DISPLAY APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A method of manufacturing a display apparatus, includes: discharging a first droplet including quantum dots into a first opening of a substrate; discharging a second droplet including quantum dots into a second opening of the substrate; and after discharging the first droplet and the second droplet, discharging a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening, the second opening, and a third opening of the substrate.

This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0126709, filed on Sep. 24, 2021, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

One or more embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a display apparatus with a reduced possibility of occurrence of defects in a manufacturing process, and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus.

2. Description of the Related Art

A display apparatus has a plurality of pixels. In the case of a full-color display apparatus, the plurality of pixels may emit light of different colors. To this end, at least some pixels of the display apparatus have a color conversion unit. Accordingly, light of a first color generated by a light emitting unit of some pixels is converted into light of a second color while passing through a corresponding color conversion unit and is emitted.

SUMMARY

However, such a conventional display apparatus has a problem in that defects are highly likely to occur during a manufacturing process.

One or more embodiments include a display apparatus with a reduced possibility of occurrence of defects in a manufacturing process. However, this is merely an example, and the scope of the disclosure is not limited thereto.

According to one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: discharging a first droplet including quantum dots into a first opening of a substrate; discharging a second droplet including quantum dots into a second opening of the substrate, and after discharging the first droplet and the second droplet, discharging a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening, the second opening, and a third opening of the substrate.

The first droplet or the second droplet may not include scatterers.

The discharging of the third droplet may include discharging different amounts of the third droplet into the first opening, the second opening, and the third opening, respectively.

The discharging of the third droplet may further include discharging the third droplet into the third opening in an amount greater than an amount of the third droplet discharged into each of the first opening and the second opening.

The first opening may be provided in plurality, and the discharging of the first droplet may include: discharging the first droplet from a discharge unit into the first opening of a first area of the substrate while moving any one of the discharge unit and the substrate in a first direction; after discharging the first droplet, moving any one of the discharge unit and the substrate in a second direction intersecting the first direction; and after moving the any one of the discharge unit and the substrate in the second direction, discharging the first droplet from the discharge unit into the first opening of a second area of the substrate while moving any one of the discharge unit and the substrate in the first direction.

The discharge unit may include a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the discharging of the first droplet into the first opening of the first area may include discharging the first droplet from the first nozzle of the discharge unit into the first opening of the first area of the substrate, and the discharging of the first droplet into the first opening of the second area may include discharging the first droplet from the second nozzle of the discharge unit into the first opening of the second area of the substrate.

The discharge unit may include a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the discharging of the third droplet may include discharging the third droplet from the first nozzle of the discharge unit into the first opening and the second opening of the substrate and discharging the third droplet from the second nozzle of the discharge unit into the third opening of the substrate.

According to one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: discharging a third droplet including scatterers through a first opening, a second opening, and a third opening of a substrate; atter discharging the third droplet, discharging a first droplet including quantum dots into the first opening of the substrate; and atter discharging the third droplet, discharging a second droplet including quantum dots into the second opening of the substrate.

According to one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes: discharging a first droplet including quantum dots into a first opening of a substrate; atter discharging the first droplet, discharging a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening, a second opening, and atter discharging the third droplet, a third opening of the substrate; and discharging a second droplet including quantum dots into the second opening of the substrate.

According to one or more embodiments, a display apparatus includes: an upper substrate; a lower substrate on which first to third light-emitting devices are arranged and which is located below the upper substrate; a bank arranged between the upper substrate and the lower substrate and defining first to third openings corresponding to the first to the third light-emitting devices, respectively; a first resin layer located in the first opening and including a plurality of first scatterers, where the number of first scatterers per unit volume is different depending on a location in the first opening; a second resin layer located in the second opening and including a plurality of second scatterers, where the number of second scatterers per unit volume is different depending on a location in the second opening; and a third resin layer located in the third opening and including a plurality of third scatterers, where the number of third scatterers per unit volume is constant regardless of a location in the third opening.

The first scatterer, the second scatterer, and the third scatterer may include the same material.

The number of first scatterers per unit volume in the first resin layer may decrease in a direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second scatterers per unit volume in the second resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of first scatterers per unit volume in a first-first portion of the first resin layer, located in a direction to the lower substrate, may be greater than the number of first scatterers per unit volume in a first-second portion of the first resin layer, located in a direction to the upper substrate, and the number of second scatterers per unit volume in a second-first portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be greater than the number of second scatterers per unit volume in a second-second portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate.

The number of first scatterers per unit volume in a first-third portion between the first-first portion and the first-second portion of the first resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second scatterers per unit volume in a second-third portion between the second-first portion and the second-second portion of the second resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of second scatterers per unit volume in the first resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second scatterers per unit volume in the second resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of first scatterers per unit volume in the first-first portion of the first resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be less than the number of first scatterers per unit volume in the first-second portion of the first resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate, and the number of second scatterers per unit volume in the second-first portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be less than the number of second scatterers per unit volume in the second-second portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate.

The number of first scatterers per unit volume in the first-third portion between the first-first portion and the first-second portion of the first resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of first scatterers per unit volume in the second-third portion between the second-first portion and the second-second portion of the second resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The first resin layer may further include a plurality of first quantum dots, and the second resin layer may further include a plurality of second quantum dots.

The number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-first portion of the first resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be less than the number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-second portion of the first resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-first portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be less than the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-second portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate.

The number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-third portion between the first-first portion and the first-second portion of the first resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-third portion between the second-first portion and the second-second portion of the second resin layer may increase in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the first resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second resin layer may quantum decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

The number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-first portion of the first resin layer, located in the direction to the lower substrate, may be greater than the number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-second portion of the first resin layer, in the direction to the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-first portion of the second resin layer, in the direction to the lower substrate, may be greater than the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-second portion of the second resin layer, located in the direction to the upper substrate.

The number of first quantum dots per unit volume in the first-third portion between the first-first portion and the first-second portion of the first resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate, and the number of second quantum dots per unit volume in the second-third portion between the second-first portion and the second-second portion of the second resin layer may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate toward the upper substrate.

These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a”, “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

Since the disclosure may have diverse modified embodiments, certain embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and are described in the detailed description. Advantages and features of the disclosure, and implementation methods thereof will be clarified through following embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and repeated description thereof will be omitted.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “formed on” another layer, region, or component, it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present. Sizes of components in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words, since sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

In the following embodiments, an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis are not limited to three axes on an orthogonal coordinate system and may be widely understood. For example, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis may be perpendicular to one another or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another.

It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms.

FIG.1is a perspective view of a portion of a display apparatus1according to an embodiment, andFIG.2is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus1ofFIG.1taken along linel-l′.

Referring toFIG.1, the display apparatus1may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA surrounding the display area DA. The display apparatus1may provide an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

Each pixel of the display apparatus1is an area capable of emitting light of a certain color, and the display apparatus1may provide an image using light emitted from pixels. For example, each pixel may emit red, green, or blue light.

The non-display area NDA is an area that does not provide an image and may surround the display area DA. A driver or a main power line for providing an electrical signal or power to pixel circuits may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. The non-display area NDA may include a pad, which is an area to which an electronic device or a printed circuit board may be electrically connected.

The display area DA may have a polygonal shape including a quadrangle as shown inFIG.1. For example, the display area DA may have a rectangular shape with a horizontal length (e.g., in a x direction) greater than a vertical length (e.g., in a y direction), a rectangular shape with a horizontal length less than a vertical length, or a square shape. Alternatively, the display area DA may have various shapes such as an ellipse or a circle.

The display apparatus1may include a light emitting panel10and a color panel20stacked in a thickness direction (e.g., in a z direction). Light emitted from the light emitting panel10(e.g., blue light Lb) may be converted into red light Lr, green light Lg, and the blue light Lb or transmitted while passing through the color panel20.

Referring toFIG.2, the display apparatus1according to the present embodiment includes a lower substrate100, a first pixel electrode311, a second pixel electrode321, and a third pixel electrode331, a pixel-defining layer150, an upper substrate400, and a bank500arranged on the lower substrate100.

The lower substrate100may include glass, metal, or a polymer resin. The lower substrate100may include, for example, a polymer resin such as polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. However, the lower substrate100may have a multilayer structure including two layers including the polymer resin, and a barrier layer including an inorganic material (such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc.) between the two layers, and various modifications thereof are possible.

The first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331are located on the lower substrate100. On the lower substrate100, in addition to the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331, a first thin-film transistor210, a second thin-film transistor220, and a third thin-film transistor230electrically connected thereto may also be located. That is, as shown inFIG.2, the first pixel electrode311may be electrically connected to the first thin-film transistor210, the second pixel electrode321may be electrically connected to the second thin-film transistor220, and the third pixel electrode331may be electrically connected to the third thin-film transistor230. The first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331may be located on a planarization layer140to be described later located on the lower substrate100.

The first thin-film transistor210may include a first semiconductor layer211including amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, an organic semiconductor material, or an oxide semiconductor material, a first gate electrode213, a first source electrode215a, and a first drain electrode215b. The first gate electrode213may include various conductive materials and may have various layer structures. For example, the first gate electrode213may include a Mo layer and an Al layer. In this case, the first gate electrode213may have a layered structure of Mo/Al/Mo. Alternatively, the first gate electrode213may include a TiNx layer, an Al layer, and/or a Ti layer. The first source electrode215aand the first drain electrode215bmay also include various conductive materials and have various layered structures, for example, a Ti layer, an Al layer, and/or a Cu layer. In this case, the first source electrode215aand the first drain electrode215bmay have a layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti.

A gate insulating film121may be between the first semiconductor layer211and the first gate electrode213to insulate the first semiconductor layer211from the first gate electrode213, the gate insulating film121including an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. In addition, an interlayer-insulating layer131may be on the first gate electrode213, the interlayer-insulating layer131including an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. The first source electrode215aand the first drain electrode215bmay be on the interlayer-insulating layer131. An insulating layer including an inorganic material may be formed by chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) or atomic layer deposition (“ALD”). This also applies to the following embodiments and variations thereof.

A buffer layer110may be between the first thin-film transistor210and the lower substrate100having such a structure, the buffer layer110including an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. The buffer layer110may increase smoothness of an upper surface of the lower substrate100or prevent or minimize impurities from the lower substrate100or the like from penetrating into the first semiconductor layer211of the first thin-film transistor210.

The second thin-film transistor220located in a second pixel PX2may include a second semiconductor layer221, a second gate electrode223, a second source electrode225a, and a second drain electrode225b. The third thin-film transistor230located in a third pixel PX3may include a third semiconductor layer231, a third gate electrode233, a third source electrode235a, and a third drain electrode235b. Because a structure of the second thin-film transistor220and a structure of the third thin-film transistor230are the same as or similar to a structure of the first thin-film transistor210located in a first pixel PX1, a description thereof will not be given herein.

In addition, the planarization layer140may be arranged on the first thin-film transistor210. For example, when a first light-emitting device OLED1including the first pixel electrode311is arranged on the first thin-film transistor210as shown inFIG.2, the planarization layer140may generally flatten an upper portion of a protective film covering the first thin-film transistor210. The planarization layer140may include an organic material such as acryl, benzocyclobutene (“BCB”), or hexamethyldisiloxane (“HMDSO”). Although the planarization layer140is shown as a monolayer inFIG.2, the planarization layer140may be a multilayer and various modifications are possible.

The first light-emitting device OLED1having a first pixel electrode311, an opposite electrode305, and an intermediate layer303interposed therebetween and including a light-emitting layer may be located in the first pixel PX1. As shown inFIG.1, the first pixel electrode311is electrically connected to the first thin-film transistor210by contacting with any one of the first source electrode215aand the first drain electrode215bthrough a contact hole formed in the planarization layer140or the like. The first pixel electrode311includes a light-transmitting conductive layer formed of or including a light-transmitting conductive oxide such as ITO, In203, or IZO, and a reflective layer formed of or including a metal such as Al or Ag. For example, the first pixel electrode311may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

A second light-emitting device OLED2having the second pixel electrode321, the opposite electrode305, and the intermediate layer303interposed therebetween and including the light-emitting layer may be located in the second pixel PX2. In addition, a third light-emitting device OLED3having the third pixel electrode331, the opposite electrode305, and the intermediate layer303interposed therebetween and including the light-emitting layer may be located in the third pixel PX3. The second pixel electrode321is electrically connected to the second thin-film transistor220by contacting with any one of the second source electrode225aand the second drain electrode225bthrough a contact hole formed in the planarization layer140or the like. The third pixel electrode331is electrically connected to the third thin-film transistor230by contacting with any one of the third source electrode235aand the third drain electrode235bthrough a contact hole formed in the planarization layer140or the like. The above description of the first pixel electrode311may be applied to the second pixel electrode321and the third pixel electrode331.

As described above, the intermediate layer303including the light-emitting layer may be located on the second pixel electrode321of the second pixel PX2and the third pixel electrode331of the third pixel PX3as well as the first pixel electrode311of the first pixel PX1. The intermediate layer303may have an integral shape over the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331. The intermediate layer303may be patterned and located on the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331. In addition to the light emitting layer, the intermediate layer303may also include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and/or an electron transport layer, etc. Some of the layers included in the intermediate layer303may be integrally formed over the first pixel electrode311to the third pixel electrode331, and other layers may be patterned and located on the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331.

The opposite electrode305on the intermediate layer303may also have an integral shape over the first pixel electrode311to the third pixel electrode331. The opposite electrode305may include a light-transmitting conductive layer formed of or including ITO, In203, or IZO, and may also include a semi-transparent film including a metal such as Al, Li, Mg, Yb, or Ag. For example, the opposite electrode305may be a semi-transparent film including MgAg, AgYb, Yb/MgAg, or Li/MgAg.

The pixel-defining layer150may be arranged on the planarization layer140. The pixel-defining layer150defines an opening corresponding to each pixel therein. That is, the pixel-defining layer150covers an edge of each of the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331and defines an opening exposing a central portion of the first pixel electrode311, an opening exposing a central portion of the second pixel electrode321, and an opening exposing a central portion of the third pixel electrode331. As such, the pixel-defining layer150may define a pixel. Because the first light-emitting device OLED1includes the first pixel electrode311, the pixel-defining layer150may define the first light-emitting device OLED1. The same applies to the second light-emitting device OLED2and the third light-emitting device OLED3. That is, a light emitting area of the first light-emitting device OLED1, a light emitting area ofthe second light-emitting device OLED2, and a light emitting area ofthe third light-emitting device OLED3are exposed through openings of a pixel-defining layer150.

In addition, as shown inFIG.2, the pixel-defining layer150may prevent generation of an arc on the edges of the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331by increasing a distance between the opposite electrode305and each of the edges of the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331. The pixel-defining layer150may include an organic material such as polyimide or HMDSO.

Although not shown, a spacer may be arranged on the pixel-defining layer150. The spacer may include an organic insulator such as polyimide, may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride, or may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material. In addition, the spacer may include the same material as that of the pixel-defining layer150. In this case, the pixel-defining layer150and the spacer may be formed together in a mask process using a half-tone mask or the like. The spacer and the pixel-defining layer150may include different materials.

The light emitting layer included in the intermediate layer303may emit light having a wavelength belonging to a first wavelength band. The first wavelength band may be, for example, 450 nanometers (nm) to 495 nm.

The upper substrate400is located on the lower substrate100so that the first pixel electrode311, the second pixel electrode321, and the third pixel electrode331are interposed between the upper substrate400and the lower substrate100. The upper substrate400may include glass, metal, or a polymer resin. The upper substrate400may include, for example, a polymer resin such as polyethersulphone, polyacrylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. However, the upper substrate400may have a multilayer structure including two layers including the polymer resin, and a barrier layer including an inorganic material (such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc.) between the two layers, and various modifications thereof are possible. The upper substrate400may have flexible or bendable characteristics.

The bank500is located on a lower surface400bof the upper substrate400in a direction (-z direction) to the lower substrate100. That is, the bank500is located between the upper substrate400and the lower substrate100. The bank500defines a first opening501, a second opening502, and a third opening503therein.

The first opening501of the bank500corresponds to the first light-emitting device OLED1, the second opening502of the bank500corresponds to the second light-emitting device OLED2, and the third opening503of the bank500corresponds to the third light-emitting device OLED3. That is, when viewed from a direction (z-axis direction) perpendicular to an upper surface400aof the upper substrate400(i.e., plan view), the first opening501of the bank500overlaps the first light-emitting device OLED1, the second opening502of the bank500overlaps the second light-emitting device OLED2, and the third opening503of the bank500overlaps the third light-emitting device OLED3. Accordingly, when viewed from the direction (z-axis direction) perpendicular to the upper surface400aof the upper substrate400, the shapes of edges of the first opening501to the third opening503of the bank500may be the same as or similar to the shapes of edges of the first light-emitting device OLED1to the third light-emitting device OLED3, respectively. Accordingly, the first opening501of the bank500corresponds to the first pixel electrode311, the second opening502of the bank500corresponds to the second pixel electrode321, and the third opening503of the bank500corresponds to the third pixel electrode331.

The bank500may be formed of or include various materials, and may be formed of an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride. The bank500may include a photoresist material, through which the bank500may be easily formed through processes such as exposure and development.

A first resin layer415may be located in the first opening501of the bank500, a second resin layer425may be located in the second opening502of the bank500, and a third resin layer435may be located in the third opening503of the bank500. When viewed from the direction (z-axis direction) perpendicular to the upper surfaces400aof the upper substrate400, the first resin layer415may overlap the first light-emitting device OLED1, the second resin layer425may overlap the second light-emitting device OLED2, and the third resin layer435may overlap the third light-emitting device OLED3.

A color filter layer may be located between the lower surface400bof the upper substrate400and the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435. That is, a first color filter layer410may be between the upper substrate400and the first resin layer415, a second color filter layer420may be between the upper substrate400and the second resin layer425, and a third color filter layer430may be between the upper substrate400and the third resin layer435. The first color filter layer410may be a layer that transmits only light having a wavelength of 630 nm to 780 nm. The second color filter layer420may be a layer that transmits only light having a wavelength of 495 nm to 570 nm. The third color filter layer430may be a layer that transmits only light having a wavelength of 450 nm to 495 nm.

The first color filter layer410to the third color filter layer430may increase the color purity of light emitted to the outside, thereby increasing the quality of a displayed image. In addition, the first color filter layer410to the third color filter layer430may reduce external light reflection by lowering a rate at which external light incident from the outside to the display apparatus1is reflected by the first pixel electrode311to the third pixel electrode331and then emitted to the outside again. A black matrix may be located between the first color filter layer410to the third color filter layer430as needed.

The second color filter layer420defines an opening421exposing a first portion P1as shown inFIG.2. The opening421may define an area of the first pixel PX1. The first color filter layer410fills at least the opening421. In addition, the second color filter layer420defines an opening423exposing a third portion P3as shown inFIG.2. The opening423may define an area of the third pixel PX3. The third color filter layer430fills at least the opening423. An end of the first color filter layer410in a direction to the second opening502and an end of the third color filter layer430in the direction to the second opening502define an opening422exposing a second portion P2. The opening422may define an area of the second pixel PX2.

A portion where the first color filter layer410and the second color filter layer420overlap, a portion where the third color filter layer430and the second color filter layer420overlap, and a portion where the first color filter layer410and the third color filter layer430overlap may serve as a black matrix. For example, if the first color filter layer410transmits only light having a wavelength of 630 nm to 780 nm and the second color filter layer420transmits only light having a wavelength of 495 nm to 570 nm, in a portion where the first color filter layer410and the second color filter layer420overlap, light that can pass through both the first color filter layer and the second color filter layer theoretically does not exist.

A filler may fill a space between the upper substrate400and the lower substrate100. For example, in the case of the display apparatus1as shown inFIG.2, a filler may fill a space between a protective layer 600 and the opposite electrode305. Such a filler may include a light-transmissive material. For example, the filler may include an acrylic resin or an epoxy resin.

FIG.3is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the first resin layer415ofFIG.2. As shown inFIG.3, the first resin layer415may include a first resin416, a first scatterer417, and a first quantum dot418. The first resin layer415may include a first-first portion415alocated in a direction to the lower substrate100, a first-second portion415blocated in a direction to the upper substrate400, and a first-third portion415cbetween the first-first portion415aand the first-second portion415b.

The first resin416may be any material that has excellent dispersion characteristics for scatterers and is transparent. For example, a polymer resin such as an acrylic resin, an imide resin, an epoxy resin, BCB, or HMDSO may be used as a material for forming the first resin layer415, especially, the first resin416. The material for forming the first resin layer415may be located in the first opening501of the bank500overlapping the first pixel electrode311through an inkjet printing method.

The first scatterer417may cause incident light incident on the first resin layer415to be scattered, and a wavelength of the scattered incident light may be converted by the first quantum dot418in the first resin layer415. The first scatterer417is not particularly limited as long as it is a material capable of partially scattering transmitted light by forming an optical interface between the scatterer and a light-transmitting resin. For example, the first scatterer417may be metal oxide particles or organic particles. Examples of a metal oxide for scatterers may include titanium oxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), indium oxide (In2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), and the like, and examples of an organic material for scatterers may include an acrylic resin and a urethane resin. The first scatterer417may scatter light in various directions regardless of an incident angle without substantially converting a wavelength of the incident light incident on the first resin layer415. Through this, the first scatterer417may improve side visibility of the display apparatus1. In addition, the first scatterer417may increase a light conversion efficiency by increasing the probability that the incident light incident on the first resin layer415meets the first quantum dot418.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first resin layer415may vary depending on the location in the first opening501. For example, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first resin layer415may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In more detail, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-first portion415aadjacent to the lower substrate100from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400may be greater than the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-second portion415badjacent to the upper substrate400from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400. In addition, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-third portion415cbetween the first-first portion415aand the first-second portion415bmay decrease in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first resin layer415decreases in the direction from the lower substrate100to the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of first scatterers417are located at a portion of the first resin layer415in a direction to the lower substrate100. In this case, the incident light incident on the first resin layer415may be sufficiently scattered by the first scatterer417before the wavelength is converted by the first quantum dot418. As the incident light is sufficiently scattered, the probability that the scattered light meets the first quantum dot418in the first resin layer415increases, so that the wavelength of the incident light incident on the first resin layer415may be efficiently converted.

For another example, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first resin layer415may increase in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-first portion415amay be less than the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-second portion415b. In addition, the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first-third portion415cmay increase in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of first scatterers417per unit volume in the first resin layer415increases in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of first scatterers417are located at the portion of the first resin layer415in a direction to the upper substrate400. In this case, because the incident light is scattered by the first scatterer417immediately before being emitted from the first resin layer415after the wavelength is converted by the first quantum dot418, a large amount of light may also travel in a lateral direction of the display apparatus1. Accordingly, side visibility of the display apparatus1may be effectively improved.

The first quantum dot418may convert light having a wavelength belonging to a first wavelength band passing through the first resin layer415into light having a wavelength belonging to a second wavelength band. For example, the first wavelength band may be, for example, 450 nm to 495 nm, and the second wavelength band may be 630 nm to 780 nm. That is, the first quantum dot418may convert the incident blue light Lb into the red light Lr. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, a wavelength band to which a wavelength to be converted by the first resin layer415belongs and a wavelength band to which a wavelength after conversion belongs may be different. Specific details of the first quantum dot418will be described later below.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first resin layer415may vary depending on the location in the first opening501. For example, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first resin layer415may increase in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-first portion415amay be less than the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-second portion415b. In addition, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-third parts415cmay increase in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first resin layer415increases in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of first quantum dots418are located at a portion of the first resin layer415in a direction to the upper substrate400. In addition, a relatively large number of first scatterers417are located at a portion of the first resin layer415in a direction to the lower substrate100. In this case, after the incident light incident on the first resin layer415is sufficiently scattered by the first scatterer417, the wavelength may be converted by the first quantum dot418. As the incident light is sufficiently scattered, the probability that the scattered light meets the first quantum dot418in the first resin layer415increases, so that the wavelength of the incident light incident on the first resin layer415may be efficiently converted.

For another example, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first resin layer415may decrease in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-first portion415amay be greater than the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-second portion415b. In addition, the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first-third parts415cmay decrease in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of first quantum dots418per unit volume in the first resin layer415decreases in the direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of first quantum dots418are located at a portion of the first resin layer415in the direction to the lower substrate100. In addition, a relatively large number of first scatterers417are located at a portion of the first resin layer415in the direction to the upper substrate400. In this case, because the incident light is scattered by the first scatterer417immediately before being emitted from the first resin layer415after the wavelength is converted by the first quantum dot418, a large amount of light may also travel in the lateral direction of the display apparatus1. Accordingly, side visibility of the display apparatus1may be effectively improved.

FIG.4is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the second resin layer425ofFIG.2. As shown inFIG.4, the second resin layer425may include a second resin426, a second scatterer427, and a second quantum dot428. The second resin layer425may include a second-first portion425alocated in a direction to the lower substrate100, a second-second portion425blocated in a direction to the upper substrate400, and a second-third portion425cbetween the second-first portion425aand the second-second portion425b.

The second resin426may be any material that has excellent dispersion characteristics for scatterers and is transparent. For example, a polymer resin such as an acrylic resin, an imide resin, an epoxy resin, BCB, or HMDSO may be used as a material for forming the second resin layer425. The material for forming the second resin layer425may be located in the second opening502of the bank500overlapping the second light-emitting device OLED2through an inkjet printing method.

The second scatterer427may cause incident light incident on the second resin layer425to be scattered, and a wavelength of the scattered incident light may be converted by the second quantum dot428in the second resin layer425. The second scatterer427is not particularly limited as long as it is a material capable of partially scattering transmitted light by forming an optical interface between a scatterer and a light-transmitting resin, but may be, for example, metal oxide particles or organic particles. A metal oxide for scatterers and an organic material for scatterers are the same as described above. The second scatterer427may scatter light in various directions regardless of an incident angle without substantially converting a wavelength of the incident light incident on the second resin layer425. Through this, the second scatterer427may improve side visibility of the display apparatus1. In addition, the second scatterer427may increase a light conversion efficiency by increasing the probability that the incident light incident on the second resin layer425meets the second quantum dot428.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second resin layer425may vary depending on the location in the second opening502. For example, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second resin layer425may decrease in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In more detail, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-first portion425aadjacent to the lower substrate100from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400may be greater than the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-second portion425badjacent to the upper substrate400from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400. In addition, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-third portion425cbetween the second-first portion425aand the second-second portion425bmay decrease in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second resin layer425decreases in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of second scatterers427are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction to the lower substrate100. The incident light incident on the second resin layer425may be sufficiently scattered by the second scatterer427before the wavelength is converted by the second quantum dot428. As the incident light is sufficiently scattered, the probability that the scattered light meets the second quantum dot428in the second resin layer425increases, so that the wavelength of the incident light incident on the second resin layer425may be efficiently converted.

For example, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second resin layer425may increase in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-first portion425amay be less than the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-second portion425b. In addition, the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second-third parts425cmay increase in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of second scatterers427per unit volume in the second resin layer425increases in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of second scatterers427are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction of the upper substrate400. Because the incident light is scattered by the second scatterer427immediately before being emitted from the second resin layer425after the wavelength is converted by the second quantum dot428, a large amount of light may also travel in the lateral direction of the display apparatus1. Accordingly, side visibility of the display apparatus1may be effectively improved.

The second quantum dot428may convert light having a wavelength belonging to a first wavelength band passing through the second resin layer425into light having a wavelength belonging to a third wavelength band. For example, the first wavelength band may be, for example, 450 nm to 495 nm, and the third wavelength band may be 495 nm to 570 nm. That is, the second quantum dot428may convert the incident blue light Lb into the green light Lg. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, a wavelength band to which a wavelength to be converted by the second resin layer425belongs and a wavelength band to which a wavelength after conversion belongs may be different.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second resin layer425may vary depending on the location in the second opening502. For example, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second resin layer425may increase in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-first portion425amay be less than the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-second portion425b. In addition, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-third parts425cmay increase in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second resin layer425increases in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of second quantum dots428are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction to the upper substrate400. In addition, a relatively large number of second scatterers427are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction to the lower substrate100. After the incident light incident on the second resin layer425is sufficiently scattered by the second scatterer427, the wavelength may be converted by the second quantum dot428. As the incident light is sufficiently scattered, the probability that the scattered light meets the second quantum dot428in the second resin layer425increases, so that the wavelength of the incident light incident on the second resin layer425may be efficiently converted.

For example, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second resin layer425may decrease in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400. In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-first portion425amay be greater than the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-second portion425b. In addition, the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second-third parts425cmay decrease in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400.

When the number of second quantum dots428per unit volume in the second resin layer425decreases in a direction from the lower substrate100toward the upper substrate400, a relatively large number of second quantum dots428are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction to the lower substrate100. In addition, a relatively large number of second scatterers427are located at a portion of the second resin layer425in a direction to the upper substrate400. Because the incident light is scattered by the second scatterer427immediately before being emitted from the second resin layer425after the wavelength is converted by the second quantum dot428, a large amount of light may also travel in the lateral direction of the display apparatus1. Accordingly, side visibility of the display apparatus1may be effectively improved.

The above-described first quantum dot418and second quantum dot428refer to crystals of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light in various wavelength bands according to the size of the crystals. The diameters of the first quantum dot418and the second quantum dot428may be, for example, approximately 1 nm to 10 nm. Hereinafter, quantum dots that may be included in the first quantum dot418and the second quantum dot428will be described.

The quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or a similar process. The wet chemical process is a method of growing quantum dot particle crystals after mixing an organic solvent and a precursor material. In the wet chemical process, when the quantum dot particle crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on a surface of the quantum dot particle crystals and controls the growth of the crystals. Therefore, the wet chemical process is easier than a vapor deposition method such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (“MOCVD”) or molecular beam epitaxy (“MBE”). In addition, the wet chemical process may control the growth of quantum dot particles at low cost.

Such quantum dots may include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group lll-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include a binary compound such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2Se3, InTe, or the like, a ternary compound such as AgInS, AgInS2, CuInS, CuInS2, InGaS3, InGaSe3, or the like, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include a ternary compound such as AgInS, AgInS2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, AgAlO2, or the like, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include a binary compound such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, or the like, a ternary compound such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, or the like, a quaternary compound such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, or the like, or any combination thereof.

The Group IV element or compound may include a single compound such as Si or Ge, a binary compound such as SiC and SiGe, or any combination thereof.

Each of elements included in a multi-element compound such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a ternary compound may be in a particle in a uniform concentration or in a non-uniform concentration.

However, quantum dots may have a single structure or a core-shell dual structure in which concentrations of elements respectively included in corresponding quantum dots are uniform. For example, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other. The shell of the quantum dots may serve as a protective layer for maintaining semiconductor properties by preventing chemical modification of the core and/or as a charging layer for imparting electrophoretic properties to the quantum dots. The shell may be a single layer or multiple layers. An interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element present in the shell decreases toward the center.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dots may include a metal or non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or a combination thereof. Examples of the metal or non-metal oxide may include a binary compound such as SiO2, Al203, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, or the like, a ternary compound such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, CoMn2O4, or the like, or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include, as described above, the Group III-VI semiconductor compound, the Group II-VI semiconductor compound, the Group III-V semiconductor compound, the Group III-VI semiconductor compound, the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AIP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

The quantum dots may have a full width of half maximum (“FWHM”) of an emission wavelength spectrum of about 45 nm or less, specifically about 40 nm or less, and more specifically about 30 nm or less, and in this range, color purity and color reproducibility may be improved. In addition, because light emitted through the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, a wide viewing angle may be improved.

In addition, the shape of the quantum dots may be specifically spherical, pyramidal, multi-arm, or cubic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanoplatelet particles, or the like.

An energy band gap may be controlled by adjusting the size of the quantum dots, and thus light in various wavelength bands may be obtained from a quantum dot light-emitting layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light emitting device that emits light of different wavelengths may be implement. In more detail, sizes of the quantum dots may be selected such that red, green and/or blue light is emitted. In addition, sizes of the quantum dots may be configured such that light of various colors is combined to emit white light.

The description of such quantum dots may be applied to embodiments and modifications thereof to be described later as well as the above-described embodiments and modifications thereof.

FIG.5is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the third resin layer435ofFIG.2. As shown inFIG.5, the third resin layer435may include a third resin436and a third scatterer437and does not have quantum dots. The third resin layer435may include a third-1 portion435alocated in a direction to the lower substrate100, the third-2 portion435blocated in a direction to the upper substrate400, and a third-3 portion435cbetween the third-1 portion435aand the third-2 portion435b.

The third resin436may be any material that has excellent dispersion characteristics for scatterers and is transparent. For example, a polymer resin such as an acrylic resin, an imide resin, an epoxy resin, BCB, or HMDSO may be used as a material for forming the third resin layer435, specifically the third resin436. The third scatterer437may cause incident light incident on the third resin layer435to be scattered, and the third scatterer437is not particularly limited as long as it is a material capable of partially scattering transmitted light by forming an optical interface between a scatterer and a light-transmitting resin, but may be, for example, metal oxide particles or organic particles. A metal oxide for scatterers and an organic material for scatterers are the same as described above.

Because the third resin layer435does not have quantum dots, the third pixel PX3emits light of a wavelength belonging to the first wavelength band generated by the intermediate layer303including a light-emitting layer to the outside through the upper substrate400without wavelength conversion. That is, the blue light Lb incident on the third resin layer435is emitted to the outside without wavelength conversion. In some cases, the third resin layer435may not exist in the third opening503of the bank500unlike that shown inFIG.2.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the number of third scatterers437per unit volume in the third resin layer435may be constant. For example, the number of third scatterers437per unit volume in the third-1 portion435aadjacent to the lower substrate100from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400, the number of third scatterers437per unit volume in the third-2 portion435badjacent to the upper substrate400from among the lower substrate100and the upper substrate400, and the number of third scatterers437per unit volume in the third-3 portion435cbetween the 3-1 portion435aand the 3-2 portion435bmay be the same or similar.

In a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first scatterer417, the second scatterer427, and the third scatterer437may include the same material. For example, the first scatterer417, the second scatterer427, and the third scatterer437may include titanium oxide (TiO2).

FIGS.6and7are plan views schematically illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, in more detail, plan views schematically illustrating a process of forming the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435on the upper substrate400.

Referring toFIGS.6and7, the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435of the display apparatus according to an embodiment may be formed by an inkjet printing method. That is, after the bank500defining the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503is formed on the upper substrate400, the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435may be formed by dotting a material for forming the first resin layer415including at least one of the first scatterer417and the first quantum dot418in the first opening501by an inkjet printing method, by dotting a material for forming the second resin layer425including at least one of the second scatterer427and the second quantum dot428in the second opening502by an inkjet printing method, and by dotting a material for forming the third resin layer435including the third scatterer437.

A discharge unit700may discharge droplets to the upper substrate400. The upper substrate400may include a first upper substrate area401, a second upper substrate area402, a third upper substrate area403, a fourth upper substrate area404, and a fifth upper substrate area405. A plurality of display panels may be simultaneously manufactured by combining the upper substrate400with a mother substrate on which a plurality of display units is formed and then cutting the mother substrate and the upper substrate400at the same time. A droplet may include quantum dots or scatterers.

There may be a plurality of discharge units700, and there may be a plurality of droplets discharged to the upper substrate400. When a plurality of droplets including different components are discharged to the upper substrate400, each droplet may be discharged to the upper substrate400by different discharge units700. In addition, each discharge unit700may include a plurality of nozzles. For example, the discharge unit700may include a first nozzle710and a second nozzle720.

Any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400may move in the first direction (x-axis direction). Accordingly, the discharge unit700may discharge a droplet to a desired location while performing first scanning of the upper substrate400. After the discharge unit700performs the first scanning of the upper substrate400, any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400may move in a second direction (-y direction) intersecting the first direction (x-axis direction). After moving in the second direction (-y direction), any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400may move in the first direction (x-axis direction). Accordingly, the discharge unit700may discharge a droplet at a desired location while performing second scanning of the upper substrate400.

As shown inFIG.7, as any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400moves in the first direction (x-axis direction), the discharge unit700may discharge a first droplet into the first opening501. First nozzles710discharge the first droplet because the first nozzles710of the discharge unit700pass over the first openings501, and second nozzles720do not discharge the first droplet because the second nozzles720of the discharge unit700do not pass over the first openings501.

When any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400moves in the second direction (-y direction) intersecting the first direction (x-axis direction) and then moves again in the first direction (x-axis direction), the second nozzles720may pass over the first openings501and the first nozzles710may not pass over the first openings501. In this case, the second nozzles720may discharge the first droplet, and the first nozzles710may not discharge the first droplet. That is, a nozzle (e.g.,710) for discharging the first droplet during the first scanning and a nozzle (e.g.,720) for discharging the first droplet during the second scanning may be different from each other.

When the first droplet includes scatterers, the second nozzle720does not discharge the first droplet during the first scanning, and thus, the scatterers included in the first droplet may be deposited inside the second nozzles720. Accordingly, the number of scatterers included in the first droplet discharged from the second nozzle720during the second scanning may be different from the number of scatterers included in the first droplet discharged from the first nozzle710during the first scanning. As a result, because the concentration of scatterers in some pixels of the display apparatus1and the concentration of scatterers in some other pixels are different from each other, a stain may be generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

FIGS.8to11are flowcharts illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment. Referring toFIGS.8to11, the method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes time-series processing in the discharge unit700illustrated inFIGS.6and7. According to the method of manufacturing a display apparatus, the display apparatus1as described above with reference toFIGS.1to5may be manufactured. Hereinafter, for convenience, contents overlapping with those described above with reference toFIGS.1to7will not be given herein.FIG.8is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment.

In operation810, the discharge unit700may discharge a first droplet including quantum dots into the first opening501of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the first droplet may include the first quantum dot418and may not include the first scatterer417.

If the first droplet includes scatterers and the second nozzle720does not pass over the first openings501and thus the first droplet is not discharged for a long time, precipitation of the scatterer included in the first droplet may occur inside the second nozzles720. Thereafter, when any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400moves in the second direction (-y direction) and then moves in the first direction (x-axis direction), and the second nozzle720passes over the first openings501, the second nozzle720may discharge the first droplet. In this case, the concentration of the scatterer in the first droplet discharged from the second nozzle720may be greater than the concentration of the scatterer in the first droplet discharged from the first nozzle710. As a result, because the concentration of scatterers in some pixels of the display apparatus1and the concentration of scatterers in some other pixels are different from each other, a stain may be generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

However, in the case of the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment, the first droplet does not include scatterers as described above. Accordingly, even if the second nozzle720of the discharge unit700does not pass over the first openings501and thus the first droplet is not discharged for a long time, precipitation of the scatterer does not occur inside the second nozzle720, so that it is possible to effectively prevent the concentration of the scatterer from being changed in different regions of the display apparatus1.

In operation820, the discharge unit700may discharge a second droplet including quantum dots into the second opening502of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the second droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the second droplet may include the second quantum dot428and may not include the second scatterer427.

If the second droplet includes scatterers and the first nozzle710of the discharge unit700does not pass over the second openings502and thus the second droplet is not discharged for a long time, precipitation of the scatterer included in the second droplet may occur inside the second nozzles720. Thereafter, when any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400moves in the second direction intersecting the first direction, the first nozzle710of the discharge unit700may pass over the second openings502. In this case, the first nozzle710discharges the second droplet, and the second droplet discharged by the first nozzle710includes a high concentration of scatterers, so that a stain of the second droplet may be generated in a pixel.

In other words, if the second droplet includes scatterers and the first nozzle710does not pass over the second openings502and thus the second droplet is not discharged for a long time, precipitation of the scatterer included in the second droplet may occur inside the first nozzles710. Thereafter, when any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400moves in the second direction (-y direction) and then moves in the first direction (x-axis direction), and the first nozzle710passes over the second openings502, the first nozzle710may discharge the second droplet. In this case, the concentration of the scatterer in the second droplet discharged from the first nozzle710may be greater than the concentration of the scatterer in the second droplet discharged from the second nozzle720. As a result, because the concentration of scatterers in some pixels of the display apparatus1and the concentration of scatterers in some other pixels are different from each other, a stain may be generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

However, in the case of the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment, the second droplet does not include scatterers as described above. Accordingly, even if the first nozzle710of the discharge unit700does not pass over the second openings502and thus the second droplet is not discharged for a long time, precipitation of the scatterer does not occur inside the first nozzle710, so that it is possible to effectively prevent the concentration of the scatterer from being changed in different areas of the display apparatus1.

In operation830, the discharge unit700may discharge a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503of the upper substrate400. For example, the third droplet may include the third scatterer437.

When the discharge unit700discharges the third droplet into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503, both the first nozzles710and the second nozzles720discharge the third droplet. There is no nozzle that does not discharge the third droplet for a long time. Therefore, in the case of the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment, even if the third droplet includes scatterers, precipitation of the scatterers does not occur inside the first nozzle710or the second nozzle720. Even if precipitation of the scatterers occurs inside the first nozzle710or the second nozzle720, there is no difference between the degree of precipitation which occurs inside the first nozzle710and the degree of precipitation which occurs inside the second nozzle720. In this case, the concentration of scatterers in the third droplet discharged from the first nozzle710is the same as or similar to the concentration of scatterers in the third droplet discharged from the second nozzle720. As a result, because the concentrations of scatterers in all pixels of the display apparatus1are the same or similar, a stain is not generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, different amounts of third droplets may be discharged into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503, respectively. It is optically advantageous that the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435generated by the first droplet, the second droplet, and the third droplet, respectively, have the same or similar thickness. Accordingly, in order to form the first resin layer415, the second resin layer425, and the third resin layer435having the same or similar thickness, the amounts of the third droplets discharged into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503, respective, may be different from each other. For example, because the first droplet and the second droplet are discharged into the first opening501and the second opening502, respectively, before the third droplet is discharged, a smaller amount of third droplets than the amount of third droplets discharged into the third opening503may be discharged into the first opening501and the second opening502, respectively. That is, an amount of third droplets greater than the amount of third droplets respectively discharged to the first and second openings501and502, respectively, may be discharged into the third opening503.

FIG.9is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment. In more detail,FIG.9is a flowchart illustrating discharging a first droplet.

In operation910, as any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400is moved in the first direction, the first droplet may be discharged from the discharge unit700into the first opening501of a first area of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first droplet may be discharged from the first nozzle710of the discharge unit700into the first opening501of the first area of the upper substrate400.

In operation920, any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400may be moved in the second direction (-y direction) intersecting the first direction (x-axis direction).

In operation930, as any one of the discharge unit700and the upper substrate400is moved in the first direction (x-axis direction), the first droplet may be discharged from the discharge unit700into the first opening501of a second area of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first droplet may be discharged from the second nozzle720of the discharge unit700into the first opening501of the second area of the upper substrate400.

FIG.10is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to another embodiment. In more detail,FIG.10shows a method of manufacturing a display apparatus for discharging droplets including quantum dots after discharging a droplet including scatterers.

In operation1010, the discharge unit700may discharge a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503of the upper substrate400. For example, the third droplet may include the third scatterer437.

In operation1020, the discharge unit700may discharge a first droplet including quantum dots into the first opening501of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the first droplet may include the first quantum dot418and may not include the first scatterer417.

In operation1030, the discharge unit700may discharge a second droplet including quantum dots into the second opening502of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the second droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the second droplet may include the second quantum dot428and may not include the second scatterer427.

Even if the first droplet and the second droplet including quantum dots are discharged after discharging the third droplet including scatterers, the first droplet and the second droplet including quantum dots do not include scatterers, and because the third droplet including scatterers is discharged from both the first nozzle710and the second nozzle720of the discharge unit700at the same time, there is no difference between the degree of precipitation of scatterers which occurs inside the first nozzle710and the degree of precipitation of scatterers which occurs inside the second nozzle720. As a result, because the concentrations of scatterers in all pixels of the display apparatus1are the same or similar, a stain is not generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

FIG.11is a flowchart illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to still another embodiment. In more detail,FIG.11shows a method of manufacturing a display apparatus in which a droplet including quantum dots is discharged, a droplet including scatterers are discharged, and then a droplet including quantum dots are discharged.

In operation1110, the discharge unit700may discharge a first droplet including quantum dots into the first opening501of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the first droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the first droplet may include the first quantum dot418and may not include the first scatterer417.

In operation1120, the discharge unit700may discharge a third droplet including scatterers into the first opening501, the second opening502, and the third opening503of the upper substrate400. For example, the third droplet may include the third scatterer437.

In operation1130, the discharge unit700may discharge a second droplet including quantum dots into the second opening502of the upper substrate400. In the method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment, the second droplet may not include scatterers. For example, the second droplet may include the second quantum dot428and may not include the second scatterer427.

Even if the first droplet including quantum dots is discharged, the third droplet including scatterers are discharged, and then the second droplet including quantum dots are discharged, the first droplet and the second droplet including quantum dots do not include scatterers, and because the third droplet including scatterers is discharged from both the first nozzle710and the second nozzle720of the discharge unit700at the same time, there is no difference between the degree of precipitation of scatterers which occurs inside the first nozzle710and the degree of precipitation of scatterers which occurs inside the second nozzle720. As a result, because the concentrations of scatterers in all pixels of the display apparatus1are the same or similar, a stain is not generated in an image displayed by the display apparatus1.

According to embodiments of the disclosure as described above, a display apparatus with a reduced possibility of occurrence of defects in a manufacturing process may be implemented. However, the scope of the disclosure is not limited to the effect.