Bias current control of laser diode instrument to reduce power consumption of the instrument

Embodiments for driving a laser diode includes generating a bias current having a duty cycle that is less than 100%. The current level of the bias current is insufficient to turn on the laser diode. A drive current is generated and combined with the bias current to turn on the laser diode almost instantly.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to a laser diode driver, and more particularly to the bias current control of the output to reduce the overall power consumption of the driver, interconnects and laser diode (sometimes referred to as “diode laser”).

It is well known in the laser diode arts that the drive current applied to a laser diode must exceed a certain threshold current level before the laser diode will emit laser light; i.e., the laser diode turns on. If the amount of current that is driving the laser diode is below this threshold level, then the laser diode remains dark.

In order to turn on laser diodes quickly, the diodes are normally driven by a bias current. Conventionally operated laser diode drivers provide a bias current that is applied to (i.e., drives) the laser diode at a non-zero current level that is insufficient to turn the laser on (i.e., less than the turn-on threshold current). Conventionally, this bias current is a constant DC level and can be anywhere from a few milliamps to several Amps. When a main output current (the drive current) is applied to the laser diode, the laser diode can turn on much more quickly than if the laser diode was not being driven by a bias current. The laser diode can be made to turn on nearly instantly by properly setting the DC level of the bias current close to the turn-on threshold current level. It is common practice for the user to find a suitable DC level for the bias current by straightforward trial and error, since laser diode characteristics, such as the threshold level, typically vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

The turn-on threshold current level is known in the laser diode industry as “the bias current” or “the simmer current.” However, in order to distinguish the actual current that is applied to the laser diode versus the current level above which the laser diode turns on, the latter will be referred to herein variously as “turn-on current level,” “turn-on threshold current level,” and so on. The actual current that is applied to the laser diode will be referred to as the bias current.

The typical operation of a laser diode driver instrument is shown by the graph inFIG. 13. The x-axis is time (milliseconds). The left-side y-axis is current (Amps) and the right-side y-axis is light output (Watts).FIG. 13shows a trace for the output current of the instrument consisting of a bias current level and the drive current.FIG. 13shows the instrument is configured to output a constant current of 25 Amps (the bias current) and to output a current of 95 Amps (the drive current). The light output of the laser diode (expressed in units of Watts) is shown as a trace that is superimposed on the trace of the output current of the instrument.

When the output current of the instrument consists only of the bias current (e.g., at the time between 0 and 20 mSec), the laser diode emits no light, even though it is being driven by the bias current. When the drive current is added to the bias current, then the laser diode emits light; i.e., it is turned on. Moreover, by virtue of driving the laser diode with a bias current prior to applying the drive current, the laser light turns on almost immediately as shown by the steep (step function-like) profile of the light output trace. If the laser diode is not pre-driven by a bias current, the light output trace of the laser diode would have more of a triangular profile (for example, see the inset inFIG. 13), as the laser slowly turns on and off Many applications require a sharp, instant-on type of laser burst. For example, when doing distance measurements, the user wants a bright laser burst and then for the laser to turn off. For such applications, the use of a bias current is an important part of laser diode operation.

Lower bias current levels do not use very much power, but the light profile that results by operating the laser diode with a lower bias current may not be adequate. However, as the bias current level is increased to a suitable level, the laser diode driver instrument and overall laser system will consume more power. Accordingly, a user will adjust the bias current level to as low a level as possible while still achieving a suitable immediate turn-on behavior from the laser diode.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In embodiments of the present invention, a laser diode driver can be controlled to produce a pulsed bias current. In embodiments, the duty cycle can be in the range>0% duty cycle to <100% duty cycle. In embodiments, the duty cycle can be 100%.

Since laser diodes have different bias current levels and operation characteristics, the bias duty cycle of a pulsed bias current can be modified by the end user on a case by case basis. In embodiments, a user can externally trigger the bias pulse. In embodiments, the duty cycle of the externally triggered pulsed bias current can be in the range>0% duty cycle to <100% duty cycle. In embodiments, the duty cycle of the externally triggered pulsed bias current can be 100%.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment of the present invention as shown inFIG. 1, a laser diode driver100can be used as an instrument to drive a laser diode142with a drive current generated by the laser diode driver. In embodiments, the laser diode142may be a laser diode array, or a laser diode bar, or other similar laser diode components.

In an embodiment, the laser diode drive100may include a controller102. The controller102may be provided via a suitably programmed CPU (central processing unit) or microcontroller. In an embodiment, the controller102may be provided in a PLD (programmable logic device), or some suitable combination of CPU and supporting logic. A memory102acan be provided to store any needed computer executable program code and data that may be needed by the controller102. The memory102amay be any suitable technology for storing such information and may include volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM), non-volatile memory such as flash memory, mass storage memory such as disk drive storage, and so on. The memory102acan comprise any one or a combination of these memory technologies.

A display device104may be provided to allow a user to interact with the laser diode driver100. Operational information can be conveyed to the user via the display device104. In an embodiment, the display device104may be a touch sensitive device, allowing the user to input various information, settings, control commands, and so on to the instrument100. In embodiments, the display device104may include various kinds of visual or audio information such as blinking lights, beeping tones, and so forth.

A communication interface106may be provided to allow a user to connect an external device to the laser diode driver100. For example, the interface106may be suitable for connection with an external computer to allow such external computer to control operation of the instrument100or interrogate the instrument.

An internal bus118can provide internal data bus and control bus interconnections among the components that comprise the laser diode driver100. For example, digital data may be received via the communication interface106and transmitted over the bus118to controller102. The controller102may produce digital and/or analog control signals that are used to control the current sources112,114.

In embodiments of the present invention, the laser diode driver100may include a pulsed bias current source112and a main drive current source114. The pulsed bias current source112is a current generator that can generate and produce at its output a current that can be referred to herein as the “pulsed bias current” or the “bias current.” The main drive current source114is a current generator that can generate and produce at its output a current that can be referred to herein as the “main drive current” or the “drive current.” In embodiments, the controller102can generate suitable control signals to control the operation of the pulsed bias current source112and the main drive current source114.

The outputs of the pulsed bias current source112and the main drive current source114can be combined by a suitable combining circuit116to produce an output current that is the sum of the bias current and the drive current. The output of the combining circuit116drives an output terminal132of the instrument100with its output current to produce an instrument output current that appears at the output terminal. The laser diode subsystem142can be driven by the instrument output current by a suitable connection to the laser diode subsystem to the output terminal132.

In embodiments of the present invention, the pulsed bias current source112can be operated/controlled by the controller102to produce a pulse width modulated (PWM) current signal at its output. Referring for a moment toFIG. 2, a waveform212represents a PWM current signal that can be generated by the pulsed bias current source112. The waveform212represents a continuous PWM current signal (comprising pulses202a,202b) having a duty cycle that is established by the tonand tcycleparameters, namely duty cycle (expressed as percent) equals

tontcycle×100,
where tonis the pulse width (ON time of the pulse) and tcycleis the period of the PWM current signal. In embodiments of the present invention, the duty cycle can be less than 100%; i.e., ton<tcycle. In embodiments of the present invention, the duty cycle can be greater than 0%; i.e., ton>0. In embodiments of the present invention, the duty cycle can be equal to 100%; i.e., ton=tcycle. These parameters can be obtained from a data stored in the memory102a, or received from a user (for example, via interface106). In embodiments, an external trigger signal can be used, as will be explained in further detail below.

Further in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the amplitude Ibiasof the PWM current signal212is less that the current level T, namely the turn-on threshold current level of the laser diode142above which the laser diode will turn on. Accordingly, if the laser diode142is driven by the PWM signal212, the laser diode will not turn on.

Returning toFIG. 1, the laser diode driver100may include a main current source114that can produce the main drive current for turning on the laser diode142under control/operation of the controller102. As shown inFIG. 2, the main current source114can be operated to generate a series of drive current pulses204a,204b. Each drive current pulse204can have am amplitude Idriveand a pulse width of tpulseunits of time. In embodiments, the controller102can control the output of the drive current pulses204a,204bto coincide with the PWM signal212in accordance with the present invention. In particular, the onset of a drive current pulse204is delayed relative to the rising edge of a PWM pulse202by an amount of time tdelay. The time delay value tdelaycan be obtained from information stored in the memory102a, or received from a user.

Returning toFIG. 1, in embodiments of the present invention, the current sources112,114can be triggered by external sources instead of by control of the controller102. A trigger input134can be provided for the pulsed bias current source112. A trigger source152can be connected to the trigger input134to provide a suitable trigger signal to the pulsed bias current source112to generate a pulsed bias current. For example, in an embodiment, the waveform202shown inFIG. 2can be generated by a trigger signal originating from trigger source152that is applied to the trigger input134.

Likewise, a trigger input136can be provided for the main current source114. A trigger source154can be connected to the trigger input136to provide a suitable trigger signal to the pulsed bias current source114to generate a drive current pulse. For example, in an embodiment, the pulses204a,204bshown inFIG. 2can be generated by a trigger signal originating from trigger source154that is applied to the trigger input136.

Referring again toFIG. 2, it is observed that the falling edges of the pulsed bias current202and of the drive current pulse204occur substantially at the same time. While it may be typical that the falling edge of the pulsed bias current202coincides with the falling edge of the drive current pulse204, it will be appreciated that the falling edges of the pulsed bias current202and of the drive current pulse204need not occur at the same time. In an embodiment, the falling edge of the pulsed bias current202may occur earlier in time than the falling edge of the drive current pulse204. In an embodiment, the falling edge of the drive current pulse204may occur earlier in time than the falling edge of the pulsed bias current202.

It is understood that the waveform representations inFIG. 2are schematic. Actual waveforms will have a finite rise time at their leading edges. Likewise, actual waveforms will have a finite fall time at their trailing edges. Such specific details can be ignored for the purposes of explaining the present invention.

FIG. 2Aillustrates an example of waveforms222that can drive the output terminal132of the laser diode driver100. Each waveform222represents the sum of the pulsed bias currents202a,202band the drive current pulses204a,204b. The pulsed bias currents202a,202bcontribute to the shoulder portion of each waveform222and has an amplitude of Ibiasless than the turn-on threshold current T of the laser diode. Accordingly, the laser diode remains dark. When the pulsed bias currents202a,202bsum with the drive current pulses204a,204bthe current at the output terminal132jumps to a level Ibias+Idrivewhich is greater than the turn-on threshold current T, causing the laser diode to instantly turn on by virtue of having been pre-driven by the pulsed bias current pulses. It will be noted that though Idrivecan be any value greater than or equal to T−Ibias.

FIG. 3shows traces for the instrument output current produced at output terminal132superimposed with the light output of the laser diode142, in accordance with the present invention. The figure shows the waveform for the instrument output current, showing contributions of the pulsed bias current (e.g.,212,FIG. 2) component and the drive current pulse (e.g.,204,FIG. 2) component of the instrument output current.FIG. 3dramatically illustrates that a laser diode can be driven by a bias current in accordance with embodiments of the present invention for a significantly shorter time as compared to conventional biasing procedures (such as illustrated inFIG. 13). Embodiments of the present invention thus offer numerous benefits including reduced “wear and tear” on the electronics (for example, because they are subjected to high current for shorter periods of time), less heat generated on the output cable and in the laser diode device, lower operating costs (for example, due to lower power requirements from the power utilities), and so on.

The foregoing has explained operation of the laser diode driver100in a mode where the instrument output current drives the laser diode142with a periodic signal (e.g.,FIGS. 2 and 4) to produce a periodic series of laser bursts. Referring toFIG. 3A, it will be appreciated that the laser diode driver100can be operated in a “single shot” (triggered) mode, wherein a trigger signal can be used to generate a single laser burst. For example, the user can trigger a single shot via the interface122to signal the controller102to generate single burst of output current at the output terminal132.

FIG. 3Aillustrates this single shot (or single burst) mode of operation in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As explained above, the various timing parameters can be determined using the foregoing calibration sequence, including the ON time tonand amplitude of the pulsed bias current (represented in dashed lines), the pulse width tpulseof the drive current pulse (represented in solid lines), and the delay time tdelaywhich designates the delay of the onset of the drive current pulse with respect to the pulsed bias current. The figure illustrates, for example, instances in time where a user has decided to trigger bursts of laser, at aperiodic times T1, T2, and T3.

Referring now to FIGS.4and5A-5E, a calibration procedure for adjusting the bias current in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will be explained.FIG. 4shows steps of the process, andFIGS. 5A-5Eillustrate current waveforms during the calibration. The procedure illustrated inFIG. 4may be performed by the user under the direction of controller102executing suitable program code stored in memory102a. Thus, in a step402, the pulsed bias current source112can be operated to output current at 100% duty cycle, i.e., a constant current output. At this initial step, the initial current level output by the pulsed bias current source112may be set to a very low current level such that the laser diode142remains dark. Step402is illustrated inFIG. 5Aby a constant current waveform of the output of the pulsed bias current source112.

In a step404, the current level of the output current of the pulsed bias current source112can be increased gradually until it reaches the turn-on threshold current level T, where the laser diode turns on. The current level can then be reduced to a level less that T, where the laser diode goes dark. This step can be fully automated by the controller102, where the user simply informs the system100(e.g., via input on the touch screen, or the like) that the laser diode has turned on, and then has gone dark. Alternatively, this user can directly control the current level.FIG. 5Billustrates the current level of the output current of the pulsed bias current source112being set to a level below the threshold level T.

In a step406, the duty cycle of the pulsed bias current source112can be reduced from 100%. The initiation of this step is illustrated inFIG. 5C, where the duty cycle D1has been reduced from 100%. In the meanwhile, the main drive current source114is operated to output drive current pulses, indicated inFIG. 5Cby the solid line waveforms. This will turn on the laser diode142, and since the laser diode is being driven by the pulsed bias current source112, the light output of the laser diode should have the desired characteristic, as illustrated for example by the light output traces inFIGS. 4 and 13. It is noted that the pulse width of the drive current pulses can be specified by the user.

In a step408, the duty cycle can be further reduced until the light output of the laser diode142no longer exhibits the desired characteristic.FIG. 5Dillustrates an example of this situation where the duty cycle of the pulsed bias current has been reduced to D2(<D1). At this point, the duty cycle can be increased again, say to a value D3(>D2), where the light output of the laser diode142once again exhibits the desired characteristic, as illustrated for example inFIG. 5E. At this point the laser diode driver100can be considered to be calibrated and ready for use. The settings (e.g., pulsed bias current amplitude, ton, tpulse, and tdelay) can be stored in the memory102a.

An embodiment of a laser diode driver in accordance with the present invention is shown in the photographs presented inFIGS. 6-8. The instrument shown in the photographs is referred as a PCX-9000 Series instrument, and is manufactured and sold by the assignee. The PCX-9000 instrument is a pulsed current source designed to drive laser diode bars and arrays requiring current of up to 600 Amps at 24 Volts. The PCX-9000 instrument is available in three different configurations, PCX-9200, PCX-9400, and PCX-9600, which can drive the output up to 200 Amps, 400 Amps, and 600 Amps respectively. All three configurations are capable of supplying a bias current of up to 60 Amps. Submitted herewith in an Appendix is a user's manual for the PCX-9000 instrument and is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. Following is a description of aspects of the PCX-9000 instrument.

FIG. 6is a photograph of the front panel of the PCX-9000 instrument, which includes:Power LED,601The Power LED is a green LED that turns on when there is power present in the system.Output Enable Switch,602The Output Enable Switch toggles between enabling and disabling of the output711(FIG. 7), and is used to enable and disable pulses. There is an LED to the right of this button. Red indicates the output is disabled, green indicates the output is enabled.The Output Enable Switch may be used regardless of which screen is displayed on the LCD display604. The function of pressing this button changes depending on the trigger mode. If the unit is in an internal trigger mode, pressing this button will enable or disable pulses at the frequency the unit is programmed to. The pulse will continue until the button is pressed again or a fault has occurred. In external trigger mode, output pulses will occur when the unit is triggered from the TRIGGER INPUT,707(FIG. 7), BNC connector.Local/Remote Switch,603The Local/Remote Switch is used to change from remote control to local front panel control of the instrument. The Local/Remote Switch switches the system between Remote control (e.g., operation via an external computer) and front panel local control.There is an LED to the right of this button. Green indicates the instrument is in local control, the user can adjust settings with the display and/or encoder. Red indicates a computer is controlling the instrument.The user is not allowed to update any settings when a computer is controlling it. To return to local control just press this button. The instrument will automatically switch from local control to remote control if any external communications occur; for example, as soon as a command is received from an external computer, the system automatically switches to remote mode.LCD Display,604The LCD display is a color display that includes a touch screen that allows the user to navigate to various screens and update various settings by simply touching the display. While the instrument is displaying the home screen the user is able to adjust the trigger source, main output current and bias current by simply pressing on the icons.Generally, the upper left hand corner will allow the user to toggle between the Home Screen and the Settings Screen. The user is almost always a single press away from the home screen. The upper right hand corner will give the user help if it is available.Encoder Switch,605The Encoder Switch allows a multiplier to be used on some numeric entries. The multiplier, if it exists, will reside on the LCD under the numeric value that is being modified. Generally, the encoder allows the user to adjust various numeric settings. A clockwise motion increases a setting and a counter clockwise motion decreases a setting. Many settings allow the user to adjust a multiplier by simply pressing the encoder inward.Trigger LED,606The Trigger LED blinks when an external or internal trigger signal is present and the output is enabled.Key Switch,607The Key Switch is used to enable/disable current at the unit's output terminal711. In addition to disabling the output, the Key Switch also reduces the power consumption of the instrument by disabling inductor current storage in the main current source(s)914a-914c(FIG. 9).It is recommended that this switch be OFF when the output is not going to be used for an extended period of time. The Home Screen on the LCD display604shows a key icon in the lower right hand corner: green indicates the switch is ON, red indicates it is OFF.

FIG. 7is a photograph of the rear panel of the PCX-9000 instrument. The particular model illustrated in the figure includes an internal power supply and includes:Ethernet connector,701The Ethernet connector allows the user to control the instrument with a computer using Ethernet with socket communications.RS232 connector,702The RS232 connector allows the user to control the instrument with a computer using RS232.GPIB connector,703The GPIB connector allows the user to control the instrument with a computer using a GPIB bus. The RS-232, GPIB, and Ethernet connectors can be used for remote control by an external host computer. Remote mode operation is designed for this ability. This feature allows the user to create system level control software to run standardized test procedures for research test or manufacturing validation environments.AC Mains power connector,704The AC Mains power connector allows the user to power the instrument with the provided power cord. This connector is only present on units with an internal power supply.SYNC OUT connector,705The SYNC OUT connector drives an output signal that provides a pulse that drives from 0V to 5V at the beginning of the instrument's main current output pulse and drives from 5V to 0V at the end of the output current pulse. This output can drive a 50 Ohm terminated cable.BIAS INPUT connector,706The BIAS INPUT connector receives an input trigger signal for the Bias output. This input is only used with external trigger, it gives the user the ability to trigger the Bias Output as required. Connect to 5 Vdc if a Bias Output is required to run at 100% duty cycle. The user can also pulse this input to allow a reduced duty cycle on the Bias Output. This signal is terminated at 50 Ohm or10kOhms which is done via the Home Screen or computer control.TRIGGER INPUT connector,707The TRIGGER INPUT connector receives an input trigger signal for the Main Output Current. This input is only used with external trigger, it gives the user the ability to trigger the Main Output Current as required. A transition from 0V to 5V turns on the Main Output Current, and a transition from 5V to 0V turns off the Main Output Current. This signal is terminated at 50 Ohm or10kOhms which is done via the Home Screen or computer control.IMON connector,708The IMON connector drives an output signal that is representative of the actual output current being driven out of the instrument. The user should use a 50 Ohm cable terminated with a 50 Ohm terminator to get a good reading. The voltage on this node is created with the main current driving though a 45411 Ohm shunt. The shunts are calibrated at the factory, and the calibration factors can be read on the Setting Screen by selecting the VMON-IMON icon. The return path, or shield of this connector, has an independent return path that should not be electrically connected to any other input or output BNC's.VMON connector,709The VMON connector drives an output signal that is representative of the actual output voltage being driven out of the instrument. This output should be terminated with a 1 M Ohm terminator to get a good reading. The voltage on this node is created voltage divider that reduces the actual voltage by a factor of about 0.232. If the output voltage was 100 Volts there would be 23.2 Volts on this output. The voltage divider is calibrated at the factory, and the calibration factors can be read on the Setting Screen by selecting the VMON-IMON icon. The return path, or shield of this connector, has an independent return path that should not be electrically connected to any other input or output BNC's.REAR ENABLE connector,710The REAR ENABLE connector is an input signal that allows the instrument to enable the output. The tip and ring should be shorted to enable the output. If the tip is not connected to the ring (open) then the instrument will not enable the output. This signal can be routed to the users load to disable the output if the signal is opened.CURRENT OUTPUT connector,711The CURRENT OUTPUT connector is the output current driven from the instrument, both Bias and Main current output from this connector. A custom cable that is shipped with each instrument must be used for this connector, if the custom cable is not connected to this connector the instrument will not allow the output to be enabled.CHASSIS GROUND NUT,714The CHASSIS GROUND NUT must be used to provide a chassis ground if an external DC supply is used. It can also be used to provide chassis ground to other instruments in the overall system, if an internal AC/DC supply is used.

FIG. 8is a photograph of the rear panel of the PCX-9000 instrument. The particular model illustrated in the figure does not include an internal power supply. The connectors that are common to the model shown inFIG. 7are identified by the same reference numerals. The model shown inFIG. 8does not include an AC mains power connector since there is no internal power supply. However, the model shown inFIG. 8includes:POSITIVE DC POWER BUS BAR,812The POSITIVE DC POWER BUS BAR is the DC INPUT for the instrument, and connects to an external DC power supply.NEGATIVE DC POWER BUS BAR,813The NEGATIVE DC POWER BUS BAR is the DC INPUT for the instrument, and connects to the external DC power supply.

Referring now toFIG. 9, a high level block diagram of the PCX-9000 Series instrument illustrated inFIGS. 6-8is shown. Reference numerals fromFIGS. 6-8will be used to refer to those elements that are common amongFIGS. 6-9.

The PCX-9000 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) board902. The GUI board902serves as the command center for the PCX-9000. The GUI board902includes a microprocessor controlled board that communicates to all modules within the system. The LCD display704is configured with touch screen capability. The GUI board902receives input from the various front panel controls (FIG. 6) that enable the user to easily update all instrument settings.

A communications board906allows the user to use an external computer to communicate with the instrument via communication interface inputs, including the Ethernet connector701, the RS232 connector702, and the GPIB connector703. The GUI board902is used to select which input from the communications interface input is active. Adjustments to the settings are stored into a non-volatile memory902aso that they can be used every time the instrument is powered up. All commands and queries are received, decoded, and executed through the GUI board902. The communications command set will be discussed below.

A controller board908generates outputs including Imon, Vmon, and Sync outputs, which will be explained in further detail below. In addition to these outputs, the controller board908handles inputs from the front panel and rear panel elements shown inFIGS. 6-8, including the key switch607, cable enable, rear enable710, bias and main trigger716,717inputs. With these inputs, outputs, and user commands from the GUI board902, the controller board908can generate an internal clock or use the external trigger and bias signals to trigger the output of the system.

A bias current source912generates the bias current under control of the controller board908. The main current is provided by one or more 200 Amp Modules914a-914c. The 200 Amp Modules914a-914ccirculate current in inductive loops and have FET (field effect transistor) switches to direct the flow of current internally or externally to the load. Each module can deliver up to 200 Amps of current to the output with a rise time of less than 100 nSec. The PCX-9200 has one of the modules, PCX-9400 has two, and the PCX-9600 has three.

The current outputs from the bias current source912and the main current modules914a-914care combined by the combining circuit916to drive the instrument's output terminal711. Due to the high current levels that the output terminal711must provide, the output terminal connector comprises a special cable assembly to enhance safety. The cable assembly interfaces the instrument via a Molex board edge connector and custom mechanical back shell and is connected to a stripline. The back shell of this output cable has an embedded magnet to activate a rear enable signal to prevent the output from driving without a cable installed. The top conductor is positive and the lower conductor is negative. The Positive terminal is the power output terminal which is to be connected to the Anode of the Laser Diode. The Negative terminal is the power return or ground and is to be connected to the Cathode of the Laser diode. The end of the stripline has a board edge connector, Molex #45714-0003, for the user to interface their load with a custom 0.063″ thick PCBA.

In models of the PCX-9000 instrument where an internal power supply is provided, an AC converter918areceives AC power from an external source via connector704and converts it to DC power918b(voltage and current) that is provided to the other internal components of the instrument. In models of the PCX-9000 instrument where there is no internal power supply, the DC power918bis provided from an external DC power source via the DC bus bars812,813.

The table shown inFIGS. 10A and 10Bprovide some specifications for embodiments of the PCX-9000 instrument. The specifications were measured with a low inductance stripline interconnect cable to the laser diode, less than 4 nH total inductance. In embodiments, the SYNC Output signal follows the internal or external trigger by about 5 to 15 nS. This signal coincides with the signals that start the output pulse. The SYNC Output goes from 0V to 5V as soon as the output stage starts to drive the output and falls from 5V to 0V as soon as the system turns off the output pulse. This signal can be used to run multiple systems in parallel by calibrating the external trigger pulses it account for variation in timing within PCX-9000 systems.

As explained above, the LCD display604has a resistive touch screen and provides the user of the instrument with the ability to set and monitor many functions of the instrument. A user interface (UI) is provided via the LCD display604, example screen shots of which are shown inFIGS. 11A-11F. Using the touch screen604and encoder switch605, the user can navigate among various the screens. For example,FIG. 11Ashows a Home screen. This screen provides the user with the ability to adjust all output settings. A Settings icon, in the upper left corner depicted by the hammer and screwdriver image, will bring the user to the settings screen when it is pressed. The question mark in the upper right hand corner will show the user help on this screen as well as any screen it is displayed on. A TRIGGER icon can be selected to change between external and internal trigger mode; the figure shows external trigger mode is selected. To update either the output or bias currents, respective Output and Bias icons are provided which can be selected. The lower right three Status icons display the status of the internal temperatures, front key switch, and rear enable. A green Status icon signifies an acceptable status, red signifies an error or that the switch/input is disabled.

FIG. 11Bshows a Settings screen. This screen provides the user with the ability to read information about the hardware and firmware. Icons are provided to allow the user to go to different screens: to see the calibration factors for IMON and VMON; adjust communication settings; and save and recall instrument settings. To access this screen from the Home screen, the user only needs to press (touch) the upper left hand corner on the Home screen. The SELF TEST icon is a feature that is not available to the user. The COMM SETTINGS icon allows the user to adjust remote communication settings.

The final two icons SAVE SETTINGS and RECALL SETTINGS, allow the instrument user to save and recall the user configurations. For user convenience the PCX-9000 has the ability to save up to four different configurations numbered 1 to 4 (FIGS. 11D,11E). Configuration 1 is the default settings used on power up. To save or load a user configuration the user should navigate to the Settings screen, and select either the SAVE SETTINGS or RECALL SETTINGS icon. Note that these four different configurations only save output pulse information and not four unique external communications settings. There is only one external communications setting saved on the instrument, it is used for all four user configurations. Upon power up, the setting stored in “SAVE 1” is used.

To return to the Home screen from the Settings screen, the user need only press the upper left hand corner icon, the IXYS icon, on the Setting screen. Pressing the ABOUT icon, will give the user information about the systems firmware and manufactured date.

FIG. 11Cshows a Calibration screen. Pressing the IMON VMON icon in the Settings screen will give the user calibration information specific to the IMON and VMON outputs of this instrument. Once on this screen, the user can press the icon in the upper left hand corner to get to the Home screen.

FIG. 11Fis a screen used to set the main output current pulses of the PCX-9000 instrument to drive a laser diode. This screen is accessed from the Home screen. The Main Current can be adjusted between 0 Amps and 140 Amps for the PCX-9200, 0 Amps and 340 Amps for the PCX-9400, and 0 Amps and 540 Amps for the PCX-9600. To adjust this setting go to the Home screen and press anywhere in the OUTPUT icon. Once selected the screen shown inFIG. 11Fwill be displayed. Turn the encoder switch605to increase or decrease the setting. The user may also use the encoder switch605to change the multiplier from x1, x5, x10 and x25 by pressing it towards the front panel. Press the DONE icon on the screen shown inFIG. 11Fwhen finished with modifying the value.

FIG. 11Gshows a screen used to set the pulsed bias current. The Bias Output Current can be adjusted between 0 Amps and 60 Amps. To adjust this setting go to the Home screen and press anywhere in the BIAS icon. Once selected the screen ofFIG. 11Gwill be displayed. Turn the encoder switch605to increase or decrease the setting. The user may also use the encoder switch605to change the current multiplier from x1, x5, x10 and x25 by pressing it towards the front panel. Press the DONE icon inFIG. 11Gwhen finished with modifying the value.

With the trigger source set to internal trigger the duty cycle will be displayed on this screen also. The user may select from 1%, 5% and 10% duty cycle by pressing the icons on this screen.FIG. 12is a graph showing the waveforms with each duty cycle setting, the y-axis is current and the x-axis is time. The graph assumes that the main current is set to 200 Amps, Bias Current to 60 Amps, internal trigger being used with 5% duty cycle on the main current output.

With the trigger source set to external trigger, the user can trigger the bias output at any duty cycle between 0 and 100%, independent of the main trigger. If the unit is not given a Bias Trigger signal, the bias current will be output at the same time the main current is output.

FIG. 11Hshows a image of the Home screen where an internal trigger is selected. The PCX-9000 instruments support internal and external trigger. The internal trigger can produce an output frequency between 2 kHz and 25 kHz with 100 Hz resolution. Pulsewidth can be adjusted between 0.1% duty cycle to 90.0% duty cycle. To select the internal trigger, the user can press the TRIGGER drop down menu from the Home screen. The display will update to display a FREQUENCY icon and a DUTY CYCLE icon.

To adjust the frequency, the user can press the FREQUENCY icon and update its value with the encoder switch605. The user may also use the encoder switch605to change the frequency multiplier from x100, x500, and x1000 Hz by pressing it towards the front panel. Press the DONE icon when finished with modifying the value.

To adjust the pulsewidth, the user can press the DUTY CYCLE icon and update its value with the encoder. The user may also use the encoder switch by pressing it towards the front panel to change the duty cycle multiplier from x0.1%, x0.5%, x1.0%, and x10.0%. Press ‘Done’ when finished with modifying the value.

An external Trigger can be selected from the TRIGGER drop down menu. The Home Screen image inFIG. 11Ashows the external trigger mode having been selected. When external trigger is selected, the Home screen displays a TERMINATION icon. The TERMINATION icon can be used to set the input termination of the trigger signals. The input termination can be set to 10 kOhm or 50 Ohm. Note that this setting changes the input impedance of both the Bias and Trigger inputs. The DUTY CYCLE that is displayed below the TERMINATION icon is actually calculated by the instrument. The duty cycle that is display is used to assure that the system isn't exceeding its output rating.