Electronic device, barrel shifter unit and method of barrel shifting

An electronic device is provided which comprises a barrel shifter unit (BS) for performing a rotation of an input. The barrel shifter unit comprises a first and second barrel shifter (BS1, BS2). The electronic device furthermore comprises a selection unit for selecting a first set of elements (a) for the second barrel shifter (BS2) and a second set of elements for the first barrel shifter (BS1). The electronic device furthermore comprises a plurality of second multiplexers (M1 M8) for receiving the input of the second barrel shifter as first input and the output of the first barrel shifter as second input.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §365 to International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2008/053627 filed Sep. 9, 2008, entitled “ELECTRONIC DEVICE, BARREL SHIFTER UNIT AND METHOD OF BARREL SHIFTING”. International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2008/053627 claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §365 and/or 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to European Patent Application No. 07115984.2 filed Sep. 10, 2007 and which are incorporated herein by reference into the present disclosure as if fully set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an electronic device, a barrel shifter unit and a method of barrel shifting.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the digital video broadcast via satellite standard DVB-S2, a low-density parity-check LDPC algorithm is used for error correction, i.e. to transmit a message over a noisy transmission channel. The LDPC is a code allowing a data transmission rate closed to the theoretical maximum. The LDPC codes are defined as a sparse parity-check matrix which can be randomly generated. The LDPC decoding can be implemented in the standards IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.16e. In “Low cost LDPC decoder for DVB-S2”, DATE Designers Forum 2006, pages 130-135, a LDPC decoder based on barrel shifters has been described.

FIG. 1shows a basic diagram of an architecture of a LDPC decoder according to the prior art. Here, an IO controller IOC, an address generator AG, a barrel shifter BS, a first memory unit M1, a second memory unit M2and several data paths DP0, DP1, DPD1are depicted. D data words αnare packed into one word in the α memory M1. These αnwords are rotated over a certain angle by means of the barrel shifters BS and passed on to the D data paths. After Km clock cycles, the αnwords are returned and are rotated back over the same angle.

Accordingly, a barrel shifter is used to shift a data word by a specific number of positions. It can for example be implemented as a sequence of multiplexers. The output of one multiplexer is connected to the input of the next multiplexer depending on the shift distance. The number of multiplexers required is n*log2(n) with n bit words. In a four bit barrel shifter with inputs A, B, C and D, the barrel shifter can cycle the order of the bits A, B, C, D, i.e. the shifter can shift all the outputs up to three positions to the right. Typically, a barrel shifter is implemented as a cascade of parallel 2×1 multiplexers. In case of a four bit barrel shifter, an intermediate signal is used to shift by two bits or passes the same data.

In “A new design for a fast barrel switch network”, by Tharakan et al. in IEEE Journal of Solid-state circuits, volume 27, no. 2, February 1992, a barrel shifter is described.

FIG. 2shows a schematic block diagram of a barrel shifter according to the prior art. The barrel shifter comprises several layers each comprising a plurality of multiplexers. Each multiplexer has two inputs and an output. The first layer L1of the barrel shifter rotates the input vector over [0,1], the second layer L2rotates the input vector over [0,2], the third layer rotates the input vector over [0,4]. By combining the layers, any desired shift angle can be achieved. The barrel shifter according toFIG. 2should however not only able to rotate the input vector over the parallelism factor n but also over smaller instances. Here, a barrel shifter of n=8 is depicted.

FIG. 3shows a schematic block diagram of a barrel shifter according to the prior art. InFIG. 3, a barrel shifter with n=6 is depicted.

FIG. 4shows a schematic block diagram of a further barrel shifter according to the prior art. In particular, the barrel shifter according toFIG. 4is a combination of the barrel shifters ofFIG. 2andFIG. 3. The barrel shifter according toFIG. 4furthermore constitutes a configurable barrel shifter. However, the multiplexing tree increases with x−1, wherein x being the number of tap points. The number of multiplexing trees is the number of the vertical wires which is P−1 for P=2a, wherein a>1. For the case that P is not a power of two, the next power of two must be used. The complexity of this network is thus ≧P*x.

The current bit of the last multiplexer in the layer L1is forwarded to the first input of the first multiplexer in the first layer L1. At the last multiplexer in the second layer L2, the output of the last multiplexer in the first layer is inputted as the second input. The first input of the multiplexer of the last multiplexer of the second layer corresponds to the output of the second but last multiplexer in the first layer. The last multiplexer in the third layer L3receives at its second input the output of the last multiplexer in the second layer L2and at its first input is the output of the fourth multiplexer of the second layer L2.

InFIG. 4, the barrel shifter can be operated either at n=6 or at n=8. Accordingly, at the output of each layer, a multiplexer MUXL1, MUXL2, MUXL3, respectively is arranged and receives the sixth input bit and the eighth input bit.

For an IEEE 802.16e architecture, the parameters of such a barrel shifter are n=96 and x=19. Accordingly, the barrel shifter has a complexity of 7*96=673. If such a barrel shifter has to be made configurable, then the complexity is 18*673=1728 increasing the complexity by 250%. Furthermore, if the barrel shifter is to be made fully configurable, the complexity will raise from n*log (n) to n2+nlog (n). A logic depth of the barrel shifters according to the state of the art corresponds to the traditional log(n) and the additional selection tree of log(x). If x=n, this factor is 2.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an electronic device with a barrel shifter unit which has a reduced complexity while still being configurable.

This object is solved by an electronic device according to claim1, a barrel shifter unit according to claim8and a method of barrel shifting according to claim10.

Accordingly, an electronic device is provided which comprises a barrel shifter unit for performing a rotation of an input. The barrel shifter unit comprises a first and second barrel shifter. The electronic device furthermore comprises a selection unit for selecting a first set of elements for the second barrel shifter and a second set of elements for the first barrel shifter. The electronic device furthermore comprises a plurality of second multiplexers for receiving the input of the second barrel shifter as first input and the output of the first barrel shifter as second input.

According to an aspect of the invention, the first and second barrel shifters are implemented as nlog (n) barrel shifters. Therefore, a fully configurable barrel shifter can be achieved based on two nlog (n) barrel shifters (in parallel).

According to a further aspect of the invention, the first and second barrel shifters are implemented in parallel, such that the barrel shifter unit can be clocked every clock cycle.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the first and second barrel shifters are implemented in a series arrangement. The output of the first or second barrel shifter are stored while the second or first barrel shifter is performing its barrel shifting operation.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the first and second barrel shifter each comprise a plurality of layers, wherein each layer comprises a plurality of first multiplexers, wherein the output of the first multiplexers in the last layer of the second barrel shifter are used as first input in the plurality of second multiplexers, and wherein the output of the first multiplexers in the last layer of the first barrel shifters are used as second input in the plurality of second multiplexers.

The invention also relates to a barrel shifter unit with a first and second barrel shifter. A first set of elements is supplied to the second barrel shifter and a second set of elements is supplied to the first barrel shifter. Furthermore, a plurality of second multiplexers is provided which receive the output of the second barrel shifter as first input and the output of the first barrel shifter as second inputs.

The invention also relates to a method of barrel shifting. Here, a first and second barrel shifter for performing a rotation of an input is provided. A first set of elements is selected for the second barrel shifter and a second set of elements is selected for the first barrel shifter. Furthermore, a plurality of second multiplexers is provided which receive the output of the second barrel shifter as first inputs and the output of the first barrel shifter as second inputs.

The invention relates to the idea to use two nlog (n) barrel shifters. One of the two barrel shifters is used to rotate the first z−a elements, wherein “z” is the configured size of the barrel shifter and “a” is the angle of the rotation. The other one of the two barrel shifters is used to rotate the other “a” elements. In order to perform these diverse rotations, a selection unit selects the first “a” elements from the second barrel shifter and the remaining “z−a” elements from the first barrel shifter. The second barrel shifter can rotate the input vector over an angle of (a+(n−z))% n. With the two barrel shifters, an area complexity of 2nlog(n)+n is achieved which can be smaller nlog(n)+n*x if x>log(n)+1.

Furthermore, the logic depth can be reduced as it is increased to log(n)+1 instead of log(n)+log(x).

Further aspects of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following, embodiments of a barrel shifter will be described in more detail. A barrel shifter is a hardware device that is able to shift or rotate e.g. a data word by any number of bits in a single operation. This can for example be implemented as a multiplexer wherein each output can be connected to any input depending on the shift distance. Accordingly, a barrel shifter can be used to perform any data shifting. The barrel shifter is used to shift data by incremental stages avoiding extra clocks to the registers and reducing the time spent on shifting or rotating the data.

Such a barrel shifter can be used in a LDPC decoder as depicted for example inFIG. 1, e.g. in a DVB-S receiver.

FIG. 5shows a schematic block diagram of a barrel shifter according to a first embodiment. The barrel shifter unit comprises a first and a second barrel shifter. Each of the two barrel shifters has a complexity of nlog(n)+n. Each barrel shifters comprises several layers L1, L2, L3; L1a, L2a, L3a, wherein each layer is composed of a plurality of multiplexers MUX; MUXa. Preferably, each multiplexer has two inputs and an output. Each multiplexer has two inputs and an output. The first input of the multiplexer receives a previous bit and the second input receives a current bit.

InFIG. 5, the barrel shifter unit comprises a first barrel shifter BS1and a second barrel shifter BS2, wherein the second barrel shifter BS2is arranged in parallel to the first barrel shifter BS1. The first barrel shifter BS1comprises three layers L1-L3of multiplexers MUX while the second barrel shifter BS2comprises three layers L1a, L2a, L3a,wherein each layer comprises a plurality of multiplexers MUXa. The first and second barrel shifter BS1, BS2and in particular the multiplexers of the first layer L1; L1areceive the identical data at their respective second inputs. Their respective first input receives the data from the proceeding multiplexer, respectively.

The barrel shifter unit furthermore comprises eight multiplexers M1-M8which receive at their first inputs the outputs of the multiplexers of the third layer of the second barrel shifter BS2and at their second inputs the outputs of the multiplexers of the third layer of the first barrel shifter BS1.

The first and second barrel shifter BS1, BS2are each implemented as nlog (n) barrel shifter. The first barrel shifter can be used to rotate the first “z−a” elements, wherein “z” corresponds to the configured size of the barrel shifter and “a” corresponds to the angle of the rotation. The second barrel shifter can be used to rotate the other remaining “a” elements. In other words, the “z−a” elements are provided to the second barrel shifter and the “a” elements are provided to the third barrel shifter. Therefore, the second barrel shifter can rotate the input vector or the input over an angle of (a+(n−z))% n.

FIG. 6shows a schematic representation of the functioning of the barrel shifter unit according to the first embodiment. InFIG. 6a, the first barrel shifter performs a rotation with a=2 in n=8. InFIG. 6b, the second barrel shifter performs a rotation over a=2+(8−6)=4 in n=8. InFIG. 6c, the results over the rotation over a=2 in z=6 is depicted.

According to the first embodiment, the barrel shifter unit comprises two barrel shifters which are each implemented as nlog(n) barrel shifters. The outputs of the multiplexers in the last layer of the first and second barrel shifters are each inputted to a multiplexer. Accordingly, the first barrel shifter can be used to rotate the first “z−a” elements while the other barrel shifter can be used to rotate the other “a” elements. It should be noted that z corresponds to the configured size of the barrel shifter. The output multiplexer selects a first “a” elements from the second barrel shifter and the “z−a” remaining elements from the first barrel shifter.

The first and second barrel shifter may be implemented in parallel and depicted inFIG. 5. Alternatively, the two barrel shifters may be implemented in a series arrangement, wherein the output of the first or second barrel shifter is stored or buffered while the second or first barrel shifter is performing its operation. Thereafter, the output multiplexer may select a first “a” element from the second barrel shifter (or from the register where the results are stored) and the “z−a” remaining elements from the first barrel shifter (or from the register where the results of the barrel shifting have been stored). In the series arrangement of the first and second barrel shifter, a data word is rotated every two clock cycles. Here, the results of the first barrel shifting can be stored in a register in the multiplexer while the second barrel shifting is performed. Thereafter, a selection of the first or second barrel shifting is performed. However, it should be noted that according to this embodiment, two clock cycles are required, namely one for the first barrel shifting and a second clock cycle for the second barrel shifting.

With the barrel shifter unit according to the first embodiment, an area complexity of 2nlog(n)+n can be achieved which is smaller than the area complexity of nlog(n)+n*x for x>log(n)+1.

For an implementation of the barrel shifter according to the first embodiment, in an IEEE 802.16e implementation, the total overhead will reach 115% while the overhead of the prior art implementation is 250%. If the barrel shifter is implemented on or by a 90 mm technology, the barrel shifter implementation will have an area of 0.2 mm2instead of an area of 0.4 mm2. A multi-standard LDPC decoder with the same parameters as in a prior art solution will have a synthesis area of more than 0.7 mm2.

The barrel shifter according to the present invention comprises a parallel configuration of a first and second barrel shifter. The inputs of the first and second barrel shifter are coupled together and the outputs are coupled to an additional layer of multiplexers, namely output multiplexers. The kthoutput multiplexer selects the output signal from the kthoutputs of the first and second barrel shifter. The first barrel shifter rotates the input vector over a number of “a” bits and the second barrel shifter rotates the input vector over a number of “a′” bits, wherein “a′”=a+(n−z)mod n. The first “a” output multiplexers select their outputs from the second barrel shifter and the next (z−a) multiplexers select their output from the first barrel shifter.

The barrel shifter according to the embodiments of this invention can be used in a LDPC decoder, for example in the IEEE 802.16e standard.

The barrel shifter according to the present invention can be used in any floating-point arithmetic hardware.

Furthermore, any reference signs in the claims shall not be constrained as limiting the scope of the claims.