Battery charging system having means for distinguishing between primary and secondary batteries

A battery charging system is provided including a charger and a rechargeable battery of "standard" size and configuration. The rechargeable battery bears a special indicia that is sensed by the charger as a precondition to enabling the charging circuit of the charger. The indicia-bearing battery can thus be used in place of "standard" non-rechargeable batteries in battery using products of various sorts, but non-rechargeable batteries, lacking the special indicia, cannot be charged in the charger. Potential damage to the charger or product and other adverse effects associated with charging of non-rechargeable batteries is thus avoided.

This invention relates to rechargeable batteries, and more particularly to 
a system for recharging rechargeable, or secondary, batteries but 
preventing the recharging of non-rechargeable, or primary batteries. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
There are available to the consumer an ever-increasing number of portable 
battery operated devices. Those devices create an ever-increasing demand 
for batteries to serve as power sources. Conventionally, primary batteries 
such as carbon-zinc or alkaline batteries have been used as power sources, 
but since these primary batteries are typically not designed for 
recharging, the consumer is forced to continually replace the used-up 
primary batteries with new fresh batteries. 
Nickel-cadmium batteries are available which can repeatedly be recharged 
and reused for a significant number of charge/discharge cycles. Such 
nickel cadmium batteries are often made with a terminal and case 
configuration identical to that of primary batteries so as to be useable 
in the relatively large number of products designed to use primary 
batteries. These nickel cadmium batteries are usually associated with 
battery chargers for charging of the batteries. However, providing 
chargers for such nickel cadmium batteries creates the opportunity for 
insertion of primary batteries, having the same size and shape 
configuration, into the charger by an unwary consumer, even though such 
primary batteries are not intended to be recharged. It has been found that 
many carbon-zinc and alkaline batteries, if subject to charging current, 
will eventually release electrolyte which can corrode and damage the 
product into which the battery is inserted. Charging of such primary 
batteries may also produce other adverse effects. 
In prior art approaches, in order to provide for charging of nickel-cadmium 
batteries while avoiding the adverse effects associated with recharging 
primary batteries, the nickel-cadmium batteries have been made of special 
size or shape to distinguish them from the non-rechargeble or primary 
batteries so that only the rechargeable battery will physically fit into a 
charger for recharging. Other prior art approaches have provided the 
rechargeable battery with a third contact terminal (in addition to the two 
contact terminals used to discharge energy from the battery) which is used 
to charge the battery. A non-rechargeable battery not having the third 
charging contact terminal cannot be charged in the charger. Another prior 
art approach provides for the insertion of a uni-directional current flow 
device into the non-rechargeable battery so that current may flow from the 
battery during discharge but cannot flow through the battery in the 
reverse direction during charging. Each of these prior art approaches has 
not proved to be entirely satisfactory at least for the reason that they 
each involve additional or special parts or components and hence increase 
the cost of the battery. 
In view of the foregoing, it is the general purpose of the present 
invention to provide a rechargeable battery system including a special 
battery and battery charger which avoids the possibility of providing 
recharging current to a non-rechargeable battery. More particularly, it is 
an object of the invention to provide a special rechargeable battery and a 
battery charging system which cooperate for recharging of the special 
batteries by enabling the charger to deliver charge current when a special 
rechargeable battery is inserted therein but which prevent the charger 
from delivering charge current if another battery is inserted. 
In practicing one aspect of the present invention, it is an object to 
provide a battery charging system for charging multiple batteries in which 
each battery is provided with an indicia indicating such battery is of the 
rechargeable type, and the charging system is not enabled unless each 
battery inserted is of the special rechargable type. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide a battery system as 
characterized above that makes it exceedingly difficult for the consumer 
to override the feature of the charger which prevents charging of the 
primary batteries by such tactics as inserting conductive elements, for 
example metallic foil or the like, in the charger to bridge electrical 
sensing contacts. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In one form the invention provides for a rechargeable battery having first 
and second external load terminals for delivering electrical energy and 
further having indicia means for providing an indication distinguishing 
the rechargeable battery from a non-rechargeable battery. The invention 
further provides a charging device including a battery circuit having a 
first charging mode and a second non-charging mode. Enabling means in the 
charger senses the presence of the indicia on the battery and in response 
thereto enables the charging mode whereby the charger will be enabled to 
deliver charging current only by batteries of the rechargeable type.

While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred 
embodiments, it will be understood that we do not intend to limit the 
invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, we intend to cover all 
alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the 
spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Turning to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 a battery charging system 
including a charging device or charger 10 and a special rechargeable 
battery 11. The battery 11, illustrated as a standard cylindrical cell, 
has first and second external load terminals 12, which is the positive 
terminal, and 13, which is the negative terminal. The terminals 12 and 13 
are provided for the purpose of connecting the cell or battery to an 
energy-using device for the delivery of electrical energy thereto. The 
charger 10 includes a case 15 for receiving the battery 11 and first and 
second charging contacts 16 and 17 arranged to respectively electrically 
contact the battery load terminals 12, 13 when the battery 11 is received 
in the case 15. Within the charger 10 is a transformer 21 adapted to be 
coupled to a conventional a-c line 22, an impedance 23 to control the 
charging current, and a diode 24 for half-wave rectification. 
In carrying out the invention, the charger 10 has a charging mode and a 
non-charging mode, the battery 11 has indicia 25 on its outer surface 
indicating that it is a rechargeable battery, and there is enabling means 
in the charger remote from the contacts 16, 17 to sense the presence of 
the battery indicia 25 and enable the charging mode. In the embodiment of 
FIG. 1, the indicia 25 on the battery is a conductive band 26 surrounding 
the outer case of the battery and arranged on the outer case of the 
battery in such a manner that, when the battery does not reside in the 
charger 10, conductive band 26 is electrically isolated from load 
terminals 12 and 13. With conductive band 26 disposed in this manner, the 
battery will not be shorted if an electrically conductive path is 
established between band 26 and either one of the load terminals 12 or 13. 
The charger enabling means is comprised of a pair of contacts 27 which 
engage the band 26 when the battery is placed in the charger. The contacts 
27, when not bridged by a conductive band 26, provide an electrical 
discontinuity in line 28 connecting the terminal 17 with the transformer 
21. With the line 28 open, no charge current can flow to the battery and 
the charger is in a non-charging mode. If the contacts 27 are electrically 
bridged by engagement with the conductive band 26, then the charger is in 
the charging mode and charging current is delivered directly to the 
battery load terminals 12 and 13. 
A battery of the same size and shape as the battery 11 but without band 26, 
if inserted in the charger 10, would not enable the charger and would not 
receive current since a conductive band 26 is not present to bridge across 
contacts 27. Only rechargeable batteries having the indicia band 26 of the 
system can therefore be charged. Preferably, the band 26 is placed 
non-centrally of the battery so that the charging mode is not enabled if 
the battery is inserted in the charger in a reverse position, i.e., with 
the positive and negative terminals reversed from the correct polarity. 
The system described is easily adapted to chargers capable of receiving a 
number of batteries for simultaneous charging. As shown in FIG. 2, a 
four-battery charging circuit requires each of the batteries 11 inserted 
to have the proper indicia 25 in the form of band 26 before the charging 
current is enabled. 
Another embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the invention is 
shown in FIG. 3 wherein the charge enabling means is a single broad 
contact 32 and a switch transistor 32. Other elements in this embodiment 
that have been described in previous embodiments have been given the same 
reference numerals as in the previous embodiment but with the 
distinguishing suffix (a) added. In this case, the battery indicia is a 
narrow conductive rib 33 on the battery periphery electrically connected 
to the negative load terminal 13a of the battery through a line 34. 
When the battery is properly connected in the charger 10a, the base 
terminal of the transistor 32, by virtue of its connection to the enabling 
contact 31, will provide base current to the transistor 32, turning the 
transistor on and allowing charging current to flow through the rectifying 
diode 24a from the transformer 21a and through the battery 11a and the 
transistor 32. Thus, as is apparent from FIG. 3, charging current flows 
through a current path that does not include the indicia means (rib 33) 
and hence charging current is delivered to the rechargeable battery via a 
current path around indicia means 33. Of course, if a non-rechargeable 
battery, having no rib 33 electrically connected to terminal 13a, is 
inserted in such a charger, no base current will be provided to the 
transistor 32 and charging will not be enabled. The possible occurrence of 
a potentially adverse event associated with an attempt to charge a 
non-rechargeable battery is avoided. 
Preferably, the electrical connecting line 34 between the rib 33 and the 
battery load terminal 13a includes an impedance 35. Impedance 35 is 
provided to insure that if a user of the battery 11a accidentally 
establishes a sustained electrical connection between the positive 
terminal 12a and the rib 33, there will be no heavy current drain from the 
battery as would be the case if the rib 33 was directly connected to the 
negative terminal 13a. Impedance 35 is also provided to prevent damage to 
the base-emitter junction of transistor 32 if positive terminal 12a and 
rib 33 are connected electrically to terminal 16a and contact 31 
respectively before negative terminal 13a is connected to contact 17a. 
In the embodiments so far described, a consumer may intentionally defeat or 
override the non-charging mode of the charging systems. More specifically, 
the consumer would be able to see the charger contacts 27 or 31 and 
surmise that he is unable to charge a primary battery not made in 
accordance with the system because the contacts 27 or contact 31 are not 
electrically engaged by conductive bands on the primary battery. By 
placing a piece of conductive foil or the like in the charger to bridge 
the contacts 27, or by connecting the contact 31 with the charging contact 
17a a consumer would enable the charger's charging mode for any battery 
placed in the charger. The embodiment of FIG. 4, in which elements 
corresponding to those already described have been given the same 
reference numerals with the distinguishing suffix (b) added, avoids this 
kind of obvious tactic to defeat the system. 
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the battery indicia 
generates an information signal of predetermined magnitude in response to 
an initiating signal from the charger, and the charger is enabled only 
when the charger senses that the information signal is within the 
predetermined range. To this end, the indicia of the battery 11c includes 
both a conductive band 41 and an impedance 42 of predetermined value 
connecting the band 41 to one of the load terminals, in the illustrated 
case the negative terminal 13b. Enabling means is provided in the charger 
10b which senses the magnitude of the impedance 42 and enables the 
charging mode only when the sensed impedance is within a predetermined 
range. Thus, a simple shorting of a sensing contact 43 with the charging 
terminal 17b will not enable the charging mode. 
When the battery 11b is properly inserted in the charger 10b, the contact 
43 makes electrical connection to the band 41 and a first or initiating 
signal in the form of an electrical current is sent from the charger 10b 
through the impedance 42. The impedance 42 is in series with a resistor 
44, thus forming a voltage divider. The passage of current through the 
impedance 42 and the resistor 44 establishes a voltage at node 45 which is 
between the voltage of a source 46 and a line 47. The magnitude of the 
predetermined value of the impedance 42 thus determines the voltage at 
node 45. Accordingly, an information signal in the form of the voltage at 
node 45 is provided by the battery 11b to in the charger 10b. The value of 
the impedance 42 is selected to comprise a predetermined characteristic 
distinguishing the secondary battery 11b from batteries of the 
non-rechargeable primary type. 
The voltage signal received by the charger in the form of the voltage at 
node 45 is sensed and evaluated for magnitude by enabling means within the 
charger. The enabling means is responsive to the information signal to 
permit or enable the delivery of charging current to the secondary battery 
11b if the voltage information signal at node 45 is of the proper 
magnitude. 
In the exemplary circuit shown in FIG. 4, the enabling means includes a 
pair of comparators 51 and 52 with outputs connected to the voltage source 
46 through resistor 58 and with one input connected to a voltage divider 
comprising resistors 53 and with a second input connected to node 45. The 
node 45 is connected to the inverting terminal of comparator 51 and the 
non-inverting terminal of comparator 52. The voltage divider comprising 
resistors 53 is connected at node 54 to the non-inverting terminal of 
comparator 51 and at node 55 to the inverting terminal of the comparator 
52. Accordingly, if the voltage at node 45 lies between the reference 
voltages, established by the fixed voltage divider, at nodes 54 and 55, 
then comparators 51 and 52 permit base current to transistor 56 which in 
turn permits a base current to transistor 58 to enable the flow of 
charging current to the battery. However, if there is no connection 
between the contact 43 and 17b, or if the impedance 42 is above the 
specified predetermined range, the information signal in the form of the 
voltage at the node 45 will be at a comparatively higher value. Under this 
condition the comparator 51 will deny base current to transistor 56 
thereby switching off switch means in the form of transistor 56 and 
transistor 59 and preventing charging current to the battery. Similiarly, 
if a connection is made between the contact 43 and 17b, but the impedance 
42 is less than the specified predetermined range, the voltage at node 45 
will be comparatively lower. Under this condition the output of comparator 
52 will deny base current to transistor 56, preventing base current to 
transistor 59, and thereby preventing transistor 59 from passing charging 
current to the battery.