Systems and methods for animating barcodes

Methods and systems are described for communicating encoded information using barcodes. Symbologies that permit linking of two or more barcodes may be used to create animated linked barcodes, in which successive barcodes in the series that encodes a string of information are displayed within a display area of a dynamic medium. Barcode animations may be displayed in webpages, television broadcasts, video media, favicons, etc.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to barcodes and, in particular, to systems and methods for animating barcodes or otherwise creating barcodes with improved data capacity.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Barcodes are a commonplace mechanism for encoding short pieces of data in a machine-readable format. They are ubiquitous in consumer packaging in the well-known UPC format, which is a linear or 1-dimensional (1D) barcode. Newer 2-dimensional (2D) formats, such as Quick Response (QR) codes or Datamatrix codes, are gaining widespread acceptance. Many camera-equipped mobile phones are now capable of scanning a printed 2D code to extract encoded data, for example a uniform resource locator (URL). The mobile phone may be configured to launch a browser and attempt to access the URL once it has scanned and decoded such a barcode. In this manner, newspapers, advertisers and other print media are able to quickly link readers to an on-line version or the printed media or to a related website.

A problem that exists with barcodes is that they have a limited capacity. Attempts to put too much information into a barcode may lead to an excessively large barcode, which a mobile phone camera may lack the resolution to capture and decode properly. Moreover, an excessively large barcode may occupy too much space in printed media, thereby reducing the space available for paid advertising or other content.

It would be advantageous to provide for systems and methods of increasing the capacity of barcodes to store information and data. It would further be advantageous to provide for systems and methods that exploit non-print media for use of barcodes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present application provides method of communicating information. The method includes storing a series of two or more linked barcodes, wherein the information is encoded within the series of two or more linked barcodes; and displaying each of the barcodes in the series successively within a defined area in a dynamic media.

In another aspect, the present application method of providing encoded information. The method includes receiving an information string; encoding the information string within a series of two or more linked barcodes; and storing the series of two or more linked barcodes as an animation configured to display each of the barcodes in the series successively.

In yet a further aspect, the present application provides computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions for configuring a processor, wherein the computer-readable instructions including instructions for performing any of the methods described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present application describes a method that includes generating a barcode encoding a short URL; storing a webpage addressed using the short URL, wherein the webpage includes a redirection instruction referencing a longer URL; receiving a request for the webpage; and transmitting the webpage in response to the request.

Other aspects of the present application will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Embodiments of the present application are not limited to any particular operating system, mobile device architecture, server architecture, or computer programming language.

In this application, the term “barcode” is used to refer to any one of a variety of images that encode information using visual elements, excluding text. Example barcodes include linear or 1-D barcodes, like UPC, and 2-D barcodes, like Datamatrix, QR codes, PDF 417, Semacode, and many others.

Reference is first made toFIG. 1, which shows an example Datamatrix barcode10. Like most barcodes, the Datamatrix barcode10includes a pre-defined pattern or arrangement of elements that allows a reader to identify the barcode10and its orientation. In the case of Datamatrix, the barcode10includes a finder pattern12, which includes two solid black borders in an “L” shape, which enables a scanner or code reader to identify the location and orientation of the barcode10. The other two borders include alternating black and white cells. These two borders are called a timing pattern14. The timing pattern14tells the reader how many rows and columns are in the barcode10. Within the borders12,14are cells encoding information. For example, the barcode10inFIG. 1encodes the phrase, “This is an example barcode”.

Datamatrix is only one example of a 2D barcode. Others, such as QR codes, also include pre-defined elements that provide the reader with information regarding the location, orientation, and size of the barcode.

2D barcodes, and in particular QR codes, are becoming increasingly popular as a means to communicate information to handheld devices, like mobile phones. Many mobile phones are equipped with cameras, and many are capable of running software that uses the camera to scan barcodes. In this manner, many mobile phones are configured to scan a barcode printed, for example, in a newspaper, on a flyer, or on a billboard, and decode a URL or other remote address link encoded within the barcode. The mobile phone may, in some cases, automatically launch a browser application and pass the URL or other link to the browser, which may then attempt to access the URL or other link.

There are often limits set by their technical specifications or standards as to how much data may be encoded within a particular barcode. Datamatrix can encode up to 3116 characters from the ASCII character set. It has a size that ranges from 10×10 to 144×144 cells. A QR code can encode up to 4,296 alphanumeric characters.

It will also be appreciated that, although their specifications may allow these types of barcodes to encode this much data in a single code, practically the scanner (especially in the case of mobile phones) may have insufficient resolution to properly decode a barcode with a dense cell matrix. The barcodes may also need to be kept to a coarse resolution because the screen or media upon which they are rendered may have insufficient resolution to display a barcode with fine details. In the case of print media, lower quality printing may result in ink bleed or other artifacts that obscures the delineations between cells and makes decoding difficult. In the case of video display of a barcode, such as on a computer screen, a television screen, or on a mobile phone screen, the size and resolution of the display screen will limit the possible density of the barcode. In cases where the barcode is intended to be scanned at a distance, such as when the barcode is on a billboard, sign, building, etc., the barcode needs to be sufficiently large and avoid an overly dense matrix since it may be difficult for some scanners, such as mobile phones, to accurately read such a barcode from a distance.

Because there are both preset and practical limits to the amount of information that may be encoded in a barcode, some barcode specifications permit “linking” of barcodes. That is, a flag or other indicia may be set within a barcode that alerts the reader/scanner to the fact that this barcode is one of a series. The scanner/reader is used to scan each of the barcodes, typically printed alongside each other, and it then compiles or combines the decoded information from the series of barcodes. The “linking” protocol for a given barcode symbology may provide that information encoded in the barcodes includes the number of barcodes in the series and each particular barcode provides its location in the series. The reader or scanner may then scan the barcodes in any order and later arrange them correctly, appending the decoded information from each barcode to the information from the others to assemble the complete decoded information. The “linking” of barcodes is sometimes termed a “structured append”.

Reference is now made toFIG. 2, which shows an example series of linked Datamatrix barcodes20. In this example, four barcodes (individually22,24,26,28) are used to encode the text: “This is a much longer example that will use multiple barcodes to encode the full phrase”.

In addition to Datamatrix, other 2D symbologies permit linking, including QR code, PDF417, microPDF417, and Aztec. In some cases 1D symbologies may also permit linking, for example code128.

It will be appreciated that linking multiple barcodes enables the encoding of a larger quantity of information using smaller barcodes, but does not ultimately result in a smaller use of space since the linked barcodes are each printed, usually in close proximity to one another. An advantage of using a number of smaller linked barcodes rather than one large barcode is that the scanner may be better able to focus upon and decode the smaller barcodes individually, whereas one large barcode may have details too fine to recognize and decode. Additionally, the linked barcodes may be laid out or arranged in an arbitrary manner on the printed page or product to which they are applied, whereas one large barcode is less flexible.

Reference is now made toFIG. 3, which graphically illustrates an animated barcode100in accordance with one aspect of the present application. The animated barcode100is for display within dynamic media. For example, the animated barcode100may be displayed on a video screen, television screen, projection screen, mobile phone display screen, or any other device capable of displaying dynamic, i.e. changeable, content.

The animated barcode100includes two or more linked barcodes (individually102,104,106,108). The barcodes102,104,106,108are successively displayed one after another within a display space or region. In some cases, they may be interlaced with blank/white space to signal the change between successive barcodes102,104,106,108. In some embodiments, the display of the barcodes102,104,106,108is looped as indicated by the arrow110, meaning the successive display is repeated in a loop. To an observer, the animated barcode100may appear as a video, with each barcode being a frame of the video.

Advantageously, the successive display of the linked barcodes102,104,106,108, permits a scanner to capture or scan each individual barcode in turn as it is displayed. The full encoded information from the linked series of barcodes is obtained by the scanner, but the animated barcodes100only occupy the space of a single barcode. In other words, the animated barcodes100are a 3-dimensional barcode, with time as the third dimension. The speed with which the successive barcodes are displayed may be a fraction of a second or longer, depending on the expected time required by the scanner to identify and scan the individual barcodes as they are displayed.

The linked barcodes102,104,106,108, in the series may, in some embodiments, be displayed in their proper order in the series; however, in some embodiments they may be displayed in a different order and the barcode reader may be configured to rearrange the decoded information to reassemble it in the correct order.

AlthoughFIG. 3illustrates the example animated barcode100as a series of Datamatrix codes, it will be appreciated that any other 1D or 2D symbology/barcode capable of being linked may be used, including code128, QR codes, PDF417, etc. It will also be appreciated that althoughFIG. 3shows four individual barcodes, some embodiments may have as few as two or three barcodes in the series, and some may have many more.

Reference is now made toFIG. 4, which diagrammatically shows a front view of a mobile handheld device120. The mobile handheld device120includes a display screen122. The display screen includes a defined region or area124within which the animated barcode100is displayed. Given the relatively small size of the display screen122on the mobile handheld device120in this embodiment the defined area124occupies most of the display screen122.

In this embodiment, the animated barcode100may comprise an animated GIF or other file type in which a series of bitmaps or other images are displayed successively. For example, later versions of PNG and other image standards may permit animations. The animated barcode100may be stored as a file in memory on the mobile handheld device120and may be played or rendered using an imaging application, browser or other such software resident in memory on the device120. In some cases, depending on the file type, the animated barcode100may be played using a plug-in to a browser. For example, a Flash player or other such plug-in may be used to display the animated barcode100.

In another embodiment, the animated barcode100may be rendered as part of a webpage or other such document downloaded, perhaps wirelessly, to the mobile handheld device120. In yet another embodiment, the animated barcode100may be streamed to the mobile handheld device120from a remote location.

In yet a further embodiment, the mobile device120may include code generating software for creating the animated barcode100and for displaying it on the display screen122. For example, the user may cause launch of the code generating software through an icon or menu selection, and may input a text phrase or other information for encoding by the code generating software. The code generating software, executing upon a processor within the mobile handheld device120, may generate a series of barcode images that encode the text phrase or other information supplied by the user. It may then, automatically or on instruction from the user, display the series of barcode images as the animated barcode100.

Reference is now made toFIG. 5, which shows an example display screen130. The display screen130may be a part of any system for viewing dynamic media. For example, the display screen130may be the monitor of a personal computer; it may be an LCD, plasma or other screen of a television; it may be a projection screen from a home or commercial theatre; and it may be a video billboard screen. It will be understood that these are examples only and are not intended as limitations.

The display screen130includes the defined area124in which the animated barcode100is displayed. The defined area124is a portion or subarea within which the animation is displayed. In the case of a mark-up language document, such as a webpage, the defined area124is a field or component defined within the layout of the page. In the case of a video for television, the defined area124is a portion of the video in which the animated barcode100has been embedded. In some cases, the animated barcode100may have been embedded or inserted in post-processing, such as by a television broadcaster to provide information regarding the broadcast or the television station. It may, for example, encode a link to a station website or to a website associated with the particular content being shown, such as a television program. In one example application, the animated barcode100for a given television program may link to the same broadcast in a mobile phone optimized format, thereby enabling a viewer to continue to watch the program using their mobile phone if leaving the vicinity of the television. In another example application, the animated barcode100may link to an online, e.g. YouTube™, version of the television program.

Reference is now made toFIG. 6, which shows the graphical user interface of an example browser application140. Many browsers have a field in which they display the URL or other identifier of the webpage currently being accessed by the browser. In the example browser application140this is shown as address field142. The address field142, as is typical, displays the URL, such as http://www.sample.com. The URL or address is often preceded in the field by an icon, usually termed a “favicon”. The term “favicon” is short for favorites icon, and is sometimes also referred to as a website icon, bookmark icon, shortcut icon, or url icon. It is a small icon associated with the webpage or domain. In many cases it is used to display a corporate logo or other unique identifier associated with the webpage or domain.

A favicon is typically 16×16 or 32×32 pixels and is displayed in the address field, or, in some tabbed browsers on a tab. It may appear elsewhere in other embodiments. Some browsers now support the use of animated formats for favicons. Accordingly, inFIG. 6, an animated favicon144is shown in the address field142. The animated favicon144is an animated barcode. The animated favicon144may encode the URL or address currently shown in the address field142.

The use of an animated barcode as a favicon permits a mobile handheld device user to scan the favicon displayed on a browser of a conventional computer screen and thereby easily “grab” the URL or link. The mobile handheld device may be configured to automatically (i.e. without further user command or intervention) launch the mobile phone browser and access the link. In other embodiments, the mobile handheld device may be configured to save the URL, perhaps in the browser's favorites list, or elsewhere in memory.

It will be appreciated that mobile phones and other handheld code readers may be configured to read only particular types of barcodes (i.e. symbologies). Accordingly, in one embodiment, multiple symbologies encoding the same information may be interleaved. Reference is now made toFIG. 7, which shows an example interleaved barcode150. The example interleaved barcode150includes two symbologies: a Datamatrix code and a QR code. In this embodiment, individual barcodes of the two symbologies are interleaved one after another. For example, the interleaved barcode150begins with a first Datamatrix barcode152from the Datamatrix series, followed by a first QR code154from the QR code series. Then follows the second Datamatrix barcode156, followed by the second QR code158, and so on.

It will be appreciated that other interleaving may be realized in other embodiments. For example, the animated barcode150could successively display all barcodes in the Datamatrix series followed by all barcodes in the QR code series.

If a code reader, such as a mobile phone, is capable of reading more than one symbology present in an interleaved animated barcode, the mobile phone may be configured to select one for reading and ignore the other or it may be configured to read both symbologies, which may be advantageous in detecting and/or correcting errors.

In some embodiments the animated barcode100(FIG. 3) or the interleaved animated barcode150(FIG. 7) may have non-barcode images interleaved within the series. For example, a logo or other image may be interleaved within the series of barcodes.

Referring now toFIG. 8, an example of a rotating animated barcode160is illustrated. In some instances, to assist the code reader in detecting or recognizing the change from one barcode to the next on in the series, the images may be interleaved with blank or white space, or other indicators of a change. In another embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 8, alternatively to or in addition to the interleaved white space, the barcodes may be rotated in orientation. Accordingly, the finder patterns12are oriented differently in adjacent codes in the series. Therefore, when a transition occurs from, for example, the first barcode162to the second barcode164, the code reader may detect the change in the finder pattern.

AlthoughFIG. 8illustrates the change from one barcode to the next as involving a 90 degree rotation, other changes in orientation may also be used. For example, 180 degree rotation may be used. Rotations may be clockwise or counter-clockwise. Other angles may also be used, particularly in the case of circular barcodes.

Advantageously, in some embodiments the rotation of the barcodes may also aid the code reader in determining, from detection of the finder patterns, whether it has already captured and decoded the displayed barcode image without the need to re-capture it and re-decode it to recognize it.

Other techniques may also be used to improve detection of the animated barcodes, or to increase the data capacity of the animated barcodes. For example, color channels may be used to increase the capacity of a barcode image. Two or three animated barcodes having the same dimensions may be combined into a single animated color barcode having the same dimensions. Each of the two or three animated barcodes may be designated as either green, red, or blue, to correspond to the RGB color channels. When combined, the resulting animated barcode includes red, green, blue or multi-color cells. A code reader configured to read the animated color barcode filters each individual barcode image into red, green and blue components, thereby obtaining three barcodes from a single color image. It will be appreciated that the above three-color channel barcode is not necessarily limited to animated barcodes and may be employed in the case of a printed barcode as well.

Reference is made toFIG. 9, which graphically illustrates the creation of a tri-color channel barcode170. Individual barcode images172,174,176are designated as a red barcode172, a green barcode174and a blue barcode176. When combined, the red, green and blue cells of the individual barcode images172,174,176result in a set of red, green, blue, and multi-color cells within the tri-color channel barcode170.

It will be understood that dual-color channel barcodes may be created in combinations of red-blue, blue-green, or green-red.

Reference is now made toFIG. 10, which illustrates, in block diagram form, a code reader200in accordance with the present application. The code reader200is, in this embodiment, a mobile handheld device. In some embodiments the code reader200may be configured for wireless communications via a wireless network. The code reader200may be configured for data communications, voice communications, or both. With regard to data communications, the code reader200may be configured to send and receive data, including HTTP requests and responses, using TCP/IP protocol. The wireless network may include a public land mobile network (PLMN); for example, a network configured in accordance with any one of a number of protocols, including GSM/GPRS, EDGE, 3GPP, CDMA, etc. In other embodiments, the wireless network may be a wireless local area network configured to operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 801.11× protocols. In other embodiments, the wireless network may be any other type of wireless network configured to enable mobile communications.

The code reader200includes a processor202and memory204. The memory204may include RAM, ROM, Flash memory, or any combination thereof. It will be appreciated that the memory204may include an operating system206and various software applications or modules. The operating system206and the software applications contain computer-readable instructions executable by the processor202, and implemented so as to configure the processor202to carry out defined steps or operations and to perform certain device functions or operations.

The software applications include a code reader application208. Although illustrated separately, the code reader application208may be part of the operating system206or any of the other software applications.

The code reader200may include a display device210, input device(s)212, a microphone214, and a speaker216. The input device(s)212may include a full or reduced keyboard or keypad, a trackball, a trackwheel, a touchscreen, and/or a directional pad. The code reader200may also include a communications subsystem218and associated antenna220for wireless communications with the wireless network, as described above.

The code reader200also includes a camera222. The camera222may include an electronic image sensor, such as a charge coupled device (CCD) for receiving light through a lens and converting the light intensity to image data. The captured image data defines an image received by the camera222. The camera222may have a mechanical shutter in some embodiments; although many embodiments employ an interline or frame-transfer type of CCD, eliminating the need for a mechanical shutter.

Also illustrated inFIG. 10is a display screen250, on which is displayed a barcode. In one embodiment, the displayed barcode is animated. The code reader200may be held such that the barcode is within the field of view of the camera222and, as described below, the code reader200may capture and decode the barcode.

The code reader application208receives image data from the camera222. The image data may be temporarily loaded into memory204. The code reader application208scans the image data in an attempt to locate a finder pattern. If the code reader application208identifies the finder pattern then it may attempt to decode the associated barcode in the image. The code reader application208may apply certain filters or other techniques to the image data in order to try to improve the quality of the data and the likelihood of detecting a valid finder pattern or correctly decoding the barcode.

With an animated barcode, once the code reader application208has detected and captured one frame/barcode of the series, it may then continue to monitor image data received from the camera222and attempt to detect a change in the displayed barcode. It may, in some embodiments, attempt to identify a change in the orientation of the finder pattern. In may, in other embodiments, attempt to identify an interleaved blank/white/black space, which serves as an indicator of a change in the displayed barcode. Other techniques may also be used to indicate to the code reader application208the transition between successive barcodes in the series.

The code reader application208continues to monitor for and decode successive barcodes in the animated barcode until is has all barcodes in the series. It then combines the decoded information from each of the barcodes in its correct sequence.

After decoding and (if applicable) combining, the code reader application208may be configured to display the decoded information on the display device210. It may be configured to launch a browser application and access a remote address, such as a URL, within the decoded information. It may be configured to save the decoded information in memory204. It may, in some embodiments, be configured to take some other action in response to the decoding of the encoded information.

It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that barcodes may be useful for providing mobile devices with links to online content, perhaps by URL. One difficulty with this is that barcodes store a limited amount of content. As noted above, animated barcodes are able to store a greater amount of information the same physical dimensions.

Nevertheless, some URLs are excessively long and may be difficult to encode in a barcode. Moreover, URLs are subject to change as website designers alter the structure of their websites and content. Accordingly, a URL encoded in a barcode may become out-of-date if the corresponding website is altered in a manner that changes the URL. For example, a URL that is intended to link to a particular page of up-to-date content may cease to function if a website redesign results in the renaming of that webpage.

Reference is now made toFIG. 11, which diagrammatically shows a system300in accordance with the present application. The system300allows a webpage host or designer to encode a relatively short link within a barcode. The relatively short link is associated with the actual full length URL. A browser accessing the relatively short link is redirected to the actual full length URL, giving the webpage host or designer the freedom to distribute barcodes encoding the short link and then change, as often as desired, the actual URL to which the barcode reader would be redirected based on the short link.

The system300includes a server302which, in some embodiments, is configured as a database. The server302is connected to a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, and includes a request handler304, such an HTTP daemon, for handling incoming requests from remote entities. The server302may also include or be connected to a memory containing a mapping table306. Although termed a “table” in this example it will be understood that the mapping table306need not be in table format and may be organized in another data structure. It may, in some embodiments, be stored as a database, such as a relational database. In some other embodiments, it may be stored as a look-up table in memory. In yet another embodiment, described below in connection withFIG. 12, the mapping table may be avoided by storing links within HTML pages.

Referring still toFIG. 11, the mapping table306stores associations between links (310a,310b) and full URLs (312a,312b). Only two associations are shown for convenience. The links310a,310bare short URLs that resolve to the server302. The short URLs are compact unique addresses that the server302is able to map to their associated URLs312a,312b.

The server302may also include a manager308. The manager308includes an interface through which administrators or authorized users may be permitted to edit the associations for which they have editing privileges. For example, the administrator of the server302may have editing privileges with regard to all the associations. A registered user of the server302may only have editing privileges with regard to the associations that they have created themselves.

In one embodiment, the server302includes a barcode generator. Through the manager308, a registered user may request the encoding of a particular URL. The manager308may create a unique short link310for storage in the mapping table306in association with the particular URL and may then provide the requesting registered user with a barcode image encoding the short link310. In some embodiments, the registered user may be given the option of various types of barcode images, i.e. different symbologies. In some embodiments, the manager308may be configured to generate an animated barcode and/or an animated interleaved barcode, as described above. The registered user may be provided with a downloadable copy of the animated barcode file. In one embodiment, the user may request a physical non-animated barcode. The administrator or owner of the server302may print one or more copies of the non-animated barcode on suitable physical media, for example a label. The non-animated barcode encodes the short link310. In one embodiment, the non-animated barcode may be a color barcode, such as was described above in connection withFIG. 9.

As illustrated inFIG. 11, a mobile handheld device320configured to read barcodes may scan a barcode and obtain one of the short links310. It may be configured to launch a browser (if not already running) and transmit a request (e.g. an HTTP request) to access the decoded short link310. The request is received by the server302and in particular the request handler304. Based on the association in the mapping table306, a redirection instruction is sent to the mobile handheld device320causing the mobile device's browser to send an HTTP request addressed to the associated URL312.

It will be appreciated that the mobile handheld device320may be configured to read printed static barcodes330, or animated barcodes332, or both.

Those ordinarily skilled in the art will appreciate that the system300may be implemented such that a database lookup is required at the server302. In another embodiment, it may be possible to avoid maintaining a database of associations. Reference is now made toFIG. 12, which shows an alternative system301. The system301includes a server302, as shown inFIG. 11, configured as a webserver. In this embodiment, instead of maintaining a mapping table, the server302stores webpages (indicated generally as340). In particular, the server302includes a webpage340for each of the short links. For example, webpage340ais specifically for link1. The webpages340are each structured to include a redirection to the associated URL. Those ordinarily skilled in the art of web programming will appreciate that a redirection may be placed in the header portion of a webpage. Moreover, it will be appreciated that a delay time before redirection occurs may be incorporated into the webpage.

By causing the short link to obtain a specific webpage340, the registered user may, in one embodiment, adjust his or her associated URL by editing their webpage340. In another embodiment, the registered user may input a new associated URL, for example through a web interface provided by the manager308, and the manager308may be configured to recreate the webpage340(or a new webpage340) incorporating the new associated URL.

Moreover, the registered user or the owner of the server302may cause an advertisement or other content to be displayed to a user before the redirection occurs. In other words, the webpage340for a particular short link310may include a graphic, image, or other content, that the user's browser downloads and displays before the redirection takes effect. The content may include an advertisement, in some cases related to the subject matter associated with the short link310or URL312.

In one example embodiment, the system301is used for barcodes encoding short links for particular real estate listings. The barcodes may be animated or non-animated, depending on the implementation. The non-animated barcodes are intended for placement on real estate signs, for example on a physical sign located at the property for sale. A prospective buyer may scan the barcode on the real estate signage and be automatically taken to the associated webpage340via the short link. The associated webpage340may display relevant advertisement or other information, such as details of the listing agent or agency, before redirecting the prospective buyer to specific webpage for the listing using its URL. The URL for a specific real estate listing accessible through the online realtors portal is typically very lengthy. Animated barcodes encoding the short link or the URL may be used in dynamic media, such as on a real estate television program.