Miniaturized mass spectrometer system

A portable analytical grade mass spectrometer system contained in a single enclosure is disclosed for use in analyzing atmospheric, water, soil, drugs, explosives and other substances and includes a gas chromatograph and a mass analyzer assembly enclosed within a vacuum housing, a vacuum pump, and an on-board computer such that an operator, by means of an attached keyboard, can input data and information, and input a sample to be analyzed, and thereby operate the miniaturized mass spectrometer system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates generally to the determination of the 
chemical composition of unknown chemical compounds. More particularly, the 
present invention relates to apparatus for determining the chemical 
composition of environmental and non-environmental substances, such as 
hazardous and toxic chemicals, air and water contaminants. 
In the area of environmental testing of the composition of the air, water, 
hazardous chemicals and other environmental as well as non-environmental 
samples, including the detection of drugs and explosives, it is often 
desirable and much of the time necessary to conduct the tests of such 
materials at the source or location of the materials. Since such materials 
are oftentimes found outside of controlled environments which are provided 
with sources of power, and since it is often important, for example, in 
the case of drugs and explosives, to quickly ascertain the presence of 
such substances in a rapid manner in the absence of readily available 
power sources, the need has arisen in the art for a compact, powerful and 
yet very sensitive instrument for testing as well as monitoring the 
chemical composition of such materials. 
With many presently available systems, it takes days and often weeks to 
transport the samples to a central laboratory and obtain the results from 
the sophisticated routines necessary to analyze the chemical composition 
of certain substances. The present invention, on the other hand, both 
senses and analyzes such substances in minutes right on the site where the 
substance is found. In addition to providing advanced field testing and 
analysis, the present invention, which includes a novel gas chromatograph 
and mass spectrometer combination, provides a comprehensive real-time 
monitoring and on-site assessment capability for scientists, engineers, 
compliance specialists and others with environmental protection and public 
safety responsibilities. 
The present system, then, combines in one portable compact package a fully 
integrated and totally self-contained system which couples a temperature 
programmed gas chromatograph with a high performance miniaturized mass 
spectrometer and on-board computer. The computer includes an operating 
system, as well as a mass spectra library and analysis software. 
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
In view of the foregoing, it should be apparent that there still exists a 
need in the art for a portable, self-contained and miniaturized substance 
testing and monitoring system which can be readily brought by one person 
to a source of materials to be analyzed and can quickly and efficiently 
perform a chemical analysis of the substance to determine its chemical 
composition. Such an apparatus could also be installed at a remote site to 
automatically monitor and analyze chemical pollution by unattended or 
remotely controlled operation. 
It is, therefore, a primary object of this invention to provide apparatus 
for analyzing unknown substances to determine their chemical composition 
which is characterized by a compact, lightweight, power efficient, and 
self-contained yet high performance system using a gas chromatograph and 
mass spectrometer system operated by an on-board computer and which has 
particular application for the monitoring of air and water quality, 
hazardous materials, explosives and drugs. 
More particularly, it is an object of this invention to provide a 
miniaturized gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) system which is 
compact, rugged and yet capable of rapidly and efficiently performing an 
analysis of various samples in near real-time at the site. 
Still more particularly, it is an object of this invention to provide a gas 
chromatograph/mass spectrometer system which is relatively low in cost and 
is easily manufacturable. 
A further object of the present invention is to provide a miniaturized mass 
spectrometer system utilizing an analytical grade mass spectrometer having 
a resolution of at least 1 AMU and a mass range of at least 200 AMU. 
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a 
miniaturized mass spectrometer system which includes an analytical grade 
mass spectrometer and in which all major components of the entire system, 
as well as the data processing functions of the system, are contained in a 
single compact enclosure. 
Yet an additional object of the present invention is to provide for a 
compact, portable and self-contained miniaturized mass spectrometer system 
which includes an analytical grade mass spectrometer as well as a data 
processor and microcomputer all in a portable and self-contained compact 
enclosure together with a display and user input/output device. 
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a miniaturized 
mass spectrometer system which includes an analytical grade mass 
spectrometer and a vacuum pump in a single self-contained and portable 
enclosure. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a miniaturized 
mass spectrometer system which provides more than one stage of analytical 
grade mass spectrometry. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a mass 
analyzer assembly which forms a part of a mass spectrometer inside a 
vacuum enclosure and in which the alignment of the ion beam is achieved by 
a single unitary alignment device which aligns two or more of the ion 
source, electric scanning sectors, magnetic analyzers or ion detection 
components. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a mass analyzer 
assembly in which the mechanisms for providing alignment of the sections 
of the mass analyzer are formed as part of the vacuum housing containing 
the mass analyzer assembly. 
It is yet an additional object of the present invention to provide a mass 
analyzer assembly with a source of vacuum located inside the vacuum 
housing which surrounds the mass analyzer assembly. 
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a compact 
magnet and yoke combination which serves the dual function of providing 
the magnetic field required for both the ion vacuum pump and the magnetic 
analyzer used in connection with the mass analyzer assembly. 
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a magnet 
and yoke structure for the ion pump and magnetic analyzer sections of a 
mass spectrometer in which a portion of the yoke structure is used to 
shield part of the ion beam utilized by the mass spectrometer and/or the 
yoke forms part of the vacuum housing. 
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel magnet 
and yoke structure for use with a mass spectrometer system such that the 
magnet and yoke system is located outside of the vacuum housing and in 
which the magnet is formed of a high flux magnetic material so that the 
magnet may be removed to permit high temperature baked-out of the vacuum 
housing without overheating the magnet structure. 
It still another object of the present invention to provide a novel magnet 
and yoke structure for use with a mass spectrometer system such that the 
magnet and yoke system is located inside of the vacuum housing and in 
which the magnet is formed of a high flux heat, resistant magnetic 
material such that it can be baked out with the vacuum housing without 
compromising its magnetic properties. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide a reliable, easily 
aligned and assembled ion source and electric sector assembly for use with 
a miniaturized gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system. 
Briefly described, these and other objects of the invention are 
accomplished by providing a miniaturized mass spectrometer system 
comprised of a sample concentrator, a gas chromatograph, a gas 
chromatograph-mass spectrometer interface, an analytical grade mass 
spectrometer, a microcomputer and the electronics and power necessary for 
operating the system in a compact, self-contained single enclosure which 
also includes an on-board computer display screen. The mass spectrometer 
system contained within the total system is capable of achieving a 
resolution of greater than 1 AMU and a mass range of greater than 200 AMU. 
The portable mass spectrometer system is contained within a vacuum housing 
which is initially evacuated to a pressure of about 10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-6 
Torr by an external pump and then is maintained by an internal vacuum pump 
at that pressure. The vacuum housing is comprised of two or more pieces 
and a high vacuum seal such that maintenance to the mass analyzer assembly 
can be readily accomplished. In addition, the vacuum housing may include a 
mechanism for aligning two or more components of the mass analyzer 
assembly. 
There is also disclosed a novel electric sector structure in which the two 
sector portions and the electric sector plates are precisely aligned to 
and insulated from each other by means of precision formed spheres made of 
a suitable electrically insulating material. A novel ion source is also 
disclosed which utilizes a series of unitary mounting disks holding 
precision fabricated lenses. The lenses are separated from each other by 
electrically insulating spacers and are contained within a housing 
constructed of ceramic or other insulating and minimally out-gassing 
materials. That structure is simple and compact yet provides for a 
reliable method of aligning the lenses while providing electrical 
isolation between each of the lenses. 
A novel appendage magnet and yoke assembly is also disclosed which may be 
designed to surround a portion of the outside of the vacuum housing and be 
removable therefrom, such that the vacuum housing can be baked-out without 
overheating the magnets. In addition, such magnet and yoke structure may 
be utilized to produce the magnetic fields needed to operate both the ion 
pump and magnetic analyzer components of the mass spectrometer. 
With these and other objects, advantages and features of the invention that 
may become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more 
clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of 
the invention, the appended claims and to the several drawings attached 
herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring now in detail to the drawings wherein like parts are designated 
by like reference numerals throughout, there is illustrated in FIG. 1a a 
schematic block diagram showing the preferred embodiment of the apparatus 
of the present invention. The preferred embodiment of the invention 
utilizes one or more magnetic sector mass analyzers, such as the 
Nier-Johnson ion optics with a 90.degree. electrostatic analyzer and 
90.degree. magnetic analyzer. However, other types of known mass analyzers 
can be used such as quadrapoles and ion traps. FIGS. 2a-2c show additional 
details of the disclosed system. 
The miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention 
includes a sample inlet and concentrator assembly 12 which functions to 
gather the sample to be tested. The sample inlet and concentrator assembly 
consists of an atmospheric inlet 228, injector port 216, concentrator 214, 
gas chromatograph 210, sampling pump 206, valves 212, GC interface 16 and 
related tubing and fittings. The relationship between these elements and 
the sample flow through this assembly 12 is illustrated in FIG. 14. 
The sample inlet and concentrator assembly 12 may consist of a port which 
is used for atmospheric or other sampling. The sampling by the atmospheric 
inlet may be accommodated using an on-board sampling pump 206 and a 
concentration cartridge loaded with an adsorbent, such as TENAX-C, which 
is thermally desorbed onto the gas chromatograph column 210 prior to the 
analysis run of the sample. 
In addition to an atmospheric sampling mode, the present invention can be 
used in a direct injection sampling mode. This mode is similar to the 
method used for conventional laboratory gas chromatograph analysis, in 
which a sample is extracted into a solvent and a syringe is used to inject 
a calibrated amount of sample into the injection port 216 for the sample. 
The solvent is volatilized and carried through the gas chromatograph 
column by the carrier gas, in the same manner in which conventional gas 
chromatograph analyses are performed. 
Both the injection port 216 and the atmospheric inlet port 228 are located 
on the front panel 204 of the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of 
the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. In the event that a 
sampling probe is to be used, it is connected to the atmospheric inlet 
port 228. In that manner, the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of 
the present invention is flexible in operation, with all of the necessary 
inlet connections being readily accessible to the operator. 
The ability of the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 disclosed 
herein to perform both atmospheric analyses and analyses of samples in a 
solvent matrix allows the apparatus of the present invention to be used 
for a variety of analytical roles. For example, the instrument can be used 
to test water quality with samples taken from storage or other locations, 
prepared for analysis using simple solvent extraction cartridges or purge 
and trap devices or other suitable extraction methods and then induced 
into the instrument disclosed herein for identification of the unknown 
constituents of the sample. 
In a similar fashion, solid samples can be analyzed, provided that they can 
be suitably prepared for injection. For these injection runs of the gas 
chromatograph, an additional sampling processing kit or devices is 
provided with the necessary solvents, mixing containers, extraction 
cartridges, measuring devices and simplified instructions such that the 
proper sample operation can be carried out by relatively minimally trained 
personnel. Such use of the present invention will be obvious to those of 
ordinary skill in the art. Thus, with proper sample preparation, the 
disclosed miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 is capable of providing 
analysis of much more than simple atmospheric samples. 
From the sample inlet and concentrator assembly 12, the sample is 
transferred into the gas chromatograph assembly 14. In order to provide 
for a miniaturized mass spectrometer system which can be used and is 
useful for a broad array of environmental sampling tasks, including the 
analysis of injected samples in a solvent matrix, a gas chromatograph 
column 210 having a performance that is consistent with the detailed 
analysis of unknown samples is preferably utilized as a part of the gas 
chromatograph assembly 14. The present invention utilizes a fused silica 
capillary tube, such as a 0.25 millimeter inner diameter column whose 
inside is coated with a polymer and is available as stock number DB624 
from Supelco, Inc. 
The gas chromatograph assembly 14 includes an oven which surrounds the gas 
chromatograph column 210. The oven is heated under control of the on-board 
computer system 24. A fan is used to ensure a high degree of uniformity of 
heat distribution within the oven. In addition, the temperature is 
controlled by using thermocouple sensors to read the internal temperature 
in the oven and a control loop to the oven heater to maintain the oven 
temperature on a pre-programmed temperature profile. Thermal fuses are 
provided in order to protect the system from accidental over-temperature 
heating caused by runaway heaters or controls. 
The temperature of the oven and the heating rate are variable and can be 
set by the operator of the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 to 
ensure that an optimum analysis of the sample under test is accomplished. 
Valves 212 are provided for control of the carrier gas and the routing of 
the sample and other flows through the system. The valves 212 used with 
the system are designed to have a minimum reactivity with the sample 
material such that the maximum amount of sample reaches the gas 
chromatograph column 210. It is preferred that low reactivity glass-lined 
tubes and other low reactivity materials be utilized for that purpose. All 
of the valves 212 may be electrically controlled by latching solenoid 
mechanisms or other means, are power efficient and are suitable for gas 
chromatography. 
The gas chromatograph assembly 14 is connected to the mass spectrometer 
system 18 by means of a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) 
interface 16. The GC/MS interface 16 serves to interface the gas 
chromatograph column 210 of the gas chromatograph assembly 14, which 
operates at a pressure of one atmosphere or slightly above and the mass 
analyzer 21 of the mass spectrometer assembly 18, which operates at about 
10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-6 Torr. of pressure. While several different types of 
interfaces can be used, for example, direct gas chromatograph coupling, a 
jet separator, a Watson-Biemann separator or a membrane separator, in the 
preferred embodiment, a membrane separator 16a is utilized. Membrane 
separators have advantages over the other types of separators because they 
are small in size, rugged and do not need a separate pumping system. In 
addition, the membrane separator of the present invention also provides a 
degree of sample enrichment and concentration and improves the 
signal-to-noise ratio over the carrier gas background by two or three 
orders of magnitude. 
The membrane separator 16a functions to separate out the carrier gas by 
selectively passing the organic compounds into the mass analyzer 21 and 
thereby reducing the gas load that must be removed by the vacuum pump 22. 
This makes the use of an ion pump practical for portable low power 
operation. 
The membrane material preferably used with the present membrane interface 
16a is of dimethyl silicone, of one mil thickness. This material is 
available from the General Electric Company and remains stable at 
temperatures up to 200.degree. Centigrade. 
An alternative interface, a direct capillary gas chromatograph GC/MS 
interface 16, may be utilized in conjunction with a higher capacity 
external vacuum pump. Such an alternative interface provides a more 
sensitive and accurate quantization of the relative composition of the 
sample. 
The concentrated sample is routed from the GC/MS interface 16 to the input 
of the mass spectrometer system 18. As will be described more fully 
herein, the mass spectrometer system 18 utilizes a magnetic field of about 
7.5-15K gauss and a commercially available ion detector 44 to obtain a 
sufficient gain from the detector, preferably of 10.sup.4 -10.sup.6 or 
better. The ion source 34, which will also be discussed later herein, is 
preferably partly constructed from a machinable ceramic material, such as 
Macor, available from Corning. The mass analyzers 21 and 23 (FIG. 1b) of 
the mass spectrometer system 18 and some internal parts may preferably be 
constructed from stainless steel and all interior surfaces that might be 
exposed to ions should be gold-plated. 
In the preferred embodiment, the mass analyzer assembly 21 includes an ion 
source 34, an electric sector 36, magnetic sector 40, ion detector 44 and 
precision alignment device 500, all of which are enclosed within a vacuum 
envelope 20 which may be constructed from any number of materials, such as 
aluminum, stainless steel, engineered plastics, or ceramic materials. A 
vacuum pump 22 is either enclosed within or connected to the vacuum 
envelope 20 in order to maintain a vacuum of 10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-7 Torr. 
A high vacuum valve 46 is provided for rough pumping when using an 
internal ion vacuum pump 42 or between an external vacuum pump 22 and the 
mass analyzer 21. 
The miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention is 
controlled by an on-board microcomputer 24, data acquisition 26, and 
control electronics 28. The microcomputer may preferably be an IBM 
compatible AT or PS/2 class microcomputer, with a real-time multi-tasking 
operating system. The microcomputer 24, data acquisition 26, and control 
electronics module 28 includes a display 218, keyboard 220, and other 
components, which are shown and discussed in connection with FIGS. 2a-2c. 
A flow chart showing the operation of the computer and control systems 
which operate the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 is shown in 
FIG. 15. A flow chart showing the functions of the software is shown in 
FIG. 16. Data acquisition electronics 26 as well as high voltage power 
supplies 30 for the mass analyzer 21 components (ion source 34, electric 
sector 36 and ion pump 42), are also provided. 
The control electronics 28, microcomputer 24, data acquisition electronics 
26 and high voltage power supplies 30 may be powered by portable batteries 
202 such that the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of the present 
invention can be a truly portable and self-contained system. Preferably, a 
sealed, lead-acid battery may be utilized. Alternatively, batteries 
constructed from lithium or other exotic materials, but at much greater 
cost, may also be utilized. 
Alternatively, a small gasoline powered electric generator or external 
battery pack or fuel cells could be used to provide power, particularly if 
an external high vacuum system 22 is utilized. 
The main I/O interfaces between the computer 24 and the various 
electrically operated elements of the system are shown in FIG. 15. The 
microcomputer system 24 may be utilized to display the analytical results 
of the analysis as well as to provide a display of the control diagnostic 
information, for example, the carrier gas supply and vacuum levels, by 
displaying such values through, for example, a flat plate display 218. The 
microcomputer 24 preferably includes a removable solid state memory card 
of preferably at least 1 Mb capacity for use in a removable solid state 
memory card drive 226. Alternatively, a floppy disk drive or hard disk 
drive may be utilized. In that manner, the operational program for the 
miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 may be stored on-board the 
system. It can also store an on-board mass spectra library for identifying 
the analyzed samples and provide a means for recording the results. 
In both FIGS. 1a and 1b, the solid lines 15 interconnecting the elements 
represent the sample gas flow between those elements. The dotted lines 17 
represent the electronic or electrical control lines. 
FIG. 1b shows an alternate embodiment of the mass spectrometer system 18 in 
which two mass analyzers 21 and 23 are utilized in place of the single 
mass analyzer 21 of FIG. 1a. In the alternative tandem MS embodiment, the 
first mass analyzer 21 contains the ion source 34, electric sector 36, and 
magnetic sector. The second mass analyzer 23, contains another electric 
and magnetic sector and the ion detector 44. In such a tandem mass 
spectrometer, the two mass analyzers 21 and 23 are interconnected by means 
of a mass analyzer interface 25. Such a system provides for greater 
sensitivity and resolution than the single mass analyzer mass spectrometer 
18 of FIG. 1a. The mass analyzer interface 25 provides secondary 
ionization of the sample gas by means of surface induced ionization (SID). 
The preferred method of SID is to use a multi-channel plate or other 
similar means to produce multiple ion collisions through parallel 
channels. This SID method provides a high degree of ionization efficiency 
without requiring additional vacuum pumping otherwise required by 
conventional chemical ionization methods. 
FIGS. 2a-2c show respectively top, side and front views of the instant 
miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 mounted in a single enclosure or 
case preferably having the dimensions of 20 inches in width by 20 inches 
in length by 10 inches or less in height. Such a system, which preferably 
weighs less than 75 pounds, can readily be carried by the operator from 
place to place and is a truly portable analytical grade miniaturized mass 
spectrometer system. The layout of the major components of such a system 
is shown in FIGS. 2a-2c. 
Referring now to FIG. 2a, there is shown the placement of the microcomputer 
24, which includes a card cage for carrying various interface cards, as 
well as its own power supply, random access memory (RAM) and other 
on-board memory (EPROM, SRAM, ROM), as is well known in the art. A carrier 
gas bottle 200 is shown mounted in the case 201, whose function will be 
described hereinafter. A battery pack 202 is provided, as has been 
previously described. 
Alternatively, in the event that an external high vacuum pump is utilized, 
as has also been previously described, the battery pack 202 may not be 
practical to use to operate the instant miniaturized mass spectrometer 
system 18 and thus the high vacuum external (to the vacuum envelope 20) 
pump 22 is located where the batteries 202 would otherwise be situated. A 
DC/AC filter and converter 208 is also utilized and is located next to the 
battery pack 202. The DC/AC filter and converter 208 serves to reduce 
power line fluctuations such that they are prevented from being passed 
into the mass spectrometer system 10. 
A sampling pump 206, whose function will be described later, is also 
contained within the case 201. Adjacent to the sampling pump 206 is the 
gas chromatograph assembly 14, which includes the oven and other heating 
controls and elements (used for heating the gas chromatograph column 210 
itself). A membrane separator 16a is located adjacent to and is connected 
to the output of the gas chromatograph column 210, in a known manner. An 
array of electronically or electrically controlled valves 212, (including 
1402, 1404, 1406, 1408, 1410, 1412 and 1416 as will be described later 
herein), are located adjacent to the gas chromatograph assembly 14 and 
above the mass spectrometer system 18. A fan 224 is provided to cool the 
components located inside of the case 201 through an opening 229 in the 
front face 204. A plurality of high voltage power supplies 30 are provided 
below the carrier gas bottle 200. 
As has been previously described, a removable solid state memory card drive 
226 is provided within the enclosure 201 and is located such that the 
front face 227, which includes an access slot 231 is accessible to the 
operator through the front panel 204 of the case 201 Also accessible from 
the front face 204, as shown in FIG. 2c, is the atmospheric inlet port 
228, the injector port 216 and the thermal desorb cartridge assembly 214. 
The front face 204 of the case also includes a power and indicator light 
panel 230, having LEDs for indicating the power on, vacuum on and ready 
condition of the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10. In addition, an 
LCD display 218 or other type of flat panel display is also included in 
the front panel 204 for use by the operator of the present system. A 
standard computer type keyboard 220 is provided as part of a hinged front 
cover 205 such that the operator can communicate with and control the 
instant miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10, as will be described 
later herein. 
FIG. 3a shows a complete view of the present miniaturized mass spectrometer 
system 10 of the present invention including the location of the gas 
chromatograph and the front panel with displays and inlet ports. 
FIG. 3b shows an isometric diagram of the preferred embodiment of the mass 
spectrometer system 10 of the present invention described above, but with 
the gas chromatograph removed and a cutaway view of the carrier gas 
cylinder 200 to clearly show the placement of other major components. 
FIGS. 4a and 4b show the general layout of the components which comprise 
the mass analyzer assembly 21 which forms a part of the mass spectrometer 
system 18 of the present invention. In the preferred embodiment of the 
mass analyzer 21 shown in FIG. 4a, the integral ion pump 42 is adjacent to 
the magnetic analyzer 40 to provide the maximum ion pumping volume in the 
most compact vacuum housing 20 possible. 
In the alternate embodiment of the mass analyzer 21a shown in FIG. 4b, the 
integral ion pump 42a is located at the front of but within the same 
vacuum envelope 20a. The magnetic analyzer 40 and ion pump 42 appendage 
magnets share a common yoke structure as explained elsewhere. In an 
alternative embodiment, the magnetic analyzer 40a and ion pump appendage 
magnets have separate yoke structures. The ion pump 42, 42a is surrounded 
on all sides by a magnetic yoke 41, 41a which may be built into the vacuum 
housing 20, 20a. The mass analyzer components located within the vacuum 
housing 20, 20a must be operated in a high vacuum. Thus, the electric 
lines needed to power and control these components must be brought through 
vacuum-tight electrically insulated connectors called feedthroughs 50. 
As shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b, the sample from the gas chromatograph system 
14 is input from the membrane separator 16a into the vacuum housing 20, 
20a and into the ion source 34 as a vapor at low pressure. A vacuum-tight 
Swagelock fitting 51 is provided to connect the sample line from the 
membrane separator 16a for this purpose. Electrons produced by the 
filament contained within the ion source 34 bombard the sample molecules 
at an energy of about 70 eV, creating positive ions. Such a process is 
generally referred to as electron impact ionization. The positive ions 
which result are accelerated out of the ion source 34, forming an ion beam 
in a known manner and then into the electric sector 36. 
The ion source 34 is connected to one end of an electric sector 36 through 
use of an electric field shunt which reduces fringing field effects. 
Certain ionized particles of the sample travel through an electric field 
37 established by the two parallel plates of the electric sector 36. The 
electric sector 36, which functions as an electrostatic analyzer, produces 
a radial electric field 37 which deflects the ions produced by the ion 
source 34. The deflection produced in the electric sector 36 is 
proportional to the energy of the ions. Thus, ions having slightly 
different energies when they enter are selectively filtered out so that 
the ions emerge from the electric sector 36 with highly defined energies. 
The ions exit the electric sector 36 and are directed to the magnetic 
analyzer, which is formed by the permanent magnet assembly 40. 
The magnetic analyzer separates the ions according to their relative 
mass-to-charge ratios. An integral ion pump 42 is used to ensure that the 
mass analyzer system is maintained at a high vacuum. Alternatively, a high 
vacuum pump 22 may be connected externally to the vacuum envelope 20, 20a 
to provide the required high vacuum conditions. 
Since the trajectory of an ion in the magnetic field of the permanent 
magnet assembly 40 is proportional to its momentum, by altering the 
accelerating voltage of the ion source 34, an ion of a chosen mass can be 
directed through an exit slit 45 to the ion detector 44. 
Because the ions passing through the field of the permanent magnet assembly 
40 are deflected according to their momentum, ions of the same mass but 
slightly different velocities (a function of energy) will follow different 
paths. Thus, without the electric sector or electrostatic analyzer 36, the 
image width produced by the magnet assembly 40 would be greater, and the 
resolution greatly reduced. 
After the ions pass through the field of the permanent magnet assembly 40 
and the exit slit 45, they enter the ion detector 44. The ion detector 44 
is used to measure the relative intensity of the ion current. This 
information is converted from an analog signal to a digital signal and 
then passed to the data acquisition electronics 26 and microcomputer 24 
and for processing. 
The ion detector 44 utilized by the system of the present invention 
provides a fast response time with high sensitivity. One such type of ion 
detector that may be utilized is known as an electron multiplier. An 
electron multiplier consists of dynodes made of a certain material, for 
example, copper beryllium alloy, which has the property of emitting 
secondary electrons when bombarded with charged particles. In that manner, 
an amplification of more than 10.sup.6 can be achieved by a cascade effect 
of electrons producing more electrons from the initial impact. It is 
preferred that the ion detector 44 for use in the present invention be a 
continuous dynode electron multiplier. The signal from the ion detector 44 
is amplified and fed to an analog-to-digital converter 1522 shown in FIG. 
15 where it is digitized and then sent to the microprocessor control 
system 1500. 
In order to provide the correct environment in which the processes 
described above can occur, the mass analyzer assembly 21 must be 
maintained under a vacuum. The mass analyzer assembly 21 of the present 
invention is pumped-out through a high vacuum shut-off valve 46 to a 
pressure of 10.sup.-6 to 10.sup.-7 Torr. to increase the mean free path of 
the ions and the probability that the ions will travel to the detector 44 
without colliding with residual gas molecules. At a pressure of 10.sup.-7 
Torr., the average distance an ion travels between collisions is long 
compared to the path length through the mass analyzer assembly 21. 
A vacuum of this order may be produced by many different types of vacuum 
pumps, such as diffusion pumps which use jets of oil vapor to sweep 
molecules out of the high vacuum chamber, or turbomolecular pumps, which 
remove molecules by mechanical means. It is preferred that the present 
mass spectrometer system 18 utilize an ion pump 42, using a suitable 
custom designed or commercially available ion pump core. After the initial 
pump-out and bake-out of the mass analyzer assembly at an elevated 
temperature above 200.degree. C. to remove the most significant 
out-gassing contaminants, the ion vacuum pump 42 is used to maintain the 
vacuum at the desired operational levels. The alternative is to use an 
external high vacuum pump, such as a turbomolecular vacuum pump or 
molecular drag pump with appropriate roughing pump for use with the 
alternate capillary direct GC/MS interface 16. 
FIGS. 5a-5d show respectively the top and front views of a preferred 
embodiment of a precision alignment assembly 500 and a top and front view 
of an alternate embodiment of a precision alignment assembly 500a utilized 
with the present invention. The precision alignment assembly 500 provides 
a precise means of locating the major components of the mass analyzer 
assembly to each other such that the ion beam 39 is precisely aligned. In 
addition, the precision alignment assembly 500 provides a means of 
securing the aligned major components of the mass analyzer assembly 21 to 
the vacuum enclosure 20 in such a manner that the magnetic analyzer 
section 40 is readily aligned with the ion source 34, electric sector 36, 
exit slit 45 and detector 44 when mounted to the precision alignment 
assembly 500. 
As shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b, and as will be later described in connection 
with FIGS. 6a and 6b, which correspond to the precision alignment assembly 
500 illustrated in FIGS. 5a and 5b, the precision alignment assembly 500 
is formed by a precision alignment plate 501 and precision flight tube 503 
which may be formed by casting, molding or welding into a single piece and 
then precision machined to provide the reference points required to align 
the active components of the mass analyzer 21 generating the ion beam. The 
precision alignment plate 500 provides a single device with various 
reference points to which to mount and align two or more of the components 
that create and control the ion beam within a three dimensional space or 
planes. The precision flight tube 503 is attached to the precision 
alignment plate 501 to enclose the electric sector and the narrow magnetic 
analyzer portion of the flight tube 502 between the analyzer magnets 40 
within the vacuum envelope 20. Alternatively, the analyzer magnets may be 
enclosed within the flight tube 503. 
In the preferred embodiment, the precision alignment assembly 501 forms a 
semi-U-shaped member as shown in FIG. 5a, which provides more space for 
the ion pump 42 adjacent to the analyzer magnet 40, and is welded, molded, 
or cast to form a part of the vacuum housing 20 as shown in FIGS. 4a and 
6a. The precision alignment plate 501 also provides a flat surface for 
mounting insulated high vacuum feedthroughs 50 to pass the required 
electric lines through the vacuum housing into the mass analyzer. A sample 
line feedthrough 505 is also provided to pass the gas sample form the GC 
interface 16 into the mass analyzer 21 connected with a Swagelock fitting 
51. 
An alternate embodiment of the precision alignment assembly 500a shown in 
FIGS. 5c and 5d includes a straight element 501a which functions in the 
same manner as the semi-U-shaped element 501 of FIGS. 5a and 5b. However, 
since the precision alignment assembly shown in FIGS. 5c and 5d is 
designed for use with the alternate embodiment of the mass analyzer shown 
in FIG. 4b, it serves an additional function as a vacuum flange to hold 
the high vacuum seal 610 as shown in FIG. 6c. The integral ion pump 42a is 
located on the other side of the vacuum flange 604a. A plurality of 
electrical feedthroughs 50 may be fixed to a feedthrough plate 504 to 
facilitate installation in the precision alignment plate 501, 501a in a 
way that is vacuum leakproof. Similarly, individual vacuum feedthroughs 50 
may otherwise be welded or attached directly to the precision alignment 
plate through orifices 506 provided for this purpose. 
FIGS. 6a and 6b show respectively the top and side views of a precision 
alignment vacuum housing for use with the preferred embodiment of the mass 
analyzer system 21 of the present invention. This vacuum housing, as has 
been described, includes elements formed as a part thereof which serve to 
align the components of the mass analyzer system 21 when they are mounted 
to the precision alignment assembly 500 which forms a part of the vacuum 
housing 20. 
The vacuum housing 20 is comprised of the precision alignment assembly 500, 
the vacuum housing side walls 600, and a pair of vacuum flanges 602 and 
604. These components are welded, cast or molded into a single 
vacuum-tight enclosure except for one of the vacuum flanges 604 which may 
be removed to provide access to the mass analyzer 21 components within. 
The vacuum flange 604 is removably secured to the housing flange 602 by 
means of a plurality of cap bolts 608. An O-ring or metallic wire seal 610 
is utilized to form an essentially air tight seal between the vacuum 
flanges 602 and 604. 
In the preferred embodiment, the vacuum housing 20 is of dimensions of 
approximately 3.5 inches in height, 10 inches in width and 6 inches in 
depth. 
FIG. 6b is a drawing of the back view of the preferred embodiment of the 
precision alignment vacuum housing which is also the back view of the 
precision alignment assembly shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b. 
FIGS. 6c and 6d show, respectively, a top view and a back view of an 
alternate embodiment of the precision alignment vacuum housing for use 
with the present invention and specifically for use with the precision 
alignment assembly 500a shown in FIGS. 5c and 5d. As can be seen in FIG. 
6c, in the alternate embodiment in which the precision alignment plate 
501a is rectangular in shape, the precision alignment assembly 500a forms 
the removable vacuum flange portion of the vacuum housing 20a. The 
precision alignment flight tube 503a is mounted to a plate section 602a at 
the rear of the vacuum housing. In this embodiment, the magnetic analyzer 
portion 502a between the analyzer magnets is made with magnetic pole 
pieces built into the vacuum walls to extend the north and south poles of 
the analyzer magnets and, thereby, decrease the effective gap inside the 
flight tube between the magnets and at the same time increase the magnetic 
flux. A seal 610 is utilized to seal the precision alignment assembly 501a 
to the rear plate 602a, in a manner similar to that described in 
connection with seal 610 of FIG. 6a. As in the preferred embodiment, the 
top, bottom, side and back vacuum housing walls 600 are welded, cast, or 
molded together to form a vacuum-tight enclosure. 
FIG. 7a shows the side view of an external magnet 700 structure designed to 
be mounted to the outside of the vacuum housing 20 shown in FIGS. 6a-6b. 
FIG. 7b shows a top view of the magnet structure which is generally 
U-shaped and of dimensions suitable to fit over the precision alignment 
vacuum housing 20. As shown in FIG. 7a, the magnet and yoke structure fits 
over the analyzer magnet flight tube 502 and vacuum envelope over the 
region of the ion pump 42 which is surrounded by the wall of the vacuum 
envelope 20. 
The magnet assembly includes a pair of rectangularly shaped appendage ion 
pump magnets 702 to the inside and one end of which are mounted a pair 
90.degree. analyzer magnets 704. The two 90.degree. analyzer magnets 704 
are spaced apart in order to provide a homogenous high flux density 
magnetic field with a minimal gap between the two magnets. The magnet 
assembly is secured by a U-shaped magnetic yoke 706 whose middle portion 
is perpendicular to each of the appendage ion pump magnets 702 and whose 
two longer legs run parallel to the ion pump magnets 702. 
With the magnetic structure shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b, the appendage magnets 
702 are connected to the larger magnetic pole pieces or magnetic yoke 706, 
all of which magnets are preferably outside of the vacuum housing 20 used 
with the mass analyzer assembly 21. Alternatively, the appendage ion pump 
yoke 706 can form part of the vacuum housing 20 itself or can be inside of 
the vacuum housing 20. Further, the appendage magnet yoke portion of the 
yoke 706 can alternatively be built into the vacuum housing with a 
removable top plate to install the magnets, such that the yoke 706 
completely surrounds the ion pump magnet and ion pump core 42, except for 
the internal openings 47 to conduct the gases into the ion pump cavity. 
This configuration has the advantage of using the surrounding yoke 706 as 
a magnet shield that protects the ion beam from the harmful fringing field 
effects from the appendage magnets 702. 
With the construction of the appendage magnets 702, the 90.degree. analyzer 
magnets 704 and the magnetic yoke 706 shown in FIG. 7a, the entire magnet 
assembly can be removed from the vacuum housing 20, leaving the vacuum 
housing in its sealed condition. Such a construction allows the bake-out 
of the vacuum housing 20 without overheating the appendage analyzer 
magnets 702 or the 90.degree. magnets 704, during the bake-out. That 
produces the beneficial result that higher flux density magnets can be 
utilized for the appendage magnets 702 and the 90.degree. analyzer magnets 
704, than would otherwise be possible if the bake-out of the vacuum 
housing 20 occurred with these magnets 702 and 704 as part of that 
assembly. 
An additional advantage of the magnet structure shown in FIG. 7a, besides 
providing a compact, high flux magnetic system, is that the same magnets 
702, 704 and yoke structure 706 can be utilized to drive both the ion pump 
42 and the magnetic analyzer 40. 
It is preferred that the appendage ion pump magnets 702 and the 90.degree. 
analyzer magnets 704 be formed of neodymium-boron-iron, available from 
General Motors Magnaquench Division and others. Alternatively, these 
magnets 702 and 704 may be of samarium-cobalt, that is more heat resistant 
or other high flux density materials. 
FIGS. 7c and 7d show an alternate embodiment of the magnet structure which 
may be utilized with the alternate embodiment of the mass analyzer shown 
in FIG. 4b. As shown in FIGS. 7c and 7d, two separate magnet sets are used 
to provide the magnetic fields for the magnetic analyzer 40a and the ion 
pump 700b. The 90.degree. analyzer magnet is comprised of a U-shaped yoke 
706a and two magnetic pole pieces 704a. 
In an alternate magnet structure, the materials which form the 90.degree. 
analyzer magnet pole pieces 704a and the vertical portion of the yoke 706b 
may be reversed such that the yoke 706b is made of high flux magnetic 
material, such as neodymium-boron-ion, and the balance of the yoke 706a 
and pole pieces 704a are made of highly permeable magnetically conducting 
iron, thereby creating the same type of high flux magnetic field in the 
gap. This configuration also permits higher temperature bake-out of the 
vacuum housing for short periods of time without overheating the magnetic 
materials. This same alternate magnet structure can be applied to the 
combined magnet set 700 by adding a second vertical magnet (in place of a 
yoke) opposite from the present vertical yoke 706. 
The ion pump appendage magnet 700a is comprised of two magnet pole pieces 
702a located over the ion pump 42a within the vacuum envelope 20a and a 
yoke structure 706c. The appendage magnet yoke 706c completely surrounds 
the ion pump on all sides, except for an approximately 2" diameter opening 
47a into the main compartment of the vacuum housing. In that way, the 
appendage magnet yoke 706c acts as a magnetic shield, protecting the ion 
beam 39 from fringing fields produced by the appendage magnets 702a. The 
surrounding yoke 706c may be partially built into the walls of the vacuum 
housing 41a and/or attached externally around the outside of ion pump 
cavity. 
The ion pump yoke side walls 41a built into the vacuum housing are shown in 
FIG. 4b with provisions for removal of the front wall in order to install 
the ion pump cell into the cavity. As shown in FIG. 8b, the U-shaped 
portion of the yoke 706a and the 90.degree. analyzer magnets 704a which it 
carries, is mounted over the outside portion of the precision alignment 
flight tube 501a while the appendage magnets portion of the yoke 706c is 
mounted over the other side of the vacuum envelope 20a such that it is 
located directly over the ion pump 42a. 
FIGS. 8a and 8b are isometric drawings of the preferred and alternate 
embodiments, respectively, of the mass analyzer of the present invention 
and show the vacuum housing and magnet assembly. 
FIG. 9a is a drawing of the top view of the ion source 34 and electric 
sector assembly 36 for use with the magnetic analyzer 21 of the present 
invention. FIG. 9a shows the details of the ion source 34 as well as the 
details of the mounting of the electric sector 36 to the ion source 
mounting plate assembly 912 such that the electric sector 36 is precisely 
aligned with the ion source 34 by means of alignment pins 900 and 
fasteners (not shown). 
The ion source 34 includes a block assembly 1102 to which the remaining 
components of the ion source 34 are secured. The block assembly 1102 
provides the alignment mechanism for the components of the electron gun 
assembly and the ion beam lens assembly and contains the ion source 
filament and the inlet 914 for receiving the sample from the membrane 
separator 16a. The ion source assembly 34 functions to accelerate and form 
a beam of nearly monoenergetic ions that are created in the ion source 34 
by electron impacts at 70 eV. 
A cylindrical housing 1124 is used to align and secure the lens elements of 
the ion source assembly 34. The bottom of the cylindrical housing 1124 
rests upon the block assembly 1102. Inside the cylindrical housing 1124, a 
first cylindrical spacer 1116 is used to separate the saddle lens 1114 
from the surface of the block assembly 1102. A second circular spacer 1118 
rests on the saddle lens 1114 and spaces it away from a split lens 1112. A 
third cylindrical spacer 1120, which is several times thicker than either 
of the first and second cylindrical spacers 1116 and 1118, rests upon the 
split lens 1112 and separates it from the object plate 1106. A fourth 
spacer 1122, which is several times thicker than the third spacer 1120, is 
used to space the object plate 1106 away from the collimating slit lens 
1104, and is configured such that the collimating slit lens 1104 is flush 
with the outside upper surface of the cylindrical housing 1124. The 
insulating spacers are made of Macor or similar machinable glass ceramic 
except for the spacer 1122 which is a conducting material, such as 
gold-plated stainless steel, while the lenses are preferably gold-plated 
stainless steel in order to reduce the interaction of the sample with the 
metal lenses, thus decreasing the strength of the ion beam. 
A mounting plate 912, rests upon the upper surface of the cylindrical 
housing 1124 and is attached to the block assembly 1102 by four insulated 
screws. An entrance slit and electric shunt plate 1110 is secured to that 
plate 912 in such a manner that the upper surface entrance slit 1110 is 
flush with the upper surface of the ion source mounting plate 912. 
The ion source mounting plate 912 includes two alignment holes (not shown) 
into which two alignment pins 900 of the electric sector 36 are inserted 
in order to align the electric sector 36 to the ion source mounting plate 
912. The ion source 34 is also precisely mounted to the ion source 
mounting plate 912 such that the ion source 34 and the electric sector 36 
are precisely aligned with respect to each other so that the ion beam 
generated within the block assembly 1102 of the ion source 34 passes 
through each of the electrically charged lenses 1114 and 1112, in turn. 
The ion beam passes through the slits 1106 and 1104 and the entrance slit 
1110 into the electric sector 36, and is maintained within the electric 
field 37 created between the two plates 1300 of the electric sector 36. It 
then passes through the exit shunt 908 of the electric sector 36. 
A plurality of electric feedthrough connector pins 904 are located on the 
front side of the ion source assembly plate 912. Two alignment pins 906 
are located on the opposite side, such that the electric sector 36 and ion 
source 34 assembled to the ion source assembly plate 912 may be readily 
aligned to the precision alignment plate 501 which includes corresponding 
alignment holes (not shown). 
FIG. 9b is an isometric drawing of the ion source 34 and electric sector 36 
assembly mounted to the ion source mounting plate 912 and shows in greater 
detail the plurality of electric feedthrough connector pins 904. 
FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing of the preferred path 39 of the ion beam 
generated by the mass analyzer 21 and shows the path of the ion beam from 
the ion source object slit 916 through the electric sector 36 and the 
magnetic sector 40 and onto the exit slit 45 of the ion detector 44. 
Alternatively, other ion optics geometry may be utilized to optimize the 
desired performance characteristics of the mass spectrometer. 
FIGS. 11a-11d show the block assembly 1102 used with the ion source 
assembly 34. FIG. 11a shows a front view of the block assembly while FIG. 
11b shows a side view of that same block assembly 1102. FIG. 11c shows a 
section along the line D--D of FIG. 11b of the block assembly 1102. The 
function of the block assembly is to provide a central alignment point for 
both the electron gun assembly and the ion beam lens assembly. It is 
heated to reduce sample loss. 
FIG. 11c is a drawing of a section along the line D--D of FIG. 11b. The 
block assembly 1102, as shown in FIG. 11c, includes a block 1202 which is 
generally rectangular in shape and contains a hollowed out center portion. 
Mounted to the top of the block 1202 is a filament cap 1204 in which the 
filament 1228 is secured, as will be described later hereinafter. Mounted 
to the bottom of the block 1202 is an anode cap 1206, which forms the 
anode portion of the block assembly 1102 and of the ion source 34. 
Secured within the center of the block 1202 is a cylindrical magnet 1208 
which extends the entire length of the block 1202. At the bottom portion 
and inside the cylindrical magnet 1208 is a cylindrical anode spacer 1210 
which surrounds the anode 1215 itself. A fastener 1239 is used to connect 
the anode to the bottom cap 1206 of the block 1202 and passes through the 
anode cap 1206. A repeller 1214 is mounted inside the cylindrical magnet 
1208 such that it rests in a circular step formed at the top of the spacer 
1210. The repeller is insulated from other components of the ion source 
and functions to eject the positive ions created into the accelerating 
field. The repeller 1214 contains a repeller insert 1216 whose function is 
to improve the shape of the ion beam and reduce its energy spread. The 
repeller insert 1216 is welded to the repeller 1214. 
A circular filament space 1218 is located at the top of the repeller 1214 
and serves to space the repeller 1214 away from the inside wall of the 
circular magnet 1208. A slit plate 1220 of generally conical shape is 
placed in an inverted fashion such that it fits into the filament spacer 
1218. A second filament spacer 1222 is located between the bottom 
cylindrical portion of the generally conically shaped slit plate 1220 and 
the top of the block 1202 and spaces the bottom portion of the slit plate 
1220 away from the top edge of the block 1202. 
The filament 1228 is mounted to the filament cap 1204 by means of two 
circular filament mounts 1226 which is secured by two bolt and nut 
combinations 1242 to the upper inside surface of the filament cap 1204. A 
filament shield 1224 is located directly above the filament 1228 in order 
to improve the flow of electrons into the ion chamber. The filament cap 
1204 is secured to the block 1202 by a plurality of cap bolts 1238. 
Referring now to FIG. 11e, there is shown a section taken along the line 
A--A of FIG. 11a. As shown in FIG. 11e, the ion source assembly 34 is 
heated by means of a cartridge heater 1232, which may, for example, be 
model number SC181, available from Scientific Instrument Services, Inc. 
Alternatively, part number 40003-48020, available from Finnigan 
Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. may also be utilized. 
FIG. 11f shows a section along the line C--C of FIG. 11a. As shown in FIG. 
11f, a thermocouple 1234, which may be part number PT-B, available from 
Scientific Instruments, Inc., may be utilized to sense the temperature of 
the block. 
FIGS. 12a-12d show the details of the formation of a lens which form part 
of the ion source 34, as previously described. The example shown in FIG. 
12a is the collimating lens mounting plate. 
As shown in FIG. 12a, a mounting disk 1280 formed from an electrically 
conductive metal, such as stainless steel, is machined such that a slit 
1282, of appropriate dimensions, is formed in the center thereof. 
As shown in FIGS. 12b and 12c, the large blade 1284 and small blade 1286 
are formed of generally rectangular shape and beveled at an angle of 
approximately 45.degree. on one of the longer edges thereof. The blades 
1284 and 1286 may preferably be made from an electrically conductive 
metal, such as stainless steel. In order to fashion the lens, a pair of 
large blades 1284 and a pair of small blades 1286 are either permanently 
or adjustably affixed to the mounting plate 1280 such that they surround 
the slit 1282 and form a slit of the desired dimensions therebetween. 
Alternatively, the lens slits may be directly machined into a blank disk 
1280 by using new precision fabrication methods such as a wire or 
conventional electric discharge machine (EDM) using a specially designed 
EDM "sinker" or cutting tip for this purpose. 
FIGS. 13a-c show drawings of the electric sector assembly 36 for use with 
the present invention. FIG. 13a is a side view of the electric sector 
assembly 36 whose major components are an electric sector plate 1302 to 
which is mounted two sectors 1300, such that the two sectors are precisely 
parallel, spaced apart from each other and form an angle of exactly 
90.degree. with respect to the electric sector plate 1302. 
In order to accomplish the exact alignment required in order for the 
electric sector assembly 36 to function properly, the electric sector 
plate 1302 and both of the sectors 130 have drilled in them, in 
corresponding locations, a plurality of bore holes 1304. Between the 
corresponding bore holes formed in the electric sector plate 1302 and the 
two sectors 1300a and b, a corresponding number of ruby sapphire spheres 
1306 are located. 
Each of the sectors 1300 also contains a plurality of bores 1308 which 
correspond to threaded holes 1310 formed in the electric sector plate 
1302. A corresponding plurality of securing devices, such as cap bolts 
1312, are inserted through the bore 1308 in each of the sectors 1300 
separated electrically from the sectors by insulating washers 1301 and 
threaded into the threaded bores 1310 contained in the electric sector 
such that, when tightened, each of the sectors 1300 is automatically 
secured to the electric sector plate 1302 in a precisely orthogonal 
configuration. The sectors 1300a and b are also aligned precisely parallel 
to each other. 
In addition to serving as the means of aligning the sectors 1300 to each 
other and to the electric sector plate 1302, the ruby sapphire spheres 306 
serve to space each of the sectors 1300 away from the electric sector 
plate 1302 as well as to electrically insulate each of the sectors 1300 
from the electric sector plate 1302. 
In order to secure the electric sector assembly 36 to the ion assembly 34, 
a cap assembly 1314 is secured by means of two cap bolts 1316 and 1318 to 
an entrance bracket 1320. One bolt 1318 secures the entrance bracket 1320 
to the electric sector plate 1302, near the entrance end thereof. The 
other bolt, element 1316, bolts the cap assembly 1314 to the entrance 
bracket 1320. The cap assembly 1314 also includes an entrance shunt slit 
1110 which is mounted at the entrance end of the sectors 1300 and electric 
sector plate 1302 in such a manner that it terminates the electric field 
and avoids fringing field perturbations of the ion beam. 
FIG. 13b shows a section along the line A--A of FIG. 13a and more clearly 
shows the structure of the electric sector 36 in which the electric field 
37 is created. 
The electric sector assembly 36 also includes an exit bracket 1324 which is 
used to secure the exit end of the electric sector assembly 36 within the 
precision flight tube 503. The exit bracket 1324 is secured to the bottom 
of the electric sector plate 1302 by means of two cap bolts 1326 and 1328. 
An exit shunt 908, which also functions to reduce fringing field effects, 
is located at the exit end of each of the sectors 1300. It is secured as 
part of the electric sector assembly 36 by means of the cap bolt 1328. 
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the sample inlet and concentration 
assembly 12 and the gas chromatograph assembly 14 and shows the sample 
flow layout used by the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of the 
present invention. These assemblies are designed to allow operation of the 
mass spectrometer system 10 in a plurality of modes described later 
herein. The gas flow system includes a valve 1402 which is connected to 
receive the input from the atmospheric inlet port 228. In addition, as 
previously described, a sample may be injected into the injector 216. All 
of the valves and sample lines shown in FIG. 14 are heated to 
approximately 50.degree. C. to prevent the sample from condensing within 
the valves and sample lines. All of the heated components are enclosed 
within an insulated area or thermal zone 1400 to prevent heat losses and 
to conserve power. 
The injector 216 is connected directly to the input of the gas 
chromatograph 14 whose output is connected to the input of the membrane 
separator 16a. The output from the membrane separator 16a, as previously 
described, goes to the inlet 914 of the ion source 34. A sampling pump 206 
is also connected to the membrane separator 16a, through a valve 1416 such 
that, when the pump is on and the valve 1416 is in its normally closed 
position, a vacuum suction is created in the membrane separator 16a, for 
purposes which will be described later herein. 
The atmospheric inlet port 228 is connected through two valves 1402 and 
1406 to various portions of the sample flow system of the present 
invention. Through the set of valves 1402, 1406, when in their appropriate 
positions, the sample enters the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 
of the present invention through the atmospheric inlet port 228 and is 
conducted directly to the input of the membrane separator 16a. As will be 
described herein, sampling pump 206 is utilized to assist in that process. 
Alternatively, the sample which enters through the valves 1402 and 1406 
may be directed, by the appropriate placement of the valve 1406, through 
an enrichment cartridge 214 which may or may not be heated by a heater 
1414 and then through another valve 1412 to the input to the membrane 
separator 16a. The second set of valves 1404 and 1408 are used to input a 
carrier gas from a carrier gas cylinder 200 into the system, as will be 
later described. 
As previously stated, the present invention is capable of operating in at 
least five cycles. In the first cycle, which is termed the direct mass 
spectrometry or direct MS cycle, an atmospheric sample enters, through 
inlet port 228, the first valve, 1402 which is normally open and then 
passes through the third valve 1406, which is normally closed, thus 
sending the sample directly to the input of the membrane separator 16a. By 
means of the sampling pump 206 and the valve 1416, which is moved to its 
on position, a suction is provided through the membrane separator which 
serves to cause the sample to flow into the input of the membrane 
separator 16a. 
In a second cycle of operation of the instant miniaturized mass 
spectrometer system 10, termed the enriched mass spectrometry or enriched 
MS cycle, the sample is again input through the inlet port 228 and valve 
1402 through the third valve 1406, which is in its normally closed 
position such that the sample flows through the enrichment cartridge 214, 
through the fifth valve 1410 and sixth valve 1412 and out through the 
seventh valve 1416, by means of the suction created by the sampling pump 
206. That portion of cycle 2 is termed the adsorb cycle. 
The second subcycle of the enriched MS cycle is a desorb cycle. The carrier 
gas enters the miniaturized mass spectrometer system 10 of the present 
invention by means of the second and fourth valves, 1404 and 1408, which 
are positioned such that the gas is directed to the input side of the 
enrichment cartridge 214, flows through the enrichment cartridge and is 
heated by the enrichment cartridge heater 1414. The enriched sample flows 
through the fifth valve 1410 and the sixth valve 1412, which are 
positioned such that the sample then flows directly to the input of the 
membrane separator 16a. The sampling pump 206 is not operated in this 
cycle, however, the seventh valve 1416 is placed in the on position such 
that the membrane separator 16a is vented to the outside atmosphere at the 
exit side of the sampling pump 206. 
In a third cycle, termed the direct injection cycle, the sample is injected 
by a syringe into the injector port 216 while a carrier gas enters the 
system by means of the second valve 1404 and fourth valve 1408, which are 
positioned such that the carrier gas enters the injector 216 from the 
output of the fourth valve 1408. The injector heater 1422 is operated in a 
heat soaking manner. The injected sample enters into the gas chromatograph 
system 1410 whose heater 1424 is operated in a programmed manner, as will 
later be described. The sample then passes from the output of the gas 
chromatograph to the input of the membrane separator 16a. In this cycle, 
the sampling pump 206 is again not operated and the seventh valve 1416, is 
placed in its on position so that the membrane separator 16a can be vented 
to the outside atmosphere. 
In a fourth cycle, termed the enriched GC/MS cycle, there are three 
subcycles. In the first subcycle, termed the sample subcycle, the sample 
is input through the inlet port 228 and the first and third valves 1402 
and 1406 to the input of the enrichment cartridge 214 whose heater 1414 is 
not turned on. The sample flows out through the fifth and sixth valves 
1410 and 1412 and is directed through the seventh valve 1416 and out into 
the atmosphere, by the operation of the sampling pump 206. 
In the second subcycle of the enriched GC/MS or gas chromatograph mass 
spectrometer cycle, termed the cold flow subcycle, the carrier gas is 
input through the second and fourth valves 1404 and 1408 to the input of 
the enrichment cartridge 214. Again, the enrichment cartridge heater 1404 
is not turned on. The carrier gas flows through the closed valves five and 
six, 1410 and 1412, and out through the closed seventh valve 1416 and the 
nonoperating sampling pump 206 into the atmosphere. 
In the final subcycle of the enriched GC/MS cycle, termed the desorb 
subcycle, the carrier gas again passes through the open valves two and 
four, 1404 and 1408, and through the enrichment cartridge 214, whose 
enrichment heater 1414 is operated in a ballistic mode. The sample then 
passes through the open fifth valve 1410, and through the injector 216 
whose heater 1422 is operated in a soak mode and then to the input of the 
gas chromatograph 14. The gas chromatograph heater 1424 is operated in a 
programmed mode. The output of the gas chromatograph 14 is passed to the 
membrane separator 16a. The membrane separator is open to the atmosphere 
by means of the on or open seventh valve 1416 and the non-operating 
sampling pump 206. 
FIG. 15 shows a block diagram of the microcomputer 24 and control 
electronics 28 utilized with the present invention. The microcomputer 24 
and control electronics 28 are organized around a microprocessor bus 1501, 
which may also be a multiprocessor bus. As previously described, the 
microprocessor bus 1501 may be contained within a readily available IBM 
compatible AT or PS/2, or higher class personal computer. As is well known 
in the art, the bus is utilized to transfer instructions, data and other 
information between the various components of the microcomputer 24. For 
example, a CPU 1500 is connected to transmit to and receive information 
from the bus 1501, as is a memory RAM 1502 and an EPROM 1504. If desired, 
the on-board operating system of the microcomputer system 24 for the mass 
spectrometer system 10 of the present invention may be stored in the EPROM 
1504 or ROM 1510. 
The on-board microcomputer 24 is provided with additional storage space by 
means of a solid state storage device 226, which is preferably a card 
containing a plurality of battery-backed dynamic random access memory 
(DRAM), static RAM (SRAM) or read only memory (ROM). In addition to 
containing the operating instructions for controlling the functions of the 
mass spectrometer system 10, the removable solid state storage device 226 
can also be used to store other data and information. Since the solid 
state storage device 226 may be readily inserted and removed from the 
microcomputer portion 24 of the mass spectrometer system 10, it can be 
utilized to provide software and system updates in an easy, inexpensive 
and known manner. The solid state storage device 226 is connected to the 
microprocessor bus 1501 by means of a data storage interface 1506. 
The mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention, as has been 
described, carries its own library of the mass spectra of known compounds 
of which the mass spectrometer is expected to be testing and which need to 
be identified by matching the unknown spectra with the library of known 
spectra. Inasmuch as there is a generally predetermined number of 
environmental compounds for which it is conceivable the present mass 
spectrometer system 10 will be utilized to identify, the library may be 
stored in read only memory devices (ROM), including the software program 
for matching unknown environmental samples to be identified with the 
library of known mass spectra. 
An LCD display 218 is also connected to the microprocessor bus 1501, by 
means of an LCD display driver 1512, in a known fashion. In addition, the 
mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention may also be provided 
with a visual and audible alarm 1510, which is also connected to the LCD 
display driver 1512, in order to receive signals from the microprocessor 
bus 1501. Other audio and visual indicators 1516 are provided, including 
LED displays 230 that are used as visual indicators of system status. 
As has been described, the mass spectrometer system 10 of the present 
invention may be utilized to receive control signals and other data and 
information by means of radio wave transmissions or through land or other 
lines utilizing modems or other signal converting mechanisms. Thus, 
telemetry and communication ports 1518 are provided which are connected to 
the microprocessor bus 1501. In the event that it is desired to either 
send or receive data, information or instructions to or from the mass 
spectrometer system 10 of the present invention, an external portable 
microcomputer with integral display 1520 can be utilized, in a known 
fashion. 
In order to control the operation of the GC/MS or tandem mass spectrometer 
(MS/MS), various control signals are provided, under the control of the 
CPU 1500. In order to automatically effectuate such control, the signals 
generated onto the microprocessor bus 1501, either from the CPU 1500 
directly or from one of the memories 1502, 1504 or 226, are converted from 
digital to analog signals by means of the digital-to-analog converter 1524 
which is also connected to the microprocessor bus 1501, and then fed to 
the GC/MS or MS/MS as either a control signal or an electric sector sweep 
control signal, as will be described later herein. The electric sector 
sweep feedback signal and system diagnostic signals are fed by means of an 
analog-to-digital converter 1522 back onto the microprocessor bus 1501, 
for diagnostic and control reasons. In addition, the data output from the 
ion detection system 44 is also converted from an analog to a digital 
signal by means of the A/D converter 1522 and thence onto the 
microcomputer bus 1501 from where such information may be taken and 
analyzed, as will be described later herein. 
The microprocessor 24 of the mass spectrometer system 10 of the present 
invention also includes a plurality of digital or parallel input/output 
interfaces 1526 and 1528, which are utilized to control, by means of 
electromechanical devices, many of the functions of the mass spectrometer 
system 10 of the present invention. Thus, connected to the parallel I/O 
interfaces are such features as the power shutdown control 1532, the 
turning on and off electric heaters such as heaters 1414, 1422 and 1424, 
the operation of the sampling pump 206 used with the sample concentrator 
12, the operation of the cooling fan 224 used with temperature sensors to 
control interior temperatures of the system 10 and the operation of the 
various relays and valves commonly used with a GC/MS or MS/MS, as is known 
in the art. In addition, signals received from alarm detectors and switch 
monitors are also input into the parallel I/O interface for transmission 
to the microprocessor bus 1501. The operation of the various keyboard 220 
and/or function keys 1630 is also input onto the microprocessor bus 1501 
by means of the parallel input/output interface 1526, 1528. 
FIG. 16 shows the functional flow chart of the operation of the software 
resident in the microcomputer 24. The software is utilized to operate and 
monitor the mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention. 
As shown in FIG. 16, there are six major functions of the software that are 
well known in the art: manage the power and vacuum of the mass 
spectrometer 1600, manage the external interfaces 1602; control and 
monitor the cycles of the GC/MS instrument 1604, control the mass 
spectrometer and process the mass spectrometer data 1606, analyze the mass 
spectrometer data 1608 and maintain the health of the GC/MS instrument 
1610. 
The basic software functions to control the mass spectrometer and analyze 
the mass spectra data represented by parts of 1602, 1604, 1606, 1608 are 
available from commercial suppliers of mass spectrometer data systems such 
as the Shrader System.TM. distributed by Vacumetrics, Inc. of Ventura, 
Calif. or Vector/One GS/MS software system produced by Teknivent Corp. of 
St. Louis, Mo. These commercial software packages operate under MS-DOS 
directly on IBM-AT compatible computer systems or may be adapted to other 
suitable real-time operating systems used for the microcomputer 24 of the 
instant mass spectrometer system 10. 
Each of those functions, together with the mass spectrometer data provided 
to the GC/MS instrument and the mass spectrometer signature library data 
1612, which, as previously described, may be stored in the ROM library 
1510 or may also be stored in other provided memory devices, for example, 
the solid state storage device 226 or the EPROM 1504, are utilized to 
operate the mass spectrometer system 10. As shown in FIG. 16, each of the 
control functions 1600-1610, are interconnected. 
In order to manage the power and vacuum, the power and vacuum manager 1600 
monitors the input of both DC power (in the case of the preferred 
embodiment of the mass spectrometer system 10) and the on-board computer 
on and off control. The manage power and vacuum function 1600 sends a 
power/vacuum status message to the manager of external interfaces 1602 as 
well as transmits the power/vacuum data/status signal to the maintain 
health of instrument function 1610. The manage power and vacuum function 
1600 also allocates the available power to the various devices by means of 
a signal sent to the control and monitor instrument cycles function 1604. 
Finally, hardware indicators, such as power status and battery warning 
LEDs, are sent by the manage power and vacuum function 1600. 
The external interface manager 1602 manages the input and output of 
information to the user and external devices including the LCD display, 
keyboard, printers, modems and other means. The external interfaces 
manager 1602 receives inputs from the user or on-board computer 24, 
receives a data input from a user or an external source and receives an 
input from a user or an external device. The external interfaces manager 
1602 provides output signals to the user display or on-board computer 24, 
provides a data output to an external computer, provides an output to an 
external device and also provides an output to an external printer and 
other devices. 
The manager of external interfaces 1602 also serves to control the 
instrument cycles of the mass spectrometer instrument system 10, by means 
of its communication with the control and monitor instrument cycles 
function 1604. It also controls the mass spectrometer data analysis by 
means of its communication with the mass spectrometer data analyzer 
function 1608. 
Other inputs to the external interfaces manager 1602 from the control MS 
and process MS data function 1606 are the lookup and transmission back to 
the external interfaces manager 1602 of the instrument MS data and MS 
signature library data 1612. In addition, the mass spectrometer data 
analyzer 1608 communicates with the external interfaces manager 1602, 
allowing it to monitor the mass spectrometer data analysis and mass 
spectrometer analyzed data. Also, a message concerning the instrument 
health status is communicated to the external interfaces manager 1602 from 
the maintain the health of instrument function 1610. 
The control and monitor instrument cycles function 1604 manages and 
controls the operational cycles previously described and illustrated in 
FIG. 14, including setting valve positions, heater controls, temperatures 
and the timing parameters associated with each cycle. In addition to the 
communications already discussed, this function serves to communicate a 
request for power from the various devices to the power and vacuum manager 
1600, a request for the instrument self-test and status from the maintain 
health of instrument function 1610 and to provide for control of the mass 
spectrometer 18 by means of its communication with the control MS and 
process MS data function 1606. 
Information concerning the substance to be analyzed is input into the 
control and monitor instrument cycles function 1604 which then 
communicates that information into the mass spectrometer 18 by means of 
its communication to the control MS and process MS data function 1606. The 
control and monitor instrument cycles functions 1604 also receives data 
from the instrument mass spectrometer data and mass spectrometer signature 
library data 1612 used to set up a library search algorithm for single-ion 
monitoring or multiple ion monitoring detection modes. A mass spectrometer 
status is also communicated to the control and monitor instrument cycle 
functions 1604 from the control MS and process MS data function 1606. 
The MS control and processing function 1606 controls the mass spectrometer 
system, including calibration and synchronization of the ion source 
accelerating voltage, electrostatic analyzer voltage and ion detector 
output in order to produce and calibrate the resulting mass spectra. The 
control MS and process MS data function 1606 can also access the 
instrument mass spectrometer data and mass spectrometer signature library 
data 1612 to perform real-time processing and matching mass spectra to the 
library. That same function 1606, in addition to the communication paths 
described above, provides to the maintain health of instrument function 
1610 an indication of the health status of the mass spectrometer 18. The 
control MS and process MS data function 1606 receives a communication from 
the maintain health of instrument function 1610 for protecting the 
operation of the mass spectrometer 18 in the event of a system or power 
failure and also communicates with the analyzed mass spectrometer data 
function 1608. 
The mass spectrometer data analyzer 1608 provides the analytical routines 
required to fully analyze the mass spectral data collected as a result of 
the operation of function 1606. This function 1606 incorporates the mass 
spectral analyses functions generally found in commercial workstations 
previously cited. Under function 1606, the mass spectral data may be 
processed in real-time or may be stored for later analyses under the 
function 1608 analytical programs. The mass spectrometer data analyzer 
1608 is also connected to access the instrument mass spectrometer data and 
mass spectrometer signature library 1612 to perform matching of unknown 
mass spectra. In addition, the mass spectrometer data analyzer function 
1608 functions to protect the data analysis under control of the maintain 
health of instrument function 1610. 
Each of these functions of the system software is further described below 
in the context of operation of the mass spectrometer system 10. 
The mass analyzer system must always be under a high vacuum that is in the 
range of 10.sup.-5 Torr. or better in order to operate. To ensure that the 
vacuum is maintained, not only during system operation but also during 
periods when the main spectrometer system 10 is either on the shelf or in 
a standby mode, the present design provides for continuous power to the 
on-board ion pump 42 which is an autonomous vacuum protection feature of 
the instant system. The power is provided by an on-board battery supply 
202 which is rechargeable from standard 110 volts, 50-60 cycle AC current. 
It is not necessary to turn on the computer 24 or otherwise exercise 
manual control over the mass spectrometer system 10 for this vacuum 
protection feature to operate. It is always on. 
A warning circuit is also provided which will provide an audio alarm if the 
system 10 is plugged into a power outlet which is not operating at the 
time so that, during storage periods, since a loss of AC power over a long 
enough time period could eventually cause the battery supply 202 to run 
down with a subsequent eventual loss of vacuum, a signal is generated to 
alert the operator. A loss of vacuum condition is non-recoverable in terms 
of the packaged system 10 itself. If a loss of vacuum condition occurs, an 
external roughing pump is needed for which a connection is provided and 
the system would then have to be restarted by roughing the system and then 
starting up the ion pump 42 again. 
When the mass spectrometer system 10 is initially started up upon 
completion of its construction or at a central servicing depot, in the 
preferred embodiment, a roughing pump external to the system 10 is 
utilized. A valve is then closed which connects that external system to 
the internal vacuum envelope 20 and the system is maintained at 10.sup.--5 
to 10.sup.-7 Torr. vacuum with the internal ion pump. The roughing pump is 
then disconnected. Once the ion pump is functioning, the system is 
autonomous and it functions automatically. There is also a protective 
circuit as part of the vacuum protection for the system 10 which, if there 
is a reduction in the voltage in the battery supply 202, will turn off 
other power draining devices within the system 10 and will retain as long 
as possible the power to the ion pump 42 simultaneously with providing a 
low voltage warning to the operator that battery voltage is dropping. As 
described, before the system 10 is turned on, it operates in an autonomous 
mode without operator intervention. 
The turn-on sequence for operating the system 10 involves first turning on 
the computer 24. The computer system 24 is the heart of the 
operator-to-instrument interface and therefore all operations, selections 
of operating cycles and control options by the operator are exercised 
through the microcomputer 24 with the one exception of the autonomous 
vacuum control system described above. 
Operator communication with the computer 24 is accomplished with a keyboard 
entry and a visual display which provides guidance to the operator by 
means of menus to assist in defining the keyboard options for the 
operator, the system status and also for display of data system functions. 
Thus the display acts as a multi-function subsystem. During the initial 
turn-on sequence after the computer is brought up, the system goes through 
a self-check routine which has a number of functions, most importantly 
among them being the check for ion source 34 performance. The first ion 
source 34 performance test is a check for filament continuity, the 
filament 1228 being one of the crucial parts of the ion source 34. The 
operation of the high voltage power supplies 30 which power the ion source 
34 and the electric sector 36 is then checked. The other circuit which is 
checked at start-up is the high voltage power supply 30 to the ion 
detector 44 which is also a crucial operating circuit to the operation of 
the mass spectrometer 18. 
The system 10 also contains a number of solenoid latching valves 212, 
1402-1412 and 1416, and the position of each one of those valves is 
checked to ensure that they are in the pre-operational position. Those 
valve positions ensure that the sampling subsystem is closed off and that 
the ion source inlet 914 is closed off, in order to preclude possible 
contamination during quiescent or at rest periods between sampling cycles. 
The next step after turn-on is to perform a system calibration. The primary 
function of the calibration is to validate the relationship between the 
sweep potential on the ion source 34 or the accelerating voltage from the 
ion source 34 and the mass values to be assigned to signals in the mass 
spectrum. By mass value assignments is meant taking the mass spectrum and 
calibrating the X axis to determine that at this point, the mass to charge 
ratio is a particular value. It functions to assign a scaling factor to 
the horizontal or X axis for the mass spectrometer 18. 
The system calibration process involves a calibration gas which is stored 
on board the system 10. A momentary release of the calibration gas into 
the ion source 34 of the mass spectrometer 18 with consequent production 
of a mass spectra is used for the calibration. The mass spectra is 
generated by a standard sweep and values of the voltages that generate the 
sweep are compared with the position of the key masses of the ions of the 
calibrate gas. Any variation from the expected predetermined positions is 
used to recalculate the sweep voltages and thereby to correct for any 
small variations that may occur because of temperature, misalignment or 
other changes in the many subsystems which form the mass spectrometer 
portion 18 of the system 10. 
In order to perform this calibration function, the calibrate signature and 
also the characterization of the sweep voltage is stored on-board the 
system lo. The sweep voltage is a decreasing exponential voltage from 
approximately 3,000 to 150 volts at the upper scale of the mass. The 
calibrate signature is contained in an EPROM 1504 that is part of each 
system 10 and contains calibrate signature information unique to each 
system 10. It is determined at the completion of manufacturing of each 
system in the course of the checkout and test of each unit in order to 
account for small variations in manufacturing tolerances and possible 
idiosyncrasies in each one of the mass spectrometers 18. 
In addition to start-up, the calibrate cycle can be run at any time if 
there is any question in the operator's mind concerning the accuracy of 
the system 10. In normal operation, the system 10 will remain in 
calibration for prolonged periods, that is periods of days. However, as a 
precaution, depending on the circumstances of age and storage of the 
system 10, a calibration run at the beginning of each day's operation 
would typically be performed, but during usage, the operator will 
determine what is best. 
There are four other cycles subject to user executable commands under 
function key or keyboard control, in addition to the calibrate basic 
operating cycle of the system 10. The first operating cycle is direct MS. 
In that operating cycle, an atmospheric sample is brought into the 
membrane separator 16a. It is introduced into the system 10 through an 
atmospheric inlet 228 which is protected by an in-line filter to keep 
particulates and other contamination out of the inlet line. A small water 
vapor extractor operates after the in-line filter to reduce the water 
vapor content of the sample before it is actually brought into the 
membrane separator 16a. 
The function of the membrane separator 16a is to use the selective 
permeability of the membrane to allow sample molecules, which are 
typically organics, to selectively permeate the membrane at a much greater 
and higher rate than the background gas such as nitrogen and oxygen 
present in the atmosphere. The sample concentration produced by the 
membrane separator 16a is typically three orders of magnitude greater in 
favor of the organic sample molecules than at its input. The sample then 
enters the ion source 34 and the normal scanning of the mass spectrometer 
18 occurs. 
When sample molecules come in through the membrane separator 16a to the 
ion source 34, they are introduced via an inlet tube 914 and the higher 
vacuum on the other side of that tube to the block 1202 of the ion source 
34. The block 1202 provides a passageway for the sample molecules into an 
ionization chamber which is the heart or the center of the block assembly 
1102. In normal operation, the block 1202 is heated by a heating element 
1232 which is controllable within the range of 50.degree. to 200.degree. 
temperature of the block 1202 so that the block is normally held 
isothermal at an elevated temperature which is selected by the operator. 
The block 1202 is heated in order to avoid plating out or adsorption of 
the sample molecules onto the metal surface of the block. The block 1202 
is also gold-plated in order to reduce that reactivity and the possibility 
of sample plating. 
The sample molecules then enter the ionization chamber, at which time the 
electron gun contained in the ion source 34 establishes a beam of 
electrons, the energy of which are about 70 electron volts. The electron 
beam interacts with the sample molecules in a known fashion to create 
positive ions and ion fragments of organic molecules in a way that is also 
well known in the art. 
The magnetic field in the ion source 34, which causes the electron 
trajectories to be helical and thereby improve the ionization efficiency 
and increased path length, is provided by a cylindrical magnet 1220 which 
is integral to the block assembly 1102. The cylindrical magnet 1220 
surrounds the ionization chamber. It has a slot cut in it at an angle 
which is predetermined, in order to account for second order effects of 
the electric and magnetic fields on the electron trajectory, at an angle 
of approximately 6.degree.. 
In the ionization chamber, the ion fragments that are created by the 
electron impact are moved toward the extraction lens 1114 by a repeller 
assembly 1214 which is located inside the cylindrical magnet 1220 that 
forms the body of the ionization chamber. The repeller assembly 1214 is a 
two-piece assembly, the front surface of which is shaped to match the 
electric field lines established inside of the ionization chamber. The 
electrons in this region create positive ions which are then repelled into 
the effective region of the saddle lens 1114. 
The saddle lens 1114 provides the extracting potential to bring the ions 
out of the ionization chamber and transmit them to the first element of 
the accelerating lens system, the split lens 1112. Each of the lenses in 
the accelerating lens system has an independent separate potential. The 
split lens 1112 allows for the tuning of the mass spectrometer system 18 
and will permit the ion beam to be redirected so that it is optimally 
focused on the entrance slit 1106 to the mass spectrometer system 18, 
which is the next lens element. 
The entrance slit 1106 provides the initial focus of the ion beam in the 
instant double focusing mass analyzer system 21. It establishes the point 
of departure for the ion beam through the remainder of the mass analyzer 
21. The ion beam next is shaped by a lens system 1104 that includes an ion 
current monitor. The ion current monitor collects a fixed fraction of the 
ion beam that has been created and is passing through the entrance slit 
1106 and provides an indication of the total number of ions that are being 
created at any one time in the source. This is important because it allows 
feedback to other elements of the mass spectrometer system 18. 
One such element is the inlet valve that would permit the mass spectrometer 
system 10 to shut down the inlet to the ion source 34 and (the inlet of 
the sample to the membrane separator) in order to avoid sample overload 
conditions in which the vacuum pump 22 might not be able to handle the 
total amount of sample. Thus, by sensing an excessive ion current at lens 
1104, the feedback to the inlet 914 to protect the ion source 34 and the 
vacuum in the instrument is possible or can be automatically performed by 
the system 10 as programmed. 
There are also two other uses of this total ion current. The first is that 
it is recorded and is part of the spectrum that is available in the data 
system to permit a plot of total ion current for a given GC/MS run. A 
second use of the total ion current is to vary the gain on the ion 
detector 44 in order to accommodate wide swings in sample concentration 
and to ensure that the ion detector gain is matched to the ion signal that 
is present. 
After the lens system 1104 the ions then proceed or are accelerated and 
continue through the entrance shunt 1110. The entrance shunt 1110 is a 
grounded slit which provides a termination for the electric field that is 
created by the inner and outer segments of the electric sector. By 
shunting that field, the fringe field effects that would otherwise perturb 
and spread and change the quite precisely defined ion beam are reduced. 
The entrance and exit shunts 1110 and 908, respectively, at both ends of 
the electric sector provide termination points for the electric field and 
also eliminate any fringe field effects on the ion beam. 
As described, the positive ions are accelerated through the combination of 
lenses, forming a beam, and than enter the electric sector 36 through the 
entrance shunt 1110. The ion bean enters the electric section 36 in the 
region between the two electric sector plates 1300a and 1300b. The 
electric sector plates 1300 provide a radial and highly homogeneous 
electric field which acts on the positive charged ion fragments in 
accordance with the generally known principles of electrodynamics. In 
order to accelerate the charged particles along a circular path, the 
magnitude of the energy of the incoming ion fragments and the electric 
field will determine the preferred trajectory along the center line of the 
plates 1300, so that, by varying the potential on the plates 1300 in a 
fixed ratio with the accelerating potential of the ion source 34, varying 
energies can be selected to pass through the electric sector 36 and the 
exit shunt 908. 
At the exit of the electric sector 36 there is another primary focal point 
910 which is used to align the electric sector/ion source combination. The 
physical alignment of the in connection with the mounting of the electric 
sector 36 and the construction details of the ion source 34 and their 
relationship to each other constructed in the manner described herein, the 
amount of electrical tuning that is necessary is minor in order to ensure 
that the ion beam is focused at the exit of the electric sector 36. 
The ions then pass into a field-free region where they are not accelerated. 
The ions coast until they enter the region in which the magnetic field 
produced by the magnet analyzer 40 is present. Whereas the electric field 
produced by the electric sector 36 is radial, the magnetic field produced 
by the magnetic analyzer 40 is in the z direction, that is, it is vertical 
out of the page. In accordance with generally known principles of 
electrodynamics, a charged particle in a magnetic field will also be 
accelerated. In the present mass analyzer 21, the magnetic field is fixed 
and thus always acts as a momentum filter that produces the result that 
since the velocity of the particle has been determined by the accelerating 
potential and the further refinement of that potential in the electric 
sector 36, the only variable then in the system is the mass of the ions. 
Changing the velocity will change the mass which is on the preferred 
centerline trajectory through the magnet 40 to the exit slit 908. 
In that manner, the accelerating potential of the ion source 34 and the 
matching potential on the electric sector 36 creates the mass spectrum by 
changing the mass-to-charge ratio of those ions which reach the magnetic 
analyzer 40 exit slit. 
On the other side of the exit slit there is an ion detector 44 which can be 
one of several types. When the ions exit the magnet 40, there is some 
separation before they actually reach the primary focal point which is the 
exit slit. The ion detector 44 is thus located on the other side of the 
exit slit. The ion detector 44 has a sensitive surface which emits 
electrons when a charged particle impacts it and the accelerating field in 
the ion detector 44 then amplifies the ion current, which is the number of 
ions that are impacting the surface per unit of time, and that amplified 
signal is then converted from its raw analog form to a digitized signal by 
an A/D converter 1522. The digitized signal is then stored and used in the 
data analysis features of the instrument. 
The mass spectrometer system 10 of the present invention is capable of 
operating in four different cycles or modes. Of course, additional modes 
are also possible. The first is the direct MS mode, which would normally 
be used to determine whether a particular compound was present in the 
atmosphere that was being sampled, rather than to perform a complex 
analysis of the atmosphere. This is so because in a direct MS mode all 
compounds that might be present in the sample will create ions in the mass 
spectra and a full analysis of that mass spectra is an extremely complex 
analytical task. On the other hand, if a search is being made for one 
compound, by reference to the signature library for direct MS sampling, 
the system 10 can determine the one or two principle ions which are 
characteristic of that compound and look only for those ions. The presence 
of those ions is used to indicate the presence of the compound whose 
existence is being sought. 
In this mode, the operator is normally asking the question whether the 
compound X is present. In the direct MS mode, the operator has several 
choices to be made and inputted into the system 10. One is the choice of 
the compound that he is looking for. The second choice is the duration of 
the sampling process that he wants to use to look for the compound. 
Typically that is the time period during which the on-board sampling pump 
206 will be drawing an atmospheric sample through the atmospheric inlet 
system 228 described previously, past the membrane separator 16a and then 
out. The sampling pump 206 is used to draw the sample past the membrane 
16a. As shown in FIG. 14 and described in connection therewith, there is a 
series of valves which open and close under computer 24 control, depending 
upon the choice by the operator of the sample cycle. This system brings 
together a variety of what would normally be present in a separate system 
or be manually transferred from point a to point b. Since an analytical 
grade mass spectrometer and supporting analyzing and operating subsystems 
have been brought together into an integrated package by the present 
system, the operator can, by a simple keyboard function, make that choice. 
In the direct MS mode, the sample is introduced through the appropriate 
valving system past the membrane separator 16a by the pump 206 and then 
pumped out of the system 10. By choice of the compound that the operator 
is looking for, the system will go into the appropriate library which is 
unique to the selected cycle and look for the characteristic ions and the 
ion source temperature to use in order to identify that particular sample. 
In this direct MS sampling mode, instead of using a sweep of the full mass 
range of the mass spectrometer system 18, the ion source accelerating 
voltage is set only at the voltage appropriate to specific characteristic 
ions. One or two characteristic ions may be used, depending on the nature 
of the material under test and how characteristic a single ion may be. 
Such operation is normally referred to as single ion monitoring or a SIM 
mode, which is well known in the mass spectrometer art. If a detection is 
made, then an audible alarm is provided that alerts the operator to the 
detection. 
The second operating cycle is essentially the same as the direct MS mode 
with the exception that an enrichment cycle is provided which permits the 
mass spectrometer 10 to look for much more dilute samples than in the 
direct MS mode. The cycle for the enriched MS requires that the operator 
select the amount of enrichment time, that is the time in which the 
enrichment or concentration cartridge 214 will actually be accepting a 
sample flow. Thus in the enrichment MS cycle, the enrichment cartridge 214 
is part of the loop through which the sample is passed, as described in 
connection with FIG. 14. The atmospheric sample is brought into the system 
10 through the enrichment cartridge 214 by the operation of the sampling 
pump 206. At the completion of the time selected by the operator for 
sampling, the system 10 will automatically close the sampling inlet valve 
1402, close the sampling valve 1406, open the carrier gas cartridge 200, 
which is provided with the system 10 and, will cold flow the carrier gas 
through the system for approximately one second to clear the atmospheric 
sample out. The system 10 then will thermally desorb the sample from the 
enrichment cartridge 214 onto the membrane separator 16a, where the rest 
of the sampling takes place. The same lookup library is used as with the 
direct MS mode. 
In addition, a choice of carrier gases can be provided. In the preferred 
embodiment, the system 10 would utilize helium, but it is also possible to 
use either hydrogen or nitrogen. 
The gas chromatograph 14 is also thermally programmable, so that the 
operator can establish the initial temperature and the final temperature 
and a heating rate for the GC cycle. 
In the third cycle, the enriched GC/MS mode, the sampling phase through the 
cartridge 214 is the same as that described in connection with the 
enriched MS mode. In the enriched GC/MS mode, however, after the sample is 
thermally desorbed, it flows to the gas chromatograph 14 and then to the 
membrane separator 16a. That allows the system 10 to produce a careful and 
detailed analysis of the composition of the sample to be tested. In this 
mode, the question the operator normally asks is "what compound(s) is 
present?" Through the use of a full GC/MS analysis the system to is able 
to determine the compounds that are present in an atmospheric sample. For 
this mode, a different on-board lookup library is utilized. That library 
uses a full sweep in order to determine the whole mass range. 
The fourth mode is a manually assisted cycle in which the sample is 
prepared off line through any one of several known techniques and 
extracted into a solvent which is then used to transport the sample into 
the system lo. This manual technique involves use of a syringe, which is 
introduced into the injection port 216 through a waxy plug contained in 
the port. The injection port 216 is heated by a heater 1422. The heated 
injection port 216 evaporates the solvent into the GC carrying the sample. 
As shown in FIG. 26, the injection port 216 is accessible to the outside 
of the system 10. A guide is provided in the injection port 216 in order 
to guide the needle of the syringe. 
The operation of the gas chromatograph 14 then proceeds using the carrier 
gas as described in connection with cycle 3, with the mass spectrometer 18 
running a full sweep. The determination typically to be made is what is 
present, as opposed to, is x present? in the first two modes. Using this 
mode, samples can be extracted from water or from soil. It is also 
possible to extract samples from biological fluids, using methods which 
are generally well known to the art. For such GC/MS runs, the data that is 
gathered is digitized and is stored for each sweep of the mass analyzer 
21. 
As described in cycles 3 and 4, the operator normally will be interested in 
the determination of what compounds are present. In order to make that 
determination, the stored data will be referred to the on-board data 
analysis program which does a library search between the spectra that is 
obtained on these runs and the stored library signature using a library 
lookup algorithm similar to those which are well known in the art. That 
library search then will result in potential matches between stored 
signatures in the library and the unknown signature of the unknown 
compound. The best three matches will be shown to the operator by means of 
the flat display screen, if there are in fact three which satisfy the 
criteria. If there are more than three, just the best three will be 
presented. However, the raw data is always available and can be extracted 
to an external storage medium either by a direct cable connection or modem 
to an external computer 1520 either using telemetry or a modem, as 
appropriate. 
The system 10 also permits the operator to display in graphical form the 
mass spectra for any of the particular scans associated with a particular 
compound at choice of the operator. It also permits a visual comparison 
between the library signature and the unknown scans for verification of 
the match, again at the choice of the operator. It is also possible for 
the operator to call up a total ion chromatogram, which is well known in 
the art as an alternate form of data. 
The operator also has the flexibility of designating runs for storage in a 
suitable memory device or removable media. Each run is automatically 
tagged with a time and date which is built into the clock of the system 
10. There is also a choice of on-board signature libraries which are 
available that can be read in from an external source. Customized 
libraries for compounds that are of specific interest to a particular 
operator and are likely to be encountered by that operator can also be 
provided. 
Although only a preferred embodiment is specifically illustrated and 
described herein, it will be appreciated that many modifications and 
variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above 
teachings and within the purview of the appended claims without departing 
from the spirit and intended scope of the invention.