Method and apparatus to improve the dynamic range of optical devices using spatial apodization

Devices and methods for processing multi-wavelength light beams and the single-wavelength components of such light beams are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, a spectral filter includes collimating and focusing optical elements, an apodizing filter, a diffraction grating, and a spatial filter. The collimating optical element collimates an input light beam while the apodizing filter spatially filters this beam. In general, the apodizing filter includes a range of transmissivity that varies according to a distance from a predetermined location on the apodizing filter. The diffraction grating diffracts the input beam which is focused by the focusing optical element onto the spatial filter to generate a filtered output beam. Embodiments of the invention may be employed as spectral filters, optical spectrum analyzers, optical mutiplexers, optical de-multiplexers, and the like.

BACKGROUND

1. Related Application

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/939,674 entitled “Apodized Diffraction Grating With Improved Dynamic Range” of Kenneth R. Wildnauer, which is filed on the same day as this application and is assigned to the assignee of this application.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Modem research and technology have created major changes in the lives of many people. A significant example of this is fiber optic communication. Over the last two decades, optical fiber lines have taken over and transformed the long distance telephone industry. Optical fibers also play a dominant role in making the Internet available around the world. When optical fiber replaces copper wire for long distance calls and Internet traffic, costs are dramatically lowered and the rate at which information can be conveyed is increased.

To maximize bandwidth, that is, the rate at which information can be transmitted, it is generally preferable for multiple information streams to be conveyed over the same optical fiber using multiple optical signals. Each optical signal is a light beam having a wavelength that is unique among the optical signals that share the optical fiber. Optical communication systems rely on optical devices that operate with single wavelength light beams that include a single optical signal, and with multi-wavelength light beams that include multiple optical signals. Such optical devices include, among others, spectral filters.

A spectral filter receives an input light beam that includes two or more spectral components that have different wavelengths. The filter selects and outputs only those input beam components that have wavelengths within a narrow range. This range is determined by the characteristics of the spectral filter. The center of the range defines the wavelength of the spectral filter.

It is desirable for a spectral filter to separate light beam components having only small wavelength differences. Small wavelength differences in light beam components are desirable because, for example, the conventional or “C” optical communication band can only support up to about 40 independent optical signals that are separated in wavelength by an increment of about 200 gigahertz (GHz). However, if the optical communication system can support wavelengths that differ by only about 25 GHz, then the “C” band can support over 150 independent signals.

Light beam components separated by only small wavelength increments can be combined into a densely packed multi-wavelength beam. Using such a light beam enables an optical communication system to convey a large amount of information over a single optical fiber. However, such dense packing requires precise combination, separation, and other handling of these light beams.

FIG. 1Ais a graph showing a multi-wavelength beam superimposed on the transmission spectrum of an exemplary spectral filter. Transmission spectrum110is graphed as the logarithm of the intensity of the light transmitted by the spectral filter, with respect to the wavelength of the light.

The multi-wavelength light beam depicted inFIG. 1Ahas two light beam components120and130. Each light beam component120and130has a single wavelength, and each component is graphed as the logarithm of the intensity of the component at the particular wavelength of the component. Notably, the intensity of component120is substantially lower than component130.

Transmission spectrum110includes a single primary peak112and a number of side lobes114. The center of primary peak112is the spectral filter wavelength. The wavelength of light beam component120coincides with the spectral filter wavelength. Primary peak112allows light beams of the spectral filter wavelength to pass through the spectral filter without a substantial decrease in intensity.

Side lobes114within transmission spectrum110are shown occurring in a periodic pattern as the wavelength of the light varies. Side lobes114decrease in intensity as the wavelength difference increases between a particular side lobe and primary peak112. The wavelength of component130is shown coinciding with one of the stronger side lobes.

Side lobes114may affect system performance since they allow light at undesired wavelengths to pass through the spectral filter. For example, consider the scenario of the multi-wavelength beam shown inFIG. 1A, denoted by components120and130, which are communicated to a spectral filter having the transmission spectrum shown inFIG. 1A. The desired output from the spectral filter would be all of light beam component120, while all of light beam component130is blocked. However, as shown inFIG. 1B, this not always possible.

FIG. 1Bis a graph showing the intensity of the light transmitted by a spectral filter having the transmission spectrum shown inFIG. 1A. The intensity of light beam components121and131represent the output that would be provided by the spectral filter.

Output component121typically has about the same intensity as input component120since the wavelength of the spectral filter transmits substantially all of the input light at that particular wavelength. However, output component131has a much lower intensity than input component130because the spectral filter substantially attenuates light at the wavelength of this component. Output component131has a somewhat higher intensity than output component121because input component130has a substantially higher intensity than input component120. In general, the spectral filter described inFIG. 1Acannot readily be used with a multi-wavelength input light beam since it is difficult or impossible to detect input component121because of interference from component131. In addition, many conventional spectral filters have limited transmission width and rejection shape, which fall below the requirements of modern optical communication systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with some embodiments, a spectral filter may include collimating and focusing optical elements, an apodizing filter, a diffraction grating, and a spatial filter. The collimating optical element collimates an input light beam while the apodizing filter spatially filters this beam. In general, the apodizing filter includes a range of transmissivity that varies according to a distance from a predetermined location on the apodizing filter. The diffraction grating diffracts the input beam which is focused by the focusing optical element onto the spatial filter to generate a filtered output beam. Embodiments of the invention may be employed as spectral filters, optical spectrum analyzers, optical multiplexers, optical de-multiplexers, and the like.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawing figures which form a part hereof, and which show by way of illustration specific embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized, and structural, electrical, as well as procedural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 2Ais a block diagram showing spectral filter200in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Filter200generally includes apodization filter220, diffraction grating240optically disposed between imaging components230and260, and spatial filter270. The apodization filter is shown positioned between input source209and imaging component230, and may be implemented using any of a variety of optical devices that can apodize an input light beam. In general, the apodization filter includes a range of transmissivity that varies according to a distance from a predetermined location on the apodizing filter. In use, the filter spatially filters the input light beam according to the varying range of transmissivity. A particular example of a suitable apodization filter that may be used to implement apodization filter220is depicted inFIG. 6Aand will be described in more detail with reference to that figure.

Referring still toFIG. 2A, input source209may be any suitable device for introducing input light beam210, which comprises spatially limited light, into the spectral filter. For example, the input source may be a filtering device having a pinhole or slit, an optical waveguide, a single mode or multi-mode optical fiber, and the like. Imaging component230is an optical device that collimates a diverging light beam, while imaging component260is an optical device that focuses a collimated light beam. Output imaging element260is typically implemented to reduce the distance that output beam250must travel before a selected light beam component spatially overlaps at a single point. Output imaging element260also controls the size of the filtered output beam, which could, for example, be matched to the mode size of an optical fiber for efficient coupling to the fiber. This reduction in distance may be achieved by focusing the output beam onto spatial filter270. Reducing the travel distance of the output beam enables the fabrication of smaller sized spectral filters.

Spatial filter270is an optical device that spatially filters output beam250to produce filtered output beam280, and may be implemented using any of a variety of conventional filtering devices. A particular example, as shown inFIG. 2A, is a filter having a slit formed within an opaque volume or surface. In this configuration, the slit forms a straight line or a curve in the Y-Z plane.

In some implementations, spatial filter270may be used to facilitate the combination and separation of multi-wavelength and single-wavelength light beams without undesirable effects such as distortion, cross talk, or spillover among the light beam components. For example, spatial filter270may be implemented using an optical device that can capture or detect light and which has a defined dimension in the Y direction. Specific examples of suitable light detecting devices include photodetectors, an array of photodetectors, a photodetector array, CCDs, optical waveguides, and photographic film, among others. These types of optical devices may be configured to resolve a particular wavelength, or a range of wavelengths, to spatially limit the output beam to produce a spectrally filtered output beam280.

Referring still toFIG. 2A, input source209is shown providing input beam210to apodization filter220. Imaging component230collimates the apodized input beam and directs this beam onto diffraction grating240where the beam is diffracted as output beam250. The diffracted output beam is received by imaging component260which focuses this beam onto spatial filter270, resulting in filtered output beam280.

Filter200may function as a spectral filter or as an optical spectrum analyzer. Operating as a spectral filter, as described with respect toFIGS. 1A and 1Babove, filtered output beam280is a component of a multi-wavelength input light beam that has the wavelength defined by the spectral filter.

Depending on what component light beams are present in the input light beam, the filtered output beam provided by the spectral filter may include two or more components of input beam210, each having a wavelength within the range of wavelengths, typically a narrow range, that is selected by spectral filter200.

An optical spectrum analyzer may be categorized as a specific type of spectral filter, commonly referred to as a tunable spectral filter. A typical optical spectrum analyzer operates by tuning the spectral filter to a desired wavelength or a range of wavelengths. The required tuning may be accomplished using a suitable positioning mechanism, which will be described in more detail with reference toFIG. 2C.

FIG. 2Ashows diffraction grating240implemented as a substantially planar grating, but other designs are possible. For example, to reduce or eliminate the need for optical imaging components (for example, imaging components230and260), a non-planer diffraction grating may be used. A diffraction grating that is concave with respect to the input beam would transmit a converging spherical wavefront to the spatial filter.

Imaging components230and260may be implemented using conventional optical devices that can converge light beams. One example of a suitable device that may be used for imaging components230and260is a gradient index (GRIN) lens.

The optical properties of a typical GRIN lens are determined by a spatial gradient in the refractive index within the lens, or by a combination of both the shape of the lens and a spatial gradient or refractive index. In some GRIN lenses, the refractive index of the lens is at a maximum value at the center of the lens, decreasing with increased distance from the center. The light transmission of the lens also decreases with increasing distance from the center of the lens so that the lens also apodizes the input light beam.

A particular type of GRIN lens is known as a pitch controlled GRIN lens. The length of such a lens is a particular ratio, such as 25%, of the pitch of the light traveling through the lens. A quarter pitch (or 25% pitch) GRIN lens will collimate a diverging light beam or focus a collimated beam. A pitch of somewhat less than 25% will decrease the divergence of a diverging light beam, and a pitch of somewhat more than 25% will focus a diverging light beam.

Other types of imaging devices that may be used for implementing imaging components230and260include, among others, a single discrete lens, an assembly of two or more lenses, spherical or aspheric lenses, a cylindrical lens, a parabolic lens, an off-axis parabolic lens, a conic shaped lens, a curved reflector, a beam expander, or a combination of two or more of these devices.

FIG. 2Aprovides an example of a spectral filter using apodization filter220positioned between imaging component230and input source209. However, the invention is not so limited and alternative configurations are possible. For example,FIG. 2Bshows spectral filter201having apodization filter220optically disposed between imaging component230and diffraction grating240. In this design, the apodization filter is located adjacent to the imaging component. Another alternative may be locating the apodization filter adjacent to the diffraction grating, as depicted inFIG. 2C.

FIG. 2Calso shows spectral filter202having optional positioning mechanism290. The positioning mechanism is typically implemented when spectral filter is used as an optical spectrum analyzer. Positioning mechanism290may be used to adjust the angular relationship between optical grating240and output filter270, thereby selecting the wavelength of the component or components within input beam210that ultimately result in filtered output beam280.

The angle at which light is transmitted from diffraction grating240depends on both the angle of incidence of the light on the diffraction grating, the period of the lines on the grating, and on the wavelength of the light. Thus, the wavelength of spectral filter202may be selected by modifying the angle between imaging component230and the axis of diffraction grating240, or by modifying the angle between the axis of the diffraction grating and spatial filter270, or by modifying both of these angles. Accordingly, the wavelength of spectral filter202may be selected by adjusting both the X and the Y coordinates of spatial filter270, adjusting the position of imaging components230or260, adjusting the angle of the diffraction grating in the X-Y plane, adjusting the spatial filter along an arc centered at the point of incidence on diffraction grating240, or making other adjustments of the angular relationships among the various components of spectral filter202.

Undesirable effects, such as image misfocus and crosstalk, may occur if either imaging component260or spatial filter270are positioned relative to diffraction grating240in a location that does not lie along an arc centered at the center of the diffraction grating. These effects may result in the loss of the light present in the light beam components that are selected. To compensate for these effects, imaging components230and260may be constructed to reduce defocus and crosstalk, for example, over certain angular displacements.

FIG. 2Dis a block diagram showing spectral filter204, which is similar in many respects to the filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2C. The primary difference between these filters relates to the type of diffraction grating used to implement the spectral filter. The spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2Cutilize a transmission diffraction grating240which allows at least a portion of an input light beam to pass through the grating. In contrast, spectral filter204shown inFIG. 2Dimplements a reflective diffraction grating241. Reflective diffraction grating241may be implemented using known grating devices that can reflect some or all of the input light beam incident on the grating.

During operation, input source209provides input beam210to apodization filter220. Imaging component230then collimates the apodized input beam and directs this beam onto diffraction grating241where the beam is reflected as output beam250. The reflected output beam is received by imaging component260which focuses the output beam onto spatial filter270, resulting in filtered output beam280.

The various spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2D, as well as the multiplexing and demultiplexing devices shown inFIGS. 4A-4Cand5, implement an apodization filter as a separate component that is optically disposed between the input light source and the diffraction grating. However, other design configurations may be used where the functionality of the apodization filter is integrated with imaging component230or with diffraction grating240. Various types of diffraction gratings that can diffract and apodize an input light beam will be described with reference toFIGS. 6A-6B,7A-7C and8.

FIG. 3is a graph comparing the transmission spectrum ofFIG. 1Awith the transmission spectrum obtained from any of the spectral filters ofFIGS. 2A-2D. Each transmission spectrum is graphed as the logarithm of the relative intensity of transmission through a spectral filter as a function of the wavelength of the input light beam.

As described above with reference toFIG. 1A, transmission spectrum110of the exemplary prior-art spectral filter includes a single primary peak112and a number of side lobes114. The prior-art spectral filter has an intensity difference320, which is the difference in transmission intensity between primary peak112and the strongest side lobe114. Similarly, transmission spectrum310of any of the spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2Dinclude a single primary peak312and a number of side lobes314. The spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2Dhave an intensity difference330, which is the difference in transmission intensity between primary peak312and the strongest side lobes314. Intensity differences320and330indicate the maximum dynamic range of their respective spectral filters.

Comparing the two transmission spectra, the strongest side lobe314is significantly lower in transmission intensity than the strongest side lobe114. Intensity difference330of the spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2Dis substantially larger than intensity difference320of the prior art spectral filter whose transmission spectrum is shown inFIG. 1A. Thus, the maximum dynamic range of the spectral filters shown inFIGS. 2A-2Dis substantially larger than the prior-art spectral filter ofFIG. 1A.

Further, each side lobe314has a significantly narrower wavelength range and a significantly decreased maximum transmission intensity than corresponding side lobe114. Compared to transmission spectrum110, transmission spectrum310reduces the likelihood that an input light beam component at an undesired wavelength will spill over into the output of the spectral filter.

Moreover, primary peak312is significantly wider than primary peak112, which may allow a somewhat wider range of desired wavelengths to be selected by the spectral filter. A wider spectral range may allow larger tolerances for the wavelengths used as components of a multi-wavelength light beam in an optical communication system. While it is customary to speak of the wavelength of a spectral filter, a spectral filter actually passes a range of wavelengths.

The transmission spectrum of a spectral filter in accordance with the invention depends upon an assortment of design parameters. These design parameters include, among others, the shape, size, pitch, and optical properties of the diffraction lines of the diffraction grating, the relative angular positions of the optical elements within the spectral filter, and the optical characteristics of the imaging components. In some implementations, such as when a diffraction grating also apodizes the input light beam, these design parameters may also include the spatial modulation of diffraction lines, as described in more detail with reference toFIGS. 7A-7C, and8. The transmission spectrum of the spectral filter may also be modeled mathematically as the convolution of the apodization function of the apodization filter with the diffraction function of the diffraction grating.

Given an ideal apodization function and an ideal diffraction function, it is possible to set the bandwidth of primary peak312to any desired value. It is similarly possible to set the maximum intensities of side lobes314to any desired value, including making the lobes negligibly small. However, for commercial spectral filters, various limiting factors constrain the wavelength range and dynamic range that may be obtained in a practical spectral filter. It therefore may be desirable to merely reduce the amplitude of the side lobes as a trade off with manufacturing cost or with other design parameters including, among others, the value of the maximum transmission efficiency of primary peak312.

FIG. 4Ais a block diagram showing optical demultiplexer400in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Demultiplexer400generally includes apodization filter220, diffraction grating240optically disposed between imaging components230and260, and spatial filter array471. The apodization filter is shown positioned between input source209and imaging component230. In this embodiment, input source209introduces multi-wavelength input light beam450into de-multiplexer400.

Spatial filter array471is shown configured with individual spatial filters that separate output beam451into demultiplexed light beams481. Each of the demultiplexed light beams includes a component of input beam450at a different wavelength, or components of the input beam within a different range of wavelengths. Spatial filter array471may be implemented using any of the optical devices described in reference to spatial filter270.

During operation, input source209provides multi-wavelength input beam451to apodization filter220. Imaging component230collimates the apodized input beam and directs this beam onto diffraction grating240. The diffracted input beam is then received by imaging component260which focuses output beam451onto spatial filter array471, resulting in two or more demultiplexed light beams481.

Similar to the spectral filter shown inFIG. 2A, demultiplexer400utilizes an apodization filter positioned between imaging component230and input source209. However, other configurations are possible where the apodization filter is optically disposed between imaging component230and diffraction grating240. For example,FIG. 4Bshows spectral filter401having apodization filter220optically disposed between imaging component230and diffraction grating240. In this design, the apodization filter is located adjacent to the imaging component. Another alternative may be locating the apodization filter adjacent to the diffraction grating, as depicted inFIG. 4C.

FIG. 5is a block diagram showing optical multiplexer500in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The various components comprising optical multiplexer500are essentially the inverse of the components comprising optical demultiplexer400. For example, optical multiplexer500is shown having apodization filters220and associated imaging components230, while diffraction grating240is optically disposed between the plurality of imaging components230and imaging component260. Spatial filter270is shown receiving focused output beam550.

During operation, input sources209provide single-wavelength input beams210to associated apodization filters220. Various imaging components230then collimate their associated, apodized input beams and direct these beams to diffraction grating240. Each of the input beams will be diffracted by the diffraction grating, resulting in diffracted, spatially overlapped output beams shown inFIG. 5as a single output beam550. The single output beam is a multi-wavelength beam comprising each of the single-wavelength input beams. Imaging component260focuses the multi-wavelength output beam onto spatial filter270, resulting in a multiplexed and filtered output beam280.

Multiplexer500is shown with an apodization filter positioned between imaging components230and their associated input sources209, but other configurations are possible where the apodization filter is optically disposed at almost any location between imaging components230and diffraction grating240. Another alternative may be to replace the array of imaging components230shown inFIG. 5with a single image component230that collimates each of the array of input beams210.

FIG. 6Ais a front view of one type of an apodization filter that may be implemented in various embodiments of the invention. Apodization filter600is a filter that has radius dependent transmissivity. As shown, the apodization filter has a series of discrete regions between maximum transmissivity at the center of the filter and minimum transmissivity at the edges of the filter. In use, light beams striking the apodization filter along the X-axis are apodized by the filter.

Maximum transmissivity region650is shown formed as a circular region that is generally, but not necessarily, centered on the axis of the input light beam. The portion of the input light beam incident on region650is transmitted through filter600with minimum attenuation. First intermediate transmissivity region640is an annular region that is bounded on the inside by region650and on the outside by second intermediate transmissivity region630, which in turn is bounded by third intermediate transmissivity region620. Region620is shown bounded by final transmissivity region610. Region610is a region of maximum attenuation such that all, or substantial all, of the light incident on this region is blocked. The size of region610is such that any unwanted portion of an input beam is blocked from reaching the diffraction grating.

FIG. 6Bis a graph of the transmissivity function of the apodization filter ofFIG. 6A. In this figure, transmissivity function670is graphed as the transmissivity of the apodization filter as a function of the radial distance from the center of the filter. Transmissivity function670varies symmetrically between maximum transmission for an input light beam that is incident at or near the center of the filter, and decreasing in transmission as the radial distance from the center of the filter increases.

Transmissivity function670is dependent upon the number of transmissivity regions and the transmissivity functions of the various regions utilized in the filter. The filter shown inFIG. 6Aincludes a series of annular transmissivity regions of gradually decreasing transmissivity functions, thus providing a substantially symmetric transmissivity function670.

Although a filter having a number of transmissivity regions and associated transmissivity functions is shown inFIG. 6A, no particular number of regions or particular transmissivity function is required or desired. An apodization filter is typically selected based upon the size and geometry of the light beam that is to be filtered. For example, a filter having a series of annular regions, such as the filter depicted inFIG. 6A, is typically implemented for filtering circular light beams. Similarly, a filter having a series of rectangular or elliptical regions, for example, of varying transmissivity functions may be utilized for respectively filtering rectangular or elliptical light beams.

Filter600may also be formed with transmissivity regions of varying geometries to compensate or correct distortions or deviations of the input light beam. For example, the input light beam may be asymmetric such that the light beam does not have a perfectly spherical wavefront and circular beam. Referring back toFIG. 3, such a light beam would cause the modulation of side lobes314and a corresponding modulation of intensity difference330. To correct this asymmetry, the filter may be formed with transmissivity regions that correspond to and correct the asymmetry of the input light beam

FIG. 7Ais a front view of diffraction grating700which may be utilized in accordance with the invention.FIGS. 7B and 7Care side views of grating700taken along cross section lines7B-7B and7C-7C, respectively. Grating700is one example of a diffraction grating that can diffract and apodize an input light beam, as will now be described.

Diffraction grating700is shown having a plurality of individual diffraction grooves710which are equally spaced and substantially parallel. As shown byFIGS. 7B and 7C, diffraction grooves710are defined by two projecting plane surfaces. The aggregate profile of the diffraction grooves is a sawtooth shape.

In contrast to conventional gratings, grating700includes variably deep diffraction grooves. For example, grating700is shown with grooves having the greatest depth at or near center760(FIG. 7B), but the depth of these grooves become relatively more shallow extending radially outward from center760. The diffraction efficiency of the optical grating700(i.e., the amount of diffracted light) depends on factors such as the depth of the grooves, the angle of incidence of the light on the grating, and on the wavelength of the light. The diffraction efficiency may therefore be changed or otherwise modulated by altering one or more of these factors.

In one example, predetermined point760defines a location where the center of a light beam is incident on diffraction grating700. Since point760is located within relatively deep groove lines, maximum diffraction of this portion of the light beam is achieved. Remaining portions of the light beam are incident on relatively shallower groove lines located at a distance from point760. Because of the shallower groove lines, the remaining portions of the light beam experience a lesser degree of diffraction.

The varying depth of the grooves comprising diffraction grating700may therefore provide a change in diffraction efficiency of a light beam incident on the grating. This change of diffraction efficiency results in spatial apodization of the light beam. For example, a groove of shallower depth is generally less efficient at diffracting light than a groove of greater depth. Part of the light incident on a particular groove leaves at a stray angle, that is, at an angle other than the angle at which the incident light leaves a groove portion having maximum depth. Accordingly, an increase in the distance of a particular groove portion from predetermined point760causes a corresponding increase in the amount of incident light to be diffracted at the stray angle.

Care should be taken to prevent stray light from becoming part of the output beam. Stray light can be caused by spurious reflections from optical elements in the beam path. It can also be caused by a spatial overlap of the zero order (undiffracted) and the diffracted beams. This can arise if the grating pitch is made too small, which causes the angle between the undiffracted and the diffracted beams to be too small.

A particular example of a diffraction grating is depicted inFIGS. 7A-7C, but many other designs are possible. For example, the profile of the diffraction grooves may be formed using a variety of shapes including rectangular grooves having a sharply rising surface followed by a top surface, followed by a sharply falling surface, followed by a bottom surface; a mesa shaped groove having an angled rising surface followed by a top surface, followed by an angled falling surface, followed by a bottom surface; a curved groove; and a sinusoidal or a tilted sinusoidal groove. Possible changes to the profile of a diffraction groove include changing the angles along the surface of a groove, changing the sizes of the surfaces of a groove, changing curvature parameters of the groove, and implementing various types of groove shapes in a single grating.

Moreover, the diffraction grooves need not be physical grooves on the surface of a substrate. Instead, the grooves may be regions in a substrate that differ in refractive index. The difference in refractive index may be varied to modulate the diffraction efficiency of the optical grating, thus providing apodization of an input light beam.

If desired, the reflectivity of the diffraction grooves may be varied to modulate the diffraction efficiency of the grating. One way to accomplish this is to vary the thickness of a reflective metallic layer, for example, that constitutes part of the diffraction grating. In such an embodiment, the metallic layer would be thick enough at predetermined point760to accommodate the full skin effect so that the incident light is fully reflected. The thickness of the metallic layer may be reduced based upon the distance from the predetermined point. Thus, in some portions of the optical grating, portions of the incident light passes through the metallic layer and is not reflected.

FIG. 8is a block diagram showing diffraction grating fabrication system800. The system generally includes laser810, beam expander820, spatial filter830, and beam splitter840. Mirrors858and852are associated with imaging components861and862, respectively.

In operation, laser810generates an exposure beam that is expanded by the beam expander and spatially filtered by spatial filter830. The exposure beam enters beam splitter840where the beam is split into two exposure beams,871and872. Each exposure beam871and872is reflected by mirrors858and852, respectively. Imaging components861and862respectively direct exposure beams871and872onto surface880of substrate890. This optical configuration causes exposure beams871and872to recombine and interfere with each other, according to the well-known principles of light wave interference and holography.

Surface880is coated with a suitable positive or negative photoresist. In general, when exposed to the interference pattern produced by exposure beams871and872, the photoresist records the interference pattern. Using a suitable negative photoresist development process, for example, portions of the photoresist are removed leaving portions of the photoresist that had been exposed to the interference pattern. The substrate may be further processed by etching, forming a series of diffraction grooves as shown inFIGS. 7A-7C, for example. The remaining photoresist may be removed prior to use, but this is not a requirement. If a reflective diffraction grating is desired, a metal layer may be formed over the patterned substrate.

To fabricate a diffraction grating that can diffract and apodize an input light beam, the just-described process may be modified by adjusting beam expander820or spatial filter830, or both, so that the intensities of exposure beams871and872decrease with increasing radial displacement in the beams. If desired, an apodization filter may be added to the path of exposure beam871, exposure beam872, or both of these beams.

Each exposure beam may be a Gaussian function and as such, a simple way to fabricate a diffraction grating with a radial Gaussian apodization function is to insufficiently expand either one or both of the exposure beams, which would result in a non-uniform intensity exposure across surface880. Alternatively, mirror858or imaging element861, or both, may be adjusted so that exposure beam871is not completely collimated as it strikes substrate880. The interference pattern generated by this configuration defines a pattern of irregular grooves (i.e., grooves that are not straight, not parallel, not uniformly spaced, do not have uniform depth, and the like).

FIG. 9is a front view of phase plate900that may be utilized to augment or replace apodizing filter220. Similar to apodization filter220, the phase plate may be implemented as a separate component that is optically disposed between input light source209and diffraction grating240. Alternatively, the functionality of the phase plate maybe be integrated with imaging230, diffraction grating240, or apodization filter220.

In general, the phase plate apodizes an incident input light beam by changing the phase of portions of the beam before the beam is diffracted. The amount of the phase change is spatially-dependent. Spatially-dependent phase change is a phase change from a reference point in a plane normal to the direction of the light and depends on a radial displacement or a linear displacement.

Phase change may be accomplished using any of a variety of conventional phase changing methods and devices that alters the optical path length of the beam in a spatially dependent way. In other words, the optical path length change is not uniform across the beam. The optical path is made up of two components whose product yields the optical path length. Those two components are the physical path length and the index of refraction. These two components multiplied together (and integrated over the physical path) will yield the phase change. Therefore, spatially dependent phase change may be realized by spatially dependent changes in the refractive index across the device, by varying the physical thickness across the device, or a combination of both.

Referring still toFIG. 9, the phase plate is shown having a series of discrete refractive index regions starting at center910of the plate and progressing outward in a radial direction. Refractive index region920is shown formed as a circular region that is generally, but not necessarily, centered on the axis of the input light beam. A series of discrete refractive index regions,920,930,940, and950are shown formed as a series of annular regions that are bounded by region960. Each of the refractive index regions contain a different refractive index, and the size of region960is such that any unwanted portion of an input beam is blocked from reaching the diffraction grating.

When an input beam having spatially-dependent phase is diffracted by the diffraction grating, the phase of a light beam portion being diffracted affects the communication of that portion of the output light beam. Apodization techniques based upon spatially-dependent phase alteration of the input beam typically operate with input beams in a relatively narrow frequency range.

While the invention has been described in detail with reference to disclosed embodiments, various modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent. It is to be appreciated that features described with respect to one embodiment typically may be applied to other embodiments. Therefore, the invention properly is to be construed with reference to the claims.