Mixed-material multispectral staring array sensor

A multispectral staring array comprises, amongst other things, at least two sensors where each sensor is adapted to detect an image in a different predetermined spectral sensitivity; a first lens to focus capture spectral bands; a spectral filter between the lens and the sensors to subdivide the incident spectral bands; and a second lens to direct and focus the subdivided incident spectral bands on each of the sensors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Multispectral imaging systems collect and record electromagnetic energy in multiple distinct spectral bands, including light from the visible and near-infrared (VNIR), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) wavelengths of the spectrum. The resulting imagery is displayed by combining the spectral band information into one or many channels to form a grayscale or color representation of the image. Multispectral imaging devices are a class of spectrometers that record energy in many discrete spectral bands simultaneously on an image sensor at a multitude of spatial picture elements, called pixels. Standard broadband imagers record one value at each pixel for all the detected incident energy across a wide spectrum, and create an image in two spatial dimensions from a two-dimensional array of detectors. Multispectral imaging devices differ from standard broadband imagers by creating an image with an additional spectral dimension. Each multispectral pixel may have tens or hundreds of wavelength values recorded where each value is considered a subpixel. A staring array is one type of imaging device where two-dimensional array of detector elements at a focal plane captures energy in selected spectral bands so that an image can be directly constructed from the pixels and subpixels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to a multispectral staring array. The multispectral staring array comprises at least two sensors, each sensor adapted to detect an image in a different predetermined spectral sensitivity, and positioned on an image plane wherein the image planes are neither coplanar with nor parallel to each other; a first lens to focus incident spectral bands; a spectral filter between the first lens and the at least two sensors wherein the spectral filter is configured to subdivide the incident spectral bands; and a second lens configured to direct and focus the subdivided incident spectral bands on each of the at least two sensors.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In the background and the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technology described herein. It will be evident to one skilled in the art, however, that the exemplary embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and device are shown in diagram form in order to facilitate description of the exemplary embodiments.

The exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the drawings. These drawings illustrate certain details of specific embodiments that implement the technology described herein. However, the drawings should not be construed as imposing any limitations that may be present in the drawings.

Technical effects of the multispectral staring array disclosed in the embodiments include greatly reducing the complexity of a sensing system that needs to gather both visible and infrared light. The consolidation of sensors reduces optical complexity and allows for the creation of a single multifunction semiconductor. Consequently, a multispectral imaging device implementing the staring array disclosed in the embodiments can be built into a smaller form factor with decreased weight and power requirements than its conventional counterpart. Additionally, the integration of different sensor types into a single semiconductor as disclosed in the embodiments of the current invention conserve the total light power available to the system that is typically lost due to complex light splitting techniques. By integrating sensors with different spectral sensitivities on a single semiconductor chip, the multispectral image device embodied in the present invention can form substantially real-time high dynamic range imagery. Finally, the embodiments of the multispectral staring array maintain sampling coherency.

FIG. 1illustrates a multispectral staring array10according to one embodiment of the present invention. The multispectral staring array10detects an image of an object12based upon the intensities of a set of bandwidths of the electromagnetic energy reflected or radiated from the object12. The multispectral staring array10includes elements to isolate and detect spectral bands with varying spectral sensitivity. Spectral sensitivity is the relative efficiency of detection of light as a function of the light's wavelength. The bandwidth of the detected light is determined by the span of wavelengths where the spectral sensitivity is not zero. Elements of the multispectral staring array that may affect the spectral sensitivity of the detected incident light include spectral filters20,22, lenses such as microlens arrays24,26, and sensors28,30. The sensors are preferably mixed-material sensors capable of detecting light in wavelengths from multiple portions of the VNIR, UV and IR spectra. Alternatively, each sensor may be capable of detecting light in wavelengths from a single portion of the VNIR, UV and IR spectra. In this implementation, additional spectra may be detected by adding additional sensors. Additionally, the multispectral staring array10includes image forming optical elements that may include a lens14and a mirror16. It is understood that the number and arrangement of the optical elements in the multispectral staring array may differ depending upon the implementation.

The array10includes an input aperture such as a lens14. The lens14is configured to collect incident electromagnetic energy. As shown inFIG. 1, electromagnetic energy is transmitted through the lens14to a mirror16. The electromagnetic energy is reflected by the mirror16and passes through a spectral filter22. Because the spectral filter's wavelength response varies as a function of location, the spectral filter22is configured to subdivide the broadband electromagnetic energy into a set of spectral bands.

The subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy then arrive at a microlens array26. Each microlens of the microlens array26directs and focuses the subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy onto the sensor28as shown by the set of rays such as32and34from the microlens array26to the sensor28. The sensor28is positioned on an image plane40to the spectral filter22. The sensor28is an array of detectors where each detector may be configured to detect electromagnetic energy of a spectral band with a predetermined spectral sensitivity.

The configuration of the spectral filter22, microlens array26and the sensor28is such that each detector in the array will detect electromagnetic energy of a particular spectral band that corresponds to a segment of the imaged object12. In this way, the sensor28includes detector elements arranged to form a multispectral pixel of the imaged object12. The set of the detector elements on the sensor28that detects incident electromagnetic energy reflecting or radiating from a particular area of an imaged object12form a multispectral pixel.

As shown inFIG. 1, a driver36such as a gimbal mount may actuate the mirror16to a second position18. Alternatively, a deformable mirror may be implemented to actuate from a first alignment to a second alignment to affect the redirection of the optical path from the first position of the mirror16to the second position of the mirror18. The optical path of the electromagnetic energy may then proceed, by way of free space propagation or light pipe, from the mirror at18to a second spectral filter20. Like the first spectral filter22, the second spectral filter20is configured to subdivide the broadband electromagnetic energy into a set of spectral bands. The subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy then arrive at a second microlens array24and are imaged onto a second sensor30. The second sensor30is positioned on an image plane42.

The redundant elements of the second spatial filter20, the second microlens24array and the second sensor30allow for a highly configurable imager. The second spectral filter20may be configured to have a different wavelength response than the first spectral filter22. Similarly, the second sensor30may consist of an array of detectors where each detector is configured to detect a set of spectral bands with a different spectral sensitivity than the analogous detector of the first sensor28. In this way, the multispectral staring array10may achieve a higher spectral resolution, that is, detect a higher number of spectral bands per pixel than using a single optical path from the mirror16to the first sensor28by way of the first spectral filter22and the first microlens array26.

Alternatively, the multispectral staring array10may achieve a higher dynamic range, that is, an expanded limit of detectable luminance, than using a single sensor by using two sensors28and30with different spectral sensitivities for the same spectral bandwidth. Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the multispectral staring array10may further augment high dynamic range (HDR) imaging by altering the timing of the mirror toggling. For example, the mirror at16would spend a relatively short time at a first position16to enable sensor28to capture variance of luminance of the scene in bright regions of the image and a relatively longer time at a second position18to enable sensor30to capture variance of luminance of the scene in the dark regions of the image.

FIG. 2illustrates a multispectral staring array100according to another embodiment of the present invention. The input aperture includes the lens14to focus incident light. The light passes through a spectral filter110that is configured to subdivide the incident spectral bands.

The subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy then arrive at a microlens array112. Each microlens of the microlens array112directs and focuses the subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy onto one of the three sensors114,116and118. In this way, the microlens array112is acting in the same capacity as the actuating mirror16,18inFIG. 1. A first subset of microlenses in the microlens array112may direct and focus the subdivided incident spectral bands to a first sensor114positioned on an image plane120. Similarly, second and third subsets of microlenses of the microlens array112may direct and focus the subdivided incident spectral bands to second and third sensors116,118respectively positioned on image planes122and124. As in the embodiment ofFIG. 1, each sensor may consist of an array of detectors configured to detect a different set of predetermined spectral sensitivities, thereby enhancing the spectral resolution or the dynamic range of the multispectral staring array100.

FIG. 3illustrates a multispectral staring array according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. As inFIGS. 1 and 2, the input aperture includes the lens14to focus incident light. As inFIG. 2, the light passes through a spectral filter110that is configured to subdivide the incident spectral bands and the subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy then arrive at a lens such as microlens array112. Each microlens of the microlens array112directs and focuses the subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy onto one of the three sensors210,214,216each positioned on an image plane226,228and230. In this embodiment of the present invention, the optical path to sensors214and216include a reflection off of mirrors220and218respectively.

As in the embodiment ofFIG. 2, the sensors210,214and216may be configured to affect different spectral sensitivities. The mirrors218,220are held statically by mounts222and224. As a result, without the requirement to actuate a mirror from position to position, the three sensors210,214and216may detect the image simultaneously. However, the mirrors218and220may be actuated to configure the amount of time that light hits a sensor214,216to augment HDR imaging as previously disclosed.

To enable the embodiments of the invention, the sensor as in28and30in the embodiment ofFIGS. 1,114,116and118in the embodiment ofFIGS. 2 and 210,214and216in the embodiment ofFIG. 3may include detector elements with different spectral sensitivities or mirrors tuned with different actuation times.FIG. 4illustrates a mixed-material sensor300according to an embodiment of the present invention capable of responding to a set of spectral bands ranging from the IR through VNIR and into the UV spectrum. The sensor300is a mixed-material staring array imaging semiconductor. The semiconductor has one or more instances of a VNIR detector array310, IR detector array312, and UV detector array314. The different types of detectors are integrated into a single semiconductor and are coplanar. Each of the detector arrays310,312, and314is made of a number of detector elements that will comprise the subpixels of the image. Each element is responsive to a spectral band that may be a subset of the spectral band for the detector array. For example, the VNIR detector array310is shown inFIG. 4to be made of nine subpixel elements such as316and318. Each of the nine elements may be responsive to a different subband in the VNIR spectrum. Depending upon the implementation, each of the array elements of a particular detector array may be responsive to a spectral subband unique to the subpixels in the particular detector array. However, in some implementations, each of the subpixels in a detector array may be responsive to the same spectral band. In these implementations, a spectral filter such as22in the embodiment ofFIG. 1may filter the spectral band of electromagnetic energy incident on a particular subpixel. In one embodiment of the present invention, the filtered spectral bands, whether through configuration of the spectral filter or the mixed-material sensor or the combination of the two, are contiguous to render the multispectral staring array into a hyperspectral imaging device.

In another embodiment of the mixed-material sensor as shown inFIG. 5, the VNIR detector array310, IR detector array312, and UV detector array314elements are tessellated into a simple pattern that uniformly distributes the different light detector arrays310,312and314. The physically larger IR detector array312elements may be alternatively stacked with a comparable sized combination of UV detector array314elements and VNIR detector array310elements. As shown inFIG. 5, the VNIR detector array310is shown to be made of twelve subpixel elements. Each of the twelve elements may be responsive to a different subband in the VNIR spectrum. Other configurations of the detector arrays are possible depending upon the implementation. While the configuration shown inFIG. 5may result in spatially uniform sampling of the scene for the different spectral bands, other configurations may be desired depending upon specific optical design parameters.

Many semiconductor materials are known to be used in the manufacture of imaging detectors. In any embodiment of the present invention, these materials may be combined on a single chip. For example, the UV and VNIR wavelength detectors310,314may be based upon variants of charge-coupled devices (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detectors (CMOS). The IR detectors312may be a photodetector built from telluride, indium, or other alloys and incorporated with the VNIR and UV detectors310,314. When stacking detector types on the same semiconductor with a common substrate for the detector types such as silicon, the detectors are created on the same base wafer using multiple doping and etching steps to produce a layered mixed wavelength photodetector. For example, the UV detector314may be built upon the gate drains of the CCD-based VNIR detector310.FIG. 6illustrates a multispectral staring array with a mixed-material detector from the embodiment ofFIG. 4orFIG. 5according to an embodiment of the present invention. While any of the embodiments of the multispectral staring array inFIGS. 1-3may be implemented with a mixed material sensor300exemplified inFIG. 4orFIG. 5, the multispectral staring array400with a mixed-material detector inFIG. 5demonstrates a particularly simple embodiment of the present invention. The input aperture includes the lens14to collect incident light. The light passes through a spectral filter110that is configured to subdivide the incident spectral bands. The subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy then arrive at a lens such as a microlens array112. Each microlens of the microlens array112directs and focuses the subdivided spectral bands of electromagnetic energy onto the mixed-material sensor410. The microlens array112is used to direct and focus light incident on the mixed-material sensor410to each of the detectors such as310,312and314of the embodiment ofFIG. 4orFIG. 5, thereby ensuring deterministic coverage and physical assignment of pixels. The sensor410is positioned on an image plane412. This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.