Magnetostatic electrical devices

Electrical devices such as antennae, electrical guitar pick-ups, speaker coils and the like, exhibiting substantially improved operating characteristics, are fabricated by embedding the conductive wire for the antennae and other devices in a permanent ceramic magnet, typically formed of an epoxy or thermosetting resin containing a colloidal suspension of magnetically hard materials such as isotropic barium ferrites or anisotropic barium ferrites. The resultant device transfers increased levels of the existing energy signal to and from the embedded conductor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The energy present in a magnetostatic structure has been used in a wide 
range of applications, such as loudspeakers, microphones, generators, 
electric guitar pick-ups and the like. The generation of a voltage in a 
conductor by the changing of a magnetostatic structure or the movement of 
a magnetostatic structure relative to the conductor is an old concept. 
These devices in the prior art commonly used a permanent magnet made of 
electrically conducting metal. Since magnets made of electrically 
conducting metals rapidly attenuate any electromagnetic energy, as do any 
electrical conductors, the use of such permanent magnets in conjunction 
with these various devices has been primarily limited to core elements 
inside electrically insulated conductor coils or similar applications. 
With the advent of ceramic magnetic materials, magnets which are not 
electrical conductors have become available. Ceramic magnets are available 
in both permanent (hard) magnetic materials or magnetically soft 
materials. Various types of ceramic magnetic compositions of both the hard 
and soft types use "ferrite" materials. Generally these materials are 
magnetically soft materials (that is nonpermanent magnets). "Hard" or 
permanent magnet materials are high loss high retentivity, high coercivity 
materials with low permeability. 
The coercive force of hard magnetic materials is on the order of tens of 
thousands of times greater than that of the lowest coercive force of soft 
magnetic materials. From a magnetic softness view point, the important 
thing to regard is the hysteresis loop. For soft magnetic materials the 
area of the hysteresis loop is quite small, whereas for "hard" magnetic 
materials the area of the hysteresis loop is large by comparison with soft 
materials. The bulk of the work in electric circuit design using magnetic 
materials involves the application of magnetically soft cores in inductors 
and transformers and the like. These uses encompass a large range of 
ferrite and metal cores and the applications of permanent magnets (metal 
or ceramic) in electronic circuit design has been nearly neglected. 
Soft ceramic ferromagnetic materials and ferrite materials have been 
employed as coatings or cores for radio frequency transmitters and 
receivers to increase the inductance of the antennae which in turn permits 
reductions in the antennae lengths or sizes. Antennae which have been 
modified with such soft magnetic materials (high permeability materials) 
are known, and such antennae systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
2,748,386 issued May 29, 1956. Since the prior art antennae of the type 
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,748,386 rely upon inductive coupling, the 
high permeability (inductance) available in the soft ferromagnetic or 
ferrite materials is desired. While some improvements in the operation of 
antennae systems which are treated with these "soft" magnetic materials do 
result, the differences between such treated antennae and conventional 
antennae are not significant. 
Antennae for use in conjunction with various types of radio frequency 
transmitters and receivers are well known. The variety of shapes and 
electrical configurations of antennae is almost limitless. These range 
from end-fed antennae, which are substantially linear conductive rods of 
various lengths having specific relationships to the wavelengths of the 
frequency of the signals transmitted from or received by such antennae, to 
complex arrays of components. Helical antennae, as well as composite 
antennae involving combinations of various antenna shapes and 
configurations such as complex lens antennae, multiple-tuned antennae, 
dipoles and the like are well known. The particular configuration which is 
employed for any specific purpose is selected in order to function 
properly with respect to the frequencies which are involved and the 
radiation patterns desired. 
Irrespective of the type of antenna or antenna configuration which is 
employed, all antennae, both transmitting and receiving antennae or those 
used for both functions, are subject to limitations in the power gain of 
any given antenna due to what is known as "skin effect". This phenomenon 
is one of non-uniform current distribution over the cross section of an 
alternating current conductor. At high frequencies, the current for a 
conductor is carried only by a thin surface layer of the conductor, the 
thickness of the layer decreasing with increasing frequency. The result of 
this phenomenon is a self-induced counter-electromotive force in the 
conductor which results in considerable cancellation of the received 
energy and increased effective resistance. 
Thus, the gain or power of the antenna, whether it is a transmitting 
antenna or a receiving antenna, is reduced from the theoretical ideal 
which it could exhibit if "skin effect" was not present. This means, for a 
receiving antenna, the capability of the antenna to respond to weak 
signals is substantially impaired. The signal-to-noise ratio is lowered; 
and for any given receiver, it is necessary to employ substantially 
greater gain in the RF stages than would otherwise be necessary for the 
same reception capabilities if the undesirable effects of "skin effect" 
were not present. Similar disadvantages result with respect to 
transmitting antennae, the power of which is substantially impaired by the 
increased effective resistance produced by skin effect. Thus, for any 
given transmitted power, the power of the output amplifying stages must be 
considerably higher than would otherwise be required if "skin effect" 
phenomenon was not present. As stated above, as the frequency of the 
carrier signal increases the deleterious effects of skin effect increase 
proportionately. 
As is well known, communications systems in a wide variety of different 
forms, such as AM radio, FM radio, television, two-way FM communications 
such as used in citizens' band (CB) radios, police and fire communications 
networks and the like are in widespread use throughout the world. These 
communications systems utilize the transmission and reception of 
electromagnetic radio frequency waves which are radiated through space 
from a transmitting antenna at the originating source or station to a 
receiving antenna at the point of utilization. The radio frequency waves 
extend in frequency from a relatively low 10 kilohertz up into frequencies 
of hundreds of megahertz. Different portions of this spectrum are divided 
into different frequency bands allocated to various systems of 
transmission. The moving electromagnetic radio frequency waves which are 
radiated through space are created at the transmitting station by coupling 
the transmitter output to an antenna which has a configuration 
particularly adapted to the frequency of the transmission and the use or 
application of the signal in the particular system with which the 
transmitter and antenna is employed. At the receiving end, a receiver 
which is used in conjunction with the transmitted signal to receive and 
convert it to a usable form, such as audio or visual, has an antenna which 
intercepts the moving electromagnetic waves and converts them to 
electrical signals which are processed by the receiver. 
In conventional antennae, both transmitting and receiving, the antenna 
itself is what may be termed a "passive" component in the system. At the 
transmitting end, the alternating current signal creates electromagnetic 
radiation when it is applied to the antenna. At the receiver, the moving 
electromagnetic wave is intercepted by the conductive antenna and results 
in the generation of a corresponding alternating current electrical signal 
in the conductor which then is applied to the RF amplifier and processing 
stages of the receiver. These conventional antennae are electrical devices 
only. The transmitter generates an electrically polarized electromagnetic 
wave and the receiver responds to the electrical components and resonates 
with the corresponding electrical polarization of the electromagnetic 
wave. Because of the "skin effect" mentioned above, at higher frequencies 
the thickness of the layer of the conductor in the antenna which actually 
carries the current becomes increasingly thinner and results in an 
increasing counter-electromotive force. This, in turn, results in 
increased effective resistance in the antenna and correspondingly greater 
self-cancellation. Thus, at higher frequencies, the power of an antenna, 
either a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna, is substantially 
lessened by "skin effect". 
In order to provide sufficient power, either for transmission or reception, 
for conventional antennae in any given situation, it often is necessary to 
have extremely large antenna structures or antenna towers to attain the 
desired operating characteristics of the transmitter or receiver. Such 
structures are costly to build; and because of the substantial space they 
require or the substantial height to which they must reach, result in 
expensive, cumbersome and unattractive installations. For example, bulky 
rooftop television receiver antennae are commonly employed in order to 
provide some measure of reasonable reception for television receivers used 
in homes. Similarly, two-way radio antennae, such as used for ham radio 
operators, CB radio base stations, and the like require large unsightly 
installations if any reasonable range is to be attained from the radio 
system using the antenna. In addition, mobile antennae used by police cars 
and CB installations in automobiles and trucks, for maximum effectiveness 
over a reasonable range, require a relatively long "whip" antenna 
structure. 
It is desirable to provide transmitting and receiving antennae in a variety 
of configurations which have relatively high power capabilities, minimum 
size, and which eliminate or substantially minimize the "skin effect" 
self-cancellation phenomenon ordinarily encountered in antennae 
structures. In addition, it is desirable to increase the coupling between 
the coils of a guitar pick-up, speaker, microphone or other devices using 
coils and magnetostatic energy to improve the operation of such devices. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved 
electrical circuit component. 
It is another object of this invention to provide improved electrical 
circuit components using magnetostatic structures with electrical 
conductors embedded in permanent ceramic magnets. 
It is an additional object of this invention to provide improved electrical 
devices using magnetostatic structures. 
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved antenna 
structure. 
It is still another object of this invention to provide an improved 
magnetic antenna. 
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an improved magnetic 
antenna structure utilizing a conductor embedded within a permanently 
magnetized ceramic dielectric material. 
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention an electrical 
circuit component comprises electrical conductor embedded inside a 
permanently magnetized magnetically hard dielectric material. 
More specifically, a magnetic antenna exhibiting substantially improved 
operating characteristics is fabricated by embedding a conductive wire for 
the antenna in ceramic dielectric material formed of a resin with a 
colloidal pension of hard magnetic ferrite particles in it and which is 
permanently magnetized.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
In FIGS. 1 and 2, there is illustrated a new approach to electrical 
components, particularly conductive elements used either as transmitting 
or receiving antennae. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a helical conductive 
coil 20 is embedded or potted in a conventional dielectric potting 
compound, such as a resin binder (epoxy or thermosetting) or rubber to 
form what appears to be a conventional potted electrical component 21. The 
resin binder for the potted component 21, however, when it is in its 
liquid state, has a quantity of magnetically "hard" ceramic type ferrite 
powder mixed in it to form a uniform colloidal suspension of ferrite 
particles in the liquid epoxy. The amount of ferrite may be varied from an 
amount approximately five percent by weight of the mixture to ninety 
percent by weight, depending upon the characteristics desired in the 
components produced. In most cases the higher concentrations are used. 
Preferred ferrites are isotropic or anisotropic barium ferrites 
(BaFe.sub.12 O.sub.19), such as Ferroxdure and the like. 
When the epoxy/ferrite for the component mixture 21 cures and becomes hard, 
it then is subjected to a magnetizing field to impart a permanent 
magnetization to it as indicated by the "N" and "S" letters placed on the 
top and bottom, respectively, of the component shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
When this is done, the use of the component shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as an 
antenna, either in a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna, has the 
conductive wire embedded in a magnetically hard ceramic permanent magnet. 
This results in an antenna component which is an active generator or 
amplifier rather than the conventional passive component normally used. 
When the component is used as a part of a receiving antenna, the moving 
radio frequency electromagnetic energy passing over it is amplified 
through a principle believed by the inventor to be caused by changes in 
the magnetic field of the RF wave interacting with the permanent magnet of 
the magnetic dielectric material 21 which then is coupled to the 
conductive coil 20 in the manner of a transformer. It further is believed 
that by using the changing magnetic energy of the RF field instead of or 
in addition to the changing electrical energy, the deleterious skin 
effects normally associated with antenna components are either eliminated 
or substantially minimized since the entire magnetostatic structure 
carries the energy, not just the surface as with conventional antennae. In 
any event, an antenna constructed in accordance with the structure shown 
in FIGS. 1 and 2 generates energy at the same frequency and modulation as 
the passing RF energy but with much greater amplitude than is possible 
with the same conductive portion or coil 20 used alone without embedding 
it in the ceramic permanent magnet. Since the ceramic magnet is not a 
conductor, it does not attenuate electromagnetic energy in contrast to the 
significant attenuation of electrically conducting metals. 
It also should be noted that the coil or conductor 20 is inside the magnet 
which is in contrast to winding the coil around a magnet or magnetic 
material. This is in direct contrast to the construction of known ferrite 
antennae where the coil is wound around an unmagnetized ferrite core. 
The material 21 may be formed using a large number of various types of 
thermosetting or epoxy resins, and the hard magnetic particles or powder 
also may be in a number of different forms. Permanent magnets made of such 
materials are conventional and are made in a number of different shapes 
for various applications. Use of magnets of this type, however as an 
active circuit part of an antenna or other electrical circuit is not known 
to the inventor. 
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate another antenna configuration utilizing the same 
principles shown in the structure of FIGS. 1 and 3. In the antenna 
structure of FIGS. 3 and 4 the active conductive component of the antenna 
comprises a flat spiral antenna element 25 terminating in a pair of 
terminals 26 and 28, connected respectively to the outer and inner ends of 
the spiral 25. The conductive spiral component of the antenna is potted or 
embedded in an epoxy/hard magnetic ceramic ferrite-powder mixture of the 
type described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2. As in FIGS. 1 and 
2, the flat disk 27 resulting from the structure after it cures or hardens 
is subjected to a uniform magnetizing field to permanently magnetize it 
across its thickness, as shown in FIG. 3. 
An antenna as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be used as an AM radio receiving 
antenna. Without placing the coil 25 in the center of a permanent magnet, 
the power output of the antenna is quite low. The same coil, potted in a 
suitable epoxy or thermosetting resin having suspended ferrites in it and 
then permanently magnetized, however produces a substantial increase in 
the signal power from the antenna. An active generator or amplifier is 
obtained with the structure of FIGS. 3 and 4 which combines a permanent 
magnet with the embedded coil 25. 
An actual antenna, built with the structure of FIGS. 3 and 4 used 20 feet 
of #22 copper wire embedded in a ceramic magnet (13 inch diameter), 
magnetized to 2,000 gauss per square centimeter. This antenna detected 
electromagnetic energy (550 to 1500 kc) and produced 5/100 volts output in 
the presence of local radio stations in Phoenix, Arizona. 
Various ratios of ferrite powder, preferably barium ferrite or cobalt 
ferrite, have been used to construct the antenna of FIGS. 3 and 4. The 
ratio of barium or cobalt ferrite powder to the resin used in actual 
antenna structures has been varied from a ratio of approximately twenty 
percent of the ferrite powder by weight to ninety percent. Throughout this 
entire range, substantially increased power output was obtained as opposed 
to conventional antennae which do not use the dielectric permanent ceramic 
magnet principle illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 4. 
The optimum percentages for a given antenna structure have not yet been 
determined; but the antenna structures which have been built clearly show 
that the combination of the dielectric permanent magnet and the antenna 
coil generates energy at the same frequency and modulation as a comparable 
antenna coil without the permanent magnet, but at a substantially greater 
amplitude than the conventional antenna. It is believed that this is 
caused by the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the ceramic 
permanent magnet in a manner to utilize both the current and voltage 
portions of the electromagnetic energy, resulting in a significant 
measured increase in the power of the antenna. Conventional antennae use 
only the current part of the electromagnetic energy. 
An antenna for the FM frequency band was built in accordance with the 
structure shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 by winding approximately 36 feet of wire 
25 into a very loose coil of approximately 12 inches diameter. A mixture 
of 40% hard magnetic barium ferrite powder (BaFe.sub.12 O.sub.19) to 60% 
resin was used to fill a mold approximately 1 inch thick. The wire coil or 
spiral 25 was then placed in the center of the mold, which placed the coil 
25 in the center of the magnetic material after it hardened. Following 
hardening of the material, it was permanently magnetized, as shown in FIG. 
3. The gain of this antenna was measured to be 500% to 700% of the gain of 
a standard soft magnetic ferrite antenna used as a built-in antenna in a 
quality FM tuner. With the built-in ferrite antenna, the tuner was capable 
of receiving only 5 local stations in full stereo (antenna voltage over 10 
microvolts). With no change in the location of the receiver, but using the 
antenna described above, the receiver received 14 stations in full stereo, 
including an FM station located one-hundred twenty-five miles away. The 
antenna of FIGS. 3 and 4 produced a gain which is nearly as good as large 
conventional roof-mounted antennae. 
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is illustrated a modification of a 
standard whip antenna 30, the power of which is increased by applying the 
principles of this invention to it. The antenna 30 may be any conventional 
whip antenna of the type ordinarily used in mobile communications. 
Sometimes the conductive rod of such an antenna is covered with fiber 
glass to reduce the effects of corrosion and the like. In most cases, 
however, the metal antenna rod 30 is completely exposed. As shown in FIGS. 
5 and 6, the antenna rod 30 may be covered with a conventional fiber glass 
gauze or cloth 31 which then is impregnated with a conventional binder to 
which is added a colloidal suspension of a hard magnetic ceramic ferrite 
powder (preferably barium ferrite or cobalt ferrite belonging to the class 
of hexagonal ferrites, such as BaFe.sub.12 O.sub.19). When this 
resin/ferrite mixture is applied to the fiber glass cloth 31, it hardens 
to impregnate the cloth 31 with a layer of ferromagnetic resin 32 
indicated in FIG. 5. 
The manner of application of the resin/ferrite mixture may be in accordance 
with conventional techniques, such as by spraying, dipping, potting or the 
like. If desired, as shown in FIG. 6, more than one layer may be placed 
around the antenna 30. In FIG. 6 an additional fiber glass cloth layer 33 
and an outer or additional resin/ferrite layer 34 is illustrated. When 
this is done to an otherwise conventional antenna; and the resultant 
structure is permanently magnetized across the axis of the conductive whip 
30, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the power of the antenna, both for 
transmission and for reception, is significantly increased several dbs. 
This is true even where the amount of ferrite powder in the resin binder 
32 is as low as five percent of the total weight of the resin/ferrite 
mixture. The significant operating improvements which occur are believed 
to be, at least in part, caused by elimination or substantial reduction in 
the self-cancellation due to "skin effects" which are present in 
conventional (untreated) antennae. The permanent magnet coating is an 
active part of the antenna and the entire magnetostatic structure carries 
the energy (both voltage and current) and not just the thin surface of the 
conductor. 
When an antenna structure of this type is made, the length of the whip 30 
must be reduced slightly from that which is used in the conventional 
antenna. In an actual modification of a standard base loaded quarter-wave 
mobile whip antenna (41.75 inches long) it became necessary to shorten the 
length of the antenna by 31/2 inches when a single layer of fiber glass 
impregnated with a magnetic resin (comprised of 20% hard magnetic barium 
ferrite powder) was used. The resultant structure, appears to add 
effective length to the antenna (capacitive reactance) caused by the 
permanent magnet ceramic material. Thus, it is necessary to shorten the 
overall length of the antenna when it is modified as shown in FIGS. 5 and 
6. A modified antenna of this type exhibited substantially increased power 
(5 db to 6 db improvement on receive) when it was used with a standard CB 
radio, over that exhibited by the same antenna prior to its modification. 
The improvements in operating results for the antenna used as a receiving 
antenna are even greater than when it is used as a transmitting antenna. 
Because of the nature of this structure, however, it no longer is necessary 
to employ a relatively heavy duty rod 30 for the conductive portion of the 
antenna. A whip antenna may be fabricated by using a thin copper wire 
embedded within a fiber glass structure formed either by wrapping multiple 
layers of fiber glass or by potting. The fiber glass structure, however, 
uses a resin/hard magnetic ceramic ferrite mixture as described above, and 
is permanently magnetized to form the resultant antenna. In this manner, a 
true fiber glass antenna is obtained, because the fiber glass becomes an 
active part of the circuit. Apparently, the undesirable skin effects are 
eliminated from the antennae of FIGS. 5 and 6. The power of these antennae 
is substantially higher than standard whip antennae. In addition, the 
signal-to-noise ratio is much improved. 
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is illustrated a helical antenna which is 
particularly adapted to two-way mobile communications such as used in 
Citizen's Band (CB) radios. This antenna comprises a helical coil 37 which 
is wound with relatively open turns for the lower two-thirds of its length 
and which terminates in the upper third of its length with closely wound 
turns. The wire 37 may be wound about any suitable dielectric hollow 
cylinder or rod, which is then potted in an epoxy/ferrite mixture of the 
type described previously, or formed as part of a fiber glass enclosure 38 
in the manner described in conjunction with FIGS. 5 and 6. Whatever 
construction is used for the magnetic dielectric covering 38 over the coil 
37, it is magnetized across the axis of the coil (or radially outward from 
the axis) to form a permanent magnet dielectric with the coil 37 embedded 
in it. The dielectric/magnetic covering 38 completely encases the coil 37. 
The operating characteristics of this antenna, either used as a 
transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna, are significantly improved 
over a comparable antenna which does not use the permanent magnet 
dielectric. 
A variation of the structure of FIG. 7 is effected by winding the helix 
coil 37 as a standard tapered linear coil. The antenna dielectric then 
also is constructed as a tapered linear magnetic structure. By way of 
example, this may be accomplished for a 36 inch antenna by dividing it 
into 6 inch segments. The epoxy/ferrite mixture for the lower six inches 
is 5% ferrite to 95% epoxy. Each of the successively higher six inch 
sections then has the ferrite portion increased by 5% over the adjacent 
lower section except for the top section. To maximize the top loading of 
the structure, the top six inches has a ferrite/epoxy mixture which is 80% 
barium ferrite and 20% epoxy. The tapered coil/tapered magnetic field 
antenna which results after the structure is permanently magnetized is a 
significantly improved top loaded antenna. 
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a composite antenna made of a 
spiral antenna structure, such as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, forming the 
base, and a vertical helical antenna, such as shown in FIG. 7, attached to 
and extending upwardly from the spiral antenna base. The input feed is to 
the center of the spiral 25 and the lower end of the base of the vertical 
helix 37. The outer end of the spiral and the upper end of the helix are 
open, so that the resultant antenna is of the Hertz type. 
An antenna of this type has been constructed to provide a 7/8 wave antenna, 
with the base spiral wound in the form of a 12 inch coil. The spiral was 
formed with 540 inches of number 14 wire as follows: 
4 turns at 12 inches - 144 inches 
3 turns at 11 inches - 99 inches 
2 turns at 10 inches - 60 inches 
2 turns at 9 inches - 54 inches 
2 turns at 8 inches - 48 inches 
2 turns at 7 inches - 42 inches 
2 turns at 6 inches - 32 inches 
2 turns at 5 inches - 30 inches 
2 turns at 4 inches - 24 inches 
2 turns at 3 inches - 18 inches 
The helical vertical portion of the antenna was formed with 31 turns of 
number 14 wire close-wound at the top (18 inches) with 46 turns loosely 
wound at 1/4 inch spacing below this. The total height of the vertical 
helical portion of the antenna was 14 inches. The upper turn terminated in 
a vertical 6 inch stub 53. 
A transmitter 40 is coupled with the upper or "hot" lead 41 connected to 
the bottom of the helical conductor 37 of the antenna, and the ground lead 
42 is connected to the center end of the spiral base spiral conductor 25. 
Magnetization of the base portion 27 is vertically through its thickness 
as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5; and magnetization of the dielectric/ferrite 
material 38 in which the helical conductor 37 of the antenna is embedded 
is across its axis as shown in FIG. 7. 
FIGS. 9, 10, 11 and 12 illustrate the current standing wave patterns 
contributed by the different parts of the composite antenna of FIG. 8. 
FIG. 9 shows the current standing wave pattern contributed by the flat 
spiral base portion 27. FIG. 10 shows the current standing wave pattern 
contributed by the vertical helix portion 37, 38, and FIGS. 11 and 12 show 
the composite current standing wave pattern which results from phase 
differences (in phase and 180.degree. out of phase) between the patterns 
contributed by the antenna parts. All of these patterns result from the 
antenna being located on a metal ground plane. 
Antenna structures other than those described previously also are possible 
using the principles of this invention. For example, base configurations 
such as shown in FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C may be employed. These base 
configurations for winding spiral or helical conductive wires to form the 
inner embedded conductive member of the antenna may be used either alone 
or in a number of configurations. The bases or at least the portions of 
the base forms in which the conductive wire of the antenna is embedded are 
made of resin/ferrite mixtures of the type described previously in 
conjunction with the other embodiments of the invention. After the antenna 
structures are formed, they are permanently magnetized, for example, as 
illustrated in FIG. 13C and FIGS. 14 and 15 for the four-sided pyramid 
base shape illustrated in those Figures. 
Referring now to FIG. 16, there is shown a composite antenna which is 
formed on a pyramid base 50 of the type illustrated in FIGS. 13C, 14 and 
15 to which is added a flat base 57 with a square spiral winding 58 which 
are similar to the member 27 and winding 25 of FIGS. 3 and 4. The base 57, 
however, is only magnetized in the region lying outside the edges of the 
pyramid 50. The base 50 is formed of a suitable dielectric material, 
preferably which is impregnated with a ferrite powder in the proportions 
described previously, that is, from 5% to 90% by weight of hard magnetic 
ferrite to resin. On the form 50, a spiral coil 52 is wound in a pattern 
to match the square spiral 58 shown in FIG. 17. At the apex of the 
pyramid, a vertical helical antenna component 37, 38 of the type shown in 
FIG. 7 is placed, much in the same manner as in the composite antenna of 
FIG. 8, previously described. The lead 41 of the transmitter 40 then is 
connected to the lower end of the helix 37 and the lead 42 is connected to 
the outer end of the flat spiral 58. The inner end of the spiral 58 is 
connected to the lower end of the winding 50, the other end of which is 
open. Tuning of the antenna may be effected by use of the trimmer 
capacitor 43. 
After the windings 37 and 52 are in place, a fiber glass gauze or winding 
55 is wound over the exterior of the pyramid base and over the helical 
antenna winding 37. The fiber glass gauze 55 then is impregnated with a 
resin/hard magnetic ferrite mixture 56, which is allowed to harden. 
Finally, the base is magnetized to form a permanent magnet with the poles 
as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. The vertical portion of the antenna is 
constructed as shown in FIG. 7, and is magnetized across its axis. The 
resultant exhibits a radiation pattern of the type as shown in FIGS. 17 
and 18. 
An actual antenna built in accordance with the structure shown in FIGS. 16 
through 18 used a pyramidal base formed of four equilateral triangles. The 
height of the base cone was 7 inches, and the height of the vertical 
helical antenna portion extending upwardly from the base of the cone was 
23 inches. A 6 inch stub 53 completed the antenna which operated as a 3/4 
wave antenna. The standing wave ratio of this antenna over the full band 
of CB frequencies for CB channels 1 through 23 was measured to be nearly 
flat 1:1 to 1:1.2 across the full band, as illustrated in Curve C of FIG. 
19. This is in contrast to a conventional whip antenna for the same band, 
the standing wave ratio of which is shown in Curve A of FIG. 19. Curve B 
of FIG. 19 illustrates a conventional whip antenna which is modified in 
accordance with the structure shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. 
Even starting with a conventional antenna which is then potted or wrapped 
with fiber glass impregnated with a resin/ferrite material, as described 
previously, the resultant permanent magnet/antenna structure greatly 
increases the gain of the antenna. Gain improvements of several db have 
been measured. Of the various types of ferrite materials which may be 
employed, it appears that those belonging to the group of hexagonal 
ferrites, such as barium ferrite or cobalt ferrite, are the best. This 
probably is because of the high coercive forces which exist in these 
materials in their powdered form which permit them to make good permanent 
magnets. While the ampere turns of magnetizing force used to create the 
permanent magnet characteristics of the various antenna configurations 
described may vary, the various samples which were made and which have 
been described above used 24,000 ampere turns per cubic inch for 
permanently magnetizing materials. The magnetization preferably was 
effected perpendicular to the surfaces of the various antennae where 
possible since it appears that this is the most effective direction of 
polarization of the permanent magnet in which the conductive wire for the 
antennae is embedded. The theory which results in the improved operation 
of these dielectric/magnetic antenna structures is not fully understood, 
but the many different models of antennae which have been built, both by 
modifying standard antennae and by antenna structures such as shown in 
FIGS. 8 and 16 clearly exhibit improved power or gain and significantly 
improved signal-to-noise ratios over their conventional counterparts. The 
antennae operate with a relatively large ground plane for best results, 
but this is common with many radio frequency antennae. Merely placing the 
antenna structure of the various types shown in the drawings and described 
above on a large metal surface, such as the roof of a car or directly on 
the ground, results in the excellent operating characteristics which have 
been described. 
The antennae of FIGS. 8 and 16 operate best from a balanced input which 
eliminates line radiation and causes essentially all radiation to occur 
from the antenna only. This causes the standing wave ratio (SWR) and 
impedance, once balanced to be more independent of ground effect and 
environment since the antennae of these Figures are ungrounded antennae. 
Reference now should be made to FIGS. 20 and 21 which illustrate some of 
the measured phenomena resulting from the treatment of a typical half-wave 
center-fed antenna by embedding or encasing the antenna element inside 
permanently magnetized hard ceramic materials in the manner described 
above in conjunction with the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 through 18. 
FIG. 20 illustrates, in a diagrammatic form, a typical center-fed 
half-wave antenna. 
For the purposes of this illustration, assume that the antenna of FIG. 20 
is a conventional antenna which has not been modified or treated in any 
way with a magnetic coating. An antenna of this type acts like an 
inductance at the feed point connected to its center. The radiation of 
this conventional antenna is directly related to the amplitude of the 
applied current. This radiation is at a maximum at the feed center and 
diminishes to near zero at the ends of the antenna. This results in a 
generally elliptical or semi-circular radiation pattern as indicated in 
FIG. 20. The pattern is similar for both transmitting antennae and 
receiving antennae. Conventional antennae do not take advantage of the 
voltage portion of the generated or received energy, but return this to 
the electrical circuit. This is inherent in the operation of conventional 
antennae of various constructions. 
In FIG. 21 a diagrammatic representation of the same half-wave antenna 
shown in FIG. 20 is illustrated; but for the purpose of the illustration 
of the antenna of FIG. 21, the metal conductor of the antenna is embedded 
in or coated with a hard magnetic permanetly magnetized ceramic coating of 
the type described above in conjunction with the embodiments shown in 
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, for example. Thus, the antenna of FIG. 21 is modified 
from the one shown in FIG. 20 to become what is referred to herein as a 
"magnetic antenna". 
It has been discovered that the generated radiation which is produced by 
such a magnetic antenna utilizes the voltage portion of the signal as well 
as the current portion; and the amplitude of the radiation component 
created by this voltage portion is a maximum at the ends of the antenna. 
It is believed that this is not a current, but is an electric-flux 
density, which produces a magnetic field intensity H which is proportional 
to the time rate of change of the electrical field producing it. Because H 
is proportional to the time rate of change of the electrical field when a 
magnetic field is produced and the electric field intensity E is 
proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic field, it is 
possible to generate electromagnetic waves in the nonconductive ceramic 
magnetic materials of the antenna. 
Because the time varying electric field is directly coupled in an already 
magnetized dielectric, an almost equal conversion of the voltage part of 
the energy to radiation is accomplished as with the current portion (which 
is the only portion utilized in conventional antenna design). The result 
is a significant improvement in the gain of magnetic antennae over 
conventional antennae. This improvement is realized whether the antenna is 
used as a trasmitting antenna or as a receiving antenna. The differences 
in gain between magnetic antennae and conventional antennae, which are 
similar in all respects except for the application of the permanent 
ceramic magnet over the antenna elements, are significant. Measured 
improvements ranging from three or four db to as much as eleven db have 
been observed. This is a highly significant improvement. 
Applicant also has conducted measurements on various configurations of his 
improved magnetic antennae to determine the polarization, if any, of the 
waveforms of such treated antennae. Measurements on various types of 
antennae which have been constructed in accordance with the invention to 
embed or cover the conductive elements of the antenna in a permanent 
ceramic magnet indicate that two electromagnetic fields are generated at 
90.degree. out of phase and at right angles to one another. These 
conditions are necessary for the generation of a circularly polarized 
waveforms, and the results of circular polarization have been measured in 
accordance with the Vector diagrams shown in FIGS. 22A through 22D for a 
typical sinusoidal waveform 22E. 
The Vectors which are illustrated in FIGS. 22A through 22D show the 
directions of the magnetic field intensity (H) and the electric field 
intensity (E) at four times, each spaced 90.degree. apart in the cycle of 
the signal of FIG. 22E to illustrate the clockwise rotation (as shown in 
these figures) of these fields produced by any antenna treated in 
accordance with the techniques described above. The result is a circularly 
polarized corkscrew-type of waveform. By covering a vertically polarized 
conventional antenna with the permanent dielectric magnet, the antenna is 
capable of receiving either vertically polarized, horizontally polarized, 
or circularly polarized signals. It transmits circularly polarized 
signals. The same thing is true of antenna configurations which ordinarily 
result in horizontal polarization. Embedding the conductive elements of 
such antennae in permanently magnetized ceramic materials of the type 
described above results in a receiving antenna which receives signals 
transmitted with either vertical or horizontal or circular polarization. 
When such an antenna is used as a transmitting antenna, the transmitted 
waveform is a circularly polarized waveform. 
This result is a significant and unexpected benefit of the magnetic antenna 
structures since it is not necessary to increase the transmitter power or 
otherwise alter a transmitter which previously transmitted either 
vertically polarized or horizontally polarized waves to convert it into a 
transmitter for transmitting signals having circular polarization. 
Comparable results are as readily attainable in receiver antennae. 
Referring now to FIGS. 23A and 23B, there is shown, in diagrammatic form, a 
typical configuration of a one-half wave center-fed antenna 63 having four 
conductive elements 64, 65, 66 and 67 interconnected together at the feed 
point. The element 64 extends horizontally from the mast 68 of the 
antenna; and the other three elements 65, 66 and 67 are disposed at a 
45.degree. angle to the centerline of the element 64 and are formed about 
the connection point with the mast 68 in an equilateral triangular 
configuration. This type of antenna is commonly used in a vertical 
configuration. 
By embedding or coating all four of the antenna elements 64 through 67 in 
permanently magnetized magnetically hard ceramic material, circular 
polarization of the antenna results in the generally dumb-bell shaped 
radiation pattern indicated in dotted lines in FIGS. 23A and 23B. As a 
result, vertically polarized or horizontally polarized signals coming into 
the antenna from either the left or the right as viewed in FIG. 23A, 
produce an output signal from the antenna which has been measured to be 
greater than a full quarter-wave ground plane antenna. Any signals which 
enter the antenna field near the point of its connection to the mast 68 
and perpendicular to the element 64, produce an output which is of the 
order of 25 db down from those signals which are applied to the ends of 
the antenna. 
FIGS. 24A through 24C illustrate a device made in accordance with the 
teachings of this invention which can be used as a mixer, demodulator, 
amplitude varying circuit, and the like. The structure which permits this 
operation comprises a rectangular solid body made of permanently 
magnetized magnetically hard ceramic material 70 in which a hollow 
cylindrical conductor 71 made of copper or other suitable electrically 
conducting material has been embedded. An output lead 72 is electrically 
connected to the conductive cylinder 71 and extends out of the permanent 
magnet material 70. The formation of this structure and the materials used 
for the body 70 of the device are similar to the construction of the 
devices shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and described above. Attached to the 
outside longitudinal surfaces of the body 70, are four conductive plates 
74, 75, 76 and 77; and each of these plates in turn is illustrated as 
connected by means of a conductor to an appropriate terminal A, B, C, or D 
(shown most clearly in FIG. 24B). 
By applying input signals across appropriate ones of these plates and by 
obtaining output signals from the lead 72, the device shown in FIGS. 24A 
through 24C can be operated in a number of different manners. For example, 
used as a mixer or demodulator, one input signal can be applied across the 
terminals A and C and the other across the terminals B and D, with the 
output being obtained on the lead 72. Applying signals in common to the 
terminals A and B and another set of signals in common to the terminals C 
and D results in an operation of the device as a carrier amplitude 
modulator, if a carrier signal is applied, for example, to terminals A and 
B connected together and an audio frequency signal is applied to the 
terminals C and D connected together. 
Results similar to those described above, can also be accomplished with a 
two plate device where only a pair of plates, such as the plates A and C 
are applied or connected to the outside of the body 70. 
FIG. 25 illustrates a prior art structure which has been utilized for 
speakers, microphones and other transducers, such as electric guitar 
pick-ups. In these devices, a strong permanent magnet 80 is placed inside 
a coil 81 which is electrically insulated from the magnet 80. The external 
demagnetizing field which is produced by the magnet 80 is responsive to 
any changing electrical magnetic or metallic forces moving within its 
range. When that field is used as a collector or sensor device, the coil 
81 then has a current generated in it which is normal to the flux of the 
magnet. Any decrease or increase of the flux density of the magnet 80 
results in a corresponding current flow in the coil 81. For example, the 
metal strings of a guitar, when they are placed close to one of the poles 
of the magnet 80, generate a current in the coil 81 when the strings are 
vibrated. It should be noted that any change in the external demagnetizing 
field also is present inside the magnetic material. In the prior art 
devices, such as the one shown in FIG. 25, however, the internal changes 
in the demagnetizing field are not utilized. 
In FIGS. 26 and 27 there is shown a modification of the device shown in 
FIG. 25, in which the coil 81 is embedded in or covered with a permanently 
magnetized ceramic material of the type described previously. The 
conventional strong, permanent magnet 80 also is used in the embodiments 
of both FIGS. 26 and 27. As a consequence, the coil 81 is located inside 
the flux fields of both magnets, since the magnetic material 83 provides a 
return path for the demagnetizing field through the coil 81. 
In the structure shown in cross section in FIG. 3, the material 83 is 
magnetized with the coil 81 in it prior to its being placed over the 
magnet 80. FIG. 27 shows the coil 81 embedded in the ceramic permanent 
magnetic material placed over the magnet 80 prior to either the magnet 80 
or the material 83 being magnetized. Everything then is magnetized at the 
same time in the same field. The result of this is to place the coil 81 
inside the flux fields of both magnets. The demagnetizing factor is 
greatly reduced when the magnetizing circuit is removed, and the residual 
magnetic energy of the composite construction shown in FIG. 27 is much 
greater than that of the inside magnet 80 alone, approximately 2.5 times 
as great. 
For example, if the energy of the magnetizer for magnetizing the device of 
FIG. 27 is 10,000 gauss and the magnet 80 alone has a retention of 3,000 
gauss when taken out of the magnetizer, it now retains approximately 7,000 
gauss out of the field when the construction of FIG. 27 is used. Also the 
tendency to demagnetize in time is greatly reduced, much like the 
"keepers" used on old horseshoe magnets to prevent them from demagnetizing 
themselves. 
A greater total flux density is achieved with the magnetization structure 
shown in FIG. 27 which results in a lower signal level in the coil 81 than 
for the device of FIG. 26, but a greater fidelity or reproduction of the 
changes of the field caused by flux changes is obtained with the apparatus 
of FIG. 27. For example, with a guitar, the signal is greater using the 
apparatus magnetized as shown in FIG. 26, but the fidelity is greater with 
the apparatus magnetized as shown in FIG. 27. 
The technique illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 27 can be applied to any existing 
art which uses a magnet-coil method. For speakers and microphones and 
transducers, substantial improvement in the operation results. 
The theory which is common to all of the devices shown and described above 
is that of utilizing magnetostatic structures as an integral part of the 
various devices by embedding a conductor or coating it to place it inside 
a permanently magnetized hard magnetic ceramic material.