Method for dewatering paper in a paper machine press section

A method for feeding a paper web from a forming wire and for dewatering the web including the steps of urging a pick-up felt against the web on the forming wire, adhering the web by suction to the surface of a pick-up felt, transferring the web onto a transfer felt which wraps a transfer roll, the latter being contiguous to the pick-up roll, passing the web on the transfer felt to a first dewatering press nip formed by an upper suction press roll and a cavernous surface lower press roll, the latter operating inside the transfer felt loop while the suction roll operates inside its own felt loop, pressing the web in the first press nip to dewater the web in two directions i.e. towards the suction roll and towards the cavernous surface roll, adhering the web to the suction roll felt surface, transferring the web to a second dewatering press nip formed by the suction roll and by a smooth surface press roll, pressing the web in the second nip to dewater the web only towards the suction roll, detaching the web from the suction roll felt and adhering the same to the surface of the smooth surface press roll and transferring the web to a following web treatment phase.

This invention relates to a method in the press section of a paper making 
machine. 
The paper making machines, according to the above patent application (i.e., 
Ser. No. 310,805), have a press section, wherein the paper or paperboard 
web is conducted through nips defined by press rolls, in so-called closed 
conduction, so that the web is continually supported adherent either to a 
felt or to the surface of a roll. In this procedure, the web is detached 
from the wire and subsequently conducted through at least two press nips 
thus dewatering the web. The first of these dewatering nips is defined by 
two press rolls of which one is a suction roll and the other a cavernous 
surface roll. Each roll is provided with a felt, and the second nip is 
defined by a roll with smooth plain surface, and a suction roll belonging 
to the first press nip. 
More particularly, in the above type press part, the paper web is detached 
from the Fourdrinier wire with the aid of a pick-up roll and pick-up felt. 
The web then becomes adherent to the lower surface of said felt lapping 
the pick-up roll. This pick-up felt conveys the web further to a first 
dewatering press nip. There is a suction roll belonging to this press nip 
which is located within the same felt loop as the pick-up roll. 
In the course of practical experience with these prior art press sections, 
it has been observed that they have certain drawbacks. Namely, in these 
press sections, the run of the pick-up felt between the Fourdrinier wire 
and the first dewatering nip is substantially horizontal and relatively 
long. On this run, the web is adherent to the lower surface of the pick-up 
felt merely by the effect of surface tension force. The surface tension 
force per unit area of the web must exceed the wet basis weight of the 
web. Otherwise, the web would separate from the surface of the felt and 
cause a production shut-down. It follows that a pick-up transfer of this 
kind is most suitable for use in the production of comparatively thin 
paper grades. It is not always usable when the paper machine must handle a 
web which is heavy, either due to its inherent basis weight or to its 
water content. In order that the surface tension force might be operative, 
it is furthermore necessary that there should be a good contact between 
the web and the felt. Moreover, between the web and the felt, there should 
be an appropriate water interface. This implies that the pick-up felt has 
to meet certain requirements of textile technology, for example, as 
regards its surface structure and its porosity. It should be noted, 
however, that, in the described conventional pick-up system, the same felt 
serves both for the transfer of the sheet from the Fourdrinier wire to the 
press nip, and for the dewatering process in the press nip in question. 
Those characteristics of the felt which are advantageous for detaching the 
web from the wire and transporting it forward are not always required in 
the pressing process for dewatering the web. 
Moreover, because there must be a sufficient water interface on the surface 
of the pick-up felt to make the adhesion and transfer possible, this means 
that the pick-up felt must operate relatively wet. The fact that the 
wetness of the pick-up felt which carries the web to the first dewatering 
nip is wet, naturally influences the efficiency of the water removal in 
this nip. The water amount, which is pressed out from the web in the nip 
between the press rolls, is absorbed by the felts. It is conceivable that 
if the felts are relatively wet, they cannot easily receive as large 
amount of water as if they are relatively dry. Therefore, a system in 
which the pick-up felt is brought to the first dewatering nip is not 
advantageous. 
For the above reasons, a conventional pick-up transfer is not a perfect 
process considering the operation of the paper machine, and also the 
quality of the paper thus produced will have. 
An object of the present invention is to improve existing press sections. 
Another object of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of 
operation of the paper machine, and particularly in those instances in 
which paper grades with a relatively greater thickness are made. 
It is another object to improve the operation of the press section with 
regard to its dewatering efficiency, at the same time maintaining the high 
quality requirements imposed on the surface of the paper and its 
structure. 
According to the design of the present invention, the runability of a paper 
machine is improved by reducing web breaks. This is achieved by an 
arrangement where the sheet is mechanically supported at all times while 
passing the press section. This makes web breaks at the press section 
almost impossible. By mechanically supporting the sheet, the sheet as it 
passes the press section either is supported from below by the felt or a 
roll surface or is adhered to the felt by suction. 
The sheet mechanical support is to be distinguished from a physico-chemical 
support effected by surface tension forces utilized in common pick-up 
systems. When the sheet is conventionally transferred from the pick-up 
point to the first press nip, the sheet is adhered to the lower surface of 
the felt by surface tension only. If a heavy sheet is produced the gravity 
may be stronger than the surface tension in which case the sheet drops 
from the felt and causes a break. This problem is eliminated by the 
present invention. 
Another factor influencing the runnability of a paper machine is the 
dewatering capacity of its press section. In the present invention this 
feature is improved as follows. Since the pick-up felt must operate 
relatively wet so that surface tension forces might be effective, this has 
a consequence that in the conventional pick-up transfer systems, the 
drainage in the first nip is not optimum. According to the present 
invention the effective drainage is achieved by providing both the pick-up 
roll and the upper roll of the first press nip with separate felts. The 
wet pick-up felt is not led to the first nip. In place of the pick-up felt 
in the first nip is said upper roll felt. This felt, when entering the 
nip, is relatively dry and has dewatering capacity compared with the 
pick-up felt. 
Thus, in the first press nip pressing of the sheet takes place between two 
felts. In addition, both rolls forming this nip are water-receiving rolls, 
and have recessed surfaces. A suitable combination is to use a suction 
roll as the upper roll and a grooved roll as the lower roll. This results 
in the advantage that the drainage can take place simultaneously to two 
directions, that is symmetrically. The symmetrical drainage has a great 
effect on the quality of the paper. This leads to an even dispersion of 
fillers and fines in the cross direction of the sheet. 
As the sheet is pressed between two felts, the width of the nip becomes 
somewhat broader than in cases where only one felt is used in the press 
nip. The drainage is effective because the water is removed simultaneously 
in two directions, and a wide nip means longer pressing time and 
correspondingly increased drainage. 
Between the two felts the pressing effect on the sheet structure is 
relatively gentle although heavy press loads are used. There is no danger 
of sheet crushing and the optimal sheet strength is obtained. 
In accomplishing the above outlined objectives, the press part according to 
the present invention is designed so that the web is detached from the 
Fourdrinier wire by the aid of a pick-up roll which operates within a 
pick-up felt loop, wrapping only the pick-up roll, so that after its 
detachment from the wire, the web adheres to the lower surface of the 
pick-up felt over its part substantially consistent with the suction 
sector of the pick-up roll. The web is subsequently detached from the 
pick-up felt by means of a suction transfer roll operating within a felt 
loop of its own. The web is transferred onto this transfer felt in such a 
way that after the last-mentioned point of detachment, the web will be 
supported from below by the transfer felt. The transfer felt of the 
suction transfer roll conveys the web to the first dewatering press nip, 
and the pick-up felt is not involved in the first dewatering press nip. 
The improvement in the operating efficiency of the paper machine of the 
present invention arises from the practice of the invention and there are 
more extensive possibilities of selection of the different felts which are 
used in the press part as regards their quality and characteristics. As 
regards, firstly, the pick-up felt, it can be stated that in the prior 
art, according to the grandparent application Ser. No. 310,805, the same 
felt served as both the pick-up and the press felt in the first and second 
nip. Therefore it was necessary, during the choice of the pick-up felt and 
in the choosing a suitable felt quality, to consider simultaneously of the 
following factors: 
the pick-up transfer process as such and the adherence of the web to the 
pick-up felt; 
the pressing process and dewatering in the first nip; 
the pressing process in the second nip; and 
the effect of the felt on paper marking and structure of the paper. 
Those characteristics which a pick-up felt is required to possess in view 
of an optimal pick-up detachment from the wire, or those surface 
characteristics of the felt which are necessary preconditions ensuring 
that the web remains adherent to the lower surface of the felt, are quite 
often greatly different from such felt characteristics which are desirable 
from the viewpoint of an efficient dewatering action in the press nip. 
When the present invention is used, it is only necessary to pay attention 
to two functions of the pick-up felt; 
(a) the detaching of the web from the wire and its transfer onto a felt 
belonging to the first nip; 
(b) the influence of the pick-up felt structure on the surface of the paper 
or paperboard. 
These circumstances greatly facilitate the felt problems encountered by the 
paper maker. With the procedure of the present invention, it is possible 
to select for the pick-up felt such thickness and porosity parameters 
which are optimal with regard to the suction pick-up process. It is thus 
possible to select a surface structure of the felt which is favorable in 
view of the surface quality of the paper that is being produced. A felt 
may be selected which will provide the longest possible service life. 
Secondly, as regards the transfer felt, its role in the present press 
construction generally corresponds to that of the "second felt" of the 
grandparent application. The felt quality may in most cases remain 
unaltered. 
Thirdly, with regard to the suction roll felt belonging to the first nip, 
it can be selected solely bearing in mind the most efficient water removal 
process possible. This is a separate felt and takes part in the first and 
second dewatering press nips. It should be designed so that it can receive 
as large an amount of water as possible. As to its surface structure, it 
is not necessary that the web adhere to it because of surface tension. The 
web is connected to this felt only in the suction (roll) sector between 
the first and the second nips, and the vacuum of the suction roll 
maintains the web adhered to this felt. 
After the web has been detached from this felt in the second water removing 
nip of the press section, this felt runs alone guided by the felt guiding 
rolls. This felt is equipped as all the other press section felts with a 
kind of felt conditioner which is of the usual design, such as, for 
example, a felt wringer press. The felt is relatively dry in the stage 
when it again is threaded to the first nip. 
The invention will appear more clearly from the following detailed 
description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, 
showing by way of example only, preferred embodiments of the inventive 
ideas. 
As the invention refers to a method in a paper machine of dewatering the 
web through pressing, the press section in question is only schematically 
shown. The press part frame structure is omitted for clarity. Also some 
devices inevitably belonging to press part and obvious to those skilled in 
the art, as felt stretchers, felt guiding devices and felt conditioners, 
which may be of any common construction, are not shown.

Referring to FIG. 1, a paper web W is detached, between rolls 5 and 53 from 
a wire 52 by the use of a pick-up roll 3, which operates within its own 
felt loop 32. Web W is kept adherent to felt 32 by a suction zone 31 
prevailing within roll 3. Roll 3 is opposed by a transfer suction roll 4, 
which operates within the loop of its own felt 1a. Transfer suction roll 4 
also has a suction zone 41. At nip 3/4 defined by pick-up roll 3 together 
with suction transfer roll 4, web W is transferred from felt 32 onto felt 
1a. It should be particularly noted that at nip 3/4, no appreciable if any 
pressure is exerted on web W; this is significant in view of the retention 
of porosity in the finished paper. 
The mutual position of the pick-up roll and the transfer roll may vary 
depending e.g. on the design of the wire section, to which the press 
section according to the invention is incorporated. The center of the 
transfer roll can be higher, on the same level or lower than the center of 
the pick-up roll. Correspondingly the distance the web travels adhered 
onto the surface of the pick-up felt starting from the point where the web 
is transferred from the forming wire to the pick-up felt as far as to that 
point where the web again is detached from the pick-up felt, may be in the 
range of 100-180 degrees of an arc measure along the pick-up roll surface. 
In the design according to FIG. 1 this arc is about 140.degree.. 
Pick-up roll 3 and transfer suction roll 4 are preferably of small diameter 
and of light construction, because, in nip 3/4 defined by them, no 
pressure or loading is applied because this nip is not intended to be a 
dewatering nip. 
When the web has been transferred to felt 1a, this felt conveys web W to a 
first dewatering nip 2a/2b of the press section, which is defined by rolls 
2a and 2b, and in which nip 2a/2b pressing is accomplished between two 
felts 1a and 1b. The roll 2a is a cavernous surface roll, and the roll 2b 
is a suction roll with either a continuous suction zone 21 or with a 
plurality of suction compartments, located, for example, only at the 
regions of nips 2a/2b and 2b/2c. It must be emphasized that the suction 
roll is wrapped by its own suction roll felt 1b. This felt is equipped 
with felt conditioners of any common type (not shown) by means of which 
the felt is continuously washed and dewatered so that it is clean and 
relatively dry when entering the first nip. Adherent to the surface of 
felt 1b, the web travels to a second dewatering nip 2b/2c, defined by 
rolls 2b and 2c. Roll 2c has a smooth surface and is without felt, so that 
the dewatering in nip 2b/2c is in the direction towards suction roll 2b. 
At nip 2b/2c, web W is transferred from felt 1b onto roll surface 2c, 
which conveys it to a third nip 2c/2d of the press system, where roll 2d 
is cavernous surface roll and has been provided with a felt 1d of its own. 
From third nip 2c/2d, the web may be conducted in conventional manner to 
the following web treatment e.g. drying section. 
It is possible, however, to fit additional nips operating against roll 2c. 
These may alternatively be provided with felts, if an enhanced dewatering 
action is desired, or they may be without felt, as is a roll 2e, which has 
been provided with a relatively soft plain coating merely in view of a 
smoothing effect. 
The so-called closed transfer of a web from one felt to another usually 
implies that these felts are in a nip contact to each other. This contact 
can of course be achieved without practically any pressing. 
In certain cases the web transfer according to the present invention is 
possible without any contact between the felts. One such embodiment of the 
invention is shown in FIG. 2. In this case the transfer roll 4' is located 
at a lower level than the pick-up roll 3', oblique beneath it, so that 
there is a gap between the pick-up felt 32 and the transfer felt 1a. After 
the web W has passed the suction section 31' of the pick-up roll 3 the web 
W is easily e.g. due to centrifugal force detached from the felt 32 and 
transferred onto felt 1a. The pick-up roll suction sector 31' can be in 
this case relatively narrow, corresponding a center angle of about 
60.degree.-90.degree.. In some cases it is advisable to provide the sucton 
roll with a blowing compartment 30 following the suction compartment for 
securing the transfer. The roll 4' is shown to be provided with a suction 
sector 41'. The suction however is not always necessary and the roll 4' 
may have similar construction as felt rolls 23. 
As explained earlier the mutual positions of pickup roll 3' and transfer 
roll 4' and the whole geometry relating to the web transfer point between 
said rolls is dependent from the wire section design and further from the 
roll diameters used at this part of paper machine. 
Although there is a gap between pick-up felt 32 and transfer felt 1a there 
is practically no risk for a web break if the position of the transfer 
roll 4' is properly lower in relation to the pick-up roll 3'. This kind of 
web transfer corresponds thus the closed transfer principle. 
Further, referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the press section 
comprises, instead of the press nip 2d/2c a separate pair of rolls 7 and 
8, which define a press nip. Roll 7 has a cavernous surface and has been 
provided with a felt 72 of its own. Roll 8 is provided with smooth 
surface. Web W is detached from roll 2c in conventional manner and 
conducted, guided by rolls 63, to the nip defined by rolls 7 and 8. 
The felts of the systems shown in the drawings have been denoted with 
reference numerals 1a, 1b, 1d, 32, 72. The felt guiding rolls, 
correspondingly, with numerals 23, 33, 73. The suction zones of the 
different rolls have been indicated by numerals 21, 31, 31', 41, 41', 51 
and the cleaning doctor or roll 20 has the reference numeral 64. 
The present invention involves a new and useful method combination which 
cannot be found in prior art. The features are as follows: 
(a) The pick-up roll has a separate felt loop, which is not led to a 
dewatering nip. 
(b) The first dewatering press nip is double felted. 
(c) The upper roll of the first nip has a separate felt which, when 
entering the first nip, is relatively dry. 
(d) There are further press nips after the first nip in compact no-draw 
press unit. 
As to the total dewatering capacity of the inventive press design, the 
drainage can be carried on at the additional nips (second and third) under 
quite a high pressing pressure without damage to the sheet because the web 
has already become sufficiently solidified in the first nip due to this 
nip's operation principle. Thus, although the drainage in these nips takes 
place in only one direction, this has no harmful effect on the symmetrical 
structure of the paper web. 
While only a few embodiments of the present invention are shown and 
described, it will be obvious that many changes and modifications may be 
made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims.