Encapsulating box for a power semiconductor with improved input-output insulator

The invention relates to an encapsulating box for a semiconductor operating in the range 2 to 20 GHz. At these frequencies, existing boxes have a metal base, an insulating frame and a cover. Two input - output connections pass through the frame. A leak line forms between the input and output by stray capacitive coupling of the connections with the welding metal bands of the cover. The invention opposes this input - output coupling by metallization of the box, with reserves for resists around the connection passages. The metal film joining the welding metal films to the electrical earth of the base reflects the power taken by capacitive coupling on the connections. Insulation obtained: -30 db at 15 GHz. Application to ultra-high frequency components.

The present invention relates to an encapsulating box or case for a 
semiconductor operating in the frequency range between 2 and 20 GHz. The 
box according to the invention brings about an improvement in the 
insulation between its input and output connections by means of a metal 
film covering the entire box, except around the input - output 
connections, said metal films being grounded. 
The semiconductor devices according to the invention are ultra-high 
frequency semiconductors operating between 2 and 20 GHz. Semiconductor 
devices operating at lower frequencies can also be encapsulated in such 
boxes, but the energy dispersion phenomena are not the same at low 
frequency. The ultra-high frequency component chips are fitted in boxes 
adapted to the frequency conditions and which generally have a metal base 
for fixing the box and evacuating the heat given off in operation, and an 
insulating frame through which passes two metal bands or strips forming 
two outer connections, the third connection being formed by the base. 
Semiconductors mounted in such boxes operate very well, if the box does 
not have a cover. However, a cover is necessary for protecting the 
semiconductor chip and its fragile links by gold wires with the external 
connections. 
Closing the box by means of an insulating cover makes it necessary to have 
a ceramic-to-ceramic weld, it not being possible for the box and its cover 
to be made from a polymer insulant. As a result of stray capacitive 
couplings at the two connecting strips, the closing weld band leads to 
input - output coupling, which deteriorates the input - output insulation 
of the semiconductor by shunting it by a parasitic network. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to the invention the box, made from insulating material, is 
metallized over its entire surface by a good electricity-conducting metal 
film joined to the metal base and the electrical ground of the circuit, 
with only metallization reserves or photo-resist around the passages of 
the external connections, in order not to prevent a short-circuit from 
existing between them. The energy fraction sampled on an external 
connection by means of a stray capacitor is reflected by the electrical 
ground at the surface of the box. 
The present invention more specifically relates to an encapsulating box for 
a power semiconductor operating in a frequency range between 2 and 20 GHz, 
comprising a metal base, a frame made through an insulating material and 
through which pass at least two external connections having access to the 
encapsulated semiconductor called the input and output connections, and a 
cover made from an insulating material, fixed to the frame by welding by 
means of a metal film deposited on the free face of the frame and a metal 
film deposited on the face of the cover facing the frame, wherein the 
insulation between the input and output connections is improved by a metal 
film outside the frame, said metal film except around the input - output 
connections and is in electrical contact on the one hand with the metal 
welding films of the cover and on the other with the metal base, which is 
at the electrical ground of the circuit incorporating the semiconductor 
encapsulated into said box.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 is a three-quarter view in the space of a power box for a 
semiconductor operating at very high frequencies, whose cover has been 
removed and turned over so as to better show the box structure. In the 
case of such a power box, which is shown here in a rectangular shape, but 
for which the shape can also be circular or square, the main parts are a 
generally metallic, e.g. copper or brass base 1, whose surface is 
gold-coated, an insulating frame 2 made from ceramic, alumina or beryllium 
oxide, formed from two superimposed portions and a cover 3, which is also 
of ceramic, alumina or beryllium oxide. 
When closed, the thus formed assembly constitutes a tight enclosure 4, 
within which is fixed a semiconductor device, which is not shown here. 
When the latter is a transistor-type semiconductor and has three 
electrodes, one of the contacts is provided on metal base 1 by means of 
its substrate and the two other contacts are on the external access 
connections 5, 6, which pass through the thickness of frame 2 and which, 
in ultra-high frequency, are metal plates or strips. These two outer 
connections 5 and 6 will be called input and output connections 
hereinafter. 
In order to tightly close this known box, the outer free surface of frame 2 
is metallized by a metal strip or band 7 and cover 3 is also metallized by 
a metal strip or band 8, which has the same shape and dimensions as strip 
7 of frame 2. The box is closed by welding, by feeding a soft solder 
between the two metal strips 7 and 8. 
When a semiconductor device operating at high frequencies is encapsulated 
in such a box, energy radiates and in particular two stray capacitors are 
formed at the points where the input and output connections 5 and 6 are 
passed through frame 2. The fraction of connection 5 passing through the 
thickness of frame 2 and the fraction 9 of the metallization strip 7 
deposited on the top of the frame, form the two foils or coatings of a 
stray capacitor, whose dielectric is the alumina or ceramic insulating 
material of frame 2. In the same way, a second stray capacitor is formed 
between the fraction of output connection 6 passing through the frame, the 
fraction 10 of strip 7 and the material of frame 2. These two stray 
capacitors act as coupling capacitors and are interconnected by a line, 
which is not resistive and is constituted by the metal film 7 on the 
frame, metal film 8 on the cover and the welding band joining these two 
metal films. 
Therefore, in the high-frequency range, there exist a double possibility of 
resonance. On the one hand, there can be cavity resonance, but in view of 
the working frequency of the semiconductor device, the dimensions given to 
the box obviate any possibility of cavity resonance. However, on the other 
hand, the junction metal film between the box and its cover can give rise 
to line resonance, acting as a single loop of a choke joined to the input 
and output connections by two coupling capacitors. This is shown in FIG. 
2, which is an equivalent circuit diagram of such a box. 
The input and output connections 5 and 6 are all that is shown and the two 
strap capacitors are formed by a fraction of the ceramic material of frame 
2 and by a fraction 9 or 10 of the cover closing metal film. These two 
stray capacitors are joined to one another by a direct line, represented 
by metal films 7 and 8, and this direct line short-circuits the 
semiconductor device T. The power transmitted from the input connection 5 
to the output connection 6 is symbolized by the line appearing above the 
circuit diagram and for a power E.sub.i on the input connection, there is 
a non-negligible power E.sub.o on the output connection, so that there is 
not a good insulation between the input and output connections. 
FIG. 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of a box according to the prior 
art, improved according to French Patent application No. 8,109,935 of the 
Applicant Company. The box according to this patent application has the 
same geometrical configuration as that of FIG. 1, or any other box 
according to the prior art. However, the solution given to the problem of 
deterioration of the insulation between the input and output connections 
consists of a resistive metallization of a surface of the ceramic cover, 
said metallization covering the lateral edges of the ceramic plate forming 
the cover and which is in electrical contact with the soft solder preform 
or deposit for welding the cover to the box. The direct connection between 
the stray capacitors is replaced by a loss line and the very high 
resistance of the metal film greatly reduces the coupling between the 
stray capacitors and the input - output connection. At the frequencies 
involved of approximately 1 to 100 GHz, the propagation mode of the 
electrical waves in or on the ceramic material of the cover and in the 
resistive coating ensures that the weld does not constitute a 
short-circuit for the resistive metal film. 
Thus, in FIG. 3, the direct line shown in FIG. 2 is replaced by a high 
value resistance and the energy taken on input connection 5 by the first 
stray capacitor is reduced by the passage through this high resistance and 
only part of the energy E.sub.o is transmitted to the output connection 6. 
This constitutes an improvement, but there is still a certain energy loss 
via an RC coupling between the input and the output. For example, in the 
case of a 14 GHz operating frequency of the encapsulated semiconductor 
device, the insulation between the input and output connection reaches -15 
db. 
FIG. 4 is a three-quarter view of the box according to the invention. This 
box has the same geometrical shape as the box of FIG. 1, or that of the 
box described in the aforementioned patent French application. However, it 
could equally well be square or circular, or some other shape. It has a 
metal base 1, a ceramic frame 2 and a closing cover 3. Two input and 
output connections 5 and 6 pass through the thickness of the ceramic 
frame. In order to improve the input - output insulation of the 
encapsulated device, the complete outer surface of the box, frame 2 and 
cover 3 is metallized by a conductive metal film 11, except for passages 
12 around the two input - output connections 5, 6, said passages being 
left to present contact between the metals of the connections and the 
metal of metal film 11, which would lead to an input - output 
short-circuit. This metallization on the one hand takes place on cover 3 
and on the other on the box without its cover, i.e. as shown in FIG. 1. 
During metallization, a mask protects the central portion of the box to 
which will be fixed the semiconductor chips, as well as the two resists 
formed around the passages of the two input and output connections. Thus, 
as a result of the box production process, the metal film deposited on the 
ceramic frame 2 is in contact with the metal base 1 of the box and when 
the cover is welded in order to close the box, it is the assembly 
constituted by base 1, metal film 11 on frame 2 and metal film 11 on cover 
3, which constitutes the electrical earth of the box. As the metallization 
of the frame takes place on an open box, the interior part of the frame, 
(i.e. that portion) within the cavity of the box, is also metallized). 
Under the conditions, the stray capacitors formed between a fraction of the 
input - output connection strips 5, 6 and the corresponding fractions of 
the metallization strip 7 on the upper part of frame 2 still exist, but 
the energy E.sub.i taken from the input connection 5 in this type of box 
by the corresponding stray capacitor is reflected by the earth, because it 
is known that in ultra-high frequency a wave is reflected by an open 
circuit or an earth. A very small part of the incident energy E.sub.i is 
transmitted to the output connection 6. This is shown in FIG. 5, which is 
the equivalent circuit diagram of the box according to the invention. 
As compared with FIGS. 2 and 3, in FIG. 5 the assembly of frame 2 and cover 
3, which is metallized and welded, constitutes an entity, which is 
electrically earthed. Therefore, the difference compared with FIG. 2 is 
that there is a non-resistive direct line between the two input and output 
connections, said direct line being earthed at the point closest to which 
the incident energy is taken and closest to the point where the output 
energy is supplied. The equivalent circuit diagram of FIG. 6 shows that if 
R.sub.i is the input impedance of semiconductor device T, the incident 
wave on input connection 5 is transmitted across a RC network formed by 
impedance R.sub.i on the semiconductor and the input capacitance C.sub.i 
of the box. In the same way, the output impedance is formed by R.sub.o and 
C.sub.o, R.sub.o being the output impedance of the semiconductor device 
and C.sub.o the stray output capacitance of the box. 
FIG. 7 shows comparative insulating curves as a function of the frequency 
of several boxes for ultra-high frequency semiconductors. The frequencies 
between 2 and 18 GHz are given on the abscissa, whilst the insulation in 
decibels is given on the ordinate. 
Curve A, in thick continuous line form, represents the insulation - 
frequency curve of an open box, i.e. as shown in FIG. 1, but without metal 
film 7. The insulation conditions are better for an encapsulated 
semiconductor, but in many cases this solution is not possible, 
particularly for all military and space equipment which must be protected. 
The continuous, fine line curve B gives the insulation - frequency 
characteristic of a box improved according to French Patent Application 
No. 8,109,935. This curve shows the relatively monotonic form of the 
insulation, in the sense that the insulation value increases roughly 
regularly between 2 and 18 GHz without there being, as is the case with 
unimproved boxes, two almost complete absorption peaks at 10 and 15 GHz. 
Thus, curve B shows that at 15 GHz, insulation is approximately -20 db. 
Finally, the dotted line curve C gives the insulation value of a box 
according to the invention. It can be seen that at 15 GHz, there is an 
insulation improvement of approximately 15 db and that this reaches -30 
db. At 18 GHz, the improvement to the insulation is still approximately 
-20 db. 
The metal film making it possible to reflect the incident energy by 
earthing the box is, for example, a metal film of the gold -germanium 
type, deposited by cathodic sputtering in a thickness of 1000 .ANG., 
followed by a gold enrichment a few microns thick. However, it is also 
possible to use any other conductor metal which is less costly than gold. 
It is also possible within the scope of the invention to only metallize 
frame 2 and to use cover 3, covered with a resistive metal coating, as 
described in the aforementioned French Patent application. Within the 
scope of the invention, it is also possible to only metallize one or 
preferably two strips on the sides of ceramic frame 2. These metallized 
strips are obviously in each case as close as possible to the external 
connections 5, 6, thereby leaving the photo resist 12 so as prevent 
grounding. The result increases in effectiveness if the stray capacitors 
are grounded as close as possible to external connections 5 and 6. In the 
case of metallization in the form of strips, in FIG. 4 it is merely 
necessary to metallize the two sides of frame 2 carrying the external 
connections 5 and 6. Obviously, these strips must also be in contact with 
the closing metal films 7+8 and with base 1 at ground earth. 
The above description of the invention based on the case of devices with 
three electrodes, and on the case of rectangular boxes, applies equally 
well to any other random type of ultrahigh frequency semiconductor device, 
no matter what the number of access electrodes and no matter what the 
shape of the box. The basis of the invention is to take the energy tapped 
by means of a stray capacitor as close as possible to a point at which 
said energy is tapped and to reflect it by earthing the box assembly. More 
generally, the invention is defined by the following claims.