Sensor elements in multilayer ceramic tape structures

A structure formed of a plurality of sheets which are laminated and fused together includes at least one sintered ceramic sheet formed from thermally fusible tape. A sensor element, such as a cantilever, circular diaphragm, rectangular diaphragm supported at least two sides, or microbridge, is formed as a part of the ceramic sheet. A hole may be formed through one of the sheets adjacent to the ceramic sheet to expose the sensor element to an ambient environment which is to be sensed. Electrical signals corresponding to a physical change in the sensor element such as stress or displacement are generated by piezoresistor, variable capacitor, photodetector, or the like attached to or formed on the sensor element, which is interconnected with a metallization pattern formed on at least one of the sheets. The thickness of the sheets is highly uniform, thereby producing sensor elements with precisely reproducible thicknesses and mechanical properties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention generally relates to the art of microelectronics, and 
more specifically to a multilayer ceramic tape structure having sensor 
elements formed therein. 
2. Description of the Related Art 
Techniques have been developed for integrating sensors to measure force or 
pressure, acceleration, temperature, position or displacement, ion (ph) 
and gas concentrations, magnetic field strength, radiation levels, etc., 
into a monolithic structure with signal processing electronics. An 
integrated device can be made much smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a 
package including a separate sensor and its associated components, and is 
potentially more reliable. 
Such integrated sensor packages are being used extensively, for example, in 
the automotive industry, in applications involving electronic controls to 
optimize fuel economy and engine operation, meet emission control 
requirements, and provide more comfortable and/or safe driving 
characteristics. Assemblies using such sensors include antilocking and/or 
antiskid braking systems, positive traction systems, suspension adjustment 
systems, and the like. 
The two main prior art types of integration include micromachining of 
silicon, and thick film processing. A general description of these 
technologies is found in an article entitled "New Advances in Sensor 
Technology", by L. Teschler, Machine Design, Dec. 6, 1984, pp. 118-124. 
Micromachining uses the same photolithographic and chemical processes as 
conventional integrated circuit fabrication. Doping dependent anisotropic 
chemical etching is a major micromachining method. However, devices have 
been fabricated using dry etching techniques utilizing plasma and reactive 
ion beams. Possible structural permutations include grooves, free-standing 
pillars, cantilevered beams, membranes of various thicknesses with and 
without integral pores, microbridges, and various shapes of holes. A 
detailed discussion of sensor structures fabricated by micromachining of 
silicon is found in an article entitled "Silicon Micromechanical Devices", 
by J. Angell et.al, Scientific American, Apr. 1983, pp. 4455. An example 
of a multi-dimensional accelerometer formed by micromachining of silicon 
is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,552, issued Mar. 7, 1989, entitled 
"MULTIDIRECTIONAL FORCE-SENSING TRANSDUCER", to G. Johnson. 
Although advantageous in many respects, micromachining of silicon is a 
relatively complex and expensive process, and is limited in the 
configurations of sensor shapes that can be formed. 
Fabrication of multilayer electronic structures for hybrid microcircuit 
technology and other applications includes the thick film process 
referenced above wherein individual conductor and dielectric compositions 
in paste form are sequentially deposited on insulating substrates and then 
fired, one layer of material at a time, in order to build up a thick film, 
multilayer circuit. Sensors responsive to pressure, stress, displacement, 
etc., have been fabricated using the thick film process by exploiting the 
piezoresistive effect in thick film resistors. Such resistors are formed 
on mechanical sensor elements such as cantilevers and diaphragms, and 
transduce mechanical strains into electrical signals. An article 
describing this technology is found in "THICK-FILM PRESSURE SENSORS: 
PERFORMANCES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS", by R. Dell'Acqua et.al, Third 
European Hybrid Microelectronics Conference Proceedings, Avignon, 1981. 
The major problem inherent in the thick film process is that thickness 
control is difficult in the formation and machining of fired ceramic 
layers. This imposes a serious limitation on the accuracy attainable with 
sensors formed by this process. 
An improved method for the fabrication of hybrid microcircuits which forms 
a basis for the present invention is the cofired ceramic process. This 
technology utilizes dielectric material formed into sheets having alumina 
as a main component. These insulating sheets are then either metallized to 
make a ground plane, signal plane, bonding plane, or the like, or they are 
formed with via holes and back filled with metallization to form 
interconnect layers. Individual sheets of tape are then stacked on each 
other, laminated together using a predetermined temperature and pressure, 
and then fired at a desired elevated temperature at which the material 
fuses or sinters. Where alumina is chosen for the insulating material, 
tungsten, molybdenum or molymanganese is typically used for metallization, 
and the part is fired to about 1,600.degree. C. in an H.sub.2 reducing 
atmosphere. 
The undesirable high processing temperature and requisite H.sub.2 
atmosphere of the refractory metals has led to the development of 
Low-Temperature-Cofired-Ceramic (LTCC) tape. LTCCs are under development 
and/or commercially available from a number of manufacturers including 
ElectroScience Laboratories, Inc., of Prussia, Pa., EMCA, of 
Montgomeryville, Pa., and FERRO, of Santa Barbara, Calif. A preferred LTCC 
material, which is known in the art as "green tape", is commercially 
available from the DuPont under the product designation #851AT. The tape 
contains a material formulation which can be a mixture of glass and 
ceramic fillers which sinter at about 850.degree. C., and exhibits thermal 
expansion similar to alumina. 
The low-temperature processing permits the use of air fired resistors and 
precious metal thick film conductors such as gold, silver, or their 
alloys. In the typical high-temperature process, screen-printed resistors 
cannot be used and only refractory metal pastes are used as conductors. 
A discussion of thick film technology, and high and low temperature cofired 
ceramic tape technology, is found in "DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE 
COFIRED MULTILAYER CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY", by William Vitriol et.al, ISHM 
Proceedings 1983, pp. 593-598. 
One disadvantage of the cofired ceramic approach is that the dielectric 
film or tape will undergo shrinkage of as much as 20% in each of the X, Y, 
and Z directions. This shrinkage results in a dimensional uncertainty in 
the fired part of typically .about.1%, which may be unacceptable in the 
fabrication of certain types of hybrid microcircuits. 
Another multilayer circuit board fabrication technology which obviates the 
shrinkage problem inherent in the ceramic cofired tape process is 
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,552, issued Feb. 24, 1987, entitled 
"PROCESS FOR FABRICATING DIMENSIONALLY STABLE INTERCONNECT BOARDS", to 
William Vitriol et al. This process may be described as a "transfer-tape" 
method, and is performed by providing a generally rigid, conductive 
substrate, or an insulative substrate on which a conductive circuit 
pattern is formed, and then transferring and firing a glass-ceramic tape 
layer to the surface of the substrate. This tape layer provides electrical 
isolation between the substrate and electrical conductors or electronic 
components which are subsequently bonded to or mounted on the top surface 
of the glass-ceramic tape layer. By providing vertical electrical 
interconnects by means of vias formed in the tape layer prior to firing 
the tape layer directly on the substrate, X and Y lateral dimensional 
stability of the tape material is maintained. The next conductor layer in 
this vertical interconnect process is then screen printed on the fired 
tape dielectric and itself fired. This process is repeated until the 
hybrid circuit is built up to a desired vertical, multilayer interconnect 
level. As an alternative process to individually firing conductor and 
dielectric layers, the complete structure or portions thereof can be 
simultaneously fired as disclosed in the above referenced patent to 
Vitriol. By replacing a screen printed dielectric layer build-up process 
with a pre-punched dielectric tape layer, the transfer tape process 
retains the primary advantages of the thick film process, while gaining 
many advantages of the cofired ceramic process. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides a method for forming a multilayer ceramic 
tape structure, and a structure fabricated by the method, preferably 
utilizing ceramic LTCC tape or transfer tape as described above, which 
advantageously incorporates a wide variety of sensors or transducers in 
the structure. The sensors include elements fabricated in ceramic tape as 
flexible membranes or members for the purpose of sensing force, pressure, 
acceleration, air flow, crash impact, etc. This is accomplished in 
accordance with the invention by utilizing the uniform thickness of the 
ceramic tape and its ability to be formed or cut into complex shapes to 
replace chemical or mechanical machining operations which have heretofore 
been used to fabricate diaphragms and other sensor elements. This ability 
to control the dimensions of the structures, particularly thickness, 
provides a substantial improvement in the reproducibility and accuracy of 
the sensors. It also enables integration of external electronics with 
sensors on one or both sides of the structure in a monolithic package, 
with substantially reduced parts count and process steps. The result is a 
smaller, less expensive, and more reliable sensor structure than has been 
possible using the micromachining and thick film processes discussed 
above. 
In accordance with the present invention, a structure formed of a plurality 
of sheets which are laminated and fused together includes at least one 
sintered ceramic sheet formed from thermally fusible tape. A sensor 
element, such as a cantilever, circular diaphragm, rectangular diaphragm 
supported at least two sides, or microbridge, is formed as a part of the 
ceramic sheet. A hole may be formed through one of the sheets adjacent to 
the ceramic sheet to expose the sensor element to an ambient environment 
which is to be sensed. Electrical signals corresponding to a physical 
change in the sensor element such as stress or displacement are generated 
by a piezoresistor, variable capacitor, photodetector, or the like 
attached to or formed on the sensor element, which is interconnected with 
a metallization pattern formed on at least one of the sheets. 
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be 
apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed 
description, taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which like 
reference numerals refer to like parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawing, a multilayer ceramic tape structure 
incorporating a sensor in accordance with the present invention is 
generally designated as 10 and includes sheets 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22. 
Where the structure 10 is to be fabricated from transfer tape, the sheet 
22 is a relatively rigid substrate made of an electrically insulative 
ceramic or glass-ceramic, by way of example. In this case, the layers 12 
to 20 are formed from thermally fusible, ceramic transfer tape. Where the 
structure 10 is to be formed from glass-ceramic, thermally fusible LTCC 
tape, the sheet 22 does not constitute a necessary part of the structure 
and may be omitted, and the sheets 12 to 20 provided in the form of LTCC 
tape. 
The present invention is not limited to LTCC or transfer tape, and may be 
embodied using any suitable thermally fusible tape which may be thermally 
transformed by the application of heat into a sintered ceramic sheet. 
Three types of such tape which are currently available include pure 
ceramic tape, glass-ceramic tape, and crystallizable glass tape (in which 
the glass is converted to ceramic by de-vitrification). 
The method or process of the present invention includes the steps of 
fabricating the individual sheets 12 to 22 as illustrated in FIG. 1, and 
laminating and thermally fusing the sheets together as shown in FIG. 2. 
Where the transfer tape alternative is to be used, the sheets 20 to 12 may 
be laminated and fused to the substrate 22 one sheet at a time, beginning 
with the sheet 20. Alternatively, the sheets 20 to 12 may be laminated 
together with the substrate 22 and heated to fusion in a single step. 
Where LTCC is to be used, the substrate 22 is omitted, and the sheets 12 to 
20 laminated together, and cofired to fusion in a single step. It will be 
understood that the scope of the invention includes lamination and firing 
of the sheets separately or in combination. In either case, the fusible 
ceramic tape is sintered during the heating or firing step, to form a 
unitary structure 10 as illustrated in FIG. 2. 
In accordance with the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in 
FIGS. 1 and 2, circular holes 12a, 14a, 18a, 20a, and 22a are formed 
through the sheets 12, 14, 18, 20, and 22 respectively, in such a manner 
as to be aligned with each other, and with a circular part 16a of the 
sheet 16 when the sheets are laminated together. The hole 22a may be 
smaller than the respective holes in the other sheets. The circular part 
16a of the sheet 16 constitutes a flexible or movable sensor element in 
the form of a circular diaphragm 24. As shown in FIG. 2, both sides of the 
diaphragm 24 are exposed to an ambient environment which is to be sensed 
through the holes. 
In accordance with the present invention, at least one sensing or 
transducing means is associated with the movable sensor element to produce 
an electrical signal in accordance with a physical change in the sensor 
element. In the case of the sensor element being embodied by the diaphragm 
24, an external force applied to the diaphragm 24 in the form of pressure, 
rate of flow, acceleration, etc. will create a deflection of the diaphragm 
24, therefore inducing stress therein which results in strain according to 
Hooke's law. 
The sensing or transducing means is designed to be responsive to a change 
in stress or displacement of the sensor element, and produce an electrical 
signal corresponding thereto. The sensing means may be attached to the 
sensor element at any point in the fabrication process after the sensor 
element is formed. Where the sensing means is in the form of a 
piezoresistor, for example, it would preferably be formed on the sensor 
element prior to lamination and firing of the sheets. Where the sensing 
element is in the form of a light emitting diode or other component which 
would be damaged by the temperature required to fuse the sheets, it would 
preferably be attached to the sensor element after the sheets have been 
laminated and fused together. 
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, four sensing means in the form of piezoresistors 
26 are formed on the sensor element 24, for producing electrical signals 
corresponding to induced stress in the diaphragm 24 in two dimensions. 
Although the four piezoresistors 26 are shown as being spaced along a 
diameter of the diaphragm 24, the invention is not so limited, and any 
number of piezoresistors may be provided at any respective positions on 
the sensor element. 
The piezoresistors 26 are preferably applied to the sheet 16 in paste form 
by screen printing or the like prior to lamination of the sheets 12 to 22, 
and vary in resistivity as a function of induced stress. The 
piezoresistive effect per se, is well known in the art, and has been 
widely applied to the art of strain gauges. An example of applicable thick 
film resistor technology which may be adapted to form piezoresistors for 
embodying the present invention is disclosed in a paper entitled "THICK 
FILM RESISTOR STRAIN GAUGES: FIVE YEARS AFTER", by R. Dell'Acqua, IMC 1986 
Proceedings, Kobe, May 28-30, pp. 343-351. 
A metallization pattern is formed on the sheet 16 which interconnects with 
the piezoresistors 26 and, although not illustrated, further preferably 
interconnects with signal processing and any other desired circuitry 
formed on any or all of the sheets 12 to 22. In the illustrated 
embodiment, the metallization pattern includes strips 28 which 
interconnect with respective contact pads 12b formed on the peripheral 
surface of the sheet 12, through electrically conductive vias l4b 
extending through the sheet 14, and vias 12c extending through the sheet 
12. The sheet 12 is further provided with electrically conductive strips 
12d connecting the vias 12c to the contact pads 12b. 
The contact pads 12b are provided for connecting the structure 10 to 
external circuitry (not shown). Although the contact pads 12b are shown as 
being connected directly to the piezoresistors 26, they are preferably 
connected indirectly thereto through signal processing circuitry (not 
shown) provided in a single layer or multilayer arrangement on any of the 
sheets 12 to 22. Although the sensing or transducing means are illustrated 
as being piezoresistors 26, the invention is not so limited. The sensing 
elements may be provided in any form which senses a physical change, 
including a chemical or electrical change, in the sensor element 24. 
Although the structure 10 is illustrated as including five tape layers 12 
to 20 and a substrate 22, the present invention may be embodied using any 
number of tape layers, with a sensor element being formed in at least one 
of the layers. The sensor element may be directly exposed to the 
environment by means of holes formed through tape layers laminated to one 
or both sides of the layer in which sensor element is formed. 
Alternatively, the sensor element may be hermetically sealed in 
applications such as accelerometers or radiation detectors where exposure 
to the environment is not necessary or especially desirable. It is further 
within the scope of the invention to attach sensing means to a sensor 
element using any appropriate means other than application in paste form 
and firing. 
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative sensor element in the form of a 
cantilever. More specifically, a tape sheet 30 has a generally circular 
hole 30a formed therethrough. The portion of the sheet 30 disposed 
rightwardly of the hole 30a is shaped to extend into the hole 30a to 
constitute a cantilever beam 30b. The desired shape may be cut by 
mechanical shearing, laser cutting, or any other appropriate means. If 
desired, the moment of inertia of the beam 30b may be increased by 
providing a metal weight 32 thereon, such as by screen printing. A 
piezoresistor 34 or other sensing means is formed on the beam 30b near the 
point where the beam 30b extends from the sheet 30 into the hole 30a, 
where the induced stress is maximum. A metallization strip 36 connects the 
piezoresistor 34 to a via 38, for interconnection with a metallization 
pattern on another layer (not shown) of a structure incorporating the 
sheet 30 as one layer thereof. 
The cantilever beam 30b will be displaced, thereby varying the stress in 
the piezoresistor 34 and the electrical resistivity thereof, in response 
to an applied force, such as pressure or acceleration. 
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate another sensor element configuration which may be 
embodied in accordance with the present invention. A structure 40 includes 
sheets 42, 44, and 46. Holes 42a and 46a are formed through the sheets 42 
and 46 respectively in a manner similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 
2. Two spaced holes 44a and 44b are formed through the sheet 44. When the 
sheets are laminated together as shown in FIG. 5, the holes 42a and 46a 
overlap inner portions of the holes 44a and 44b. A portion 44c of the 
sheet 44 between the holes 44a and 44b constitutes a sensor element in the 
form of a microbridge 48, having an inwardly tapered shape supported at 
the wide ends thereof. A sensor means such as a piezoresistor 50 is formed 
on the microbridge 48 for converting induced stress into an electrical 
signal. The microbridge 48 may be considered as a type of diaphragm 
supported at two opposite sides thereof. Further illustrated is a 
metallization strip 52 leading to a via 54. 
FIG. 6 illustrates another sensor element configuration embodying the 
present invention. A structure 60 includes sheets 62, 64, and 66. 
Relatively large rectangular holes 62a and 66a are cut through the sheets 
62 and 66 respectively. A generally rectangular hole 64a is cut through 
the sheet 64. The holes 62a, 64a, and 66a need not necessarily be the same 
size. 
A rectangular diaphragm in the form of an island 66, which is smaller than 
the holes 62a, 64a, and 66a, is formed in the sheet 64 to constitute a 
sensor element. The sides of the island 66 are connected to the adjacent 
outer portions of the sheet 64 by web portions 64b, which are shorter than 
the respective sides. If desired, the displacement of the island 66 in 
response to applied force may be increased by cutting one or more of the 
web portions 64b, as indicated at 68. A piezoresistor 70, metallization 
strip 72, and via 74 are shown as being attached to one of the web 
portions 64b. It is within the scope of the invention to provide any 
suitable sensing means on at least one of the web portions 64b, on the 
island 66, or at any other desired location. 
Whereas the island 66 illustrated in FIG. 6 is rectangular and supported at 
four sides thereof, other island configurations are possible within the 
scope of the invention. The sides and corners of the rectangular shape may 
be rounded to any desired extent, and may ultimately form an oblong or 
circular shape. A structure 60' illustrated in FIG. 7 is similar to the 
structure 60 of FIG. 6, with like elements being designated by the same 
reference numerals, and like but modified elements designated by the same 
reference numerals primed. The island 66' differs from the island 66 in 
that the rectangular shape has been rounded into a circular shape. Whereas 
the island 66 is supported at four sides thereof, the island 66' is 
supported at only two opposite sides. 
The embodiments of the invention described and illustrated thus far have 
utilized a piezoresistor as a means for sensing stress or displacement of 
the sensor element. FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate alternative sensing or 
transducing means operating on different scientific principles. 
A structure 80 illustrated in FIG. 8 includes sheets 82, 84, 86, and 88. 
Holes 82a and 86a are formed through the sheets 82 and 86 respectively. 
The space defined by the hole 86a is hermetically sealed by the sheets 84 
and 88. A sensor element in the form of a circular diaphragm 90 is 
constituted by a central part 84a of the sheet 84, and exposed to the 
ambient environment through the hole 82a. 
An electrically conductive member in the form of a metallization 92 is 
formed by screen printing, deposition, or the like on the lower surface of 
the diaphragm 90. Another electrically conductive member in the form of a 
metallization 94 is formed on the upper surface of the sheet 88. The 
metallizations 92 and 94 constitute plates of a variable capacitor, the 
capacitance of which varies in accordance with displacement of the 
diaphragm 90, which causes the metallization 92 to move toward and away 
from the metallization 94. The capacitance increases as the separation 
between the metallizations 92 and 94 decreases, and vice-versa. A via 96 
and contact pad 98 are illustrated as being connected to the metallization 
92, and a via 100 and contact pad 102 are connected to the metallization 
94. 
FIG. 9 illustrates a structure 110 which includes sheets 112, 114, 116, 
118, and 120. Holes 114a and 118a are formed through the sheets 114 and 
118 respectively. The sheet 116 is cut in such a manner as to provide a 
sensor element in the form of a movable arm 122. The arm 122 may be a 
cantilever beam as shown in FIG. 3, a web portion 64b cut at 68 as shown 
in FIG. 6, or have any other desired configuration. The sheet 116 is 
further cut to provide a support portion 124 which faces the end of the 
arm 122. The arm 122 is movable relative to the support portion 124 in 
response to applied force. 
A light source 126, which may be a light emitting diode, laser diode, or 
the like, is attached to the support portion 124. A photodetector 128, 
which may be a photoelectric cell, photodiode, phototransistor, or the 
like, is attached to the end of the arm 122. The relative positions of the 
light source 126 and photodetector 128 may be reversed to produce an 
equivalent result. In either case, the photodetector 128 is arranged to be 
illuminated by light from the light source 126, in such a manner that the 
amount of light incident on the photodetector 128 varies in accordance 
with the displacement of the arm 122. Further illustrated in FIG. 9 are a 
metallization strip 130, via 132, and contact pad 134 interconnected with 
the light source 126, and a metallization strip 136, via 138, and contact 
pad 140 interconnected with the photodetector 128. 
Although the capacitance and photoelectric sensor arrangements of FIGS. 8 
and 9 are shown as being associated with a sensor element in the form of a 
circular diaphragm and cantilever arm respectively, they may be applied to 
any of the other sensor element configurations in accordance with the 
present invention. 
LTCC tape is manufactured with very close thickness tolerance, and thereby 
automatically provides precise and reproducible control of thickness and 
mechanical properties of the sensor elements formed in accordance with the 
invention. The tape is typically available in thicknesses ranging from 114 
to 317 microns, with a thickness tolerance of 7.5 microns. 
FIG. 10 illustrates how a sensor element which is thicker than one sheet 
may be constituted by integrally connected parts of two or more sheets. A 
structure 150 includes sheets 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, and 162. The sheet 
162 may be a substrate as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. Holes 154a, 
160a, and 162a are formed through the sheets 154, 160, and 162 
respectively. Central parts 156a and 158a of the sheets 156 and 158 
respectively which are laminated together constitute, in combination, a 
sensor element in the form of a circular diaphragm 164. Sensing means, 
which may be piezoresistors 166 and 168, are buried between the parts 156a 
and 158a of the diaphragm 164, in such a manner that displacement of the 
diaphragm 164 produces a corresponding electrical signal output from the 
piezoresistors 166 and 168 in a manner similar to that described above. 
Further illustrated are a metallization strip 170, a via 172, and contact 
pad 174 interconnected with the piezoresistor 166, and a metallization 
strip 176, via 178, and contact pad 180 interconnected with the 
piezoresistor 168. 
Various alternative sensor arrangements are possible within the scope of 
the invention. For example, the piezoresistor in any of the illustrated 
configurations may be replaced by a magnetoresistor. In this case, a 
permanent magnet (not shown) would be mounted at an appropriate location 
to produce a fixed magnetic field which encompasses the magnetoresistor. 
Deflection of the sensor element would result in movement of the 
magnetoresistor relative to the magnet, causing a variation in the 
magnetic flux in the magnetoresistor and a corresponding variation in the 
electrical resistance thereof. Another alternative sensor arrangement 
would include a glass fiber waveguide (not shown) spanning, for example, 
the microbridge illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. A light source and 
photodetector would be mounted at opposite ends of the waveguide, whereby 
the intensity of light received by the photodetector would vary in 
accordance with the displacement of the microbridge. 
While several illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and 
described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to 
those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of 
the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not 
be limited solely to the specifically described illustrative embodiments. 
Various modifications are contemplated and can be made without departing 
from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended 
claims.