Pole connector assembly and method for racks and shelving

A pole connector assembly for connecting adjacent pole sections in order to construct a pole. In some embodiments, these pole connector assemblies have two inserts connected together by a fastener. Each of the two inserts can be received within an open end of a respective pole section. The fastener can be received within an aperture in each of the inserts in order to connect the pole sections together. In some embodiments, each insert can have at least one projection that extends into the pole section within which the insert is received. The fastener can limit the at least one projection from being inwardly deflected in order to secure the insert within the corresponding pole section. In other embodiments, the fastener can have at least one deformable portion to allow the fastener to secure the insert within the corresponding pole section.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to pole connector assemblies and devices, and more particularly to pole connector assemblies and devices for joining support post sections used in adjustable racks, shelving, and similar applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many existing shelving and rack systems are constructed of one or more poles connected to one or more shelves or racks. In some cases, the shelves or racks can be adjustably connected to the poles at different heights. Also, each pole often includes two or more pole sections that are connected in an end-to-end fashion by pole connector devices or assemblies. Pole connector devices and the poles assembled with such devices are preferably strong, lightweight, easy to assemble (and in some cases, disassemble), and relatively inexpensive. However, existing pole connector devices fail to balance these design considerations well, invariably resulting in pole connector device designs that are lacking in one or more respects. Conventional pole connector devices and assemblies are often unreliable, heavy, slow to assemble and disassemble, expensive to manufacture, and difficult to properly align and adjust.

For example, many conventional pole connector devices include a plurality of pole inserts that are inserted into the ends of pole sections. These pole connector devices are used to connect adjacent pole sections in end-to-end fashion as mentioned above. Such pole connector devices can have one or more exterior threaded surfaces. Many types of pole inserts are die cast, and have threads machined into the exterior surface(s) of the inserts. The threaded pole inserts are threaded into threaded ends of the pole sections to connect the pole inserts to the pole sections and to connect adjacent pole sections together.

Some existing threaded inserts are formed of a single piece or assembly having a separate threaded portion on each end of the insert for threaded connection with an internally threaded pole section. Other threaded inserts are threaded only on one end for threaded connection with a pole section. In such cases, the threaded inserts are inserted into the ends of adjacent pole sections and are then connected together with a fastener to connect the adjacent pole sections. By way of example only, the fastener can be rod threaded on each end. After the inserts are inserted into the ends of adjacent pole sections, one end of this fastener type is threaded into a threaded aperture in one of the inserts. The opposite end of the fastener is then threaded into a threaded aperture in the other insert and is tightened to connect the adjacent pole sections together.

The machining required for threading conventional pole inserts is expensive and can represent a significant part of the cost of a shelving and rack system. Such machining also adds an additional step in the manufacturing process and can significantly add to the time needed to produce a shelving and rack system. Although a number of alternatives exist to machining threads into the pole inserts and pole section ends (e.g., casting or molding threads), each of these alternatives adds significant costs to the manufacturing process in one or more ways, such as through expensive molds and molding machinery, etc.

The use of threaded pole inserts can also add significant time to the pole assembly process, especially when several pole sections and several rack or shelf systems need to be assembled. Such inserts and pole sections can be difficult to thread together, and in some cases may not properly align to form a straight pole. Some pole connections may be used to connect two or more poles in a way that joins the poles in other manners, such as at any angle or in a parallel fashion but not necessarily co-axial. In such cases, threaded connections can be cumbersome and ineffective. If threaded correctly, an insert threads into a pole along a central pole axis extending parallel to the walls of the pole. In some cases, the threads on the insert may become misaligned with the threads of the pole during assembly, causing the insert to become misaligned with respect to the pole axis and result in an unstable pole connection. Such unstable pole connections can be difficult to detect by the assembler. In addition to misalignment problems, the process of tightening the pole inserts into the pole sections during assembly and of loosening such connections during disassembly can be difficult, often requiring significant strength and/or tools. Also, threaded inserts can loosen as a result of rack or shelf use and vibration, resulting in unreliable connections between pole sections.

Other types of pole section connectors do not employ threaded connections to the pole sections. For example, some pole section connectors employ inserts that are received into the ends of the pole sections and are attached thereto by adhesive or cohesive bonding material. Such pole section connectors can be difficult to properly align (while the bonding material sets and/or while the inserts are assembled with the pole sections). It can also be difficult for an assembler or user to detect when the bonding material has failed or is otherwise unsatisfactory for bearing normal loads. In addition, the use of bonding material for pole section connections can make pole disassembly problematic or even impossible.

In light of the problems and limitations described above, a need exists for pole assembly connectors that enable quick assembly and disassembly of rack or shelf poles, can be inexpensively manufactured, are easy to properly align and assemble, and provide a strong and reliable connection between pole sections. Each preferred embodiment of the present invention achieves one or more of these results.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, a pole connector assembly is employed between adjacent pole sections in order to construct a pole. Some preferred embodiments of the pole connector assembly have two inserts connected together by a fastener. Each of the two inserts is received within an open end of a respective pole section. The fastener is preferably received within an aperture in each of the inserts in order to connect the pole sections together.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, each insert has at least one projection that extends into the pole section in which the insert is received. Preferably, the projection can be deflected in order to engage (or more fully engage) the insert within its corresponding pole section. The projection can be deflected by the fastener or by one or more internal surfaces of the pole section as the insert is inserted within the pole section.

Preferably, the fastener is received within the aperture of the insert as mentioned above. By inserting the fastener in the aperture, the fastener preferably deflects the projection to engage the inside surface of the pole section and to thereby secure the insert in the pole section. In some preferred embodiments, the fastener and the aperture in the insert are threaded so that threading the fastener in the insert aperture causes the projection to deflect and to engage the inside surface of the pole section. In other preferred embodiments, the fastener extends into the insert aperture to a position in which the fastener is secured within the insert aperture. For example, the fastener can have at least one projection that is deflectable in order to engage (or more fully engage) the fastener within its insert. If employed, the at least one projection can further include an enlarged end that inter-engages an inwardly-opening groove in the corresponding insert to more fully secure the fastener within the insert.

Any number of insert projections can be employed for purposes of securing an insert to a pole section. However, the insert most preferably has a plurality of such projections, each separated by a space so that each can be deflected with respect to the others. For example, the insert can have four projections that surround the aperture within which the fastener is received. The four projections can be separated by grooves in the insert (which grooves can be cuts made in the insert to define the four projections). When the fastener is inserted within the aperture, such as by being threaded into the aperture, the four projections expand and deflect from one another, and thereafter contact and preferably press against the inside surfaces of the pole section in which the insert is installed.

The projections of the inserts can engage with the pole sections in different manners in order to secure the inserts within the pole sections. In some cases, the projections press against the interior surfaces of the pole sections and thereby frictionally engage the inserts with the pole sections. In these and in other cases, the projections can have one or more features that mate or otherwise engage with one or more features on the inside of the pole section upon deflection of the insert projections. For example, the projections can have a circumferential groove therein which mates with a circumferential tongue on the inside of the pole section. The circumferential tongue can be defined by a circumferential recess on the exterior of the pole section. Such recesses are commonly used to connect racks and shelves to poles. When the grooved projections of the insert are deflected, the grooves on the insert mate with the internal tongue of the pole section to engage the insert with the pole section Still other types of engagable elements and features on the deflectable projections and on the pole sections are possible, each one of which falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Furthermore, any of the above types of engagement can also apply to engagement between one or more deflectable projections of a fastener, if employed, and a corresponding insert.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the inserts each have a cap portion that is preferably larger than the inner diameter of the pole sections being connected and that preferably abuts the end of a pole section. Although the inserts do not require a cap portion, this feature provides additional stability to the pole connection assembly. Also, the cap portion (e.g., a peripheral edge of the cap portion) can be chamfered, beveled, or otherwise recessed so that the pole connector assembly has a circumferential groove at the pole section interface to which shelves and racks can be connected.

The elements making up the pole connector assembly of the present invention are relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture, particularly because a number of the embodiments employ only one threaded connection for each insert (as opposed to two threaded connections commonly used in existing pole connectors). In addition, the snap-fit and positive engagement provided by the inserts of the present invention help to provide a more reliable and stronger pole connection that is also easier to align and adjust. Also, assembly of the various embodiments requires minimal strength and skill, with no need to employ bonding agents or to align parts during the assembly process.

More information and a better understanding of the present invention can be achieved by reference to the following drawings and detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is described in terms of its application to poles for adjustable and non-adjustable shelves and racks such as that shown inFIG. 1. An example of such a shelf assembly is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,501 issued to Olson et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference insofar as it relates to shelf assemblies and adjustable shelf assemblies. However, the present invention can be employed in any application in which two pole sections must be connected in an end-to-end fashion.

FIGS. 2 and 3illustrate a pole according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The pole10has at least two pole sections12connected in end-to-end fashion as will be described in greater detail below. Although the pole10inFIGS. 2 and 3has only two pole sections12, it should be noted that a pole10having any number of pole sections12and pole section lengths is possible according to the present invention.

FIGS. 3 and 5illustrate a pole connector assembly (indicated generally at14) according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The pole connector assembly14includes two inserts16and at least one fastener18. As will be described in greater detail below, each insert16is inserted into an end20of a pole section12to be joined to another pole section12. Preferably, the fastener18connects the inserts16together.

Each pole section12preferably has a hollow cylindrical shape with a central axis, and includes at least one open end to which the pole connection assembly14is connected. The opposite end of each pole section12can be open (whether for connection to another pole connection assembly or otherwise) or can be closed.

The pole sections12can have any cross-sectional shape desired, including without limitation round, oval, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or other polygonal cross sectional shapes, and poles having irregular or unusual cross-sectional shapes. Although the cross-sectional size and shape of each pole section12is preferably constant along its length, this need not necessarily be the case.

Some preferred embodiments of the pole sections12have a plurality of external circumferential recesses or grooves22. As is well known to those skilled in the art, these grooves22can be used to secure shelves or racks to the poles10. Preferably, multiple grooves22enable the attachment of multiple shelves or racks2(seeFIG. 1) to the poles10and/or permit the shelves or racks2to be secured at a variety of points along the poles10. The manner in which racks or shelves can be connected to a grooved pole10is well-known to those skilled in the art and is not therefore described further herein. In other embodiments of the present invention, the pole sections12can be provided with other features and elements enabling connection of racks or shelves2to the poles10. Such features and elements include without limitation a plurality of apertures along the pole sections12, ribs, studs, bosses, flanges, lips, pins, or other protrusions extending from the surface of the pole sections12, and the like. In still other embodiments of the present invention, the surfaces of the pole sections12are relatively featureless (such as when clamps, setscrews, or other fasteners are used to clamp the racks or shelves2in place on the pole sections12).

The insert16is inserted into the open end of the pole section12and preferably snaps into place within the pole section16. As will be described in greater detail below, the insert16preferably has a snap engagement with a tongue24or other protrusion on the inside of the pole section12formed by at least one of the recesses22in the pole section12. More specifically, the tongue24preferably provides a snapping location for the insert16when the insert16is inserted into the open end of the pole section12. Other manners of engagement between the insert16and the pole section12are possible and will also be described in greater detail below.

Each insert preferably has a cross-sectional shape that is similar or corresponds to the cross sectional shape of the pole section end20into which the insert16is received. However, the insert can take any other shape desired that is capable of connection with the pole section end20as described below. In the illustrated preferred embodiment, the inserts16and pole sections12have generally round cross sections by way of example only.

With reference toFIGS. 3–5, some embodiments of the present invention employ an insert16having an aperture26therein for receiving a fastener18. The insert16preferably also has a body portion30that at least partially extends into the end20of a pole section12. Also, the insert16preferably has a cap portion28that is located at least partially outside of the pole section12. Although the cap portion28preferably has a cross-sectional shape that is similar to that of the body portion30, the cap portion28can have any other cross-sectional shape desired.

The cap portion28of the insert16is preferably larger in diameter than the body portion30, and is also preferably larger in diameter than the internal diameter of the pole section12. Therefore, the cap portion28can abut the end of the pole section12to “cap” the pole section12. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the cap portion28has an outer diameter that is the same or substantially the same as the outer diameter of the pole section12. However, the cap portion28can have a larger diameter if desired. In those embodiments where it is not desired or necessary to have a surface of the cap portion28abut the end20of the pole section12, the cap portion28can be smaller in diameter than the wall defining the pole section12.

The insert16preferably has a surface32that faces away from the pole section12into which the insert16is inserted. This interface surface32can be substantially flat and featureless or can have any shape desired (e.g., concave, convex, grooved, ribbed, and the like). A substantially flat interface surface32is highly preferred to produce a stable interface with a confronting insert16as will be described in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, the peripheral edge of the interface surface32can have a shape that is complimentary with the peripheral edge of the interface surface32of a confronting insert16. For example, and with continued reference toFIGS. 3–5, the peripheral edge34of the interface surface32preferably has a circumferential groove, chamfer, or other recess defined therein. When placed in an abutting relationship with another confronting insert16, the resulting peripheral interface between the inserts16can be a recess having any desired shape. In some preferred embodiments, this recess shape is similar to recesses located at other points along the pole sections12. As another example, the peripheral edge34of the interface surface32can have one or more lips, ledges, extensions, or other protrusions that define any desired shape of the interface between confronting inserts16when abutted against one another. Although similarly-shaped abutting inserts16are highly preferred to generate an interface shape between two abutting inserts16as just described, in some embodiments only one of the abutting inserts16may have a recess, protrusion, or other feature in the peripheral edge34of the interface surface32. In still other embodiments, neither insert16has such a feature.

Whether either or both peripheral edges34of abutting inserts16have recesses, protrusions, or other features, the resulting exposed external surfaces of the abutting inserts16can be shaped to mimic or duplicate external features of the pole sections12(including those portions of the pole sections12to which shelves or racks2can be connected as described above). For example, the shape of the interface between the abutting inserts16in the illustrated preferred embodiment can be the same or similar to the shape of the recesses22in the pole sections12. The interface between abutting inserts16can therefore define another location at which shelves or racks2can be connected to the pole10. Alternatively, any other external surface of either or both abutting inserts16can be shaped for this purpose.

The body portion30of the insert16preferably has a generally round cross-sectional shape. As described above, however, the insert16(and the body portion30thereof) can have any cross-sectional shape desired. The body portion30of the insert16preferably extends away from the cap portion28along the axis of the insert16in a direction opposite the interface surface32. The body portion30is preferably slightly smaller than the inside of the pole section end20. For example, for generally round pole sections12and inserts16as illustrated in the figures, the body portion30preferably has a diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the end20of the pole section12. Most preferably, a clearance fit exists between the body portion30and the pole section12, although a light interference fit can be used in some embodiments. The fit between the body portion30of the insert16and the end20of the pole section12can therefore be loose, snug, or relatively tight as desired.

The body portion30of the insert16preferably has one or more projections36that extend away from the interface surface32of the insert16. In some preferred embodiments, the projections36extend in a direction generally parallel to the axis of the insert16. The insert16is preferably made of a strong and resilient material such as steel, aluminum, or other metal, high-strength plastic, composites, and the like. The projections36can be separate elements attached to the remainder of the insert16in any conventional manner (such as by welding, soldering, or brazing, by one or more conventional fasteners, by a press fitting or threaded connection with the remainder of the insert16, and the like). More preferably however, the projections36are integral with the remainder of the insert16.

As will be described in greater detail below, the projections36can be slightly deflected under stress during insertion and connection of the insert16into the pole section12. Because the insert (or at least the projections36thereof) is preferably made of resilient material, the projections are inherently biased toward their pre-stressed states.

Although four projections36are illustrated in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3–5, any number of projections can be used as desired. Most preferably, two or more projections36are employed, and are separated by spaces to permit a degree of flexibility of the projections36with respect to one another and the pole section12. In the illustrated preferred embodiment for example, the four projections36are separated by slots38that are substantially parallel to the axis of the insert16. The slots38extend from a base40of the body portion30to the ends of the projections36.

The projections36can each have any cross-sectional shape desired, and preferably collectively define a body shape that is similar to the internal shape of the pole section end20as discussed above. For example, the projections36in the insert illustrated inFIGS. 3–5are elongated and have a semi-annular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the projections36can be a series of elongated fingers each having a round, oval, polygonal, or other cross-sectional shape that may or may not vary along the length of the projections36. Furthermore, the projections36can each have the same or different cross-sectional shapes and lengths as desired.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the inserts36are engagable with one or more interior projections or features within the pole sections12, thereby resulting in a strong and reliable connection between the inserts36and the pole sections12. By way of example only, the projections36in the illustrated preferred embodiment have an external groove42that preferably circumscribes the body portion30of the insert16and is formed in the outer surfaces of the projections36. The groove42can lie in a plane generally perpendicular to the axis of the insert16as shown in the figures, or can be oriented in other manners as will be discussed in more detail below. The groove42is preferably located at a point along the body portion30of the insert16, such that the groove42engages the tongue24(seeFIG. 5) on the interior surface of the pole section12when the insert16is inserted into the open end20of the pole section12(and preferably, when the cap portion28contacts the pole section end20in those embodiments of the insert16having a cap portion28). Although the groove42is preferably located near a distal end of the body portion30, the groove42can be located anywhere along the body portion30in order to enable engagement of the groove42with the tongue24(when the cap portion28contacts the pole section end20or otherwise).

As mentioned above, the insert16in the illustrated preferred embodiment is preferably engagable with the pole section12by an engagement between the groove42in the projections36of the body portion12with a tongue24extending internally into the pole section12. In some embodiments, the tongue24is defined at least partially by a recess22on the exterior surface of the pole section10as described above. In other embodiments, the tongue24can be defined by a separate element connected to or otherwise formed on an internal surface of the pole section end20, such as a ring welded, press or snap-fit, brazed, or fastened with one or more conventional fasteners to the inside of the pole section end20, a bead of metal or welding deposit left upon the interior surface of the pole section end20, and the like.

A number of alternatives exist to the tongue and groove connection between the insert16and pole section12described above and illustrated inFIGS. 3–5. For example, the locations of the tongue24and the groove42can be reversed, whereby a tongue or other projection on the body portion30of the insert16is engagable with a groove or other recess in the inside surface of the pole section end20. In other embodiments, the tongue and groove connection described above can be replaced by a number of other engagable elements and features of the insert16and pole section12. By way of example only, one or more pins, knobs, fingers, ledges, ramps, bosses, or other projections on the body portion30of the insert16can be engagable with one or more similar elements or with one or more apertures, grooves, dimples, or other recesses in the inside wall of the pole section12(and vice versa). Like the tongue and groove connection described above, such a relationship between the body portion30of the insert16and the inside surface of the pole section12is preferably a snap fit to result in a strong and reliable connection between these elements.

Although the groove42in the illustrated preferred embodiment is preferably located on projections36of the insert16as described above, this need not necessarily be the case. Specifically, the groove42can be located on a body portion30having no identifiable projections36. A groove42located on projections36of an insert16is preferred because the projections36permit flexure of the body portion30during insertion of the insert16into the pole end20and during connection of the tongue24within the groove42. This flexure is enabled by the elongated nature of the projections36and, in the case of multiple projections36, by the slots38or other spaces located between the projections36as described above. The flexure can result in a more secure connection of the insert16and the pole end20into which the insert16is received. However, in some cases a sufficiently strong and reliable connection is provided without any significant flexure of the projections36. In other cases, such a connection is possible without the use of projections36at all.

The preceding discussion regarding the tongue and groove relationship between the insert16and the pole end20applies equally to other types of features and elements (described above) used to connect the insert16to the pole end20. In any case, the feature or element(s) which engage with the insert16can be oriented in any manner with respect to the axis of the pole section12. For example, the orientation of the tongue24in the pole end20can be at any angle with respect to the axis of the pole section12. However, the orientation of the tongue24(or other element or feature to which the insert16connects) with respect to the pole section12is preferably dependent at least in part upon the orientation of the groove42in the pole end20to which the tongue24connects. Although one tongue and groove connection is preferably used to connect each insert16to a pole section12, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that multiple tongues24and multiple grooves42can connect each insert16within a pole section12in a manner as described above.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the projections36of the insert16also include a lead surface44having a tapered edge46. The lead surface44is that surface of the body portion30that is located farthest from the cap portion28(when used) and from the interface surface32of the insert16. Although not required, the lead surface44is preferably flat, and is in a plane generally perpendicular to the axis of the insert16. Alternatively, the lead surface44can have any other shape desired and can be disposed at any angle or multiple angles with respect to the axis of the insert16. The tapered edge46of the lead surface44facilitates easier insertion of the insert16into the end of the pole section12. Also, the tapered edge46of the lead surface44can act as a ramp against which the tongue24of the pole section12rides as the insert16is inserted into the pole section12. This ramping action can facilitate an easier snap-fit of the insert16into the pole section12. In those embodiments of the insert16having projections36as described above, the tapered edge46of the lead surface44can also act as a ramp to deflect the projections36as the insert16is moved into an engaged position with respect to the pole section12.

Preferably, when the insert16is inserted into an end20of the pole section12, the projections36contact the tongue24in the pole section end20and then deflect under insertion force as the insert16is pushed into the pole section end20. When the tongue24in the pole section end20becomes aligned with the groove42in the insert16, the projections36preferably spring back or otherwise return to their pre-deflected state. This action of the projections36serves at least one of two purposes: to create a positive engagement of the tongue24and groove42and to generate a force of the projections36upon the inside of the pole section12. As mentioned above, the tongue and groove connection between the insert16and the pole section12can be replaced by a number of other elements and structures also generating an engagement between the insert16and the pole section12. In such cases, the resilient deflection and return of the projections36can function in a similar manner as described above with reference to the tongue and groove connection in the illustrated preferred embodiment. Although inter-engaging elements or features of the insert16and the pole section12are not required to practice the present invention, they can be employed to generate a stronger pole section connection in any of these manners.

As mentioned above, some embodiments of the present invention have inserts with resilient projections36used to engage with a pole section12by generating a pressure against the inside walls of the pole section end20. Whether or not such resilient projections are also used to engage features or elements on the insert16and pole section end20, this pressure can be sufficient to retain the insert16in place within the pole section12even under significant axial and torsional forces. To generate large frictional forces between the projections36and the inside walls of the pole section end20, the projections36of the insert16can have a tight fit with the pole section end20as the insert16is pushed into the pole section end20. Otherwise, the inside of the pole section end20can have a ramped or conical shape which narrows with increasing distance from the pole section end20, a stepped inner diameter upon which the projections36ride as the insert16is pushed into the pole section end20, or any other interior shape causing the projections to be inwardly compressed or otherwise deflected when the insert16is forced into the pole section end20. As mentioned above, the insert16can have a tapered leading edge46to ease insertion of the insert16in any of these embodiments.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the inserts16of adjacent pole ends20are connected together by a threaded fastener18. For this purpose, the body portions30of the inserts16can have an internally-threaded aperture26. In those embodiments of the inserts16having projections36, this aperture26is preferably defined by the interior surfaces of the projections36(such as at the terminal half of the insert16ending at the lead surface44of the insert16).

The fastener18is preferably threaded into the threaded portion of the insert16. The fastener18is a threaded tube or rod as shown inFIGS. 3 and 5, and preferably has exterior threads on at least the ends of the fastener18. Each end of the fastener18is preferably inserted into the aperture26of confronting inserts16in order to connect the poles12(to which the inserts16are connected) together. Preferably, the fastener18is threaded into the threaded apertures26of the inserts16until the interface surfaces32of the confronting inserts16contact one another to secure the inserts16and connected poles12together.

Although a separate fastener18is preferred in some embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that the fastener18can be permanently connected, integral with, or defined by an extension or end of either of the inserts16in the pole connection assembly14(see, for example,FIG. 8).

In those embodiments of the present invention employing inserts16having projections36, the fastener18can also assist in securing or further securing the inserts16within the pole sections12. Specifically, as the fastener18is threaded into the threaded apertures26of the inserts16, the fastener18preferably forces the projections36radially outward from the axis of the insert16. As the projections36are forced outward from the axis, the projections36preferably press against the interior surface of the pole section12, thereby generating a tighter fit of the insert16within the end20of the pole section12. This action also preferably generates further engagement of the elements or features connecting the insert16to the pole section12as described above (e.g., tongue24and groove42in the illustrated preferred embodiment), thereby resulting in a more secure insert-pole section connection. Although the fastener18of the present invention need not assist in engaging features or elements of the insert16and pole section12and need not assist in increasing pressure and frictional force between these elements, these functions are highly preferred for improved pole connection strength.

Inserts16having projections as described above are most preferred due to their ability to expand in order to create a better engagement of the inserts16within the pole sections12. Whether expandable by a fastener18as described above or not, such projections can also provide a snap-fit engagement of the insert with the pole section12. In this regard, it should be noted that in some embodiments of the present invention, the fastener18is permanently secured to either or both inserts16or is integral to either or both inserts16. In such cases, the insert and fastener assembly is inserted into either or both pole ends20and is pressed therein until the inserts16are snapped into engagement therein.

A method of assembling a pole connector assembly14according to the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be discussed by way of example only. First, an insert16is preferably inserted into each of the open ends20of two pole sections12to be connected. The leading surfaces44and the tapered edges46of the inserts16preferably slide past the tongues42on the interior surfaces of the pole sections12. As the cap portions28contact the pole ends20, the tongue24preferably slides into engagement with the grooves42on the projections36. With the inserts now connected to the pole sections12, the fastener18is preferably threaded into one of the inserts16, forcing the projections36to expand and engage the interior surface and tongue24of the pole section12more tightly. The other insert16is then preferably threaded onto the fastener18until the interface surfaces32of the two inserts16contact each other. Preferably, the fastener18is fully threaded into both inserts16when the interface surfaces32of the inserts16are in contact with one another.

When the interface surfaces32are in contact with one another, the peripheral edges24of these surfaces preferably form a shelf or rack groove to which a shelf or rack2can be connected. In some alternative embodiments however, no part of one insert or both inserts16is visible after the fastener18has been completely tightened and the interface surfaces32are in abutting relationship (such as when the cap portion28of the inserts16have a diameter that is smaller than the inner diameter of the pole sections12).

Although the above method for assembling the pole connector assembly14is preferred, one having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the pole connector assembly14and pole sections12can be assembled in other ways still resulting in a structure falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The spreading action of the projections36in the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention is generated by threading the fastener18into the insert16and between the projections36. This deflection action is even possible where the insert16has only one projection36, in which case the projection36is preferably pushed by the threaded fastener18toward an interior wall of the pole section12. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that the projections36can be deflected to press against an interior wall of the pole section12and/or against a projection, recess, or other feature associated with the interior wall (e.g., a tongue24as described above) in a number of other manners, each of which falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

For example, the fastener18can instead be ribbed or have a series of lips or other protrusions to act as a ratchet. In such an example, as the fastener18is forced into the insert aperture26between the projections36, the fastener18pushes the projections36apart and toward the interior wall of the pole section12. The ribs of the fastener18can take any shape desired, and in some highly preferred embodiments have a frusto-conical or wedge-shape so that the fastener18can readily move along the interior surfaces of the projections36in an insertion direction but resist movement in an opposite direction to help prevent inadvertent or unwanted withdrawal of the fastener18. In some embodiments, each protrusion on the fastener18can have a lead face and a locking face with an angled surface therebetween. The angled surface tapers from the lead face to the locking face, due to a smaller size (e.g., narrow diameter) of the lead face. The protrusions on the fastener18therefore resist removal of the fastener18from the aperture26after the fastener18has been inserted between the projections36.

In this regard, the aperture26can have a plurality of ribs, flanges, lips, pins, or other protrusions directed axially inward to engage the ribs of the fastener18as the fastener18is inserted into the aperture26. The protrusions can be made of a resilient material that allows the fastener18to easily pass by the protrusions upon insertion, but resist the fastener18from being pulled out of the insert16. As the fastener18is inserted into the aperture26in the insert16, the protrusions on the fastener18push through the inwardly-directed ribs, flanges, lips, pins, or other protrusions of the projections36, which prevent the fastener18from being pulled out of the aperture26as just described. Insertion of the fastener18also preferably causes the projections36to deflect toward the interior walls of the pole section12in order to engage the insert16within the pole section12as described above.

As described above, in other embodiments frictional engagement of the fastener18within the aperture26in the insert16is relied upon to secure the insert16within the pole section12and to secure the fastener18within the insert16. In some of these embodiments, the outer diameter of the fastener18is the same or slightly larger than at least an inner portion of the aperture26in the insert16. Preferably, the fastener18has a diameter that is sufficiently large to force the projections36of the insert16radially outward from the axis of the insert16when the fastener18is forced into the aperture26. Frictional engagement between the fastener18and the insert16therefore secures the fastener18to the insert16. Deflection of the projection(s)36caused by forcing the fastener18into the aperture26causes the projection(s)36to frictionally engage the inside walls of the pole section12and/or to exert force upon those features and elements (e.g., tongue24and groove42) connecting the insert16to the pole section12.

In the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fastener18is used to connect inserts16in adjacent pole sections12. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the use of two inserts16in a pole connection assembly14. Some pole connection assemblies according to the present invention employ only one insert16in one of the two pole sections12to be connected. An example of such a pole connection assembly is illustrated inFIG. 6, wherein elements and features corresponding to those of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5are numbered in the 100 series.

The pole connection assembly114inFIG. 6is similar to the pole connection assembly14illustrated inFIGS. 1–5, with the exception that the pole connection assembly114has only one insert116. Rather than employ an insert in both pole sections112, one pole section112has an insert116while the other pole section112has an end that is partially or completely closed. The fastener118can be threaded into the insert116and into a threaded aperture48in the end of the second pole section112in order to connect the pole sections112together. Any other type of fastener118can instead be used to connect the insert116with the end of the second pole section112(whether closed or open and regardless of the shape of the second pole section112).

Another example of an embodiment of the present invention having a single pole insert in the pole connection assembly is illustrated inFIG. 7. The elements and features of the pole connection assembly214inFIG. 7corresponding to those of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5are numbered in the 200 series. Like the pole connection assembly114of the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 6, the insert216is received within and connected to one pole section end220in any of the manners described above with reference to the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5. The embodiment of the present invention shown inFIG. 7illustrates the fact that the pole connection assembly of the present invention need not necessarily have a separate fastener to connect adjacent inserts (seeFIGS. 1–5) or to connect an insert directly to a pole section (seeFIG. 6). Rather than employ a fastener to connect the insert216and the first pole section212to the second pole section212, the other end of the insert216has external threads which are threaded into an internally-threaded end220of the second pole section212. Although a fastener is not required to help retain the insert216within the first pole section as described above (in which case the insert216can be retained within the pole section212in the various alternative manners described herein), such a fastener is preferred.

In an alternative embodiment illustrated inFIG. 8, the insert316can have an externally-threaded post, rod, or other extension permanently connected thereto or integral therewith for threaded connection to an internally-threaded aperture in a partially or fully-closed end of the second pole section312. Other manners (e.g., not employing a threaded connection) of directly connecting an exposed end of the insert316to the second pole section312are possible, and fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Yet another example of an embodiment of the present invention having a single pole insert in the pole connection assembly is illustrated inFIG. 9. The elements and features of the pole connection assembly414inFIG. 9corresponding to those of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5are numbered in the 400 series. The insert416is preferably received within and connected to one pole section end420in any of the manners described above with reference to the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5. The second pole section412preferably has an externally-threaded post, rod, or other extension permanently connected to or integral with an end420of the second pole section412. The end420of the second pole section412can be partially closed or fully closed as shown inFIG. 9. The externally-threaded post, rod, or other extension can be threaded into an aperture426in the insert416for connection of the second pole section412to the insert416and to the first pole section412. Other manners (e.g., not employing a threaded connection) of connecting an extension of one pole section412to an insert416in another pole section412are possible, and fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Another embodiment of the present invention having only one pole insert in a pole connection assembly is illustrated inFIG. 10. The elements and features of the pole connection assembly514inFIG. 10corresponding to those of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5are numbered in the 500 series. The insert516preferably has projections536which extend in both directions away from a body portion530of the insert516, and can have a shape similar to two inserts16of the first preferred embodiment connected back-to-back (i.e., with the interface surfaces32in contact with one another). The insert516can have a larger diameter center portion as illustrated inFIG. 10similar in shape to the two adjacent cap portions28of the assembled connection assembly14in the first preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the insert516can have substantially the same diameter along its entire length. The insert516illustrated inFIG. 10can be inserted into each of the ends520of two adjacent pole sections512, each of which can have any of the features and elements described above with reference to the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5in order to connect the insert516to the pole sections512.

Another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated inFIGS. 11–14. The elements and features of the pole connection assembly614inFIG. 11corresponding to those of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1–5are numbered in the 600 series. With the exception of mutually inconsistent features and elements between the embodiments discussed above and the pole connection assembly614depicted inFIGS. 11–14and described in greater detail below, the same descriptions and alternatives provided above with reference to the other embodiments of the present invention apply equally to the features and elements of the pole connection assembly614.

The exemplary pole connector assembly614ofFIGS. 11–14is shown connecting two pole sections612to form a pole610. The pole connector assembly614includes two inserts616and at least one fastener618. Similar to some of the embodiments described above and described in greater detail below, each insert616is inserted into an end620of a pole section612to be joined to another pole section612. Preferably, the fastener618connects the inserts616together.

Also similar to the embodiments described above, the insert616is inserted into an open end of the pole section612and preferably snaps into place within the pole section612. As will be described in greater detail below, the insert616preferably has a snap engagement with a tongue624(seeFIG. 12) or other protrusion on the inside of the pole section612formed by at least one of the recesses622in the pole section612. Other manners of engagement between the insert616and the pole section612are possible, as described in detail above.

As show inFIGS. 11–13, the insert616has an aperture626(seeFIG. 11) therein for receiving the fastener618. The insert616preferably also has a body portion630that at least partially extends into an end620of a pole section612. Also, similar to the embodiments described above, the insert616preferably has a cap portion628that is located at least partially outside of the pole section612.

As illustrated inFIG. 13, the body portion630of the insert616can be tapered such that the end of the insert616that is inserted into the end620of the pole section612has a smaller cross-section than the opposing end of the insert616. In some embodiments, this is an approximately 10° taper. In other embodiments, this is an approximately 5° taper, and in still other embodiments (as illustrated inFIG. 13), this is an approximately 1° taper. Other degrees of taper are possible and within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As illustrated inFIG. 12, the aperture626of each insert616is defined by an interior surface663, and a recess665defined in the interior surface663. In some embodiments, the recess665is located at least partially in the cap628. The recess665of the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 11–13is generally cylindrical but has a larger inner diameter than the diameter of the remainder of the body portion630of the insert616, such that the aperture626has a stepped internal shape (i.e., a stepped internal diameter). In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the recess665is separated from the remainder of the aperture626by an internal wall667. The recess665is positioned to engage the fastener618as the fastener618is inserted within the insert616, as will be described in greater detail below.

The insert616preferably has an interface surface632that faces away from the pole section612into which the insert616is inserted. Similar to the embodiments described above, this interface surface632can be substantially flat and featureless or can have any other shape desired. Also similar to the embodiments described above, the interface surface632can include a peripheral edge634, which preferably has a circumferential groove, chamfer, or other recess defined therein. As best shown inFIG. 12, when one insert616is placed in abutting relationship with another insert616, the resulting peripheral interface between the inserts616can define a recess having any desired shape. In some embodiments, the shape of the interface between the abutting inserts616, as illustrated inFIG. 12, can be the same or similar to the shape of other external recesses622in the pole sections612. Therefore, as described above, the interface between abutting inserts616can define another location at which shelves or racks can be connected to the pole610. In other embodiments, however, no such recess is defined between adjacent and abutting inserts616, or such inserts616are shaped to define a rib or other protrusion at their interface.

The body portion630of the insert616in the illustrated exemplary embodiment ofFIGS. 11–13has a generally round cross-sectional shape and has one or more projections636extending away from the base640of the insert616. The projections636preferably extend in a direction generally parallel to the axis of the insert616, and are preferably integral with the remainder of the insert616. Similar to the embodiments described above, any number of projections636can be used. The embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 11–13includes twenty-four projections636. In the insert616, the projections636are separated by slots638that are substantially parallel to the axis of the insert616. The slots638extend from a base640of the body portion630to the ends of the projections636.

The projections636of the insert616illustrated inFIGS. 11–13have an external groove642that preferably circumscribes the body portion630of the insert616and formed in the outer surfaces of the projections636. As best shown inFIG. 12, the groove642is preferably located at a point along the body portion630of the insert616, such that the groove642engages the tongue624on the interior surface of the pole section612when the insert616is inserted into the open end620of the pole section612. The groove642is preferably located near a distal end of the body portion630.

In some embodiments, the projections636of the insert616also include a lead surface644having an outer curved or tapered edge646. As with the embodiments described above, the tapered edge646of the lead surface644can act as a ramp against which the tongue624of the pole section612rides as the insert616is inserted into the pole section612.

Also, in some embodiments, the projections636each include an inner concave surface660that collectively form an inwardly-opening groove662or a curved or tapered portion at the distal ends of the projections636. The groove662(or curved or tapered portion) is positioned to engage at least a portion of the fastener618upon insertion of the fastener618into the aperture626of the insert616in connecting the pole sections612, as will be described in greater detail below.

The exemplary fastener618illustrated inFIGS. 11,12and14has a first end insertable into a first insert616and a first pole section612and a second end insertable into a second, confronting insert616and a second pole section612. Since the first end of the fastener618is preferably identical to the second end of the fastener618, only one end will be described in detail for simplicity, and like parts on both ends will be referred to with like numerals. The fastener618does not necessarily have identical first and second ends, and can simply include one end insertable into one insert616and a corresponding pole section612without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As best illustrated inFIG. 14, the fastener618according to some embodiments of the present invention includes a body portion664adapted to at least partially extend into the aperture626of the insert616, and a collar portion668having a cross-sectional shape similar to that of the cap628of the insert616. However, the collar portion668can have any other cross-sectional shape desired. In some embodiments, the cross-section of the aperture626of the insert616can be uniform (i.e., does not include the recess665), and the fastener618accordingly can have a uniform outer diameter (i.e., does not include the collar portion668or internal wall667). In such embodiments, the fastener618can be held within the insert616by a press-fit engagement or by other types of engagement or inter-engagement. An example of another type of inter-engagement is shown in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 11–14and described below. If employed, the collar portion668of the fastener618can include an interface surface678positioned to engage the insert616as the fastener618is inserted within the aperture626of the insert616, as described in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, the body portion664of the fastener618has one or more projections666that extend away from the collar portion668. The projection(s) can extend in any direction away from the collar portion668, and in some embodiments extend in a direction parallel to the axis of the fastener618. The fastener618is preferably made of a strong and resilient material such as steel, aluminum, or other metal, high-strength plastic, composites, and the like. Similar to the projections of the inserts616described above, the projections666of the fastener618(if employed) can be separate elements attached the remainder of the fastener618in any conventional matter (such as by welding, soldering, or braising, by one or more conventional fasteners, by a press fit or threaded connection with the remainder of the fastener618, and the like). More preferably however, the projections666are integral with the remainder of the fastener618.

In those embodiments of the fastener employing projections666as just described, such fasteners618can be dimensioned and shaped to be received within the aperture626of the insert616and the corresponding pole section612. In some of these embodiments, the fastener618further includes an aperture670that runs generally along the axis of the fastener618for the length of the fastener618and through the central collar portion668. However, the aperture670can instead extend along any part of the fastener618(e.g., can extend along any length of the projections666and need not necessarily extend into or through the collar portion668as illustrated inFIGS. 11,12and14).

The fastener618ofFIGS. 11,12, and14has four projections666on each end of the fastener618. Similar to the insert projections of embodiments described above, the projections666preferably have a partially-annular cross-sectional shape, and are separated by slots672that are substantially parallel to the axis of the fastener618. The shape and arrangement of the projections666of the fastener618can take any of the forms described above with reference to the projections of the inserts without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, the fastener618can take any shape, including those described above with reference to the insert. Such shapes and that all such shapes and arrangements fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The slots672extend from a base674of the body portion664to the ends of the projections666. The projections666, each having a partially-annular cross-sectional shape, preferably collectively define a cross-sectional shape of the body portion664similar to that of the aperture626of the insert616. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 11,12and14, the fastener618has a generally circular cross-sectional shape that fits within the generally circular cross-sectional shape of the aperture626in the insert616.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each fastener projection666(if employed) includes an outwardly-protruding peripheral edge, lip, rib, or other protrusion676, such that a distal portion of the projections666, when in a relaxed state, collectively define an outer shape that is larger than the rest of the body portion664of the fastener618(or at least larger than other portions of the fastener projections666). The outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676of the projection666can be shaped to engage the inwardly-opening groove662of the insert616. The projections666and the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676define an outer diameter (when the projections666are in a relaxed state) that is larger than the diameter of the aperture626defined by the insert projections636when the insert projections636are in a relaxed state. Therefore, as one end of the fastener618is inserted into the aperture626of an insert616, the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676can ride along an interior surface663of the body portion630of the insert616. The projections666of the fastener618thereby inwardly deflect until the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676reach a distal portion of the insert616(and in some cases, engage the inwardly-opening groove662or other mating portion of the insert616).

The outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676of the fastener618can therefore resiliently snap-fit or otherwise engage with the inwardly-opening groove662of the insert616(if employed), thereby resulting in a strong and reliable connection between the fastener618and the insert616. This engagement is best illustrated inFIG. 12. In other embodiments, the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676of the fastener618are not received within a groove662or other recess in the insert616when sufficiently inserted, but nevertheless abut or engage one or more surfaces of the insert616to resist removal of the fastener618once the projections666return to an undeflected (or less deflected) position. Such an abutting or engaging relationship can exist at all times after sufficient insertion of the fastener618or can exist only when the fastener618is moved in a direction out of the insert616.

In those embodiments of the fastener618having a collar portion668as described above, the fastener618can further engage the insert616via the collar portion668of the fastener618. With reference to the illustrated embodiment ofFIG. 12by way of example only, the collar portion668of the fastener618is shaped to engage the recess665defined by the internal wall667when the fastener618is sufficiently inserted within the aperture626of the insert616. With further reference toFIG. 12, when the inserts616are in abutting relationship, the recesses665of the inserts616become coextensive to form a single recess, and together abut the first and second interface surfaces678of the collar portion668. In other embodiments, the inserts616need not necessarily be in abutting relationship when the fastener is fully inserted into both inserts616. Also, in some embodiments the collar portions668are only retained within the recesses665of the inserts616, and need not necessarily abut internal walls of the inserts616. In still other embodiments, no such captured or retained relationship exists between the fastener618and that portion of the inserts616opposite the projections666. In a broader sense, inter-engaging elements or features of the fastener618and the insert616(e.g., inter-engagement of the collar portion668and the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676of the fastener618with portions of the insert616) are not required to practice the present invention, but can be employed to generate a stronger connection in any of the manners described above, including those described above regarding previous embodiments.

As illustrated inFIGS. 11 and 12, each insert616can be inserted into an end620of a corresponding pole section612. The projections636of each insert616are deflected inwardly as the outer tapered edge646of each projection636rides against the tongue624on the inside of the pole section612. Upon sufficient insertion of the insert616into the pole section612, the tongue624engages the external groove642on the insert616. The projections636of the insert616can be deflected a relatively slight amount or as much as desired (determined at least in part by the shape and dimensions of the slots638and projections636, and the shape and dimensions of the tongue624).

In some embodiments, the relaxed outer diameter defined by the projections636, collectively, can be sized such that the projections636are not deflected from the relaxed state by any amount once the tongue624of the pole section612has engaged the groove642of the insert616. In other embodiments, the relaxed outer diameter of the projections636can be sized such that the projections636provide positive engagement with the interior of the pole section612and more fully engage the groove642of the insert616with the tongue624of the pole section612. In still other embodiments, no tongue or other projection exists on the pole section612(or a corresponding mating groove642in the insert616), in which case the relaxed state of the insert projections636can be slightly larger than the inside of the pole section612. Therefore, in such embodiments, the insert projections636can be squeezed into the end620of the pole section612(in some cases, helped by the tapered or curved outer edge646) and have a tight fit within the inside of the pole section612by their deflected force. The body portion630of the insert616(and/or the pole section612) can be sized to provide a variety of loose and tight fits between the insert616and the pole section612without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

With further reference toFIGS. 11 and 12, the first and second ends of the fastener618can be inserted into the corresponding inserts616and pole sections612. The fastener618is shown as having deflectable projections666and having outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676that inter-engage the inwardly-opening groove662of the insert616collectively defined by the projections636. In other embodiments, the fastener618can be shaped and/or sized to be press-fit into engagement with the interior surface663that defines the aperture626. In some embodiments (similar to some of the embodiments described earlier), the fastener618can generate a more full engagement between the groove642of the insert616and the tongue624of the pole section612as the fastener is inserted into the aperture626.

However, in some embodiments, the fastener618can simply comprise a rod, tube, post, plug, or other element that is shaped and dimensioned to fit within the aperture626of the insert616to inhibit or limit inward deflection of the insert projections636such that the insert616is not removable from the pole section612. A fastener618according to such embodiments would not necessarily have any structure that inter-engages the insert616. Furthermore, such a fastener618does not need to provide any additional positive engagement or more fully engage the groove642of the insert616with the tongue624(if employed). A fastener618according to such embodiments can have any cross-sectional shape desired, can be completely solid or hollow, and can be formed of any suitable material. That is, the fastener618can be rigid or at least partially deformable such that the fastener618deforms at least partially upon insertion into the insert616.

It will be appreciated that any combination of elements from any of the embodiments described above can form a pole connection assembly according to the present invention. For example, a deformable or deflectable fastener can be used in combination with any of the above-described inserts. Also by way of example only, a threadless, rigid fastener can be used in combination with any of the above-described inserts to limit movement of the insert projections, thereby at least partially inhibiting the insert from being removed from a corresponding pole section.

The fastener618illustrated inFIGS. 11,12and14includes deflectable projections666as discussed above. When the fastener618is inserted into aperture626of the insert616, the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676of the distal portion of the projections666ride along the interior surface663of the aperture626as described above, thereby causing inward deflection of the projections666. Upon insertion of the fastener618into the insert616, the projections666can be deflected inwardly to any degree (e.g., from a relatively small amount to as much as possible) as described above. In some embodiments, after the fastener618has been sufficiently inserted into the insert616, the projections666of the fastener618can return partially or fully to their relaxed and undeflected states.

For example, in the illustrated embodiment ofFIGS. 11–14, the outwardly-protruding peripheral edges676can inter-engage the inwardly-opening groove662of the insert616as the fastener618is inserted further into the aperture626of the insert616. This inter-engagement allows the projections666to deflect outwardly back to their pre-deflected state, which may be a position in which the projections666do not touch the insert616or are not biased against the insert616, a position in which the projections666positively engage the interior surface663of the insert616, or in any position therebetween. In addition, as the fastener618is inserted into the insert616ofFIGS. 11–13, the interface surface678of the fastener618is received within the internal wall667of the insert616, and the collar portion668of the fastener618is received within the recess665of the insert616, thereby allowing the pole connector assembly614to connect two pole sections612without requiring the use of any threading or twisting actions.

The inserts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described above have a tongue and groove or other inter-engaging connection with the pole sections. However, in some embodiments and as mentioned above, the inserts can fit tightly within the pole sections without the use of a tongue-and-groove connection, and the fastener can be used to secure the insert within the corresponding pole connection, with or without the fastener causing positive engagement (or further positive engagement) between the insert and the pole section.

Many of the fasteners in the embodiments illustrated in the figures and described above are substantially elongated in shape and are employed to connect pole sections in an end-to-end fashion. However, it will be appreciated that a variety of other fastener shapes can be used and can be employed to connect pole sections in any other orientation. A number of embodiments of the present invention can be advantageously employed when it is desirable to assemble the connector assembly without threading or twisting actions. For example, in some embodiments the fastener can be U-shaped, and therefore function as a handle or lift point for transportation of assembled poles, racks and/or shelves. As another example, in some assemblies it is not practical or desirable to thread or twist poles together, such as when the poles are connected by an assembly according to the present invention but are not parallel to one another in their assembled state or are parallel but not coaxial to one another. In such cases, the fasteners can be L-shaped, U-shaped, or have any other shape suitable for connecting the poles together. Also, it should be noted that any of the fasteners described and illustrated herein can have tapered ends that are received within the apertures of the inserts or can have a tapered center such that the cross-section of the fastener is largest at the ends. Still other fastener shapes are possible and within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As is clear from the various embodiments of the present invention described above and illustrated in the figures, the present invention is not limited to connection assemblies having two inserts, but includes connection assemblies having one insert received within one or both pole sections of a pair of pole sections. Furthermore, although several embodiments of the present invention employ a fastener to connect two inserts together or to connect an insert in one pole section directly to another pole section, some embodiments of the present invention do not employ a separate fastener. Other embodiments employ a fastener for the purpose of deflecting the projections as described above in order to secure or more fully secure an insert within a pole section end. For example, the fastener can be threaded into an aperture of an insert as described above, but does not connect the insert to another insert or to another pole section.

The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. As such, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that various changes in the elements and their configuration and arrangement are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, the inserts16of the present invention need not necessarily be hub-shaped as illustrated in the figures. Instead, the inserts16can have a base that has a cross or spider shape and from which relatively thin, elongated fingers extend into the pole ends20. The fingers are moved by the fastener18as the fastener18is inserted between the fingers. Like the projections36in the embodiments described above, the fingers are preferably deflected by the fastener to press against or otherwise engage the interior walls of the pole section12in order to secure the inserts16within the pole section12. The fingers can also engage with the fastener (e.g., by threads, ribs, frictional engagement, and the like) to resist or prevent the fastener from backing out once installed between the fingers.