Self-developing integral film unit

This application discloses novel self-developing film units of the integral type. The film units have spacers or rails positioned between the superposed sheets for controlling the thickness of the applied layer of processing fluid. The rupturable pod is attached to the remainder of the film unit at only one edge, so that it may "float" after the processing fluid has been applied. A spacer is bonded to the mask in the area overlying the pod. The mask may be folded over and around only the leading and trailing ends of the film unit.

This invention relates to photography and more particularly, to novel and 
improved film units of the self-developing type. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Self-developing film units of the integral type, i.e., the film unit is not 
peeled apart to view the final image, have become very popular since the 
introduction of Polaroid SX-70 film in 1972. These film units comprise two 
sheets, i.e., sheet-like elements, held in superposed relationship before, 
during and after exposure and processing (development). A rupturable 
container, or pod, releasably holding a processing composition is mounted 
at one end of the film unit (the leading end), positioned to distribute 
the processing composition between the superposed sheets. A trap to 
receive excess processing fluid is mounted at the opposite, or trailing, 
end of the film unit from the pod. All four edges are sealed to prevent 
leakage of the processing fluid and to help maintain the integrity of the 
developed picture. The assemblage may be held together by a mask having an 
aperture defining the image area. The layers carried on the inner surfaces 
of the two sheets include the appropriate silver halide emulsion layer(s), 
the appropriate image-receiving layer for forming a positive image by 
transfer (unless there is no image transfer, i.e., only a negative image 
is being formed) and the image-providing materials, usually preformed dyes 
or dye intermediates or precursors, and the other components as 
appropriate for the particular image-forming process. When the exposed 
film unit is advanced pod-end first between a pair of pressure-applying 
members, e.g., pressure rollers, the pod is ruptured and the released 
processing fluid is distributed or spread in a thin layer of predetermined 
thickness between the superposed sheets, any excess fluid being collected 
in the trap. The thickness of the applied layer of processing fluid is 
determined, at least in part, by the combined thicknesses of the mask and 
rail, if any, making up the thickness of the lateral border area. Special 
configurations may be given to the rollers to ensure that the processing 
fluid is spread in desired thickness. 
Integral film units of the above type wherein exposure and image viewing 
are effected from the same side of the film unit are described, for 
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,415,644 issued Dec. 10, 1968 to Edwin H. Land, 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,268 issued Mar. 28, 1972 to Albert J. Bachelder and 
Frederick J. Binda, U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,268 issued Sept. 25, 1973 to Edwin 
H. Land and Richard J. Chen, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,248 issued Oct. 26, 
1982 to Thomas P. McCole. Integral film units wherein exposure and 
viewing are effected from opposite sides are described, for example, in 
U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,165 issued Jul. 20, 1971 to Howard G. Rogers, and in 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,395 issued Aug. 16, 1977 to Frederick F. Tone, et al. 
Film units of the type described in the above-noted Land U.S. Pat. No. 
3,415,644 were initially commercialized as Polaroid SX-70 film and have 
included a mask member overlying the positive sheet and extending around 
the four edges of the film unit, as more clearly shown, for example, in 
the above-mentioned McCole U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,248. Spacer elements or 
rails positioned along the lateral edges of the film unit and designed to 
control the thickness of the applied layer of processing composition by 
controlling the spacing apart of the pressure rollers have been positioned 
under the folded-over mask edge, as in the above-noted McCole U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,356,248, or between the superposed sheets, as disclosed in the 
above-noted Bachelder, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,281 (note FIG. 4). 
Film units of the type described in the above noted Tone, et al. U.S. Pat. 
4,042,395 and originally commercialized as Kodak PR-10 film have utilized 
an image area-defining member or mask positioned between the lateral edges 
of the superposed sheets and which was wrapped around the leading and 
trailing ends to form pod and trap areas. In such a construction, the mask 
also may serve as a rail or a separate rail may be utilized in combination 
with the mask and also positioned between the lateral edges of the 
superposed sheets, as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,879 
issued April 12, 1977 to Peter Lermann, et al. and in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,460,255 issued July 17, 1984 to Katsuya Kozai, et al. 
As shown, for example, in the above-noted Land, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 
3,761,268, the photosensitive element may be shorter than the positive 
element. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides self-developing film units of the integral 
type which are not as thick at the pod and trap ends as previous integral 
film units. Improved control of the distribution of the layer of 
processing composition within the film unit is possible. These film units 
incorporate a spacer element mounted on the inner surface of the 
image-carrying sheet over the pod, or to the mask if the image-carrying 
sheet does not cover the pod, and the pod is attached to the mask only at 
the leading end of the pod. Spacers or rails are positioned between the 
superposed sheets along the lateral edges to provide a predetermined 
thickness of processing composition over the image area, and to secure the 
sheets to each other.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
As noted above, FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a film unit 1 of 
the Polaroid SX-70 film type constructed in accordance with this 
invention, while FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively, are diagrammatic 
cross-sections of the trailing or trap end of the film unit 1 and of the 
pod or leading end of the film unit 1 in the area of the laterally 
positioned longitudinal spacers or rails 7a and 7b. Viewing FIGS. 1, 2 and 
3 together, there is shown a transparent positive sheet-like element 5 in 
superposed relationship with a photosensitive or negative sheet-like 
element 9 having an opaque outer support. The two sheets are of the same 
width but different lengths, and are spaced apart by longitudinal spacers 
or rails 7a and 7b laminated to the inner surfaces of the positive and 
negative sheets 5 and 9 along the aligned lateral edges thereof. A pod 11 
is mounted at the leading end of the film unit with the pod's rupturable 
edge seal positioned to release a viscous processing composition contained 
within the pod for distribution between the superposed positive and 
negative sheets 5 and 9. The positive sheet 5 is longer than the negative 
9, and extends over the pod 11 as shown in FIG. 3. At the trailing end of 
the film unit 1 there is positioned a trap, including a trap spacer 
element 17, to collect excess processing fluid, said trap being formed by 
a space after the trailing end of the negative sheet 9 taken in 
combination with the trailing end 3b of the binding element or mask 3 
within which spacer element 17 is positioned. The spacer element 17 is 
secured to the mask trailing end 3b and positioned with its leading edge 
under the trailing end of the negative sheet 9. The mask or binding member 
3 has an aperture 3 c therein defining the image area, and is laminated to 
the outer surface of the transparent positive sheet 5. The longitudinal 
spacers or rails 7a and 7b are laminated to the facing lateral margins of 
the positive and negative. As best seen in FIG. 3, a spacer element 15, 
sometimes referred to as a "pod tape", is laminated at one transverse edge 
to the back of the negative 9 and at the other transverse edge spacer 15 
is laminated to the outer surface of the leading edge 3a of the mask 3 
after it has been folded around the leading edges of the positive and 
negative sheets 5 and 9. A spacer element 13, sometimes referred to as a 
"jump tape", is laminated to the inner surface of the positive sheet 5 
over the pod 11. The spacer element 15 is a little wider than the pod 11, 
providing a gap or space between the rupturable edge seal of the pod 11 
and the leading edge of the negative sheet and this construction 
facilitates application of the processing composition onto the negative 
after the pod is ruptured. The spacer element 13 extends a short distance 
beyond the rupturable edge of the pod 11 and between the negative 9 and 
the positive 5 and prevents the layer of processing fluid being too thin 
at the leading edge of the image area. The rupturable pod is held in 
position by having its leading edge 11a secured to the portion 3a of the 
mask which is folded over or wrapped around the leading end of the film 
unit, and by the longitudinal rails 7a and 7b. Neither the spacer 13 nor 
the spacer 15 is laminated to the rupturable pod 11, thus permitting the 
pod 11 to "float" attached to the mask 3 only by its leading edge 11a. The 
portion of the mask 3 overlying the pod 11 provides a wide border, and may 
be used for holding the print (without touching the image area) and for 
recording information relative to the image if so desired. As a result of 
this novel assembly, the natural handling of the film unit by the wide 
border (pod area) immediately after processing is much less likely to 
cause the negative 9 and the positive 5 to separate and create a visible 
line or bar at the edge of the image as a result of flexing this portion 
of the film unit before processing is completed. 
The mask 3 may comprise a substrate of liquid impermeable aluminized 
polyester or the like, pigmented on one side to provide an attractive 
border for the film unit, and coated on the other side with a suitable 
adhesive, such as poly(ethylene/vinyl acetate) to permit the mask to be 
laminated to the other components of the film unit. Typically, the mask 
material will be quite thin, for example, from 0.0015 to 0.0020 inch in 
thickness. 
In assembling film units of this invention, it is advantageous to laminate 
the mask 3 to the positive sheet 5, then laminate the rails 7a and 7b to 
the positive sheet 5, and then laminate the negative 9 to the rails 7a- 
and 7b. 
An important feature in the assembly of the film unit is that while the 
rails 7a and 7b are adhered along their complete length to the superposed 
sheets, or to the sheets and the mask, the rails are not so adhered across 
their entire width. This construction leaves the inner portions of the 
rails 7a and 7b unattached to either sheet immediately adjacent the image 
area, permitting the processing composition to flow over and under both 
surfaces of the rails until it reaches the laminated portion, thereby 
aiding to obtain complete coverage of the image area by the processing 
composition. Thus, for example, if the width of the mask 3 overlying the 
rails 7a and 7b is approximately 0.200 inch, the inner 0.060 inch wide 
portion of the rail is left unlaminated. The thickness of the rails 7a and 
7b are determined by the desired thickness of the layer of processing 
composition to be applied. 
A suitable material for the inner rails is a composite of 0.0005 inch thick 
condenser tissue paper laminated to both sides of a 0.0014 inch thick 
white polyester with black laminating adhesive, with a thermal-activated 
adhesive coated on the tissue paper, the laminate being about 0.0029 inch 
thick. The polyester is pigmented to prevent light leakage through the 
edge of the film unit. The recited thickness is illustrative only and may 
be thicker or thinner as appropriate for the particular film unit. The 
thermal-activated adhesive coated on each side of the rails may be the 
same or different, as appropriate to obtain effective bonding to the 
surfaces of the sheets 5 and 9. 
While the pod 11 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 as having a single compartment, 
it will be understood that the pod may be divided into several 
compartments, as shown, for example, in the above-noted McCole U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,356,248, and such a construction is preferred. 
Referring now to FIG. 2 showing the trap or trailing end of the film unit 
1, the rails 7a and 7b are adhered to the outer surface of the trailing 
end of the negative sheet 9, the inner surface of the negative sheet 9, 
and the inner surface of the positive sheet 5. In addition, the rails 7a 
and 7b are adhered to the inner surface of the mask 3 and therefore to 
themselves in the area between the trailing end of the negative element 9 
and the trailing end 3b of the mask 3 where it is folded around the 
trailing end of the film unit. The mask 3 also is adhered to the outer 
surface of the negative 9 and to the rails 7a and 7b where they extend and 
adhere to the outer surface of the negative 9. This insures that excess 
processing composition will not leak from the processed film unit. 
The spacer element 17 in the trap as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 is perforated 
to provide apertures constituting about 15 to 25% of the volume occupied 
by the rectangular outline of the spacer 17, thereby providing additional 
space (volume) for excess processing fluid. The spacer element 17 
preferably is one which has been reacted or treated with an acid, e.g., 
citric acid, to provide neutralizing capability with respect to the excess 
processing composition, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,269 issued 
Sept. 25, 1973 to Richard F. Chen. The spacer 17 may be of conventional 
composition, e.g., formed of a fibrous liquid absorbent paper board 
approximately 0.013 inch in thickness. 
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the spacer element 17 is perforated 
only over its central area, with no apertures over approximately the first 
0.5 inch of its length from either end. Since the photosensitive or 
negative element 9 overlies the leading edge of spacer element 17, excess 
processing composition will flow over the solid portions. This permits a 
slightly narrower corresponding and opposed area of the trailing end 3b of 
the mask 3, which would otherwise be adhered to the outer surface of the 
negative 9, to be left unadhered to provide vents for air displaced by the 
spreading of the processing composition. 
From the foregoing description it will be seen that inner rails 7a and 7b 
provide the means for maintaining the lateral margins of the film unit as 
an integral laminate, thereby avoiding any necessity for the mask to be 
folded over and around the lateral edges. The construction of the rails 7a 
and 7b is such that they do not permit the transmission of ambient light 
to the interior of the film unit, thereby preventing unwanted fogging of 
the negative during processing after the film unit has exited the camera. 
As a particular example, the film unit may be approximately 4.0 by 4.1 
inches, overall, with the mask aperture defining a rectangular image area 
approximately 3.6 by 2.9 inches, and the pod positioned along the longer 
dimension of the image area. In such a film unit, the pod may be formed of 
a vinyl coated, paper backed lead foil approximately 1.125 inches wide 
which is folded in half and sealed to form the pod in conventional manner. 
The pod tape or spacer 15 may comprise a laminate of tissue paper to both 
sides of a biaxially oriented polyester approximately 0.00032 inch thick, 
the inner surface of this laminate being coated with an alkali barrier and 
an ethylene/vinyl acetate heat seal adhesive; this spacer 15 may have a 
total thickness of about 0.7 mil and a width of approximately 0.78 inch. 
The jump tape or spacer 13 may comprise a 0.48 mil clear polyester 
laminated on each side to 0.45 mil condenser tissue paper, with an outer 
coating of a urethane type heat seal adhesive, with a total thickness of 
approximately 1.77 mil and a width of approximately 0.78 inch. The rails 
7a and 7b may be about 4.2 inches long, including the folded over portion 
thereof. 
Selection of the several heat sensitive (activated) adhesives will depend 
upon the composition of the layers and surfaces being laminated and the 
conditions of heat and pressure desired to be used during the various 
lamination steps. It will be apparent that those adhesives which may come 
in contact with the processing fluid should resist attack by alkali and 
water. Since the rails 7a and 7b have adhesives on two surfaces, it is 
desirable that they be selected such that the conditions of heat and 
pressure used to activate the first adhesive to be bonded do not also 
activate the second adhesive. Sheets 5 and 9 need not be of the same 
thickness; in the preferred embodiment, the positive sheet 5 is thinner 
and comprises a 2.5-3.0 mil transparent polyester film containing a small 
quantity of anti-light-piping pigment or dye and carrying the 
image-receiving layer, while the negative sheet 9 comprises a 4.0-5.0 mil 
opaque polyester film carrying the various photosensitive and other layers 
customarily included in this component. 
In a modification of the film unit shown in FIG. 4, the positive sheet 5 is 
shorter than in FIG. 1 and of substantially the same length as the 
negative sheet 9. The spacer element 13 is laminated to the mask 3 and now 
acts as an extension of the positive sheet 5, and the spacer 13 in this 
structure therefore is somewhat thicker than in the structure shown in 
FIG. 1. The additional thickness replaces part of the stiffness imparted 
to the film unit by the longer positive sheet 5 in FIG. 1 to facilitate 
feeding the film unit between the pressure rollers. When such a film unit 
is passed between a pair of pressure rollers to rupture the pod 11 and 
distribute the processing composition, the reduced thickness and greater 
flexibility of the spacer element 13, as compared with the support for the 
positive sheet 5, permits greater and more uniform pressure to be applied 
to the pod thereby leaving less processing composition in the pod. This 
greater utilization of the processing composition permits one to put less 
processing composition in the pod initially and still obtain the same 
coverage of processing composition per unit area. In addition, use of the 
spacer element 13 to replace a portion of the positive sheet 5 provides a 
savings in the component cost of the film unit. 
The film structure shown in FIG. 4 also lends itself to the manufacture of 
film units designed to have the pod portion removed from the processed 
film unit since the positive and negative elements 5 and 9 do not extend 
over the pod 11. If such a film unit is desired, appropriate perforations 
may be made in the mask 3, for example, at a point near the inner edge of 
the spacer element 13, with corresponding perforations also in the spacer 
element 15, a short distance from the ends of elements 5 and 9. In this 
modification, the rails 7a and 7b would terminate just before or at the 
perforations. Alternatively, the perforations may be so positioned that 
spacer 13 and spacer 15 both are removed. After the pod portion is 
detached, the resulting "open" edge of the film unit at the point of 
detachment may be sealed, e.g., by a pressure sensitive or 
alkali-activated adhesive on one or both of the facing surfaces, thereby 
protecting the integrity of the developed film unit and also preventing 
fluid leakage from this area. 
While the above description of preferred embodiments of this invention have 
been with reference to film units of the general type described in the 
above-noted Land U.S. Pat. No. 3,415,644, it will be expressly understood 
that similar films units may be constructed utilizing the arrangement of 
layers described in the above-noted Rogers U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,165 without 
departing from the scope of this invention. 
While the mask 3 has been described in connection with FIGS. 1 through 4 as 
including extensions 3a and 3b extending around and under the leading or 
pod end and the trailing or trap end of the film unit, it will be 
understood that the mask 3 also may be provided with extensions to fold 
over and under the two remaining (lateral) edges of the film unit, e.g., 
in a manner analogous to that shown in the above-noted McCole U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,356,248, if desired for appearance purposes. In this event, the 
thickness of the inner rail may be reduced to compensate for the extra 
thickness resulting from the folded-over mask. 
While the invention has been described with illustrative reference to the 
details of specific embodiments, many changes and variations will be 
apparent to those skilled in the art, and such can obviously be made 
without departing from the scope of the invention.