Electronically scanned spectrometer color, brightness and opacity measurement and control system

Apparatus for measuring the color, brightness and opacity of a moving web in which light from a plurality of sources is directed towards and through a moving web. Light reflected from the surface of the web is conveyed by a plurality of light pipes to a first photodetector array located at a point remote from the web. A circular variable bandpass filter varies the wavelength of the radiation reaching the detector substantially continuously through the optical spectrum to produce a detector output which periodically scans the optical spectrum. The detector outputs at various wavelengths are weighted by a microcomputer to produce brightness and X, Y and Z tristimulus values. Light transmitted through the web is conveyed by a plurality of light pipes to a second photodetector array also located at a point remote from the web. The photodetector is also monitored by the microcomputer to provide an indication of the opacity of the web.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
My invention relates to measuring and controlling the color, brightness and 
opacity of a moving web and more particularly, to an electronically 
scanned color brightness and opacity measurement system. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
In general, systems of the prior art for measuring and controlling the 
color of a moving web operate by measuring the tristimulus color 
coordinates X, Y and Z of light reflected from a moving portion of the 
web. One such system is described in De Remigis U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,189 in 
which multiple detectors using specially designed integrating filters 
simultaneously measure the tristimulus values, brightness and opacity. 
In my copending application Ser. No. 240,171 filed Mar. 3, 1981, now U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,439,038 I disclose a color spectrometer system in which a 
single detector is used in conjunction with a circular variable bandpass 
filter to yield the tristimulus values. The filter is interposed in the 
optical path between the web and a detector and is rotated to produce a 
detector output which periodically scans the optical spectrum. While this 
system is generally satisfactory, it does not permit a fast scan color, 
brightness and opacity measurement as it uses only one detector which 
provides output related to only a small portion of the width of the moving 
web. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
One object of my invention is to provide a rapid scan color, brightness and 
opacity measurement system especially adapted for multiple dye control. 
Another object of my invention is to provide a color, brightness and 
opacity measurement and control system which permits the simultaneous 
standardization of a multiple detection system. 
Still another object of my invention is to provide an electronically 
scanned spectrometer color, brightness and opacity measurement system for 
on-line analysis of paper quality. 
A further object of my invention is to provide a color, brightness and 
opacity measurement and control system which permits opacity correction 
for individual frequencies. 
A still further object of my invention is to provide a color, brightness 
and opacity measurement and control system which provides outputs over the 
entire width of the web. 
Other and further objects of my invention will appear from the following 
description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring now to FIG. 1, my electronically scanned spectrometer color 
brightness and opacity measurement and control system, indicated generally 
by the reference character 10, includes an upper sensor head 12 and a 
lower sensor head 14 positioned respectively above and below a web 16 
moving in a direction perpendicular to the width of the paper. As will be 
more fully described hereinbelow, the upper sensor head is adapted to make 
a reflectance measurement for color and brightness and the lower sensor is 
adapted to make a transmission measurement for opacity. 
The upper head 12 supports a plurality of hemispherical reflectors 18, 
arranged in a line extending across the width of the web in a direction 
perpendicular to web travel, such that each reflector registers with a 
portion of the width of the web. A plurality of low loss optical fiber 
pipes 20 connected at first ends thereof to respective reflectors 18 forms 
fiber optic bundle 22. As will be more fully described hereinbelow, bundle 
22 leads to a location remote from web 16 at which radiation emanating 
from the bundle 22 is focused by collecting optics 24 onto a color 
photodetector array 26, through a circular variable disc filter 28. 
The array 26 is made up of a plurality of individual photodetector 
elements, which may, for example, be silicon photodiodes, each adapted to 
receive radiation from a respective optical fiber pipe 20. As each pipe 20 
of bundle 22 is associated with a single reflector 18, each detector 
element receives radiation reflected from a certain portion of the web. In 
addition, one detector element receives radiation from a reference 
reflector 19, which is located in an off-sheet position (away from the 
web). I connect the output of the array 26 to a multiplexer 27 adapted to 
feed the response of each photodetector element in the array to a 
microprocessor control system to be described hereinbelow. 
The lower head 14 supports a plurality of tubular optical housings 30, 
arranged in a line extending across the width of the web in a direction 
perpendicular to web travel, such that each housing 30 registers with a 
portion of the width of the web. A plurality of low loss optical fiber 
pipes 32 on head 14 carry radiation away from the housings 30. Pipes 32 
form a fiber optic bundle 34. As will be more fully described hereinbelow, 
radiation emanating from the bundle 34 is imaged onto an opacity 
photodetector array 36 through a standardization wheel 38. 
The array 36 is also located at a point remote from the web and is made up 
of a plurality of individual photodetector elements, which may be silicon 
photodiodes, each adapted to receive radiation from a single fiber pipe 
32. As each of the pipes 32 of bundle 34 is associated with a single 
housing 30, each detector element receives radiation transmitted through a 
certain portion of the web. In addition, one detector element of array 36 
receives radiation from a reference housing 31, which is located in an 
off-sheet position. I connect the output of the array 36 to a multiplexer 
37 adapted to supply the response of each photodetector element in the 
array to a microprocessor control system, to be described hereinbelow. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, I have illustrated a single reflector 18 and 
housing 30, to which the others are identical, shown in operative position 
with respect to the web. The reflector 18 is formed with a pair of sockets 
40 adapted to carry lamps 42. I coat the interior of each reflector 18 
with barium sulphate to render it light integrating. While any suitable 
light source may be employed, preferably I use two quartz iodine lamps 
supplied by a constant current source for the lamps 42. Light deflectors 
or baffles, not shown, may be used to insure proper distribution of light 
from the sources within the reflector, while at the same time preventing 
the optic fiber 20 associated with the reflector 18 from being directly 
illuminated by the sources. Instead, light is directed through a quartz 
window 44 onto a portion of the web 16. 
I form an opening in the upper portion of the reflector 18 through which 
reflected light from a spot portion of the web is directed to the open end 
of the associated optical pipe 20. More specifically, a collecting lens 46 
disposed inside a tube 48 focuses light from the spot portion of the web 
onto the open end of the associated low loss optical fiber pipe 20. The 
fiber pipe 20 conducts the radiation along bundle 22 to optics 24 where it 
is focused through filter 28 onto a single element of the photodetector 
array 26. 
As shown in FIG. 3, filter 28 comprises a substrate 50 having an 
interference filter coating 52 on one side thereof. In a manner known in 
the art, the thickness of the interference filter coating 52 on the 
substrate 50 varies with angular displacement about the axis of the filter 
28. As a result, there is a corresponding angular dependence on the center 
wavelength that is passed by any particular angular segment of the filter 
coating 52. Thus, in the embodiment shown, the thickness t.sub.0 of the 
thinnest, or 0.degree., segment coating is such as to pass a wavelength of 
about 400 nanometers, while the thickness of the 360.degree. segment 
coating (not shown) is such as to pass a wavelength of about 800 
nanometers. Between these two extremes, the thickness and hence pass band 
wavelength varies linearly with angular displacement. For example, the 
thickness t.sub.180 of the 180.degree. segment is such as to pass a 
wavelength of about 600 nanometers. 
I mount filter 28 on the shaft 54 of a suitable motor such as a stepper 
motor 56 which rotates the filter 28 to vary the wavelength of the 
radiation transmitted to the detector array 26. A position encoder, not 
shown, may be coupled to the motor shaft 54 to provide a parallel digital 
output indicating the particular angular segment of the filter 28 that 
intercepts the optical axis. The filter 28 is interposed in the optical 
path and is rotated to produce a detector output which periodically scans 
the optical spectrum. As more fully described in my copending application, 
Ser. No. 240,171 filed Mar. 3, 1981 for a method and apparatus for 
measuring and controlling the color of a moving web, the detector outputs 
at the various wavelength are weighted to produce X, Y, and Z tristimulus 
values. 
We position a respective collecting lens 58 in each housing 30 near that 
end adjacent to the web. The lens 58 is adapted to focus light transmitted 
through a spot portion of the web illuminated by lamps 42 onto the open 
end of the associated optical fiber pipe 30 through an opacity filter 60. 
The fiber pipe conducts the radiation through bundle 34, to be imaged onto 
a photodiode array 36 through the opacity standardization wheel 38. The 
opacity standard wheel is mounted on a shaft 64 of a suitable motor such 
as a stepper motor 66 which rotates the wheel at timed intervals to move a 
sample into the path of the radiation, for calibration of the detector. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, one form of control arrangement which may be used 
in my electronically scanned spectrometer color, brightness and opacity 
measurement and regulating system includes a microprocessor 70 having a 
local scratch pad random access memory 72, a read only memory 74 for 
storage of the operating program and an interrupt control 76. The 
processor controls digitization of the incoming analog signals through an 
analog to digital converter 78 which receives analog signals from each 
element of both detection arrays 26 and 36 through a multiplexer 80 and a 
sample and hold amplifier 82. The multiplexer 80 is adapted to be operated 
by the microprocessor to transmit signals alternately from the color 
multiplexer 27 and from the opacity multiplexer 37 to the converter 78 
through respective preamplifiers 84 and 86. The conversion values are 
stored in one of two buffer memory banks 88 and 90 by a slave processor or 
bus switch control 92. 
In addition the processor 70 monitors and controls the temperature of the 
two photodetector arrays 26 and 36 through a pair of suitable temperature 
control units 94 and 96, monitors and controls the position of the opacity 
standard wheel 38 through a suitable control unit 98 and monitors and 
controls the position of the circular variable disc filter 28 through a 
suitable control unit 100. The microprocessor 70 communicates with each of 
the components of the control system through a local digital data bus 102. 
Referring now to FIG. 5, the routine followed by microcomputer 70 begins at 
block 110. Initially a determination is made as to whether detector 
voltage outputs are to be obtained over an entire spectrum or for a 
specific (fixed) wavelength (block 112). If detector outputs are to be 
obtained for specific wavelengths, the filter position control unit 100 is 
interrogated to determine the present angular position of the filter wheel 
28 and hence the wavelength of the radiation reaching the detector (blocks 
114 and 116). The control unit 100 then operates the stepper motor 56 to 
rotate the filter wheel 28 such that radiation of the requested wavelength 
reaches the detector 26 (block 118). The gain of preamplifiers 84 and 86 
is set and voltage outputs from the detectors 26 and 36, through their 
respective multiplexers 27 and 37 are read by the system and stored in one 
of the buffer memory banks 88 and 90 (block 120). The program can continue 
obtaining detector voltage outputs for a specific wavelength in which case 
it loops back to block 120, or it can enter the spectrum mode and proceed 
to block 124 (block 122). 
In the spectrum mode the program measures the energy R(i) reflected from 
and the energy T(i) transmitted through the web 16 in terms of voltage 
outputs from the detectors 26 and 36 over a frequency spectrum expressed 
by wavelengths ranging from 400 nanometers (nm) to 800 nm, as provided by 
the filter wheel 28. Outputs from the detectors are collected beginning at 
the lowest wavelength, as determined by the filter position control unit 
100, (block 124) and continuing as the filter wheel is stepped through the 
spectrum (block 126). Detector outputs are collected for every 2 nm change 
in wavelength between 400 nm and 800 nm, thereby yielding a 200 point 
measurement (i=1 to 200) for each scan of the spectrum. 
The reflectance voltage outputs obtained R(i) are essentially "raw" voltage 
signals which must be converted to normalized voltage S(i) by use of the 
formula: 
##EQU1## 
where RB(i) is the output generated by the reflections of a black 
background at standardize time, RW(i) is the output generated by the 
reflections at a white standard at standardize time and 1/GR(i) is a 
normalizing function which compensates for the spectrums created by the 
lamps 42 (block 128). 
The normalized reflectance voltage outputs S(i) or reflectance spectrum is 
then used to calculate the tristimulus color coordinates X, Y and Z and 
the brightness BR by comparing the reflectance outputs at specific 
wavelengths to the outputs over the total range of wavelengths. This is 
accomplished by use of the equations: 
EQU X=XX.multidot..SIGMA..sub.j S(j).multidot.f(x)[j] (2) 
EQU Y=YY.multidot..SIGMA..sub.k S(k).multidot.f(y)[k] (3) 
EQU Z=ZZ.multidot..SIGMA..sub.l S(l).multidot.f(z)[l] (4) 
EQU BR=BB.multidot..SIGMA..sub.m S(m).multidot.f(b)[m] (5) 
wherein f(x), f(y), f(z) and f(b) are filter functions corresponding to the 
spectral regions associated with the tristimulus coordinates X, Y and Z, 
and the brightness BR (block 130). Once the values X, Y, Z and BR are 
determined, they are displayed in any suitable manner (block 132). 
The program then determines opacity by the use of the transmission signal 
T(n) and the formula: 
##EQU2## 
where TB(n) is the radiation transmitted from a standard background, 
1/GT(n) is a normalizing function which compensates for the spectrum 
created by the lamps 42 and OP[n] is a filter function corresponding to 
the spectral region associated with opacity. The output CO of equation 6 
is then normalized by the function: 
EQU OF=F(C0,C1,C2) (7) 
to give the opacity, which is then displayed (blocks 134 and 136). The 
program then loops back to block 112. 
The generated X, Y and Z values can be fed directly to a computer set up to 
give the desired measurements and to control the production process in 
response to deviations of the measured values from the desired values, as 
more fully described in my copending application Ser. No. 240,171 filed 
Mar. 3, 1981. 
It will be seen that I have accomplished the objects of my invention. I 
have provided a rapid scan color, brightness and opacity measurement 
system for multiple dye control which permits the simultaneous 
standardization of a multiple detection system. My electronically scanned 
spectrometer color, brightness and opacity measurement system permits 
on-line analysis of paper quality and opacity correction for individual 
frequencies. 
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of 
utility and may be employed without reference to other features and 
subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of my 
claims. It is further obvious that various changes may be made in details 
within the scope of my claims without departing from the spirit of my 
invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that my invention is not to 
be limited to the specific details shown and described.