Preparation of 4-chloropyrazoles

4-Chloropyrazoles of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently of the others hydrogen or a radical which is inert under the reaction conditions, are prepared by reacting pyrazoles of the general formula II ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each as defined above, with 0.95-10 equivalents of hypochloric acid, or salts thereof, in the substantial absence of any carboxylic acid.

The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing 
4-chloropyrazoles from pyrazoles. 
Liebigs Ann. Chem. 598 (1956), 186-197, discloses the reaction of pyrazole 
with a 9% strength solution of NaOCl in the presence of acetic acid to 
give 4-chloropyrazole in a 70% yield. The disadvantage of this method is 
the use of acetic acid and the unsatisfactory yield. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved process for 
preparing 4-chloropyrazoles and to eliminate the disadvantages. 
We have found that this object is achieved by an improved process for 
preparing a 4-chloropyrazole of the general formula I 
##STR3## 
where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently of the others 
hydrogen or a radical which is inert under the reaction conditions, which 
comprises reacting a pyrazole of the general formula II 
##STR4## 
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each as defined above, with 
0.95-10 equivalents of hypochloric acid, or a salt thereof, in the 
substantial absence of any carboxylic acid. 
A 4-chloropyrazole I is obtainable by the following method: 
The reaction takes place between a pyrazole II, which has hydrogen in the 
4-position, and hypochloric acid, or a salt thereof, at from -20.degree. 
to +70.degree. C. in the substantial absence of any carboxylic acid in a 
suitable solvent in accordance with the following equation: 
##STR5## 
The reaction is preferably carried out at 0.degree.-40.degree. C., 
particularly preferably at 5.degree.-30.degree. C. 
Compounds of the formula II are partly known from Liebigs Ann. Chem., loc. 
cit., or they can be prepared as described therein or in DE-A-1,670,060. 
The hypochloric acid, or a salt thereof, is used in 0.95-10 equivalents 
based on compound II, preferably 0.99-2, particularly preferably 1-1.5; 
that is, the molar ratio between hypochloric acid or a salt thereof, and 
compound II is from 0.95:1 to 10:1, preferably from 0.99:1 to 2:1, 
particularly preferably from 1:1 to 1.5:1. 
By "in the substantial absence of any carboxylic acid" is meant that the 
reaction mixture may contain from 0 to 0.5% by weight, preferably from 0 
to 0.2% by weight, of a carboxylic acid, but is particularly preferably 
carried out in the absence of any carboxylic acid. 
Suitable solvents for the reaction are ketones such as acetones, acyclic 
and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, glycols such as ethylene glycol 
and propylene glycol, and glycol ethers such as diglyme, or mixtures 
thereof with water, but preference is given to water. 
In the course of the workup, the reaction mixture is adjusted to pH 7-14, 
preferably pH 8-12, particularly preferably pH 9-11. 
Suitable extractants are ethers such as diethyl ether and methyl tert-butyl 
ether, esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, aromatic 
hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and the xylenes, chlorohydrocarbons 
such as methylene chloride and chloroform, and mixtures thereof, but 
preference is given to the abovementioned esters and ethers. 
The substituents R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 in the formulae I and II are 
each independently of the others hydrogen or a radical which is inert 
under the reaction conditions. Such radicals are C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl 
such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, 
tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl, and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 
-haloalkyl such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -chloroalkyl or -fluoroalkyl, e.g. 
fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, 
dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 
or 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, preference being given to methyl and ethyl. 
Of the compounds I and II, the following are preferred: 4-chloropyrazole, 
4-chloro-N-methylpyrazole, 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 
4-chloro-3-methylpyrazole, 3-methylpyrazole, pyrazole, N-methylpyrazole 
and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. 
4-Chloropyrazoles are intermediates for preparing active substances, for 
example biocides (DE-A-3,412,080). 4-Chloropyrazole itself can be used for 
example as a pharmaceutically active substance in the control of epileptic 
conditions.

EXAMPLE 
34 g (0.5 mol) of pyrazole were suspended in 100 ml of water. 425 g (0.5 
mol) of an aqueous 8.7% strength by weight NaOCl solution were added 
dropwise with continuous stirring in such a way that the temperature of 
the reaction mixture did not exceed 30.degree. C. The reaction was 
monitored by HPLC analysis. After the reaction had ended, 35% strength 
sulfuric acid was added, and the mixture was extracted at pH 11 with 300 
ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were dried and the 
solvent was removed under reduced pressure, leaving the 4-chloropyrazole 
as slightly yellow crystals. 
Yield: 51 g (0.5 mol, 99%). 
Elemental analysis of crude product: calculated: C 35.1, H 2.9, N 27.3, Cl 
34.5. found: C 35.2, H 3.4, N 26.9, Cl 33.6.