Nitrogen oxide removal control apparatus

A plant with a gas turbine such as a combined cycle power plant of a gas turbine cycle and a steam turbine cycle is provided with a nitrogen oxide removal device for removing NO.sub.x by injecting ammonia to an exhaust gas of the gas turbine. The device reduces NO.sub.x concentration to a certain value or less before the exhaust gas is released to the air. An ammonia flow amount is rapidly controlled such that a mole ratio of ammonia to NO.sub.x coincides with a set mole ratio value. The mole ratio is calculated from a predicted NO.sub.x concentration at an inlet of the nitrogen oxide removal device predicted by calculating operation conditions of the gas turbine, an ammonia flow amount value, and an exhaust gas flow amount. The set mole ratio value is calculated from a deviation of a measured NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet of the nitrogen oxide removal device and a set NO.sub.x concentration value, and an amount of water injected to a combustor. Finally, a controlled system is stabilized in a state where a measured NO.sub.x concentration value coincides with the set NO.sub.x concentration value at a high speed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to a nitrogen oxide removal control apparatus 
and a method for reducing nitrogen oxide concentration in an exhaust gas 
by controlling an amount of ammonia which is injected to the exhaust gas 
of a gas turbine in a power generation plant. 
2. Description of the Related Art 
Recently, increasing demands for energy have caused a strong dependency on 
fossil fuel. As the energy supply amount owing to fossil fuel increases, 
CO.sub.2 exhaust amount has increased. Thus, the crisis of global warming 
has arisen and there is a worldwide move to put restrictions on the 
CO.sub.2 exhaust amount. 
From the above view point, a combined power generation plant is expected to 
increase energy efficiency and allow reduction of CO.sub.2. This system is 
constructed by combination of a gas turbine and a steam turbine where 
steam is generated by using heat of exhaust gas of the gas turbine to 
drive the steam turbine. 
As shown in FIG. 1, such a combined cycle power plant is provided with a 
gas turbine cycle 1, an heat recovery steam generator 3 for generating 
steam by using exhaust gas 2 of the gas turbine cycle 1 as a heat source, 
a steam turbine cycle 4 which uses this generated steam as a driving 
steam, and a chimney 5 for exhausting the heat-recovered exhausting gas. 
In the gas turbine cycle 1, fuel 8 supplied from a fuel system is 
combusted with air 6 compressed by an air compressor 7 in a combustor 9. 
Combustion gas generated drives a turbine 10. A generator 11 is connected 
to the turbine 10. After the exhaust gas 2 works, exhaust heat of the 
exhaust gas 2 is released to produce steam in the exhaust heat recovery 
steam generator 3 while the exhaust gas passes through an exhaust gas duct 
12 to the chimney 5. The exhaust heat recovery steam generator 3 has a 
superheater 13, an evaporator 14, a nitrogen oxide removal device 15 and 
an economizer 16 along the upstream side to the downstream side of the 
exhaust gas duct 12. Steam generated in the superheater 13 is supplied to 
the steam turbine cycle 4 via a steam tube 17. In the steam turbine cycle 
4, the steam coming out of a turbine 18 is condensed by a condenser 20. 
The condensate is introduced to the economizer 16 by a feed water tube 21, 
heated therein, evaporated in the evaporator 14, and the steam is further 
heated in the superheater 13. In the evaporator 14, while feed water is 
forcedly circulated or naturally circulated by temperature difference, 
heat-absorption and evaporation are effected. In FIG. 1, although the 
turbine 18 is connected to a generator 19, both the turbines 10 and 18 may 
be connected to the same generator to construct single shaft type combined 
cycle power plant. 
In a plant with a gas turbine cycle 1 such as above combined cycle power 
plant, firing temperature is preferably higher to increase the plant 
efficiency and relatively reduce CO.sub.2. However, as firing temperature 
increases, nitrogen oxide (NO.sub.x) emitted from a gas turbine cycle 1 
increases exponentially with the increasing temperature. Since this 
nitrogen oxide (NO.sub.x) is recognized as one contributing factor in air 
pollution, strict standards are applied to its emission. 
Illustrative methods for reducing NO.sub.x concentration are a method where 
water or steam is injected to a combustor 9 to decrease firing 
temperature, a method where fuel and air is mixed in advance and then the 
mixture is introduced to the combustor 9 to prevent a partial higher part, 
and a method where a multistaged combustor capable of averaging combustion 
temperature is used. 
However, it is difficult with only these methods to achieve the NO.sub.x 
emission standards. Thus, the nitrogen oxide removal device 15 is provided 
in a flow path of exhaust gas to reduce NO.sub.x emission. There is an 
ammonia injection/dry selective catalytic reduction decomposition method 
as one nitrogen oxide removal method applied to in this nitrogen oxide 
removal device. In the method, ammonia is injected to exhaust gas and the 
exhaust gas is passed through catalyst 22 placed on the downstream side of 
the injection point so that nitrogen oxide is reduced and decomposited to 
non-toxic nitrogen component and water steam. Generally, this method has 
good reaction efficiency at 300.degree. C. to 400.degree. C. based on the 
temperature properties of the catalyst. Accordingly, the nitrogen oxide 
removal device 15 using this method is placed between the evaporator 14 
and the economizer 16. 
In this nitrogen oxide removal device 15, NO.sub.x removal is controlled by 
adjusting an ammonia injection amount from an ammonia injection system 23. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,536 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,537 disclose control 
system where a mole ratio of ammonia to NO.sub.x is obtained by 
proportional integral (PI) control based on a deviation of a set NO.sub.x 
value and a measured NO.sub.x value, and this is multiplied by a 
calculated predicted NO.sub.x value at an inlet of the nitrogen oxide 
removal device to obtain an ammonia injection amount. However, in this 
control system, since a predicted NO.sub.x value is multiplied, loop gain 
varies dependently on the predicted NO.sub.x value. If the predicted 
NO.sub.x value becomes smaller, there is a tendency that loop gain is also 
decreased to degrade response. 
Further, the other following control system has already been known. In this 
system, when load of a gas turbine and the like do not change, an ammonia 
flow amount is controlled by feedback control loop which does proportional 
integral operation based on a deviation of a set NO.sub.x value and a 
measured NO.sub.x value. When disturbance such as a load change of a gas 
turbine, which effects NO.sub.x generation, is detected, an ammonia amount 
based on the detected disturbance amount is obtained by feedforward 
control loop. This ammonia amount, which use as a feedforward control 
signal, is added to a feedback control signal obtained by proportional 
integral operation of a deviation of a set NO.sub.x value and a measured 
NO.sub.x value, thereby controlling an ammonia flow amount. A delay time 
is about four minutes from a time when an ammonia flow amount adjustment 
valve is opened or closed to a time when this opening or closing 
influences a measured NO.sub.x value. On the contrary, it takes about a 
second or less that exhaust gas of a gas turbine passes from the gas 
turbine to a chimney. Thus, when there is disturbance such as a load 
change of the gas turbine, an ammonia flow amount cannot be controlled by 
the above-mentioned feedback control loop. For this reason, according to 
this control system, when disturbance such as a load change of the gas 
turbine is detected, a relay is activated, a contact of an output part of 
the above-mentioned feedforward control loop is closed, and a contact 
between a proportional operating unit and an integral operating unit of 
the feedback control loop is opened. As a result, input to an integral 
controller is stopped to prevent unnecessary history from remaining in the 
integral operating unit. However, a single shaft type combined cycle of a 
gas turbine and steam turbine has problems that it is difficult to exactly 
detect load change of a gas turbine and a load change detecting relay, 
which switches opening/closing of each control loop contact, does not 
always exactly operate. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An object of the invention is to provide a nitrogen oxide removal control 
apparatus and method for removing nitrogen oxide by injecting ammonia into 
an exhaust gas flow from a gas turbine, which overcomes the above 
drawbacks of the related art. 
Another object of the invention is to provide a nitrogen oxide removal 
control apparatus and method capable of properly controlling a nitrogen 
oxide concentration in an exhaust gas from a gas turbine even in single 
shaft type combined cycle power plants of a gas turbine cycle and a steam 
turbine cycle where it is difficult to correctly judge load change of the 
gas turbine, separately. 
Still another object of the invention is to provide a nitrogen oxide 
removal control apparatus and method for an exhaust gas from a gas turbine 
with the excellent control performance independently of change in the gas 
turbine conditions, the apparatus and method using a measured NO.sub.x 
concentration signal, a representing state signal of a NO.sub.x reducing 
means in a combustor of the gas turbine, an ammonia flow amount signal, 
and a predicted NO.sub.x concentration signal calculated from a state 
value of a gas turbine as control factors. 
Further still another object of the invention is to provide a nitrogen 
oxide removal control apparatus and method for an exhaust gas from a gas 
turbine where feedback control based on the measured NO.sub.x 
concentration signal and feedforward control based on a representing state 
signal of a NO.sub.x reducing means are fused by using the fuzzy theory. 
The first aspect of the present invention provides a nitrogen oxide removal 
control apparatus comprising a predicted mole ratio operating system, a 
mole ratio setting system, and a mole ratio control system. The predicted 
mole ratio operating system provides a predicted mole ratio of ammonia to 
NO.sub.x in an exhaust gas on the basis of a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration value at an inlet of the nitrogen oxide removal device which 
value is calculated from state values of a gas turbine, a value of the 
exhaust gas flow amount, and a value of the ammonia flow amount injected 
into this exhaust gas. The mole ratio setting system provides a set mole 
ratio value of ammonia to NO.sub.x on the basis of a deviation of a 
measured NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet of the nitrogen oxide 
removal device and a set NO.sub.x concentration value, and a representing 
state value of a NO.sub.x reducing means in a combustor of a gas turbine. 
The mole ratio control system manipulates an ammonia flow control value on 
the basis of a deviation of an output from the mole ratio setting system 
and an output from the predicted mole ratio operating system. 
According to this invention, an ammonia injection amount is controlled at a 
high speed such that a predicted mole ratio comes up to a set mole ratio 
value, which control is performed by using a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration at an inlet of a nitrogen oxide removal device whose 
response speed is high but the accuracy is slightly inferior. Further, the 
set mole ratio value is amended with a measured NO.sub.x concentration 
value at an outlet of a nitrogen oxide removal device whose response speed 
is slightly slow but the accuracy is superior. Thus, immediate response 
for disturbance such as a load change of a gas turbine is possible, and 
finally a state where a measured NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet 
of a nitrogen oxide removal device coincides with a set NO.sub.x 
concentration value is established at a high speed and maintained. 
Moreover, a mole ratio setting system can properly correspond to change 
with age of a controlled system. Further, the mole ratio control system 
accurately responds to flow amount changes due to deterioration with age 
of an ammonia flow control valve because of the feedback of an ammonia 
flow amount, so amending control of the mole ratio control system may be a 
minimum. Thus, excellent control properties can always be maintained. 
The second aspect of the present invention provides a nitrogen oxide 
removal control apparatus comprising a predicted mole ratio operating 
system, a mole ratio setting system, and a mole ratio control system. The 
predicted mole ratio operating system provides a predicted mole ratio of 
ammonia to NO.sub.x in an exhaust gas on the basis of a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration value at an inlet of a nitrogen oxide removal device which 
value is calculated from state values of the gas turbine, an exhaust gas 
flow amount value, and a flow amount of ammonia injected into this exhaust 
gas flow. The mole ratio setting system provides a set mole ratio value of 
ammonia to NO.sub.x by the fuzzy inference on the basis of a deviation of 
a measured NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet of the nitrogen oxide 
device and a set NO.sub.x concentration value, and a representing state 
value change of a NO.sub.x reducing means in a combustor of a gas turbine. 
The mole ratio control system manipulate an ammonia flow control value on 
the basis of a deviation of an output from the mole ratio setting system 
and an output from the predicted mole ratio operating system. 
According to this invention, in the mole ratio setting system, feedback 
control based on a deviation of a measured NO.sub.x concentration value at 
an outlet of a nitrogen oxide removal device and a set NO.sub.x 
concentration value, and feedforward control based on change in a state 
amount of a NO.sub.x reducing means are conducted by the fuzzy inference. 
As a result, according to change in a representing state value of a 
NO.sub.x reducing means, transition between the feedback control and the 
feedforward control can automatically and bumplessly be carried out. 
Namely, a flexible state where feedback control system can always serve as 
a backup for feedforward control system can be maintained. This mole ratio 
setting system is combined with the predicted mole ratio operating system 
based on a predicted NO.sub.x concentration value which may contain errors 
but responds at a high speed by cascade system. As a result, speedy, 
correct and stable nitrogen oxide control can be performed against errors 
caused by a predicted NO.sub.x concentration value, change in the 
properties with age and the like. 
The third aspect of the invention provides a nitrogen oxide removal control 
method, comprising the steps of operating a deviation of a measured 
NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet of a nitrogen oxide removal 
device, and a set NO.sub.x concentration value; operating a set mole ratio 
value of ammonia to NO.sub.x based on this deviation and a representing 
state value of a NO.sub.x reducing means in a combustor of a gas turbine; 
predicting a mole ratio of ammonia to NO.sub.x in an exhaust gas based on 
an ammonia flow amount value, an exhaust gas flow amount value and a 
predicted NO.sub.x concentration value at an inlet of a nitrogen oxide 
removal device; and controlling an ammonia flow amount to be injected into 
the exhaust gas based on a deviation of the predicted mole ratio and the 
set mole ratio value. 
The fourth aspect of the invention provides a nitrogen oxide removal 
control method, comprising the steps of operating a deviation of a 
measured NO.sub.x concentration value at an outlet of a nitrogen oxide 
removal device, and a set NO.sub.x concentration value; operating a change 
rate of a representing state value of a NO.sub.x reducing means in a 
combustor of a gas turbine; calculating a set mole ratio value of ammonia 
to NO.sub.x by the fuzzy inference based on the NO.sub.x concentration 
deviation and the change rate of a state value; predicting a mole ratio of 
ammonia to NO.sub.x in an exhaust gas based on an ammonia flow amount 
value, an exhaust gas flow amount value and a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration value at an inlet of a nitrogen oxide removal device; and 
controlling an ammonia flow amount to be injected into the exhaust gas 
based on a deviation of the predicted mole ratio and the set mole ratio 
value. 
According to the nitrogen oxide removal control method of the invention, 
even when nitrogen oxide properties change due to load change of a gas 
turbine, it is unnecessary to correctly detect the load change of a gas 
turbine. Flexible and safe nitrogen oxide removal control with high speed 
and stable controlling properties can be realized. 
The other objects, features and advantages will be apparent from the 
following detail description referring to drawings, in which like 
reference numerals designate the same elements.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring now to FIG. 2, a nitrogen oxide removal control device 30a is 
composed of a mole ratio setting system 32, a predicted mole ratio 
operating system 34, and a mole ratio control system 36. The device 30a 
provides a valve opening degree control signal 38 to an actuator 42 of an 
ammonia flow amount adjusting vale 40. 
To the mole ratio setting system 32 are supplied a set NO.sub.x 
concentration signal 44 related to a plant exhaust gas NO.sub.x set point 
which is determined in accordance with standard and the like, and a 
measured NO.sub.x concentration signal 46 related to a NO.sub.x 
concentration in an exhaust gas of a nitrogen oxide removal device outlet. 
An adder 48 produces a signal 50 of a NO.sub.x deviation thereof. A water 
injection amount signal 52 related to an amount of water injected to the 
combustor 9 for lowering firing temperature is also supplied to the mole 
ratio setting system 32, and the signal 52 is time differentiated by a 
differentiator 54 to produce a water injection amount change rate signal 
56. A signal from the other proper means for reducing NO.sub.x (NO.sub.x 
reducing means) may be used instead of a water injection amount signal 52. 
Examples of such a signal include an amount of water steam injected 
instead of water, and ratio of a fuel flow amount of a main nozzle to 
total fuel flow amount when a two-staged combustor equipped with a pilot 
nozzle and the main nozzle is used. 
The NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 and the water injection amount change rate 
signal 56 are supplied to a fuzzy controller 58. The fuzzy controller 58 
has a fuzzy inference engine 60 and a mole ratio setting rule data base 
62. The fuzzy inference engine 60 lets the input signals 50 and 56 to be 
subjected to clustering in accordance with membership functions as shown 
in FIG. 3 in dependence on a value E1 of the signal 50 and a value DW of 
the signal 56, respectively. They are used as an input to a conditional 
statements of the mole ratio setting rule data base 62 and fire a 
corresponding rule of the mole ratio setting rule data base 62 to perform 
fuzzy inference. This fuzzy inference provides a value DM of a change rate 
of a set mole ratio of ammonia to NO.sub.x . In the mole ratio setting 
rule data base 62 which is applied to the fuzzy controller 58, as shown in 
FIG. 4, if the value DW of the signal 56 is large, e.g., during load 
change, feedforward control based on the signal 56 is performed; and if 
the value DW of the signal 56 is small, both feedback control based on the 
NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 and feedforward control based on the water 
injection amount change rate signal 56 are used. The two control systems 
automatically and bumplessly change to each other. 
A mole ratio change rate signal 64 supplied from the fuzzy controller 58 is 
integrated by an integrator 66 to be changed to a mole ratio setting 
signal 68. 
To the predicted mole ratio operating system 34 are supplied an ammonia 
flow amount signal 70 obtained by measurement, an exhaust gas flow amount 
signal 72 obtained by measurement or operation, and a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration signal 74 in an exhaust gas of a nitrogen oxide removal 
device inlet calculated as high speeds from each kind of state value of a 
gas turbine 1. For example, this signal 74 can be calculated by the method 
disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,536 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,537. 
In a divider 76, the ammonia flow amount signal 70 is divided by the 
exhaust gas flow amount signal 72 to be changed to an ammonia 
concentration signal 70. This ammonia concentration signal 70 is divided 
by the predicted NO.sub.x concentration signal 74 in a divider 80 to 
produce a mole ratio (signal 82) of an injected ammonia amount to a 
predicted NO.sub.x amount of a nitrogen oxide removal device inlet. This 
ratio is an output of the predicted mole ratio operating system 34. 
In the mole ratio control system 36, an adder 84 provides a deviation of 
the set mole ratio signal 68 from the mole ratio setting system 32 and the 
predicted mole ratio signal 82 from the predicted mole ratio operating 
system 34. This mole ratio deviation signal 86 is supplied to a fuzzy 
controller 92 together with a mole ratio deviation change rate signal 90 
which is obtained by time differentiating the mole ratio deviation signal 
86 by a differentiator 88. The fuzzy controller 92 has a fuzzy inference 
engine 94 and a mole ratio control rule 96. The fuzzy inference engine 94 
lets the signals 86 and 90 to be subjected to clustering in accordance 
with membership functions as shown in FIG. 3 in dependence on a value E2 
of the signal 86 and a value DE2 of the signal 90, respectively. They are 
used as an input to conditional statements of the mole ratio control rule 
96 as shown in FIG. 5 and fire a corresponding rule of the mole ratio 
control rule data base 96 to perform fuzzy inference. This fuzzy inference 
generates a value DU of a valve opening degree manipulating signal 98 of 
the ammonia flow control valve 40. 
This valve opening degree manipulating signal 98 is integrated by an 
integrator 100 to become the valve opening degree control signal 38 which 
is provided to the actuator 42 of the ammonia flow control valve 40. 
In this embodiment, an ammonia injection amount is controlled at a high 
speed by using a predicted NO.sub.x concentration of a nitrogen oxide 
removal device inlet whose response speed is high such that a predicted 
mole ratio comes up to a set mole ratio value. The set mole ratio value is 
amended by a measured NO.sub.x concentration value of a nitrogen oxide 
removal device outlet whose accuracy is high. Finally, nitrogen oxide 
removal control is stabilized at a high speed in a state where the 
measured NO.sub.x concentration value of a nitrogen oxide removal device 
outlet coincides with a set NO.sub.x concentration value. 
As described above, according to the embodiments, the mole ratio setting 
system 32 is combined with the predicted mole ratio operating system 34 by 
cascade system. Here, the system 34 is based on a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration signal 74 which may contain errors but responds at a high 
speed, and the system 32 is based on a measured NO.sub.x concentration 
signal 46 which has long delay time but correct. As a result, nitrogen 
oxide removal can correctly be controlled at high speed with the 
advantages of both the system 32 and 34. In addition, nitrogen oxide 
removal control can safely and stably be performed against errors caused 
by a predicted NO.sub.x concentration signal 74 of the predicted mole 
ratio operating 34, and change in the properties of a system to be 
controlled with age, because the mole ratio setting system 32 can act as 
backup. Further, this is most suitable for a single shaft type combined 
cycle power plant of a gas turbine cycle and a steam turbine cycle because 
it is unnecessary to properly judge load change of the gas turbine. 
Moreover, in the mole ratio setting system 32, feedback control based on 
the NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 and feedforward control based on a water 
injection amount change rate signal 56 are fused by using the fuzzy 
theory. Thus, there is no concept of conventional complete switching 
between feedback control and feedforward control and a flexible state 
where feedback control can always act as backup, allowing flexible and 
safe nitrogen oxide removal control. Further, since control gain is not 
changed by supplied control factors, stable nitrogen oxide removal control 
with the excellent performance is always possible. 
Referring now to FIG. 6, a nitrogen oxide removal controller 30b is 
supplied with a fuel flow amount ratio signal 102 of a main nozzle of a 
two-staged combustor instead of the water injection amount signal 52 which 
is supplied to the fuzzy controller 58 of the nitrogen oxide removal 
controller 30a as shown in FIG. 2. The fuel flow amount ratio signal 102 
is changed to a change rate signal 106 of a fuel flow amount ratio by a 
differentiator 104 like the water injection amount signal 52. The signal 
106 is supplied to a fuzzy controller 108. The fuzzy controller 108 fires 
a corresponding rule of a mole ratio setting rule data base 112 which uses 
a value DR of the fuel flow amount ratio change rate signal 106 and a 
value E1 of a NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 for conditional statement, and 
implement fuzzy inference by a fuzzy engine 110 on the basis of the value 
E1 and DR. As a result, the controller 108 produces a mole ratio change 
rate signal 64 (DM). Later steps are the same as those of the nitrogen 
oxide removal controller 30a as shown in FIG. 2. 
As described above, if the fuel flow amount ratio signal 102 of a main 
nozzle in a two-staged combustor is used instead of the water injection 
amount signal 52, the same actions and effects can be obtained. 
Referring now to FIG. 7, as compared with the nitrogen oxide removal 
controller 30a as shown in FIG. 2, a nitrogen oxide removal controller 30c 
further has a dead band 120 and a differentiator 122. The dead band 120 
allows a mole ratio deviation signal 86 to pass through, if the absolute 
value of the mole ratio deviation signal 86 exceeds a certain value. The 
differentiator 122 time differentiates a NO.sub.x deviation signal 50. In 
addition, instead of the fuzzy controller 92 which generates the valve 
opening degree manipulating signal 98 by fuzzy inference on the basis of 
the mole ratio deviation signal 86 and the mole ratio deviation change 
rate signal 90, there is provided a fuzzy controller 126 which generates a 
valve opening degree manipulating signal 98 by using a NO.sub.x deviation 
signal 50 (E1), a NO.sub.x deviation change rate signal 124 (DE1) obtained 
via the differentiator 122, a mole ratio deviation signal 86 (E2) with the 
absolute value exceeding the certain value via the dead band 120, and a 
mole ratio deviation change rate signal 90 (DE2) obtained by time 
differentiating this mole ratio deviation signal 86 as input signals. 
A deviation E1 of a set NO.sub.x concentration signal 44 and a measured 
NO.sub.x concentration signal 46 is an input to the fuzzy controller 58 
for calculating a mole ratio change rate signal 64 as well as an input to 
the fuzzy controller 126 for calculating a valve opening degree 
manipulating signal 98. Further, the NO.sub.x deviation change rate DE1 
(signal 124), which is obtained by time differentiating the NO.sub.x 
deviation signal 50, is also supplied to the fuzzy controller 126. 
The fuzzy controller 126 fires a corresponding rule of a mole ratio control 
rule data base 130 by a fuzzy inference engine 128 to implement fuzzy 
inference a valve opening degree manipulating signal 98, in dependence on 
the NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 (E1), the NO.sub.x deviation change rate 
signal 126 (DE1), the mole ratio deviation signal 86 (E2) via the dead 
band 120 and the mole ratio deviation change rate signal 90 (DE2) which 
are inputs of conditional statements of the rule 128. 
If the absolute value of a mole ratio deviation signal 86, which is 
obtained by dividing a set mole ratio signal 68 by a predicted mole ratio 
signal 82, is a certain value or less, the signal 86 is cut not to supply 
to the fuzzy controller 126. At the same time, since a differentiator 88 
is on the output side of the dead band 120, a mole ratio deviation change 
rate signal 90 is not also supplied to the fuzzy controller 126. 
Thus, if the absolute value of the mole ratio deviation signal 86 is small, 
the fuzzy controller 126 conducts feedback control based on a NO.sub.x 
deviation signal 50 (E1) and a NO.sub.x deviation change rate signal 124 
(DE1). This further increase the control performance. 
Referring now to FIG. 8, a nitrogen oxide removal control device 30d is 
different from the nitrogen oxide removal control device 30a as shown in 
FIG. 2 in the structure of a mole ratio control system 36. The device 30d 
is provided with a proportional plus integral controller 132 which 
generates a valve opening degree control signal 38 in dependence on a mole 
ratio deviation signal 86. 
In this structure, proportional plus integral control is performed such 
that a set mole ratio signal 68 coincides with a predicted mole ratio 
signal 82. Here, the signal 68 is produced in dependence on a NO.sub.x 
deviation signal 50 and a water injection amount signal 52 by a mole ratio 
setting system, and the signal 82 is produced from an ammonia flow amount 
signal 70, an exhaust gas flow amount signal 72 and a predicted NO.sub.x 
concentration signal 74 of a nitrogen oxide removal device inlet. The same 
effects as those of the nitrogen oxide removal control device 30a as shown 
in FIG. 2 can be obtained. 
Referring now to FIG. 9, a nitrogen oxide removal control device 30e has 
the mole ratio setting system of which the structure is changed in the 
nitrogen oxide removal control device 30d as shown in FIG. 8. The mole 
ratio setting system of the nitrogen oxide removal control device 30e is 
composed of a proportional plus integral controller 134, a feedforward 
controller 136 and an adder 138. The proportional plus integral controller 
134 calculates an ammonia/NO.sub.x mole ratio based on a NO.sub.x 
deviation signal 50. The feedforward controller 136 calculates an 
ammonia/NO.sub.x mole ratio based on a water injection signal 52. The 
adder 138 adds an output of the proportional plus integral controller 134 
to an output of the feedforward controller 136 to supply a set mole ratio 
signal 68. 
The proportional plus integral controller 134 is composed of a proportional 
controller 140, an integral controller 142 and an adder 144. The 
proportional controller 140 does proportional operation of a NO.sub.x 
deviation signal 50. The integral controller 142 integrates an output of 
the proportional controller 140. The adder 144 adds an output of the 
proportional controller 140 to an output of the integral controller 142. 
There are provided contacts 146a, 146b between the proportional controller 
140 and the integral controller 142 and between the feedforward controller 
138 and the adder 136. The contacts 146a, 146b are opened/closed inversely 
with each other. Generally the contact 146a is closed and the contact 146b 
is opened. However, if change in a water injection amount is detected, a 
relay is activated so that the contact 146a is opened and the contact 146b 
is closed. 
Thus, if a water injection amount does not change, the contact 146b is 
opened. A set mole ratio signal 68 is then calculated on the basis of a 
NO.sub.x deviation signal 50 such that a measured NO.sub.x concentration 
(a signal 46) is the same as a set NO.sub.x concentration (a signal 44). 
However, if a water injection amount which immediately influences NO.sub.x 
concentration changes, the contact 146b is closed. Accordingly, a mole 
ratio signal based on a water injection amount signal 52 is added to a set 
mole ratio signal 68, allowing nitrogen oxide removal control to follow up 
the change in a water injection amount with little lag. At this time, 
since control based on a relatively time delayed NO.sub.x deviation signal 
50 is substantially ineffective, the contact 146a is opened. Input to the 
integral controller 142 is cut to prevent unnecessary history from 
remaining in the integral controller 142. 
This structure can also provide a nitrogen oxide removal control apparatus 
with the excellent performance and stability. 
Although the preferred embodiments as shown in the drawings are described 
above, the present invention is not limited thereto. Various changes and 
modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the 
spirit and scope as set in the claims.