Multifunctional tissue paper product

A multifunctional tissue paper product having a combination of good wet strength, flexibility and preferably absorbency. This combination allows the tissue paper to be strong enough for use as a paper towel, yet soft enough for use as a facial tissue.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to tissue paper products, and more 
particularly to multifunctional tissue paper products having a combination 
of good wet strength, flexibility and absorbency. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Tissue paper products such as facial tissues, toilet tissue, paper towels, 
and napkins, are well known in the art. These products are formulated to 
exhibit a wide range of properties in terms of absorbency, bulk, strength, 
and softness. 
Various uses for tissue paper products are known in the art as set forth 
above. However, tissue paper products are not necessarily interchangeable. 
For example, a tissue paper product used for paper toweling is frequently 
too stiff and harsh for comfortable use as a facial tissue in blowing 
one's nose. Likewise, some paper toweling is too stiff for otherwise 
wiping one's face. Also, not all paper towels are soft enough to use for 
dusting of furniture. 
Conversely, a facial tissue which is comfortable for blowing one's nose 
typically does not have the requisite strength to function well as a paper 
towel. Particularly, facial tissues as are known in the art typically do 
not have the requisite wet burst strength or may have excessive lint 
levels to properly function as a paper towel. Likewise, facial tissues 
typically do not have the requisite absorbency to function well as a paper 
towel. Neither product may have the caliper or basis weight necessary to 
function interchangeably with the other. Accordingly, there is a need in 
the art for a single product which can fulfill the dual functionality of 
providing paper toweling with softness sufficient to also function as a 
facial tissue. 
Furthermore, in order to reduce the amount of fluids from passing through 
the tissue during use, consumers perform various compensating actions. For 
example, many consumers have been known to fold a tissue in half or select 
several tissues at once prior to use in order to enhance absorbency and 
strength as well as provide an improved barrier to prevent the fluids from 
wetting their hands. Such practices may be adequate in preventing hand 
wetting during use, however, they largely increase product consumption. 
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a tissue paper product having 
sufficient wet strength, flexibility, absorption and softness that it 
would be useful for multiple tasks around the home. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Disclosed is a tissue paper product having a wet burst strength of from 
about 175 to about 800 grams (g) and a flexibility of from about 0.02 to 
about 0.14 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings: 
Wet burst strength is a measure of a paper web's ability to absorb energy, 
when wet and subjected to deformation normal to the plane of the web. 
Basis weight is the weight per unit area of a sample reported in lbs/3000 
ft.sup.2 (grams per square meter or g/m.sup.2). 
Caliper is the macroscopic thickness of a sample. 
Apparent density is the basis weight of the sample divided by the caliper 
with appropriate unit conversions incorporated therein. Apparent density 
used herein has the units of grams/centimeters cubed (g/cm.sup.3). 
Machine direction, designated MD, is the direction parallel to the flow of 
the fiber structure through the product manufacturing equipment. 
Cross machine direction, designated CD, is the direction perpendicular to 
the machine direction in the same plane of the tissue product. 
Absorbency is the ability of a material to take up fluids by various means 
including capillary, osmotic, solvent or chemical action and retain such 
fluids. 
Flexibility is a measure of deformation of the material without being 
broken and with or without returning of itself to its former shape. 
A fiber is a slender object having a major axis which is relatively long 
compared to the two orthogonal axes and having an aspect ratio of at least 
4/1, preferably at least 10/1. 
The term "ply" means an individual web component optionally to be disposed 
in a substantially contiguous, face to face relationship with other plies, 
forming a multiple ply web of the present invention. It is also 
contemplated that a single web component can effectively form two "plies", 
for example, by being folded on itself. 
Discussion 
Tissue products herein may be prepared as a single sheet for use as a 
facial tissue, napkin, paper towel, or bath tissue, depending on the type 
of paper used for the cellulosic paper webs. A plurality of paper webs may 
also be provided on a roll having perforations to define individual web 
sections where each section is removable for use, such as is commonly used 
for bath tissue (e.g., toilet paper). If prepared as bath tissue, roll 
dispensing is the preferred method of use. However, in a preferred 
embodiment, a plurality of paper webs can be cut, folded, and optionally 
interleaved into a stack of tissues suitable for dispensing from a 
container, such as a box or tub. 
Cellulosic Paper Webs 
Cellulosic paper webs may be paper webs consisting essentially of 
cellulosic papermaking fibers. Optionally, the paper web may be 
foreshortened, and/or contain synthetic fibers. The paper webs can have a 
basis weight range where the low limit of the range can be about 10 
g/m.sup.2 per ply, about 13 g/m.sup.2 per ply, or about 15 g/m.sup.2 per 
ply. The high limit of the basis weight range can be about 100 g/r.sup.2 
per ply, about 40 g/m.sup.2 per ply, or about 25 g/m.sup.2 per ply. The 
cellulosic paper webs can be creped, uncreped, or wet microcontracted 
tissue webs suitable for use as facial tissue or paper towel. Generally, 
identical plies of the paper webs are used, that is plies, substantially 
identical in basis weight, thickness, composition and other properties. 
However, it is contemplated that certain benefits may be realized by using 
plies having differing properties. For example, the component plies may 
differ in basis weight, thickness, composition, or other properties, 
providing one side of the paper web with a relatively smooth surface, and 
one side with a relatively rougher surface. 
Cellulosic paper webs of the present invention may be made by conventional 
processes known in the art for producing tissue paper useful for facial 
tissues, toilet tissue, paper towels, or napkins. However, cellulosic 
paper webs of the present invention can be made by through air drying 
processes by use of a patterned papermaking belt. A patterned resinous 
papermaking belt can comprise two primary components: a framework and a 
reinforcing structure. The framework can comprise a cured polymeric 
photosensitive resin. 
One surface of the patterned resinous papermaking belt contacts one surface 
of the cellulosic paper webs carried thereon. During papermaking, this 
surface of the patterned resinous papermaking belt may imprint a pattern 
onto the surface of cellulosic paper webs corresponding to the pattern of 
the framework. 
A patterned resinous papermaking belt suitable for making a preferred 
embodiment of the present invention may be made according to any of 
commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,345, issued Apr. 30, 1985 to Johnson 
et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,239, issued Jul. 9, 1985 to Trokhan; U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,098,522, issued Mar. 24, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,171, issued Nov. 
9, 1993 to Smurkoski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,700, issued Jan. 4, 1994 
to Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,565, issued Jul. 12, 1994 to Rasch et al.; 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,289, issued Aug. 2, 1994 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,431,786, issued Jul. 11, 1995 to Rasch et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,496,624, issued Mar. 5, 1996 to Stelljes, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,500,277, issued Mar. 19, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,514,523, issued May 7, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,467, 
issued Sep. 10, 1996, to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,724, issued 
Oct. 22, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,790, issued Apr. 29, 
1997 to Trokhan et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,876, issued May 13, 1997 
to Ayers et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by 
reference. 
The tissue paper of the present invention can have two primary regions. The 
first region comprises an imprinted region which is imprinted against the 
framework of a patterned resinous papermaking belt. The imprinted region 
preferably comprises an essentially continuous network. The continuous 
network of the first region of the paper is made on the essentially 
continuous framework of the papermaking belt and will generally correspond 
thereto in geometry and be disposed very closely thereto in position 
during papermaking. 
The second region of the paper comprises a plurality of domes dispersed 
throughout the imprinted network region. The domes generally correspond in 
geometry, and during papermaking in position, to the deflection conduits 
in the belt. The domes protrude outwardly from the essentially continuous 
network region of the paper, by conforming to the deflection conduits 
during the papermaking process, the fibers in the domes are deflected in 
the Z-direction between the paper facing surface of the framework and the 
paper facing surface of the reinforcing structure. Preferably the domes 
are discrete. 
Without being bound by theory, it is believed the domes and essentially 
continuous network regions of the paper may have generally equivalent 
basis weights. By deflecting the domes into the deflection conduits, the 
density of the domes is decreased relative to the density of the 
essentially continuous network region. Moreover, the essentially 
continuous network region (or other pattern as may be selected) may later 
be imprinted as, for example, against a Yankee drying drum. Such 
imprinting increases the density of the essentially continuous network 
region relative to that of the domes. A single ply of the resulting paper 
may be later embossed as is well known in the art. 
The paper according to the present invention may be made according to any 
of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,480, issued Jul. 16, 1985 to 
Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 30 4,637,859, issued Jan. 20, 1987 to Trokhan; U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,364,504, issued Nov. 15, 1994 to Smurkoski et al.; and U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,529,664, issued Jun. 25, 1996 to Trokhan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 
5,679,222 issued Oct. 21, 1997 to Rasch et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 
5,714,041 issued Feb. 3, 1998 to Ayers et al., the disclosures of which 
are incorporated herein by reference. 
The cellulosic paper webs according to the present invention may be made 
according to any of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,480, issued Jul. 
16, 1985 to Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,859, issued Jan. 20, 1987 to 
Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,504, issued Nov. 15, 1994 to Smurkoski et 
al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,664, issued Jun. 25, 1996 to Trokhan et al. 
The cellulosic paper webs may have certain lotions or emollients added, 
for example according to any of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,243, 
issued Nov. 6, 1984 to Allen; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,051 issued Apr. 23, 
1985 to Lavash. The disclosures of all the above-mentioned patents are 
hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
If desired, the paper webs may be dried and made on a through-air drying 
belt not having a patterned framework. Such paper webs may have discrete, 
high density regions and an essentially continuous low density network. 
During or after drying, the cellulosic paper webs may be subjected to a 
differential vacuum to increase its caliper and desensify selected 
regions. Such paper, and the associated belt, may be made according to the 
following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,746, issued Jan. 31, 1967 to 
Sanford et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,905,863, issued Sep. 16, 1975 to Ayers; 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,025, issued Aug. 10, 1976 to Ayers; U.S. Pat. No. 
4,191,609, issued Mar. 4, 1980 to Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,065, issued 
Dec. 16, 1980 to Trokhan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,785 issued Nov. 22, 1994 to 
Sawdai; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,778, issued May 28, 1996 to Sawdai, the 
disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
In yet another embodiment, the reinforcing structure may be a felt, also 
referred to as a press felt as is used in conventional papermaking without 
through-air drying. The framework may be applied to the felt reinforcing 
structure as taught by commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,790, issued 
Aug. 27, 1996 to Phan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,509, issued Sep. 17, 1996 to 
Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,423, issued Dec. 3, 1996 to Ampulski 
et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,725, issued Mar. 11, 1997 to Phan; U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,629,052 issued May 13, 1997 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,637,194, issued Jun. 10, 1997 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,674,663, issued Oct. 7, 1997 to McFarland et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,693,187 issued Dec. 2, 1997 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,775 
issued Jan. 20, 1998 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,307 issued 
Jul. 7, 1998 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,440 issued Aug. 18, 
1998 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,190 issued Sep. 29, 1998 to 
Phan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,377 issued Oct. 6, 1998 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,846,379 issued Dec. 8, 1998 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 
5,855,739 issued Jan. 5, 1999 to Ampulski et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 
5,861,082 issued Jan. 19, 1999 to Ampulski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,887 
issued Feb. 16, 1999 to Trokhan, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,745 
issued Apr. 27, 1999 to Ampulski, et al., the disclosures of which are 
incorporated herein by reference. 
If desired, the tissue paper may have multiple basis weights. Preferably 
the multiple basis weight paper has two or more distinguishable regions: 
regions with a relatively high basis weight, and regions with a relatively 
low basis weight. Preferably the high basis weight regions comprise an 
essentially continuous network. The low basis weight regions may be 
discrete. If desired, the paper according to present invention may also 
comprise intermediate basis weight regions disposed within the low basis 
weight regions. Such paper may be made according to commonly assigned U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,245,025, issued Sep. 14, 1993 to Trokhan et al., the disclosure 
of which is incorporated herein by reference. If the paper has only two 
different basis weight regions, an essentially continuous high basis 
weight region, with discrete low basis weight regions disposed throughout 
the essentially continuous high basis weight region, such paper may be 
made according to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,428 issued Jun. 
18, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,326 issued Jul. 9, 1996 to 
Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,076, issued Aug. 5, 1997 to Trokhan et 
al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,730, issued Oct. 13, 1998 to Phan et al., the 
disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
One may further wish to density selected regions of multiple basis weight 
paper. Such paper will have both multiple density regions and multiple 
basis weight regions. Such paper may be made according to commonly 
assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,761, issued Jan. 11, 1994 to Phan et al.; 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,691, issued Aug. 22, 1995 to Phan et al., and U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,804,036 issued Sep. 8, 1998 to Phan et al., the disclosures of 
which are incorporated herein by reference. 
The wet end papermaking belt used to make the multiple basis weight paper 
may comprise a plurality of protuberances. The protuberances are 
upstanding from the plane of the papermaking belt and are preferably 
discrete. The protuberances obturate drainage through selected regions of 
the papermaking belt, producing low and high basis weight regions in the 
paper respectively. The papermaking belt for use with the present 
invention may be made according to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 
5,503,715, issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Trokhan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,061, 
issued Mar. 25, 1997 to Phan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,281 issued Sep. 
8, 1998 to Phan et at., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein 
by reference. 
If desired, in place of a belt having the patterned framework described 
above, a belt having a jacquard weave may be utilized. Such a belt may be 
utilized as a forming wire, drying fabric, imprinting fabric, transfer 
clothing etc. A jacquard weave is reported in the literature to be 
particularly useful where one does not wish to compress or imprint the 
paper in a nip, such as typically occurs upon transfer to a Yankee drying 
drum. Illustrative belts having a jacquard weave are found in U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,429,686 issued Jul. 4, 1995 to Chiu et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 
5,672,248 issued Sep. 30, 1997 to Wendt et al. 
Preferably, the paper web according to the present invention is blended. By 
being blended, it is meant that the paper web comprises a homogeneous 
mixture of papermaking fibers. The homogeneous mixture preferably 
comprises both softwood and hardwood fibers. The softwood fibers may be 
provided in a range from 50% to 70%, with the balance being hardwood 
fibers. The fibers may be refined using any commercially available process 
and may include recycled fibers. 
Optionally, the paper according to the present invention may be layered. If 
the paper is layered, a multi-channel headbox may be utilized as is known 
in the art. Such a headbox may have two, three, or more channels. Each 
channel may be provided with a different cellulosic fibrous slurry. 
Optionally, the same slurry may be provided in two or more of the 
channels. However, one of ordinary skill will recognize that if all 
channels contain the same furnish a blended paper will result. 
Typically, the paper is layered so that shorter hardwood fibers are on the 
outside to provide a soft tactile sensation to the user. Longer softwood 
fibers are on the inside for strength. Thus, a three-channel headbox may 
produce a single-ply product, having two outer plies comprising 
predominantly hardwood fibers and a central ply comprising predominantly 
softwood fibers. 
Alternatively, a two-channel headbox may produce a paper having one ply of 
predominantly softwood fibers and one ply of predominantly hardwood 
fibers. Such a paper may be joined to another ply of a like paper, so that 
the softwood layers of the resulting two-ply laminate are inwardly 
oriented toward each other and the hardwood layers are outwardly facing. 
In an alternative manufacturing technique, multiple headboxes may be 
utilized in place of a single headbox having multiple channels. In the 
multiple headbox arrangement, the first headbox deposits a discrete layer 
of cellulosic fibers onto the forming wire. The second headbox deposits a 
second layer of cellulosic fibers onto the first. While, of course, some 
intermingling between the layers occurs, a predominantly layered paper 
results. 
Layered paper of constant basis weight may be made according to the 
teachings of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,771, issued Nov. 30, 
1976 to Morgan, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,225,382, issued Sep. 30, 1980 
to Kearney et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,981, issued Nov. 17, 1981 to 
Carstens, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
If desired, the tissue web according to the present invention may be 
softened using chemical debonding techniques as are known in the art. 
Suitable debonders include quaternary and tertiary amine compounds as are 
known in the art. Additionally, silicone softeners may be used. If 
silicone softeners are selected, the silicone may be applied according to 
the teachings of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,282 issued Oct. 22, 
1991 to Ampulski, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,204 issued Feb. 4, 1995 
to Ampulski incorporated herein by reference. Suitable chemical debonders 
may be incorporated according to the teachings of commonly assigned U.S. 
Pat. No. 5,240,562 issued Aug. 31, 1993 to Phan, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 
5,223,096 issued Jun. 29, 1993 to Phan, et al. incorporated herein by 
reference. 
If desired, the chemical softeners may be applied to the surface rather 
than at the wet end of the papermaking machine. If the chemical softeners 
are applied to the surface they may either be applied during the 
papermaking operation or during converting. Suitable processes for 
applying the chemical softeners to the surface of the paper after it is 
formed into an integral web are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. 
No. 5,814,188 issued Sep. 29, 1998 to Vinson, et al. If desired, the 
softening agent may be applied to the surface of the paper web as a 
dispersion comprising the softening active ingredient, a vehicle in which 
the softening active ingredient is dispersed, and an electrolyte dissolved 
in the vehicle, such that the electrolyte causes the viscosity of the 
composition to be less than viscosity of a dispersion in the vehicle 
alone. Optionally, the softening composition may contain a bilayer 
disrupter to fully reduce the viscosity of the softening composition. The 
vehicle may also serve as a carrier that contains a chemical additive and 
aids in delivery of the additive. 
The cellulosic paper webs of the present invention may optionally be 
foreshortened, as known in the art. Foreshortening can be accomplished by 
creping the cellulosic paper webs from a rigid surface, and preferably 
from a cylinder. A Yankee drying drum is commonly used for this purpose. 
Creping is accomplished with a doctor blade as is well known in the art. 
Creping may be accomplished according to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 
4,919,756, issued Apr. 24, 1992 to Sawdai, the disclosure of which is 
incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively or additionally, 
foreshortening may be accomplished via wet microcontraction as taught in 
commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,597, issued Apr. 3, 1984 to Wells et 
al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
If desired, and importantly, to improve the flexibility of the paper, the 
paper web may be mechanically worked. Mechanically working the paper may 
assist in improving softness by imparting flexibility and/or smoothness to 
the paper. 
For example, the paper web may be lightly calendered to impart surface 
smoothness and reduce CD variations. If the paper web is lightly 
calendered, the calendering should not impart significant density 
increases to the paper web, particularly if a through air-dried substrate 
is selected for the paper web. 
If desired, individual plies or two or more plies forming a laminate of a 
paper web according to the present invention may be ring rolled as is 
known in the art. During ring rolling, the paper web is preferably run 
through both machine direction and cross machine direction ring rolling 
activation units. Ring rolling activation units are sets of rolls 
juxtaposed to form a nip therebetween. The rolls have interdigitating 
teeth running either perpendicular or parallel to the web path, depending 
upon whether or not activation is desired in the machine direction or 
cross machine direction, respectively. For the embodiments described 
herein, the rolls were about 8 inches (20.3 cm) in diameter. The machine 
direction activation unit had a tooth engagement of 0.012 inches (0.03 
cm). The cross machine direction activation unit had a tooth engagement of 
0.045 inches (0.114 cm). The ring rolling operation imparts flexibility 
and softness to individual plies or a laminate thereof. Individual ring 
rolled plies may later be combined by embossing and laminating. 
Alternatively or additionally, the paper may be microcreped as is known in 
the art. During the microcreping process, the paper is simultaneously 
foreshortened via rush transfer and constrained in the Z direction. 
Microcreping may be accomplished using equipment available from the Bird 
Machine Company of South Walpole, Mass. 
The paper web may comprise passively bonded fibers. Passively bonded 
hydrophilic fibers include cotton batting formed into a nonwoven web such 
that it can be stored as roll stock for use in the papermaking process. 
Alternatively, passively bonded hydrophilic fibers can comprise natural 
fibers such as cotton fibers or air blown pulp or synthetic fibers such as 
bicomponent fibers composed of polyethylene and polypropylene treated with 
a surfactant in order to provide hydrophilicity. Such natural or synthetic 
fibers can be introduced between the outer cellulosic plies via an air 
forming process. Synthetic fibers may be particularly useful for obtaining 
the upper limits of the wet burst ranges described herein. 
In the air forming process, a first paper web is laid onto an air permeable 
forming wire. The forming wire and web pass through a vacuum section where 
dry cotton or pulp fibers are fed into a moving air system and vacuumed 
onto the first paper web. The forming wire, first paper web, and layer of 
dry fibers exit the vacuuming section and are covered by a second paper 
web. 
The paper web may comprise actively bonded fibers. Actively bonded 
hydrophilic fibers can include wet laid cellulosic webs and nonwovens. Wet 
laid cellulosic webs providing a high caliper, low density, absorbent ply 
can be made by the through air drying process previously described using 
patterned resinous papermaking belts. The wet laid webs may comprise 
single or multiple lamina cellulosic structures. Each web may have three 
or more identifiable regions which may be distinguished from one another 
by intensive properties as taught in U.S. Pat. No 5,843,279 issued Phan et 
al. Dec. 1, 1998 which is incorporated herein by reference. The intensive 
properties that may be used to identify and distinguish different regions 
of the fibrous structure are basis weight, thickness, density and 
projected average pore size. 
Multi-Ply Tissue Products 
The plies of the tissue product of the present invention can be passively 
bonded or a certain amount of adhesive or other active bonding means could 
be added to provide additional adhesion to portions of the component 
plies. For example, needling, embossing, or other thermal or mechanical 
bonding means could be used to actively bond the paper web near some or 
all of the edges of paper web, thereby providing increased resistance to 
undesired delamination of the component plies. 
Joining may also be by ultrasonic bonding or autogeneous bonding as 
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,738 issued Apr. 24, 1990 to Ball et al., 
or other bonding methods known in the art. For example, if the edges of 
the ply or layers are coextensive with the edges of the outer plies, 
adhesive bonding may not provide active bonding, depending on the adhesive 
used, and the surface energy characteristics of the ply. In this case, 
mechanical bonding may be more desirable, for example by mechanical 
bonding at a mechanical bonding station after formation of the multiple 
ply web. 
If desired, multiple plies of the tissue product described and claimed 
herein may be joined and embossed. If desired, the plies may be joined 
together using knob-to-knob embossing as is known in the art and described 
in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,414,459 issued Dec. 3, 1968 to Wells 
and illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. Des. 239,137 issued Mar. 9, 1976 
Appleman, both incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, the 
multiple plies may be embossed using nested embossing as is known in the 
art and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,529 issued Feb. 24, 1976 to 
Hepford and 4,325,773 issued Apr. 20, 1982 to Schulz, incorporated herein 
by reference. Preferably, if embossing is selected the embossing is 
performed via a dual ply lamination process as disclosed in commonly 
assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,294,475 and 5,468,232 issued Nov. 21, 1995 both 
incorporated herein by reference. 
Material Properties 
Tissue products such as disposable towels, toilet tissue, facial tissue, 
napkins and wet wipes manifest various physical characteristics which 
include basis weight and apparent density, both of which have been 
previously defined. Basis weight and apparent density relate to bulkiness 
of the tissue product providing consumer confidence that hands will remain 
dry during use without having to perform compensating actions. For the 
present invention, the entire tissue product can have a basis weight 
ranging from about 18 lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 (30 g/m.sup.2) to about 80 
lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 (130 g/m.sup.2). Preferably, the entire tissue product 
can have a basis weight ranging from 25 lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 (29 g/m.sup.2) 
to about 32 lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 (36 g/m.sup.2). More preferably, the tissue 
product can have a basis weight of about 30 lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 (49 
g/m.sup.2). Moreover, the tissue product of the present invention can have 
an apparent density range having a low limit of about 0.04 g/cm.sup.3 or 
about 0.06 g/cm.sup.3. Likewise, the apparent density range can have a 
high limit of about 0.15 g/cm.sup.3 or of about 0.08 g/cm.sup.3. 
Tissue products according to the present invention preferably have 
sufficient strength to perform their intended tasks. Preferably, the 
tissue products according to the present invention perform their task when 
wetted, so that spills may be wiped and cleaning of hard surfaces may be 
accomplished. For the inventions described herein, the products preferably 
have a wet burst strength ranging from a lower limit of 175 g and 
preferably 200 g, to an upper limit of 800 g, more preferably 600 g, and 
most preferably 400 g. 
It is preferable that the paper web according to the present invention has 
a relatively smooth surface. The relatively smooth surface promotes a soft 
tactile impression to the user, as noted above. For the products described 
herein, at least one face, and preferably both faces of the product, have 
a surface smoothness ranging from a lower limit of about 700 to an upper 
limit of about 1000 and preferably to an upper limit of about 850. 
Preferably the paper product according to the present invention distributes 
and releases only limited amounts of lint in use. If excessive amounts of 
lint are released from the product in use, it may remain on surfaces that 
are attempted to be cleaned, as well as on the face of the user. For the 
embodiments described herein, the lint preferably has a lower limit of 
about 0.5 to about 1. For the embodiments described herein, the lint 
preferably has an upper limit of not more than about 7, more preferably 
not more than about 5, and most preferably not more than about 3. 
Preferably the product according to the present invention has an 
appropriate coefficient of friction. If the coefficient of friction is too 
high, the paper product will be unpleasant for use as a facial tissue. For 
the embodiments described herein, the slip/stick coefficient of friction 
preferably ranges from a lower limit of about 0.01 and more preferably 
from a lower limit of about 0.025 to an upper limit of about 0.05 and more 
preferably to an upper limit of about 0.030. 
For the present invention, the tissue product may have a caliper ranging 
from a lower limit of about 0.008 inches (0.02 cm) or preferably about 
0.013 inches (0.03 cm) to an upper limit of about 0.044 inches (0.011 cm) 
to preferably about 0.026 inches (0.07 cm). 
Softness has been described as a physiologically perceived attribute which 
is generally measured by expert or non-expert panel evaluations. Perceived 
softness can be broken down into two components; bulk softness and surface 
softness. Surface softness has been related to surface texture and 
smoothness while bulk softness has been correlated to mechanical 
properties such as compressibility and resiliency and flexibility. 
High softness requires flexibility. Flexibility is a function of the 
bending stiffness of the material. For the present invention, the 
flexibility of the tissue product was measured in the CD and the MD 
directions. The method used for measuring the flexibility is described 
below. For the present invention, the tissue product may have a particular 
CD bending stiffness and a particular MD bending stiffness. The CD bending 
stiffness and MD bending stiffness are added together as the square root 
of the sum of the squares of the two aforementioned component bending 
stiffnesses. The square root of the sum of the squares of the two 
component bending stiffnesses provides the flexibility of the product. 
Preferably, the products described and claimed herein have a flexibility 
ranging from a lower limit of about 0.02 and preferably about 0.03 
gf*cm.sup.2 /cm to an upper limit of about 0.14 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm and 
preferably about 0.11 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm, provided there are no other 
compensating factors. 
For the paper web described herein, the total laminate, considering all 
plies together, may have a flexibility ranging from a lower limit of about 
0.02 and preferably from about 0.03 to an upper limit of about 0.14 and 
preferably about 0.11 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm. It is to be recognized, however, 
that the upper limit may be extended to about 0.16 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm, 
provided that appropriate compensation is made through the basis weight. 
If the flexibility is extended to an upper limit greater than 0.14 
gf*cm.sup.2 /cm, preferably the basis weight is less than about 25 
lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 so that undue stiffness does not result. 
Products such as disposable towels, toilet tissue, facial tissue, napkins, 
and wet wipes require a certain amount of absorbency. Absorbency includes 
both rate and capacity. Absorbent capacity is a measure of the amount of 
distilled water absorbed and retained by the structure. The method used 
for determining the absorbency of the tissue product is described below. 
For the present invention, the tissue product can have an absorbency range 
with a low limit of about 15 g(water)/g(paper); or about 19 
g(water)/g(paper). The high limit of the absorbency range can be about 30 
g(water)/g(paper), or about 25 g(water)/g(paper). 
The absorbent rate component of absorbency is important to ensure that the 
rate of pick-up is adequate to ensure residual liquids are not left behind 
after wiping with the paper product of the present invention. If the 
absorbent rate is not fast enough, the paper product will not prove 
satisfactory in use for cleaning, etc. For the invention described herein, 
the tissue product may have an absorbent rate ranging from a lower limit 
of about 0.09 and preferably about 0.18 g/second to an upper limit ranging 
from about 0.60 to preferably about 0.35 g/second. 
It has been unexpectedly found that the paper webs according to the present 
invention when, inter alia, using a blended furnish with a cationic 
polyamide resin added in the range of 10 to 30 and preferably 15 to 25 
lbs./ton at the wet end, and a quaternary ammonium softener added in the 
range of 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 8, and more preferably 3 to 6 lbs./ton 
at the wet end, yields a paper web having a wet burst strength of at least 
200 g and even 250 g. The paper product according to the present invention 
is surprisingly lint free. Kymene LX added in the amount of 24 lbs./ton 
and a 50/50 mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, particularly 
dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate (DTDMAMS) and 
polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) available from Union Carbide, added in the 
amount of 3 lbs./ton have been found suitable for this purpose. Kymene 
557H may prophetically be added in place of Kymene LX if one wanted to 
increase the amount of total Kymene addition to the system. Kymene is 
available from the Hercules Chemical Company of Wilmington, Del. 
Analytical Methods 
(a) Sample Conditioning And Preparation 
Samples are placed in a temperature and relative humidity controlled 
location for at least two hours prior to testing. Temperature is 
maintained at 73.degree. (23.degree. C.).+-.2.degree. F. (.+-.1.degree. 
C). Relative humidity is maintained at 50% .+-.2%. All testing is 
conducted under these conditions. 
(b) Wet Burst Strength 
The wet burst strength is measured using an electronic burst tester and the 
following test conditions. The burst tester is a Thwing-Albert Burst 
Tester Cat. No. 177 equipped with a 2000 g load cell. The burst tester is 
supplied by Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 19154, 
U.S.A. 
Take eight paper tissues and stack them in four pairs of two tissues each. 
Using scissors, cut the samples so that they are approximately 228 mm in 
the machine direction and approximately 114 mm in the cross-direction, 
each two finished product units thick. 
First age the samples for two hours by attaching the sample stack together 
with a small paper clip and "fan" the other end of the sample stack to 
separate stack by a clamp in a 107.degree. C. (.+-.3.degree. C.) forced 
draft oven for 5 minutes (.+-.10 seconds). After the heating period, 
remove the sample stack from the oven and cool for a minimum of three 
minutes before testing. 
Take one sample strip, holding the sample by the narrow cross direction 
edges, dipping the center of the sample into a pan filled with about 25 mm 
of distilled water. Leave the sample in the water four (4.0.+-.0.5) 
seconds. Remove and drain for three (3.0.+-.0.5) seconds holding the 
sample so the water runs off in the cross direction. Proceed with the test 
immediately after the drain step. Place the wet sample on the lower ring 
of the sample holding device with the outer surface of the product facing 
up, so that the wet part of the sample completely covers the open surface 
of the sample holding ring. If wrinkles are present, discard the sample 
and repeat with a new sample. After the sample is properly in place on the 
lower ring, turn the switch that lowers the upper ring. The sample to be 
tested is now securely gripped in the sample holding unit. Start the burst 
test immediately at this point by pressing the start button. The plunger 
will begin to rise. At the point when the sample tears or ruptures, report 
the maximum reading. The plunger will automatically reverse and return to 
its original starting position. Repeat this procedure on three more 
samples for a total of four tests, i.e., four replicates. Report the 
results, as an average of the four replicates, to the nearest gram. 
For the present invention, the wet burst strength ranges from a lower limit 
of about 175 and preferably 200 g to an upper limit of 800, more 
preferably 600, and most preferably 400 g. 
(c) Basis Weight 
One stack of 8 plies is made from the preconditioned samples. The stack of 
8 plies is cut into a 4 inch by 4 inch square. A rule die from Acme Steel 
Rule Die Corp. (5 Stevens St. Waterbury Conn., 06714) is used to 
accomplish this cutting. 
For the actual measurement of the weight of the sample, a top loading 
balance with a minimum resolution of 0.01 g is used. The stack of 8 plies 
is laid on the pan of the top loading balance. The balance is protected 
from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. Weights are 
recorded when the readings on the balance become constant. Weights are 
measured in grams. 
The weight reading is divided by the number of plies tested. The weight 
reading is also divided by the area of the sample which is normally 16 
in.sup.2, which is approximately equal to 0.0103 m.sup.2. 
The unit of measure for basis weight as used herein is grams/square meter. 
This is calculated using the 0.0103 m.sup.2 area noted above. 
For the embodiments described herein, the paper web preferably has a basis 
weight ranging from a lower limit of 18 and more preferably from 25 
lbs/3000 ft.sup.2 to an upper limit of 80 and more preferably 32 lbs/3000 
ft.sup.2. 
(d) Caliper 
The samples are cut to a size greater than the size of the foot used to 
measure the caliper. The foot to be used is a circle with an area of 3.14 
in. 
The sample is placed on a horizontal flat surface and confined between the 
flat surface and a load foot having a horizontal loading surface, where 
the load foot loading surface has a circular surface area of about 3.14 
square inches and applies a confining pressure of about 15 g/cm.sup.2 
(0.21 psi) to the sample. The caliper is the resulting gap between the 
flat surface and the load foot loading surface. Such measurements can be 
obtained on a VIR Electronic Thickness Tester Model II available from 
Thwing-Albert, Philadelphia, Pa. The caliper measurement is repeated and 
recorded at least five times. The result is reported in millimeters. 
The sum of the readings recorded from the caliper tests is divided by the 
number of readings recorded. The result is reported in millimeters (mm). 
For the present invention, the tissue product may have a caliper ranging 
from a lower limit of from about 0.008 inches and preferably about 0.013 
inches to an upper limit of about 0.044 inches and preferably about 0.026 
inches. 
(e)(1) Absorbent Capacity 
The absorbent capacity is a measure of the ability of a paper structure, 
while supported horizontally, to hold liquid. The absorbent capacity is 
measured using the following procedure. A full size sheet, preferably at 
least 4 inches (10.2 cm) square, is horizontally supported in a tared 
filament lined basket and weighed to provide the weight of the dry sheet. 
The filaments are Stren brand monofilament fibers having a diameter of 
0.012 inches (0.3 mm) and are spaced on a rectangular pitch of 1.75 inches 
(4.45 cm) in one direction and a pitch of 2 inches (5.1 cm) in the 
perpendicular direction. This rectangular pitch is overlaid with a 
bilateral diagonal array of filaments spaced on a pitch of 1.3 inches (3.3 
cm). The filament lined basket has crossed filaments which serve to 
support the sheet horizontally. The crossed filaments permit unrestricted 
movement of water into and out of the paper sheet. The sheet supported in 
the basket is lowered into a distilled water bath having a temperature of 
73.+-.2.degree. F. (23.degree. C.) for one minute. The basket is then 
raised from the bath so that the sheet is allowed to drain for 1 minute. 
The basket and sheet are then re-weighed to obtain the weight of the water 
absorbed by the sheet. The absorbent capacity, in g(water)/g(paper), is 
calculated by dividing the weight of the water absorbed by the sheet by 
the weight of the dry sheet. The absorbent capacity is reported as an 
average of at least 8 measurements. 
For the products described herein, the tissue product can have an 
absorbency ranging from a lower limit of about 15 and preferably about 19 
g(water)/g(paper) to an upper limit of about 30 and preferably about 25 
g(water)/g(paper). 
(e)(2) Absorbent Rate 
The absorbent rate is a measure of the rate at which a paper structure 
acquires liquid by wicking. The absorbent rate is measured using the 
following procedure. The sample sheet, which is cut into a circular shape 
having a 3-inch diameter is horizontally supported on a tared filament 
tray. The tared filament tray utilizes nylon monofilament fibers available 
from the Berkeley Corporation and having a diameter of 0.069 inches (1.75 
mm). The filaments are spaced on a square pitch of 0.5 inches (1.3 cm). 
Additionally, two perpendicular center filaments are provided and spaced 
on a 0.25 inch pitch (0.6 cm). The weight of the dry sample is determined. 
A vertical tube having a diameter of 0.313 inches (0.80 cm) and holding a 
column of distilled water is provided. The tube is supplied with water 
from a reservoir to provide a convex meniscus adjacent the lip of the 
tube. The water level in the tube is adjustable, such as by a pump, so 
that the meniscus can be raised to contact a sample sheet positioned above 
the lip of the tube. 
The sample sheet supported in the filament tray is positioned above the 
vertical tube, such that the filament tray is about 1/8 inch (0.32 cm) 
above the lip of the tube. The water level in the tube is then varied so 
that the meniscus contacts the sample, after which the pressure used to 
raise the meniscus (about 2 psi) is reduced to zero. The weight of the 
sample sheet is monitored as water is taken up by the sample. Time zero is 
set at the instant when the sample first takes up water (first change in 
balance reading from dry weight). At time equals two seconds (two seconds 
after time zero), the contact between the meniscus and the sample sheet is 
broken by suction (about 2 psi) applied to the water in the tube, and the 
wetted sample weight is recorded. The wetted sample is weighed after 
breaking contact between the meniscus and the sample so as not to include 
surface tension in the weight measurement. 
The absorbent rate is the weight of the wetted sample minus the sample dry 
weight, divided by 2 seconds. The absorbent capacity is reported as an 
average of at least four measurements. 
The absorbent rate is important so that the paper web according to the 
present invention absorbs liquids fast enough to be useful for cleaning 
hard surfaces without leaving residual liquids. For the embodiments 
described herein, the paper web preferably has an absorbent rate of at 
least about 0.09 and preferably at least about 0.18 g/second. The 
embodiments according to the present invention may have an upper limit of 
the absorbent rate of about 0.60 g/second and preferably an upper limit of 
about 0.35 g/second. 
(f) Flexibility 
Equipment for Measuring Flexibility 
Flexibility of the tissue product is measured using a Pure Bending Test to 
determine the bending stiffness using a KES-FB2 Pure Bending Tester. The 
Pure Bending Tester is an instrument in the KES-FB series of Kawabata's 
Evaluation System. The unit is designed to measure basic mechanical 
properties of fabrics, non-wovens, papers and other film-like materials, 
and is available from Kato Tekko Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan. 
The bending property is one of the valuable methods for determining 
stiffness. The cantilever method has been used for measuring the 
properties in the past. The KES-FB2 tester is an instrument used for pure 
bending tests. Unlike the cantilever method, this instrument has a special 
feature whereby the whole tissue product sample is accurately bent in an 
arc of constant radius, and the angle of curvature is changed 
continuously. 
Method for Measuring Flexibility 
Tissue product samples are cut to approximately 15.2.times.20.3 cm in the 
machine and cross machine directions, respectively. Each sample in turn is 
placed in the jaws of the KES-FB2 such that the sample would first be bent 
with the first surface undergoing tension and the second surface 
undergoing compression. In the orientation of the KES-FB2 the first 
surface is right facing and the second surface is left facing. The 
distance between the front moving jaw and the rear stationary jaw is 1 cm. 
The sample is secured in the instrument in the following manner. 
First the front moving chuck and the rear stationary chuck are opened to 
accept the sample. The sample is inserted midway between the top and 
bottom of the jaws. The rear stationary chuck is then closed by uniformly 
tightening the upper and lower thumb screws until the sample is snug, but 
not overly tight. The jaws on the front stationary chuck are then closed 
in a similar fashion. The sample is adjusted for squareness in the chuck, 
then the front jaws are tightened to insure the sample is held securely. 
The distance (d) between the front chuck and the rear chuck is 1 cm. 
The output of the instrument is load cell voltage (Vy) and curvature 
voltage 5 (Vx). The load cell voltage is converted to a bending moment (M) 
normalized for sample width in the following manner: 
EQU Moment (M, gf*cm.sup.2 /cm)=(Vy*Sy*d)/W 
where Vy is the load cell voltage, 
Sy is the instrument sensitivity in gf*cm/V, 
d is the distance between the chucks, 
and W is the sample width in centimeters. 
The sensitivity switch of the instrument is set at 5.times.1. Using this 
setting the instrument is calibrated using two 50 g weights. Each weight 
is suspended from a thread. The thread is wrapped around the bar on the 
bottom end of the rear stationary chuck and hooked to a pin extending from 
the front and back of the center of the shaft. One weight thread is 
wrapped around the front and hooked to the back pin. The other weight 
thread is wrapped around the back of the shaft and hooked to the front 
pin. Two pulleys are secured to the instrument on the right and left side. 
The top of the pulleys are horizontal to the center pin. Both weights are 
then hung over the pulleys (one on the left and one on the right) at the 
same time. The full scale voltage is set at 10 V. The radius of the center 
shaft is 0.5 cm. Thus the resultant full scale sensitivity (Sy) for the 
Moment axis is 100 gf*0.5 cm/10V (5 gf*cm/V). 
The output for the Curvature axis is calibrated by starting the measurement 
motor and manually stopping the moving chuck when the indicator dial 
reached 1.0 cm-1. The output voltage (Vx) is adjusted to 0.5 volts. The 
resultant sensitivity (Sx) for the curvature axis is 2/(volts*cm). The 
curvature (K) is obtained in the following manner: 
EQU Curvature (K, cm-1)=Sx*Vx 
where Sx is the sensitivity of the curvature axis 
and Vx is the output voltage 
For determination of the bending stiffness the moving chuck is cycled from 
a curvature of 0 cm.sup.-1 to +1 cm.sup.-1 to -1 cm.sup.-1 to 0 cm.sup.-1 
at a rate of 0.5 cm.sup.-1 /sec. Each sample is cycled continuously until 
four complete cycles are obtained. The output voltage of the instrument is 
recorded in a digital format using a personal computer. A typical output 
for a bending stiffness test is shown in FIG. 4. At the start of the test 
there is no tension on the sample. As the test begins the load cell begins 
to experience a load as the sample is bent. The initial rotation is 
clockwise when viewed from the top down on the instrument. 
In the forward bend the first surface of the fabric is described as being 
in tension and the second surface is being compressed. The load continued 
to increase until the bending curvature reached approximately +1 cm.sup.-1 
(this is the Forward Bend (FB). At approximately +1 cm.sup.-1 the 
direction of rotation is reversed. During the return the load cell reading 
decreases. This is the Forward Bend Return (FR). As the rotating chuck 
passes 0 curvature begins in the opposite direction, that is the sheet 
side now compresses and the no-sheet side extends. The Backward Bend (BB) 
extended to approximately -1 cm.sup.-1 at which the direction of rotation 
is reversed and the Backward Bend Return (BR) is obtained. 
The data are analyzed in the following manner. A linear regression line is 
obtained between approximately 0.2 and 0.7 cm.sup.-1 for the Forward Bend 
(FB) and the Forward Bend Return (FR). A linear regression line is 
obtained between approximately -0.2 and -0.7cm.sup.-1 for the Backward 
Bend (BB) and the Backward Bend Return (BR). The slope of the line is the 
Bending Stiffness (B). It has units of gf*cm.sup.2 /cm. 
This is obtained for each of the four cycles for each of the four segments. 
The slope of each line is reported as the Bending Stiffness (B). It has 
units of gf*cm.sup.2 /cm. The Bending Stiffness of the Forward Bend is 
noted as BFB. The individual segment values for the four cycles are 
averaged and reported as an average BFB, BFR, BBF, BBR. Two separate 
samples in the MD and the CD are run. Values for the two samples are 
averaged together using the square root of the sum of the squares. 
(g) Surface Smoothness 
The surface smoothness of a side of a paper web is measured based upon the 
method for measuring physiological surface smoothness (PSS) set forth in 
the 1991 International paper Physics Conference. TAPPI Book 1, article 
entitled "Methods for the Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of 
Tissue Paper" by Ampulski et al. found at page 19, which article is 
incorporated herein by reference. The PSS measurement as used herein is 
the point by point sum of amplitude values as described in the above 
article. The measurement procedures set forth in the article are also 
generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,282 issued to Ampulski et al., 
which patents are incorporated herein by reference. 
For purposes of testing the paper samples of the present invention, the 
method for measuring PSS in the above article is used to measure surface 
smoothness, with the following procedural modifications: 
Instead of importing digitized data pairs (amplitude and time) into SAS 
software for 10 samples, as described in the above article, the Surface 
Smoothness measurement is made by acquiring, digitizing, and statistically 
processing data for the 10 samples using LABVIEW brand software available 
from national Instruments of Austin, Tex. Each amplitude spectrum is 
generated using the "Amplitude and Phase Spectrum.vi" module in the 
LABVIEW software package, with "Amp Spectrum Mag Vrms" selected as the 
output spectrum. An output spectrum is obtained for each of the 10 
samples. 
Each output spectrum is then smoothed using the following weight factors in 
LABVIEW: 0.000246, 0.000485, 0.00756, 0.062997. These weight factors are 
selected to imitate the smoothing provided by the factors 0.0039, 0.0077, 
0.120, 1.0 specified in the above article for the SAS program. 
After smoothing, each spectrum is filtered using the frequency filters 
specified in the above article. The value of PSS, in microns, is then 
calculated, as described in the above mentioned article, for each 
individually filtered spectrum. The surface smoothness of the side of a 
paper web is the average of the 10 PSS values measured from the 10 samples 
taken from the same side of the paper web. Similarly, the surface 
smoothness of the opposite side of the paper web can be measured. If the 
surface smoothness of either external face of the tissue product according 
to the present invention falls within the limits specified herein, the 
entire product is deemed to fall within such limits. 
For the products described herein, at least one face, and preferably both 
faces, of the product have a surface smoothness ranging from a lower limit 
of about 700 to an upper limit of about 1000 and preferably to an upper 
limit of about 850. 
(h) Lint 
Lint is measured in accordance with the procedure set forth in commonly 
assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,188 issued Sep. 29, 1998 to Vinson et al., 
and incorporated herein by reference. For the embodiments described 
herein, the lint is preferably kept very low, although processing 
difficulties may result if the lint is to be kept particularly low. For 
the embodiments described herein, the lint preferably has a lower limit of 
0.5 to 1. For the embodiments described herein, the lint preferably has an 
upper limit of not more than 7, more preferably not more than 5, and most 
preferably not more than 3. 
(i) Slip/Stick Coefficient of Friction 
Slip-and-stick coefficient of friction (S&S COF) is defined as the mean 
deviation of the coefficient of friction. Like the coefficient of 
friction, it is also dimensionless. This test is performed on a KES-4BF 
surface analyzer with a modified friction probe. The surface tester was 
obtained from KATO TECH CO., LTD., Karato-Cho, Nishikiyo, Minami-Ku, 
Koyota, Japan. The instrument consists of a surface probe attached to a 
force transducer which detects the horizontal force on the probe as the 
tissue is moved under the detection surface. The tissue moves at a 
constant rate of 1 mm/second. It is found that the standard KES friction 
surface probe, a series of metal wires, is not sensitive to detecting 
differences in tissue samples. The sensitivity is therefore increased by 
replacing the wires with a two centimeter diameter 40 to 60 micron glass 
frit. It is found that the microscopically rough surface is desirable, 
since it could interact with the tissue surface fibers much like a finger. 
The glass frit is found to be a workable compromise between obtaining a 
suitable signal and not tearing the tissue. The normal force of the probe 
is 12.5 grams. A typical friction tracing is shown in FIG. 2 for a 
conventional tissue sample. 
In the analysis, as the sample is scanned, the instrument senses the 
lateral force on the probe and integrates the force, as the tissue moves 
under the probe. This force is called the frictional force. The ratio of 
the frictional force to the stylus weight is the coefficient of friction, 
u. The KES instrument also solves the following equation to determine the 
S&S COF for each scan of each sample. 
##EQU1## 
in which, u is the ratio of the frictional force to the probe loading u is 
the average value of u; and 
X is 20 mm. 
The samples were scanned in both the forward and reverse direction. The 
average values from the forward and reverse scans of multiple samples were 
obtained and reported. 
For the embodiments described herein, the slip/stick coefficient of 
friction preferably ranges from a lower limit of about 0.01 and more 
preferably from a lower limit of about 0.025 to an upper limit of about 
0.05 and more preferably to an upper limit of about 0.030. 
(j) Density 
Density is the ratio of the basis weight to the caliper, both being 
measured as described above.

EXAMPLE I 
Tissue paper sheets of the present invention are made according to the 
following process on a pilot scale Fourdrinier papermaking machine. 
First, a 1% solution of a chemical softener is prepared according to the 
following procedure: 1. Equivalent molar concentrations of dihydrogenated 
tallow dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate (DTDMAMS) and a polyhydroxy 
plasticizer, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 400 
(PEG-400), is weighed; 2. The PEG is heated to about 150.degree. F.; 3. 
The DTDMAMS is dissolved into the PEG to form a molten solution; 4. Shear 
stress is applied to form a homogeneous mixture of the DTDMAMS in PEG; 5. 
Dilution water is heated up to about 150.degree. F.; 6. The molten mixture 
of DTDMAMS/PEG-400 is diluted to a 1% solution; and 7. Shear stress is 
applied to form an aqueous solution containing a vesicle suspension of the 
DTDMAMS/PEG400 mixture. 
Second, a 3% by weight aqueous slurry of NSK is made in a conventional 
re-pulper. The NSK slurry is refined and a 2% solution of Kymene LX is 
added to the NSK stock pipe at a rate of 1.2% by weight of the dry fibers. 
The absorption of Kymene LX to NSK is enhanced via an in-line mixer. A 1% 
solution of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is added after the in-line 
mixer at a rate of 0.325% by weight of the dry fibers to enhance the dry 
strength of the fibrous substrate. The absorption of CMC to NSK could 
optionally have been enhanced via an in-line mixer. Then, a 1% solution of 
the chemical softener mixture (DTDMAMS/PEG) is added to the NSK slurry at 
a rate of 0.15% by weight of the dry fibers. The absorption of the 
chemical softener mixture to NSK could optionally have been enhanced via 
an in-line mixer. The NSK slurry is diluted to 0.2% via the fan pump. 
Third, a 3% by weight aqueous slurry of Eucalyptus is made in a 
conventional re-pulper. A 1% solution of the chemical softener is added to 
the EUC stock pipe at a rate of 0.15% by weight of the dry fibers. The 
absorption of the chemical softener mixture to EUC could optionally have 
been enhanced via an in-line mixer. The EUC slurry is diluted to 0.2% via 
the fan pump. 
The treated furnish mixture (60% of NSK/40% of EUC) is blended in the head 
box and deposited onto a Fourdrinier wire to form an embryonic web. 
Dewatering occurs through the Fourdrinier wire and is assisted by a 
deflector and vacuum boxes. The Fourdrinier wire is of a 5-shed, satin 
weave configuration having 84 machine-direction and 76 
cross-machine-direction monofilaments per inch, respectively. The 
embryonic wet web is transferred from the Fourdrinier wire, at a fiber 
consistency of about 22% at the point of transfer, to a photo-polymer 
fabric having 562 cells per square inch, 44 percent knuckle area and 12.3 
mils of photo-polymer depth. Further de-watering is accomplishing by 
vacuum assisted drainage until the web has a fiber consistency of about 
28%. The patterned web is pre-dried by air through drying. The web is then 
adhered to the surface of a Yankee dryer with a sprayed creping adhesive 
comprising of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The fiber consistency is increased 
to an estimated 99% before dry creping the web with a doctor blade. The 
dry web is formed into a roll at a speed of about 660 fpm (201 meters per 
minute). The dry web contains 0.075% by weight of DTDMAMS, 0.075% by 
weight of PEG-400, 0.5% by weight Kymene LX and 0.1% by weight CMC. 
A softening formula comprising 40% esterified tallow based biodegradable 
quaternary amine softener available from Goldschmidt, 39% water, 190% 
polyethylene glycol PEG-400 available from Union Carbide, and 1% Neodol 
91-8 surfactant available from Shell Chemical Company, and approximately 
1% other process additives commonly used in papermaking. The softening 
formula is applied at a rate of 25 lbs/ton, via extrusion onto the wire 
side of each ply of the finished web. 
Each ply was lightly calendered, then ring rolled using both machine 
direction and cross machine direction activation. The ring rolling units 
each included a pair of 8-inch rolls juxtaposed together to form a nip 
therebetween. The machine direction activation unit had an engagement of 
0.012 inches (0.03 cm). The cross machine direction activation unit had an 
engagement of 0.045 inches (0.11 cm). 
The two plies were then joined wire-side out into a unitary paper product 
by knob-to-knob embossing and laminated together using PVA adhesive on the 
embossing rolls. The resulting product is soft, flexible, absorbent and 
has high wet burst strength. 
EXAMPLE II 
Two paper webs are made according to the process described in Example 1. 
Each ply of the paper web then has the chemical softener applied by slot 
extrusion in the amount of 35 lbs./ton of finished product. Then contact 
cement adhesive was sprayed onto the inner surface of one ply. 3M spray 
mount artist adhesive (NJ Trade Secret Registry No. TSRN 04499600-6201P) 
was suitably used for this purpose. The plies are then joined together 
with light pressure. The resulting laminate was then ring rolled using the 
apparatus of Example I. 
The resulting product was softer than that of Example I above. While the 
surface softness characteristics were about the same, the product of 
Example II exhibited greater flexibility. Also, the product of Example II 
was stronger but exhibited somewhat higher lint characteristics. The 
difference in flexibility between the products of Examples I and II are 
believed to be attributable to the differences in adhesive and the timing 
of the ring rolling operation. 
Table 1 below provides the names of various commercially available paper 
towel, facial tissue and bath tissue products in Column A. Column A also 
provides products made according to the invention, particularly Examples I 
and II above in the last two rows, respectively. Column B provides the wet 
burst strength according to Method B above. Columns C through H provide 
the Basis Weight, Caliper, Absorbent Capacity, Absorbent Rate, 
Flexibility, Smoothness, Lint, and Slip/Stick Coefficient of Friction, all 
measured according to Analytical Test Methods C through H as described 
above. 
The wet burst strength of typical bath tissue products is too low to 
measure. The flexibility of most tissue products is so low as to be 
typically less than 0.1 gf*cm.sup.2 /cm. The smoothness of most facial 
tissue products and bath tissue products is typically less than 1000. 
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated 
and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that 
various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from 
the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended to cover in the 
appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the 
scope of the invention. 
TABLE 1 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Basis Absorbent 
Absorbent Slip/Stick 
Wet Burst 
Weight 
Caliper 
Capacity 
Rate Flexibility Coefficient of 
Sample (g) (lbs/3000 ft.sup.2) 
(mils) 
g(water)/g(paper) 
(g/sec) 
(gf*cm.sup.2 /cm) 
Smoothness 
Lint 
Friction 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Bounty 360 26.3 27.4 
25.2 0.55 0.282 1148.50 
0.6 
0.048 
Bounty Rinse & Reuse 
514 32.5 31.5 
25.4 0.68 0.377 
Viva 418 42.6 28.7 
15.3 0.32 0.213 1218.5 0.046 
Scott (embossed) 
210 26.0 32.4 
12.8 0.12 0.347 
Mardi Gras 126 32.2 29.1 
14.9 0.27 0.238 
Hi Dri 105 21.2 28.0 
19.2 0.20 0.125 
Brawny 182 30.6 25.5 
13.3 0.24 0.227 
Sparkle 193 28.3 22.6 
14.5 0.40 0.218 
Viva Job Squad 
494 50.3 33.2 
15.5 0.38 
Tempo 194 37.3 24.4 
11.17 0.186 762.2 0.018 
Charmin 20 17.6 11.2 
21.43 8.3 
Charmin Ultra 
35 24.5 17.6 
25.72 4.7 
Charmin Plus 23.6 18.9 
17.16 
Northern 18.7 11.9 
18.59 1.3 
Northern Ultra 26.2 17.9 
18.86 4.4 
Kleenex Cottonelle Gentle 
16.3 16.8 
23.43 0.053 797.5 9.5 
0.040 
Texture 
Kleenex Cottonelle Now 
17.10 9.5 18.70 9.4 
Softer 
Kleenex Cottonelle Ultra 
13 23.3 13.8 
16.46 9.6 
Soft 
Soft `N Gentle 19.0 11.0 
24.53 1.5 
Angel Soft 19.0 9.7 18.80 1.7 
Scott 10.9 5.2 25.57 0.6 
Charmin Double Roll 
23 16.8 9.1 23.04 8.9 
Charmin Ultra Double Roll 
37 23.7 14.7 
24.65 4.7 
Charmin Triple Roll 
23 15.0 6.2 23.23 7.7 
Northern Double Roll 
18.5 7.5 17.54 1.6 
Northern Ultra Double Roll 
26.2 13.6 
17.78 4.8 
Kleenex Cottonelle Gentle 
16.5 10.5 
22.02 10.6 
Texture Double Roll 
Kleenex Cottonelle Now 
17.0 8.8 19.30 6.1 
Softer Double Roll 
Kleenex Cottonelle Ultra 
10.5 23.2 14.0 
16.72 8.4 
Soft Double Roll 
Angel Soft Double Roll 
19.3 7.2 20.25 1.3 
Puffs Everyday 
50 18.3 16.6 0.08 8.6 
Puffs Plus 107 24.0 23.1 6.2 
New Puffs Plus 
127 28.1 27.1 10 
Puffs Advanced Extra 
145.1 
25.3 26.4 
20.88 0.287 
0.059 735.4 10.04 
0.21 
Strength 
Kleenex 40.3 17.6 15.2 2.9 
Kleenex Cold Care Ultra 
67.9 25.4 20.6 2.3 
Comfort 
Kleenex Cold Care With 
56.6 27.5 20.7 1.6 
Lotion 
Kleenex Cold Care With 
62 25.9 24 4.1 
Menthol 
Kleenex Cold Care Extra 
72 25.6 19.7 1.1 
Large 
Scotties 2-Ply 
39.1 19.1 15.8 0.1 
Scotties 3-Ply 
40.0 28.0 20.6 1.7 
Invention Example 1 
214 28.3 17.7 
17.9 0.18 0.108 814.2 1.1 
0.028 
Invention Example 2 
254 26.9 15.9 
19.1 0.09 0.072 817 6.8 
0.027 
__________________________________________________________________________