A screw-locking device has a stamped cup spring with a solid annular core having closely spaced triangular radial ribs top and bottom. The distance from the peaks of the ribs from the center plane of the core continually decreases from the outer rim of the annular spring towards the inner rim.

The present invention relates to a screw-locking device in the form of a 
stamped cup spring of spring metal, with solid annular core region 
comprising an outer rim, an inner rim, a topside and a bottom side, with 
approximately radial ribs arranged close to one another at regular 
intervals, which ribs are of approximately triangular cross section and 
are provided both on the topside and on the bottom side at least in parts 
of these areas. 
There are approximately 10,000 types of screw-locking devices. The type of 
screw-locking device in accordance with the present invention is to be 
found in that field of application where defined durability is important. 
Such fields are, e.g., machine construction, vehicle construction and 
engine construction. This is in contrast with connections whose only 
requirement is that they hold, e.g., furniture, lamps, toys, etc. 
Typical for the screw-locking device in accordance with the present 
invention is its application on structural elements which are exposed to 
low-frequency vibrations, with these vibrations tending to shift the 
design elements in relation to one another. 
It is typical of the screw-locking device in accordance with the present 
invention that the circumstances of its application are only defined to a 
limited extent. Such a screw-locking device must meet the expected 
requirements, whether the facing surface is the underside of a screwhead 
or a nut, whether the other facing surface is part of a rotating or a 
stationary part, whether the bore belonging to the other part is heavily 
or slightly countersunk or not countersunk at all, or whether the 
roughness of facing surfaces has the desired value or deviates greatly 
therefrom. Even when the geometric longitudinal axis of the through-hole 
is not exactly parallel to the geometric longitudinal axis of the screw or 
the bolt or when these two longitudinal axes are parallel but do not 
coincide, the screw-locking devices in accordance with the present 
invention must meet their requirement. 
Cup springs of this type are being manufactured by the billions and thus 
are a mass produced item. Solutions to the problem which are successful 
only with handmade locknuts, therefore, remain paper inventions. The 
design of the screw-locking device must be such that, in spite of the 
fading quality of the stamping and punching tools, a good result is 
obtained, because it is economically impossible to permit excessively high 
down times for such tools. 
Therefore, screw-locking devices of this type, in manufacture, purchase and 
application, are not evaluated according to viewpoints relating to a 
single piece. Rather, it is typical that their properties are evaluated 
according to the Gaussian standard distribution, i.e., for example, 10% of 
the screw-locking devices may be better and 10% may be worse than the 
required mean value. 
During assembly, the screwheads or nuts are tightened with a certain 
torque, e.g., in the neighborhood of 40 Nm. This torque is furnished 
manually via torque wrenches or with machine devices with adjustable 
torque. The defined durability of the connection is determined by the 
so-called loosening torque. If, for example, the tightening wrench applied 
40 Nm and the loosening torque is only 20 Nm, such a loosening torque may 
possibly be too low. A stronger screw or or a stronger bolt is required in 
order to tighten with, e.g., 60 Nm so that 30 Nm remain as the necessary 
loosening torque. 
It must be pointed out that with the loosening torque the problem is not 
the delivery of maximum resistance to a wrench which is to loosen the 
connection. Rather, this loosening torque is the torque remaining after a 
certain period of use of the structural element. Of course, this torque is 
measured by loosening the connection with a torque-indicating instrument. 
A screw connection pulls two parts together with a certain tensional force, 
and this tensional force should remain as high as possible during the 
lifetime of the design element. It would be best if the tensional force 
could be maintained at 100%, and worst if only 0% would remain. In this 
analysis it must be noted that in actual application 0% residual bias 
force is better than, e.g., 60% residual bias force, because this residual 
pretensional force, in a grey zone, is not noticeable from the outside. It 
is, therefore, better if the connection either holds properly or does not 
hold at all. If, e.g., the residual pretensional force is 10%, one might 
think that the connection is still intact, which is wrong. However, if the 
connection is loose (residual pretensional force 0%), the connection can 
be replaced. 
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a 
screw-locking device of the initially mentioned type with due allowance 
for the above considerations, which is inexpensive to manufacture in very 
large quantities, has forms which permit a tolerable shutdown time for the 
tools and has a high ratio of loosening torque to tightening torque and 
holds this torque in operation or does not hold it all. These requirements 
should be viewed in the light of statistics. 
The objects of the present invention are achieved as follows: Perpendicular 
to the center plane of the core region, the distance of the tips of the 
ribs from the center plane in the outer rim area is appreciably greater 
than the distance in the inner rim area and that this distance continually 
decreases from the outer rim area towards the inner rim area. As a result, 
the peaks grab a complete hold only when the screw-locking device has been 
almost flattened. 
By means of the improvements of claim 2, the ratio of loosening torque to 
tightening torque is considerably improved. 
By means of the improvements of claim 3, the tool manufacture becomes 
simple and the fastening conditions on the topside and on the bottom side 
become symmetrical, so that topside and bottom side become equally 
stressed. 
Such a screw-locking device need not have free edges as required by German 
Pat. No. 1 129 779. This would not only result in higher manufacturing 
costs, but would also destroy the effect of the invention to the extent 
that the free edge is in the outer rim area.

A metal component 16 has in its topside 17 a through-bore 18. The 
through-bore 18 has a geometric longitudinal axis 19 and on its topside 
has a countersink 21 with an outer rim 22 which becomes part of topside 
17. 
A bolt 23 has a shank 24 of circular cross section whose geometric 
longitudinal axis is axis 19. With a radius 26, shank 24 turns into an 
annular plateau 27 which has a plane underside 28 and an outer rim 29. The 
outer rim 29 joins head 31 which is hexagonal. 
Between topside 17 and underside 28 is a lockwasher 32 which is in its 
stressed position and in the unstressed condition has the shape of a cup 
spring. The core region 33 is solid. Its height h is the same throughout 
and hence symmetrical to the center plane 34. At its topside 36 and its 
underside 37, the core region turns into upper ribs 38 and lower ribs 39. 
Each rib has a continuous ridge 41, 42. This ridge 41, 42 continuously 
drops from the outer rim to the inner rim of lockwasher 32, preferably in 
linear fashion, so that distance a is greater than distance b. The upper 
ribs 28 are sawtooth-shaped. According to FIG. 3, the flat flange 43, 
increasing to the right, turns into the steep flank 44, which in actual 
practice, or at least with older tools, is probably not vertical but 
flatter than drawn in the illustration. 
The lower ribs 39 have the same shape as the upper ribs 38. However, here 
the flat flange 46 turns via ridge 42 to the left into the flange 47 
belonging to this rib 39. These forms apply for the standard right-handed 
screws and nuts. If they are left-handed, the shape of ribs 38, 39 must be 
inverted. Hence, the lockwasher 32 in the area of the outer rim 48 has 
greater thickness than in the area of inner rim 49. 
Statically, during usage, when the bolt 23 is tightened, the point formed 
by the outer rim 48 and the ridges 42 will come in contact with topside 
17. At the same time, the point formed between ridges 41 and inner rim 49 
comes into contact with the underside 28. However, since the radial 
distance of the former points from the longitudinal axis 19 is greater 
than the second-mentioned points, the lockwasher 32 is not being turned. 
The ridges 42 can dig very quickly into the topside 17. When the 
lockwasher 32 is flat at the time of maximum torque, the ridges 41, 42 
will have dug into topside 17 and underside 28. The closer the outer rim 
48 is approached, the deeper the ridges 41, 42 have dug in and the more 
favorable the torque radius for the loosening torque becomes. 
This design ensures that the lockwasher 32 does not search for support 
where it finds none, namely in the countersink 21. Even when the 
lockwasher 32 is not in as ideal a position as indicated in FIG. 1, still 
the danger of digging into radius 26 is reduced. Radius 26 is located 
unfavorably from a torque viewpoint and represents a point of high 
specific stress. If the lockwasher 32, by mistake is installed with its 
topside 36 downward, the same effect of the present invention results. If 
a lockwasher 32 were chosen where the outer rim 48 is outside outer rim 
29, the invention would still make sense: Always the extremely outward 
areas of ridges 41, 42 would be used for generating a counter torque. 
Another good feature of the invention is that the forces are conducted 
along the shortest path through the lockwasher 32. The points formed by 
the outer rim 48 and ridges 41, 42 lie -- when they do not coincide -- 
directly underneath one another so that the principal forces travel along 
the shortest path, i.e., perpendicularly through the core region 33. They 
do not pass diagonally through the core region 33. Such forces would 
squeeze and unfavorably deform the lockwasher 32 and increase the danger 
of breaking. 
Since the envelope of lockwasher 32 is wedge-shaped, it makes little 
difference if, e.g., near the radius 26 or near the outer radius 22 the 
underside 28 or the topside 17 are extremely rough or do not run parallel 
to each other, or have surface protective layers of great thickness (e.g., 
when they are hot-galvanized). FIG. 2 again shows the component 16 with 
through-bore 18, countersink 21 and outer rim 22 and topside 17. The 
drawing shows that the lockwasher 32 in accordance with the present 
invention may also be used with a threaded bolt 51 and a nut 52 threaded 
unto it. To be sure, there is no radius 26. However, at the point of 
transition from threaded boltbolt 51 to nut 52 there may occur 
discontinuities at the underside 53 which are made harmless by the design 
of the lockwasher 32 and cannot be the cause of the inner rim 49 being 
pressed down into countersink 21. The material of the lockwasher 32 would 
become overloaded and cracks would possibly develop in the inner rim. The 
same also applies to the conditions of FIG. 1. 
FIG. 2 also shows that the ribs 38, 39 must not necessarily have affine 
cross sections. Rather, chamfers 54 or 56 may be provided. However, care 
must be taken that the forces pass directly through lockwasher 32. 
Deviations of 10.degree. from the vertical towards the center plane have 
no appreciable effect. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the core region 33 does not have a rectangular 
cross section, but becomes narrower towards the inside. Since the core 
region 33 becomes thinner towards the inside the same way as the envelope, 
the ribs 38, 39 throughout their entire length are of coincident shape. 
This shape does not lend itself not quite as easily to stamping as a cross 
section of FIG. 3 because during stamping more material must be displaced. 
However, the embodiment has the advantage that the free volume of the 
valleys between the ribs is greater and unevennesses of the adjacent 
components are better accommodated in the direction towards the inner rim 
49. With this embodiment, too, the ribs 38, 39 have sawtooth shape. With 
not quite so good results, it is also possible to modify the sawtooth 
shape into a isosceles triangle. 
In accordance with FIG. 5, the ridges 41 are precisely radial and straight. 
This is the simplest manufacturing version which brings good results. 
According to FIG. 6, the ridges are straight, but run somewhat 
tangentially. 
According to FIG. 7, the ridges 41 are curved in the manner shown, which 
gives the best results, but presents the largest difficulties in the 
manufacture of the stamping die. 
So that the load on the lockwasher is symmetrical, it is recommended to use 
identical rib forms on both sides. 
In practice, ridges 41, 42 cannot be made as sharp as a knife's edge. 
However, the invention is effective also when these ridges 41, 42 are 
rounded off, as long as they still constitute ridges. 
During the experiments described below, one used two plates which were 
ground on both sides and conformed to items 2.1 through 2.4. One of these 
plates was held tight and the other plate (e.g., component 16) was 
vibrated. After each experiment, the plates, the screwbolts and also the 
lockwashers were replaced. Ground plates represent aggravated experimental 
conditions since such low roughness impairs the effect of lockwashers. 
Lubrication with vaseline also represents an aggravation, since normally 
the design elements are not lubricated. The test frequency of 12.5 Hz also 
is a difficult frequency. Above all, during preliminary experiments, 
attempts were made to find vibration amplitudes where the loosening of 
connections occurs earliest. 
Both tightening and vibration experiments were made in the vibration test 
device "Unbrako." During the assembly of the screwbolt, the tightening 
torque M.sub.Al was measured. After the subsequent vibration test, the 
torque M.sub.L required for loosening the screw was determined. Both 
torques, together with the behavior of the pretensional force reduction 
(F.sub.v) were recorded on the same graph paper by means of an XY 
recorder. All screwbolts were pretensioned to an initial pretensional 
force F.sub.vo of 70% of the standardized yield strength. The plates were 
of material 50 Cr V 4. Their hardness was HV 30 = 184. The experiments 
were carried out with fillister socket head screws M 10 .times. 40 - 8.8 
DIN 912. The screws were from one manufactured batch. Altogether, three 
test series were performed: Series 1 without toothed disk (FIG. 8); series 
2 with toothed disks, design A according to German Pat. No. 1 129 779; and 
series 3 with lockwashers of Design B (shape of FIGS. 3 and 5). The idling 
amplitude was obtained as the amplitude of the movable plate, without the 
two plates screw-fastened to one another. Immediately after 
screw-fastening, an effective first amplitude is obtained. Hence, the 
ratio of the effective first amplitude to the idling amplitude is 
important. 
After screw-fastening, a certain effective amplitude resulted. The initial 
pretensional force in all experiments was 26,000 N. To generate this 
pretensional force, the stated tightening torque M.sub.Al was necessary. 
The loosening moment M.sub.L states which torque was necessary to loosen 
the connection after the vibration test. In the extreme right-hand column, 
an x denotes the connection which must be considered loosened and an o 
denotes the non-loosened connections. Also, F.sub.KR denotes the residual 
pretensional force after the experiment. 
In the evaluation, it should be noted that the maximum tightening torque 
M.sub.Al at one time is 36 Nm and the next time 43 Nm, which gives a mean 
tightening torque of 39.1 and a standard deviation s of 1.99. 
When comparing the columns "tightening moment" and "loosening torque," it 
appears that none of the loosening torques is equal (or exceeds) the 
tightening torque, and that most loosening torques are clearly lower than 
the tightening torques. 
Of those connections which must be considered as loosened, many are in the 
grey zone and they do not appear to have actually been loosened. 
Comparing FIG. 9 with FIG. 10, one finds that the standard deviation s for 
the tightening torques equals 1.34 and hence is considerably below the 
standard deviation 1.81 for known lockwashers. 
When comparing the columns "tightening torque" and "loosening torque," it 
appears that according to FIG. 10 that the loosening torques more 
frequently approach the tightening torques, and even exceed them in the 
case of Nos. 4 and 10. 
Finally, it appears that in FIG. 10 at a much higher percentage of cases, 
the residual pretensional force F.sub.KR is either still there in its 
entirety or has dropped to zero, so that the quality of connection can 
easily be seen by inspection. There is virtually no grey zone. 
Even through the lockwasher of the present invention is intended for 
dynamic loads, it shows above-average results for static loads also. In 
FIGS. 11, 12 and 13, the pretensional force F.sub.v is plotted in percent 
in the vertical direction. As in FIGS. 8 through 10, 100 percent 
correspond to 26,000 N. In the right-hand direction, tightening torque 
M.sub.A is plotted in Nm and in the left-hand direction the loosening 
torque M.sub.L is plotted on the same scale. Numbers from 1 through 5 on 
the curves show which curve belongs to which experiment. FIG. 11 shows the 
conditions without lockwasher. With the experiment according to FIG. 12, a 
lockwasher according to German Pat. No. 1 129 779 and with FIG. 13 a 
lockwasher in accordance with the present invention was used; the 
lockwasher has the shape of FIGS. 4 and 5. 
Even at first glance it is apparent that in FIG. 11 upper left, the 
loosening torque on the average is much smaller than with FIG. 12. In 
addition, comparing FIG. 13 with FIG. 12, with FIG. 12 the pretensional 
force F.sub.v can be set more definitely, since the horizontal lines are 
closer to 100%; on the other hand, on the average the loosening torque 
with FIG. 13 is higher and, especially with FIG. 13, the curve 
irregularity evident in FIG. 12 on the upper left side does not occur. 
This means that with the lockwasher in accordance with the present 
invention, much better defined and more predictable conditions can be 
achieved. 
Considering the numerical evaluation of these three experiments in FIG. 14, 
one finds that the ratio of loosening torque to tightening torque 
increases from case A = 0.72 to 0.77, which in this area is a sudden 
increase of 7%, which is more than the increase from 0.68 to 0.72. The 
latter is only 5.9%. During the first experiment, the mean tightening 
torque is 44.8, in case A 50.5 and in case B 47.76. For the loosening 
torque, mean values of 30.48, 36.2 and 36.7 result in the same sequence. 
It is evident that in case B the tightening torque is 5.4% lower than in 
case A, and that, nevertheless, the loosening torque is slightly more than 
1% higher. These percentages are considerable for this highly explored 
field of application.