Binding apparatus

A binding apparatus for binding pads of perforated sheets with wire binding elements is described. The apparatus has means for supplying a predetermined length of binding element to an insertion station, means for conveying a perforated pad having the binding element inserted through the perforations to a binding station and a binding device at the binding station for closing the binding element to bind the pad. The insertion station includes upper and lower vertically spaced retainer members and a front stop for holding the binding element in a horizontal orientation with the mouth facing upwards. The binding element is supported at the binding station in the same orientation by two horizontally spaced, vertically extending plates with the pad handing down between the plates. Two closing members are provided, one comprising a drive member and a pressure member which is replaceable with other differently sized pressure members to accommodate differently sized binding elements.

This invention relates to apparatus for binding pads of perforated sheets 
to book form such as, for example, notebooks, calenders, instruction 
manuals and the like with wire binding elements. 
The wire binding elements used with such apparatus are formed from a length 
of wire which is bent to form a series of curved, hair-pin shaped prongs. 
Each prong has a closed end, or "point", an open end, or "root", and a 
curved wall therebetween. The curvature of the prongs is such that the 
element has the appearance of an open sided cylinder with a substantially 
C-shaped cross-section. Such binding elements will hereinafter be referred 
to as "binding elements of the type described". 
To bind pads of perforated sheets to book form, a binding element of the 
type described is cut to a predetermined length and a pad of perforated 
sheets is moved relative to the binding element, or vice versa, so that 
the points of the binding element pass through the perforations. The 
binding element is then closed to ring shape by bringing its points into 
the vicinity of its roots thereby binding the pad. 
The step of aligning a pad of perforated sheets with the binding element 
and moving the pad so that the points of the binding elements pass through 
the perforations is commonly carried out automatically, see for example 
British Patent No. 2213769. However, insertion apparatus is relatively 
complicated and expensive. Furthermore, its complexity and expense is 
increased if the apparatus is to bind pads of differing sizes with binding 
elements of varying size. 
British Patent Application No. 2267460 discloses a binding apparatus in 
which a binding element is held in a position such that a pad or sheets 
can be located with the points of the binding element passing through the 
perforations of the sheets. The apparatus includes a guide plate against 
which the edge of the pad adjacent the perforations may be engaged to 
align the perforations with the points of the binding element and thereby 
facilitate the insertion step. The binding element is held during 
insertion with the wall lying generally horizontally by a pair of plates, 
one supporting the wall and the second at right angles to the first, 
supporting the sides of the roots of the binding element. 
In the apparatus of British Patent Application No. 2267460, after insertion 
is complete, the binding element and pad are conveyed to a binding station 
where the pad is lifted to press the points and roots of the element 
against a backstop, with one side of the element held against a fixed 
platen. A movable platen is then advanced into contact with the other side 
of the binding element to close the element to the ring shape. 
Other forms of closing device are known. In a number of these the pad to be 
bound, with the binding element inserted thereinto, is supported in a 
horizontal position. The binding element is then closed to the ring shape 
by a pair of closure members acting on the side thereof. In one known 
binding device, the closure members comprise a fixed lower plate on which 
the binding element rests in upright orientation and a vertically 
reciprocal pressure bar. In another known binding device, the closure 
members comprise two shaped jaws which move together in a rotary path. In 
the latter case the shaping of the jaws means that they provide sufficient 
support for the element to prevent distortion thereof during closure. With 
the reciprocating pressure bar binding device, the element is supported at 
its wall by a back stop and at its roots or points by an adjustable front 
stop. The adjustable front stop is pivotally mounted to accommodate 
movement of the roots or points as the element is brought into the ring 
shape. 
As noted above, problems arise when there is a requirement for binding 
apparatus to be usable with binding elements of varying size, so far as 
the insertion system is concerned. The same is true of the closing device 
as, in general, devices suitable for use with varying size binding 
elements are relatively complicated, costly and difficult to adjust for 
different size binding elements. Similar problems arise with devices 
suitable for binding pads of differing sizes and in particular pads with 
individual sheets of differing sizes. 
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a closing device for 
closing a wire binding element of the type described positioned in the 
perforations of a pad of perforated sheets to bind the pad comprises a 
first support member with two horizontally spaced, vertically extending 
guide plates arranged to support the element on the upper edges thereof 
with the pad hanging downwards between the plates, a first closing member 
movable relative to a second closing member to close the element and means 
for mounting the first support member including means for biassing the 
plates towards a preset pre-closure position, the plates being movable 
during closing of the element in the direction of the movement of the 
first closing member thereby to permit movement of the pad. 
The provision of a binding element support member in the form of a pair of 
spaced guide plates has a number of advantages. Firstly, as the pad hangs 
down therebetween it can be of varying size and can include individual 
sheets of different sizes. Secondly, the support member provides two point 
support to the back wall of a binding element which helps prevent 
distortion on closing. Further, the support member can accommodate a 
number of different sizes of binding elements provided the edges are 
sufficiently thick. In addition if, as is preferred, the spacing between 
the plates is adjustable, the number of differently sized binding elements 
which can be accommodated can be increased still further. 
The capacity of the plates to move against the bias means that the pad can 
in turn move during closing of the element. This helps prevent distortion 
of the element on closing. 
Suitably the biassing means exerts a greater biassing force on the rear 
plate considered in the direction of closing movement of the closing 
members. The rear plate therefore moves further than the front, allowing 
the pad to take up a position below the binding element as closed to the 
ring shape. Damping means may be provided for the front plate whereby, 
after movement of the plates, the front plate returns more slowly to the 
pre-closure position than the rear plate. The result is the creation of a 
gap through which the pad and closed element can conveniently fall into a 
collection unit or on to a conveyor. 
Suitably the device includes a back stop defining a maximum travel path 
from the pre-closure position for the front plate. The back stop may take 
the form of a cam with a cam surface positioned for abutment by a follower 
connected to the front plate on movement thereof, the cam being rotatable 
thereby to alter the portion of the surface abutted by the follower. The 
capacity to adjust the permitted movement of the front plate and thereby 
of the pad, allows for fine control of the closure of the element to 
locate the roots or points in desired final position relative the other. 
The device may be arranged deliberately to cause the roots to be 
positioned above or below the points. Alternatively, due to binding 
element variations, it may be found that this occurs in practice and the 
device permits adjustment to closure to a true ring shape. 
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a closing device for 
closing a wire binding element of the type described positioned in the 
perforations of a pad of perforated sheets to bind the pad comprises first 
and second support members for the element and first and second closing 
members, positionable together around the element with the first and 
second support members in contact respectively with the element wall and 
the points and/or roots and the first and second closing members 
therebetween and on either side of the element, wherein one of said 
support members is adjustable to accommodate differently sized binding 
elements and wherein one of said closing members is movable relative the 
other to close the element, the movable closing member comprising a 
reciprocating drive member and a pressure member secured to and movable 
with the driving member, the pressure member being replaceable whereby to 
accommodate binding elements of different sizes. 
The arrangement with four members effectively enclosing the binding element 
produces good closure action without element distortion. The two-part 
movable closure member with a permanent driving member and a replaceable 
pressure member allows ready and easy adjustment of the device to 
accommodate binding elements of different sizes. 
Very preferably the driving member has a fixed stroke and a plurality of 
pressure members are provided each for use with a particular size of 
binding element and dimensioned such that the overall stroke of the 
closing member is appropriate for the particular binding element size. 
Each pressure member may have a generally flat face and be dimensioned 
such that the pressure member face contacts the element to cause closure 
thereof at a tangent to the curved side portion thereof. 
A very suitable form for the pressure member is with a generally L-shaped 
cross-section, the toe portion being releasably securable to the driving 
member. The length of the leg portion may then determine the length of the 
overall stroke of the closing member. The thickness or width of the leg 
portion, depending on its orientation, is set to produce the preferred 
tangential contact between the end of the leg portion and the binding 
element. For larger binding elements, the leg portion may be provided with 
a flange extending generally parallel to the toe portion to achieve the 
tangential contact without making the pressure member too heavy. 
The driving member may include a base, a support block secured to the base 
and a flanged plate secured to the support block, the base, support block 
and flanged plate together defining an aperture shaped for receipt of the 
toe portion of each pressure member the toe portion being bolted to the 
support block. This arrangement enables the pressure member to be easily 
and rapidly replaced as desired for a particular binding element size. 
Very preferably both aspects are combined and in addition the second 
support member comprises a generally horizontal support plate and a mount 
therefor which includes adjustment means to allow the vertical distance 
between the support plate and the first support member to be adjusted 
thereby to accommodate differently sized binding elements. With this 
combination, changing the binding element size simply requires adjustment 
of the vertical position of the horizontal, second support member, plate, 
replacement of the pressure member and adjustment of the horizontal 
spacing of the vertical plate of the first support member, all three of 
which are simple operations which can be rapidly done either manually or 
automatically. 
The binding device may be provided at the binding station of an apparatus 
for binding pads of perforated sheets with wire binding elements of the 
type described, the apparatus additionally comprising means for supplying 
a predetermined length of binding element to an insertion station and 
means for conveying a pad of perforated sheets having a binding element 
inserted through the perforations from the insertion station to the 
binding station. 
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, an insertion station 
for such a binding apparatus or one with another form of binding device at 
the binding station, comprises means for holding the binding element in a 
generally horizontal orientation with the mouth facing upwards and the 
points exposed, the holding means comprising vertically spaced retainer 
members and a front stop, the upper retainer member and front stop being 
positioned respectively above and at the ends of the roots to prevent 
rotation of the element as the pad is moved to a position in which the 
points pass through the perforations and the lower member being positioned 
to support at least a portion of the wall of the binding element. 
With such an apparatus, the binding element is held firmly and securely in 
a readily accessible position for location of a pad with the binding 
element points inserted through the perforations of the pad. Furthermore, 
it has been found that the holding means is capable of accommodating 
differently sized binding elements simply by, as is preferred, making the 
vertical location of the upper retainer member adjustable. 
The lower retainer member may comprise, as in one of the known arrangements 
described above, a pair of transverse plates. However, preferably it 
comprises a bar with an element supporting face which lies at an angle to 
the horizontal, the angle being preferably about 40.degree.-60.degree., 
most preferably 45.degree.. It has been found that such a lower retainer 
member serves firmly to hold all common binding elements irrespective of 
their size. 
The front stop may comprise a vertically oriented plate which extends at 
least partially within the binding element. The front stop may be secured 
to a fixed base together with the lower retainer member. In addition, a 
mount carrying the upper retainer member is provided which is movable 
relative the base. 
The invention will now be further described by way of example with 
reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance 
with the invention; 
FIG. 2 shows a length of metal wire from which binding elements of the type 
described are made; 
FIG. 3 shows the wire of FIG. 2 shaped into a binding element of the type 
described; 
FIG. 4 is a plan view of part of an insertion station forming part of the 
apparatus of FIG. 1; 
FIG. 5 is a side view of the insertion station of FIG. 4; 
FIG. 6 is a view taken in the direction A--A of FIG. 4 with a binding 
element held at the insertion station; 
FIGS. 7 and 8 are views taken respectively in the directions B--B and C--C 
of FIG. 5 with a binding element held in the insertion station; 
FIG. 9 is a prospective view of a cutting device forming part of the 
apparatus of FIG. 1; 
FIG. 10 is a front view of a closing station forming part of the apparatus 
of FIG. 1; 
FIG. 11 is a prospective cutaway view of the closing station of FIG. 10; 
FIGS. 12a and b are schematic views illustrating an adjustment feature of 
the closing station of FIG. 10; 
FIG. 13 is a side view of part of the closing station of FIG. 10, and, 
FIG. 14 is a side view of a plurality of replaceable pressure members 
usable in the closing station of FIG. 10. 
FIG. 15 is a side view of an alternate form of replaceable pressure member.

FIG. 1 shows a binding apparatus 2 for binding pads of perforated sheets to 
book form with wire binding elements 4. The binding elements 4 are formed 
from a metal wire which is bent to form a series of curved hair-pin shaped 
prongs 6 having straight sections 8 therebetween. Each prong 6 has point 
10 and a root 12. The sections 8 are then curved such that the binding 
element 4 has a substantially C-shaped cross section and forms an 
open-sided cylinder. The cylinder has a wall 14 opposite its open side and 
a depression 16 in the wall running along the axial length of the binding 
element 4. 
The binding apparatus 2 shown schematically in FIG. 1 comprises a spool 18 
of binding element 4 of the type described which is fed to a cutting 
device 20 from the spool 18 via a magnetised feed and measurement reel 22. 
The spool 18 is mounted on a lift assembly including pivotal arm 24 which 
is motor driven to raise or lower the spool 18 for replacement thereof. A 
wire tray 26 is located below the spool and serves to support and guide 
the binding element 4 between the spool 18 and the reel 22 which feeds the 
binding element 4 into a wire guide 28 provided on cutter unit 20 as well 
as an adjacent insertion station 30. 
The binding element 4 is supplied from the spool 18 with its wall 14 
generally horizontal and with points 10 at the front, as considered in the 
sense of FIG. 1. The reel 22 is in the form of a bobbin and has a 
generally cylindrical core with axially extending indentations 
circumferentially spaced therearound for receiving and guiding the prongs 
12 of the binding element 4. The front flange of the reel 22 is formed 
from aluminium, whilst the rear flange is formed from steel. This balances 
the magnetic pull on the points 10 and roots 12 of the binding element 4 
as a smaller magnetic force is exerted on the smaller points 10. The reel 
22 is driven by a stepper motor which enables a count to be made of the 
number of prongs 12 of binding element 4 fed by reel 22 to wire guide 28. 
Once a predetermined number of prongs 12 have been fed corresponding to a 
predetermined length of binding element 4, the cutter 20 cuts the binding 
element 4 to produce a cut length 32 at insertion station 30. 
A pad 34 of perforated sheets is manually positioned by an operator with 
the perforations aligned with the points 10 of the length 32 of binding 
element and the sheets are impaled on the points 10. The pad 34 with 
length 32 of binding element inserted therein is then moved out of 
insertion station 30 by an endless pusher belt 36 having a number of 
pusher members 38 to a binding station 40 to the position indicated at 
32', 34'. At the binding station 40 the length 32' of binding element is 
closed to ring shape thereby binding the pad 34' to book form and the 
bound pad is collected in a hopper 42 below the binding station 40. 
Alternatively, in place of the hopper 42 a conveyor could be provided 
which would remove the bound pad from the area of the apparatus 2. Any 
other suitable device for use in the finishing of the band pad, such as a 
cover turning unit, a shrink-wrapping unit, a boxing unit, a packing unit 
or any combination of these may be provided in place of, or in addition 
to, a conveyor. 
The apparatus 2 is configured so that the operations at the measurement 
reel 22 and cutting device 20, at the insertion station 30 and at the 
binding station 40 are carried out simultaneously. The feed of binding 
element from spool 18 and of pads 34 through the apparatus is interrupted 
by the operator, by means of a foot pedal, so as to permit the operator 
time to carried out the insertion operation at the insertion station 30. 
The apparatus may also be halted to enable the operator to make 
adjustments so that different sizes of pad and/or binding element can be 
accommodated in the apparatus 2. 
The cutter 20 and wire guide 28 are shown in greater detail in FIGS. 4 to 
9. Binding element 4 received from the reel 22 is held in the horizontal 
orientation by upper and lower retainer members 44, 46 and a front stop 
48. At the cutter 20 the front stop 48 is formed by an angled member 50 
with a tapered lower front face 52 slotted for passage of a cutting blade 
54 therethrough. At the insertion station 30 the front stop 48 comprises a 
fixed plate 56. The other parts of the wire guide 28 are common for the 
cutter 20 and the insertion station 30, the upper and lower retainer 
members 44, 46 comprising bars extending the length of the two stations 
20, 30. 
The upper and lower retainer members 44, 46 and front stop 48 serve to hold 
the binding element for assembly in the horizontal orientation in which it 
is fed from the spool 18 and measurement reel 22 both during cutting of 
the binding element 4 to form the length 32 thereof and during the 
insertion operation. The upper retainer member 44 and front stop 48 
together hold the roots 12 whilst the lower retainer member 46 supports 
part of the wall 14 to give both bottom and side support. 
The lower retainer member 46 is in the form of a block with a support face 
58 which lies at an angle to the horizontal of approximately 
40.degree.-60.degree., preferably 45.degree.. It has been found that this 
angling renders the lower support member 46 suitable to support binding 
elements of all common sizes 1", 1/2", 3/16" etc. The lower retainer 
member 46 is secured to a support 60 to which the front stop 48 is also 
secured. 
The upper retainer member 44 is carried on a pair of spaced brackets 62, 
the vertical position of which relative the support 60 is adjustable 
either manually or automatically to allow adjustment of the vertical 
position of the upper retainer member 44. The adjustment mechanism 
comprises threaded rods 64 received in correspondingly threaded apertures 
in the brackets 62. One of the rods 64 is rotated by a motor drive, a tie 
belt not shown above the support 60 transmitting this motion to the other 
rod 64. Turning of one of the rods 64 causes raising or lowering of the 
brackets 62 which are positioned in cut-outs in the support 60 thereby to 
raise or lower the upper retainer member 44. In the manual version a 
connector and rotating handle are provided for one of the rods to allow 
the operator to adjust the position of the upper retainer member 44 to one 
suitable for the size of binding element for being employed. 
Thus, in contrast with known apparatus, only a single part needs to be 
moved to accommodate differently sized binding elements, it having been 
found that the combination of this single adjustable part i.e. the upper 
retainer member 44 with the fixed lower retainer member 46 and fixed front 
stop 48 serves to hold all common sizes of binding element in the correct 
alignment and to insure parallel motion. In particular, the binding 
element length 32 is held with the mouth horizontal during insertion of 
the points 10 into the perforations of a pad 34, the upper retainer member 
44 preventing the roots 12 from rolling up on loading of the pad 34. 
The wire guide 28 also holds the binding element 4 firmly during cutting 
with blade 54. When a desired length has been fed as determined by 
counting of the steps of the stepper drive of measurement reel 22, the 
blade 54 is moved in a horizontal path, transversely to the axis of the 
binding element 4 to sever the element 4 and form the length 32. The blade 
54 is driven by a geared motor unit via a spring wrap clutch and a crank 
65 which transform the rotary drive to reciprocal movement of the blade 
54. The gearing and clutch may be dispensed with by providing a longer 
stroke crank such that the rearward stroke of the blade 54 is of 
sufficient length for it to stop in its own time. 
Once the operator has moved the pad 34 so that the points 10 of the length 
32 of wire binding element have passed through the perforations, the 
operator releases the pad 34 which is then allowed to fall under its own 
weight so that it hangs vertically. The length 32 of binding element is 
prevented from rotating by the wire guide 28 as discussed above. The pad 
is then moved out of the insertion station 30 by the pusher belt 36 and, 
at the end of the station 30, pushed by one of the pusher elements 38 into 
the binding station 40 between a pair of book guide plates 64a, 64b. The 
binding element length 32' is supported on the upper edges of the plates 
64a, 64b, as shown most clearly in FIG. 13. The points 10 and roots 12 of 
the binding element length 32' are supported by an upper element support 
or top plate 66. Closure members 68a, 68b are positioned either side of 
the binding element length 32', the second of which closure members 68b is 
movable towards the first 68a to close the binding element length 32'. 
The closure member 68b comprises a drive member 70 and a pressure member 
72. The drive member 70 is connected to a motor 74 by drive links 75 and 
drive shafts 76. The drive shafts 76 are connected to two brackets 78 
which extend upwardly from a base 80 through cut-outs in a support block 
82. A flanged plate 84 is secured to the support block 82. The base 80, 
support block 82 and flanged plate 84 together define an aperture for 
receipt of part of the pressure member 72. A plurality of replaceable 
pressure members 72 are provided whereby the closure member 68b can 
accommodate differently sized binding elements. 
A set 85 of replaceable pressure members 72 is illustrated in FIG. 14. All 
the members 72 have in common a generally L-shaped cross-section with a 
toe portion 86 and leg portion 88. The toe portion 86 is received in the 
aperture defined by the driving member 70 and secured to the driving 
member 70 by a screw 89 which passes through the support block 82. The 
flanged plate 84 guides and supports the pressure members 72 during both 
attachment to and removal from the drive member 70. That driving member 70 
has a fixed stroke so that the length of the leg portion 88 of the 
pressure member secured thereto determines the overall stroke of the 
closure member 68b. Each pressure member 72 is arranged to have a leg 
portion length appropriate for the binding element size with which it is 
to be used. In addition, the thickness 90 of the leg portion 88 of each 
pressure member 72 is set such that the pressure member 72 will contact 
the binding element 4 at a tangent to the curved side thereof at the point 
where the slope is a minimum. 
As is illustrated in FIG. 14, the thickness requirement is achieved by 
providing pressure members 72 in three groups, each of different form. The 
pressure members 72 of the first group, shown on the left hand of FIG. 14, 
all have a true L-shaped cross-section. The pressure members of the second 
group, shown in the middle of FIG. 14, include a notched cut-out 91 in the 
leg portion 88 adjacent the toe portion 86 to receive the flange of the 
flanged plate 84. The pressure members 72 of the third group, shown on the 
right hand of FIG. 14, include a flange 92 at the end of the leg portion 
opposite the toe portion 86 and extending parallel to the toe portion 86. 
The thickness 90 of the leg portions 88 of each pressure member in the 
third group is the same, the tangential abutment being achieved by 
appropriate setting of the height 94 of the flange 92. The use of flanges 
92 in the third group rather than the notches 91 of the second group 
prevents the pressure members 72 of the third group being too heavy. 
FIG. 15 shows an alternative form of pressure member 72a. The pressure 
member 72a has a generally U-shaped cross section with one flange 86a 
shaped to be received in the aperture defined in the driving member 70 and 
the other flange 92a being of a height to give tangential abutment with 
the binding element 4. The length of the web 88a sets the overall stroke 
of the closing member 68b. The pressure member 72a may be formed by 
rolling with the outer faces of the flanges 86a, 92a then being machined 
flat. 
As will be appreciated from FIG. 13, the binding element length 32' when 
positioned in the closing station 40 is surrounded and enclosed by the 
lower support member formed by the plates 64a, 64b, the upper support 
member 66 and the two closure members 68a, 68b. If the binding element 
size is changed, the size of the enclosure is changed by three steps. 
Firstly, the pressure member 72 is replaced by releasing screw 89, 
changing the member 72 and then resecuring the screw 89. Secondly, the 
vertical location of the plate 66 of the upper support member relative the 
book guide plates 64a, 64b is adjusted. Any suitable adjustment mechanism, 
manual or automatic, may be provided. That which is illustrated is similar 
to the adjustment mechanism for the wire guide upper retainer member 
discussed above, comprising as it does two brackets 96 each receiving a 
drive shaft 98 but in this case the drive shafts 98 raise and lower the 
brackets 96 and thereby the plate 66 by rotation of pivot links 100 each 
connected to a common driven shaft 102. 
The third adjustment step is to change the distance between the book guide 
plates 64a, 64b. However, as their name suggests, the distance between the 
plates 64a, 64b is basically set by the width of the pad 34' for reasons 
which will become apparent from the following discussion. So long as the 
plates 64a, 64b have sufficiently thick upper edges they can accommodate a 
multiplicity of differently sized elements. The spacing of the plates 64a, 
64b is therefore set by the operator to one suitable for the pad 34' to be 
bound. Any suitable manual or automatic adjustment system may be employed. 
That illustrated comprises a handwheel 104 connected to a shaft 106, which 
shaft 106 is tied by a belt to a second parallel shaft 106a. Rotation of 
the handwheel 104 by the operator causes guide plate 64b to move relative 
to guide plate 64a. The provision of the two tied shafts 106, 106a ensures 
parallel movement of the plate 64b. 
As discussed above, the binding element 32' is closed to the ring shape by 
movement of the closure member 68b towards the closure member 68a which is 
fixed in position. The pressure member 72 contacts the side of the binding 
element length 32' at a tangent thereto and moves below the plate 66. The 
thickness 90 of the leg portion 88 of the pressure members 72 and, as 
appropriate, the height 94 of the flange 92 are set to allow such movement 
with the plate 66 in contact with the points 10 and roots 12 of the 
binding element length 32'. The points 10 and roots 12 are brought 
together and the binding element length 32' converted to the ring shape. 
This causes effective movement of the binding element length 32' to the 
right, as viewed in FIG. 13. The plates 64a, 64b are mounted such as to 
accommodate this movement by permitting corresponding movement of the pad 
34' positioned therebetween to prevent distortion of the binding element. 
This is achieved by mounting the plates 64a, 64b such that they are biased 
towards the preclosure position illustrated in FIG. 13 but can move 
against the bias to the right as viewed in that FIG. The biassing force on 
the front plate 64a, considered in the direction of closing movement, is 
less than that on the rear plate 64b so that that rear plate 64b in effect 
drives the front plate 64a in the direction of closure movement. A damper 
block 108 slows the return of the front plate 64a to the preclosure 
position of FIG. 13. As a result, the closed element and pad 34' falls 
down between the two plates 64a, 64b either into a collector unit 42 or on 
to a conveyor, as discussed above. 
The length of the path moved by the front plate 64a affects the closing 
action, as illustrated schematically in FIGS. 12a and 12b. FIG. 12a shows 
the situation where the front plate 64a at the end of its movement path is 
offset rearwardly below the closure member 68a. This causes the points 10 
to be positioned below the roots 12 in the closed binding element length 
32'. FIG. 12b illustrates the result with alignment between the plate 64a 
and the fixed closure member 68a which is that the points then are 
positioned above the roots 12. 
An adjustment system is provided whereby the closing action can be 
controlled, either deliberately to set the points 10 above or below the 
roots 12 or, if it is found that this occurs in practice due to binding 
element variations, to ensure closure to a true ring shape. The adjustment 
system comprises a cam 110 carried on a rotary drive shaft 111 which is 
geared to a forwardly extending shaft 112 provided with a handle 113 at 
its other end. The handle 113 may be rotated by an operator to cause 
rotation of the shafts 111, 112 and thereby of the cam to set the extent 
of travel of front plate 64a. 
Once the binding station 40 has been set up for a particular size of 
binding element 4 and width of pad 34 it operates automatically. The 
binding operation therefore can occur simultaneously with feed of further 
element 4 from the spool 18, cutting thereof and insertion of a pad 34 on 
a cut length 32. The apparatus is stopped to allow the operator to 
complete the insertion step and, as and when necessary, for adjustments to 
be made. 
It will be appreciated that as the pad 34 hangs vertically downwards in 
both the insertion station 30 and the binding station 40 and is only moved 
transversely in the latter, the apparatus 2 is able to accommodate both 
differently sized pads and pads with individual sheets of different sizes. 
It will also be appreciated that the apparatus 2 can be simply and quickly 
adjusted to accommodate differently sized binding elements. This is due to 
the form of the wire guide 28 and the compass point positioning of the 
four element enclosing members 64a, 64b, 66, 68a, 68b at the closing 
station. The number of fixed members has been maximised and those which 
move do so along a single axis, as a result of which the adjustment 
mechanisms therefor can be simple in form and simple to operate. 
The wire binding element 4 is held firmly throughout the apparatus 2 and in 
a readily accessible position from the point of view of insertion. The 
element is restrained on closure bi-axially and the closing pressure is 
applied tangentially to the curved side portion. The result is a good 
closing action. Furthermore variations in the binding element manufacture 
can be accommodated because of the provision of the adjustment system.