor20can measure a chemical reaction, a chemical component, a molecule, and/or a compound. The sensor20can be an oxygen sensor as described herein, a plasma sensor, a red blood cell sensor, a white blood cell sensor, or a platelet sensor. For instance, the presence or absence of certain molecules can indicate whether fusion has occurred. For instance, the sensor20can be encapsulated during fusion thereby decreasing access to bodily fluids in the disc space. The sensor20can measure an infection, nerve damage, muscle disruption, blood clots, nonunion, and/or other complications following surgery. The sensor20can measure light, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and/or radio waves. The sensor20can be an optode, infrared point sensor, ion-selective electrode, microwave chemistry sensor, or nondispersive infrared sensor. For instance, the fusion can obstruct the passage of light within the disc space. For instance, the fusion can disrupt the passage of waves or signals within the disc space.

The sensor20can sense changes in electric current, electric potential, and/or magnetic field. The sensor20can be a current sensor, electroscope, hall effect sensor, MEMS magnetic field sensor, voltage detector, or galvanometer. The sensor20can sense changes in flow and/or fluid velocity. For instance, the sensor can detect changes in blood flow following fusion. The sensor20can sense changes in position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, motion, and/or acceleration. For instance, the sensor20can detect changes in the position of an adjacent vertebra as the adjacent vertebra encroaches during fusion. For instance, the sensor20can detect the changes in distance between adjacent vertebrae. For instance, the sensor20can detect the rate of fusion including the rate of new bone growth. For instance, the sensor20can detect when fused bone makes contact with the sensor20. For instance, the sensor20can detect when the sensor is encapsulated. The sensor20can be a capacitive displacement sensor, capacitive sensor, gyroscopic sensor, impact sensor, shock sensor, inclinometer, integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor, laser rangefinder, laser surface velocimeter, LIDAR, linear encoder, linear variable differential transformer, photoelectric sensors, piezocapactive sensors, piezoelectric accelerometers, position sensors, rate sensors, rotary encoder, shock data logger, tilt sensor, stretch sensor, ultrasound thickness gauge, variable reluctance sensor, or velocity sensor. The sensor20can measure light, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and/or radio waves. The sensor20can be an optode, infrared point sensor, ion-selective electrode, microwave chemistry sensor, electro-optical sensor, LED as a light sensor, and/or nondispersive infrared sensor. The sensor20can measure pressure such as a pressure sensor, pressure gauge, tactile sensor or time pressure gauge. For instance, the sensor20can measure a decrease in pressure on the implant200, if present, or the bone graft300, if present, when fusion occurs. The sensor20can measure force. For instance, the sensor20can measure a decrease in force on the implant200, if present, or the bone graft300, if present, when fusion occurs. The sensor20can be a load cell, level sensor, force gauge, force sensor, piezocapactive pressure sensor, piezoelectric sensor, strain gauge, torque sensor, or viscometer. The sensor20can measure heat or temperature such as a thermometer or thermocouple. The sensor20can measure proximity or presence, such as the proximity of another bony structure. The sensor20can incorporate any sensor technology including digital sensors, image sensors, inductive sensors, intelligent sensors, radar, sonar, ultrasonic, nanotechnology, and/or wireless.

Other sensors20are contemplated to sense fusion. In some embodiments, the sensor20can sense the load of the vertebrae, such as the changing forces exerted on the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. In particular, the load exerted on the implant200or the bone graft material300is expected to decrease as the vertebrae fuse. The sensor20can sense pressure or tension, such as the changing pressure or tension exerted on the intervertebral implant200or the bone graft material300by the vertebra. In particular, the pressure or tension exerted on the implant200or the bone graft material300is expected to decrease as the vertebrae fuse. In some embodiments, the sensor20can sense motion. The degree of motion is expected to decrease as the vertebrae fuse.

In some embodiments, the antenna30is integrally formed with the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. In other embodiments, the antenna30is placed near the deployment site of the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. In some embodiments, the antenna30is integrally formed with the sensor20. In other embodiments, the antenna30is placed near the deployment site of the sensor20. The antenna30can be placed in any location suitable for transmitting the fusion indicia.

The antenna30can be any device capable of transmitting information. In some embodiments, the antenna30can be an electrical device capable of converting power into radio waves. This type of antenna30is usually used with a radio receiver. In some embodiments, the antenna30can be Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag. This type of antenna30is usually used with a RFID reader. In some embodiments, the antenna30transmits an infrared signal.

In some embodiments, the antenna30is a relatively thin wire. In other embodiments, the antenna is a radio-conductive material that is wound several times on a woven or non-woven fabric material. The material can be a fabric which can integrate the antenna30therein. The antenna30can be wound several times so that the antenna30can be both long and contained within a small space. A longer antenna30is expected to be able to send and receive signals more effectively.

In some embodiments, the power is provided by a power source40. The power source40can be located internally or externally to the patient. In some embodiments, the power source40can be a biocompatible battery implanted with the diagnostic system100. In other embodiments, the power source40can be an external battery that sends power to the sensor20, the antenna30, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300through the skin of the patient. The power source40can be selected for longevity. For instance, the power source40can provide power to the sensor20, the antenna30, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300at selected intervals (e.g., every month, every two months, every three months, every six months, every year, etc.). The power source40can provide power at the clinician discretion (e.g., every office visit, every other office visit, at the patient's request, at the clinician's request.)

In some embodiments, the sensor20, the antenna30, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300may be powered using the principle of induction. In this embodiment, one coil of wire is attached within the implanted site. For instance, the wire can be implanted on or near the sensors20, the antenna30, the intervertebral implant200, and/or the bone graft material300. In this embodiments, one coil of wire is embedded in a receiver50or the power source40located outside the patient. Excitation in the coil located externally will produce an excitation in the coil located internally.

In some embodiments, the micro-motion inherent in a healing bone may be used as a power source. For instance, a piezoelectric element may be used to receive the micro-motion inherent in healing bone. The piezoelectric element may be coupled to one or more components of the diagnostic system100. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric element is coupled or integrally formed with the sensor20. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric element is coupled or integrally formed with the antenna30. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric element is coupled or integrally formed with the implant200. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric element is coupled or integrally formed with the bone graft material300. The piezoelectric element can generate power for the diagnostic system100.

In some embodiments, components of the diagnostic system100can be self-powered and not require a separate power source40. In some embodiments, the components of the diagnostic system100are piezoelectric such that signals detected by these components or other signals provide power to the diagnostic system100. In other embodiments, the components of the diagnostic system100utilize energy harvesting to recharge the power source40or store energy for use by the components. For instance, the components of the diagnostic system100can utilize energy generated by the patient's motion. Additional and/or alternative sources of power may be utilized.

The receiver50can be located internally or externally to the patient. In some embodiments, the receiver50can receive radio signals. In some embodiments, the receiver50can receive RF signals. The receiver50can be configured to receive any type of signal from the corresponding antenna30. In some embodiments, the receiver50can provide the fusion indicia to the clinician. For instance, the receiver50can include a display to represent the fusion indicia. For instance, the receiver50can generate a report regarding the fusion indicia. The receiver50can have a processor that enables the receiver50to receive and process the signal from the sensor20, the antenna30, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300. In some embodiments, the receiver50can transmit data to a computer system for further processing.

In some embodiments, the receiving device50is a wireless handheld computer or telephone. In some embodiments, the receiver50can request information from the components of the diagnostic system100, receive information sent by the diagnostic system100, and/or store information from the diagnostic system100. For example, the clinician may place the receiving device50near or over the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material300, if present. The receiving device50can receive the fusion indicia from the antenna30such as strain and oxygen data from one or more sensors20.

In some embodiments, software associated with the receiving device50may analyze the data and provide summary to a clinician. Such a summary may comprise discrete values taken from the individual sensors20, the antenna30, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300. The summary may also comprise a graph or other visual display. In some embodiments, the receiver50can be connected to a network for transmission of the fusion indicia. In some methods, the clinician utilizes the receiver50. In other methods, the patient utilizes the receiver50to obtain the data from the diagnostic system100. The patient can send this data to the clinician using the network, such as the internet or telephone network. In some embodiments, any communication between the receiver50and network is encrypted or otherwise secured. In some methods, data can be collected on a regular interval (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, etc.).

In some embodiments, the diagnostic system100includes additional electronics60. In some embodiments, the electronics60can control components of the diagnostic system100. In some embodiments, the electronics60can include a processor. In some embodiments, the electronics60can include a microchip. In some embodiments, the electronics60can include a data log for recording the fusion indicia. Other components of the electronics60can include a signal conditioner and multiplexer. In some embodiments, the electronics60can include microelectromechanical systems (“MEMS”) devices. In some embodiments, one or more subcomponents of the electronics60can be disposed within the disc space. In other embodiments, one or more subcomponents of the electronics60can be disposed external to the patient. In some embodiments, the electronics60can be wireless. In other embodiments, the electronics60can be hard-wired to one or more other components of the diagnostic system100.

In some embodiments, the implant200acts as a sensor20. The intervertebral implant200can provide the ability to sense one or more fusion indicia. The diagnostic system100can provide the ability to transmit one or more fusion indicia. The diagnostic system100can allow a clinician to monitor a patient after spinal surgery, in particular to monitor the degree of fusion of the vertebrae. This embodiment is shown inFIG. 7. In some embodiments, the bone graft material300acts as a sensor20. The bone graft material300can provide the ability to sense one or more fusion indicia. The diagnostic system100can provide the ability to transmit one or more fusion indicia. The diagnostic system100can allow a clinician to monitor a patient after spinal surgery, in particular to monitor the degree of fusion of the vertebrae. This embodiment is shown inFIG. 7.

The intervertebral implant200, if present, can include a piezoelectric material to generate a voltage and/or current. The bone graft material300, if present, can include a piezoelectric material to generate a voltage and/or current. Piezoelectric materials accumulate electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The piezoelectric effect is reversible, such that piezoelectric materials can both generate electric charge resulting from applied force and generate a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field. Examples of piezoelectric materials include quartz, sucrose, topaz, bone, tendon, collagen, ceramics including Barium titanate, Sodium tungstate, Potassium niobate, Lithium niobate, and zinc oxide, Sodium potassium niobate, Bismuth ferrite, semiconductors, polymers including Polyvinylidene fluoride.

The intervertebral implant200, if present, can emit voltage and/or current when loaded and unloaded. This voltage and/or current can be used to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, the emitted voltage and/or current can allow implant200to function as the sensor20described herein. For instance, as the bone heals, the load experienced by the implant200is expected to decrease. This change in loading will alter the emitted voltage and/or current. In some embodiments, the antenna30described herein can transmit information related to the change in emitted voltage and/or current. In some embodiments, the receiver50described herein can received information related to the change in emitted voltage and/or current. In other embodiments, the receiver50can directly measure the change in emitted voltage and/or current without the antenna30. In some embodiments, no additional sensors20are provided in the diagnostic system100. In some embodiments, the implant200itself is a sensor20.

The bone graft material300, if present, can emit voltage and/or current when loaded and unloaded. This voltage and/or current can be used to stimulate bone growth. In some embodiments, the emitted voltage and/or current can allow bone graft material300to function as the sensor20described herein. For instance, as the bone heals, the load experienced by the bone graft material300is expected to decrease. This change in loading will alter the emitted voltage and/or current. In some embodiments, the antenna30described herein can transmit information related to the change in emitted voltage and/or current. In some embodiments, the receiver50described herein can received information related to the change in emitted voltage and/or current. In other embodiments, the receiver50can directly measure the change in emitted voltage and/or current without the antenna30. In some embodiments, no additional sensors20are provided in the diagnostic system100. In some embodiments, the bone graft material300itself is a sensor20.

In some embodiments, a material can be added to the bone graft material300to emit a signal. The additive material can emit a signal such as when it experiences a load. The additive material can emit a signal under certain environmental conditions such as the lack of oxygen. The additive material can sense a fusion indicia to determine whether fusion has occurred.

In some embodiments, the implant200, if present, can be a conductor or includes conductive portions. The implant200can be in communication with an activator70. The activator70can be internal or external to the patient. The activator70can supply electric charge to the conductor or conductive surfaces. The activator70can send a stimulation signal to the implant200to selectively activate the conductor or conductive portions. In some embodiments, the intervertebral implant200or a portion thereof is configured to emit energy received from the activator70. The conductor or conductive surfaces can act as electrodes for the stimulation of bone growth. Sustained application of electricity has been found to stimulate both bone resorption and bone growth in-vivo. The activator70can alter the polarity to stimulate either resorption or growth.

The activator70can stimulate the implant200with an electrical current. The conductors or conductive portions can be placed near bone or other regions to stimulate bone regrowth. Software within the activator70can be used to determine the appropriate voltage or current to stimulate bone growth. The software can also set a threshold level of voltage or current. The activator70can display a signal to the clinician when voltage or current is being applied. The diagnostic system100can acquire additional information from sensors20, if present. For instance sensors20can determine the level of current or voltage experienced by different regions of the intervertebral space.

The implant200may have different configurations of conductors or conductive surfaces depending upon the surgical approach, the joint being fused, and the surrounding tissue configuration. During placement of the implant200, the conductor can be activated to establish communication between the implant200and the activator70. The implant200itself can stimulate bone growth by being activated by the activator70. The input to the implant200can be determined in real-time. The feedback from associated sensors20can be determined in real-time.

In some embodiments, the bone graft material300, if present, can be a conductor or includes conductive portions. The bone graft material300can be in communication with an activator70. The activator70can be internal or external to the patient. The activator70can supply electric charge to the conductor or conductive surfaces. The activator70can send a stimulation signal to the bone graft material300to selectively activate the conductor or conductive portions. In some embodiments, the bone graft material300or a portion thereof is configured to emit energy received from the activator70. The conductor or conductive surfaces can act as electrodes for the stimulation of bone growth. Sustained application of electricity has been found to stimulate both bone resorption and bone growth in-vivo. The activator70can alter the polarity to stimulate either resorption or growth.

The activator70can stimulate the bone graft material300with an electrical current. The conductors or conductive portions can be placed near bone or other regions to stimulate bone regrowth. Software within the activator70can be used to determine the appropriate voltage or current to stimulate bone growth. The software can also set a threshold level of voltage or current. The activator70can display a signal to the clinician when voltage or current is being applied. The diagnostic system100can acquire additional information from sensors20, if present. For instance sensors20can determine the level of current or voltage experienced by different regions of the intervertebral space.

The bone graft material300may have different configurations of conductors or conductive surfaces depending upon the surgical approach, the joint being fused, and the surrounding tissue configuration. During placement of the bone graft material300, the conductor can be activated to establish communication between the bone graft material300and the activator70. The bone graft material300itself can stimulate bone growth by being activated by the activator70. The input to the bone graft material300can be determined in real-time. The feedback from associated sensors20can be determined in real-time.

The diagnostic system100is capable of enabling a clinician to monitor a patient after spinal surgery. In some methods of use, the intervertebral implant200can be implanted into the body of the patient. In some methods of use, the bone graft material300can be implanted into the body of the patient. In some methods of use, the intervertebral implant200and the bone graft material300can be implanted into the body of the patient. For instance, the bone graft material300can be located on, in or adjacent to the intervertebral implant. One or more substances can be added to the disc space to promote fusion.

In some methods, the sensor20is separately implanted into the body of the patient. In other methods, the sensor20is implanted in conjunction with the intervertebral implant200. In other methods, the sensor20is implanted in conjunction with the bone graft material300. For instance, the sensor20can be located on, in, or adjacent to the intervertebral implant200. The sensor20can be located on, in, or adjacent to the bone graft material300. The sensor20can be located within the disc space.

In some methods, the antenna30is separately implanted into the body of the patient. In other methods, the antenna30is implanted in conjunction with the intervertebral implant200. In other methods, the antenna30is implanted in conjunction with the bone graft material300. For instance, the antenna30can be located on, in, or adjacent to the intervertebral implant200. The antenna30can be located on, in, or adjacent to the bone graft material300. The antenna30can be located within the disc space.

In some methods, the power source40is separately implanted into the body of the patient. In other methods, the power source40is implanted in conjunction with the intervertebral implant200. In other methods, the power source40is implanted in conjunction with the bone graft material300. For instance, the power source40can be located on, in, or adjacent to the intervertebral implant200. The power source40can be located on, in, or adjacent to the bone graft material300. The power source40can be located within the disc space.

The sensor20, the antenna30, the implant200, the bone graft material300, and/or the power source40can be tested to ensure proper connectivity. The spinal surgery is completed. Any entry points into the surgical space are closed. The patient recovers from spinal surgery. At any point after implantation, the diagnostic system100can be activated to transmit data. The sensor20, if present, the implant200, if present, and/or the bone graft material300, if present, can be configured to sense the fusion indicia. The antenna30, if present, can transmit the fusion indicia to the receiver50. The power source40, if present, can supply power to the sensor20, the antenna, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300. The clinician can receive the fusion indicia with the receiver50to determine whether fusion has occurred.

In some methods, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300functions as an oxygen sensor. The sensor20, implant200, and/or bone graft material can sense the oxygen levels near or around the sensor20, if present, near or around the intervertebral implant200, if present, near or around the bone graft material300, if present, or within the disc space. The fusion indicia can be routed to the antenna30. The antenna30can transmit the fusion indicia to the receiver50. The receiver50can receive the fusion indicia from the antenna30. Based on the oxygen levels, the clinician can determine whether fusion has occurred

In some embodiments, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300functions as a load sensor. The sensor20, implant200, and/or bone graft material can be inserted between two vertebrae in sense the load carried by the sensor20, if present, the intervertebral implant200if present, or the bone graft material300. During fusion, the load exerted on the sensor20, if present, the implant200, if present, and/or the bone graft material300, if present, is expected to decrease. Such a sensor20, implant200, and/or bone graft material can detect the interaction between the sensor20and the spine, if present, the interaction between the spine and the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the interaction between the spine and the bone graft material300, if present. The fusion indicia can be routed to the antenna30. The antenna30can transmit the fusion indicia to the receiver50. The receiver50can receive the fusion indicia from the antenna30. Based on the load, the clinician can determine whether fusion has occurred.

The load sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be implanted in any location. In some methods, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300is implanted in an excised part of a spine. The stress or load experienced by the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can indicate whether fusion has occurred. The fusion indicia can be routed to the antenna30. The antenna30can transmit the fusion indicia to the receiver50. The receiver50can receive the fusion indicia from the antenna30. Based on the load experienced by the spine, the clinician can determine whether fusion has occurred

In some embodiments, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be a strain gauge type load sensor. The strain gauge is similar to a resistor element, wherein the resistance varies according to the load experienced by the surface to which the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300is attached. For example, when the surface is tensilely deformed, the resistance of the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300will increase, and when the surface is compressively deformed, the resistance of the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300will decrease. During fusion, the load experienced by the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material, if present, is expected to decrease. The fusion between vertebrae will support the load instead of the intervertebral implant200or the bone graft material300. The antenna30can transmit the fusion indicia to the receiver50. The receiver50can receive the fusion indicia from the antenna30. Based on the load experienced by the implant200, the clinician can determine whether fusion has occurred.

The strain may be directly related to forces applied to and experienced by the sensor20, the intervertebral implant200and/or the bone graft material300. Monitoring the force applied to the sensor20, the intervertebral implant200and/or the bone graft material300over time may allow the doctor to determine whether the spine is healing or whether fusion has occurred. As the spine heals, the amount of load carried by the vertebrae will increase, and the amount of load carried the intervertebral implant200, if present, or the bone graft material, if present, will decrease. The sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300will measure a lower load as the spine heals. Remedial action, such as subsequent surgery, may be performed if the load does not decrease at the expected rate.

After the diagnostic system100is implanted in the disc space, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can sense load when activated. In some embodiments, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be activated by the power source40. In other embodiments, the sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be self-activated. The sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be deactivated for a period of time. The sensor20, the implant200, and/or the bone graft material300can be reactivated to determine the fusion indicia. In some methods, the diagnostic system100can periodically monitor the fusion indicia.

The diagnostic system100can include any orthopedic implant, such as bone plates. The implant can be used in repairing fractured bones. The implant can be used in any manner for treating other orthopedic conditions where fusion is desired. Non-spinal applications are contemplated. In non-spinal application, the implant can be shaped and sized for the application. In similar methods to those described above, bones or other joints are connected or fused, such as finger, knee or elbow joints.