A circulator capable of simultaneous transmit and receive operations, high frequency, high isolation and noise figure suppression comprising: an antenna port; a transmission port; a receiving port; three quadrature hybrids, two directional couplers; wherein transmit signal entering the transmit port are split into quadrature components and coupled separately and directionally by the two directional couplers to the antenna port where the coupled quadrature components of the transmit signal are recombined in phase, while the transmit leakage to the receive port are recombined destructively in phase; said arrangement simultaneously allows the receive signal entering the antenna port to be split into quadrature components by the antenna quadrature hybrid and transmitted through the directional couplers separately and entering the receive quadrature hybrid where the quadrature components of the receive signal are recombined in phase at the receive port; said arrangement reduces the insertion loss from the antenna port to the receive port.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention related to methods of constructing active quasi-circulators using phase cancellation/combination and coupling directivity techniques to enhance isolation, suppress NF, reduce insertion loss for broadband simultaneous transmit and receive operations in radar and communication systems.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The development of broadband active circulators with high-isolation, low insertion and noise figure suppression for simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) operations would enable radar multifunctional and multi-tasking functionalities for radar systems. The commercial applications are to promote the development of innovative broadband products and services with simultaneous transmit and receive capabilities for next-wave of multi-tasking industrial products in the areas of ultra-high-speed wireless data communications and broadband internet access. Moreover, these STAR features of the active circulator allow easy subassembly of MMIC integrations with reduction of circuit size and reuse of circuitry redundancy which result in cost savings from system architect.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to enable a device to simultaneously transmit and receive (STAR) signals.

It is a further object of this invention to enable a circulating device to transmit data signals with enhanced broadband high isolation.

It is a further object of this invention to enable a circulating device to receive said signals with further improvement of insertion loss and enhancement of noise figure suppression at the receive port.

This invention is the realization that all these objects can be met with a quadrature-directive quasi-circulator (QDQC) comprising transmit, receive and antenna ports, quadrature hybrids, directional couplers and active components to achieve the said objects.

This invention features a non-reciprocal quasi-active circulator, which consists of quadrature hybrids, directional couplers and active components for enhanced high isolation, low insertion loss, noise figure (NF) suppression for broadband simultaneous transmit and receive operations.

The invention is a three port device in which the antenna port is placed between a transmit port and a receive port. The circulator has input signal from the transmit port circulated to the antenna port and receive signal from the antenna port to the receive port. It is a quasi-circulator that the reverse transmission from the receive port to the transmit port is isolated.

This invention is a 3-port quasi active circulator that uses phase cancellation/combination and coupling directivity techniques for enhanced high isolation, low insertion loss, noise figure (NF) suppression for broadband simultaneous transmit and receive operations. In particular, the device consists of quadrature hybrids, directional couplers and active components such as power amplifiers and low noise amplifiers to form the so-call quadrature-directive quasi circulator (QDQC). The QDQC has input signal from the transmit port directively coupled to the antenna port and receive signal from the antenna port circulated to the receive port, simultaneously. Both the quadrature hybrids and directional couplers can be implemented by active or/and passive components.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The basic building block of the device features three quadrature hybrids and two directional couplers that are arranged in the configuration as shown inFIG. 1. The operation principle of the proposed device is as follows. For the transmit mode of STAR operation, the transmit signal is split into quadrature signals by quadrature hybrid,1T and then coupled to the antenna port through the directional couplers,3C,3D, where the coupling factor and directivity of the couplers determines the power amount and direction of signal flow of the transmit signal to the antenna port. The coupled transmit signals leaving the directional couplers for the antenna port are then recombined constructively in phase by the quadrature hybrid,1A.

Part of the split transmit signals is terminated by the match loads4, at the isolation ports of the quadrature hybrid. Due to the non-ideal isolation of the coupler, some small portions of the transmit signals will leak to the receive port where they are recombined destructively in phase at the receive port by the quadrature hybrid,1R. As a result, the isolation between the transmit and receive port is enhanced by the inherited isolation of the directional coupler in additional to the phase cancellation of the three quadrature hybrid structure. The additional isolation also enhances noise figure (NF) performances at the receive port by further suppressing the transmit signals that leak to the receive port for STAR operations; in particular, this enhancement applied to STAR applications in which the transmit signal is firstly amplified by an external power amplifier with certain noise level.

For the receiving mode of STAR operation, the receive signal is split into quadrature signals from the antenna port,2A, by the quadrature hybrid,1A, and then coupled to the receive port,2R, through two directional couplers,3C and3D, where the insertion loss of the receive signals are determined by the coupling and directivity of the couplers. The split receive signals leaving the directional couplers are then recombined constructively in phase by the quadrature hybrid,1R, at the receive port. Both the transmit and receive modes are operated simultaneously. Matching loads4are used for each quadrature hybrid.

FIG. 1Ais a graphic representation of the directional couplers indicating the arrangement of the connections. The circuit connections between the directional couplers and the quadrature hybrids of the three-port device are as follows: the INPUT port of the directional couplers,11, are separately connected to the inner ports of the quadrature hybrid or. Lange coupler at the transmit (TX) port; the COUPLED ports of the directional couplers,12, are separately connected to the inner ports of the quadrature hybrid or Lange coupler at the Antenna port; the ISOLATED ports of the directional couplers,13, are separately connected to the inner ports of the quadrature hybrid or Lange coupler at the receive port; the THROUGH ports of the directional couplers,14, are individually terminated by a matched load, 5. The arrangement of the three quadrature hybrids is in such a way that signal entering the transmit (TX) port will be combined in phase at the Antenna (Ant) port but out of phase at the Receive (Rx) port.

FIG. 2is a graphic representation of the simulation data for the passive section of a QDQC, as shown inFIG. 1, using both phase combination/cancellation and coupling/directivity techniques for STAR operation. The data show an isolation bandwidth of larger than 10% with 60 dB isolation in the X-band using a coupling factor of 6.5 dB for the directional couplers. Data trace22shows the isolation of the structure over the same range as data trace21.

FIG. 3is a schematic of an active QDQC (Version 1) using phase cancellation/combination and directivity techniques for STAR operations. The device uses externally integrated active components such as a power amplifier,31, between the transmit port,2T and the transmit quadrature hybrid,1T, and a low noise amplifier between the receive quadrature hybrid,1R, and the receive port,2R, to provide quasi circulator operation. The configuration provides a forward transmission of signal from the transmit port to the antenna port, and a forward transmission of signal from the antenna port to the receive port. There is no forward transmission of signal from the receive port to the transmit port and no reverse transmission in all the paths except the transmit to receive path where the signals are cancelled. As a result, the structure provides a quasi circulation operation.

FIG. 4is a graphic representation of simulation data for the structure in as shownFIG. 3. Data trace41shows the gain of the quasi circulator in dB with the power amplifier connected as described inFIG. 3. This is also known as the S21or forward transmission from Tx port to Ant port. Data trace42is the reflected signal S11at the transmit port. Data trace43is the S22or the reflected signal at the antenna port and data trace44is the S33or reflected signal from the receive port. Data trace45represents the S12or reverse transmission from the antenna port to the transmit port, data trace46is the S13or reverse transmission from the receive port to the transmit port. Data trace47is the S31or forward transmission from the Tx port to the Rx port. Data trace48is the measurement of isolation which is defined by S31-S21or the separation between trace48and trace41. Data trace49represents the insertion loss or S32trace between the antenna port and the receive port.

FIG. 5is a graphic display of noise figure performance data for the active QDQC (Version 1) using externally an integrated power amplifiers (PAs). The noise figure at the receive port is displayed on the Y-axis as a function of the normalized frequency range in the X-band on the X-axis. This graph shows a relatively low noise figure for normalized frequency up to 1.4 in the X-band. The noise figure in this normalized frequency range in the X-band is less than 3.4 dB.

FIG. 6is a rendition of another embodiment of the device. In this case two medium power amplifiers,61, are located downstream from the transmission port quadrature hybrid and another low noise-amplifier is located between the receive quadrature hybrid and the receive port. The purpose of this variation is to provide the transmission power with acceptable noise level and to amplify the receiving signal. The circuit can be implemented in MMIC format.

FIG. 7is a schematic of an active QDQC as inFIG. 6; however this embodiment has an external driving amplifier71to share the power loading of the structure, coupled with the internally integrated MMIC power amplifiers to enable higher power handling capability. The driving amplifier has high gain while the medium power amplifiers have lower gain and noise figure. This setting provides a medium noise figure operation at the receive port while providing sufficient transmit power at the antenna port.

FIG. 8is graphic display of the trade off of insertion loss between the antenna port and the receive port as a function of the coupling factor of the directional coupler in dB.

FIG. 9is a schematic of a QDQC (version 4) employing the phase combination/cancellation and coupling directivity techniques. This configuration includes a balanced structure,91, to provide quasi circulation operation and further isolate reflections from said receive port by two methods. The first method is through the use of two low noise amplifiers93, which are a unilateral devices directing most of the signal to the receive port and isolating backward transmission. The second method is the use of two balanced Lange or quadrature structures92, with matching load circuits,94, to suppress mismatched reflection at the input of the LNA back to the antenna port by loading the reflection signals to the isolation termination,94, of the hinge coupler,92.