Helix current sense system

A magnetic sensor for measuring the helix current of a traveling wave tube (TWT). The sensor includes a helix current sense inductor and a reference inductor. The sense inductor includes windings for receiving the cathode and collector currents of the TWT and for receiving a bias current, and also a sense winding. The cathode and collector currents cause permeability of the core to vary in proportion to the difference between those currents, which is equal to the helix current. The bias current is supplied to the bias winding to compensate the sense inductor for temperature-related permeability variations. The bias current is supplied by the reference inductor which is selected to have magnetic properties which match those of the sense inductor. A plurality of sense inductors in conjunction with one common reference inductor may be used for sensing the respective helix currents in the TWTs in a multi-TWT array.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a current sensing device. It relates more 
particularly to a device for measuring the difference between the currents 
flowing in two wires having a very large voltage difference therebetween, 
such as the collector and cathode circuits of a traveling wave tube, which 
is capable of accurately measuring small current differences over a wide 
range of ambient temperatures. 
In a traveling wave tube (TWT), as is well known, a stream of electrons 
interacts with an electromagnetic wave carried on a helically wound 
conductor, which is generally referred to as the helix. The stream of 
electrons is released from a cathode and travels within the helix toward a 
collector. Those electrons reaching the collector constitute the collector 
current. According to the positive current convention, the collector 
current will be considered herein as flowing from the collector to the 
cathode. 
Those electrons which do not reach the collector, but go astray and impact 
the helix, constitute the helix current. The sum of the helix current and 
the collector current therefore equals the cathode current. 
The helix current is a measure of the quality or effectiveness of the 
operation of a TWT, and should be as low as possible. However, even in a 
very good TWT, a helix current of approximately 0.5 percent of the cathode 
current is present. On the other hand, if the helix current is 15-20 
percent of the cathode current, this is considered marginal or inadequate 
performance for the TWT. Excessive helix current, moreover, must be 
prevented to avoid catastrophic hardware damage. 
It is necessary, therefore, to continually monitor the helix current of the 
TWT to ensure immediate detection of unsafe or undesirably high helix 
current levels, say, above about 8 to 12 percent of the cathode current. 
However, helix current sensing is rendered difficult by the large 
potential differences encountered in the TWT. For example, in a typical 
miniature TWT the cathode electrode will operate at a voltage of 
approximately -4,000 volts and the collector at a potential of 
approximately +2,000 volts with respect to the cathode, that is, an 
absolute level of -2,000 volts. Moreover, because of radio frequency 
design considerations the helix itself is held at ground potential, that 
is, at approximately 4,000 volts above the cathode voltage. 
The high voltages in the TWT prevent the employment of ordinary electronic 
techniques for measuring the helix current. In the special case where a 
system employs only a single TWT, the helix current can be measured 
directly, since it is the current that flows in the ground terminal of the 
power supply of the TWT. In many systems, however, a plurality of TWTs are 
used. For example, in phased array systems and in many airborne radars and 
similar devices, arrays of TWTs are used. Conventional techniques are not 
able to measure the individual helix current of each TWT. 
Helix currents can be measured indirectly, however, by subtracting the 
measured collector current from the measured cathode current, since the 
current that flows at the cathode electrode equals the collector current 
plus the helix current. 
To indirectly detect a helix current by this method, in a high voltage 
environment, prior art techniques have employed the inherent physical 
properties of a magnetic device having a core and at least two windings, 
which develops a magnetic flux in response to an applied current. The flux 
that is produced in such a magnetic device is related to the number of 
turns in its windings and the current through the windings. Such technique 
is particularly useful, since the windings of a magnetic device can easily 
be insulated to withstand the large voltage differences within the TWT 
power supply. A magnetic flux indicative of a helix current can be 
produced by employing two identical, electrically isolated windings with 
oppositely directed current flows. The resulting flux will be related to 
the difference between the two currents. To measure helix current, the 
cathode and collector currents of the TWT are applied to such a device, 
producing a flux which is proportional to the helix current. The flux, in 
turn, may be sensed by measuring the inductance of a sense winding on the 
device. This technique is based on the fact that the flux influences the 
permeability of the magnetic core of the device, and the permeability in 
turn determines, by a known function, the inductance of the sense 
windings. 
However, in practice it is difficult to reliably relate a flux to an 
inductance by this method, since permeability varies according to several 
factors, including core material, flux density, and temperature. 
Typically, pemeability varies by a factor of 3:1 over a temperature range 
of -55.degree. C. to +125.degree. C., which is the temperature range over 
which TWTs must operate in many applications. 
Therefore, although magnetic devices can be adapted to operate in the 
high-voltage environment of TWTs, their usefulness as helix current 
indicators over extended temperature ranges is severely limited. 
Another limitation of prior art techniques is that they have principally 
employed an "incremental" approach, in which the magnetic device is 
operated in magnetic saturation for all currents except a narrow band of 
current levels in the vicinity of a predetermined desired helix current. 
Such predetermined helix current level will be referred to herein as a 
helix trip current, since it is the current limit above which an alarm is 
triggered to indicate an impending tube failure or other operational 
problem. 
A magnetic device follows a magnetization curve which varies between 
negative and positive saturation levels in response to respective negative 
and positive currents that pass therethrough. The incremental approach 
uses the changing magnetic flux of the device as it passes between 
negative and positive saturation through the non-saturated region to 
produce an electrical pulse, which is processed by sensing circuitry to 
indicate that the trip helix current has been passed. In order to obtain a 
substantial pulse, such techniques employ a high rate of change of 
magnetic flux. 
This method can employ windings having many turns to give very sensitive 
sensing of helix currents at or near the trip current point. However, the 
method is disadvantageous in that for a very rapid rise in helix current, 
which can easily occur in the TWT in normal operation, such as when an arc 
occurs or when a TWT becomes "gassy", the trip point may be passed so 
rapidly that the circuitry fails to respond. A sufficient degree of 
high-frequency response cannot easily be provided. Further, this method 
does not solve the problem of the large magnetic permeability variations 
over temperature noted above. Also, the incremental method cannot provide 
a reading of the actual helix current. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, an important feature of the present invention is to provide a 
current sensing device for sensing the helix current to a TWT which 
provides a reliable indication of the helix current over an extended 
temperature range. The sensing device includes magnetic material and 
associated electrical conductors. The magnetic material and conductors may 
advantageously form one or more toroidal inductors. The cathode and 
collector currents of the TWT are caused to flow in opposite directions 
through the sensing device to generate a flux in the magnetic material 
which is related to the difference between the cathode and collector 
currents, which equals the helix current. The helix current is then 
detected by indirectly sensing the magnetic flux in the magnetic material. 
The readable magnetization range employed in the invention is not limited 
to a narrow band of helix currents as in the prior art, but extends from 
zero helix current to about 50 percent above the desired maximum helix 
current. Thus, the sensing technique of the invention is not an 
incremental encoding technique as in the prior art, but rather, because of 
its extended sensing range, is advantageously an absolute encoding 
technique. 
To compensate for temperature-induced magnetic permeability fluctuations, 
means are provided for passing an additional bias current through the 
sensing device, for example on a separate bias winding, which modifies the 
permeability of the magnetic material by changing the total flux. The 
value of the bias current is controlled to change with temperature, such 
that for a given value of helix current, constant permeability is 
maintained. 
For example, it is a property of magnetic material, otherwise suitable for 
this purpose, that its permeability increases with decreasing temperatures 
and decreases as more current is applied to its windings. Therefore, as 
the ambient temperature decreases, the bias current may be increased to 
counteract the effect of this temperature variation. Thus, in a system 
which incorporates the invention, any observed change in permeability will 
unambiguously indicate a change in helix current. Thus, with the 
invention, an absolute and reliable indication of helix current may be 
obtained by sensing magnetic permeability as an indication of 
current-generated magnetic flux. 
The current sensing device further includes means for measuring the 
permeability of the magnetic material and for producing an electrical 
signal which is representative thereof. It is particularly useful to 
employ a sense winding which is wound on the magentic material. As is well 
known, the inductance of the sense winding is proportional to the 
permeability of the core. Because of the above-described biasing 
arrangement, the permeability is compensated for temperature changes, so 
as to be determined substantially only by helix current. Thus, the 
inductance too is determined substantially only by the helix current. 
Relying on this principle, an alternating current is passed through the 
sense winding to sense the inductance. The resulting voltage drop across 
the inductance of the sensing winding is the desired indirect measurement 
of the helix current. 
According to one embodiment of the invention, an overall sensing system 
includes a sensor magnetic device and associated windings, and a reference 
magnetic device and associated windings. The two devices preferably 
contain magnetic toroids, each forming an inductor with its respective 
windings. 
The windings of the reference inductor include a reference winding to which 
is supplied a constant reference current having a fixed relationship with 
the helix trip current, a bias winding which is coupled to a bias current 
generator for receiving a bias current therefrom and passing the bias 
current on to the bias winding of the sense inductor, and a sense winding 
for sensing the permeability of the reference inductor. 
The windings of the sense inductor include cathode and collector windings 
which carry respectively the cathode and collector currents, a bias 
winding to which is supplied the bias current from the reference inductor, 
and a sense winding for sensing the permeability of the sense inductor. 
The sense winding of the reference inductor produces a reference output 
voltage which is supplied to the bias current generator. As the ambient 
temperature changes, the reference output voltage will also tend to 
change. The bias current generator will, however, respond by altering the 
bias current to the reference inductor to maintain the reference output 
voltage constant. Hence the flux in the reference inductor and its 
permeability are also maintained at a constant value which depends only on 
the constant reference current, and is not affected by temperature 
changes. 
The sense and reference inductors are selected to have closely matched 
magnetic characteristics. Since the same bias current flows in both 
inductors, the sense inductor is also temperature-compensated. Thus, any 
change in the permeability of the sense inductors is attributable 
substantially only to a change in the helix current. Sensing the 
inductance of the sense winding of the sense inductor yields, therefore, 
an indication of the helix current. 
According to another aspect of the present invention, a common oscillator 
is provided for supplying the alternating current to the sense windings of 
both the reference and sense inductors. In this manner, the currents in 
the respective sense windings are normalized. Means may also be provided 
for controlling the bias current generator in response to the oscillator 
amplitude, so as to compensate the system for any change in the oscillator 
amplitude. 
According to another aspect, a comparator may be included to provide a 
logic level indication whenever the helix current exceeds a predetermined 
value. A voltage divider and associated peak detecting circuit may be used 
with the sense winding to provide to the comparator a DC voltage 
representative of the helix current. 
In multi-TWT systems, effective monitoring of the helix current of each TWT 
is obtained by providing a respective sense inductor for each TWT and a 
comparator for detecting excessive current in each TWT. A single reference 
inductor and an electronic block consisting of a reference current 
generator, a bias current generator and an oscillator is sufficient for 
driving the sense inductors of a plurality of TWTs. This is possible 
because all of the magnetic components are preselected to possess matching 
magnetic properties. 
In a particularly effective embodiment, the sense inductor and the 
reference inductor each include first and second toroids which are located 
close to one another. The sense winding is wound around the first toroid 
in a first direction and then over the second toroid in an opposite 
direction to insure that as a current passes through the sense winding, it 
creates within the two toroids flux densities which compensate one 
another. On the other hand, all the other windings are advantageously 
wound on both toroids as a unit. The currents which are passed through the 
sense winding are set at values substantially below the helix current, to 
lessen any magnetic influence of the sense winding on the permeability of 
the toroids. It has been discovered that with the double-toroid embodiment 
described above, a sense current up to about 10-30 percent of the helix 
current may be applied to the sense winding without changing the 
permeability more than about 4 percent of the value resulting from the 
helix current alone, depending on the specific application. 
The invention permits the use of sensing circuitry having substantially 
narrower bandwith than in the prior art, since the relevant currents 
change more slowly. Thus the "false alarm rate" caused by high-frequency 
noise, particularly in electrically noisy environments, is substantially 
lower than with prior systems. 
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be 
learned from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments 
of the invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art arrangement of a pair of TWTs and 
appropriate power supplies. A first TWT 10 includes a cathode electrode 
12, a collector electrode 14, and a helix 16. The helix 16 is a helically 
wound conductor which is positioned between but not connected to the 
cathode 12 and the collector 14. The helix 16 is connected to ground 
potential through line 18. 
A stream of electrons 20 is emitted from the cathode electrode 12 toward 
the collector electrode 14. As already noted, optimal TWT operation is 
indicated when only a small percentage of the stream of electrons 20 
impinge upon the helix 16, most of the electrons being captured by the 
collector electrode 14. 
Typically, the cathode electrode 12 is maintained at a voltage of 
approximately -4,000 volts, and, the collector electrode 14 at a potential 
of approximately +2,000 volts with respect to the cathode; that is, at an 
absolute potential of about -2,000 volts. The voltages for operating the 
TWTs are produced by a cathode power supply 30 having a negative terminal 
47, supplying -4,000 volts, which is connected to the cathode electrode 12 
of TWT 10. The cathode supply 30 also has a positive terminal 49 which is 
connected to ground, and is also connected to the helix 18 of TWT 10. The 
collector supply 22 has its negative output terminal 46 tied and 
referenced to the -4,000 volt cathode supply terminal 47, and its positive 
output (+2,000 volts with respect to the negative terminal 46) tied to the 
TWT collector 14. 
A second TWT 26 has an identical cathode 28, collector 36, and helix 32. 
The second TWT 26 is wired in parallel to the first TWT 10 through lines 
34, 38 and 40. The helix currents within TWT 10 and 26 are indicated by 
arrows 42. The helix current in TWT 10 consists of the cathode current 
minus the collector current. The cathode current flows between the cathode 
terminal 12 and the respective negative terminals 46, 47 of the collector 
supply 22 and the cathode supply 30. Also, a positive collector current 
flows from the positive terminal 24 of the collector power supply 22 into 
the collector electrode 14. Note that although the electron beam travels 
from the cathode electrode to the collector electrode, according to the 
positive convention a positive current is considered to flow in the 
opposite direction. When only a single TWT is used, the helix current 
equals the current that flows through the helix ground return 49 of 
cathode power supply 30. Where, however, more than one TWT is connected to 
the same cathode power supply, the individual helix current in each TWT is 
not directly ascertainable in the ground return line. 
In typical miniature TWTs, the cathode current is of the order of 100-125 
milliamps and the maximum acceptable helix current is of the order of 10 
pecent of that, or approximately 10-15 milliamps. An object of the 
invention is therefore to provide a system for sensing the helix current 
with sufficient accuracy and reliability to insure prompt detection of 
helix currents which exceed a predetermined limit of, for example, 15 
milliamps. Experience has shown that reliable helix current sensing 
requires resolution of the helix current to an accuracy of about 10 
percent of the maximum allowable helix current, or approximately 1 
milliamp in this example. This accuracy should be maintainable despite 
large variations in the cathode and collector voltages of the TWT and the 
other operational voltages thereof. In addition, the extensive usage of 
TWTs in harsh environments requires reliable and accurate sensing of helix 
currents over a temperature range of about -55.degree. C. to +125.degree. 
C. As has been noted, the high TWT voltages do not permit direct 
measurement of the helix current through conventional electronic means. 
FIG. 2 illustrates a known modification of the circuit of FIG. 1, wherein a 
pair of magnetic devices 48, 50 are provided for sensing the helix current 
in the first and second TWTs 10, 26, respectively. The magnetic devices 
48, 50 include respective collector windings 56, 60 and cathode windings 
58, 62 which are wound about cores 51, 53 of magnetic material. As shown 
by arrows 52 and 54, the currents through the windings 56, 68 and 60, 62 
flow in opposite directions. Thus, the flux in core 51, for example, and 
hence its permeability, is related to the helix current, i.e. the net 
current that flows through the windings 56 and 58 of TWT 10. Respective 
sense windings 55, 57 are also provided on the two cores. 
In accordance with the well-known behavior of magnetic materials, as the 
net helix current begins to build up, the magnetization of the core 51 
initially follows the normal magnetization curve A-S shown in FIG. 8, and 
subsequently follows the hysteresis loop S--S'. In the prior art, a rapid 
change of flux accompanies a change of helix current, as the device is 
rapidly driven between positive and negative saturation. Note that most of 
the loop S--S' is nearly vertical. The flux change can be used to generate 
a pulse to indicate whether a predetermined helix current value has been 
exceeded. Alternatively, if desired, an actual value of the helix current 
can be determined over the narrow range of currents between point A (no 
saturation) and point S, which represents maximum saturation of the core 
51. 
However, as has been noted, this approach produces an indication of helix 
current values only over a narrow current range in the immediate vicinity 
of a predetermined trip current. A surge in helix current which passes 
rapidly through the unsaturated region of the core can be missed by 
detection circuitry. Further, this method does not provide an absolute 
measurement of helix current over an extended temperature range. 
FIG. 3 is a plot of the permeability of a core 51, 53 versus temperature 
and relative net current in the windings which surround the core, which 
will be used to explain the invention. The abscissa 64 is graduated in 
degrees Celsius and the ordinate axis shows the normalized permeability of 
the core. The permeability of the core at -55.degree. C. with a winding 
current I.sub.DC of 0 milliamps is assumed to represent 100 percent 
permeability. For a winding current of 0, for example, as represented by 
curve 66, the permeability will drop to approximately 42 percent at 
20.degree. C. and to approximately 38 percent at a temperature of 
125.degree. C. The permeability curves at other relative operating 
currents are indicated by curves 68, 70, 72 and 74. 
The relative DC currents shown in FIG. 3 correspond to the helix current 
which flows in the magnetic devices 48 and 50 of FIG. 2. Over the range of 
helix currents of particular interest to the present invention, it has 
been found that pemeability varies by a factor of approximately 3:1 over 
the temperature range of from -55.degree. C. to +125.degree. C. The 
variation in permeability is particularly severe at the lower 
temperatures. For this reason, the prior art has not successfully used a 
measurement based on permeability as an indication of helix current, from 
0 to maximum, over an extended temperature range. 
However, it has been found to be possible to stabilize the permeability of 
an inducator over the entire temperature range of interest, by use of the 
present invention. As represented by the line 76 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, 
an essentially constant permeability characteristic can be achieved over 
the entire temperature range, as follows. Let it be assumed that a 
constant relative helix current of 1 unit flows through the magnetic 
device. At a temperature of -40.degree. C., the curve 68 of FIG. 3 
indicates a permeability of about 60 percent. Various other values of 
permeability exist at other temperatures. 
However, assume that it is desired that this 1 unit of relative helix 
current produce a normalized constant flux of 20 percent in the magnetic 
device. This is found to be achievable by adding an additional winding to 
a device similar to those in FIG. 2, and passing through it a bias current 
having a value which varies with temperature according to the curve 78 of 
FIG. 4. 
As shown, the required bias current has very small values at temperatures 
above 20.degree. C. but it increases rapidly as the temperature drops to 
-55.degree. C. The bias current increases the flux density within the core 
so that the permeability remains constant over the full temperature range. 
For example, at a temperature of -40.degree. C., the bias current is about 
3 relative units. When added to the helix current of 1 unit, this results 
in an effective total DC current of 4 relative units. Referring to FIG. 3, 
the operating point is moved vertically from curve 68 to curve 74, 
resulting in the desired permeability of 20 percent. 
Thus, by superimposing the flux from the bias winding, upon the flux which 
is attributable to the steady state helix current, the permeability of the 
core can be held constant over the full temperature range, for a given 
helix current, here 1 relative unit. If the helix current increases, the 
permeability will fall below the given permeability. Such drop in 
permeability will be solely attributable to the variation in the helix 
current, since the permeability has been compensated for changes in 
temperature. Temperature compensation of permeability, through the 
addition of a bias current, is a central feature of the present invention, 
embodiments of which are shown in FIGS. 5-7. 
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a magnetic device 80 according to an 
embodiment of the invention, which is similar to the device shown in FIG. 
2, but includes means for stabilizing its magnetic pemeability over 
temperature. To this end, the temperature-stabilized magnetic device 80 
includes a magnetic core 82 upon which are wound a plurality of windings. 
These windings include a cathode winding 84 which is connected between the 
cathode electrode 12 of the TWT 10 and the negative terminals 46, 47 of 
the power supplies 22 and 30, respectively. They further include a 
collector windings 86 which is connected between the collector electrode 
14 and the positive terminal 24 of the power supply 22. The arrows 88 and 
90 indicate that the respective currents in these windings flow in 
opposite directions. The windings 84 and 86 magnetize the core to a level 
which is related to the helix current and establish the magnetic 
permeability of the core at a corresponding level. 
A bias winding 92 is wound on the core 82 and is supplied with a bias 
current 78 determined according to a function such as that described above 
and illustrated in FIGS. 3-4. The bias winding biases the flux density in 
the core 82 such that, as has been noted, the permeability of the core 
remains substantially constant for a given helix current at any 
temperature, as shown by the straight line 76 in FIG. 4. The means for 
generating the bias current will be described further below. 
To measure permeability of the core 82, an inductor comprising a sense 
winding 94 on the core 82 is provided. The inductance of an inductor is 
proportional to the permeability of its associated magnetic material. To 
measure this inductance, the sense winding 94 is connected in series with 
a resistor 96 to form a voltage divider consisting of resistor 96 and the 
inductance of the sense winding. The inductor 94 and the resistor 96 are 
interconnected at a node 102. The free end of sense winding 94 is 
connected to ground, and the free end of resistor 96 is connected to an 
excitation terminal 98. 
An AC signal is applied between the excitation terminal 98 and ground 
terminal 100. An AC signal appears at the node 102 whose amplitude is 
directly related to the inductance of the sense winding 94, and hence to 
the helix current. This voltage is sensed by a peak detector 104 which 
includes a series connection of a diode CR1, and a capacitor C. The peak 
detector rectifies the voltage at node 102 and produces a DC voltage at a 
sense terminal 106 (connected to the junction between diode CR1 and 
capacitor C), which is proportional to the peak level of the AC signal at 
node 102 and therefore representative of helix current. 
Several considerations are important for proper operation of the helix 
current sensor shown in FIG. 5. First, the currents that flow in the sense 
winding 94 should by only a small fraction of the net value of the other 
currents in the core 82 to ensure that the permeability of the magneic 
device is not significantly affected by the measurement procedure. Second, 
the number of turns in the sense winding should be selected to provide 
sufficient measurement sensitivity for helix currents which range from 
negligible values to approximately 50 percent over the trip helix current. 
The trip helix current is a helix current value which is selected to 
indicate an alarm condition; for example, 15 milliamps in a typical 
miniature TWT. Third, the voltage divider 104 should use relatively small 
components with values which do not produce excessive heat dissipation and 
electrical driving constraints. 
Advantageously, the cathode, collector, and bias windings have an equal 
number of turns, and the ratio of the number of turns in the sense winding 
to said equal number of terms is in the range of about 4:1 to 20:1, a 
particularly useful ratio being about 8:1. 
In a helix current sensing system, the following construction of the core 
82 and the windings 84, 86, 92, 94 has been found to provide all of the 
above-noted features. As shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b, the magnetic core 82 is 
formed of two toroids 108 and 110. Referring to FIG. 7a, the sense winding 
94 includes a first winding section 112 which is wound, for example, 
clockwise around the upper toroid 108. A second winding section 114 is 
wound along the lower toroid 110, in the opposite direction, i.e. 
counterclockwise. Thereafter, the upper and the lower toroids 108, 110 are 
placed coaxially next to one another, as shown in FIG. 7b. 
Next, the bias winding 116 is wound around both toroids, with both toroids 
being enclosed as a unit within each turn of the bias winding. The number 
of turns of the bias winding depends on the specific application. It 
should be sufficient for the ampere-turns of developed flux to place the 
toroids in a nonlinear range near their early saturation region. The sense 
winding should have 5-10 times as many turns, in order to give good 
sensitivity for small sense currents. 
The inductor and bias windings 94 and 116, it should be noted, carry low 
voltages. The cathode and collector windings (not shown in FIG. 7b), on 
the other hand, are at very high potentials (-4,000 and -2,000 volts, 
respectively, in this example). The cathode and collector windings are 
wound in the same manner as the bias winding 116, employing suitable 
insulation. 
The cathode and collector windings are constructed of a heavy gauge wire, 
which is important for carrying the large currents that flow in the 
cathode and the collector. A significantly larger number of conductor 
turns is used in the sense winding, which produces the desired high degree 
of current resolution over the full range of helix currents. Also, the 
manner of winding the sense winding 94, first in one direction on the 
first toroid 108 and then in an opposite direction on the second toroid 
110, produces opposing magnetic flux in the upper and lower toroids which, 
because of their proximity, tend to compensate one another. It has been 
found that the sense winding 94 as described above results in 6 to 10 
times greater precision in current sensing than in comparable arrangements 
where such opposed polarity windings are not used. 
In operation, very favorable results were obtained when the excitation 
voltage consisted of a high frequency sinusoidal input which was applied 
to the inductor winding 94 through a large value resistor 96. The current 
flowing in the sense winding 94 is advantageously about 10 to 30 percent 
of the DC helix current. Such current level has been found to have very 
little effect on the permeability of the magnetic core. Thus, very 
reliable measurement of the permeability of the magnetic core is obtained. 
An overall block diagram of a sense system which can be used for sensing 
the helix current of a plurality of TWTs, and for producing an alarm 
signal when the helix current of any one of the TWTs exceeds a 
predetermined value, appears in FIG. 6. 
This system includes an array of N TWTs, only three of these being shown. 
Each TWT is associated with a respective magnetic current sensing device 
80-1, 80-2, . . . , 80-N and a respective comparator 118-1, 118-2, . . . , 
118-N. The magnetic current sensing devices 80-l through 80-N will be 
referred to collectively as the magnetic current sensing devices 80. 
Similarly, the comparators 118-l through 118-N will be referred to 
collectively as the comparators 118. The magnetic sensing devices 80 are 
identical to the magnetic device 80 shown in FIG. 5, and the terminal 
input legends 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, etc., denote identical terminals in both 
Figures. Note that while the present invention is particularly useful with 
multiple-TWT systems, it is equally operable with a single TWT. 
The system further includes a reference magnetic device 124 which is 
preferably, but not necessarily, constructed in the same way as the device 
80. 
The ability of the present invention to achieve its objects with the system 
shown in FIG. 6 is based on the following important principle. Referring 
to FIG. 3, it is seen that a core in a typical inductor exhibits large 
permeability variations which are dependent both on the current in 
associated windings and on the temperature of the core. However, the 
permeability curves of a given core are very regular and decrease 
monotonically. Also, these curves are repeatable as a function of both DC 
current magnetization and temperature. 
Not only are the curves repeatable over temperature, but further the shapes 
of the curves are surprisingly similar as the current changes, although 
the magnitude of permeability may change as much as .+-.30 percent. Tests 
have shown that cores can be grouped into batches which have relatively 
closely matched permeability curves. It is possible to group cores into 
batches wherein the permeability curves of the cores in each batch do not 
vary by more than .+-.5 percent, which is more than adequate accuracy for 
helix current measurement. 
Matching of magnetic cores is hindered because the hysteresis of the 
magnetic materials and their recent magnetization history affects the 
measurement of permeability. However, such variations can be compensated 
by determining a means permeability of each core based on multiple 
measurements of the permeability of the core, and employing the mean 
permeability value for purposes of grouping cores into batches. This 
method substantially improves the matching of the cores and thus the 
consistency of operation of a device such as the system of FIG. 6. The 
various cores in the helix current measurement system of FIG. 6 should be 
selected to the greatest extent possible to exhibit identical magnetic 
properties. 
The structure and operation of the sense system of FIG. 6 will now be 
described. Each magnetic device 80 is connected to its associated TWT as 
follows. The cathode of the TWT is wired to terminal 2A of device 80 and 
the cathode current returns through terminal 2B to a common power supply 
126. The collector current of the TWT flows through terminals 3B and 3A 
from the power supply 126 to the TNT (not shown). The bias windings, 
located between terminals 4A and 4B (see also FIG. 5), of all of the 
magnetic devices 80 are connected in series. For example, terminal 4B of 
the first magnetic device 80-1 is connected to terminal 4A of the second 
magnetic device 80-2, and so on. Terminal 4B of the last magnetic device 
80-N is connected to ground. Thus, the same bias current will flow through 
all the magnetic devices. 
The bias current for all the bias windings is supplied through a line 129. 
This line is connected to the reference magnetic device 124, which is 
arranged as follows. The input to terminal 2A of the reference magnetic 
device (the cathode winding in device 80) is supplied with a constant 
reference current by a reference current generator 128 which in turn is 
driven by a reference DC voltage generator 130. The reference current has 
a fixed relationship to the selected trip helix current, and may be equal 
to the trip helix current. 
Terminals 1A, 1B and 1C of the reference magnetic dvice 124 are connected 
to a sense winding 94, resistor 96, and peak detection circuit 104 as 
shown in FIG. 5. An oscillator 132 supplies a constant-amplitude 
sinusoidal excitation signal to terminal 1A of the reference magnetic 
device 124, which generates a generally constant DC voltage output at 
terminal 1C. Advantageously, a high frequency signal is employed, of the 
order of 50 kHz. The RMS magnitude of the oscillator current may usefully 
be about 10-30 percent of the helix current. The DC output from sense 
terminal 1C is supplied to bias current generator 134, which constantly 
monitors this output. 
The bias current generator 134 is operative to keep the output at sense 
terminal 1C constant, as follows. The bias current generator 134 receives 
a peak detector reference voltage from a peak detector reference generator 
142. The latter receives the constant AC signal from oscillator 132, 
detects its peak, and generates the reference voltage for the bias current 
generator. The reference voltage is a function of said peak, in order to 
compensate the system for any variation in the oscillator output 
amplitude. The reference voltage also compensates the system for the diode 
voltage drop in each peak detector 104. The same reference voltage is also 
supplied to the comparators on line 144, as will be discussed further 
below. 
As the temperature of the reference magnetic device 124 changes, the 
permeability of the core 82 tends to rise or fall with the temperature. 
The inductance of the winding 94, and hence the output voltage at terminal 
1C, will tend to follow such change in permeability. To compensate for 
this effect, the bias current generator 134 produces a compensatory bias 
current which is fed back by line 136 to terminal 4A of the reference 
magnetic device 124. This compensates for the permeability change and 
brings the sense output voltage at terminal 1C of the reference device 124 
back to its previous level. Thus, the permeability of core 82 in reference 
device 124 is kept constant, irrespective of ambient temperature 
variations. 
Note that all the magnetic devices in the system are subject to the same 
temperature variations, and, as noted above, have been matched to have the 
same permeability. Thus, by supplying all the devices 80 with the same 
bias current as the reference magnetic device, the permeabilities of the 
devices 80 may also be temperature-stabilized Thus, as shown, the bias 
current, from terminal 4B of the reference magnetic device 124, flows 
serially through all the remaining magnetic devices. The permeability of 
the magnetic devices in the system will remain constant over the full 
temperature range so long as a constant helix current flows through them. 
If, however, the helix current of a given TWT changes, that change will 
produce a permeability change in its associated magnetic sensor which can 
be sensed and quantified as follows. 
Referring to magnetic device 80-1, which is connected to TWT #1 (see FIG. 
6), terminal 1A is supplied with the constant AC signal from the 
oscillator 132. This signal produces at sense terminal 1C of device 80-1 a 
voltage which is indicative of the permeability of the core 82 of device 
80-1. If the helix current increases, the sense output voltage at terminal 
1C will decrease, because permeability and hence inductance varies 
inversely as helix current. The output at terminal 1C is connected to a 
negative input 138 of a comparator 118-1. The positive input 140 of the 
comparator 118 is connected to the peak detector reference generator 142 
and receives its reference voltage on line 144. 
Ordinarily, for low helix currents, the inductance of the sense winding 
will be high, resulting in a level at negative input 138 that is higher 
than the reference level at the positive input 140. Accordingly, the 
output of the comparator at terminal 146 is ordinarily low. As, however, 
helix current increases, the output at 1C will fall below the value of the 
reference voltage and the comparator will change state to indicate that 
the helix current has exceeded a predetermined value. The comparator 118 
may be provided by known means with an appropriate delay or hysteresis to 
stabilize its output. 
With the present invention, it will be noted, each TWT requires one 
magnetic device and one comparator only. The remaining circuit blocks, 
such as the reference current and the bias current generators, as well as 
the reference magnetic device 124, are common to all the TWTs. Also, the 
system produces at each comparator an output which indicates, 
independently of all other comparators, the condition of helix current 
within its associated TWT. 
A further, and separately significant, improvement of the invention is that 
the alternating voltage of the oscillator 132 is supplied to all the 
magnetic devices and to the peak detector reference circuit 142 which 
produces the comparator reference voltage on line 144. Further, the level 
on line 144 is employed to stabilize both the bias current generator and 
the comparators. Thus, any change in the level of the oscillator output 
affects both the bias current and the reference voltage to the same 
extent. This reduces measurement errors; and reduces the complexity and 
cost of the required oscillator circuit, since elaborate stabilization is 
not required. 
Although the present invention has been described in connection with 
preferred embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications 
will now become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, 
therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific 
disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.