Vibration input to moving aqueous cementitious slurry

The method of treating an aqueous, cementitious slurry, to enhance fluidity, that includes providing a container for the slurry and effecting movement of the slurry via an impeller, in the container, and locating at least one vibrator in the interior of the vessel, and operating the vibrator to transmit vibration to the moving slurry.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to the enhancement of fluidity of aqueous 
cementitious slurries; and more particularly concerns transmission of 
vibration into such slurries which are moving, as in mixing vessels, 
thereby to achieve lower water cement ratios. 
A typical concrete batch contains proportionally 500 pounds of cement, 267 
pounds of water, 1,350 pounds of dry sand, and 1,850 pounds of coarse 
aggregate. Since the sand is normally added in wet condition, the batch 
weight (as measured) of added materials is typically 500 pounds of cement, 
200 pounds of water, 1,417 pounds of wet sand (5% water), and 1,850 pounds 
of aggregate. This works out to a water/cement ratio of 0.40 in the 
water/cement slurry mixing vessel. If fluidity or flowability of the mix 
could be enhanced, more cement could be added to mix with water, and less 
dry cement would be required to be added to the ready-mix truck mixing 
vessel, reducing dust creation. A desired water/cement ratio is about 
0.30, corresponding to 677 pounds of cement added to the slurry mixer. 
Accordingly, there is need for method and means to achieve enhanced 
fluidity of the slurry in the slurry mixing vessel. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is a major object of the invention to provide method and apparatus 
meeting the above need. 
Accordingly, it is one object of the invention to provide a fluidity 
enhancing method that includes 
a) providing a container for the slurry and effecting movement of the 
slurry, in the container, and 
b) transmitting vibration to the moving slurry. 
Such vibration transmission to achieve enhanced slurry flowability is not 
obvious, since non-moving water and cement in a vessel do not mix well or 
stay in suspension in the presence of low or high frequency vibrations, 
the cement tending to settle downward, as the water tends to rise, 
creating separation. 
It is another object to transmit vibration into a moving mix of aqueous 
cementitious material such as Portland cement and water, in a mixing 
vessel, to achieve enhanced flowability and lowered water/cement ratio. 
Typically, the container or vessel has a wall adjacent which the slurry 
moves, and such vibration is transmitted to the slurry via the wall or 
directly into the slurry. In this regard, the vibration transmission into 
the slurry which travels downwardly to a discharge, can be adjusted to 
achieve or increase the enhancement effect. A metallic channel is 
typically attached to the outer vessel wall, and a vibrator is attached to 
the channel at a selected location along its length, to achieve such 
adjustment. Vibration is also typically transmitted to the downwardly 
swirling slurry at two different levels, and at opposite sides of the 
vessel, as will be seen. 
A further object is to induce swirling of the slurry by operation of an 
impeller at the central downward discharge from the vessel, below the 
level of vibration transmission into the slurry. A stirring device may be 
provided and rotated in the vessel in conjunction with rotation of the 
impeller, to further mixing and flowability of the slurry at the point of 
discharge. 
Yet another object is to transmit such vibration to the slurry at a 
frequency or frequencies of between 1,200 and 10,000 cycles per minute. 
An additional object is to optimally recirculate the vibrated slurry to an 
upper level in the vessel, the enhanced fluidity of the treated slurry 
preventing clogging in the recirculating line. Such recirculation aids in 
mixing of slurry in the vessel. 
An additional object is to transmit sufficient vibration into moving 
aqueous cementitious slurry to lower the water/cement ratio to about 0.30, 
or less, for water temperature or temperatures from below 100.degree. F. 
up to 190.degree. F. 
Yet another object is to locate one or more such vibrators in the vessel 
interior while the slurry swirls about the vibrator or vibrators, which 
preferably are suspended and directed generally downwardly. In this regard 
the vibrator or vibrators may be suspended to pivot in response to 
swirling slurry contact with the vibrator or vibrators. 
A yet further object is to provide rotary vibration inducing elements at 
the vibrators, and to transmit rotation downwardly from drivers to such 
elements at the vibrators. In this regard, the vibrators may be allowed to 
pivot independently of, and in response to swirling of the slurry in the 
vessel, acting to deflect the vibrations. Such vibration inducing elements 
may preferably comprise eccentric rotors contained within protective 
non-rotary sheaths defined by the vibrators. 
Vibration as disclosed serves to enhance fluidity of the slurry thereby 
enhancing its capability for recirculation from the lower interior of the 
vessel to the upper interior of the vessel, for example if recirculation 
is employed, as via a recirculation line, without clogging of that line.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
Referring first to FIG. 1, a mixing vessel 10 has an upper cylindrical 
metallic wall section 11, and a lower conical wall section 12. Section 12 
has a lower central discharge opening downwardly at 12b into an impeller 
13 rotated about central vertical axis 14, as by a drive or motor 15. The 
latter is located beneath impeller housing 16. Slurry is discharged 
downwardly into the "eye" or center of the rotating impeller, the housing 
16 having a side outlet at 16a for discharge of mixed cementitious slurry 
to a duct 17 leading to a rotating concrete mixer 18 on a truck 19. Wet 
sand and aggregate are also fed to the mixer 18, at 20. 
Dry Portland cement is fed as at 21 to the vessel 10, and water is fed at 
22. The cement screw 22 is controlled at 23, and the water delivery is 
controlled as by a valve 24, to deliver water and cement in the correct 
proportions to the upper interior of vessel 10, for mixing therein. 
Rotation of the impeller 13 is controlled by control 23 for the motor 15, 
to cause the impeller to induce rotation of the slurry 25 in the vessel, 
the slurry flow spiraling downwardly as indicated at 26, toward the outlet 
12b, for flow into the impeller. 
Some upward recirculation of slurry from lower region 29 can, or does, 
occur as indicated by arrows 27 adjacent the inner sides of the vessel 
walls. 
A vortex is created by the rotating slurry, whereby the rotating slurry is 
centrifugally urged toward the vessel wall, creating a central "well" or 
open region, inwardly of broken line 25a, which has the shape of an 
inverted dome. Mechanism to weigh the vessel and its contents may include 
the transducers or load cells 30 supported at 31, and supporting a 
horizontal flange 32 attached to the vessel. See weight indicator 33, and 
by which the amount of cement and water in the vessel may be determined 
for batch volume control. 
In accordance with the invention, vibration is transmitted into the moving 
slurry in vessel, as for example sidewardly into the spiraling mass of 
slurry 25. See the vibratory waves or pulsations transmitted at 35 into 
and in the slurry from at least one vibration source 36 at one level. 
Preferably vibrating waves or pulsations are also transmitted at 37 into 
the slurry from another vibration source 38 at a different (lower) level, 
and in a direction toward waves 35 to produce at least some interference 
effect, for increasing the effectiveness of the waves to enhance mixing of 
cement and water, including wetting of cement particles. The interference 
zone is indicated at 40. For this purpose, vibration source, i.e. vibrator 
36 may be located at one side of the vessel lower interior; and vibration 
source or vibrator 38 located at the generally opposite side of the 
vessel, as shown. Also the relative levels of the vibrators may be 
adjusted, or "tuned" to optimize resultant enhancement of mixing for 
creation of enhanced fluidity of the mix, below the lowermost level of the 
inverted dome defined by broken line 25a, and above the discharge outlet. 
In the example shown, the vibrator may be carried by channel structure 41, 
attached to the vessel conical wall as shown, to extend generally 
downwardly, and sidewardly. Two such channels 41 and 41a are shown. 
FIG. 3a shows attachment of channel flanges 41b to the vessel wall 12. 
Vibrator 38 is removably attached as by fasteners 47 to the channel wall 
48 spaced at 49 from the vessel wall. The vibrator may have a 
reciprocating armature 50 which extends to wall 12 to transmit vibration 
to local region 12a of wall 12, and resultant vibrating pulsations are 
transmitted as at 35a, cross-wise of the slurry flowing in a spiral path 
as indicated by arrows 26. The channel wall 48 has an opening 51 to pass 
the armature, and there may be a series of such openings spaced apart up 
and down the channel length, and on wall 48, whereby the vibrator may be 
selectively located at different of the openings 51 to raise or lower the 
level of vibration transmission into the swirling slurry, for enhancement 
of mixing and increase of slurry fluidity. 
In this regard, one usable vibrator is MODEL SFC-100, a product of Vibco, 
Inc. Such a vibrator operates at about 4 amps at 115/230 volts. If 
desired, the vibrator may simply vibrate the channel, i.e. armature 50 can 
be omitted. Vibrator flanges 54 are attached by fasteners to the channel 
wall. Typical vibrator frequencies are between about 1,200 and 4,000 
cycles per minute. The channel may be sized to induce resonant or near 
resonant vibration transmission 
The objective is to improve Portland cement and water slurry mixing 
characteristics by lowering of the water/cement ratio from 0.40 to 0.45 at 
up to 100.degree. F. water temperature, to or below 0.30 (or about 0.30) 
for water temperatures ranging from below 100.degree. F. to 190.degree. F. 
Examples of comparative water/cement ratios for such water temperatures are 
as follows: 
______________________________________ 
ALLOWABLE CEMENTITIOUS 
W/C BATCH WATER YDS..sup.3 
MATERIAL THRU 
RATIO GALLONS, LBS. VESSEL, LBS/YDS..sup.3 
______________________________________ 
.40 24-200 500 
.30 24-200 661 
.40 19-158 395 
.30 19-158 526 
.40 15-125 312 
.30 15-125 417 
______________________________________ 
This represents a major improvement, in that more Portland cement, relative 
to water, can be mixed in the vessel, for flow to the concrete delivery 
truck. 
FIG. 2 shows a mixed slurry recirculation at 60 from the impeller discharge 
zone 61 to the upper interior of the vessel, as via line 62 containing a 
flow control valve 63. Valve 63 may be opened if recirculation is desired, 
or may be used to control the amount of recirculation. The line 62 
discharges tangentially to the direction of slurry swirl flow, to aid such 
swirl flow, for further enhanced mixing. See also U.S. Pat. No. B 1 
4,830,505. Vibration enhanced fluidity of the mix assures that the flow in 
line 62 will not become clogged. 
FIGS. 3 and 4 show the optional provision of a mixing device such as a 
stem, or paddle 70 carried by the rotating impeller or motor driven shaft 
to project upwardly, on a stem 71, into the lower interior of the vessel, 
above outlet 12b. Rotation of the paddle at impeller speed, i.e. at an RPM 
greater than the slurry swirl rotary cycle speed, causes enhanced mixing 
movement and helps to prevent slurry clogging at the point of discharge 
downwardly into the impeller. A key 72 couples stem 71 to the impeller 
hub. Note impeller vanes 74 projecting upwardly to induce mix swirling. 
FIG. 5 shows vibrators 80 installed at the inside of the vessel lower 
interior to transmit vibration directly into the moving slurry. 
Referring now to FIGS. 6-9, the illustrated mixing vessel 150 has a side 
wall 151 that is upwardly flaring, for example generally conical, from its 
truncated lowermost extent 151a to its truncated uppermost extent 151b. A 
bottom opening or outlet at 152 delivers mixed slurry downwardly to an 
impeller 153 within cylindrical housing 154. The impeller is rotated about 
a vertical axis 155, as by driving apparatus 156 typically including an 
electrical motor. Rotation of the impeller induces swirling of the slurry 
mix in the vessel about axis 155, to form a downwardly concave upper 
surface 157a of the mix 157. Water and cementitious material are typically 
introduced into the vessel interior 158, through openings 159 and 160 in 
top wall 161 of the vessel. Such material may consist of any of the 
following: cement, Portland cement:, fly ash, silica fume, and slag. 
In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, at least one 
vibrator, and preferably multiple vibrators, are provided or located 
within the interior of the vessel, and operated to transmit vibration to 
the moving slurry in the vessel. As shown, multiple vibrators 165 are 
provided in inwardly spaced relation from the vessel wall 151, i.e. spaced 
from that wall, and are spaced generally radially about and outwardly from 
central axis 155. This enables the vibrations to penetrate the mass of the 
rotating or swirling slurry, despite formation of the downward vortex open 
space 167 directly above the downwardly concave and rotating slurry mix 
surface 157a. The vibrators could be placed at other locations in the 
vessel. 
As shown, the generally vertically elongated vibrators preferably extend 
downwardly so that their vibrating lower end portions 165a are free to 
penetrate the slurry, even though slurry level 157a may rise or fall, for 
transmitting vibrations to the slurry. 
A further feature of the invention concerns the provision for pivoting of 
the vibrators 165, for example away from vertical axis 155, for example 
between 20.degree. and 90.degree., in response to rotary movement of the 
slurry about axis 155, centrifugal force developing in the slurry also 
acting on the vibrators penetrating the slurry, to swing them outwardly, 
as for example to the positions shown in FIG. 10. Typical pivot locations 
appear at 190, below "tree" or frame structure arms 191. A sealing gland 
for a line 214 to the vibrator is shown at 285, in FIG. 9. The gland has a 
gasket 214a, which may for example consist of elastomeric material, that 
facilitates pivoting, as described. A main vertical support for the frame 
access appears at 192. Such structure tends to maintain the vibrators in 
optimum or near optimum vibration transmitting relation to the slurry, to 
maintain desired fluidity. Also, since the outwardly swung vibrators are 
then closer to the vessel wall, any tendency of the slurry to cling to the 
inner surface of the wall is reduced by enhanced vibration transmission to 
or toward such wall inner surfaces. In this regard, the swung or angled 
positions of the vibrators are self adjusting in accordance with the 
degree of slurry vortex formation. 
FIG. 7 shows provision of four vibrators 165 spaced at equal angular 
(90.degree.) positions about axis 155; and FIG. 8 shows the provision of 
three vibrators 165 spaced at equal angled (120.degree.) positions about 
axis 155. FIG. 6 shows a mixing device, as for example relatively small 
paddle 170 carried at 171, above outlet 152, and operable i.e. rotatable 
by the impeller, to stir the slurry being delivered to the outlet, as 
previously described. Highly fluidized slurry pumped by the impeller 153 
may be optimally recirculated via line 178 upwardly to the open upper 
interior 158 of the vessel, to rejoin slurry being mixed in the vessel; 
this enhances the overall fluidity of the uppermost regions of the slurry 
in the vessel, to which cement and water are downwardly delivered, via the 
top of the vessel. A valve 180 may be incorporated in line 178 to control 
the amount of mixed slurry being re-circulated. Outlet 178a from line 178 
may be directly into the slurry, in the vessel. 
By virtue of the use of such vibrators, fluidity of the slurry is desirably 
enhanced to the extent that the water/cement ratio of the moving and 
vibrated slurry may be reduced to levels below, or substantially below 
0.30, for water temperature below about 100.degree. F. This in turn 
produces attendant substantial advantages in slurry delivery to, and flow 
within, a rotating transport drum as on a truck, and lessened need for dry 
dusty cement addition to the drum as make-up to attain desired 
water/cement ratio in the cement/water and aggregate mix in the rotating 
drum. In this regard, cement dust escaping to the exterior environment is 
thereby substantially reduced. This potentially aids in reducing 
silicosis. 
Referring now to FIG. 11, it shows in somewhat schematic form one preferred 
form of vibrator support and actuation. The vibrators 165 include outer 
sheaths or tubular structure 210, pivoted at 190, from arms 191, as via 
the gland described above. Each vibrator includes an eccentric weight 220 
carried to rotate within the sheath or shell and transmit lateral 
vibration to the latter. The axis of rotation is indicated at 211, and 
defined by a rotating stem 212 supported by bearing 213. A flexible shaft 
214 extends downwardly from a rotary driver 215, which may include an 
electric motor, the lower end of the flexible shaft connected to stem 212, 
and allowing pivoting of the vibrator, as described. The rotational speeds 
of the drivers are collectively or individually controllable, as at 217, 
and the vibrations may be located at different levels, if desired. 
The vertical support or strut 192 is centrally carried by the top wall 161 
of the vessel 150; and provision may be made for up and down adjustment of 
the strut position, to thereby adjust the vertical positions of the 
vibrators relative to slurry in the vessel. Merely as illustrative, an 
adjustment nut 230 may be supported for rotation by bearing 231 carried by 
top wall 161. The nut is shown to have threaded engagement at 233 with the 
strut 192, whereby rotation of the nut moves the "tree" including strut 
192 up or down. An adjustment ring 230a on the nut 230 may be manually 
rotated, or suitable driven. 
A slurry viscosity sensor 275 incorporating a transducer may be located in 
the swirling slurry to sense its viscosity; and a feedback line 276 to the 
vibrator driver control may be provided, whereby the vibrators are driven 
at a vibration rate to maintain the slurry viscosity (related to fluidity) 
within a desired range. 
FIG. 12 shows a modification wherein elements 151, 155, 157, 157a and 167 
are the same as in FIG. 10. The vessel top wall appears at 290. Supply of 
cementitious material and water is designated by arrows 291 and 292. 
Vibrator elements 165 are like those as previously described, excepting 
that their support is modified. Elongated rigid pipes or tubes 293 support 
the elements 165, and project downwardly and angularly from the top wall 
290. The upper ends of tubes 293 may be rigidly connected to wall 290, or 
may be carried by drive units 294 the housings of which are connected to 
wall 290, as shown. Units 294 rotatably drive shafts 295 within tubes 293 
and which extend to the vibrators to effect rotation of internal parts 
creating vibration transmitted to the slurry 157. 
Mixing vessels as referred to above may take various forms and shapes, and 
encompass zones where mixing takes place, as referred to.