Soft-soft foundation for offshore structures

A foundation for an offshore structure is disclosed. The foundation includes a tower having an anchoring portion anchored in the seabed and a connecting portion arranged at the opposite end. The foundation also includes a power generation system arranged above the water surface connected to the connecting portion of the tower. A natural frequency of the offshore structure lies below an excitation component one times the rotational frequency 1P of at least one exciting component. The foundation also includes at least one restoring element connected to the tower via one or more transition pieces. The restoring element is designed such that, in a skewed position of the tower, tensile and/or compressive forces can be transferred to the tower by means of the restoring element such that the tower can be straightened up.

FIELD

The invention relates to a foundation for an offshore structure and a method for the design of such a foundation for an offshore structure.

BACKGROUND

Foundations or foundation structures for offshore structures, in particular offshore wind turbines, are generally designed with regard to their natural frequency in such a way that they do not overlap with other frequency exciting component bands, e.g. that of the rotor of a turbine used as a power generation system, as far as possible. As a rule, in the case of a so-called monopile as the tower of such a wind turbine, a natural frequency f is selected which lies between a 1P and a 3P frequency band, the 1P frequency band corresponding to an exciting component from one times the rotational frequency, and the 3P frequency corresponding to an exciting component three times the rotational frequency of the rotor of the turbine. In particular, in order to avoid resonance vibrations, an attempt is made to design the natural frequency of the offshore structure, e.g. at least 10% above the 1P and below the 3P frequency band. The design of such “stiff” towers or piles of an offshore structure is also called “soft-stiff”.

In particular for offshore wind turbines, ground foundations have been used so far, with which a natural frequency above the 1P frequency band can be achieved. Other frequency bands of the natural frequency of an offshore power system have so far been avoided for the following reasons:

(i) Possible dynamic wave exciting component and resulting fatigue loading or resonance of the tower structure of the offshore structure;

(ii) In particular, turbines of an offshore wind turbine regularly allow only small tolerances with regard to long-term skew (e.g. caused by a tidal range of the sea state prevailing in the offshore area); and

(iii) Soft structural foundations often contradict standardized verification criteria of geotechnical engineering.

Furthermore, floating foundations are known to accommodate a tower structure from an offshore wind turbine, wherein these foundations usually require water depths of more than 20 m, or preferably even more than 40 m. Floating foundations of this type for use in offshore wind turbines also require complex anchoring systems and flexible floating cable guides.

Sometimes, in coastal waters, in which often a water depth of about 40 m is not exceeded, and which also do not allow, for example, a floating foundation for a tower of an offshore wind turbine due to soft ground and a lack of water depth, a floating foundation for a tower of an offshore wind energy plant can only be made possible by very cost-intensive solutions or have been dispensed with for this reason.

From EP 2 522 850 A2, a tower vibration absorber for a tower or wind turbine is known, which has a first pendulum with a first pendulum length and a first mass, which is designed as a hanging pendulum. For a flexible adjustment of a resonance frequency of the tower vibration absorber and for achieving a low natural frequency at a low overall height, the tower vibration absorber has a second pendulum with a second pendulum length and a second mass, which is designed as a standing pendulum, the masses being coupled to one another in the direction of action via at least one coupling element.

SUMMARY OF SOME EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

It would be desirable, in particular in coastal waters wherein a water depth of about 40 m is often not exceeded, to be able to provide a cost-effective solution for a foundation for an offshore structure, in particular an offshore wind turbine, which is tolerant of large deflections in particular and can withstand extreme loads due to its high deformability.

Based on the background of the described prior art, it is therefore the object to reduce or avoid the described problems at least partially, i.e. in particular to provide a low-cost option for the foundation of an offshore structure that is tolerant of large deflections and can withstand extreme loads due to its high deformability.

This object is solved by a foundation as described herein.

In the following some exemplary embodiments are described in more detail:

An offshore structure is, for example, a wind turbine installed offshore. Furthermore, an offshore structure can be, for example, a transformer station, or a drilling or production platform.

Certain offshore structures, in particular wind turbines, are regularly fixed to the seabed with a foundation. A common type of foundation for wind turbines, for example, is a so-called monopile, wherein the tower of the wind turbine extends to the seabed and an anchoring portion is anchored in the seabed. The tower is then completely held in the seabed by its anchorage or anchoring portion.

In order to be tolerant of large deflections, and also to be able to escape extreme loads by a high degree of deformability, the foundation must allow for a large movement of the offshore structure. Offshore structures whose natural frequency lies above the 1P frequency band do not allow this.

In contrast, the anchoring portion of the tower according to the subject extends less deep into the seabed, and without additional fastening and/or stabilizing elements, the tower would not be stable against tipping, i.e. could tip over. Correspondingly, the foundation comprises at least one restoring element, the at least one restoring element being designed (e.g. geometrically) in such a way that in the event of an skewed position of the tower, in which the longitudinal extending axis of the tower ends outside of a vertically extending axis, tensile and/or compressive forces can be transferred to the tower by the at least one restoring element, so that the tower can be straightened up. In this way, the tower is tilt resistant.

The foundation allows a strong deflection of the tower, wherein a corresponding offshore structure has a natural frequency lying below the 1P frequency band.

For example, the tower has such a length that at least one lower end (e.g. part of the anchoring portion) of the tower engages with the seabed. For example, the lower end does not penetrate the seabed as deeply as is necessary with a stiff foundation (e.g. if only the bottom of a monopile is used).

For example, the tower consists of a reinforced concrete and/or includes a steel foundation. Furthermore, the tower can be made of, or at least partially comprise, a glass fiber composite material, or a carbon composite material, to name but a few non-limiting examples.

In an exemplary embodiment according to all aspects, the offshore structure comprises a power generation system and the foundation, wherein the natural frequency lies below an exciting component from one times the rotational frequency 1P of at least one rotating exciting component that can be connected to the power generation system.

The exciting component is, for example, at least one rotor blade of a wind turbine that can be connected to the power generation system. In this case, the power generation system is, for example, a turbine of the wind turbine.

A limitation of the natural frequency of the offshore structure can be achieved, for example, by clamping at least a part of the tower in the seabed. Basically, the natural frequency increases (firstly, shifts further into the 1P frequency band, then in the direction of the 3P frequency band (corresponds to the exciting component three times the rotational frequency of at least one exciting component, e.g. at least one rotor blade of a wind turbine) and then beyond the 3P frequency band).

A further limitation of the natural frequency of the offshore structure can, for example, be achieved by changing the diameter of the tower, wherein the larger the diameter of the tower increases the natural frequency, thus the higher the natural frequency of the offshore structure (shifting the natural frequency of the offshore structure towards the 3P frequency band and beyond).

The foundation is therefore a combination of a monopile foundation type (ground-based foundation) and a floating foundation, and can be described, for example, by the term “semi-floating base” or “semi-floating foundation”.

In an objective embodiment according to all aspects, the natural frequency of the offshore structure lies below a frequency of 0.1 Hz.

If the natural frequency of the offshore structure lies below the 1P frequency band, a soft structure is designed per se. Accordingly, the natural frequency of the offshore structure lies deliberately below the regularly aimed frequency band, which lies between the 1P and 3P frequency band. The objective foundation strives for a natural frequency of less than 1P and less than JONSWAP (<1P<JONSWAP=0.1 Hz), in particular in the case of high structures (height of the offshore structure) and an arrangement of the offshore structure in deep waters. JONSWAP refers to an exciting component of the offshore structure by the prevailing sea state and optionally also the tidal range.

In order that extreme skewed positions can be avoided or compensated for in the short and long term, the foundation comprises at least one restoring element, such as buoyancy bodies, (geometric, e.g. bellied) spring elements, flexible anchorages (e.g. rope anchorages), or a combination thereof, to name but a few non-limiting examples.

An exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that the anchoring portion of the tower that can be anchored in the seabed engages in the seabed, wherein when the tower is in a skewed position, the anchoring portion of the tower that engages in the seabed can be moved in the seabed.

Accordingly, the anchoring portion may move, for example, in the direction of two degrees of freedom within the seabed. Movement in the direction of the two degrees of freedom occurs, for example, within an essentially horizontal plane. For example, if the tower is in a skewed position, caused by a tilting of the tower, such a movement of the anchoring portion of the tower can occur in at least one direction within these two degrees of freedom. In addition, the anchoring portion of the tower may, for example, have one or more holes through which at least parts of the seabed can flow or pass when the anchoring portion moves in the seabed. It is understood that in this case the seabed has a soft structure (e.g. due to water saturation), so that accordingly at least parts of the seabed can pass through the hole or holes formed in the anchoring portion.

An embodiment according to all aspects provides that the skewed position of the tower (2) relative to the sea bed (M), which occurs in a limit state of the load-bearing capacity of the foundation, is greater than 0.10°, in particular greater than 0.20° and in particular greater than 0.5°, and the skewed position after a cyclic loading is greater than 0.05°.

The ultimate limit state is also referred to as ULS loads (Ultimate Limit State). The skewed position relative to the seabed and the skewed position after cyclic loading refers to a theoretical consideration, wherein in this theoretical consideration, for example, the at least one restoring element is not taken into account.

Furthermore, the ultimate limit state does not converge at an iterative calculation in which the skewed position of the tower relative to the seabed is greater 0.10°, in particular greater than 0.20° and in particular greater than 0.5°, and the skewed position is more than 0.05° after a cyclical load. Also these iterative calculation is performed without consideration of the at least one restoring element that counteracts any tilting of the tower that may have occurred.

In an embodiment according to all aspects, an upper portion of the tower is movable relative to the anchoring portion of the tower, wherein in the case of a skewed position of the tower, the anchoring portion in the seabed remains substantially in its position

For example, a foundation joint is formed between the upper portion and the anchoring portion of the tower. This foundation joint may be sprung and/or damped, for example by means of spring and/or damping elements arranged accordingly or comprised by the foundation joint, which stiffens the tilting stability of the tower.

The upper portion of the tower is movable relative to the anchoring portion of the tower, for example, in the direction of at least two degrees of freedom, e.g. for tilting the tower in the direction of a horizontal plane of the tower arranged substantially vertically.

An exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that the anchoring portion of the tower is essentially hollow cylindrical.

Accordingly, the anchoring portion of the tower is anchored in the seabed in such a way that parts of the seabed fill the hollow cylindrical area of the anchoring portion. This allows a better anchoring of the anchoring portion in the seabed, and thus of the offshore structure.

In a further embodiment according to all aspects, the upper portion of the tower is movably mounted at least partially within and in a receiving area of the anchoring portion of the tower, wherein in particular the anchoring portion of the tower in the receiving area is filled with a filling material.

The movable support of the upper portion of the tower in the receiving area of the anchoring portion of the tower, in which the upper portion of the tower can be received, is realized, for example, by a formed foundation joint. As already described above, this foundation joint can be sprung and/or damped, for example by means of one or more spring and/or damping elements arranged accordingly or comprised by the foundation joint.

An exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that the upper portion of the tower extends conically from the tower within the receiving area of the anchoring portion.

The anchoring portion of the tower, for example, is hollow or hollow cylindrical, so that the upper portion of the tower can engage with the anchoring portion of the tower. The upper portion of the tower, for example, has a cylindrical shape that tapers down into the anchoring portion.

For example, the anchoring portion of the tower is at least partially penetrating or projecting into the seabed, and the upper portion of the tower is located above the seabed. Alternatively, the anchoring portion of the tower is arranged so as to be fully penetrating the seabed and the upper portion of the tower is arranged within the anchoring portion so that at least part of the upper part of the tower within the anchoring portion also penetrates the seabed, surrounded by the anchoring portion.

In an embodiment according to all aspects, the receiving area of the anchoring portion of the tower has at least one spring and/or damping element, so that when the upper portion of the tower moves relative to the anchoring portion of the tower, the upper portion of the tower can be sprung and/or damped.

The at least one spring and/or damping element can for example spring and/or damp the foundation joint. By means of at least one spring and/or damping element, for example, the tilting stability of the tower can be stiffened.

An exemplary design of the object according to all aspects provides that the at least one restoring element comprises at least one buoyancy body or is designed as at least one buoyancy body, wherein in particular the at least one buoyancy body has a substantially conical or curved geometry.

Due to the design of the foundation in such a way that the offshore structure has a natural frequency below the 1P frequency band, it may be necessary, in particular to prevent the offshore structure from lowering or sinking, that at least one buoyancy body is comprised by the foundation. Overall, the forces resulting from anchoring the foundation in the seabed and the at least one buoyancy body must counteract the weight of the offshore structure.

The deeper the anchoring portion of the tower engages in the seabed, the less buoyancy is required from the at least one buoyancy body, for example, to prevent the offshore structure from lowering or sinking.

Furthermore, a lower natural frequency of the offshore structure results from the buoyancy caused by the at least one buoyancy body, which allows a limitation of the natural frequency. This is particularly due to the semi-floating foundation of the offshore structure.

In a further embodiment according to all aspects, the at least one buoyancy body is arranged below the water surface and at least partly surrounding the tower in a horizontal plane.

Alternatively, when the tower is in an upright position, at least one buoyancy body is arranged resting on the waterline. For example, the at least one buoyancy body may be arranged at at least one arm extending from the outer wall of the tower.

An exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that the at least one restoring element comprises one or more anchors, the one or more anchors being connectable to the seabed and being connected to the tower in each case by means of a flexible connection, which, when the tower is in a skewed position, generate a restoring tensile and/or compressive force in the opposite direction to the skewed position by tightening the flexible connection.

The flexible connection is, for example, a chain or a rope, which form a so-called chain line. When the tower is in a skewed position, the flexible connection causes, for example, a restoring tensile and/or compressive force, e.g. a cable and/or chain force in the opposite direction to the skewed position by tightening this chain line.

For example, the one or more anchors together with the respective flexible connections form an anchor system.

In an embodiment according to all aspects, the at least one restoring element comprises one or more stabilizing arrangements or is designed as one or more stabilizing arrangements, preferably the one or more stabilizing arrangements being extendable from the tower, or preferably being integrated gyro stabilizers.

Alternatively, one or more stabilizing arrangements are permanently installed on the tower.

In a further embodiment, the at least one restoring element is a mechanical anchoring system. Such a mechanical anchoring system comprises, for example, one or more anchor ropes, the one or more anchor ropes being connected, for example, to so-called suction buckets and/or piles. The suction buckets and/or the piles enable (additional) anchoring to the seabed.

An exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that that the center of gravity of the offshore structure is designed in such a way that fractions of a ground dead weight and ground friction forces of the seabed to be overcome are below the center of gravity of a liquid displaced by the foundation.

By arranging the center of gravity of the offshore structure in this way, the offshore structure becomes less sensitive to forces acting on the offshore structure in order to tilt it. The lower the center of gravity can be located, the greater is the stability of the offshore structure against tipping over. However, in particular in the case of offshore structures designed as offshore wind turbines, a low arrangement of the center of gravity is sometimes challenging, as the power generation unit located at the top of the tower, comprising e.g. a turbine and several rotor blades, and the high weight of the power generation unit shift the center of gravity upwards in the vertical direction.

A resetting effect is created, for example, by placing the center of gravity below a pivot point. It is therefore advantageous in a further possible embodiment to shift the overall center of gravity downwards, e.g. into the lower part of a hollow profile placed in the ground, which represents the anchoring portion, for example. This can also be carried out subsequently, for example, after a foundation has already been arranged in the seabed, e.g. with a cement suspension and/or grouting in the hollow portion.

A further exemplary design according to all aspects is characterized in that the resulting center of gravity of the offshore structure lies below the center of gravity of form or buoyancy, taking into account the ground reaction forces and the ground dead weight mobilized, e.g. by skin friction

A further exemplary design according to all aspects is characterized by in that, taking into account the ground reaction forces and the ground dead weight mobilized e.g. by shell friction, the resulting center of gravity of the offshore structure lies below the pivot point.

A further exemplary embodiment according to all aspects is characterized in that, taking into account the ground reaction forces and the ground dead weight mobilized e.g. by shell friction, the resulting center of gravity of the offshore structure lies below the metacenter.

For example, the foundation may be at least partially, i.e. not completely, a floating body. For example, the metacenter is the interportion of the buoyancy vectors belonging to two adjacent angular positions. There is a metacenter for each axis of rotation and each angular position (when the tower is tilted).

Another exemplary embodiment according to all aspects is characterized in that the center of gravity of the offshore structure is designed in such a way that the center of gravity lies below the center of rotation and/or the metacenter is above the center of gravity of weight.

A further exemplary embodiment according to all aspects is characterized in that, taking into account hydrostatic suction forces generated between the ground (seabed) and a foundation wall, e.g. by a movement of the foundation, which can optionally be generated additionally by an active pumping or by active pumping of ballast water, weight displacements of the tower of the foundation are possible, so that a force which resets when the tower is in a skewed position—in the present case e.g. the suction force or the suction forces—leads to the tower being straightened up.

A further exemplary embodiment according to all aspects provides that the anchoring portion of the tower is double-walled. For example, if the anchoring portion of the tower is anchored in a rigid seabed, movement of the bottom in a lateral direction (e.g. a turning movement) may cause the outer wall of the tower to detach from the bottom, creating suction and/or suction forces which in turn may cause restoring forces. This can also have a positive effect on the tilting stability of the tower of the foundation.

In an exemplary embodiment according to all aspects, the offshore structure is a wind turbine, the power generation system is a turbine and the rotating component is at least one rotor blade or comprises more than one rotor blades, wherein the at least one rotor blade can be connected to the turbine.

The object is further solved by an offshore structure, comprising the foundation.

The present object is further solved by a method according to a second aspect as described herein.

According to the second aspect, a method designing a foundation for an offshore structure, comprising:determining a natural frequency of the offshore structure comprising an foundation in such a way that the natural frequency lies below an exciting component one times the rotational frequency 1P of at least one exciting component;

wherein the determining of the natural frequency is iteratively based at least partially on changing parameters of the foundation.

In a further embodiment according to the second aspect, the parameters include one or more of the following parameters i) to viii):

(i) water depth at the site of the offshore structure;

(ii) weight of power generation system (e.g. comprising turbine (also referred to as gondola) and/or rotor blades);

(iii) weight of tower (e.g. length of tower*material used);

(iv) total weight of the offshore structure;

(vii) restoring forces (e.g. stiff ground, movement of the ground in a lateral direction (turning, wherein the outer tower wall may become detached from the floor, thereby creating suction and/or suction forces, which in turn may create restoring forces, or tensile and/or compressive forces caused by at least one restoring element); and
(viii) costs of the offshore construction.

As a result, the method can determine, for example, a certain force information which is determined, for example, according to the formula of a combination of (+ground)+(−lift)=force required for stability. The force information can accordingly represent such a specific force.

In order to determine the natural frequency of the offshore structure, a first natural frequency can be determined based in particular on the tower weight (e.g. length and stiffness of the tower) and the fraction of the tower that is above the water level. Subsequently, further parameters can be used iteratively, for example by changing them: e.g. the possible anchoring depth of the foundation can be varied, or the buoyancy force caused by a buoyancy body, for example, can be varied. Each iteration provides a natural frequency of the offshore structure as a result, so that a design can be made to achieve a natural frequency of the offshore structure below the 1P frequency band while ensuring sufficient tilting stability through the at least one restoring element comprised by the foundation.

The method is an iterative method, for example.

Furthermore, this method allows a calculation on a first side, assuming a completely floating foundation, and on a second side, assuming such a small water depth that buoyancy is not sufficiently realizable, for example by at least one buoyancy body. An exemplary site according to the second side is given for example with a tidal range of about 5 m and a 10 m high sandbank: If there is no water (tidal range), the offshore structure can only be supported by the ground-based foundation.

The method can now determine, for example, whether the foundation is feasible despite the natural frequency of the offshore structure being below the 1P frequency band. For example, it could be that a water-saturated ground cannot guarantee sufficient stability of the offshore structure against tipping. The method can, for example, determine, based on one or more corresponding parameters that reflect this, whether the additional stability required can be guaranteed, for example, by one or more restoring elements (e.g. anchor chains).

Further, artificial hydrostatic solutions can be enabled, e.g. in the above example, a double wall of the pile which makes use of consciously generated suction/suction forces which can also guarantee the tilting stability of the offshore structure.

According to a third aspect of the invention, an apparatus is disclosed which is adapted or comprises corresponding means to carry out and/or control a method according to the second aspect. Apparatuses of the method referred to in the second indent are, in particular, one or more apparatuses referred to in the third aspect.

According to the third aspect of the invention, an alternative apparatus is also described, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory comprising computer program code, said at least one memory and said computer program code being adapted to perform and/or control with said at least one processor at least one method according to the second aspect. A processor is to be understood, for example, as a control unit, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

For example, an exemplary apparatus further comprises means for storing information such as a program memory and/or a main memory. For example, an exemplary apparatus of the invention further comprises means for receiving and/or transmitting information via a network such as a network interface. For example, exemplary inventive apparatuses are interconnected and/or connectable via one or more networks.

An exemplary apparatus according to the third aspect is or comprises, for example, a data processing system which is set up in terms of software and/or hardware to be able to carry out the respective steps of an exemplary method according to the second aspect. Examples of a data processing system are a computer, desktop computer, server, thin client and/or portable computer (mobile device), such as a laptop computer, tablet computer, wearable, personal digital assistant or smartphone.

Further apparatuses may be provided, for example a server and/or, for example, a part or component of a so-called computer cloud, which provides data processing resources dynamically for different users in a communication system. In particular, a computer cloud is a data processing infrastructure according to the definition of the “National Institute for Standards and Technology” (NIST) for the English term “Cloud Computing”. An example of a computer cloud is a Microsoft Windows Azure Platform.

According to the third aspect of the invention, a computer program is also described which comprises program instructions which cause a processor to perform and/or control a method according to the second aspect when the computer program is executed by the processor. An exemplary program according to the invention may be stored in or on a computer-readable storage medium comprising one or more programs.

According to the third aspect of the invention, a computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer program according to the third aspect is also described. A computer-readable storage medium can be designed as a magnetic, electrical, electro-magnetic, optical and/or other storage medium. Such a computer-readable storage medium is preferably representational (i.e. “touchable”), for example it is designed as a data carrier device. Such a data carrier device is for example portable or permanently installed in a device. Examples of such a storage device are volatile or non-volatile random access memory (RAM) such as NOR flash memory or sequential access memory such as NAND flash memory and/or read-only memory (ROM) or read-write memory. Computer-readable, for example, should be understood to mean that the storage medium can be read and/or written to by a computer or data processing system, for example by a processor.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a system is also described comprising a plurality of apparatuses which together perform a method according to the second aspect.

An exemplary system according to the fourth aspect comprises an exemplary apparatus, such as an electronic device or server, for carrying out an exemplary method according to the second aspect.

The exemplary embodiments of the present invention described above in this description are also to be understood as disclosed in all combinations with each other. In particular, exemplary embodiments are to be understood in terms of the different aspects disclosed.

In particular, the prior or subsequent description of method steps according to preferred embodiments of a method should also disclose corresponding means for carrying out the method steps by preferred embodiments of an apparatus. Likewise, the disclosure of means of an apparatus for carrying out a method step should also disclose the corresponding method step.

Further advantageous exemplary embodiments of the invention can be found in the following detailed description of some exemplary embodiments of the present invention, in particular in connection with the figures. However, the figures should only serve the purpose of clarification and not to determine the scope of protection of the invention. The figures are not to scale and are merely intended to reflect the general concept of the present invention in an exemplary manner. In particular, features comprised by the figures should in no way be regarded as necessary features of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1shows a schematic illustration of an offshore structure1, which is at least partially founded on the seabed2by means of a foundation according to the invention.

The offshore structure1is a wind turbine, comprising a tower2, on which at its upper end a power generation system (e.g. a turbine, not shown in the schematic drawing inFIG. 1) with three exciting components, in this case three rotor blades5, is arranged.

Tower2is divided into an anchoring portion3and an upper portion4above it. Anchoring portion3is anchored in the seabed M in this case. Furthermore, the tower comprises a restoring element, in this case an essentially conical-shaped buoyancy body6, which surrounds the cylindrical tower2.

In addition to its function of providing lift for the wind turbine, the buoyancy body6also ensures that, in the event of a skewed position of tower2outside a vertically extending axis V, tensile and/or compressive forces can be transferred to tower2by the buoyancy body6, so that tower2straightens up again after a skewed position and thus the direction of longitudinal extending axis of tower2is again essentially on the vertically extending axis V. For this, the buoyancy body6is located below the water surface S.

Tower2is partly founded in the seabed M, and partly it is floating by means of the buoyancy body6, so it is a “half-floating foundation”.

The offshore structure1, which is founded with a foundation according to the invention, has a natural frequency that lies below an exciting component one times the rotational frequency 1P of the three rotor blades5of the power generation system.

The design of the low natural frequency of offshore structure1is made possible by the fact that offshore structure1is anchored to the seabed M at a low integration depth. Correspondingly, the anchoring of anchoring portion3in the seabed M alone cannot completely guarantee the stability of the offshore structure against tipping. The same can happen if the seabed M in which the anchoring portion3is anchored is soft, e.g. if it is a (strongly) water-saturated ground. The tilting stability is guaranteed by the restoring element, in this case the buoyancy body6which surrounds the tower2.

FIG. 2shows a and detailed illustration of an offshore structure1, which in contrast toFIG. 1comprises at least two buoyancy bodies6, each of which is connected to the tower2of offshore structure1via a transition piece10(e.g. an arm). The buoyancy bodies6both float on the water surface S with an orientation of the tower2, wherein the longitudinal direction of the tower2is essentially parallel to the vertical extending axis V.

The anchoring portion3of tower2is movable within the seabed M when the tower is tilted, as shown schematically inFIG. 2by the dotted tilting of Tower2. In the tilted position, the longitudinal direction of tower2is outside the vertical extending axis V. If a skewed position of tower2occurs, at least one of the two buoyancy bodies at hand is immersed in the water surrounding the tower2. The submerged buoyancy body6now generates a tensile and/or compressive force, which acts in the opposite direction of the skewed position of the tower2. Tower2will then straighten up again.

The anchoring portion3of the tower2, which penetrates the seabed M, can move in the direction of two degrees of freedom within the seabed M. For example, if the tower2is in a skewed position, e.g. caused by tilting of the tower2or by sea and/or wind load in at least one rotor blade of a power generation system located at the top of the tower (not shown inFIG. 2), such a movement of the anchoring portion3of the tower2can occur in at least one direction within these two degrees of freedom.

FIG. 3ashows a further schematic and detailed illustration of an offshore structure1, wherein an upper portion4of tower2of the offshore structure can be moved in the direction of at least two degrees of freedom within the anchoring portion3of the tower2.

In addition, the upper portion4of tower2is rotatable relative to the anchoring portion3of the tower2. This is indicated schematically by the double arrow D.

The upper portion4of tower2engages with a tapered end9comprised by it in a receiving area of the anchoring portion3. This receiving area can be filled, for example, with an elastic filling material7, such as an elastomer, polymer, sand-clay, sand-clay mixture, to name but a few non-limiting examples.

In addition, the anchoring portion3of the tower2comprises optional string and/or dampening elements8which can spring or damp a skewed position of the tower2, wherein the upper portion4is e.g. tilted in relation to the anchoring portion3. In addition, by means of the optional string and/or dampening elements8, a restoring tensile and/or compressive force can be produced when the upper portion4of the tower2is tilted, which can lead to the upper portion4of the tower2straightening up after the upper portion4of the tower has been tilted.

The anchoring portion3of the tower2can be open at the bottom, as shown here, so that the anchoring portion3can be safely anchored in the seabed M.

FIG. 3bshows an anchor device11, which is used as at least one restoring element in the present situation. A weight element11ais located below the anchoring portion3in the seabed M. An anchor rope11cconnects the weight element11awith a connecting element11blocated inside the upper portion4of the tower2. In the event of a skewed position of the upper portion4of tower2, the anchoring device11generates a restoring tensile and/or compressive force which causes the upper portion4of tower2to straighten up. A skewed position is shown schematically by the dotted tilted tower2.

InFIG. 3cthe anchoring portion3is filled with a filled or grouted volume. This is, for example, a cement suspension enriched, for example, with heavy aggregates and/or comprising steel chips or the like, to name but a few non-limiting examples.

InFIG. 3dthe anchoring portion3of the tower2comprises one or more openings12a. Through these openings12a, which are located, for example, in a detached area surrounding the anchoring portion3in the seabed M, one or more restoring tensile and/or compressive forces can be generated by hydrostatic suction forces. These can be generated and/or amplified, for example, by active pumping, presently with pump13. The pump13is connected to the openings12avia one or more pump pipings13a.

By active pumping or by active pumping of ballast water, a shift of weight can be generated, so that the corresponding restoring forces can be generated if the tower2is tilted. Anchoring portion3, for example, has openings12asurrounding it at regular intervals. Depending on the skewed position, for example, ballast water can be pumped through one or more openings12a(simultaneously), so that a corresponding restoring force can be generated by the following directional force, which counteracts the skewed position of tower2.

FIG. 4shows a frequency spectrum diagram, in which exciting component frequencies during operation of a wind turbine are shown.

As already described, for the determining of a natural frequency of an overall system (offshore structure, in particular wind turbine) comprising a foundation that comprises a tower and a power generation system (e.g. with one or more rotor blades), areas within a frequency spectrum can be defined in advance in which the natural frequency should be lying.

For example, a wind turbine experiences a (dynamic) exciting component during operation, in particular from wind loads, from a periodic exciting component with one times the rotational frequency (rotor frequency, 1P exciting component; caused, for example, by imbalances which occur during the rotation of the rotor blades), as well as from a further periodic exciting component from the rotor blade passage with the three times the rotational frequency (3P exciting component; caused, for example, by an inflow of the rotor blade with wind, wherein the rotor blade is located directly in front of the tower).

Furthermore,FIG. 4shows the so-called JONSWAP spectrum, which represents the wave energy spectrum caused by the sea state in the case of offshore structures and which can also cause an exciting component which the offshore structure has to handle.

The closer the natural frequency of the wind turbine is to these exciting component frequencies, the higher the stress on the mechanical components and the tower can be.

If the first natural frequency of the offshore structure is below the frequency three times the rotational frequency 3P, the design of the offshore structure is referred to as “soft-stiff” (range “target frequency” inFIG. 4). If the design of the offshore structure is also above the frequency of three times the rotational frequency 3P, the design is also referred to as “stiff-stiff”. If, on the other hand, the first natural frequency of the offshore structure is below the frequency one times the rotational frequency 1P, the design is called “soft-soft”.

It will be understood that when designing the natural frequency of an offshore structure, a design of the natural frequency that lies within the 1P and/or 3P frequency band should be avoided to avoid premature material fatigue and wear.

FIG. 5shows a block diagram of an example embodiment of an apparatus500, which can in particular execute an exemplary method according to the second aspect. For example, apparatus500is an apparatus according to the third aspect or a system according to the fourth aspect.

Apparatus500can therefore be, for example, a computer, a desktop computer, a server, a thin client or a portable computer (mobile device), such as a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a smartphone. For example, the apparatus can perform the function of a server or a client.

Processor510of the apparatus500is in particular designed as a microprocessor, microcontroller, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA).

Processor510executes program instructions stored in program memory512and stores, for example, intermediate results or the like in main or working memory511. For example, program memory512is a non-volatile memory such as flash memory, magnetic memory, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and/or optical memory. Main memory511is for example a volatile or non-volatile memory, in particular a Random Access Memory (RAM) such as a static RAM memory (SRAM), a dynamic RAM memory (DRAM), a ferroelectric RAM memory (FeRAM) and/or a magnetic RAM memory (MRAM).

Program memory512is preferably a local data carrier permanently connected to the apparatus500. Examples of media that are fixed to the apparatus500are hard disks that are built into the apparatus500. Alternatively, the data carrier may, for example, be a data carrier separable connectable to the apparatus500, such as a memory stick, a removable data carrier, a portable hard disk, a CD, a DVD and/or a floppy disk.

For example, program memory512contains the operating system of apparatus500, which is at least partially loaded into main memory511when apparatus500is started and is executed by processor510. In particular, when apparatus500is started, at least part of the core of the operating system is loaded into main memory511and executed by processor510. For example, the operating system of apparatus500is a Windows, UNIX, Linux, Android, Apple iOS and/or MAC operating system.

In particular, the operating system allows the use of apparatus500for data processing. For example, it manages resources such as main memory511and program memory512, communication interface513, input/output device514, provides basic functions to other programs via programming interfaces and controls the execution of programs.

Processor510controls communication interface513, which can be a network interface, for example, and can be designed as a network card, network module and/or modem. The communication interface513is designed in particular to connect the apparatus500to other devices, in particular via a (wireless) communication system, such as a network, and to communicate with them. The communication interface513can, for example, receive data (via the communication system) and forward it to processor510and/or receive data from processor510and send it (via the communication system). Examples of a communication system are a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Wireless Network (for example, according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, the Bluetooth (LE) standard and/or the NFC standard), wired network, mobile network, telephone network and/or the Internet.

Furthermore, processor510can control at least one input/output device514. For example, input/output device514is a keyboard, mouse, display unit, microphone, touch-sensitive display unit, speaker, reader, drive and/or camera. For example, input/output device514can receive input from a user and forward it to processor510and/or receive and output information for the user from processor510.

Finally,FIG. 6shows different examples of storage media on which an example of a computer program can be stored. The storage medium can be, for example, a magnetic, electrical, optical and/or other type of storage medium. The storage medium may be part of a processor (e.g. the processor510inFIG. 5), for example, a (non-volatile or volatile) program memory of the processor or a part of it (like program memory512inFIG. 5). Examples of a storage medium are a flash memory610, an SSD hard disk611, a magnetic hard disk612, a memory card613, a memory stick614(e.g. a USB stick), a CD-ROM or DVD615or a floppy disk616.

The following example embodiments should also be understood to be disclosed:

A method for designing a foundation of an offshore structure, comprising:Determining a natural frequency of the offshore structure comprising a foundation (e.g. according to one of the methods described herein; and optionally e.g. a power generation system), such that the natural frequency lies below an exciting component one times the rotational frequency 1P of at least one exciting component;wherein the determining of the natural frequency is iteratively based at least partially on changing parameters of the foundation.

The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the respectively changing parameters comprise one or more of the following parameters i) to viii):

(i) water depth at the site of the offshore structure;

(ii) weight of power generation system;

(iii) weight of tower;

(iv) total weight of the offshore structure;

(viii) costs of the offshore construction.

The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the method is carried out by at least one apparatus.

An apparatus which is arranged or comprises corresponding means for performing and/or controlling a method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3.

A computer program comprising program instructions which cause a processor to execute and/or control a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3 when the computer program is executed on the processor.

a plurality of apparatus which together perform a method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3.

The example embodiments of the present invention described in this specification and the optional features and characteristics mentioned in each case in this respect should also be understood as disclosed in all combinations with each other. In particular, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the description of a feature covered by an example embodiment should not be understood in the present case as meaning that the features is essential or essential for the function of the embodiment. The sequence of the method steps described in this specification is not mandatory, alternative sequences of method steps are conceivable. The method steps can be implemented in different ways, e.g. implementation in software (by program instructions), hardware or a combination of both to implement the process steps.

Terms used in the claims such as “comprise”, “have”, “include”, “contain” and the like do not exclude further elements or steps. The expression “at least partially” covers both the “partially” and the “fully” case. The expression “and/or” should be understood as meaning that both the alternative and the combination should be disclosed, i.e. “A and/or B” means “(A) or (B) or (A and B)”. The use of the indefinite article does not exclude a plural. A single apparatus can perform the functions of several units or devices mentioned in the claims. Reference signs indicated in the claims are not to be regarded as limitations of the means and steps used.