Passive radar identification device

An identification device that provides identification information is described. This identification device includes a set of radar reflectors that reflect radar signals having a fundamental wavelength. The set of radar reflectors may be arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. For example, the set of radar reflectors may be passive and retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Moreover, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals. During operation, the identification device may receive the radar signals, and then may selectively reflecting the radar signals using the set of radar reflectors to provide the identification information.

BACKGROUND

Field

The described embodiments relate to an identification device with a set of radar reflectors (such as retrodirective antennas) arranged in a pattern corresponding to identification information.

Related Art

Electromagnetic waves in a radio frequency band (which is henceforth referred to as ‘radar’) can be used to determine information about one or more objects in an environment. For example, continuous or pulsed radar signals having a fundamental wavelength in the radio frequency band may be transmitted, and reflected radar signals from an object may be received. These reflected radar signals may be analyzed to determine the information, such as a range, an angle and/or a velocity of the object.

In order to facilitate tracking and to prevent friendly fire incidents, many civilian and military aircraft include radar-based identification systems. For example, in identification friend or foe (IFF), a transponder listens from an incoming interrogation signal and then, in response, sends a unique response signal that identifies the broadcaster. Similarly, in the air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS), a transponder in an aircraft responds to an incoming radar signal from a ground-based antenna with a return signal that conveys identification information about the aircraft.

However, many existing radar-based identification systems, such as IFF and ATCRBS, are active systems, in which a transponder broadcasts or transmits a response signal. While this approach can improve the speed and robustness of identification (such as at long range and in a variety of environmental conditions), it often increases the complexity, power consumption and cost of these radar-based identification systems.

SUMMARY

An identification device that provides identification information is described. This identification device may include a set of radar reflectors that reflect radar signals having a fundamental wavelength. The set of radar reflectors may be arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. Moreover, the set of radar reflectors may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Furthermore, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals.

For example, the set of radar reflectors may include passive antennas.

Moreover, the regions may include radar reflectors in the set of radar reflectors and the second regions may exclude the radar reflectors. Alternatively or additionally, the regions may include radar reflectors in the set of radar reflectors and the second regions may include radar absorbers and/or may be coupled to ground.

Note that in some embodiments the second regions do scatter the radar signals. For example, the second regions may include radar scatterers.

In some embodiments, the regions may include radar reflectors in the set of radar reflectors and second regions include may radar reflectors in a second set of radar reflectors. The second set of radar reflectors may reflect radar signals having a second fundamental wavelength that is different from the fundamental wavelength. For example, the second set of radar reflectors may include a material that detunes the second fundamental wavelength from the fundamental wavelength. Notably, the material may change an impedance of the second set of radar reflectors.

Furthermore, the pattern may be one dimensional (e.g., the set of radar reflectors may be arranged along a line) or two dimensional (e.g., the set of radar reflectors may be arranged in a plane).

Additionally, the identification device may include a control circuit that provides electrical signals to the set of radar reflectors that dynamically configure the pattern. In some embodiments, the identification device may include: an antenna; and an interface circuit that wirelessly communicates with another electronic device. During operation, the identification device may: receive, via the interface circuit and the antenna, information that specifies the pattern; and provide the pattern to the control circuit.

Note that in some embodiments the pattern may be static.

Another embodiment provides a container or a vehicle that includes the identification device.

Another embodiment provides a method for providing identification information. During the method, an identification device may receive radar signals having a fundamental wavelength. Then, the identification device may selectively reflect the radar signals using a set of radar reflectors arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. The set of radar reflectors may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Moreover, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An identification device that provides identification information is described. This identification device includes a set of radar reflectors that reflect radar signals having a fundamental wavelength. The set of radar reflectors may be arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. For example, the set of radar reflectors may be passive and retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Moreover, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals. During operation, the identification device may receive the radar signals, and then may selectively reflecting the radar signals using the set of radar reflectors to provide the identification information.

By providing spatially modulated reflected radar signals corresponding to the pattern, the identification device can provide the identification information. Moreover, because the identification information is provided passively, the identification device may have reduced size, complexity, power consumption and/or cost relative to existing radar-based identification systems. Consequently, the identification device may expand the types of applications in which radar-based identification can be used.

In the discussion that follows, radar is used as an illustrative example of the identification technique. For example, the radar may involve radar signals having a fundamental or carrier frequency of 24 GHz, 77-81 GHz or 140 GHz (which corresponds to the fundamental or carrier wavelength of 0.01249 m, 3.8934-3.7011 mm or 2.1414 mm), and/or another electromagnetic signal having a fundamental frequency in the radio or microwave frequency band. Moreover, the radar signals may be continuous wave and/or pulsed, may modulated (such as using frequency modulation or pulse modulation) and/or may be polarized. In particular, the radar signals may be frequency-modulated continuous-wave, pulse-modulated continuous-wave, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), etc. However, a wide variety of signals may be used in conjunction with or to implement the identification technique, either instead of or in addition to the radar signals. For example, the signals may include: electromagnetic waves or light in the visible spectrum or a visible frequency band (such as at least a frequency between 430 and 770 THz or at least a wavelength between 390 and 700 nm), infrared signals, sonar signals, etc. In some embodiments, the signals used in conjunction with or to implement the identification technique may include Lidar.

Moreover, in the discussion that follows, an electronic device that provides and receives radar signals may communicate using one or more of a wide variety of communication protocols. For example, the communication may involve wired and/or wireless communication. Consequently, the communication protocols may include: an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard (which is sometimes referred to as ‘Wi-Fi®,’ from the Wi-Fi Alliance of Austin, Tex.), Bluetooth® (from the Bluetooth Special Interest Group of Kirkland, Wash.), another type of wireless interface (such as another wireless-local-area-network interface), a cellular-telephone communication protocol (e.g., a 3G/4G/5G communication protocol, such as UMTS, LTE), an IEEE 802.3 standard (which is sometimes referred to as ‘Ethernet’), another communication protocol, etc.

We now describe some embodiments of an identification technique.FIG. 1presents a drawing illustrating an example of an environment100that includes an electronic device110. This electronic device may transmit radar signals112having a fundamental wavelength (such as a wavelength in a radio frequency band), and may receive reflected radar signals114having the fundamental wavelength from one or more objects in environment100, such as identification device116. For example, electronic device110may include one or more transmitters in one or more transceivers (T/R)118that provided electrical signals to one or more transmit antennas120, which radiate the corresponding radar signals112. Moreover, reflected radar signals114may be received by one or more receive antennas122, which provide corresponding electrical signals to one or more receivers in the one or more transceivers118.

While separate transmit antennas120and receive antennas122are illustrated inFIG. 1, in some embodiments at least some antennas may be shared between transmit and receive operations (i.e., duplex operation). Moreover, in some embodiments, electronic device110may use a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operating mode. Notably, the one or more transmitters120may concurrently output electrical signals to transmit antennas120. These electrical signals may be encoded by the one or more transmitters in the one or more transceivers118so that they are orthogonal to each other. Moreover, the one or more receivers in the one or more transceivers118may concurrently receive the electrical signals corresponding to reflected radar signals114from receive antennas122. Furthermore, during analysis of the received electronic signals, electronic device110may use pairs of transmit antennas120and receive antennas122(or, equivalently, pairs of electrical signals corresponding to pairs of transmit antennas120and receive antennas122) to create a virtual antenna array with virtual antennas, where a given pair may include or correspond to a given transmit antenna and a given receive antenna. For example, if there are M transmit antennas120and N receive antennas122(where M and N are non-zero integers), then there may be M×N pairs in the analysis of the received electrical signals. In the process, the virtual antenna array may effectively have an increased number of virtual antennas (relative to the number of transmit antennas120and receive antennas122). Stated differently, the virtual antenna array may have a larger or an increased aperture. Consequently, the virtual antenna array may have an enhanced spatial resolution relative to a spatial resolution corresponding to the separations between adjacent transmit antennas120and/or adjacent receive antennas122.

As noted previously, it can be difficult to identify objects in environment100without using an active transponder. In order to address this challenge, identification device116may facilitate passive reflection of radar signals114with a spatial modulation that conveys identification information. As discussed further below with reference toFIG. 5, this identification information may be used to identify and/or facilitate tracking of an object in environment100, such as a shipping container (which is sometimes referred to as a ‘container’).

Notably, as described further below with reference toFIGS. 2-4, identification device116may include a set of radar reflectors128that reflect radar signals114having the fundamental wavelength. The set of radar reflectors128may be arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. Moreover, the set of radar reflectors128may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal (such as one of radar signals112) back along its prior direction of propagation (e.g., towards electronic device110). Furthermore, the pattern may include regions that reflect radar signals112and second regions that do not reflect or scatter radar signals112. This varying pattern of reflection may provide the spatial modulation in reflected radar signals114that conveys the identification information. For example, reflected radar signals114from the regions that reflect radar signals112may convey or correspond to binary ‘1s’, while the absence of reflected radar signals from the second regions may convey binary ‘0s’. Note that the pattern of the set of radar reflectors128may be one dimensional (e.g., the set of radar reflectors128may be arranged along a line, such as in a linear array) or, as illustrated inFIG. 1, two dimensional (e.g., the set of radar reflectors128may be arranged in a plane).

In this way, identification device116may facilitate passive identification, tracking, and/or the conveying of information about an object that includes identification device116. For example, in addition to identification information, the pattern may correspond to a shipping manifest (such as a source or destination), cargo contents, information associated with a Department of Transportation hazardous material placard, etc.

FIG. 2presents a drawing illustrating a front view of an example of an identification device200, which may be an example of identification device116(FIG. 1). Identification device200may include a set of radar reflectors210that reflect radar signals112(FIG. 1) having the fundamental wavelength. The set of radar reflectors210may be arranged in a pattern212corresponding to the identification information. This pattern may include regions214that reflect radar signals and regions216that do not reflect or scatter radar signals. For example, regions214may each include a radar reflector in the set of radar reflectors210(such as a square radar reflector, e.g., 2×2 in2), and regions216each may not include or may exclude a radar reflector in the set of radar reflectors210(i.e., there may be an absence of a radar reflector or a null in each of regions216).

Moreover, as shown in the inset, which presents a side view of one of the set of radar reflectors210in identification device200, the set of radar reflectors210may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector (R. R.) reflects a radar signal220back along its prior direction of propagation as reflected radar signals222. In some embodiments, the set of radar reflector210may include passive antennas.

In some embodiments, other techniques may be used to implement regions216that do not reflect or scatter radar signals (and, thus, that help to create pattern212or the spatial modulation of the reflected radar signals provided by the embodiments identification device). As shown inFIG. 3, which presents a drawing illustrating a front view of an example of an identification device300(and which may be an example of identification device116inFIG. 1), regions216may include radar absorbers310(such as a material that absorbs radar signals at the fundamental wavelength). In some embodiments regions216do scatter the radar signals. For example, regions216may include radar scatterers instead of or in addition to radar absorbers310. Alternatively or additionally, regions216may, at least in part, be coupled to ground. For example, as shown in the inset, which presents a side view of one of the set of radar reflectors210in identification device300, coupling312a layer314(such as a metal layer) in a radar reflector210-1to ground plane316may at least partially disable radar reflector210-1.

Furthermore, as shown inFIG. 4, which presents a drawing illustrating an example of a front view of an identification device400(and which may be an example of identification device116inFIG. 1), regions216may include radar reflectors in a second set of radar reflectors410. The second set of radar reflectors410may reflect radar signals having a second fundamental wavelength that is different from the fundamental wavelength. For example, as shown in the inset, which presents a side view of one of the set of radar reflectors410in identification device400, the second set of radar reflectors410may include a material412(such as a plastic film or layer) that detunes the second fundamental wavelength from the fundamental wavelength. Notably, material412may change an impedance of the second set of radar reflectors, such as an impedance of radar reflector410-1.

In some embodiments, pattern212is static. However, in other embodiments, pattern may be dynamically configured or adjusted. Referring back toFIG. 2, in some embodiments identification device222may optionally include a control circuit224(such as an integrated circuit and/or a processor) that provides electrical signals to the set of radar reflectors210(via one or more signal lines or connectors, which are not shown) to dynamically configure the set of radar reflectors210to have pattern212. For example, in response to the electrical signals, one or more of the set of radar reflectors210may be selectively enabled or disabled, such as by selectively coupling at least a portion of the set of radar reflectors210(such as a metal layer) to ground.

Moreover, in some embodiments, pattern212may optionally be remotely configured (such as by electronic device110inFIG. 1) using wireless communication. For example, identification device200may include: one or more wireless antennas226; and an interface circuit228that wirelessly communicates with another electronic device (such as with radio124and one or more wireless antennas126in electronic device110inFIG. 1). During operation, identification device200may: receive, via interface circuit228and the one or more wireless antennas226, information that specifies pattern212. In response, interface circuit228may provide pattern212(or electrical signals that specify pattern212) to control circuit224(via one or more signal lines or connectors, not shown), so that control circuit224can dynamically configure the set of radar reflectors210.

The set of radar reflectors210, the transmit antennas120(FIG. 1) and/or the receive antennas122(FIG. 2) may include single or multiple radiators. In general, the set of radar reflectors210, the transmit antennas120and/or the receive antennas122may have the same or different sizes. Moreover, the set of radar reflectors210, the transmit antennas120and/or the receive antennas122may incorporate the same or different number and/or configurations of radiators.

Furthermore, the set of radar reflectors210, the transmit antennas120and the receive antennas122may be implemented using a wide variety of antenna structures and fabrication techniques, including multi-layer printed circuit board antennas with: microstrip feed lines and patch radiators (such as patch radiators with Koch and Sierpinski fractal shapes), electromagnetic band-gap structures, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feed lines and SIW slotted radiators, coplanar waveguide feed lines with SIW slotted radiators and/or other types of feed and radiator structures. In some embodiments, the set of radar reflectors210, the transmit antennas120and/or the receive antennas122include high-gain antennas.

In some embodiments, the transmit antennas120have 6-30 dB gain, a beam width between a few degrees and 180°, a transmit power of up to 12 dBm, and an effective range of 200-250 m.

In some embodiments, the transmit antennas120may include12transmit antennas arranged along a horizontal (azimuth) and a vertical (elevation) directions. Moreover, the receive antennas122may include16receive antennas arranged along the horizontal and vertical directions. Consequently, in embodiments that have a MIMO operating mode, there may be 12×16 or 192 pairs. However, these numerical values are for illustrative purposes, and in other embodiments different numerical values may be used.

Moreover, while electronic device110(FIG. 1) is illustrated with one or more transceivers118(FIG. 1), in other embodiments the one or more transceivers118may be replaced with one or more transmitters and one or more receivers (i.e., separate transmit and receive components).

While processing the received reflected radar signals, electronic device110may perform additional operations to extract or determine information (such as the identification information). For example, electronic device110may perform windowing or filtering, one or more Fourier or discrete Fourier transforms (with at least 128 or 256 bits), peak detection, etc. In some embodiments, a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) technique is used to identify or determine whether a peak in the received reflected radar signals114(FIG. 1) is significant. Notably, electronic device110may calculate statistical metrics (such as a mean and a standard deviation) for a given range, and electronic device110may determine if a given peak is significant based on the calculated statistical metrics at different ranges. This approach may allow electronic device110to statistically identify or determine information associated with an object (such as identification device116inFIG. 1).

Moreover, electronic device110may extract a signature associated with the object from the received reflected radar signals114. The resulting signature of the object may include multiple dimensions. For example, the signature may include one or more of: a range to the object (such as time-of-flight information), a first angle to the object along a first axis (such as the horizontal or azimuth direction), Doppler information associated with the object (such as velocity information) and/or a second angle to the object along a second axis (such as the vertical or elevation direction). Some or all of this information may be stored locally in electronic device110and/or remotely in a computer-readable memory.

The identification device may be used in a wide variety of application. For example, as noted previously, one or more embodiments or instances of the identification device may be included in a container. This is shown inFIG. 5, which presents a drawing illustrating an example of a container500that includes identification device116. For example, the identification information provided by identification device116may be used to track the container500or its contents, to facilitate supply chain management, just-in-time delivery, management of a port or a warehouse (such as loading of a ship or a truck), operation of a robot in a manufacturing facility (such as a factory), security, etc.

More generally, one or more embodiments or instances of the identification device may be included in: a vehicle (such as a car or automobile, a truck, a bus, a train, etc. and more generally one that includes one or more non-retractable wheels in contact with a surface, e.g., a road or the ground, during operation), a building, a package, an object, etc. to facilitate identification, tracking and/or conveying of information. For example, during operation of a vehicle, the identification information provided by embodiments or instances of the identification device may facilitate: object detection, adaptive cruise control, an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), a safety function (such as forward and side collision warning and avoidance), automated parking, partial autonomous driving functions (such as a traffic jam pilot or a highway pilot) and/or fully autonomous driving.

Because the identification device may be radar-based, in some embodiments the identification device can be included below the surface of an object that includes the identification device or may not be visible to a viewer standing outside of the object. However, in embodiments where the identification technique is used with visible light, the identification device may be mounted on a surface of an object and may include (separately or in conjunction with the set of radar reflectors) a visible pattern (such as a bar code or a QR code).

In some embodiments, electronic device110, identification116and/or container500includes fewer or additional components, two or more components are combined into a single component and/or positions of one or more components are changed. For example, while container500is illustrated with a single identification device116, in some embodiments there may be two or more identification devices (such as identification devices on different surfaces of container500).

FIG. 6presents a flow diagram illustrating an example of a method600for providing identification information. This method may be performed by an identification device (such as identification device116inFIG. 1). During operation, the identification device may receive radar signals (operation610) having a fundamental wavelength. Then, the identification device may selectively reflect the radar signals (operation612) using a set of radar reflectors arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. The set of radar reflectors may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Moreover, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals.

FIG. 7presents a flow diagram illustrating an example of a method700for receiving identification information. This method may be performed by an electronic device (such as electronic device110inFIG. 1) or a component in the electronic device (such as an integrated circuit or a processor). During operation, the electronic device may provide radar signals (operation710) having a fundamental wavelength. Then, the electronic device may receive reflected radar signals (operation712) that convey the identification information. These reflected radar signals may be received from an identification device that includes a set of radar reflectors arranged in a pattern corresponding to the identification information. The set of radar reflectors may be retrodirective, where a given radar reflector reflects a radar signal back along its prior direction of propagation. Moreover, the pattern may include regions that reflect the radar signals and second regions that do not reflect or scatter the radar signals.

In some embodiments of method600(FIG. 6) and/or700there may be additional or fewer operations. Moreover, the order of the operations may be changed, and/or two or more operations may be combined into a single operation.

We now describe embodiments of an electronic device, which may perform at least some of the operations in the identification technique.FIG. 8presents a block diagram illustrating an example of an electronic device800, such as electronic device110(FIG. 1) or identification device116(FIG. 1). This electronic device may include processing subsystem810, memory subsystem812, networking subsystem814and sensor subsystem830. Processing subsystem810includes one or more devices configured to perform computational operations. For example, processing subsystem810can include one or more microprocessors, ASICs, microcontrollers, programmable-logic devices, graphical processor units (GPUs) and/or one or more digital signal processors (DSPs).

Memory subsystem812includes one or more devices for storing data and/or instructions for processing subsystem810and networking subsystem814. For example, memory subsystem812can include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), and/or other types of memory (which collectively or individually are sometimes referred to as a ‘computer-readable storage medium’). In some embodiments, instructions for processing subsystem810in memory subsystem812include: one or more program modules or sets of instructions (such as program instructions822or operating system824), which may be executed by processing subsystem810. Note that the one or more computer programs may constitute a computer-program mechanism. Moreover, instructions in the various modules in memory subsystem812may be implemented in: a high-level procedural language, an object-oriented programming language, and/or in an assembly or machine language. Furthermore, the programming language may be compiled or interpreted, e.g., configurable or configured (which may be used interchangeably in this discussion), to be executed by processing subsystem810.

In addition, memory subsystem812can include mechanisms for controlling access to the memory. In some embodiments, memory subsystem812includes a memory hierarchy that comprises one or more caches coupled to memory in electronic device800. In some of these embodiments, one or more of the caches is located in processing subsystem810.

In some embodiments, memory subsystem812is coupled to one or more high-capacity mass-storage devices (not shown). For example, memory subsystem812can be coupled to a magnetic or optical drive, a solid-state drive, or another type of mass-storage device. In these embodiments, memory subsystem812can be used by electronic device800as fast-access storage for often-used data, while the mass-storage device is used to store less frequently used data.

Networking subsystem814includes one or more devices configured to couple to and communicate on a wired and/or wireless network (i.e., to perform network operations), including: control logic816, an interface circuit818and one or more wireless antennas820(or antenna elements). (WhileFIG. 8includes one or more wireless antennas820, in some embodiments electronic device800includes one or more nodes, such as nodes808, e.g., a pad, which can be coupled to the one or more wireless antennas820. Thus, electronic device800may or may not include the one or more wireless antennas820.) For example, networking subsystem814can include a Bluetooth networking system, a cellular networking system (e.g., a 3G/4G network such as UMTS, LTE, etc.), a USB networking system, a networking system based on the standards described in IEEE 802.11 (e.g., a Wi-Fi networking system), an Ethernet networking system, and/or another networking system.

Note that a transmit or receive antenna pattern (or antenna radiation pattern) of electronic device800may be adapted or changed using pattern shapers (such as reflectors) in one or more wireless antennas820(or antenna elements), which can be independently and selectively electrically coupled to ground to steer the transmit antenna pattern in different directions. (Alternatively or additionally, the transmit or receive antenna pattern may be adapted or changed using a phased array.) Thus, if one or more wireless antennas820include N antenna pattern shapers, the one or more antennas may have 2Ndifferent antenna pattern configurations. More generally, a given antenna pattern may include amplitudes and/or phases of signals that specify a direction of the main or primary lobe of the given antenna pattern, as well as so-called ‘exclusion regions’ or ‘exclusion zones’ (which are sometimes referred to as ‘notches’ or ‘nulls’). Note that an exclusion zone of the given antenna pattern includes a low-intensity region of the given antenna pattern. While the intensity is not necessarily zero in the exclusion zone, it may be below a threshold, such as 3 dB or lower than the peak gain of the given antenna pattern. Thus, the given antenna pattern may include a local maximum (e.g., a primary beam) that directs gain in the direction of electronic device800that is of interest, and one or more local minima that reduce gain in the direction of other electronic devices that are not of interest. In this way, the given antenna pattern may be selected, e.g., to target an object of interest in an environment of electronic device800.

Within electronic device800, processing subsystem810, memory subsystem812, and networking subsystem814are coupled together using bus828. Bus828may include an electrical, optical, and/or electro-optical connection that the subsystems can use to communicate commands and data among one another. Although only one bus828is shown for clarity, different embodiments can include a different number or configuration of electrical, optical, and/or electro-optical connections among the subsystems.

In some embodiments, electronic device800includes an optional display subsystem826for displaying information on a display, which may include a display driver and the display, such as a liquid-crystal display, a multi-touch touchscreen, etc.

Furthermore, electronic device800may include a sensor subsystem830, which may include one or more radar devices832with one or more transmitters, one or more receivers, one or more sets of transmit antennas and/or one or more sets of receive antennas that perform radar measurements or that provide reflected radar signals corresponding to identification information. In some embodiments, sensor subsystem830includes one or more image sensors that acquire images (such as a CCD or a CMOS sensor) and/or one or more additional sensors834(such as a light-intensity sensor, radar, sonar, lidar, etc.). These other or additional sensors may be used separately or in conjunction with the one or more radar devices832.

Electronic device800can be (or can be included in) a wide variety of electronic devices. For example, electronic device800can be (or can be included in): a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a subnotebook/netbook, a server, a computer, a mainframe computer, a cloud-based computer, a tablet computer, a smartphone, a cellular telephone, a smartwatch, a consumer-electronic device, a portable computing device, a transceiver, an identification device, a measurement device, another electronic device, a container, a building, a package and/or a vehicle.

Although specific components are used to describe electronic device800, in alternative embodiments, different components and/or subsystems may be present in electronic device800. For example, electronic device800may include one or more additional processing subsystems, memory subsystems, networking subsystems, display subsystems and/or sensor subsystems. Additionally, one or more of the subsystems may not be present in electronic device800. Moreover, in some embodiments, electronic device800may include one or more additional subsystems that are not shown inFIG. 8. Also, although separate subsystems are shown inFIG. 8, in some embodiments some or all of a given subsystem or component can be integrated into one or more of the other subsystems or component(s) in electronic device800. For example, in some embodiments program instructions822are included in operating system824and/or control logic816is included in interface circuit818.

An integrated circuit (which is sometimes referred to as a ‘communication circuit’ or a ‘means for communication’) may implement some or all of the functionality of networking subsystem814or sensor subsystem830. The integrated circuit may include hardware and/or software mechanisms that are used for transmitting wireless or radar signals from electronic device800and receiving wireless or radar signals at electronic device800from other electronic devices. Aside from the mechanisms herein described, radios are generally known in the art and hence are not described in detail. In general, networking subsystem814and/or the integrated circuit can include any number of radios. Note that the radios in multiple-radio embodiments function in a similar way to the described single-radio embodiments.

Moreover, another integrated circuit may implement some or all of the functionality related to the measurement technique.

While some of the operations in the preceding embodiments were implemented in hardware or software, in general the operations in the preceding embodiments can be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and architectures. Therefore, some or all of the operations in the preceding embodiments may be performed in hardware, in software or both. For example, at least some of the operations in the measurement technique may be implemented using program instructions822, operating system824(such as a driver for interface circuit818) or in firmware in interface circuit818. Alternatively or additionally, at least some of the operations in the measurement technique may be implemented in a physical layer, such as hardware in interface circuit818or sensor subsystem830.

While some of the preceding embodiments illustrated the use of the identification device in a vehicle, such as a car, a truck, a bus, etc., in other embodiments the identification technique is used in conjunction with a flying vehicle (such as a drone, a helicopter, an airplane, etc.), a boat or a ship, and/or a submersible vehicle (such as a drone or a submarine).

In the preceding description, we refer to ‘some embodiments.’ Note that ‘some embodiments’ describes a subset of all of the possible embodiments, but does not always specify the same subset of embodiments. Note that numerical values in the preceding embodiments are illustrative examples of some embodiments. In other embodiments of the identification technique, different numerical values may be used.