A refractometer, comprising a light source arranged in a frame structure, an optical window to be positioned in a process solution, means for directing a beam of rays from the light source to an interface between the optical window and the process solution, part of the beam of rays being absorbed partly into the solution and part of it being reflected back from the solution entirely and creating an image, in which the location of a borderline between a light area and a dark area depends on the refractive index of the process solution, and an image detector, by means of which the image created in said manner is observed. To eliminate changing angles of the optical window, the light source, the optical window, the means for directing the beam of rays and the image detector are arranged in a rigid analyser module, which is positioned floatingly inside the frame structure to support on a substantially inelastic sealing arranged between the frame structure and the optical window by pressing the analyser module by spring means against the sealing.

The invention relates to a refractometer, comprising a light source 
arranged in a frame structure, an optical window to be positioned in a 
process solution, means for directing a beam of rays from the light source 
to an interface between the optical window and the process solution, part 
of the beam of rays being absorbed partly into the solution and part of it 
being reflected back from the solution entirely and creating an image, in 
which the location of a borderline between a light area and a dark area 
depends on the refractive index of the process solution, and an image 
detector, by means of which the image created in said manner is observed. 
The operating principle of the refractometer has been known over a hundred 
years already. At present, refractometers are used rather much in a 
plurality of different fields. As examples of the range of use of 
refractometers can be mentioned food industry, wood-processing industry, 
chemical industry and researches of different kind, in general. 
The operating principle of the refractometer can be described generally as 
follows. The refractometer measures the refractive index of a process 
solution by means of the total reflection created at the interface between 
an optical window and the solution. A beam of rays from a light source is 
directed to the interface between the optical window and the process 
solution. Part of the beam of rays is reflected from the solution 
entirely, part of it is absorbed partly into the solution. This causes an 
image, in which the location of a borderline between a light area and a 
dark area depends on the critical angle of the total reflection and thus 
on the refractive index of the process solution. 
An essential feature of refractometer measurement consists in analyzing an 
image created by light reflection. The purpose of such an image analysis 
is to find the critical angle of the total reflection, i.e. the borderline 
at which the light area of the image created in this way turns into a dark 
area. 
As appears from the above facts, the operation of a refractometer is based 
on a very accurate angle measurement, because the critical angle of the 
total reflection is determined according to the refractive indexes of two 
materials. A problem with known refractometers often consists in changing 
angles between the optical window and the frame structure of the device, 
because the optical window is often fastened to the frame structure by 
means of an elastic sealing material. If the optical window is fastened 
rigidly to the frame structure, the sealing material must be very elastic, 
and accordingly, certain slightly elastic materials, such as teflon, 
cannot be used. In several known refractometers, the optics and a light 
detector are fastened rigidly to the frame, and therefore, another problem 
is caused by an error in angle measurement due to a distortion of the 
frame structure. 
The object of the invention is to provide a refractometer, by which the 
drawbacks of the prior art technique can be eliminated. This has been 
achieved by means of a refractometer according to the invention, which is 
characterized in that the light source, the optical window, the means for 
directing the beam of rays and the image detector are arranged in a rigid 
analyser module, which is positioned floatingly inside the frame structure 
to support on a substantially inelastic sealing arranged between the frame 
structure and the optical window by pressing the analyser module by spring 
means against the sealing. 
An advantage of the solution according to the invention is that, thanks to 
the floating rigid analyser module, a flexible fastening of the optical 
window is possible also by means of a slightly elastic sealing without the 
accuracy of the angle measurement suffering. In addition, the structure of 
the refractometer of the invention is simple, which makes the introduction 
of the invention advantageous. The refractometer of the invention is also 
very flexible in use, for it may be mounted in very many ways in the 
process tube system, for instance.

FIG. 1 shows a general diagrammatic plan of the operating principle of a 
refractometer. Reference numeral 1 indicates a light source and reference 
numeral 2 an optical window, which may be a prism, for instance. Reference 
numeral 3 designates a process solution. 
As stated earlier, the refractometer measures the refractive index of the 
process solution by means of the total reflection created at the interface 
between the optical window 2 and the process solution 3. The operating 
principle of the refractometer belongs to the prior art technique fully 
known to one skilled in the art, and therefore, these facts are not 
explained here in more detail. In this connection, only the essential 
basic principle is described. 
A beam of rays coming from the light source 1 is directed to the interface 
between the optical window 2 and the process solution 3. The beam of rays 
is presented in FIG. 1 by means of arrows, in principle. Part of the beam 
of rays is reflected back from the process solution 3 entirely, part of it 
is absorbed partly into the solution. This creates an image K, in which 
the location of a borderline C of a light area A and a dark area B depends 
on the critical angle of the total reflection and thus on the refractive 
index of the process solution. 
Accordingly, the operation of the refractometer is based on a very accurate 
angle measurement, because the critical angle of the total reflection is 
determined in accordance with the refractive indexes of two materials. As 
stated above already, a problem with previously known refractometers is 
often caused by changing angles between the optical window and the frame 
of the device, because, according to several solutions, the optical window 
is fastened to the frame by means of an elastic sealing material. Using 
elastic material as a seal is due to the fact that, if the optical window 
is fastened rigidly to the frame, the sealing material has to be very 
elastic, and accordingly, slightly elastic materials cannot be used. In 
many known refractometers, the optics and a light detector are fastened 
rigidly to the frame, and therefore, another problem is caused by an error 
in angle measurement due to a distortion of the frame. 
It has been possible to eliminate the above-mentioned drawbacks of the 
prior art technique by means of the refractometer of the invention. The 
essential feature of the refractometer of the invention is that the light 
source 1, the optical window 2, the means for directing the beam of rays 
and the image detector 4 are arranged in a rigid analyser module 5. The 
optical window may be a prism, for instance. The image detector may be a 
row CCD element, for instance. The analyser module 5 is positioned 
floatingly inside the frame structure to support on a substantially 
inelastic sealing 6 arranged between the frame structure and the optical 
window 2. For example, the sealing may be a conical sealing or it may form 
a spherical surface, and so on. Because the analyser module 5 floats 
supported on the sealing 6 with respect to the frame structure and other 
mechanics of the device, outer forces, such as forces caused by the flow 
of the process solution, mechanical stresses in the tube system, heat 
expansion and pressure, do not affect the accuracy of the measurement. 
Thanks to the floating analyser module 5, slightly elastic materials, such 
as teflon, can also be used for the sealing 6 of the prism. 
The analyser module 5 is pressed by means of spring means 7 against the 
sealing 6, the pressing force being constant at all temperatures. 
Consequently, the spring means 7 together with the floating analyser 
module 5 compensate for the slight elasticity of certain sealing 
materials. The spring means are mounted in such a way that no process heat 
flows through them into the analyser module 5. 
The floating analyser module 5 is in contact with the process solution 3 
and a point 8a of the frame structure, i.e. that part of the frame 
structure which is in contact with the process, through the optical window 
2 only. The contact face with the process and the point of the frame 
structure is minimized in order to prevent heat conduction. There is a 
sealing 6 between the optical window 2 and the point. The contact face 
shall allow slightly changing angles between the axis of the analyser 
module and the axis of the point. As stated above, the contact face of the 
sealing may be conical or spherical, for instance. Thanks to the floating 
analyser module 5, the device is easy to manufacture and maintain as well. 
The analyser can be tested even before it is actually connected to the 
rest of the mechanics. 
In process measuring devices, heat transfer from the process to the 
electronics and to other heat sensitive components has to be minimized, 
and on the other hand, cooling these parts has to be maximized. An 
accurate measurement of concentration also requires an accurate and rapid 
temperature measurement of the process solution. In the refractometer of 
the invention, heat is transferred both through the frame structure and 
the analyser module to the electronics. Heat conduction through the frame 
structure has been prevented by making the wall thickness of the point 8a 
thinner and by positioning a heat insulation 9 between the point 8a and 
the rest of the frame structure, e.g. a cover part 8b. A suitable material 
for the heat insulation 9 is teflon, for instance. 
Heat may be conducted into the analyser module 5 through the optical window 
2 and the sealing 6 only. Radiation heat enters through the walls of the 
point 8a. Heat transfer through the analyser module 5 to the electronics 
is prevented by means of a separate rigid insulation part 10, forming part 
of the analyser module. The insulation part 10 shall be rigid, and 
therefore, certain ceramics, for instance, are suitable insulations. 
The heat penetrating the insulation part 10 of the analyser module 5 is 
conducted efficiently to the frame structure by a flexible heat conductor 
11, which is plate-shaped, for instance. The heat conductor 11 to be 
positioned between the analyser module 5 and the frame structure is made 
of a material conducting heat well, such as copper or aluminium, and its 
structure allows a movement in the axial direction of the analyser module 
5. The heat is conducted from the frame structure to the environment of 
the device by means of the big outer surface area of the frame structure. 
The outer surface area of the frame structure can be increased for 
instance by a suitable ribbing of the cover part 8b, as is shown in the 
figures. 
In connection with the refractometer of the invention, the temperature 
measurement of the process solution can be carried out in a particularly 
advantageous manner. The temperature of the process solution is measured 
by means of an electric temperature sensor 12. The heat contact of the 
temperature sensor 12 is maximized in the direction of the point 8a and 
minimized in the direction of the rest of the mechanics. The temperature 
sensor 12 is insulated against the analyser module 5 by means of a 
suitable insulating material, such as teflon. The rapidity of temperature 
measurement is influenced, besides by the mass of the sensor, also by the 
mass of the point 8a. To provide a sufficiently rapid temperature 
measurement, the mass of the point can be divided into two different 
parts. The temperature sensor is in direct contact with the lighter part. 
Heat conduction between the small and the big part can be reduced by 
making the wall thinner without weakening the mechanical pressing rigidity 
of the point. 
The refractometer of the invention is normally mounted in the main flow, 
i.e. it is a so-called in-line measuring device. Because of the optical 
measuring method, the optical window shall keep clean. The mounting site 
of the device is important for keeping the window clean. In tube systems 
having a relatively high flow rate, the bends of the tube system keep 
clean. Accordingly, it is preferable to choose just a tube bend as the 
mounting site of the device of the invention. If the tube has a small 
size, a special flow vessel 13 can be used, which is mounted in the place 
of a standard tube bend. FIG. 3 shows such a flow vessel. The flow vessel 
comprises a hemisphere, the midpoint of which is the optical window of the 
measuring device. Inlets and outlets 14, 15 of the flow vessel are 
directed to the midpoint of the hemisphere and they form a 90 degree angle 
with each other. If the cleaning effect caused by the flow shall be 
increased, the inlet 14 can be slightly reduced, as disclosed in the 
example of FIG. 3. The flow vessel empties itself when it is mounted into 
the position according to FIG. 3. As far as flow technique is concerned, 
the inlet and outlet can be easily connected to the hemisphere, because 
the contact face of a sphere and a cylinder is a circle. 
The refractometer of the invention can be mounted in rather big tubes, at a 
tube bend 16, in the manner shown in FIG. 4. The refractometer of the 
invention can naturally also be mounted directly in a tube 17, as is shown 
in FIG. 5. The flow directions of the process solution are marked with 
arrows in the FIGS. 3 to 5. 
The above embodiments are not intended to restrict the invention in any 
way, but the invention can be modified within the scope of the claims 
fully freely. Accordingly, it is clear that the refractometer of the 
invention does not necessarily need to be just as shown in the figures, 
but solutions of other kinds are also possible.