Method for grinding plastics or glass

The invention proposes a method for grinding plastics or glass, in particular for grinding acrylic glass, where a mechanically driven grinding tool is moved across a surface to be finished (44). Grinding is effected by a dry process, without any liquid working agent, the grinding tool performing an orbital movement, or oscillating about a fixed rotary axis at high frequencies, while the grinding dust is extracted from the marginal area. The grinding tool comprises a closed abrasive with resiliently embedded abrasive grains, a plurality of the resiliently embedded abrasive grains having, preferably, level front surfaces which are delimited by relatively sharp edges at the transition to their lateral surfaces, the greatest part of the front surfaces being oriented to extend substantially in parallel to the surface to be worked (44). The method enables plastic and glass surfaces to be micro-finished to a particularly high grade (FIG. 1).

The present invention relates to a method for grinding plastics or glass, 
in particular for grinding acrylic glass, where a mechanically driven 
grinding tool is moved across a surface to be finished. 
According to conventional methods, micro-finishing of plastic or glass 
surfaces is always effected by wet processes, using a liquid working 
agent. 
For this purpose, a polishing paste is applied on the surface to be 
finished, and the finishing operation is then carried out with the aid of 
a mechanically driven polishing wheel, the polishing paste being mixed 
with a liquid agent, such as water. 
This method is very complex and expensive, since a continuous supply of 
liquid is required if scoring and grinding marks on the surface to be 
worked are to be avoided. Further, the constant contact with the liquid 
working agent, with the polishing paste and particles removed from the 
material suspended therein, is found to be extremely disagreeable. 
In surface-grinding of transparent materials, which are to be worked to an 
optical grade, wet polishing presents still another disadvantage. Given 
the fact that during grinding and/or polishing vision is heavily impaired 
due to the polishing paste and abrasion material, the surface being worked 
must be rinsed from time to time in order to enable the result of the 
grinding operation to be checked and the quality of the surface to be 
assessed. So, there is always a risk, in particular when mechanically 
operated tools are used, that parts of the surface may be ground 
excessively which would have a detrimental effect. 
From U.S. Pat. No. 3,230,672, an abrasive has been known which permits 
surfaces to be micro-finished without taking recourse to a polishing 
paste. In this case, abrasive grains are embedded resiliently in a carrier 
material. The abrasive grains have largely level front surfaces, which are 
delimited by relatively sharp edges at the transition to their lateral 
surfaces. A special production method ensures that the greatest part of 
the front surfaces is oriented in such a way as to extend approximately in 
parallel to the surface to be worked. The grinding or polishing process, 
therefore, is mainly effected through the sharp edges of the front 
surfaces, which results in an improved surface quality, there being no 
sharp-edged points of the abrasive grains projecting in the direction of 
the surface to be worked. The parallel alignment of the front edges of the 
abrasive grains relative to the surface to be worked is supported by the 
fact that the grains are embedded resiliently in the carrier material. 
However, due to the constant generation of abrasion material, 
micro-finishing of glass or plastic surfaces to an optical grade still is 
possible only by wet processes, even with such an abrasive. 
Now, it is the object of the present invention to propose a method for 
grinding or polishing plastics or glass which, while eliminating the 
disadvantages of the wet grinding processes, guarantees a high surface 
quality. 
The invention achieves this object by the fact that a mechanically driven 
grinding tool is moved across a surface to be worked, that grinding is 
effected by a dry process, without any liquid working agent, that the 
grinding tool performs an orbital movement, or oscillates about a fixed 
rotary axis at high frequencies, while the grinding dust is extracted from 
the marginal area, and that the grinding tool comprises a closed abrasive 
with resiliently embedded abrasive grains. 
The method according to the invention permits plastic or glass surfaces to 
be micro-finished to optical grades by a dry process. 
According to the invention, the grinding tool performs an orbital or 
oscillating movement about a fixed rotary axis at high frequencies. This 
avoids working in a preferred working direction, which is encountered with 
vibrating grinders, and permits uniform finishing of the surface to be 
worked. 
Further, numerous trials have shown that conventional grinding devices, 
where the grinding dust is extracted through openings in the grinding 
surface, are not suited for dry processes. A closed abrasive, free from 
suction openings, does away with all the problems encountered at the edges 
of the suction openings of conventional grinders. It also avoids the 
formation of projections at the edges of suction openings which may be 
produced during the working operation by heavy mechanical stresses in the 
neighborhood of the suction openings. Moreover, the method according to 
the invention also avoids punching residues, which may be left at the 
edges of suction openings in the bottom of conventional grinders and which 
may impair the grinding quality. At the same time, fraying of the grinding 
wheel around the suction openings is also avoided. According to the 
invention, the grinding dust produced during the finishing operation is 
extracted from the marginal areas of the grinding tool. The effective 
extraction simultaneously has a cooling effect for the grinding 
surface--an aspect which is of particular significance when working 
acrylic glass, because of its temperature-sensitivity. The use of a 
grinder with an effective marginal exhaust system, therefore, avoids the 
disadvantages connected with of the removal of dust through the bottom. 
According to the invention, it has further been found that it is necessary 
to use an abrasive composition where the abrasive grains are resiliently 
embedded. The fact that the abrasive grains are resiliently embedded 
avoids the formation of grinding marks through sharp-edged projecting 
abrasive grains, the latter being in a position to align themselves to a 
certain degree during the grinding process so that no sharp points will 
project in the direction of the surface to be worked. 
Generally, the procedural steps according to the invention enable plastic 
or glass surfaces to be micro-finished to an optical grade. 
This results in considerable savings in time and cost for re-finishing 
operations on rounded acrylic glass panes of the type used, for example, 
in jet-fighter cockpits. The acrylic glass surfaces of jet fighters may be 
scratched in operation by dirt particles, insects, or the like. Especially 
when jet fighters start at short intervals one after the other, dust, sand 
and dirt particles are whirled up by the preceding aircraft and may hit 
upon and damage the next following aircraft. The resulting scratches and 
surface marks must be removed from time to time, the demands placed on the 
non-distorting properties of the panes being of course extremely high in 
this case. 
Conventionally, panes of this type were re-finished manually by wet 
grinding. Due to the necessary accuracy, it was heretofore possible in 
this way to remove faults with depths of up to approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mm 
maximally. Since the requirement to achieve non-distorting properties 
makes it necessary to uniformly grind the entire surface every time faults 
are to be removed, the substantial input in time and labor made the 
removal of major faults by manual processes uneconomical so that one 
preferred to exchange the whole cockpit cover. 
The method according to the invention now enables faults of depths of more 
than 1 mm to be evened out to a high quality grade by a dry process, and 
this much more quickly and in a cost-saving way. 
Whenever heretofore the inside of a cockpit was damaged, the entire cockpit 
cover had to be removed from the aircraft because performing wet processes 
in the cockpit area was of course impossible due to the delicate 
electronic instruments. With the method according to the invention it is 
now possible in many cases to avoid the extraordinarily time-consuming and 
costly removal and re-installation of the cockpit cover. And it is now 
also possible to carry out rapid emergency repairs, which improves the 
availability of the aircraft when there is no time for exchanging the 
cockpit hood, or when the necessary spare parts are not at hand. 
According to an advantageous further improvement of the method, the 
resiliently embedded abrasive grains have substantially level front 
surface which are delimited by relatively sharp edges at the transition to 
their lateral surfaces, the greatest part of the front surfaces being 
oriented to extend substantially in parallel to the surface to be worked. 
This further reduces the risk of scratches being formed during the 
finishing operation, as there are no sharp points of the abrasive grains 
projecting in the direction of the surface to be worked. 
Especially when working acrylic glass panes of cockpit covers, additional 
process parameters have to be adhered to. The basic material of such 
cockpit covers being pre-stressed in a specific way in order to obtain the 
required strength, there is a risk during dry grinding that stress cracks 
may form when a given threshold temperature is exceeded. Especially, 
optical faults may occur below the working surface as a result of stresses 
being released. 
An advantageous further improvement of the method according to the 
invention provides that in working acrylic glass the grinding speed, i.e. 
the average speed of the abrasive grains, is selected to be in the range 
of approximately 2 to 10 m per second, and the contact pressure is limited 
in such a way as to not exceed a surface temperature of approximately 
50.degree. Centigrade. This provides sufficient security that stresses 
will not be released and/or stress cracks will be avoided. 
For working larger acrylic glass surfaces, eccentric grinders, which are 
driven to perform an orbital movement at a speed of approximately 2000 to 
10000 l/min., preferably of approximately 4000 to 8000 l/min. and which 
are provided with a marginal grinding dust exhaust system, are 
particularly well suited. The eccentric throw preferably is equal to 
approximately 1 to 1.5 mm. 
One obtains in this manner a particularly high quality grade when working 
larger acrylic glass surfaces. 
In contrast, when working marginal areas and corners that are difficult to 
access, grinding tools are preferred which comprise abrasive carriers 
having at least one corner area and performing an oscillating movement at 
a frequency of approximately 10000 to 25000 l/min. about an axis fixed to 
the device. Here again, the grinding dust must be removed effectively by a 
corresponding marginal exhaust system. 
It has been found that a triangular shape of the abrasive carrier is 
particularly convenient under handling aspects. 
According to a preferred further development of the method, the abrasive 
projects over the edges of the abrasive carrier. This has the effect that 
the abrasive is bent off a little in upward direction at the edges of the 
abrasive carrier so that on the one hand the abrasive is prevented from 
getting detached from the carrier, while on the other hand the marginal 
area of the grinder can also be employed for finishing without a risk that 
the surface to be worked may be damaged by sharp edges. 
It is understood that the features that have been mentioned before and that 
will be described hereafter may be used not only in the stated 
combinations, but also in any other combination or each alone, without 
departing from the scope of the present invention.

In FIG. 1, a cockpit which is covered by a hood-shaped acrylic glass pane 
48 is indicated generally by reference numeral 46. The marginal and corner 
areas are indicated by 50, while the surface to be worked, which may be 
the inside or the outside of the cover, is indicated by 44. 
FIG. 2 shows the structure of an abrasive which is preferred for the method 
according to the invention. Abrasive grains 54 are embedded in a resilient 
bonding agent, for example latex, on an abrasive carrier 62. The abrasive 
grains 54 have substantially level front surfaces 58 which are delimited 
by relatively sharp edges at the transition to their lateral surfaces 60, 
the greatest part of the front surfaces 58 being oriented to extend 
approximately in parallel to the surface to be worked 44. The latex layer 
56 is sufficiently resilient to support the parallel alignment of the 
front surfaces 58 during the grinding process. 
FIG. 3 shows a section through part of the lower area of a grinder with a 
suction hood, which is particularly well suited for working the marginal 
and corner areas 50 of the acrylic glass pane 48. 
The grinder, which is designated generally by reference numeral 10, 
comprises a drive housing 30 accommodating a rocking shaft 24 setting a 
grinding tool 12 into an oscillating movement about a rocking axis 14 
fixed to the device. The free end of the rocking shaft 24 carries the 
grinding tool, indicated generally by 12. The grinding tool 12 comprises a 
triangular abrasive carrier 13 with an abrasive 16 according to FIG. 2 
fixed thereon. The grinding tool 12 is enclosed by a suction hood 
designated generally by reference numeral 20. The suction hood 20 
comprises a central connecting sleeve 26, which slightly tapers on its 
outside and which terminates in the hood 20 by a cylindrical extension 38 
extending right to the grinding tool 12. The connecting sleeve 26 is 
fitted on the flange-like end of the drive housing 30. 
The outer shape of the suction hood 20 is adapted to the triangular shape 
of the grinding tool 12. The suction hood 20 comprises three lateral faces 
27 of slightly convex shape, which are arranged symmetrically relative to 
the connection sleeve and which form an external cover for the lateral 
faces 34 of the grinder 12 and have their end faces 25 slightly set off 
from the grinding surface so that a gap is formed between the end faces 25 
and the surface to be worked 44 across which the grinding tool 12 is moved 
(FIG. 4). This prevents the end faces 25 from getting into contact with 
the surface to be worked 44, without impairing the suction effect. 
According to FIG. 4, the abrasive 16 projects a little over the edges of 
the abrasive carrier 13, preferably by an amount of 1 to 2 mm. This has 
the effect that the edges of the abrasive 16 are bent off a little in 
upward direction so that no sharp edges can be formed by the lateral faces 
34 of the abrasive carrier. 
The suction hood 20 comprises a suction chamber 28 extending from a suction 
pipe 22, which ends laterally between two corners of the suction hood 20, 
to the opposite corner. The cross-section of the suction chamber 28 tapers 
from the suction pipe 22 toward the opposite corner. 
This improves the suction efficiency, in particular in the corner area 
opposite the suction pipe 22--an effect which is particularly advantageous 
because of the greater amount of grinding dust produced when greater use 
is made of the corner area of the device, in order to prevent scoring and 
the formation of grinding marks. In the suction pipe 22, a male pipe 21 is 
fitted which is connected to a suction device not shown in the drawing. 
The grinder according to FIG. 3 is particularly well suited for working the 
corner areas 52 and the marginal areas 50 of the acrylic glass pane 48 
according to FIG. 1. 
The oscillation frequency is set for this purpose to a range of between 
10000 and 25000 times per minute, the pivot angle being maximally equal to 
approximately 7.degree.. One obtains in this way an average speed of the 
abrasive grains of approximately 2 to 10 m per second. The contact 
pressure on the surface to be worked 44 is limited to a value which 
ensures that the average surface temperature will not exceed approximately 
50.degree. Centigrade during dry finishing. 
The remaining areas of the acrylic glass pane 48 are worked, preferably, by 
the cross-grinding process using an eccentric grinder according to FIG. 5, 
which is driven to perform orbital movements at a frequency of 
approximately 2000 to 10000 l/min., preferably 4000 to 8000 l/min. The 
eccentric throw is equal to approximately 1 to 1.5 mm. Here again, the 
contact pressure is limited during dry grinding in such a way that an 
average temperature of approximately 50.degree. Centigrade will not be 
exceeded. This provides satisfactory security from the risk of stresses 
being released and/or stress cracks forming in the working area. 
The eccentric grinder indicated generally by 10' comprises a grinding tool 
12' provided with an abrasive carrier 13' having a circular surface 
intended to receive an abrasive 16' according to FIG. 2. The abrasive 
carrier 13' is rigidly connected to a central threaded stem 66, via an 
intermediate flange 72. The threaded stem 66 is connected to the drive 
shaft of an eccentric drive not shown in the drawing. Molded on the 
threaded stem 66, at its side facing the abrasive, is a terminal collar 70 
which is sealed by means of a compound in a central receiving opening 68 
of the intermediate flange 72 so as to guarantee a rigid, non-rotating 
connection. Apart from this connection, other connection modes would of 
course also be possible. Above the intermediate flange 72, there is 
provided a suction hood 20' whose outer lateral faces 27' project 
downwardly in the form of a bell in the direction of the abrasive, 
overlapping in part the lateral faces 43' of the abrasive carrier 13' in 
such a way that a narrow suction gap is formed between the lateral face 
27' of the suction hood 20' and the lateral face 34' of the abrasive 
carrier 13'. The end face 25' of the suction hood 20', which faces the 
surface to be worked, is set off from the surface to be worked by a small 
amount, similar to the arrangement of the embodiment according to FIG. 3. 
As indicated in the left half of FIG. 5, the suction hood 20' and the 
abrasive carrier 13' are screwed together via the intermediate flange 72.