Apparatus and method for recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from ground water

Apparatus and method for recovery of liquid hydrocarbons on ground water in which one or more perforate, small diameter (2 to 4 inch) well casings are installed in the ground in or at least adjacent to a contaminated soil area containing the liquid hydrocarbons. A liquid recovery unit is in each well casing and each recovery unit has a hollow housing covered by a semi-permeable membrane which passes liquid hydrocarbons but blocks the flow of ground water into the housing. The liquid hydrocarbons collected in the housings can be moved to a receiver by pressurizing the housings, by suction applied to the housings, by pressurizing the well casings, and by the use of submersible pumps near the housings. Several embodiments of the recovery units are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) which 
reside underground on top of ground water. The liquid hydrocarbons are 
present in such a state usually because of an unintentional oil spill from 
a storage tank or other facility. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Proposals have been made in the past to provide an underground oil spill 
recovery system installed in one well using a first submersible pump to 
draw down the water table and create a "cone of depression" in the ground 
water. This "cone" funnels the oil floating on the ground water to the 
apex of the "cone" where it is recovered via a second submersible pump. 
The system includes a series of float switches to sense the relative 
levels of oil and water and to energize the appropriate pump. The system, 
however, requires a well having a 6 to 12 inch diameter casing. Such an 
oil recovery system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,650. 
Another underground oil spill recovery system is currently sold by Oil 
Recovery Systems of Greenville, N.H. The system, installed in one well, 
uses a submersible water pump to draw down the water table to create a 
"cone of depression" in the ground water table and thus allows oil to be 
drawn into the well. A floating oil recovery unit is then used to remove 
the oil from the well. The floating oil recovery unit uses a 
semi-permeable membrane which allows oil to pass but blocks the flow of 
water. Floats inside the unit electronically sense the presence of oil and 
actuate a pump located above and out of the well to remove the oil. This 
system requires a well casing having an inside diameter of approximately 
24 inches. The system uses a single well to service an area encompassed by 
a circle having about a 100 foot radius and surrounding the well. 
A proposal has been made for an oil detection system which signals the 
presence of oil residing on open waterways. The system includes a 
semi-permeable membrane which allows liquid hydrocarbons to pass while 
blocking the flow of water therethrough. Electronic sensors located inside 
the unit sense the presence of liquid hydrocarbons which have passed 
through the membrane. Such an oil detection and alarm unit is disclosed in 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,719,936. 
None of the oil recovery systems described above discloses apparatus and a 
method for recovering liquid hydrocarbons from an underground site atop 
ground water without simultaneously removing the ground water itself in 
the process. The handling and disposal of the ground water removed to 
create the "cone of depression" is a major hindrance in the the use of the 
conventional recovery systems listed above. The problems incurred in the 
handling of such ground water are primarily due to costs since such 
systems require the following: Pumping equipment (a submersible water pump 
and water level control system with appropriate support systems, such as a 
power supply, structural supports, and a protective housing), ground water 
processing equipment (filters, valves, piping, storage tanks, and water 
purification equipment), ground water disposal procedures and equipment 
(injection wells or trenches and associated piping to deliver the water 
back into the ground), liquid hauling equipment to remove the ground water 
from the site if it cannot be put back into the ground, and fees 
associated with the use of disposal sites if the ground water is hauled 
away. 
Another major problem arising from the use of the above systems is that the 
removal of ground water from an area will cause ground subsidence and will 
endanger buildings and other structures in the area. Further, the systems 
mentioned above use electronic sensors to monitor or sense the level and 
presence of oil. An electronic sensing unit in an oil recovery system 
increases the risk of fire and explosion. 
None of the above systems are designed to function in small (2 to 4 inch) 
diameter wells which can be quickly and inexpensively installed. None of 
the above systems are designed to be used in a multitude of wells which 
are systematically drawn from in a prearranged sequence and controlled by 
a central, automatic control station. None of the above systems discloses 
a braking system designed to maintain the position of a hydrocarbon unit 
in a well casing regardless of the buoyancy of the recovery unit or the 
fluid levels. None of the above systems uses a track and lock mechanism 
inside a well casing to provide stability for the recovery unit and to 
hold the recovery unit in the desired location in the well casing. 
Because of the foregoing drawbacks, a need has arisen for improvements in 
the recovery of liquid hydrocarbon residing on ground water due to 
spillage or other reasons. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention fills the aforesaid need by providing an improved 
apparatus and method for recovery of liquid hydrocarbons which have 
escaped from storage tanks and other facilities into the ground and reside 
on the top of ground water. In the invention, recovery of liquid 
hydrocarbons is made from one or a multitude of small (2 to 4 inch) 
diameter wells without simultaneously withdrawing ground water in the 
recovery process. The invention requires no electronic sensors or switches 
in a well; thus, the probability of fire or explosion in a well due to 
electronic circuitry is eliminated. Since each well, in the practice of 
the invention, is relatively small, a substantial volume of volatile 
material cannot accumulate in the wells and damage from a fire or 
explosion, if one does occur in such a small well, would be far less than 
that resulting from a fire or an explosion in a larger well. Furthermore, 
in several of the embodiments of the invention, the liquid hydrocarbons 
never contact electronic components. This feature further serves to 
eliminate the possibility of fire and explosion within and outside of a 
well. 
In carrying out the method of the present invention, one or a number of 
perforated well casings are installed in the ground in the area where the 
underground liquid hydrocarbons reside so that the hydrocarbons and ground 
water may enter the wells. Usually, each well may be 10 to 30 feet deep or 
more, and the distance between an adjacent pair of wells may be between 5 
to 40 feet, depending upon soil conditions. The more porous soils allow 
for wider spacings. Soils with permeabilities of less than 10.sup.6 
centimeters per second should have well spacings of about 5 feet; whereas 
in soils with permeabilities of the order of 10.sup.-2 centimeters per 
second or greater, the wells can be spaced up to forty feet apart. If the 
plume of liquid hydrocarbons is moving underground, a narrow trench may 
also be dug in the path of the moving hydrocarbons and filled with gravel, 
with the wells being set in the trench. An impermeable membrane or curtain 
on the down-gradient wall of the trench extending several feet below water 
level will serve to retain the oil in the trench while allowing ground 
water to pass beneath the barrier. 
The perforations in each well casing extend a distance (approximately 3 
feet) above and below the ground water level to allow water and oil to 
enter the well. A hydrocarbon recovery unit is placed in each well. The 
tubing for hydrocarbon recovery, pressure release, delivery of pressurized 
gas and the like is fed up and out of the well to a central control 
station and to a hydrocarbon storage tank at ground level. At the control 
station, selection can be made as to which well will be drawn upon at what 
time and for how long. The selection process can be determined by a timer 
and a series of remotely actuated valves controlled by the timer. The 
valves are located a distance from the wells. Liquid hydrocarbons may be 
drawn from the wells through the valves by suction, or pressurized gas may 
be directed through the valves to individual wells to push the liquid 
hydrocarbons from the wells to the storage recovery tank at ground level. 
Since no water is removed from the wells in the practice of the invention, 
no "cone of depression" is formed in the ground water to draw the 
hydrocarbons to the well as in conventional systems described above. 
Rather, liquid hydrocarbons are removed from the top of the ground water 
and the ground water is left in place. This feature allows the remaining 
lighter liquid hydrocarbons outside the well to be displaced by the 
heavier water and caused to flow to the well through the same geologic 
strata which allowed the hydrocarbons to reach the well in the first 
place. 
It is well known that an oil layer found in a small monitoring well has 
generally two to four times the thickness of the oil layer in the 
surrounding soil. This means that the oil will seek out and remain in 
small diameter wells rather than remain in the soil. The technique of 
using many small recovery wells, therefore, takes advantage of this 
natural phenomenon which has not heretofore been significantly employed in 
systems of the prior art. On the contrary, prior art systems teach away 
from this approach because they require that the water table be drawn down 
to enhance the movement of the oil to a well where it can be collected. In 
drawing down the water table, the oil must travel along a path which could 
be blocked by many obstructions, such as clay deposits, rocks, old 
building foundations and the like. The recovery method of the present 
invention, on the other hand, permits the liquid hydrocarbons to reach 
numerous recovery wells to which the hydrocarbons are naturally drawn by 
way of paths through the soil which the hydrocarbons have already 
traversed. This is possible because the small diameter recovery wells are 
placed within the contaminated area or on the edge of the contaminated 
area. 
In the present invention, small diameter wells and individual recovery 
units in the walls are inexpensive to produce and maintain. Also, they are 
easily installed and a number of them can be quickly installed in 
proximity to each other over a given area. This feature provides a 
distinct advantage over prior art systems since the cost of labor and 
materials used to install a number of small (2 to 4 inch) diameter wells 
is less than that for labor and materials used to install one relatively 
large (6 to 24 inch) diameter well of prior art systems. 
The conventional practice of well installation requires an annulus between 
the well casing and the earthen sides of the surrounding bore hole. This 
annulus is filled with a very permeable material, such as gravel or sand; 
thus, a bore hole 3 to 12 inches larger in diameter than the outside 
diameter of the well casing is required. The diameter of the bore hole is 
generally 50 to 100 percent larger than the diameter of the well casing. 
Thus, a 6 inch diameter well casing requires a 10 to 12 inch diameter bore 
hole. Further, a 24 inch diameter well casing usually requires a 36 inch 
diameter bore hole. To drill such large bore holes requires very large, 
continuous flight augers or the use of a casing or drilling fluid to 
maintain an open bore hole while using a bucket rig to remove the soil. If 
the soil is not stable, as in the case of running sand, a continuous 
flight auger cannot be used since the removal of soils without a casing 
would cause more soil to flow to the auger which would eventually cause an 
undermining of the ground on which the drill rig is operating. 
In contrast to the use of relatively large diameter wells, small (2 to 4 
inch) diameter wells can be easily installed, even in very sandy soils, 
using commercially available hollow stem augers of 4 to 8 inch inside 
diameters. The bore hole is kept open by the auger itself and the well 
casing is put down the center of the auger and left in place as the auger 
is withdrawn. The use of such augers is commonplace in the installation of 
ground water monitoring wells. Further advantages to installing smaller 
wells is the speed at which they can be installed, the relatively small 
amount of contaminated soil removed from the holes which must be disposed 
of, and the ability to use the wells as monitoring and sampling points 
besides being used as recovery wells. 
Another advantage of the present invention is that a total of 36 three-inch 
diameter wells, with six-inch diameter bore holes, or a total of 81 
two-inch diameter wells, with four-inch diameter bore holes, can be 
installed in a given area with the same amount of soil removal as one 
24-inch diameter well with a 36-inch diameter bore hole. Since it is 
common when using prior art systems to install a dozen monitoring wells to 
monitor the success or failure of one large well, this brings the number 
of smaller wells which, in the present invention, can be drilled without 
removing more soil than would be removed by the use of prior art systems 
to about 50 three-inch wells and over 90 two-inch wells. 
By using the present invention, a 10,000 square foot area, which is 
approximately the area affected by leakage from a faulty gasoline station 
storage tank, could be gridded with wells on 20 foot centers with only 25 
wells which would require the removal of only 30 to 50 percent of the soil 
volume which would be removed when using prior art systems. In such a 
case, the greatest distance through which liquid hydrocarbons would be 
required to travel would be 14 feet, assuming the oil were to be in the 
center of a gridded square. Since it is not uncommon to have an 
underground plume of oil or gasoline travel 50 feet in five years or less, 
all of the oil or gasoline in the situation described should approach one 
of the 25 wells close enough to be drawn in and removed within one year. 
In some prior art systems, recovery units have been in use for well over a 
year and the plume has not been significantly reduced. In some cases, the 
amount of water which would have to be removed to make a prior art system 
function has been found to be too large to make recovery of liquid 
hydrocarbons practical; thus, the systems were not actuated and no liquid 
hydrocarbons were recovered. In the practice of the present invention, 
liquid hydrocarbons do not have to travel a great distance (usually less 
than 20 feet) to the nearest well; hence, the time required to recover the 
spilled hydrocarbons is substantially less than when using prior art 
systems in the practice of which spilled hydrocarbons must often travel 
over 100 feet to reach the recovery well. 
In the practice of the present invention, liquid hydrocarbon units recover 
lighter-than-water, immiscible hydrocarbons but do not take in water. 
Water is prevented from entering the hydrocarbon recovery units by a 
semipermeable membrane which selectively allows hydrocarbons to pass but 
blocks the passage of water therethrough. Such membranes have been known 
for some time. A typical membrane is one made by coating a metal screen 
with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). After passing through the membrane, 
liquid hydrocarbons can be removed from the recovery units by any one of 
four different steps, namely by the use of a submersible pump, by well 
pressurization, by the use of a suction pump, and by recovery unit 
pressurization. The recovery units, regardless of their differences of 
operation, are all designed to keep part of the membrane approximately at 
the liquid hydrocarbon/water interface. In this way, liquid hydrocarbons 
floating on the ground water always have access to the membrane but the 
ground water is blocked by the membrane. The recovery units are emptied of 
their hydrocarbon contents on a prescribed cyclical basis which is 
controlled from the central control station. At the control station, a 
programmable timer controls the number of solenoid actuated valves. The 
valves determine which recovery unit is to be operated. The timer 
determines when and for how long a specific well will be drawn upon. 
The primary object of the present invention is to provide an improved 
apparatus and a method for recovering liquid hydrocarbons which reside 
underground on the top of ground water wherein the hydrocarbon is made to 
flow into one or more small diameter wells built into the ground in a 
contaminated area and the liquid hydrocarbons are drawn out of the 
individual wells on a cyclical basis without drawing the ground water out 
of the ground to thereby minimize costs of recovery and avoid the 
possibility of fire, explosion and ground subsidence. 
Other objects of this invention will become apparent as the following 
specification progresses, reference being had to the accompanying drawings 
for an illustration of several embodiments of the invention.

In a first embodiment of the invention, a system 10 for recovery of liquid 
hydrocarbons from the upper surface of ground water is shown in FIG. 1 and 
includes a number of recovery units 12 located in respective, small 
diameter wells drilled in the ground in a contaminated area containing 
spilled hydrocarbons. The spacing between the wells is typically 10 to 40 
feet and the depth of each well can be 10 to 30 feet or more. A 
description of each recovery unit 12 is set forth hereinafter with 
reference to FIG. 2. 
System 10 further includes an air compressor 14 at ground level which feeds 
pressurized air into a manifold 16 and is provided with a feedback element 
18 to maintain manifold 16 at a constant pressure. A number of pipes 20 
interconnect the manifold 16 with individual recovery units 12 through 
respective valves 22. The valves are solenoid actuated and are selectively 
controlled by a timer (not shown) in a control station 24 at ground level. 
Electrical leads 26 connect the timer with the various valves. 
Pressurized air from manifold 16 is used to pressurize each recovery unit 
so that hydrocarbons in the recovery unit can be forced out of the same 
through a pipe 28 to a manifold 30 through one-way check valves 32. An 
over-pressurization valve 34 connects the manifold to a storage tank 36 
open to the atmosphere by means of a vent 38. 
Manifold 16 awaits the opening of one or more valves 22 which allow passage 
of pressurized air into one or more recovery units 12. Also, valve 34 is 
opened at the same time as a valve 22 is opened. The opening of a valve 22 
is controlled by the timer at control station 24, and the valves 24 remain 
open for a predetermined times. Control station 24 contains override 
switches which allow control of the valves by an operator. 
FIG. 2 shows a recovery unit 12 in more detail in an individual well. The 
well casing 40 is perforated to present holes 42 to allow liquid 
hydrocarbons and ground water to seep into the well. The pool of liquid 
hydrocarbons is denoted by the numeral 44, the pool of ground water is 
denoted by the numeral 46, and the interface between pools 44 and 46 is 
denoted by the numeral 48. 
Recovery unit 12 includes a housing 50 covered by a semi-permeable screen 
or membrane 52 which allows liquid hydrocarbons to enter the housing 50 
but ground water is blocked from flowing into the housing. A flotation 
member 54 is coupled with housing 50 and causes the housing to remain 
buoyant on the ground water such that lower portion of the housing 50 is 
intersected by the interface 48 between the liquid hydrocarbons and the 
ground water as shown in FIG. 2. Flotation member 54 can be of any 
suitable construction, such as a cellular construction in which the member 
54 has a specific gravity less than that of water. 
Housing 50 is mounted on the top wall 56 of a receptacle 58 having an 
opening 60 communicating with housing 50, the opening 60 being controlled 
by a one-way flapper valve 62 secured to the underside of top wall 56. 
Valve 62 is arranged so that liquid hydrocarbons can flow into receptacle 
58; however, pressurized air directed into receptacle 58 will cause valve 
62 to close opening 60. Receptacle 58 is designed to fit into the well 
casing 40 below interface 48, and the assembly of housing 50, flotation 
member 54 and receptacle 58 float on the ground water but can be held in a 
fixed position by a releasable brake 64 mounted on the upper end of 
flotation member 54. 
Brake 64 includes a cylinder 66 having a pair of pistons 68 which are 
biased toward each other by coil springs 70 in cylinder 66. The pistons 
have rods pivotally coupled to crank arms 72 which are pivotally mounted 
intermediate their ends by pins 74 on a support plate 76 rigid to cylinder 
66. Rigid legs 78 are pivotally mounted intermediate their ends by pins 80 
on the upper ends of crank arms 72, and the outer ends of legs 78 are 
adapted to bear against the inner surface of well casing 40 when springs 
70 bias 68 toward each other in cylinder 66. In this way, the outer ends 
of the legs frictionally engage the inner surface of well casing 40 and 
releasably hold the flotation member 54 in a fixed position with reference 
to interface 48. The legs 78 are backed away from well casing 40 by a 
pressurizing cylinder 66, causing pistons 68 to move away from each other 
against the bias forces of springs 70, causing crank arms 72 to move legs 
78 toward each other. The interior of cylinder 66 is pressurized by 
pressurizing the interior of receptacle 58, the latter being coupled to 
the interior of cylinder 66 by a fluid passage 82 through housing 50 and 
flotation member 54. 
Brake 64 is not limited to engagement with the inner surface of well 
casing. Legs 78, for instance, may be frictionally engageable with other 
structure in the well casing, such as the adjacent segments of pressure 
pipe 20 and delivery pipe 28 (FIG. 2). Moreover, the braking system is not 
limited to the design shown in FIG. 2. The braking system may include a 
ratchet system which engages a gear strip on the inner surface of well 
casing 40 or on the adjacent segments of pipes 20 and 28. The braking 
system can also be a bladder which is inflated with air or water, a float 
actuated brake or any other automatic system which provides for the 
stationary positioning of recovery unit 12 in well casing 40. 
The recovery unit is ballasted to float freely on the ground water pool 46 
in a manner such that, when receptacle 58 is empty, membrane 52 of housing 
50 is exposed to the liquid hydrocarbon pool 44. When brake 64 is applied, 
recovery unit 12 will remain in a position corresponding to the condition 
at which receptacle 58 is empty. Recovery unit 12 will remain in this 
position even as the receptacle 58 receives liquid hydrocarbons 57 from 
housing 50. 
In the practice of the method relating to system 10, a number of small 
diameter (2 to 4 inch) wells are drilled into the ground to a sufficient 
depth such that well casings 40 of the well extend above and below the 
interface between the liquid hydrocarbons and the ground water. In each 
well, a recovery unit 12 is inserted in the well casing 40 thereof and 
pipes 20 and 28 will extend also into the well casing in the manner shown 
in FIG. 2 such that pipe 20 will communicate with the bottom of receptacle 
58 to pressurize the same while pipe 28 will also communicate with the 
bottom of receptacle 58 and provide a return or delivery line for 
hydrocarbons forced out of the receptacle 58 by pressurization. Initially, 
for positioning recovery unit 12 so that it floats freely, the 
corresponding valve 22 is opened while valve 34 remains closed. This 
causes receptacle 58 and cylinder 66 to be further pressurized to thereby 
cause legs 78 to be retracted from engagement with the inner surface of 
well casing 40, thereby permitting of the recovery unit to float freely on 
the ground water 46 below interface 48. Then, valve 22 is closed and valve 
34 is opened. Thus, the recovery unit is locked in place by brake 64. 
While the lock is thus engaged, liquid hydrocarbons can flow into housing 
50 through membrane 52 and then into receptacle 58 through opening 60 past 
valve 62. 
When the recovery unit is to be emptied of liquid hydrocarbons, valves 22 
and 34 are opened, allowing pressurized air through pipe 20 into 
receptacle 58. This action closes valve 62, forcing liquid hydrocarbons in 
receptacle 58 out of the same through pipe 28 past a check valve 32 and 
into and through manifold 30, valve 34 and into tank 36 for storage 
purposes. Since valve 34 is opened, there is no movement of pistons 68 
away from each other to unlock break 64. The receptacle 58 is thus emptied 
of liquid hydrocarbons. 
After a predetermined time interval, valve 34 is closed so that pressure 
builds up inside cylinder 66 by way of fluid passage 82. When this occurs, 
the pistons 68 will be moved away from each other and brake 64 will be 
unlocked, allowing the recovery unit to float freely to position housing 
50 at the interface 48. This action is typically necessary since the 
ground water level can change and the recovery unit 12 must remain at the 
interface 48 for optimum performance. After a second time interval, valve 
34 is opened to relieve the pressure in receptacle 58 and set brake 64 
once again. The incoming pressurized air is shut off at the same time. The 
recovery unit is then ready to receive more liquid hydrocarbons and to 
remain in place in the well unit until it is selected to be emptied once 
again during the next time cycle of operation. 
Recovery unit 12 in FIG. 2 may be operated without brake 64 and fluid 
receptacle 58, allowing the housing 50 to float freely and to be supported 
by floatation member 54. The liquid hydrocarbons are then drawn directly 
from the bottom of the housing 50 by suction or well pressurization as 
will be described hereinafter. Also, an air driven submersible pump may be 
mounted on the bottom of housing 50 to pump liquid hydrocarbons out of the 
housing. A suction pump on the ground level may be used to draw the liquid 
hydrocarbons from housing 50. In this case, pipe 20 is not needed and only 
pipe 28 is necessary for the recovery unit to operate. 
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the system of the present invention, the 
system being denoted in FIG. 3 by the numeral 110. System 110 includes a 
number of recovery units 112 in individual, small diameter wells drilled 
into the ground in a contaminated area containing liquid hydrocarbons on 
ground water. System 110 further includes a manifold 114 coupled to a 
suction pump 116 by way of a pipe 118. The suction pump is connected by a 
pipe 120 to a storage tank 122 at ground level. The individual recovery 
units 112 are coupled by pipes 124 to manifold 114. Each pipe 124 has a 
one way check valve 126 and a solenoid actuated valve 128 coupled by 
electrical leads 130 to a timer (not shown) at a control station 132 at 
ground level. The timer is also coupled to suction pump 116 by electrical 
leads or another method such as air lines represented by line 134 in FIG. 
3. It is possible that a manifold 114 could serve as the storage tank so 
that the liquid hydrocarbons need not pass through suction pump 116. 
A recovery unit 112 is shown in FIG. 5. It comprises a housing 136 covered 
by a semi-permeable membrane 138 of the same type described above with 
respect to membrane 52 in FIG. 2. A floatation member 140 is coupled with 
housing 136 and causes it to float on the interface 142 between a liquid 
hydrocarbon pool 144 and a ground water pool 145 below the interface. The 
recovery unit 112 is within a well having a perforate well casing 146 so 
that liquid hydrocarbons can flow into the well casing and into and 
through membrane 138 into housing 136. Ground water cannot flow through 
membrane 138. A fluid passage 148 places the interior of housing 136 in 
fluid communication with the open air space above the recovery unit 112 to 
prevent a pressure differential from developing between the interior of 
the housing 136 and the atmosphere in the well casing 146. Such a 
differential could detract from the effectiveness of the semipermeable 
membrane 138. 
Tube 124 is shown with one way check valve 126 in FIG. 5. The lower end of 
tube 124 is coupled to the bottom of housing 136 and communicates 
therewith to receive liquid hydrocarbons therefrom when suction is applied 
to manifold 114 by suction pump 116. The tube 124 loops down below the 
recovery unit 112 and passes upwardly through the recovery unit to the top 
of the well casing. The tube 124 is flexible through the loop so that the 
floating recovery unit 112 can freely respond to changes in fluid levels 
in the well casing 40. 
In operation, a plurality of wells are drilled into the ground in the 
contaminated area. The well casings 146 are put into place and the 
individual recovery units 112 are lowered into the well casings and float 
on the ground water in the manner shown in FIG. 5. 
The timer in control station 132 actuates valves 128 on a cyclical basis. 
Each time a valve 128 is opened, suction pump 116 is actuated. This causes 
the liquid hydrocarbon in the housing 136 of the corresponding recovery 
unit 112 to be drawn by suction out of housing 136, through tube 124, past 
valve 128 and into the manifold 114. The liquid hydrocarbons can either be 
stored in the manifold 114 or be delivered through suction pump 116 to 
storage tank 122. Since recovery unit 112 in FIG. 5 is freely floating, it 
will rise and fall due to changes in the level of the ground water in the 
well. 
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the system of the present invention, the 
system being denoted by the numeral 210 and being operable to pressurize 
individual wells to force liquid hydrocarbons out of the wells and into a 
storage tank. System 210 includes a number of recovery units 212 located 
in individual wells 214 having perforate well casings in the manner shown 
in FIGS. 2 and 5. Also, the particular recovery units 212 can be of the 
same type as recovery units 112 shown in FIG. 5. 
System 210 includes a number of pipes 216 which extend into respective 
wells 214 and are coupled to respective valves 218 to a manifold 220 
coupled by a pipe 222 to an air compressor 224 having a feedback system 
226 to keep manifold 220 at a prescribed pressure. A control station 228 
contains a timer (not shown) coupled by leads 230 to respective valves 218 
to sequentially actuate the valves and couple manifold 220 with the 
interiors of individual wells 214 One or more valves 218 can be operated 
at any one time. 
Each recovery unit 212 has a delivery pipe 232 provided with a one way 
check valve 234 which allows liquid hydrocarbons to pass from the recovery 
unit to a storage tank 236 having a vent 238 to the atmosphere. Each 
recovery unit 212 includes a housing having a semi-permeable membrane. 
Housing 136 and membrane 138 of FIG. 5 are suitable for this purpose. The 
housing is coupled to a floating member so that the housing will float on 
the ground water and will be intersected by the interface 233 between the 
ground water and liquid hydrocarbons on the ground water. 
In the operation of system 210, the recovery units 212 are put into the 
respective well and allowed to float on the ground water in the wells. The 
manifold 220 is pressurized by the operation of compressor 224 and the 
timer in control station 228 at ground level causes valves 218 to be 
sequentially actuated. 
When a valve 218 is actuated, it opens the corresponding pipe 216, thereby 
causing pressurized air in manifold 220 to pressurize the corresponding 
well 214. Assuming that recovery unit 112 of FIG. 5 is used in each well, 
the pressurized air in the well will enter passage 148, will pass through 
housing 136 and force liquid hydrocarbons out of housing 136 through tube 
124. The liquid hydrocarbons will be pumped into tank 236 for storage 
purposes. After a predetermined time interval, the corresponding valve 218 
will close and another valve 218 will be opened and the above process will 
be repeated. The one way check valves 234 in pipes 232 prevent pressurized 
gas from escaping into other recovery units. After a particular valve 218 
is closed, internal pressure of the corresponding wall casing returns to 
atmospheric pressure by venting of pressure through pipe 232 to the 
recovery tank 236 which has vent 238 associated with it. 
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of still another embodiment of the system of the 
present invention, the system having a number of recovery units and a 
sumersible pump for each recovery unit, respectively. The system of FIG. 
6, broadly denoted by the numeral 310 includes a number of recovery units 
312 placed in individual wells drilled into the ground and deep enough so 
that the recovery units can float on the ground water. Each well will have 
a perforate well casing as described above with respect to the other 
embodiments of the invention. The construction of each recovery unit 312 
will be described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 7. 
System 310 includes a pipe 314 for each recovery unit respectively, the 
pipe extending downwardly from a manifold 316 coupled by a pipe 318 to an 
air compressor 320 having a feedback mechanism 322 to maintain the air 
pressure in manifold 316 at a preselected value. Each pipe 314 has a fluid 
valve 324 coupled therewith to supply pressurized air to a submersible 
air-driven pump 326 associated with the corresponding recovery unit 312. 
Each valve 324 is controlled by a timer (not shown) at a control station 
328 at ground level, the timer being coupled by leads 330 to the 
individual valves 324. 
The fluid outlets of pumps 326 are coupled by pipes 332 to a storage tank 
334 typically at ground level. Each pipe 332 has a one-way check valve 336 
coupled therewith to allow passage of liquid hydrocarbons from the 
corresponding pump 326 only in one direction, namely the direction toward 
storage tank 334. 
Each recovery unit 312 is shown in more detail in FIG. 7. Recovery unit 312 
includes a housing 338 covered by a semipermeable membrane 340 of the type 
described above with respect to the other embodiments. Housing 338 is 
carried by a floating member 342 which floats on the ground water and 
positions the housing 338 at the interface 345 between the liquid 
hydrocarbons 347 and the ground water 349. Flotation member 342 is small 
enough to fit into a small diameter (2 to 4 inch) well casing 344 which 
extends above and below the interface 345. 
A submersible pump 346 is coupled to flotation member 342 and includes a 
pneumatic motor 348 mounted in a recess 349 on a support 350 and provided 
with a shaft 352 coupled with an impeller 354 in a recess 356 coupled by a 
fluid passage 358 to the interior of housing 338. The corresponding tube 
314 is in fluid communication with the recess 349 containing motor 348 so 
that air under pressure from the manifold 316 can be directed through tube 
314 into recess 349 to operate motor 348 and cause rotation of impeller 
354. Rotation of impeller 354 causes liquid hydrocarbons to be drawn out 
of the bottom of housing 338 and into and through the corresponding 
delivery tube 332 to storage tank 334. 
In operation, the various wells are drilled in a contaminated area. 
Recovery units 312 are inserted into the corresponding well casings 344 so 
that the recovery units float on the ground water in the position shown in 
FIG. 7. Liquid hydrocarbons flow into housing 338 and accumulate therein 
while the recovery unit awaits the opening of the corresponding valve 324. 
When a valve 324 is opened, the valve allows air under pressure to be 
directed from manifold 316 into the corresponding recess 349 to actuate 
motor 348. This causes rotation of impeller 354, causing liquid 
hydrocarbons to be pumped out of the corresponding housing 338, through 
pipe 332 and into storage tank 334. After a predetermined time interval, 
the valve 324 is closed and a second valve 324 is opened and the process 
is repeated. During the operation of the submersible pump 348 and each 
recovery unit 312, air under pressure is vented from recess 349 through a 
fluid passage 353 to the atmosphere above the recovery unit 312. The well 
casing 344 is vented to the atmosphere at ground level. Passage 355 is 
provided in flotation member 342 to accommodate pipes 314 and 332. 
In each recovery unit of all of the embodiments above, means may be 
provided to prevent the recovery unit from rotating about a vertical axis 
and becoming cocked in the respective well casing. This means may be a 
vertical rib or track on the inner surface of the well casing and the 
recovery unit 112 will have a side recess for receiving the rib but will 
allow the recovery unit to move relative to the rib. In FIG. 5, a pair of 
ribs 125 are shown in dashed lines at diametrically opposed locations on 
the inner surface of well casing 146, and flotation member 140 has a pair 
of recesses 127 for shiftably receiving the ribs.