Image sensor and pixel that has variable capacitance output or floating node

A pixel and image sensor formed in accordance with the present invention has two modes of operation: a 3T mode and a 4T mode. The present invention switches from a 3T to a 4T mode based upon the amount of illumination on the image sensor. The amount of illumination on the image sensor can be determined in a variety of ways. Once the level of illumination is determined, a decision is made by comparing the level of illumination to a threshold whether to operate in 3T mode (for high illumination) or 4T (for low illumination) mode.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to image sensors, and more particularly, to an image sensor that uses pixels that can vary their capacitance based upon the intensity of incident light.

BACKGROUND

Image sensors have become ubiquitous. They are widely used in digital still cameras, cellular phones, security cameras, medical, automobiles, and other applications. The technology used to manufacture image sensors, and in particular CMOS image sensors, has continued to advance at great pace. For example, the demands of higher resolution and lower power consumption have encouraged the further miniaturization and integration of the image sensor.

As the pixels become smaller, it becomes more difficult for the pixel to output a signal of adequate strength that can be easily deciphered by downstream signal processing. Moreover, there are demands on the image sensor to perform over a large range of lighting conditions, varying from low light conditions to bright outside sunlight. This is generally referred to as having a large dynamic range. Still, because of the decreasing size of the pixel, as described below, the dynamic range of the pixel may be limited.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in order to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

FIG. 1illustrates a CMOS active pixel that uses three transistors. This is known in the art as a 3T active pixel. A light sensing element101outputs a signal that is used to modulate an amplification transistor105. The signal is “placed” at node A which is connected to the gate of the amplification transistor105. Thus, the amplification transistor105is in source-follower configuration. The light-sensing element101can be one of a variety of devices, including without limitation, photogates, photodiodes, pinned photodiodes, partially pinned photodiodes, etc.

During an integration period (also referred to as an exposure period), the light-sensing element101captures light that is incident onto the pixel and outputs a signal indicative of the amount of light incident on that light-sensing element101. The signal (which is an accumulation of charge generated by the light sensing element101) is stored on node A which is connected to the gate of the amplification transistor105. The signal stored on node A is then used to modulate the amplification transistor105. After the integration period, a reset transistor103is used to reset the level of the node A to a reference level prior to the start of the next integration period. Finally, a row select transistor107is used as a means to address the pixel and to selectively read out the signal onto a column bit line109.

FIG. 2is similar in many respects to the 3T active pixel ofFIG. 1, except that an additional transfer transistor201is used to transfer the signal output by the light-sensing element101to a floating node B. This design is known as a four transistor or 4T pixel. In operation, during the integration period, the light sensing element101generates charge which is held at the light sensing element because transfer transistor201is off. After the integration period, the transfer transistor201is turned on to transfer the signal to the floating node B. After the signal has been transferred to floating node B, the transfer transistor201is turned off again for the start of a subsequent integration period. Thus, as seen, the transfer transistor201turns on and off periodically to transfer signal from each integration period to the floating node B.

The signal on the floating node B is then used to modulate the amplification transistor105. Further, after readout through the column bitline109, the reset transistor103resets the floating node B to a reference voltage, in this particular embodiment, Vdd.

In general, in the 4T pixel design, the floating node B is designed to be relatively small (when compared to floating node A of the 3T pixel design). A floating node B is designed to be relatively small in order to achieve high transfer gain. However, in high illumination conditions, the amount of charge (signal) produced by the light-sensing element101may be greater than the capacity of the floating node B. This will result in saturation of the floating node B and reduced dynamic range, as well as reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

The present invention allows the floating node B in a 4T active pixel to have a variable capacitance. Under high illumination light conditions, the transfer transistor201is turned on during the readout operation. This, in effect, increases the capacitance of the floating node B and the 4T pixel operates as a 3T pixel. However, in low-light conditions, the floating node B maintains its relatively small capacitance and the 4T pixel operates in accordance with normal principles of 4T pixel operation. The structure of an active pixel formed in accordance with the present invention is substantially the same as that shown inFIG. 2. However, as further detailed below, the operation of the image sensor and the active pixels within the image sensor is controlled such that the pixels behave as either a 3T pixel (under elevated illumination conditions), or a conventional 4T pixel (under lower illumination conditions).

Turning toFIG. 3, a flow diagram showing a method of the present invention is provided. First, at box301, the illumination level incident to the image sensor (and thus pixels) is monitored. This can be done in any number of conventional ways. For example, the output from the image sensor can be examined for its brightness level. As can be appreciated of ordinary skill in the art, nearly every image sensor has circuitry for automatic gain control and exposure control. By determining the strength of the signal output from the pixels, the ambient light level can be determined. Alternatively, the processed output from the image sensor can be examined to determine the relative ambient lighting conditions. Still alternatively, a dedicated light-sensitive device outside of the imaging area of the image sensor can be used to monitor the amount of incident light onto the image sensor.

Next, at box303, the illumination level determined at box301is compared to a threshold value. The threshold value is the trigger for transition between 3T operation and 4T operation. The precise point where the threshold is set may be made variable depending upon design considerations, parameters, and characteristics of the image sensor, and may even be adjustable at the discretion of the user of the image sensor. In any event, a threshold is used to delineate between 3T and 4T operation. If the illumination level determined at box301is higher than the threshold, then at box307, the transfer transistor is turned on during operation and the pixel behaves as a 3T pixel. However, if the illumination level is lower than the threshold, then at box305, the pixels operate in normal 4T operation.

As noted above, in a 4T pixel, in order to obtain high transfer gain, the floating node B is designed to be relatively small and have a relatively small capacitance, for example, on the order of 2 femtofarads. If the image sensor and pixels use a one-volt signal range, this means that the maximum number of electrons (Qmax) that can be held at the floating node B is about 12,500. Considering “shot noise,” this results in a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of112. However, in many illumination conditions, a light-sensing element, such as a pinned photodiode, may generate more signal (electrons) than Qmax.

In order to address this issue, in accordance with the present invention, the transfer gate201is kept in the on position during operation where there is relatively high ambient illumination. This results in the capacitance on the floating node B to increase substantially, i.e., the sum of the “4T normal” floating node (2 femtofarads), the capacitance within the transfer transistor201, and the capacitance within the light sensing element101. In one example, the transfer transistor being turned on and operating in capacitor mode may have a capacitance of 14 femtofarads. The light-sensing element, in the case of a pinned photodiode, may have a capacitance on the order of 4 femtofarads. This provides a total capacitance of 20 femtofarads.

When the same one-volt signal range is used, the maximum number of electrons capable of being stored is thus increased to 125,000, ten times that of normal 4T operation. Once again, considering shot noise, the maximum SNR is then approximately 354, more than three times 4T operation.

Thus, as seen from the description above, a pixel and image sensor formed in accordance with the present invention has two modes of operation: a 3T mode and a 4T mode. The present invention switches from a 3T to a 4T mode based upon the amount of illumination on the image sensor. The amount of illumination on the image sensor can be determined in a variety of ways, and any method for determining the level of illumination could easily be applied to the present invention. Once the level of illumination is determined, a decision is made by comparing the level of illumination to a threshold whether to operate in 3T (for high illumination) mode or 4T (for low illumination) mode.

The active pixels described above may be used in a sensor array of a CMOS image sensor1101. Specifically,FIG. 4shows a CMOS image sensor formed in accordance with the present invention. The CMOS image sensor includes a sensor array1103, a processor circuit1105, an input/output (I/O)1107, memory1109, and bus1111. Preferably, each of these components is formed on a single silicon substrate and manufactured to be integrated onto a single chip using standard CMOS processes.

The sensor array1103portion may be, for example, substantially similar to the sensor arrays portions of image sensors manufactured by the assignee of the present invention, OmniVision Technologies, Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as model numbers OV5610 or OV7640, except that the pixels are replaced with the active pixels disclosed herein.

The description of the invention in this application as set forth herein is illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein are possible, and practical alternatives to, or equivalents of the various elements, the embodiments are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These and other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.