Flooring materials

A substrate for a decorative cushioned vinyl floor covering, and a decorative cushioned vinyl floor covering comprising such a substrate, are described, the substrate comprising a smooth non-woven tissue having a substantially uniform thickness of from 0.13 to 0.76 mm and weighing from 30 to 150 g/m.sup.2 and comprising glass fibres 5 to 15 microns in diameter, bonded with from 10 to 30%, based on the total weight of tissue, of a synthetic binder and which has at least on one surface a continuous layer of resin impregnated at least partially into that surface.

Decorative cushioned vinyl floor coverings are now produced on a very large 
scale. They comprise a decorative cushioned vinyl layer carried on a 
substrate. The decorative cushioned vinyl layer generally comprises a 
layer of foamed vinyl polymer covered by a non-foamed wear resistant 
layer, the foamed layer or the wear resistant or both together giving a 
decorative effect to the product. Such products are made by spreading a 
layer of foamable composition over the substrate and then foaming it. This 
layer may be deliberately embossed or caused to foam in such a manner as 
to give an embossed effect but wherever it is desired that the final 
foamed layer should be of uniform thickness it is absolutely vital that 
the substrate and/or foamable layer should be of uniform thickness before 
foaming. For instance in a typical foaming operation the depth of the 
foamable layer increases fivefold upon foaming and so minor non-uniformity 
that is hardly visible before foaming may, after foaming fivefold, result 
in gross surface imperfections. 
Accordingly, in practice, most methods of making decorative cushioned vinyl 
floor coverings involve the use of a substrate that is as flat and as 
smooth as possible. 
Typical substrates that come into consideration are discussed on page 3 of 
British Patent Specification No. 1,069,998. In practice the substrate most 
widely used is wet laid asbestos felt, that is to say an asbestos felt 
formed by draining water out of a layer of a slurry of asbestos fibres and 
binder in water. The production and use of asbestos felt constitutes a 
serious health hazard and also asbestos is expensive. Despite these 
disadvantages no alternative substrate has gained widespread acceptance. 
Numerous suggestions for alternative substrates have of course been made in 
the literature and some are mentioned in Brit. Specification 1,069,998. 
Examples of such other substrates are woven fabrics and non-woven fabrics. 
For instance in British Specification No. 1,206,584 a non-woven fabric of 
glass tissue is said to be preferred even though it is not used in the 
Examples of that Specification. However none of these alternative 
suggestions seem to have achieved wide acceptance. This is probably 
because woven fabrics, or even substrates based on a parallel thread 
construction, tend to be costly and also both woven and non-woven fabrics 
and tissues made by the most common methods tend to have surface 
irregularities which are sufficiently great as to be unacceptable as a 
basis for a decorative cushioned vinyl floor covering. For example a 
normal glass tissue will generally have an unacceptably rough surface and 
its thickness will generally vary from point to point to an unacceptable 
extent. 
We have now found remarkably that it is possible to replace the 
conventional wet laid asbestos felt with a substrate based on a particular 
form of glass tissue without detrimentally affecting the stability and 
surface appearance of the final product but avoiding the cost and health 
disadvantages arising from the use of asbestos. 
According to the invention a substrate for a decorative cushioned vinyl 
floor covering comprises a smooth non-woven tissue having a substantially 
uniform thickness of from 0.13 to 0.76 mm. and weighing from 30 to 150 
g/m.sup.2 and comprising glass fibres 5 to 15 microns in diameter bonded 
with from 10 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of tissue of a 
synthetic binder and which has at least on one surface a continuous layer 
of a resin impregnated at least partially into that surface. A decorative 
cushioned vinyl floor covering according to the invention comprises such a 
substrate and, on the continuous layer of resin or on one of these layers, 
a wear resistant decorative cushioned vinyl layer.

FIG. 1 shows a substrate 1 suitable for use as a base for a wear resistant 
decorative cushioned vinyl floor covering. 
FIGS. 2 to 5 show the substrate 1 comprising continuous resinous, e.g. 
vinyl, layers 2 and 3 on both sides of a non-woven glass tissue 4. The 
tissue 4 is embedded in the resinous layers 2 and 3. FIGS. 2 to 5 further 
show a blown foam layer 5, a print layer 6 and a wear layer 7. FIGS. 4 and 
5 additionally show a separate cellular backing layer 8. In FIGS. 3 and 5 
the layer 5 has been embossed to provide a decorative pattern comprising 
ridges 9 and troughs 10. 
The non-woven tissue usually consists solely of the synthetic binder and 
the glass fibres, although the fibres may be a mixture of glass fibres and 
synthetic staple, e.g. polyester, fibres. The amount of glass fibres 
should be more than 50% by weight, e.g. more than 55%, more preferably at 
least 70% and usually at least 80% by weight, of the fibre mixture. 
The tissue must be smooth and of substantially uniform thickness in order 
that any surface irregularities in it are so minute that even when they 
are magnified as a result of foaming the foamable layer that is 
subsequently applied an acceptable smooth result is achieved. 
One way of measuring smoothness is by using a Talysurf instrument 
(manufactured by Rank Taylor Hobson Ltd.). In this method, a 15 centimeter 
length of the material is mounted on a motorised traversing table, and a 
diamond tipped probe is used to follow the surface irregularities of the 
tissue. From a scan of the surface, variations in surface smoothness can 
be determined. Variations in surface smoothness are apparent in the glass 
fibre tissues commercially available and are often introduced by the 
method of manufacture of the tissue. After the tissue is coated with a 
continuous layer of resin the variation in surface smoothness of the glass 
tissue may be masked since it is often coated hot and cooled under 
constraint. However on heating an apparently smooth coated tissue under 
the conditions encountered in the manufacture of decorative cushioned 
vinyl floorcovering, an initially irregular glass tissue will again resume 
its irregular shape, causing the coated substrate to have an unacceptable 
undulating surface. Thus a commercially available air laid glass tissue is 
coated, the coatings smoothed and the coated tissue cooled down while 
under constraint. The variation in surface smoothness, measured by the 
Talysurf Instrument at this stage is .+-. 0.04 mm. The coated tissue is 
then re-heated under the conditions to be encountered in manufacture of a 
cushioned vinyl floorcovering and cooled down in contact with a smooth 
glass plate i.e. without constraint on the tissue. The variation in 
surface smoothness of the reheated substrate measured as before is now 
.+-. 0.12 mm. 
In the invention, the variation in smoothness of the coated tissue measured 
in this manner is preferably less than .+-. 0.06 mm. and more preferably 
less than .+-. 0.03 mm. at least on the surface that is to carry the 
decorative cushioned vinyl layer. 
When one holds up to the light many normal glass tissues one can see 
variations in thickness and/or density and such tissues are not of 
substantially uniform thickness. In the invention it is preferred that the 
thickness of the tissue should at all places be within .+-. 15%, and 
preferably .+-. 10% of the chosen thickness and it is also preferred that 
the weight per unit area of the tissue should in all places be within .+-. 
15% and preferably within .+-. 10% of the chosen weight. It is 
particularly preferred that the thickness in all places should be within 
.+-. 5% of the chosen thickness and the weight should be within .+-. 5% of 
the chosen weight, and in particular the weight should be within .+-. 2% 
of the chosen values. Preferably variations in weight are not more than 
.+-. 3, and preferably not more than .+-. 1 g/m.sup.2 and preferably the 
variations in thickness are not more than .+-. 0.02 mm. 
The weight of the tissue is preferably from 30 to 100 g/m.sup.2 and 
preferably it is from 0.25 to 0.5 mm thick. The amount of resin 
composition applied to it to form the continuous layer on either or both 
of its surfaces is normally within the range 300 to 1000 g/m.sup.2. 
Particularly good results are obtained in the invention when the tissue 
weighs from 50 to 60 g/m.sup.2 and carries from 15 to 20% binder. These 
and other particularly preferred tissues are made by a wet laying 
technique, whereas many glass fibre tissues are made by an air laying 
technique. 
The glass fibres from which the tissue is formed preferably have a diameter 
of 10 to 13 microns. The fibres may be continuous fibres that have been 
broken into lengths of several centimeters or relatively short fibres, 
e.g. of 2 centimeters or less. 
The preferred tissues of the invention having the optimum smoothness, 
weights, deviations, fibre diameters and binder contents are commercially 
available although most glass tissues commercially available do not have 
these properties. 
The binders used in the tissue may be conventional, for instance they may 
be based on acrylic resins, polyvinyl alcohol or urea formaldehyde resins. 
The substrate must include the prescribed continuous layer of resin on at 
least one surface, namely the surface that is to carry the decorative 
cushioned layer. The resin is generally a vinyl chloride resin. The layer 
may be a preformed layer that is calendered onto the tissue or it may be 
formed on the tissue from a plastisol. If it is formed from a plastisol 
then this plastisol may be spread as a layer direct onto the tissue or may 
be spread first on a release paper, the tissue then being embedded in the 
layer of plastisol. Either way the plastisol is then gelled. However the 
layer is formed it must at least partially impregnate the surface on which 
it is applied in order that it bonds securely to the tissue and normally 
the tissue will be wholly impregnated with resinous material, this 
material either extending all the way through from a continuous layer on 
one surface or resinous material from continuous layers on each surface 
merging with one another within the thickness of the tissue. Instead of 
applying all the resin of the layer in one application to the tissue, the 
layer can be made up of two layers, namely an upper layer (generally of a 
vinyl chloride resin) and a lower sizing layer that has been applied 
previously. The resin of the lower layer is often also of a vinyl chloride 
plastisol although acrylic and butadiene-styrene resins are also very 
suitable. Any latex that is conventional used to impregnated felts can 
also be used, e.g. butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, chloroprene and 
similar synthetic rubbers, natural rubber latex, polymers based on acrylic 
or methacrylic acid or heir esters, PVC latices or PVDC. These may be used 
alone or in combination with a filler such as calcium carbonate or 
whiting. The amount of filler is typically from 0 to 200, e.g. 50 to 150, 
parts by weight per 100 parts of the latex. 
When, as is often preferred, there is a continuous layer on each surface it 
is generally preferred that at least one of the layers should contain up 
to 500, e.g. 150 to 400 g/m.sup.2, of resin composition. Both layers may 
have this order of resin coating, or if a size layer is used then this may 
be sufficient as a coating over that side of the tissue opposite from that 
on which the upper layer is coated. 
One preferred method of forming the substrate from the tissue comprises 
coating the glass tissue first on one side with from 100 to 700, 
preferably 300 to 500, g/m.sup.2 of a polyvinyl chloride plastisol having 
a viscosity of 250 to 350 poise and comprising 100 parts PVC, 50 to 100 
parts plasticiser and 0 to 10 parts diluent. Conditions of application, 
which may conveniently be by a knife on roller, or knife on jacket coater, 
should be such that only partial penetration of the tissue, i.e. 20 to 80% 
of the depth, and preferably 50% of the depth, occurs. The coated tissue 
is then cured by passing it either around a heated drum or through a hot 
air oven at 150.degree. to 200.degree. C. The reverse side of the coated 
material is then coated with a plastisol of sufficient mobility to 
penetrate the tissue sufficiently to contact the previously applied 
coating through the tissue. The amount of this coating is generally from 
100 to 500 g/m.sup.2, preferably 200 to 400 g/m.sup.2. The plastisol may 
be of the same general formulation as given above but often it is 
preferred that it should be slightly less viscous, for instance having a 
viscosity of 150 to 250 poise. 
Another method of applying the continuous layers involves coating a 
plastisol having a viscosity of 150 to 250 poise and of the general 
formulation given above onto a releasing substrate to form a layer of 100 
to 500, preferably 200 to 400 g/m.sup.2. The glass tissue is laid into the 
wet plastisol and the assembly cured by passage through a hot air oven at 
150.degree. to 200.degree. C. A plastisol coat, for example of a plastisol 
having a viscosity of 100 to 200 poise, is then applied at a weight of 100 
to 400, preferably 150 to 300 g/m.sup.2, to the opposite surface of the 
tissue and is then cured. 
In each of these methods, if desired, the second coat can be applied to the 
tissue by a tandem coating technique before the first coating has been 
dried and cured. 
In another method, instead of either, but usually instead of the first, 
plastisol coating the tissue is calender coated with a film of 200 to 600 
and preferably 300 to 500 g/m.sup.2 of a vinyl chloride composition, 
usually at a temperature of 150.degree. to 200.degree. C. 
In any of these coating operations it may in some instances be desirable to 
improve the smoothness of the surface layer by passing it through a facing 
nip. 
Alternatively, the tissue may be sized on one side with, for example, an 
acrylic latex so that the final weight of coating is from 50 to 500, more 
preferably 80 to 300, e.g. 170 g/m.sup.2. This may be achieved by using a 
composition containing 100 parts of the polymer and 70 parts of whiting. 
The acrylic resin will usually be of a consistency such that it will fill 
the tissue interstices and strike through the tissue so that the thickness 
of the resin coating will be approximately equal on each side. At least 
one of the size layers will then have an upper layer applied over it by 
any of the methods described above. Using two resins in this way ensures 
that the tissue is sufficiently encapsulated so that there are no loose or 
free glass fibres, and that the tissue is well impregnated with a resin 
which is sufficiently porous not to cause problems when the second resin 
layer is applied. The second resin coating will usually be of from 150 to 
500, e.g. 400 g/m.sup.2. This gives the substrate the desired thickness 
and weight. 
From economic reasons it is preferred that a vinyl chloride resin is used 
as the major resin component in the substrate of the invention. However, 
if a greater amount of, for example, an acrylic latex is used to 
impregnate the tissue then this may give sufficient stability and 
thickness to the system so that it can be used directly for the building 
up of a cushioned vinyl floor covering. 
In all these methods, the final substrate can easily be made to have a 
smoothness, as measured by the Bendsten surface smoothness tester using an 
overpressure of 150 mm water gauge, of 500 ml/min. and below, for instance 
below 400 ml/min. This compares very favourably with conventional asbestos 
felts which are in fact often rougher than this. For instance a typical 
coated felt at present being used commercially has a smoothness of 600 
ml/min. by this test. The Bendsten surface smoothness tester is 
manufactured by H. E. Mesmer. 
The coated substrate normally weighs from 300 to 1200 g/m.sup.2, preferably 
600 to 1000 g/m.sup.2. For example, the substrate may comprise 50 
g/m.sup.2 of a bonded tissue (of which 40 g/m.sup.2 are glass fibres and 
10 g/m.sup.2 are polyvinyl alcohol), 170 g/m.sup.2 of an acrylic latex 
which impregnates the tissue and covers all the fibres at least partially, 
and 400 g/m.sup.2 of a layer of a polyvinyl chloride plastisol, the whole 
being 0.025 inches thick. 
A decorative cushioned vinyl surface can be of uniform thickness, the 
decoration then being due to it having a uniform or patterned colour, but 
preferably it also has a profiled structure. Such a structure may be made 
by, for example, printing differing amounts of foamable composition, and 
optionally also non-foamable composition and then heating the printed 
product to cause foaming and to gel the composition, for example as 
described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,920,977. In another method a foamable 
composition may be applied uniformly and material printed onto it, or 
printed initially underneath it, to cause preferential foaming either in 
the printed or in the non-printed areas upon subsequent heating, for 
example as described in British Patent Specification No. 1,059,998. A 
wearlayer may be applied before or after foaming. The wear layer may be 
transparent, and thus a multi-coloured pattern printed in or on the 
foamable layer before or after foaming, or on a uniform non-foamed layer 
over that foamable layer, will be visible through the wearlayer. 
Throughout this Specification all reference to vinyl chloride polymers and 
PVC are intended to embrace not only polyvinyl chloride homopolymer but 
also copolymers of vinyl chloride with, for instance, vinyl acetate. All 
viscosities are measured by a Brookfield viscometer HAT model using 
spindle number 6 at 20 r.p.m. and at 25.degree. C. 
If desired a foamable layer can be applied also to the backing of the 
substrate so as to give a resilient underlay. This is shown in FIGS. 4 and 
5, but if the tissue has been coated with a resin which has been allowed 
to strike through the fibrous structure, the thickness of the coating on 
the opposite side from that on which the cushioned vinyl layer is built up 
may be sufficient to support such a backing foamable layer. 
In the following Examples in every instance the glass fibre tissue used was 
that which is supplied by Glaswerk Schuller GmbH under their designation 
OR5ON. This weighs 51 g/m.sup.2 and 19% of this weight is urea 
formaldehyde resin which is impregnated into the tissue, the remainder 
being glass fibres which are about 13 microns in diameter. The tissue is a 
wet laid tissue having a variation in weight over 30 samples of 100 
cm.sup.2 each of about .+-. 2.2 g/m.sup.2. The tissue is 0.46 mm thick as 
measured by the WIRA Carpet Thickness Tester under the conditions as laid 
down by BS 4051:1972, but only using one sample for each measurement, with 
a range in thickness measured at 25 places along a 30 meter roll, of .+-. 
0.02 mm. In the following Examples the first resin coating and the 
decorative foamable layer are always applied onto the smoother of the 
surfaces. 
EXAMPLE 1 
The glass fibre tissue is coated by a knife on a roller coater, with 
Plastisol A, applied at 500 g/m.sup.2. 
______________________________________ 
Plastisol A Parts 
______________________________________ 
PVC 100 
Dioctyl phthalate 100 
Whiting 190 
TiO.sub.2 10 
Thiotin heat stabiliser 
1 
______________________________________ 
Viscosity of the plastisol, as measured at 25.degree. C. with a Brookfield 
HAT model viscometer, using spindle number 6 at 20 r.p.m., is 295 poise. 
(Although a variety of PVC resins may be used, in a preferred Example 67 
parts Vestolit E8001 and 33 parts Vinnol H65V PVC resins are used, these 
being supplied by Chemische Werke Huls AG and Wacker-Chemie Gmbh 
respectively.) 
The coated glass tissue is then cured by passage through an air circulation 
oven, situated immediately after the knife and roller coater, at 
180.degree. C. with a dwell time of 150 seconds, and, after leaving the 
oven, is "faced" by passage through a smooth rollered nip, before being 
rolled up. 
The material is then taken to the front of the coating line and re-coated 
on the second side by a knife on roller coater with Plastisol B, applied 
at 300 g/m.sup.2. 
______________________________________ 
Plastisol B Parts 
______________________________________ 
PVC (e.g. as in 100 
Plastisol A) 
Dioctyl phthalate 90 
Whiting 190 
TiO.sub.2 10 
Thiotin heat stabiliser 
1 
Viscosity depressant 
5 
(e.g. Nopco 5221/L) 
White spirit 8 
______________________________________ 
Viscosity of the plastisol, measured as Plastisol A, is 240 poise ("Nopco" 
is a Trade Mark of the Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co.) 
The second coat of PVC plastisol is cured by passage through an air 
circulation oven in the same manner as the first coat, is "faced" and 
finally rolled up to give a substrate weighing about 850 g/m.sup.2 and 
having a smoothness of 350-360 Bendsten units. 
EXAMPLE 2 
A release paper (for example Multikast type 446, supplied by Wiggins Teape) 
is coated by knife on roller coater with Plastisol C, applied at 400 
g/m.sup.2. 
______________________________________ 
Plastisol C Parts 
______________________________________ 
PVC (e.g. as in Plastisol A) 
100 
Dioctyl phthalate 67 
Whiting 125 
TiO.sub.2 25 
Thiotin heat stabiliser 
1 
Viscosity Depressant 
5 
White Spirit 8 
______________________________________ 
Viscosity of the plastisol, measured at 25.degree. C. with a Brookfield HAT 
model viscometer, using spindle number 6 at 20 r.p.m., is 295 poise. 
Immediately after the coater, the glass tissue is laid into the wet coating 
using a laminating roll working at low pressure to press the glass tissue 
into intimate contact with the wet coating. 
The laminate is then passed through an air circulation oven at 180.degree. 
C. for 150 seconds in order to cure the plastisol, faced whilst still hot 
by passage through a smooth rollered nip and rolled up, when cool, prior 
to further processing into a floor covering or other surface covering 
material, whilst still attached to the release paper. 
EXAMPLE 3 
As an extension of method of manufacture of Example 2, a further coat of 
Plastisol D, application weight 200 g/m.sup.2, is applied to the glass 
tissue side of the cured laminate by knife on roller coating, the 
plastisol being cured in an air circulation oven at 180.degree. C. for 150 
seconds and then faced while still hot by passage through a hot smooth 
rollered nip. 
______________________________________ 
Plastisol D Parts 
______________________________________ 
PVC 100 
Dioctyl phthalate 70 
Whiting 90 
TiO.sub.2 10 
Thiotin heat stabiliser 
1 
Nopco 5221/L 5 
White Spirit 8 
______________________________________ 
Viscosity of the plastisol measured as quoted in Example 2, is 150 poise. 
(The PVC may be 60 parts Quirvil 268 and 40 parts Corvic XP60/68 from 
Rumianca SpA and I.C.I. respectively.) 
After being cooled, the glass tissue reinforced vinyl layer is removed from 
the release paper substrate prior to further processing. 
EXAMPLE 4 
The glass tissue is calender coated with the following formulation, at 400 
g/m.sup.2. 
______________________________________ 
Parts 
______________________________________ 
PVC 100 
Dioctyl phthalate 33 
Ground limestone 125 
TiO.sub.2 12 
Ba/Cd liquid stabiliser 
3 
Hydrogenated castor oil 
1.5 
Stearic Acid 1 
(The PVC may be Scon 5300, from Vinyl Products.) 
______________________________________ 
Calender roll temperatures of 170.degree. C. to 180.degree. C. are used. 
The coated glass tissue is re-coated on the glass side, by Plastisol D, 
applied at 300 g/m.sup.2 by knife on roller coater. Following coating, the 
composite is cured by passage through an air circulation oven at 
180.degree. C. with a dwell time of 150 seconds, faced whilst hot by 
passage through a smooth rollered nip, cooled down and rolled up prior to 
use in further processes. 
EXAMPLE 5 
The reinforced vinyl layer from Example 1 is coated on the side initially 
coated with 500 g/m.sup.2 Plastisol A, by reverse roll coater with 200 
g/m.sup.2 of a chemically foamable PVC plastisol such as any of the 
foamable compositions described in British Patent Specification No. 
1,069,998. 
The viscosity of the plastisol, measured with a Brookfield HAT model 
viscometer at 25.degree. C., using a number 6 spindle at 20 r.p.m., is 20 
poise. 
The coating is fused at 160.degree. C., a temperature at which the coating 
can be gelled without decomposing the blowing agent, by passage through an 
air circulation oven. 
The coated material is printed using solvent based inks on a gravure 
printing press, some of the inks optionally containing an inhibiting agent 
for the foaming reaction (following the teaching of British Pat. No. 
1,069,998/9) if texture is required in the end product. 
The printing material is then overcoated by reverse roll coater using a 
plastisol, which cures to a hard transparent wear layer film, giving 
protection to the print layer in the finished product. 
The viscosity of this plastisol, measured as quoted in Example 1, is 20 
poise. The application weight is 160 g/m.sup.2. 
After application of this plastisol, the material is passed through an air 
circulation oven at 200.degree. C. to cure the coating and to cause 
foaming to occur. After leaving the hot air circulation oven, the material 
is cooled down before being rolled up. The finished product weighed 
approximately 1200 g/m.sup.2 and had a thickness, in non-debossed areas, 
of 0.045 inches.