Interest keep alives at intermediate routers in a CCN

One embodiment provides a system that facilitates an intermediate node to handle a potential timeout event. During operation, the system receives, by an intermediate node, a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep alive a Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive. The intermediate node determines whether the keep-alive control packet corresponds to the PIT entry based on the name, and, responsive to determining that the keep-alive control packet corresponds to the PIT entry, updates a timeout value of the PIT entry based on the time period indicated in the keep-alive control packet. Responsive to determining one or more interfaces specified in the PIT entry from which the Interest message is received, the intermediate node forwards the keep-alive control packet to the one or more interfaces.

RELATED APPLICATION

The subject matter of this application is related to the subject matter in the following applications:U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814, entitled “ORDERED-ELEMENT NAMING FOR NAME-BASED PACKET FORWARDING,” by inventor Ignacio Solis, filed 20 Mar. 2013 (hereinafter “U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814”); andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175, entitled “CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF INTERESTS AND CONTENT IN A CONTENT CENTRIC NETWORK,” by inventors Van L. Jacobson and Diana K. Smetters, filed 18 Dec. 2008 (hereinafter “U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175”);
the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field

This disclosure is generally related to distribution of digital content. More specifically, this disclosure is related to providing notification by a content producing device to intermediate routers of a potential timeout event in order to keep an Interest alive in a content centric network (CCN).

Related Art

The proliferation of the Internet and e-commerce continues to create a vast amount of digital content. Content-centric network (CCN) architectures have been designed to facilitate accessing and processing such digital content. A CCN includes entities, or nodes, such as network clients, forwarders (e.g., routers), and content producers, which communicate with each other by sending Interest packets for various content items and receiving Content Object packets in return. CCN Interests and Content Objects are identified by their unique names, which are typically hierarchically structured variable length identifiers (HSVLI). An HSVLI can include contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. As an Interest packet is routed through the network from a content requesting node to a content producing node, each intermediate CCN router adds an entry in its Pending Interest Table (PIT) corresponding to the Interest and forwards the Interest to the next CCN router. When a matching Content Object packet is sent from the content producing node back to the requesting node, it follows the reverse path of the Interest. Each intermediate CCN router forwards the Content Object along the requesting interfaces listed in the corresponding PIT entry and subsequently removes the PIT entry, indicating that the Interest has been fulfilled.

A PIT entry can also be removed by a CCN node (or router) when the PIT entry times out. A node can select any time out value that the node deems appropriate upon adding an Interest to its PIT. PIT entries can time out under different scenarios. One case is due to congestion in the network, which results in the system dropping the Interest or the matching Content Object. Another case is when the content producing node or application responsible for generating the matching Content Object needs to perform a computationally intensive task (e.g., that takes 45 seconds) before it can send a response back. In both cases, PIT entry timeouts can lead to the requesting node re-expressing the Interest, sometimes repeatedly and over a short period of time. PIT entry timeouts can also cause intermediate CCN routers to transmit the re-expressed Interests on multiple interfaces, thus increasing network traffic and creating additional congestion.

SUMMARY

One embodiment provides a system that facilitates an intermediate node to handle a potential timeout event. During operation, the system receives, by an intermediate node, a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep alive a Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive. The intermediate node determines whether the keep-alive control packet corresponds to the PIT entry based on the name, and, responsive to determining that the keep-alive control packet corresponds to the PIT entry, updates a timeout value of the PIT entry based on the time period indicated in the keep-alive control packet. Responsive to determining one or more interfaces specified in the PIT entry from which the Interest message is received, the intermediate node forwards the keep-alive control packet to the one or more interfaces, thereby facilitating the intermediate node to handle a potential timeout event.

In some embodiments, responsive to determining that no time period is indicated in the keep-alive control packet, the intermediate node updates the timeout value of the PIT entry based on one or more of: a predetermined value; and a predetermined value which is dynamically adjusted by routers based on network conditions.

In some embodiments, the intermediate node receives a Content Object in response to the Interest and removes the PIT entry corresponding to the name for the Interest.

In some embodiments, determining whether the keep-alive control packet corresponds to the PIT entry is further based on a matching criteria, and the keep-alive control packet further indicates that the matching criteria is one or more of: a key identifier associated with a content producing node; a hash value of a Content Object corresponding to the Interest; and a summary of the Interest.

In some embodiments, the intermediate node receives a predetermined number for entries in the PIT for a name prefix, where the name prefix comprises one or more name components of a hierarchically structured variable length identifier (HSVLI). Responsive to determining that the predetermined number of entries for the name prefix has been reached, the intermediate node times out additional PIT entries with the same name prefix.

Another embodiment provides a system that facilitates handling of a potential timeout event. During operation, the system generates, by a content producing node, a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep a Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry corresponding to the name alive, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive. The content producing node transmits the keep-alive control packet to an intermediate node, thereby facilitating handling of a potential timeout event.

In some embodiments, the keep-alive control packet generated by the content producing node further indicates one or more of: a key identifier associated with the content producing node; a hash value of a Content Object corresponding to the Interest; and a summary of the Interest message.

In some embodiments, the content producing node generates a Content Object in response to the Interest.

In some embodiments, the content producing node computes a hashcash value and includes the computed hashcash value in the keep-alive control packet, where the hashcash computation becomes progressively more complex each time the computation is performed.

In some embodiments, the system allows a virtual connection provided by an Internet Service Provider between the content producing node and a content requesting node to be maintained based on the keep-alive control packet.

In some embodiments, the content producing node receives a predetermined number of tokens from an upstream node, where a token corresponds to a time period for which to keep alive a PIT entry in the content producing node. The content producing node consumes a token in exchange for generating the keep-alive control packet, where the time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive is the time period corresponding to the token.

In some embodiments, receiving a predetermined number of tokens is based on one or more of: purchase of one or more tokens by the content producing node from an Internet Service Provider; reputation of the content producing node; historical behavior of the content producing node; and any other technique.

In some embodiments, the system removes a token based on negative behavior of the content producing node.

In some embodiments, the negative behavior includes abuse of the upstream node.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

Embodiments of the present invention provide a system which facilitates handling a potential timeout event when a content producing device (e.g., a server) requires additional time to generate a matching Content Object in response to an Interest from a content requesting device (e.g., a client). During operation, a content producer receives an Interest message from a content requester and determines that additional time is required to generate the matching Content Object. The content producer notifies the intermediate routers by sending a keep-alive control packet which indicates that a corresponding entry in the Pending Interest Table (PIT) of each intermediate router is to be kept alive for a certain amount of time. The keep-alive control packet includes the same name as the Interest, an indicator that the control packet is a “keep-alive” message, and a time period corresponding to how long the intermediate router is to continue storing the entry in its PIT. The intermediate router adds the indicated time period to the timeout value for the PIT entry. If no value is specified for the time period, the system uses a predetermined default value. The intermediate router then forwards the keep-alive control packet to all of the interfaces specified in the corresponding PIT entry, e.g., all of the interfaces that previously forwarded the Interest message. In this manner, the keep-alive control packet is propagated through the network to all of the intermediate routers along the paths which the Interest has previously been transmitted.

Intermediate CCN routers keep track of the computation progress of the content producer by maintaining the state associated with the Interest for the duration of the computation time required by the content producer to generate the responsive Content Object. Thus, the Interest is “kept alive” through notification to the intermediate routers in the form of keep-alive control packets and subsequent updates to the corresponding PIT entries of all intermediate routers in the path of the Interest. This solution reduces the amount of unnecessary PIT entry timeouts and frees PIT spaces, which in turn reduces network congestion by reducing the number of re-expressed Interests transmitted and pending in a CCN.

In CCN, each piece of content is individually named, and each piece of data is bound to a unique name that distinguishes the data from any other piece of data, such as other versions of the same data or data from other sources. This unique name allows a network device to request the data by disseminating a request or an Interest that indicates the unique name, and can obtain the data independent from the data's storage location, network location, application, and means of transportation. The following terms are used to describe the CCN architecture:

A single piece of named data, which is bound to a unique name. Content Objects are “persistent,” which means that a Content Object can move around within a computing device, or across different computing devices, but does not change. If any component of the Content Object changes, the entity that made the change creates a new Content Object that includes the updated content, and binds the new Content Object to a new unique name.

A name in a CCN is typically location independent and uniquely identifies a Content Object. A data-forwarding device can use the name or name prefix to forward a packet toward a network node that generates or stores the Content Object, regardless of a network address or physical location for the Content Object. In some embodiments, the name may be a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI). The HSVLI can be divided into several hierarchical components, which can be structured in various ways. For example, the individual name components parc, home, ccn, and test.txt can be structured in a left-oriented prefix-major fashion to form the name “/parc/home/ccn/test.txt.” Thus, the name “/parc/home/ccn” can be a “parent” or “prefix” of “/parc/home/ccn/test.txt.” Additional components can be used to distinguish between different versions of the content item, such as a collaborative document.

In some embodiments, the name can include a non-hierarchical identifier, such as a hash value that is derived from the Content Object's data (e.g., a checksum value) and/or from elements of the Content Object's name. A description of a hash-based name is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814. A name can also be a flat label. Hereinafter, “name” is used to refer to any name for a piece of data in a name-data network, such as a hierarchical name or name prefix, a flat name, a fixed-length name, an arbitrary-length name, or a label (e.g., a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label).

A packet that indicates a request for a piece of data, and includes a name (or a name prefix) for the piece of data. A data consumer can disseminate a request or Interest across an information-centric network, which CCN routers can propagate toward a storage device (e.g., a cache server) or a data producer that can provide the requested data to satisfy the request or Interest.

The methods disclosed herein are not limited to CCN networks and are applicable to other architectures as well. A description of a CCN architecture is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175.

Exemplary Network and Communication

FIG. 1illustrates an exemplary network100that facilitates an intermediate node to handle a potential timeout event, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Network100can include a content requesting device116, a content producing device118, and a router or other forwarding device at nodes102,104,106,108,110,112, and114. A node can be a computer system, an end-point representing users, and/or a device that can generate Interests or originate content. A node can also be an edge router (e.g., CCN nodes102and114) or a core router (e.g., intermediate CCN routers104-112).

For example, content requesting device116can generate an Interest in a piece of content. Network100routes the Interest to CCN router102, which adds an entry in its pending Interest table (PIT) and forwards the Interest to intermediate CCN router110. Each CCN router that receives the Interest performs the same actions, adding an entry in its PIT and forwarding the Interest to the interfaces specified by a Forwarding Information Base (FIB) of the router. For example, the FIB of CCN router102can specify that the Interest is to be forwarded on to interfaces at nodes108and110, where an Interest forwarded through node110travels from node102to nodes110,112, and114, while an Interest forwarded through node108travels from node102to nodes108and114. Subsequently, CCN router114adds an entry in its PIT (including an indication that the Interest was received on interfaces corresponding to nodes108and112) and forwards the Interest to content producing device118. Device118determines that additional computation time is required to generate the matching Content Object and sends a keep-alive control packet to its CCN forwarder (CCN router114). The keep-alive control packet indicates a time period for which CCN router114is to continue storing the corresponding PIT entry. The keep-alive control packet can also include a name which is the same as the Interest and an indicator that the control packet is a “keep-alive” message. CCN router114updates its PIT entry by adding the indicated time period to a timeout value and forwards the keep-alive control packet to all of the interfaces specified for the PIT entry (e.g., interfaces corresponding to nodes108and112). For example, the keep-alive control packet travels from node114to nodes108and102, and also from node114to nodes112,110, and102. Each intermediate node that receives the keep-alive control packet performs the same actions as router114: updating the PIT entry timeout value and forwarding to all specified interfaces.

Content producing device118can send multiple keep-alive control packets for the same Interest. For example, content producing device118can first send a keep-alive control packet indicating a 20 second time period and then determine that additional time is required to generate the responsive Content Object. Device118can subsequently send an updated keep-alive control packet indicating, e.g., a 30 second time period. When content producing device118has completed the computation required to generate the responsive Content Object, device118transmits the matching Content Object to content requesting device116back along the same path in the reverse direction. Each intermediate router again forwards the matching Content Object to the previous hop node in the reverse data path and removes the corresponding PIT entry.

FIG. 2illustrates exemplary communication between an intermediate node (e.g., intermediate CCN router114inFIG. 1) and a content producing node (e.g., content producing device118inFIG. 1), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The vertical lines beneath intermediate node114and content producing node118indicate passage of time. During operation, intermediate router114receives an Interest with a name of “/a/b/c/d” (operation202) and creates an entry in its Pending Interest Table (PIT) corresponding to the name (operation204). In some embodiments, the Interest includes a KeyId restriction and/or a Content Object Hash restriction. The KeyId can specify a Key Identifier associated with the content producing node, and the Content Object Hash restriction can specify a hash value for a Content Object that corresponds to the Interest. When a KeyID restriction is included in the Interest, an intermediate or forwarding CCN node (e.g., intermediate router114) forwards the Interest toward the target CCN content producing node (e.g., content producing device118) that is associated with the KeyId. Similarly, when a Content Object Hash restriction is included in the Interest, the content producing node returns a Content Object whose hash value matches the Hash restriction.

Intermediate router114forwards the Interest on to content producing device118(operation206). Device118determines that additional computation time is needed to generate the matching Content Object, and generates a keep-alive control packet (operation208). Device118then transmits a keep-alive control packet to intermediate router114(operation210). The keep-alive control packet indicates the same name as the Interest, an indicator that the packet is a “keep-alive” control packet, and a time period for how long a receiving intermediate CCN router is to continue to keep alive the corresponding Interest. In some embodiments, the intermediate node determines whether the keep-alive control packet corresponds to a PIT entry based on the name of the Interest or other matching criteria included in the keep-alive control packet, such as the KeyId restriction and/or the Content Object Hash restriction. The keep-alive control packet specifies the restrictions present in the Interest, and can also include a summary of the Interest, such as a SHA-256 hash of the Interest message. Upon determining that the keep-alive control packet corresponds to its PIT entry, intermediate router114updates its PIT entry by adding the specified time period to a timeout value (operation214) and forwards the keep-alive control packet on as described in relation toFIG. 1(operation216).

Meanwhile, content producing device118has successfully completed generation of the Content Object matching the Interest (operation212), so device118transmits a responsive Content Object back to intermediate router114(operation218). Router114removes the corresponding PIT entry, indicating that the Interest has been fulfilled (operation220), and forwards the responsive Content Object to the previous hop node in the reverse data path (operation222).

Generating a Keep-Alive Control Packet

FIG. 3Apresents a flow chart300illustrating a method by a content producing node for processing an Interest by generating a keep-alive control packet and a matching Content Object, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the system receives, by a content producing node, a packet that corresponds to an Interest message and includes a name for the Interest (operation302). The content producing node determines that additional time is required to generate a Content Object in response to the Interest (operation304) and generates a keep-alive control packet (operation306). The keep-alive control packet indicates the same name as the Interest, an indicator to keep a corresponding PIT entry alive, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive. The content producing node transmits the keep-alive control packet to an intermediate node (operation308). The content producing node can generate and send multiple keep-alive control packets for the Interest. For example, the content producing node can generate and transmit a keep-alive control packet indicating a time period of 20 seconds. The content producing node can then determine that additional time is required to generate the corresponding Content Object, so the content producing node can generate and send an updated keep-alive control packet indicating a time period of 30 seconds. After generating the corresponding Content Object (operation310), the content producing node transmits the Content Object to the previous hop node in the reverse data path as the Interest (operation312).

Exemplary Congestion Mitigation Techniques by Content Producing Node

FIG. 3Bpresents a flow chart350illustrating a method by a content producing node for applying techniques to mitigate congestion in a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A content producing node generates a keep-alive control packet that indicates the name of an Interest, an indicator to keep a corresponding PIT entry alive, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive (operation306). The content producing node determines a congestion mitigation technique to employ (operation352). In one embodiment, the content producing node (or an application running on a server) can receive a certain number of tokens from an upstream node (e.g., the system or an Internet Service Provider (ISP)) (operation354). The content producing node can consume a token in exchange for more “keep alive” time for a PIT entry (operation356). When the PIT entry times out and is subsequently deleted, the content producing node can receive the token back and exchange the token for keeping other PIT entries alive. In some embodiments, the number of tokens initially received by the content producing node can be based on the reputation of, e.g., the service at the content producing node. In addition, a content producing node can obtain additional tokens based on predetermined “good behavior” or by purchasing additional tokens from an ISP (operation354). The token quota can also be reduced based on negative behavior of the content producing node. The token quota can also be based on current network conditions such as, e.g., traffic, available bandwidth, and congestion in the network.

In a further embodiment, the system can allow a virtual connection to be maintained (operation358) by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) between the content producing node (e.g., a server) and a content requesting node (e.g., a client) based on the keep-alive control packet (operation360). The ISP can charge a server or service at the content producing node based on the number of virtual connections open during a particular billing period. Additionally, virtual connections provided during peak traffic times can incur additional costs.

Optionally, the content producing node can compute a hashcash value (operation362) and include the computed hashcash value in the keep-alive control packet (operation364). The hashcash computation can become progressively more complex each time the computation is performed, thus providing the content producing node with a negative incentive for generating and transmitting subsequent keep-alive control packets for the same Interest. In this manner, the system mitigates network congestion by discouraging the content producing node from unnecessarily extending the lifetime of entries in the PIT.

After the various congestion mitigation techniques are employed, the content producing node transmits the keep-alive control packet to an intermediate node (operation308). After the necessary computation has been performed, the content producing node generates the responsive Content Object (operation310) and transmits the responsive Content Object to the previous hop node in the reverse data path as the Interest (operation312).

Processing a Keep-Alive Control Packet

FIG. 4Apresents a flow chart400illustrating a method by an intermediate node for processing an Interest message and a corresponding keep-alive control packet, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, the system receives, by an intermediate node, a packet that corresponds to an Interest message and includes a name for the Interest (operation402). The intermediate node creates a corresponding entry in its Pending Interest Table (PIT) (operation404) and forwards the Interest to the appropriate next hop CCN nodes (operation406). Subsequently, the intermediate node receives a keep-alive control packet that indicates the name, an indicator to keep the corresponding PIT entry alive, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive (operation408). The system determines whether a time period is specified in the keep-alive control packet (decision410). If a time period is specified, the intermediate node updates the PIT entry by adding the specified time period to a timeout value for the PIT entry (operation412). If a time period is not specified, the intermediate node updates the PIT entry by adding a default time period to the timeout value for the PIT entry (operation414). In some embodiments, the default time period can be dynamically adjusted by routers based on network conditions. The intermediate node then forwards the keep-alive control packet to the interfaces specified in the PIT entry, e.g., the faces from which the Interest is received (operation416). The intermediate node eventually receives a Content Object in response to the Interest, removes the corresponding PIT entry, and forwards the Content Object on to the appropriate previous hop nodes in the reverse data path as the Interest (operation418).

Exemplary Congestion Mitigation Technique by Intermediate Node

FIG. 4Bpresents a flow chart450illustrating a method by an intermediate node for mitigating congestion in a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During operation, an intermediate node receives a keep-alive control packet (operation408). The intermediate node receives a fixed number (e.g., 50) for entries in the PIT for a particular name prefix (operation452). In some embodiments, the intermediate node receives the fixed number before receiving a keep-alive control packet that includes a name that corresponds to the particular name prefix. The intermediate node determines whether a sufficient number of PIT entries remain for the name prefix of the name indicated in the keep-alive control packet (operation454). If sufficient PIT entries remain, the operation continues as described inFIG. 4A(e.g., decision410, operations412,414,416, and418). If not, the intermediate node ignores the keep-alive control packet and allows the corresponding PIT entry to time out (operation458). In some embodiments, the intermediate node receives the fixed number of entries for a name prefix from a content producing node, such that a server or service at a content producing node is responsible for determining which PIT entries should be stored in memory and for how long.

Exemplary Format of a Keep-Alive Control Packet and Affected PIT Entry

FIG. 5Aillustrates an exemplary format of a keep-alive control packet500generated by a content producing node and propagated through a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Keep-alive control packet500includes: a name502with a value of “/a/b/c/d”; a type504field with a value of “keep alive”; and a keep alive duration506field with a value of “30 seconds” which indicates the time duration which a corresponding PIT entry is to continue to be “kept alive.”

FIG. 5Billustrates an exemplary format of a Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry at an intermediate node before (PIT entry520) and after (PIT entry540) receiving a keep-alive control packet, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. PIT entry520includes: a name522with a value of “/a/b/c/d” which is the same as name502of keep-alive control packet500; a timeout524field with a value of 2 seconds; and an interfaces526field that includes nodes108and112. After receiving keep-alive control packet500, PIT entry540includes: a name522with a value of “/a/b/c/d”; a timeout524field with a value of 2+30=32 seconds; and an interfaces526field with the same nodes108and112as in PIT entry520.

Exemplary Computer and Communication System

FIG. 6illustrates an exemplary computer and communication system602that facilitates handling a potential timeout event, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Computer and communication system602includes a processor604, a memory606, and a storage device608. Memory606can include a volatile memory (e.g., RAM) that serves as a managed memory, and can be used to store one or more memory pools. Furthermore, computer and communication system602can be coupled to a display device610, a keyboard612, and a pointing device614. Storage device608can store an operating system616, a content-processing system618, and data630.

Content-processing system618can include instructions, which when executed by computer and communication system602, can cause computer and communication system602to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, content-processing system618may include instructions for receiving, by an intermediate node, a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep alive a Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry corresponding to the name, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive (communication mechanism620). Content-processing system618can also include instructions for updating a timeout value of the PIT entry based on the time period indicated in the keep-alive control packet (Pending Interest Table mechanism624). Content processing system618can include instructions for, responsive to determining one or more interfaces specified in the PIT entry from which the Interest message is received, forwarding the keep-alive control packet to the one or more interfaces (communication mechanism620).

Content processing system618can further include instructions for, responsive to determining that no time period is indicated in the keep-alive control packet, updating the timeout value of the PIT entry based on a predetermined value (Pending Interest Table mechanism624). Content processing system618can receive a Content Object in response to the Interest (communication mechanism620) and remove the PIT entry corresponding to the name for the Interest (Pending Interest Table mechanism624).

Content processing system618can also include instructions for receiving a predetermined number for entries in the PIT for a name prefix, where the name prefix comprises one or more name components of a hierarchically structured variable length identifier (HSVLI) (congestion mitigation mechanism626). Content processing system618can include instructions for, responsive to determining that the predetermined number of entries for the name prefix has been reached (congestion mitigation mechanism626), timing out additional PIT entries with the same name prefix (Pending Interest Table mechanism624).

Content processing system618can further include instructions for generating, by a content producing node, a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep a PIT entry corresponding to the name alive, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive (keep alive control packet mechanism620). Content processing system618can include instructions for transmitting the keep-alive control packet to an intermediate node (communication mechanism620). Content processing system618can include instructions for generating a Content Object in response to the Interest (content generation mechanism628) and transmitting the Content Object to another node (communication mechanism624).

Content processing system618can also include instructions for computing a hashcash value and including the computed hashcash value in the keep-alive control packet, where the hashcash computation becomes progressively more complex each time the computation is performed (congestion mitigation mechanism626). Content processing system618can also include instructions for allowing a virtual connection provided by an ISP between the content producing node and a content requesting node to be maintained based on the keep-alive control packet (congestion mitigation mechanism626).

Content processing system618can further include instructions for receiving a predetermined number of tokens from an upstream node, where a token corresponds to a time period for which to keep alive a PIT entry in the content producing node (congestion mitigation mechanism626). Content processing system618can include instructions for consuming a token in exchange for generating the keep-alive control packet, where the time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive is the time period corresponding to the token (congestion mitigation mechanism626). Content processing system618can include instructions for removing a token based on negative behavior of the content producing node (congestion mitigation mechanism626).

Data630can include any data that is required as input or that is generated as output by the methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, data630can store at least: a packet that corresponds to an Interest message; a name for the Interest; a name for the Interest that is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier (HSVLI) which comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level; a name prefix, where the name prefix comprises one or more name components of an HSVLI; an entry in a Pending Interest Table (PIT); a keep-alive control packet which indicates a name for an Interest message, an indicator to keep alive the PIT entry, and a time period for which to keep the PIT entry alive; a timeout value of the PIT entry; one or more interfaces in the PIT entry from which the Interest message is received; a predetermined time period; a predetermined time period that can be dynamically adjusted by routers based on network conditions; a packet that corresponds to a Content Object; a predetermined number for entries in the PIT for a name prefix; a hashcash value whose computation becomes progressively more complex each time the computation is performed; a predetermined number of tokens, where a token corresponds to a time period for which to keep alive a PIT entry; information relating to reputation of a content producing device; and information relating to historical or negative behavior of the content producing device.

Furthermore, the methods and processes described above can be included in hardware modules or apparatus. The hardware modules or apparatus can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), dedicated or shared processors that execute a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules or apparatus are activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them.