Method of making spunbonded webs from linear low density polyethylene

Spunbonded nonwoven webs having excellent properties, particularly softness, can be made from linear low density polyethylene having a critical combination of certain key properties. These properties are percent crystallinity, cone die melt flow, die swell, relation of die swell to melt index, and polymer uniformity. The polyethylene is extruded through a spinneret at a temperature between about 185.degree. and 215.degree. C. and drawn through an air gun to form the spunbonded web.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Sponbonded nonwoven webs have been produced commercially for many years. As 
taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,618, they are made by extruding a molten 
thermoplastic polymer through a spinneret to form an array of closely 
spaced filaments. The filaments are drawn aerodynamically by means of an 
air gun (also known as an aspirator jet or a pneumatic jet). Air at a 
pressure of between about ten and twenty atmospheres is introduced into 
the air gun to produce a supersonic flow of a column of air that surrounds 
the filaments and draws them at a rate of between about 3000 and 8000 
meters per minute. The drawn filaments are then deposited on a web-forming 
surface, such as an endless moving belt, where they form a web of 
entangled continuous filaments lightly bonded at their crossover points. 
The web may be further bonded, if desired, by passing it through the nip 
of a pair of heated embossing rolls. 
Although prior patents relating to the spunbond process generally teach 
that any polyolefin may be employed as the thermoplastic polymer, prior to 
this invention commercially acceptable results were obtained only with 
polypropylene and high density polyethylene homopolymer as the polyolefin. 
It would be desirable to form a spunbonded web from a low density 
polyethylene because of its softer feel, but conventional low density 
polyethylene does not have adequate melt strenth to form drawn filaments. 
Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) would be expected to provide 
better results than conventional low density polyethylene, but initial 
attempts to use LLDPE were not successful because the polymer had 
inadequate melt strength, i.e., the filaments broke as they were drawn. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with this invention, spunbonded nonwoven webs having 
excellent properties can be made in an efficient process using LLDPE 
having certain key properties. These properties are percent crystallinity, 
cone die melt flow, die swell, the relation of die swell to melt index, 
and polymer uniformity as measured by the breadth of the melting peak. 
Percent crystallinity is determined by measuring the enthalpy of fusion 
using a differential scanning calorimeter. The enthalpy of fusion of the 
LLDPE employed in this invention is at least 23 calories/gram and 
preferably is between about 30 and 40 calories/gram. Assuming 100 percent 
crystalline polyethylene has an enthalpy of fusion of 69 calories/gram, 
the percent crystallinity of the LLDPE employed in this invention is at 
least 33 percent and the preferred range is 43 to 58 percent. 
The enthalpy is measured at a scan rate of ten degrees Celsius per minute. 
The integration begins just before the first detectable deviation from the 
base line and continues until the base line is reached again. After an 
initial low melting shoulder to the major peak and at between about 
100.degree. and 110.degree. C. (corrected for thermal lag) there is an 
increase in the sloper of the thermogram as the major peak is recorded. 
The breadth of the melting peak, determined at ten percent of the major 
peak height, is called the peak width, which is regarded as a measure of 
the uniformity of polymer branching. The peak width is preferably less 
than about 25 degrees for the LLDPE employed in this invention. 
The calorimetry sample is prepared by extruding the polymer usng ASTM 
D1238-82, condition 190/2.16, and then conditioning the extrudate in 
accordance with ASTM D2839-69 before cutting a 6.5 mg section 6 mm from 
the leading end as the sample. However, I have found that polymers that 
are undesirably nonuniform will have even broader peak widths if a second 
scan is obtained after holding the sample in the calorimeter at 
160.degree. C. for five minutes and then allowing the sample to cool at 
35.degree. C. at five degrees per minute before the peak width is measured 
again. 
Melt index is measured in accordance with ASTM D1238-82, condition 
190/2.16. In this invention the melt index of the LLDPE is preferably 
between about 25 and 40, more preferably between about 30 and 36 grams/ten 
minutes. 
Cone die melt flow is measured in the same manner as melt index except the 
internal configuration of the die through which the polymer is extruded is 
in the shape of a cone having an angle of ninety degrees, an exit orifice 
having a diameter of 2.0955 mm (.+-.0.0051 mm), and an entrance orifice 
having a diameter equal to the diameter of the die described in ASTM 
D1238-82. The total load, including the piston, is 775 grams. In this 
invention the cone die melt flow is preferably between about 65 and 85 
grams/ten minutes. 
The square of the ratio of the thickness of the filament extruded in the 
cone die melt flow measurement to the diameter of the orifice through 
which it was extruded is referred to herein as the die swell. The die 
swell is measured in accordance with the following method. A tall beaker 
is placed under the melt indexer so that the top of the beaker is against 
the melt index cylinder. The beaker contains a silicone fluid, such as Dow 
Corning 200 fluid, at ambient temperature. The liquid level is 5 cm from 
the top of the beaker. A cut is made when the second scribe mark of the 
piston enters the cylinder. Just before the leading end of the strand of 
the extrudate touches the bottom of the beaker, the beaker is lowered and 
removed. A second cut may be made fifteen seconds after the first cut, 
with intervening extrudate being allowed to accumulate. After the strand 
is removed from the beaker and wiped with a soft towel, its diameter 6 mm 
from the leading end is measured at five points around the circumference 
at equal intervals (72.degree.). The five measurements are averaged and 
divided by the diameter of the exit orifice. This ratio is then squared. 
In this invention the die swell of the LLDPE is between about 1.50 and 
1.95, preferably between about 1.60 and 1.85. The ratio of the natural 
logarithm of the die swell to the melt index is between about 0.014 and 
0.020, preferably between about 0.016 and 0.017. This ratio is closely 
related to that which is known in the art as the relaxation time. 
As is the case for all polymers used for melt spinning, the properties of 
the LLDPE, as described above, should not vary substantially throughout 
the lot. 
LLDPE has a molecular structure which is characterized by the substantial 
absence of long chain branching. In contrast, conventional low density 
polyethylene has substantial long chain branching. LLDPE also has a 
significantly higher melting point (typically 120.degree.-135.degree. C.) 
than conventional low density polyethylene (typically 
105.degree.-115.degree.). Conventional low density polyethylene is 
sometimes referred to as high pressure polyethylene because it is produced 
at high pressures. LLDPE, on the other hand, is produced commercially at 
low pressures in a gas phase process. However, LLDPE may also be produced 
in a liquid phase solution process. Various alpha-olefins are typically 
copolymerized with ethylene in producting LLDPE. The alpha-olefins, which 
preferably have 4 to 8 carbon atoms, are present in the polymer in an 
amount of up to about ten percent by weight. The most typical comonomers 
are butene, hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and octene. The comonomer 
influences the density of the polymer, which is preferably less than about 
0.955 grams per cubic centimeter. 
In forming the spunbonded web in accordance with this invention, the LLDPE 
is preferably extruded at a temperature between about 185.degree. and 
215.degree. C., more preferably between about 190.degree. and 205.degree. 
C.

The following example represents the best mode contemplated for practicing 
the invention. 
EXAMPLE 
Spunbonded nonwoven webs are made from LLDPE (copolymer of ethylene and 
octene) having a die swell of 1.72, a cone die melt flow of 72, a melt 
index of 32, an enthalpy of fusion of 36 calories/gram (corresponding to a 
percent crystallinity of 52), and a density of 0.949. The ratio of the 
natural logarithm of the die swell to the melt index is 0.0169. The LLDPE 
is extruded at a temperature of about 200.degree. C. through a spinneret 
to form an array of closely spaced filaments. The spinneret has 756 
orifices, each of which has a diameter of 0.6 mm. The mass flow rate is 
about 1.25 grams/minute/orifice. The extruded filaments are drawn by air 
guns (draw nozzles) as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,322,027 at a rate of 4020 
meters per minute. The air gun is operated at a pressure of about eleven 
atmospheres. The filaments are deposited on a moving endless belt to form 
a spunbonded web of continuous filaments. The web has excellent 
properties, particularly hand, softness and drape.