Four-directional structure for reinforcement

The structure comprises four groups of elongated rectilinear elements, with the elements of each group parallel to one another. The elements of three of the groups are mutually orthogonal and the elements of the other group are disposed diagonally to the elements of two of the three mutually orthogonal groups. The structure is useful for fabricating nosetips for maneuvering re-entry vehicles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Reinforced composites are used in a wide variety of applications. The best 
known composites are made from two-dimensional fabrics and/or fibers 
dispersed in a resin or plastic matrix. These composites are basically a 
resin or plastic structure to which reinforcing fabrics or fibers have 
been added to enhance the physical properties of the structure. The fabric 
or fibers have no self-supporting three-dimensional integrity. Nor do they 
provide significant, if any, interyarn friction along the three orthogonal 
axes. 
These prior art reinforced materials have the serious drawback of lacking 
significant strength between one layer of fabric and its adjacent layers. 
Reinforcement effectively occurs in one plane only and is greatest within 
this plane in the directions parallel to the interwoven yarns. Little or 
no reinforcement is present in the direction perpendicular to the fabric 
plane. 
Recent advances in the field of aerospace technology have created a need 
for high strength, temperature resistant materials that possess the 
necessary properties needed to protect re-entry vehicles from the severe 
thermomechanical stresses encountered within their re-entry environment. 
Existing carbon-carbon materials have proven somewhat effective as 
materials for nose tip application and show adequate thermal stress 
performance. Unfortunately, however, these materials are deficient in 
mechanical strength for some applications and have shown unpredicted 
anomalies in their ablation characteristics. 
A wide range of reinforced, three-dimensional composite structures are now 
available. The simplest of these structures is the three-directional (3D) 
structure which has generally reinforcing elements which are mutually 
orthogonal. The most complex, which has been described, is a 
thirteen-directional (13D) structure. These thirteen directions, with 
reference to a cube, form three subgroups: the three edges, the four long 
diagonals, and the six diagonals of the faces. 
Although the 3D structure is well balanced, compact and easy to fabricate, 
it does not generally provide the desired level of resistance to 
deflection and fracture due to shear deformation in bending. As the number 
of directions of reinforcement is increased, the resistance to shear 
compared with the 3D structure is improved, but the difficulty of 
fabrication of more complex structures increases greatly. Thus, what is 
desired is a structure which is relatively easy to fabricate and which 
exhibits desired mechanical properties. 
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an 
improved multidimensional composite structure. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide a protective material 
for re-entry vehicle nose cones. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide maneuvering 
re-entry vehicle nose tips having improved properties. 
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become 
more readily apparent upon consideration of the following detailed 
description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a 
four-directional (4D) reinforcement structure having a plurality of 
repeating units, each unit consisting of a first, a second, a third and a 
fourth group, each group consisting of a plurality of elongated 
rectilinear elements in parallel relation and extending parallel to a 
respective direction and arranged in a plurality of rows; wherein a first 
portion of said first group of elements is disposed in a first plane and 
extend parallel to a first direction; wherein said second group of 
elements is disposed in a second plane parallel to said first plane, said 
second group extending parallel to a second direction, said second 
direction being approximately diagonal to said first direction; wherein a 
second portion of said first group is disposed in a third plane parallel 
to said first plane, and extending parallel to said first direction; 
wherein said third group of elements is disposed in a fourth plane 
parallel to said first plane, said third group extending parallel to a 
third direction, said third direction being approximately diagonal to said 
first direction and opposite the orientation of said second direction; and 
wherein said fourth group of elements extend parallel to a fourth 
direction, said fourth direction being substantially perpendicular to said 
first plane, said fourth group being disposed in a plurality of spaced 
parallel planes. 
Also provided in accordance with the present invention is an integrated 
structure which combines the 4D construction, described above, with a 3D 
construction. 
The 4D construction is particularly adapted for use in the fabrication of 
nose tips for re-entry vehicles. The 4D/3D construction is particularly 
adapted for use in the fabrication of nose cones. 
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to the drawings, wherein like characters refer to like parts, 
FIG. 1 makes it possible to locate with reference to a three-dimensional 
cartesian Coordinate System having X, Y and Z axes intersecting at point 
O, the four directions along which the four groups of reinforcing elements 
constituting the 4D structure of this invention will be disposed. The 
first group of elements, hereinafter designated by the reference character 
Z, is disposed parallel to the Z axis. The fourth group of elements, 
hereinafter designated by the reference character Y, is disposed parallel 
to the Y axis. The second and third groups of elements, designated by the 
reference characters V and W, respectively, are shown disposed in the X-Z 
plane (the plane determined by the X and Z axes) in which these elements 
extend approximately perpendicular to each other and at about 45.degree. 
angles to the X and Z axes. 
FIGS. 2-5 show the manner in which the elements constituting the structure 
of the present invention are disposed parallel to the directions thus 
defined. Shown in FIG. 2 is a rectangular block of matrix material 10, 
formed of a plurality of unit cells 11, one of which is indicated by the 
dashed outline. The actual composite is formed of a plurality of similar 
such cells. In the unit cell 11, a first portion of the Z group of 
elements, hereinafter designated Z-1, is disposed at spaced intervals in a 
first plane parallel to the Z-X plane and parallel to the Z axis. The V 
group of elements is disposed in a second plane, also parallel to the Z-X 
plane, adjacent to the Z-1 elements, at spaced intervals and at an angle 
approximately 45.degree. relative to the Z axis. A second portion of the Z 
group of elements, hereinafter designated Z-2, is disposed adjacent the V 
elements, at spaced intervals in a third plane parallel to the Z-X plane 
and parallel to the Z axis. The W group of elements is disposed adjacent 
the Z-2 elements in a fourth plane parallel to the Z-X plane, at spaced 
intervals at an angle approximately 45.degree. relative to the Z axis, and 
opposite the direction of the V elements. 
The remaining group of elements, the Y elements, is disposed at spaced 
intervals parallel to the Y axis in a plurality of planes parallel to the 
Y-X plane. The Y elements are disposed in the interstices provided by the 
Z-1, V, Z-2 and W elements in a manner well known in the art. 
The improved method for the preparation of a reinforced composite requires 
the preparation of rigidized rods. These rods are produced by a pultrusion 
process whereby unidirectional groups of graphite or carbon yarn having 
sufficient fibers to make up a desired end count are assembled and 
impregnated with a thermosetting or thermoplastic resin or binder. 
Examples of suitable carbon or graphite yarns include Thornel 50 or 
Thornel 300, available commercially from Union Carbide Company, and HM 
3000 or HM 1000, available commercially from Hercules, Inc. Suitable 
thermosetting resins include phenolic, epoxy and furanic resins and the 
like. Suitable thermoplastic resins include coal tar pitch, petroleum 
pitch, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic resin, and the like. 
The impregnated yarn groups are drawn through a die which is warmed to 
approximately 150.degree. C. and which has a suitable shape. The specific 
temperature of the die is determined by the cure characteristics or 
thermoplastic characteristics of the particular resin or binder. 
The Z group of elements have a substantially square cross section; the V 
and W elements are the same and have a rectangular cross section, and the 
Y elements have an elongated hexagonal cross section. The Z elements are 
spaced apart in both the X and the Y directions a distance ranging from 
about 0.50 to 0.75, preferably about 0.70 times the face dimension of Z 
elements. The interelement spacings of the Z elements can be the same or 
different in the X and Y directions, with the same spacings being 
presently preferred. It can be seen that the width of the V and W elements 
is determined by the interelement spacing of the Z elements in the Y 
direction and the width of the Y elements is determined by the 
interelement spacing of the Z elements in the X direction. Since it is 
presently preferred that the interelement spacing of the Z elements in the 
X and Y directions be the same, it will be appreciated that the width of 
the Y elements will be approximately the same as the width of the V and W 
elements. 
The depth of the V and W elements can range from about 1.4 to about 2.8 
times the width of these elements. It is presently preferred that the 
depth of these elements be about 2.0 to 2.20, more preferably, about 2.1 
times their width. The dimension of the Y elements in the Z direction is 
determined by the dimension of the interstices provided by the Z, V and W 
elements. In general this dimension can range from about 1.50 to 3.25 
times the width of the Y element in the X direction, preferably about 2.0 
times such width. 
The rods are assembled into the preferred geometric structure (see FIG. 2) 
which is carefully prepared to insure strict conformity with the preferred 
pattern. The assembly process may, for example, consist of stacking 
alternate and adjacent sheets of spaced apart Z-1, V, Z-2 and W elements 
followed by insertion of the Y elements to complete the aforesaid 
structure. When all the interstices have thus been filled, the 
reinforcement is finished and can be coated according to one of the ways 
described below. 
It may be desirable to incorporate a particulate material, such as carbon 
particles, or a ceramic material such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, 
silicon carbide, titanium carbide and the like, including mixtures of 
carbon particles and ceramic materials, into the reinforcement structure. 
Such particulate material can be introduced into the reinforcement 
structure either as a dry powder, or in a paste or liquid suspension, in 
which the particles are small enough to pass through the interstices 
between the various elements. The particulate material may be introduced 
into the reinforcement structure either prior to or following coating of 
the reinforcement. 
The composite is formed either by sintering the reinforcement structure by 
solidifying the impregnated precursor, thereby avoiding the requirement 
for other materials, or by the dry or liquid process, or by a combination 
of these methods. The dry process consists of providing deposition of 
pyrolytic carbon inside the structure of the reinforcement by 
decomposition of a hydrocarbon gas such as methane. In the liquid process, 
the porous texture of the reinforcement is impregnated with a 
thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic carbon precursor, such as a 
phenolic resin, a furanyl resin, coal tar pitch, and the like, that is 
converted to carbon by heat treatment. The impregnation and carbonization 
cycle may be repeated as often as necessary to densify the composite to a 
desired degree. 
Thus, according to one embodiment of the invention, a reinforcement 
structure, or preform, may be rigidized by impregnating the preform with 
pitch or a mixture of graphite powder in a pitch, and then carbonized. The 
resulting rigidized preform may then be impregnated with a mixture of 
tantalum oxalate and a sugar, such as sucrose, heated to about 600.degree. 
C. to pyrolyze the organic matter and thereafter heated to about 
2700.degree. C. to form tantalum carbide. The tantalum carbide-impregnated 
preform is then subjected to at least one, preferably two or more 
impregnation and carbonization cycles to fill the interstices to a desired 
degree. 
A presently preferred method of processing, which provides superior 
properties to resist bending, consists of several cycles of impregnation, 
baking and graphitization, followed by a heat treatment. More 
specifically, the preform is first impregnated with pitch at about 1 atm 
pressure. The impregnated preform is heated at a controlled rate, e.g., 
6.degree. C./hr, to about 650.degree. to 725.degree. C. The thus-baked 
impregnated preform is then graphitized at about 1 atm and a temperature 
of about 2300.degree. C. or 2750.degree. C. The impregnation, baking, 
graphitization cycle is repeated four times at about 15,000 psi baking 
pressure and a graphitization temperature of about 2300.degree. C. 
Finally, the graphitized structure is subjected to a heat treatment by 
heating to about 1500.degree. C. for about 4 hours. The final heat 
treatment provides a structure having increased resistance to shear. 
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the V, W, Y and Z 
elements have an end count ratio of 3:3:2:3, respectively. The V, W and Z 
elements may be prepared by drawing a suitable carbon or graphite yarn 
having a desired end count, such as, for example, Hercules HM 3000, 
through a suitably shaped die, and the Y elements may be prepared by 
drawing a suitable carbon or graphite yarn having a desired end count, 
such as, for example, two (2) Hercules HM 1000, through a suitably shaped 
die, e.g., corresponding to the element shapes shown in FIG. 2. 
The reinforced composite of this invention is particularly useful for the 
fabrication of re-entry vehicle nose tips, such as the one shown by way of 
example in FIG. 6. The nosetip, designated generally by the reference 
numeral 20 comprises a tip portion 22 and a plug or pin portion 24 for 
fitting into a socket 26 in a nose cone 28. The nosetip 20 is machined 
from a billet of the reinforced composite of this invention, with the Z 
elements running in the axial direction 29--29 of the nosetip. 
The nosetip 20 is installed in the nosecone 28 by a pressure fit of the 
plug portion 24 into the socket 26, or preferably, by use of a suitable, 
high-temperature adhesive. The nosetip 20 is located in association with 
the nosecone 28 in such a manner that the V, W and Z elements lie in 
planes parallel to the plane of bending of the nosetip/nosecone assembly, 
i.e., such that the expected shear force will be applied parallel to the X 
axis of the reinforced composite. 
FIG. 7 illustrates a unit cell reinforcing structure 30 having a 4D portion 
32 and a 3D portion 34 with the Z elements common to both portions. The 
portions 32 and 34 are illustrated as being spaced apart in order to 
illustrate the commonality of the Z elements. In an actual structure these 
portions are contiguous. In the 4D portion 32, the Z, V, W and Y elements 
are arranged as described previously. The Z elements of the 4D portion 32 
extend outwardly therefrom and comprise one of the three groups of 
elements in the 3D portion 34. The two remaining groups of elements in 
portion 34 are arranged in a plurality of planes parallel to the X-Y plane 
(FIG. 1). One of these remaining groups of elements consists of a 
plurality of elements 36 disposed at spaced intervals extending parallel 
to the X axis (FIG. 1) and the other of these remaining groups of elements 
consists of a plurality of elements 38 disposed at spaced intervals 
extending parallel to the Y axis (FIG. 1). The elements 36 and 38 may be 
square, as illustrated, or some other shape. The width of the elements 36, 
in the Y direction, should be substantially the same as the width of the V 
and W elements, and the width of the elements 38, in the X direction, 
should be substantially the same as the width of the Y elements. 
The integrated structure of FIG. 7 is particularly useful for fabrication 
of a nosetip 20, such as that shown in FIG. 6, which may be machined from 
a single piece of a composite having the reinforcing structure shown in 
FIG. 7, with the tip portion 22 comprising the 3D portion 34 of structure 
30, the plug portion 24 comprising the 4D portion 32 of structure 30, and 
the Z elements running in the axial direction 29--29 of the nosetip 20. 
The 4D carbon-carbon material prepared in accordance with this invention 
provides nosetips which have improved shape stability for ablation 
applications. The 4D structure provides, in addition to high axial 
reinforcement, significant resistance to shearing stresses, particularly 
in the region of support when a nosetip is subjected to bending during 
maneuvering of a re-entry vehicle. 
Various modifications of the present invention may be made without 
departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.