Image forming apparatus

An image forming apparatus including a cylindrical image carrier configured to carry an electrostatic latent image while rotating, and a cylindrical developer carrier configured to bear a developer and supply the developer to the image carrier by contacting the image carrier at a nip while rotating, wherein the surface of the image carrier has a friction coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 0.4. The image carrier may be an endless belt.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic image forming 
apparatus such as copiers, facsimile machines and printers, and more 
particularly to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including 
an image carrier capable of bearing an electrostatic latent image and a 
developer carrier capable of bearing a developer and supplying the 
developer to the image carrier to develop the electrostatic latent image. 
2. Discussion of the Background 
Currently, various developing methods are known for electrophotographic 
image forming apparatus. Among the developing methods, contact-type 
developing methods, which are disclosed, for example, in Japanese 
Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 9-73229, are well known and widely used 
because they can produce images having good dot-image reproducibility. In 
a typical contact-type developing method, a developing roller, which 
serves as a developer carrier and which bears a developer thereon, 
develops an electrostatic latent image formed on an image carrier while 
contacting the image carrier to visualize the electrostatic latent image. 
However, since the image carrier contacts the developing roller on which a 
toner layer is held, a problem which tends to occur is that the toner held 
on the developing roller adheres to non-image areas of the image carrier 
by van der Waals forces between them, and/or a reversely charged toner 
included in the developer adheres to non-image areas of the image carrier 
by an electrostatic force, resulting in formation of background fouling in 
the resultant toner images formed on the image carrier. 
In attempting to solve this background fouling problem, various methods 
have been disclosed. For example, a method is disclosed in which a 
pressure of contact of a developing roller with an image carrier is 
increased. In the contact-developing methods, the rotation of an image 
carrier tends to be affected by vibration of a developing roller which is 
caused by the vibration of a driving device and/or a drive-transmitting 
device which drive the developing roller, and thereby the image carrier 
rotates unevenly, resulting in formation of so-called "banded fouling", 
which is fouling like horizontal stripes, in the resultant toner image. 
When the pressure of contact of the developing roller with the image 
carrier is increased under such circumstances, a problem which occurs is 
that serious banded fouling is observed in the resultant toner images. 
In attempting to solve the background fouling problem, a method is 
disclosed in which a linear velocity of rotation of a developing roller is 
set to be relatively high compared to that of an image carrier. For 
example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 9-73229 discloses a 
method in which a developing roller having a one-component developer layer 
thereon contacts an image carrier to develop an electrostatic latent image 
formed on the image carrier, wherein the rotation of the developing roller 
is set so as to be from 1.2 to 3.0 times, preferably from 1.5 to 2.5 
times, as high as that of the image carrier. However, the increase of 
rotation of the developing roller causes not only banded fouling, but also 
another undesired image, so-called "toner deviation in solid toner images" 
in which a rear end of a solid image has a relatively high image density 
compared to the other portion of the solid image. 
In addition, in attempting to solve the background fouling problem, 
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 8-254933 discloses an image 
forming apparatus having a toner density detecting device which detects a 
toner density of non-image areas of an image carrier and a 
lubricant-coating controlling device which controls an amount of a 
lubricant to be coated on the image carrier based on the information of 
the toner density detected by the toner density detecting device. The 
coating amount of the lubricant is controlled by adjusting the pressure of 
contact of the lubricant coating device with the image carrier. However, 
when the contact pressure of the lubricant coating device is increased, 
banded fouling problem, which occurs by the same mechanism as in the case 
mentioned above, tends to occur. 
Because of these reasons, a need exists for an image forming apparatus that 
can produce images having good image qualities without background fouling 
such as banded fouling. 
SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an image 
forming apparatus that can produce images having good image qualities 
without background fouling such as banded fouling. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image forming 
apparatus that can produce good solid images having a uniform image 
density. 
Briefly these objects and other objects of the present invention as 
hereinafter will become more readily apparent can be attained by an image 
forming apparatus including a cylindrical image carrier configured to bear 
an electrostatic latent image while rotating, and a cylindrical developer 
carrier configured to bear a developer and supply the developer to a 
surface of the image carrier by contacting the surface of the image 
carrier while rotating to develop the electrostatic latent image, wherein 
the surface of the image carrier has a friction coefficient of from about 
0.1 to about 0.4. 
The friction coefficient of the surface of the developer carrier is 
preferably greater than that of the image carrier and less than about 0.6. 
Preferably the JIS-A hardness of at least one of the image carrier and the 
developer carrier is from about 10 to about 65.degree. when measured based 
on JISK6301-1996. 
The surface of the developer carrier preferably has a ten-point mean 
roughness of from about 1 to about 6 .mu.m. 
The pressure of contact of the image carrier with the developing roller is 
preferably from about 3 to about 16 g.multidot.f/mm. 
In addition, the ratio Vd/Vp of a peripheral speed Vp of the image carrier 
to a peripheral speed Vd of the developing roller is preferably from about 
1.0 to about 1.35. 
The image carrier may be an endless belt-shaped image carrier. In this 
case, the pressure of contact of the image carrier with the developing 
roller is preferably not greater than about 2 g.multidot.f/mm. 
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention 
will become apparent upon consideration of the following description of 
the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction 
with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Hereinafter a first embodiment of the present invention will be explained. 
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a primary part of an embodiment of 
the image forming apparatus of the present invention. A cylindrical 
photoconductor drum 1 serves as an image carrier. The photoconductor drum 
1 includes an inorganic photoconductor and/or an organic photoconductor. A 
developing device 2 is provided on the right side of the photoconductor 
drum 1. Known devices such as a charging device, a light image writing 
device, a toner image transfer device, a cleaning device and a discharging 
device are disposed around the photoconductor drum 1, although they are 
not shown in FIG. 1. 
The photoconductor drum 1 is entirely charged with a known charging device 
so as to have a predetermined surface potential. Imagewise light 
irradiates the charged photoconductor drum 1 with a known light image 
writing device to form an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor 
drum 1. The electrostatic latent image is developed with the developing 
device 2. 
The developing device 2 includes a casing 3 having an opening which faces 
the surface of the photoconductor drum 1, a developing roller 4 which 
serves as a developer carrier capable of bearing a developer thereon and 
which is configured to contact the photoconductor drum 1, a developer 
supplying roller 5 which is configured to contact the developing roller 4 
and which also bears the developer thereon, an agitator 6 and a developer 
regulating blade 7. 
The agitator 6 agitates a developer (not shown) such as one-component 
developer which is contained in a developer containing portion formed in 
the right part of the casing 3, and supplies the developer (hereinafter 
referred to as the toner) to the developer supplying roller 5. The 
developer supplying roller 5, which rotates in a direction shown by an 
arrow, supplies the toner to the surface of the developing roller 4 at a 
nip B. The developing roller 4 partially projects from the opening of the 
casing 3 and rotates in a direction shown by an arrow, i.e., in the same 
direction as the rotating direction of the toner supplying roller 5. The 
toner transferred on the developing roller 4 is regulated by the developer 
regulating blade 7 such that a toner layer having a uniform thickness is 
formed on the surface of the developing roller 4. By the rotation of the 
developing roller 4, the toner layer is fed to a nip A, at which the 
developing roller 4 contacts the photoconductor drum 1, to develop an 
electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor drum 1. The electrostatic 
latent image is developed while the photoconductor 1 rotates in a 
direction shown by an arrow, i.e., in the reverse direction of the 
rotating direction of the developing roller 4. Thus, a toner image 
corresponding to the electrostatic latent image is formed on the 
photoconductor drum 1. 
In the present invention, the friction coefficient of the surface of the 
photoconductor drum 1 is preferably set so as to be in a range of from 
about 0.1 to about 0.4 to prepare toner images having good image qualities 
without background fouling. The friction coefficient is measured by an 
Euler belt method. 
FIG. 2A is a schematic view illustrating a measuring instrument in which 
the friction coefficient of the surface of a photoconductor drum 1 is 
measured by an Euler belt method. 
In FIG. 2A, character S denotes a belt-shaped paper sheet which has a 
medium thickness (#6200 paper manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.) and a 
dimension of 30 mm in width and 297 mm in length. At this point, the paper 
sheet is cut so that the longer edge of the paper sheet is parallel to the 
machine direction in the paper manufacturing process. Two hooks are set at 
each shorter edge of the paper sheet S, and a load W (0.98N, i.e., 100 g) 
is set at one hook and a digital force gauge DS is set at the other hook. 
As shown in FIG. 2A, the paper sheet S is set in the measuring instrument 
such that the paper sheet S contacts a quarter portion of the 
circumference of a photoconductor drum Pd. The paper sheet S is pulled 
horizontally with the digital force gauge DS while the load W is 
controlled so as not to dance. Provided when a force at which the paper S 
starts to move is F (unit: N), the coefficient .mu. of static friction of 
the photoconductor drum Pd is determined by the following equation (1): 
EQU .mu.=(2/.pi.)ln(F/0.98) (1) 
By imparting a friction coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 0.4 to the 
photoconductor drum 1, a toner, which is held on the developing roller 4 
and which contacts the surface of the photoconductor drum 1 while being 
abraded by the surface, does not adhere to the surface of the 
photoconductor drum 1, and therefore good images without background 
fouling can be obtained. The friction coefficient of the photoconductor 
drum 1 can be obtained, for example, by coating a lubricant on the surface 
of the photoconductor drum 1. The initial friction coefficient of a raw 
photoconductor drum 1 on which a lubricant is not coated is from about 0.4 
to about 0.6, and when the raw photoconductor drum 1 is used for a long 
time, the friction coefficient increases with time. By coating a lubricant 
on the surface of a photoconductor drum 1, the photoconductor drum 1 whose 
surface has a friction coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 0.4 can be 
prepared. 
In order to maintain the friction coefficient of the surface of the 
photoconductor drum 1 in the preferable range of from about 0.1 to about 
0.4, a lubricant is always coated or coated at regular intervals on the 
surface of the photoconductor drum 1, for example, by a lubricant applying 
device. 
Suitable toners for use in the developing device 2 include toners which 
include colored particles including a binder resin such as polyester 
resins, polyols and styrene-acrylate copolymers, a charge controlling 
agent and a colorant, and a material such as silica and titanium oxide 
which is mixed with the colored particles. A suitable particle diameter of 
the toners is from about 3 to about 12 .mu.m, and in the first embodiment 
of the present invention a toner having a particle diameter of 7.5 .mu.m 
is used to obtain images having good resolution. 
The developing roller 4 is mainly made of a substrate of an elastic 
material such as rubbers, and preferably has a JIS-A hardness of from 10 
to 65.degree. which is defined and measured based on JISK6301-1996. The 
developing roller may be a roller in which an elastic material layer is 
formed on the peripheral surface of a hard roller such as a metal roller. 
The outside diameter of the developing roller 4 is preferably about 10 to 
about 30 mm, and the surface thereof preferably has a ten-point mean 
roughness Rz of from about 1 to about 6 .mu.m. Since the surface of the 
developing roller 4 has such a ten-point mean roughness Rz, i.e., the 
surface roughness thereof is designed so as to be from 13 to 80% of the 
particle diameter (7.5 .mu.m) of the toner used, the toner particles can 
be fed without going into the developing roller 4. Suitable rubbers for 
use in the developing roller 4 include silicone rubbers, butadiene 
rubbers, nitrile-butadiene rubbers, hydrin rubbers and 
ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene rubbers (EPDM). The surface of the 
developing roller 4 may be coated with a coating material such as silicone 
materials and fluorine-containing materials. Silicone materials can impart 
a satisfactory charge to a toner, and fluorine-containing materials can 
impart good releasability to the developing roller 4. In addition, 
electroconductive materials such as carbon black can be included in the 
developing roller 4 to improve electroconductivity thereof. A suitable 
thickness of the coating layer of the developing roller 4 is from about 5 
to about 50 .mu.m to avoid breaking of the coating layer. 
The JIS-A hardness of the developing roller 4 is preferably from about 10 
to about 65.degree.. When the hardness is excessively less than the lower 
limit, the developing roller 4 tends to shrink or expand during a molding 
process, and therefore it is difficult to mold a high-precision roller. In 
addition, when a soft roller is prepared, it is general to add an oil 
compound to a roller. However, when an oil compound is excessively added 
to a roller, a problem which tends to occur is that the oil bleeds out of 
the developing roller 4 by a pressure applied to the developing roller 4 
during a developing process, thereby contaminating the toner, which 
results in deterioration of the developing ability of the toner. 
The developing roller 4 contacts the photoconductor drum 1 with a toner 
layer therebetween upon application of pressure with coil springs or plate 
springs. In the present invention, when a roller having a JIS-A hardness 
of 30.degree. is used as the developing roller 4, the pressure of contact 
of the developing roller 4 with the photoconductor drum 1 is set so as to 
be from 3 to 16 g.multidot.f/mm. The more the springs are used to press 
the developing roller 4, the better the contact of the developing roller 4 
with the photoconductor drum 1, resulting in formation of solid images 
having a uniform image density. 
The preferable range of the contact pressure mentioned above is determined 
based on the following experimental results. 
FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating the relationship between a pressure of 
contact the developing roller 4 with the photoconductor drum 1 and image 
qualities of the resultant toner images. In FIG. 3, numerals denote a 
background density, i.e., the difference between an optical density of a 
background area of images formed on a receiving paper and an optical 
density of the receiving paper on which images are not formed. The columns 
surrounded by a wide solid line denote an area in which the toner images 
have good images qualities. The columns surrounded by slant lines denote 
an area in which the resultant images have a defect of uneven solid 
images. The columns surrounded by vertical lines denote an area in which 
the resultant images have a defect in which a top end of the developed 
images is not reproduced. The columns surrounded by horizontal lines 
denote an area in which the resultant images have a defect of the "banded 
fouling". In this experiment, the ratio, Vd/Vp, of the peripheral speed Vp 
of the image carrier to the peripheral speed Vd of the developing roller 
is set so as to be 1.2. The target value of the background density is less 
than 0.02. 
When the contact pressure is less than the lower limit of the preferable 
range mentioned above, the developing ability of the developing roller 4 
deteriorates and therefore image density decreases. In contrast, when the 
contact pressure is greater than the upper limit of the preferable range 
mentioned above, an undesired image such as an uneven solid image tends to 
be produced. This is because the toner once transferred on the 
photoconductor drum 1 is scavenged by the developing roller 4 or the toner 
to be transferred to the photoconductor drum 1 remains on the developing 
roller 4 due to the excessive pressure. 
The developer supplying roller 5 is preferably made of an elastic material 
such as foamed polyurethane. The developer supplying roller 5 preferably 
has cells having a diameter of from about 50 to about 500 .mu.m to easily 
hold toner particles on the surface thereof. In addition, the developer 
supplying roller 5 preferably has a JIS-A hardness of from about 10 to 
about 30.degree. so that the developer supplying roller 5 can uniformly 
contact the developing roller 4. When the developer supplying roller 5 
contacts the developing roller 4, the depth of deformation formed on the 
surface of the developer supplying roller 5 or the developing roller 4 is 
preferably set so as to be in a range of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mm. 
FIG. 9B is a schematic view illustrating an embodiment of the nip of the 
developing roller 4 and the developer supplying roller 5. Character D' 
denotes the depth of deformation of the developer supplying roller 5 and 
character L' denotes a nip width. In this case, the developer supplying 
roller 5 has a relatively low hardness compared to the developing roller 
4, but the developer supplying roller 5 may have a higher hardness than 
the developing roller 4. In addition, the ratio of the linear speed of the 
developer supplying roller 5 to that of the developing roller 4 is 
preferably from 0.5 to 1.5. In the present embodiment, the ratio is set so 
as to be 0.9. The rotating direction of the developer supplying roller 5 
is the same as that of the developing roller 4. By contacting the 
developer supplying roller 5 with the developing roller 4 such that the 
depth of deformation of the developer supplying roller 5 falls in the 
range of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mm, a torque of 1.5 to 2.5 
kg.multidot.fcm can be obtained which is suitable for developing an latent 
image having an effective width of 240 mm, which is needed for preparing a 
copy sheet having a A-4 size when the sheet is fed so that the longer edge 
of the sheet is parallel to the paper feeding direction. The preferable 
ranges of the depth of deformation and the linear speed ratio depend on 
the characteristics of a motor and gears used in the developing device 2, 
and charging properties of the toner used. Therefore, the preferable 
ranges thereof can be widened by optimizing the characteristics and 
properties of these elements. 
The toner held on or in the developer supplying roller 5 is then 
transferred onto the surface of the developing roller 4 by a negative 
charge induced by the friction of the developer supplying roller 5 with 
the developing roller 4 at the nip B. In addition, the toner is fed while 
being held on the developing roller 4 because the developing roller 4 has 
a proper surface roughness. Since the toner transferred onto the 
developing roller 4 has an uneven thickness and in addition the amount of 
the toner adhered to the developing roller 4 is too excess (from 1 to 3 
mg/cm.sup.2), the toner is regulated by the developer regulating blade 7 
such that a thin toner layer having a uniform thickness can be formed on 
the developing roller 4. In the first embodiment, the rotating direction 
of the developer supplying roller 5 is the same as that of the developing 
roller 4, but is not limited thereto. 
One side of the developer regulating blade 7 is supported by the casing 3, 
and the developer regulating blade 7 extends so as to contact the 
developing roller 4 such that the angle formed by the developer regulating 
blade 7 and the tangent line of the developing roller 4 at the contacting 
point is from about 10 to about 45.degree.. The developer regulating blade 
7 is configured so as to extend in the same direction as the rotating 
direction of the developing roller 4 and a portion of the body of the 
blade 7 touches the developing roller 4 to regulate the toner layer. 
Suitable materials for use as the developer regulating blade 7 include a 
blade of a metal such as SUS304, which has a thickness of from about 0.1 
to about 0.15 mm. The length of the portion of the blade 7, which is 
projected form the casing 3, is preferably from about 10 to about 15 mm. 
In the first embodiment, when the hardness of the developing roller 4 is 
30.degree., a SUS plate having a thickness of 0.1 mm is used for the 
developer regulating blade 7 and the contact pressure thereof is 60 
g.multidot.f/cm. 
By controlling the length of the portion of the developer regulating blade 
7, which projects from the casing 3, in the range of from about 10 to 
about 15 mm, problems can be avoided in that the developing device 2 
cannot be miniaturized and a uniform toner layer cannot be formed on the 
developing roller 4 due to the vibration of the developer regulating blade 
7, which results in formation of an undesired image having uneven image 
densities. In addition, by controlling the contacting pressure of the 
developer regulating blade 7, images having a uniform image density can be 
obtained and a problem in that the resultant image has black spots caused 
by passage of aggregates of the toner particles through the contact point 
of the developing roller 4 and the developer regulating blade 7 can be 
avoided. 
The toner held on the developing roller 4 is regulated with the developer 
regulating blade 7 so that a uniform thin toner layer of from about 0.4 to 
about 0.8 mg/cm.sup.2 is formed on the developing roller 4. In addition, 
by this developer regulating operation the toner of the resultant thin 
toner layer is charged so as to have a charge quantity of from about -5 to 
about -30 .mu.C/g, and then supplied to the photoconductor drum 1 to 
develop an electrostatic latent image. In the first embodiment, when the 
diameters of the photoconductor drum 1 and the developing roller 4 are 50 
mm and 16 mm, respectively, the hardness of the developing roller 4, the 
contacting pressure and the depth D of deformation of the developing 
roller 4 are controlled so that the developing area at the nip A is from 
about 5 to about 10 mm. The depth D is defined as shown in FIG. 9A. Thus, 
the electrostatic latent image formed on the photoconductor drum 1 is 
developed, resulting in formation of a visual image on the photoconductor 
drum 1. 
In order to obtain good images, the surface of the developing roller 4 is 
preferably uniform and the contact of the developing roller 4 with the 
photoconductor drum 1 is preferably maintained so as to be uniform. 
In order to maintain the contact of the developing roller 4 with the 
photoconductor drum 1 so as to be uniform, it is important to control the 
depth D of deformation of the developing roller 4 and the pressure of 
contact of the developing roller 4 with the photoconductor drum 1 so as to 
be uniform. The depth D of deformation affects the toner supplying 
properties of the developing roller 4 and is affected by the surface 
smoothness, variation of the outside diameter and eccentric rotation of 
the developing roller 4. The contact pressure affects the adhesion of the 
toner to the background area of electrostatic latent images formed on the 
photoconductor drum 1. 
As can be understood from FIG. 3, when a roller having a JIS-A hardness of 
40.degree. (referred to as a roller A) is used as the developing roller 4, 
good images can be obtained by setting the contact pressure so as to fall 
in a range of from about 3 to about 8 g.multidot.f/mm. In contrast, when a 
roller having a JIS-A hardness of 20.degree. (referred to as a roller B) 
is used, good images can be obtained by setting the contact pressure so as 
to fall in a range of from about 3 to about 16 g.multidot.f/mm. 
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a hardness of the 
developing roller 4 and a depth D of deformation of the developing roller 
4 when the contact pressure is a parameter. 
As can be understood from FIG. 4, when the contact pressure of roller A is 
controlled so as to be from about 3 to about 8 g.multidot.f/mm, the depth 
D of deformation of the developing roller 4 should be controlled so as to 
fall in a range of from about 0.03 to about 0.05 mm, i.e., the tolerance 
is about 0.02 mm. When the contact pressure of roller B is controlled so 
as to be from about 3 to about 16 g.multidot.f/mm, the depth D of 
deformation of the developing roller 4 should be controlled so as to fall 
in a range of from about 0.05 to about 0.22 mm, i.e., the tolerance is 
about 0.17 mm. Therefore, when roller A is used as the developing roller 
4, the size of the developing roller 4 should be controlled more severely 
than in the case when roller B is used. 
In the first embodiment, the surface of the developing roller 4 is 
preferably coated with a material which preferably has releasability and 
abrasion resistance. In general, a roller having a relatively low hardness 
has poor resistance to abrasion. Therefore, it is preferable for preparing 
the developing roller 4 to coat a hard material on a roller having a 
relatively low hardness. By thus preparing the developing roller 4, a 
developing roller 4, the outside diameter of which is severely controlled 
and which has good abrasion resistance, can be easily manufactured without 
a complicated process. 
The present inventors discover that the nip width L of the nip A affects 
image qualities of solid images. The nip width L is defined as shown in 
FIG. 9A. This point will be explained referring to FIGS. 5 and 6. 
According to our experiments, when the nip width L of the nip A is greater 
than about 2 mm, solid images having good evenness cannot be obtained. 
This is because the toner once transferred on the photoconductor drum 1 is 
excessively scavenged by the developing roller 4. 
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a JIS-A hardness of 
the developing roller 4 and a nip width L at the nip A of the developing 
roller 4 and the photoconductor drum 1 when the contact pressure is a 
parameter. As can be understood from FIG. 5, the nip width L depends on 
the hardness of the developing roller 4 and the pressure of contact of the 
developing roller 4 with the photoconductor 1. 
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a depth D of 
deformation of the developing roller 4 and a nip width L at the nip A when 
the hardness of the developing roller 4 is 20.degree.. In order to obtain 
good images, the depth D of deformation of the developing roller 4 and the 
hardness of the developing roller 4 should be controlled so that the nip 
width L at the nip A is not greater than about 2.0 mm. Namely, when the 
JIS-A hardness of the developing roller 4 is 20.degree., the depth D of 
deformation is preferably controlled so as to be not greater than about 
0.19 mm in order to obtain a nip width of not greater than 2 mm. As can be 
understood from FIG. 5, if the contact pressure is 12 g.multidot.f/mm when 
the hardness of the developing roller 4 is 20.degree., a nip width L of 
not greater than 2 mm can be obtained. Similarly, if the contact pressure 
is 20 g.multidot.f/mm when the hardness of the developing roller 4 is 
40.degree., a nip width of not greater than 2 mm can also be obtained. By 
thus controlling these parameters, good images in which solid images have 
good evenness can be obtained. 
The nip width L at the nip A can also be controlled by controlling the 
ratio of the outside diameter of the photoconductor drum 1 and the outside 
diameter of the developing roller 4. This point will be explained 
referring to FIGS. 7 and 8. 
Provided when the outside diameter of the photoconductor 1 is d.sub.p and 
the outside diameter of the developing roller 4 is d.sub.d, the ratio R, 
d.sub.p /d.sub.d, is preferable less than 6. Namely, the following 
inequality is given: 
EQU R=(d.sub.p /d.sub.d)&lt;6. 
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a JIS-A hardness of 
the developing roller 4 and a nip width L when the contact pressure is a 
parameter and the ratio R is 6.25. FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the 
relationship between a JIS-A hardness of the developing roller 4 and a nip 
width L when the contact pressure is a parameter and the ratio R is 1.5. 
As can be understood from FIG. 7, since the ratio R is 6.25, i.e., greater 
than 6, the nip width L is greater than 2 mm if the hardness of the 
developing roller 4 is 20.degree. and the contact pressure is 12 
g.multidot.f/mm. Therefore images having uneven solid images are formed. 
As shown in FIG. 8, when the ratio R is 1.5 (the outside diameter of the 
photoconductor drum 1 is 24 mm and the outside diameter of the developing 
roller 4 is 16 mm), the contact pressure can be increased so as to be not 
greater than 16 g.multidot.f/mm. Therefore the tolerance of the contact 
pressure is widened, and good images can be easily obtained without 
severely controlling the contact pressure. 
In the coating layer of the developing roller 4, an electroconductive 
material such as carbon black can be included. 
As for the developer regulating blade 7, a plate having a thickness of from 
about 1 to about 2 mm which is made of resins or rubbers, e.g., elastic 
rubbers such as polyurethane rubbers; silicone resins; and 
fluorine-containing resins such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers 
(ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 
can also be used. In addition, an electroconductive material such as 
carbon black can be included therein. 
A voltage can be applied to the developer regulating blade 7 to generate an 
electric field between the developer regulating blade 7 and the developing 
roller 4. 
In the first embodiment, the hardness of the developing roller 4 is set to 
be much less than that of the photoconductor drum 1. However, a 
combination in which the hardness of the photoconductor 1 is much less 
than that of the developing roller 4 can also be available. In this case, 
the JIS-A hardness of the photoconductor drum 1 is preferably from about 
10 to about 65.degree.. 
Next, the second embodiment of the present invention will be explained. 
The construction of the second embodiment of the image forming apparatus of 
the present invention is the same as that of the first embodiment, and 
therefore the second embodiment is explained referring to FIG. 1. The 
ratio Vd/Vp of the peripheral speed Vp of the image carrier to the 
peripheral speed Vd of the developing roller is preferably not less than 
about 1.0, and more preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.35. 
Conventionally, it is needed to keep the ratio Vd/Vp in a range of from 1.5 
to 2.5 in order to prevent occurrence of background fouling. However, in 
the present invention, since the friction coefficient of the surface of 
the photoconductor drum 1 is relatively low (from about 0.1 to about 0.4), 
background fouling tends not to occur even when the ratio Vd/Vp is 
decreased. When the ratio Vd/Vp is decreased so as to be not greater than 
about 1.35, the banded fouling problem and the uneven image density 
problem can be avoided. However, the ratio is less than about 1.0, images 
having good image density cannot be formed. Therefore, the ratio Vd/Vp is 
preferably controlled so as to fall in a range of from about 1.0 to about 
1.35. 
Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be explained. 
The construction of the third embodiment of the image forming apparatus is 
the same as that of the first embodiment of the present invention, and 
therefore the third embodiment is explained referring to FIG. 1. The 
friction coefficient of the developing roller 4 is preferably higher than 
that of the photoconductor 1, and is preferably not greater than about 
0.6. 
When the friction coefficient of the developing roller 4 is lower than that 
of the photoconductor 1, the toner which once adheres to the background 
part of electrostatic latent images formed on the photoconductor 1 cannot 
scavenged by the developing roller 4, and therefore the background fouling 
problem occurs. In contrast, when the friction coefficient of the 
developing roller 4 is higher than 0.6, the torque increases, which is 
caused by the contact between the developing roller 4 and the 
photoconductor 1, resulting in uneven rotation of the developing roller 4 
and the photoconductor 1, and thereby the banded fouling problem occurs. 
By controlling the friction coefficient of the developing roller 4 so as to 
be higher than that of the photoconductor 1 and not greater than about 
0.6, images having good image qualities can be obtained. 
In the image forming apparatus of the present invention, the ten-point mean 
roughness Rz of the surface of the developing roller 4 is preferably in a 
range of from about 1 to about 6 .mu.m. The ten-point mean roughness Rz 
(hereinafter referred to as the roughness Rz) is defined and measured 
based on JIS B0601-1982. When the roughness Rz is less than the lower 
limit, the friction coefficient of the developing roller 4 tends to be 
less than that of the photoconductor drum 1, resulting in occurrence of 
the background fouling problem. In addition, when the roughness Rz is less 
than the lower limit, the toner feeding ability of the developing roller 4 
deteriorates, and therefore the resultant images have a relatively low 
image density. 
In contrast, when the roughness Rz is greater than the upper limit, toner 
particles tend to go into the concave portions of the developing roller 4, 
and therefore a uniform thin toner layer cannot be formed on the 
developing roller 4, resulting in formation of undesired images such as 
images having an uneven image density. In addition, when the roughness Rz 
is greater than the upper limit, the friction coefficient of the surface 
of the developing roller 4 increases, resulting in occurrence of the 
banded fouling problem. 
By controlling the roughness Rz of the developing roller 4 so as to fall in 
a range of from about 1 to about 6 .mu.m, images having good image 
qualities can be obtained. 
Next, the fourth embodiment of the present invention will be explained. 
FIG. 10 is a schematic view illustrating a primary part of the fourth 
embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. 
Numeral 11 denotes a photoconductor belt which serves as an image carrier 
and which is supported by supporting rollers 16 and 17 and rotates in a 
direction shown by an arrow. The photoconductor belt 11 is also supported 
by a tension roller 20 such that a proper tension is applied to the 
photoconductor belt 11. The tension can be adjusted by changing the 
location of the tension roller 14. 
On the right side of the photoconductor belt 11, a developing device 10 is 
provided. The developing device 10 includes a casing 18, a developing 
roller 13 which serves as a developer carrier, a developer supplying 
roller 14, an agitator 15 and a developer regulating blade 12. The 
developing roller 13 is configured to contact the photoconductor belt 11 
at a nip A' which locates almost in the center of the photoconductor belt 
11 between the supporting rollers 16 and 17. 
The developer supplying roller 14 is configured so as to contact the 
developing roller 13 at a nip B', and supplies a toner, which is supplied 
by the agitator 15, to the developing roller 13. The agitator 15 agitates 
the toner contained in the casing 18. The developer regulating blade 12 is 
disposed so that one end of the developer regulating blade 12 is secured 
to an end of the casing 18 with a holder 19 therebetween. The developer 
regulating blade 12 may be directly secured to the end of the casing 18. 
In this image forming apparatus, images are formed as follows: 
(1) the photoconductor belt 11 is uniformly charged with a known charging 
device (not shown in FIG. 10) while the photoconductor belt 11 rotates; 
(2) imagewise light irradiates the photoconductor belt 11 with a known 
light image writing device (not shown) to form an electrostatic latent 
image on the photoconductor belt 11 while the photoconductor belt 11 
rotates; 
(3) the electrostatic latent image is visualized by being developed with 
the toner which is supplied by the contact of the developing roller 13 
with the photoconductor belt 11; 
(4) the toner image formed on the photoconductor belt 11 is then 
transferred onto a receiving paper which is timely fed to an image 
transferring position by a feeding device (not shown); 
(5) the toner image transferred on the receiving paper is then fixed with a 
fixing device (not shown); and 
(6) the thus prepared copy sheet is discharged to a discharging section. 
The elements of this image forming apparatus are explained in detail. 
The toner contained in the developing device 10 is agitated by the 
clockwise rotation of the agitator 15 and mechanically supplied to the 
developer supplying roller 14. The developer supplying roller 14 is made 
of foamed polyurethane which has cells having a size of from about 50 to 
about 500 .mu.m. The material of developer supplying roller 14 is not 
limited to foamed polyurethane. Since the developer supplying roller 14 
has cells, a toner can be easily held in the cells. The developer 
supplying roller 14 is relatively soft and has a JIS-A hardness of from 
about 10 to about 30.degree.. Since the developer supplying roller 14 is 
relatively soft, the developer supplying roller 14 can uniformly contact 
the developing roller 13. 
The developer supplying roller 14 and the developing roller 13 rotate in 
the counterclockwise direction. Therefore at a nip B the developer 
supplying roller 14 and the developing roller 13 move in opposite 
directions. The linear speed of the developer supplying roller 14 is from 
0.5 to 1.5 times the linear speed of the developing roller 13. The 
developer supplying roller 14 may rotate in a direction opposite to the 
rotating direction of the developing roller 13. 
In the fourth embodiment of the image forming apparatus, the developer 
supplying roller 14 and the developing roller 13 rotate in the same 
direction as mentioned above, and the linear speed of the developer 
supplying roller 14 is set so as to be 0.9 times the linear speed of the 
developing roller 13. The depth of a deformed portion formed on the 
surface of the developer supplying roller 14 at the nip B' is controlled 
so as to fall in a range of from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mm. 
The depth of the deformed portion of the developer supplying roller 14 is 
preferably determined depending on the charge properties and feeding 
properties of the toner used. Namely, a suitable depth of the deformed 
portion is determined so that the toner is properly charged and fed. The 
depth of the deformed portion is also determined by taking into 
consideration of the characteristics of a driving motor and gear heads 
which drive the developing roller 13. In this embodiment, since the 
effective width of the developer supplying roller 14 and the developing 
roller 13 is set so as to be 240 mm, the torque needed for feeding a paper 
sheet having a A-4 size such that the long edge of the sheet is parallel 
to the feeding direction is from about 0.5 to about 2.5 kg.multidot.fcm. 
As for the toners, the toners mentioned in the first embodiment can also be 
used in this embodiment, and the same toner as used in the first 
embodiment is used in the fourth embodiment. 
The developing roller 13 may be a metal roller or a roller in which the 
entire periphery of a metal roller is covered with an elastic material 
such as rubbers. The outside diameter of the developing roller 13 is 
preferably from about 10 to about 30 mm, and the surface thereof 
preferably has a ten-point mean roughness Rz of from about 1 to about 6 
.mu.m. Since the surface of the developing roller 13 has such a roughness 
Rz, i.e., since the surface roughness of the developing roller 13 is 
designed so as to be from 13 to 80% of the particle diameter (7.5 .mu.m) 
of the toner used, the toner particles can be fed without going into 
concave portions of the developing roller 13. In the present invention, 
suitable rubbers for use in the developing roller 13 include silicone 
rubbers, butadiene rubbers, nitrile-butadiene rubbers, hydrin rubbers and 
ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene rubbers (EPDM). The surface of the 
developing roller 13 may be coated with a coating material such as 
silicone materials and fluorine-containing materials. Silicone materials 
can impart a satisfactory charge to the toner, and fluorine-containing 
materials can impart good releasability to the developing roller 13. In 
addition, electroconductive materials such as carbon black can be included 
in the developing roller 13 to improve the electroconductivity thereof. 
Suitable thickness of the coating layer of the developing roller 13 is 
from about 5 to about 50 .mu.m to avoid breaking of the coating layer 
formed. 
The toner which is present on the peripheral surface or in the concave 
portions of the foamed rubber of the developer supplying roller 14 is held 
on the surface of the developing roller 13 by being applied with a 
negative charge which is caused by the friction between the developer 
supplying roller 14 and the developing roller 13. In the present 
embodiment, a negatively-charged toner is used, however the toner is not 
limited thereto. The layer thickness of the toner transferred on the 
developing roller 13 is not uniform, and in addition, the amount of the 
toner is from about 1 to about 3 mg/cm.sup.2, which is too excess to 
develop electrostatic latent images on the photoconductor belt 11. 
By regulating the toner layer formed on the developing roller 13 with the 
developer regulating blade 12, a thin and uniform toner layer can be 
formed thereon. The developer regulating blade 12 is configured to extend 
in the same direction as the rotating direction of the developing roller 
13. In this embodiment, the toner is regulated by the body of the 
developer regulating blade 12, however, the toner may be regulated by the 
top edge of the developer regulating blade 12. In addition, the developer 
regulating blade 12 may extend in a direction opposite to the rotating 
direction of the developing roller 13. 
As for the developer regulating blade 12, the materials mentioned above for 
use in the first embodiment can also be used in this embodiment. As 
mentioned in the first embodiment, a bias voltage may be applied to the 
developer regulating blade 12. 
The length of the developer regulating blade 12, which is the length of a 
part of the blade 12 projected from the holder 19, is preferably from 
about 10 to about 15 mm, to uniformly regulate the toner and to 
miniaturize the developing device 10. 
The developer regulating blade 12 presses the developing roller 13 
preferably with a pressure of from about 5 to about 250 g.multidot.f/cm to 
form a uniform toner layer having a proper thickness, to properly charge 
the toner and to prevent the passage of aggregated toner particles. In 
this embodiment, a roller having a JIS-A hardness of 65.degree. is used as 
the developing roller 13, and a SUS plate having a thickness of 0.1 mm is 
used as the developer regulating blade 12. The pressure at the contact 
point of the developer regulating blade 12 and the developing roller 13 is 
set so as to be 60 g.multidot.f/cm. Under such conditions, a uniform toner 
layer having a desired thickness can be formed. 
The developer regulating blade 12 contacts the developing roller 13 such 
that the angle formed by the blade 12 and the tangent line at the contact 
point of the developing roller 13 and the blade 12 is from about 10 to 
about 45.degree.. By thus disposing the developer regulating blade 12, a 
uniform toner layer having a desired thickness of from about 0.4 to about 
0.8 mg/cm.sup.2 can be formed, and in addition the toner is charged so as 
to have a negative charge of from about -5 to about -30 .mu.C/g. 
The photoconductor belt 11 has a photoconductive layer which is formed on a 
substrate and which includes an organic and/or inorganic photoconductive 
material and has a friction coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 0.4, 
which is measured by an Euler method mentioned below. A suitable substrate 
for use in the photoconductor belt 11 includes polyethylene terephthalate 
films, nickel films and the like. The thickness of the substrate is 
preferably not greater than about 1 mm. The photoconductor belt 11 is 
supported by the supporting rollers 16 and 17 and rotated in a direction 
shown by an arrow. 
The method for keeping the friction coefficient of a photoconductor belt in 
the preferred range is disclosed in, for example, in Japanese Laid-Open 
Patent Publication No. 4-372981. In this Publication, a lubricant is 
coated on the photoconductor belt. The lubricant may be directly coated or 
coated using an member which supports the lubricant. In addition, the 
lubricant may be always coated on the photoconductor belt or coated at 
regular intervals. 
The method for measuring the friction coefficient of the photoconductor 
belt 11 is almost the same as the method mentioned before in the first 
embodiment. FIG. 2B is a schematic view illustrating an instrument which 
measures friction coefficient of a photoconductor belt 11 using the Euler 
method. In FIG. 2B, a piece of a photoconductor belt Pb is fixed on a 
cylinder C such that the paper sheet S contacts the photoconductor belt 
Pb. This is the only difference between FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the measuring 
procedure is the same as that mentioned in the first embodiment. 
The initial friction coefficient of a raw photoconductor belt 11, on which 
a lubricant is not coated, is from about 0.4 to about 0.6, and when the 
raw photoconductor belt 11 is used, the friction coefficient increases 
with time. By coating a lubricant on the surface of a photoconductor belt 
11, the surface of the photoconductor belt 11 has a friction coefficient 
of from about 0.1 to about 0.4. 
The photoconductor belt 11 rotates in the same direction as the rotating 
direction of the developing roller 13. As shown in FIG. 10, the 
photoconductor belt 11 contacts the developing roller 13 with a toner 
layer therebetween. The contact pressure at a nip A' of the photoconductor 
belt 11 and the developing roller 13 is controlled by changing the tension 
of the photoconductor belt 11 by changing the position of the tension 
roller 20. 
FIG. 11 illustrates a preferable relationship between a pressure of contact 
of the developing roller 13 with the photoconductor belt 11 and a depth D" 
of deformation of the photoconductor belt in the image forming apparatus 
shown in FIG. 10. 
As shown in FIG. 11, in this embodiment the contact pressure is set so as 
to be 1.0.+-.0.2 g.multidot.f/mm when the depth D" of deformation of the 
photoconductor belt 11 is set so as to be 1 mm. When a roller having a 
JIS-A hardness of 65.degree. is used as the developing roller 13, the 
depth D" of deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 preferably falls in 
a range of from about 0.5 to about 6 mm. The more the tension rollers are 
provided, the better the contact of the photoconductor belt 11 with the 
developing roller 13. 
In FIG. 12, the length of the photoconductor belt 11 is 244 mm, the 
diameter of each of the supporting rollers 16 and 17 is 14 mm, the 
distance k between the central axes of the supporting rollers 16 and 17 is 
100 mm, and the diameter of the developing roller 13 is 16 mm. When the 
depth D" of deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 is set so as to be 1 
mm, the nip width .delta. of the nip A' is 0.32 mm. Electrostatic latent 
images on the photoconductor belt 11 are developed in the nip A' to form 
toner images. The toner images formed on the photoconductor belt 11 are 
then transferred on a receiving paper and then fixed to produce a hard 
copy. 
FIG. 18 is a schematic view illustrating another embodiment of the 
developing roller 13 and the photoconductor belt 11 which is supported by 
supporting rollers 16 and 17. A pressure f of 20 g.multidot.f/mm is 
applied to the supporting roller 16 in a direction shown by an arrow. The 
contact pressure of the developing roller 13 can be practically measured 
when the developing roller 13 is pressed toward the photoconductor 11 by a 
force of FP, and in addition it can be obtained by calculation. The result 
in which the contact pressure is practically measured when the depth D" of 
deformation is 1, 3 and 5 mm is shown in FIG. 11. 
When the contact pressure is obtained by calculation, the method is the 
following. FIG. 19 is a schematic view illustrating the direction of 
tensions at the contact point of the photoconductor 11 and the developing 
roller 13. As shown in FIG. 18, when the depth D" of deformation is 3 mm, 
an angle .theta. is 5.7.degree. when the distance k is 60 mm. As can be 
understood from FIG. 19, the contact pressure FP of the developing roller 
13 is obtained by the following equation: 
EQU FP=2.times.Ft.times.Sin(.theta.)=2.times.10.times.0.0995=2 g.multidot.f/mm 
The result obtained by this calculation is almost equal to the result 
measured in practice which is shown in FIG. 11. When the friction 
coefficient of the photoconductor 11 is in a range of from about 0.1 to 
about 0.4 and the contact pressure is not greater than about 2 
g.multidot.f/mm, images having good image qualities can be obtained. When 
the contact pressure is greater than about 2 g.multidot.f/mm, the toner 
image formed on the photoconductor belt 11 tends to be scavenged by the 
developing roller 13, resulting in deterioration of the image qualities of 
the resultant toner images. 
When the nip width .delta. is greater than 2 mm, the evenness of the 
resultant solid image deteriorates because the toner image formed on the 
photoconductor belt 11 is scavenged by the developing roller 13. 
FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a depth D" of 
deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 and a nip width .delta. at the 
nip A' of the photoconductor belt 11 and the developing roller 13 when the 
outside diameter of the developing roller 13 is 16 or 32 mm. By 
controlling the depth D" of deformation so that the nip width .delta. is 
not greater than 2 mm, images having good image qualities can be obtained. 
In the fourth embodiment of the present invention, provided when the 
diameter of the developing roller 13 is d and the depth of deformation of 
the photoconductor belt 11 is D", images having good image qualities can 
be obtained if the following inequality is satisfied: 
EQU d(mm).times.D"(mm)&lt;100. 
FIG. 14 shows an area in which good images can be obtained in a graph 
illustrating the relationship of a diameter d of the developing roller 13 
and a depth D" of the deformation of the photoconductor belt 11. In the 
conditions shown by a slantwise-lined area, in which the inequality 
mentioned above is satisfied, images having good evenness can be obtained. 
In the area out of the slantwise-lined area, the developing roller 13 
tends to scavenge the toner images formed on the photoconductor belt 11, 
and thereby uneven solid images are formed. As can be understood from FIG. 
14, by controlling the tension of the photoconductor belt 11 so as to be 
relatively low in addition to controlling the diameter d of the developing 
roller 13 and the depth D" of the deformation of the photoconductor belt 
11, images having good image qualities can be easily obtained even when 
the depth D" of deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 is considerably 
changed. 
FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating the relationship between a depth D" of 
deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 and a contact pressure of the 
developing roller 13 with the photoconductor belt 11 when the tension of 
the photoconductor belt 11 is set so as to be relatively low compared to 
the case as shown in FIG. 11. 
The tension of the photoconductor belt 11 can be decreased by changing the 
place of the tension roller 20 or shortening the distance between the 
supporting rollers 16 and 17. In the present embodiment, the tension is 
decreased by sliding the tension roller 20 inwardly by about 2 mm. By 
using the thus conditioned photoconductor belt 11 and developing roller 
13, images having good image qualities can be obtained even when the depth 
D" of deformation of the photoconductor belt 11 is considerably changed. 
FIG. 16 is a schematic view illustrating a condition in which the value, d 
(32 mm).times.D" (5 mm), is 160, which is greater than 100. The triangle 
mark shown in FIG. 14 represents this condition. In this condition, the 
nip width .delta. increases too much and therefore the evenness of the 
resultant solid images deteriorates. 
FIG. 17 is a schematic view illustrating a condition in which the value, d 
(32 mm).times.D" (3 mm), is 96, which is not greater than 100. The circle 
mark shown in FIG. 14 represents this condition. In this condition, images 
having good image qualities can be formed. 
Having generally described this invention, further understanding can be 
obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided 
herein for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be 
limiting. In the descriptions in the following examples, the numbers 
represent weight ratios in parts, unless otherwise specified. 
This document claims priority and contains subject matter related to 
Japanese Patent Applications Nos. 10-149106, 10-229339, 10-206140 and 
10-222842 , filed on May 29, 1998, Jul. 30, 1998, Jul. 22, 1998 and Aug. 
6, 1998, respectively, incorporated therein by reference. 
Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to one of 
ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made 
thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as 
set forth therein.