Method and apparatus for brazing

Method and apparatus for holding the ends of two metal rods which are to be joined, cutting a face on each of the two metal rods, maintaining alignment of the two cut faces, and providing proper compressive force on the two rods while they are joined by a brazing operation.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for positioning two metal 
rods while joining their ends together. More particularly, this invention 
is directed to a method and apparatus for preparing and positioning the 
ends of two metal rods which are to be joined together by a brazing 
operation, such that they, the ends of the two metal rods, will be held in 
proper index for cutting and in proper position for joining by brazing. 
BACKGROUND ART 
In the art of joining metals, brazing and welding are certainly common and 
well known methods. Brazing differs from welding in that brazing does not 
involve melting the metals being joined and welding does. The metal 
elements being joined are known as the base metal. When rods are joined 
end to end, the joint between them is known as a butt joint. Typically, 
when rods are joined end to end, they are either welded or they are 
brazed. Welding metal rods together involves melting and re-solidifying 
the rod base metal itself; some metal of each of the rods is melted and 
solidified such that a new solid joint is formed between the two rods when 
the molten metal solidifies. The weld which produces such an end to end 
joint is know as a butt weld. 
There are times, however, when welding is not the most desirable method for 
forming the joint so described. Melting the parent metal can produce 
undesirable characteristics in the joint so formed. In such cases, the 
alternative to welding is brazing. 
Brazing is a process which joins two metals together by creating a 
metallurgical bond between an intermediate filler material and the two 
metals being joined. In brazing, the parent metal is not melted. Since the 
parent metal of the material being joined is not melted, the joining 
process takes place at lower temperatures than in the case of welding the 
exact same material. In a simple form, the mechanism of forming a butt 
joint by brazing comprises two masses of metal, separated by a narrow, but 
defined, substantially uniform gap. The two masses are heated to a 
temperature high enough to melt a brazing filler material. When the masses 
are sufficiently hot, the filler material is brought into contact with the 
hot masses whereon the filler material is melted. The spacing between the 
two masses is configured such that when the brazing filler material melts, 
it (the filler material) is drawn into the gap between the two masses by 
capillary action. Upon solidification of the brazing filler, a 
metallurgical bond is established between the filler material and each 
metal mass. Since each metal mass bonds to the filler material, and the 
filler material is positioned between the two masses, it follows that the 
bond which is created between each mass and the filler results in each 
mass being bonded, by way of the filler, to each other. 
The quality of the brazed joint depends upon many factors. Some factors 
are: the uniformity of the two faces being joined; the alignment of the 
faces being joined; the spacing of the two faces being joined; and the 
propensity of the metal being joined to form a metallurgical bond with the 
brazing filler material being used. 
The propensity of the metal being joined to form a metallurgical bond with 
the brazing filler material being used, as well as the heating techniques, 
will be a function of selecting the proper filler for the application at 
hand and using the proper heating techniques. It will be presumed that the 
filler and its propensity to bond with the parent metal will be suitable, 
as will the suitability of the heat and temperature of the process. 
The quality of the resulting joint is thereafter dependent upon the 
preparation and execution of proper techniques in preparing the base metal 
for the brazing process. The uniformity of the bonding faces of the metal 
being joined and their position during the brazing operation cannot be 
overemphasized. In joining solid rods, the ends being joined must be 
prepared and cut such that there are no rounded corners. The cut face 
should have neither high spots nor low spots which would result in a 
significant variation of the distance from one face being joined to the 
other. Given a constant and acceptable chemistry of the metals involved in 
forming the joint, the degree of the metallurgical bond is ultimately 
dependant upon the flatness of the surface of the face of the rods being 
joined and how well they are positioned during the brazing process. If the 
two faces being joined are not sufficiently flat, there will be thick and 
thin areas of the brazing filler material as well as the possibility of 
areas having no filler at all. If the two faces are not sufficiently 
equidistantly positioned, there will be variation in the thickness of the 
gap therebetween and drawing the filler into the gap by capillary action 
may be compromised. With uneven faces, the bond obtained may also be 
compromised. 
It should also be obvious that alignment of the faces is another critical 
element of the joint. If the faces are aligned such that the spacing on 
one side of the joint is too wide, there may be no uniform capillary 
action to draw the filler into the entirety of the joint. No filler in 
parts of the joint means no metallurgical bond at those parts. No bond in 
part of the joint necessarily produces a weaker joint than one wherein the 
entirety of the faces are bonded. If the alignment is such that no 
capillary action results when the molten filler is exposed thereto, the 
result would again be no filler at all drawn into the joint. Again, no 
filler means no bond and no joint. 
The gap spacing between the faces is another factor affecting the quality 
of the joint. Even with proper facial and axial alignment of rods and rod 
faces being joined, lack of control of the dimensions or uniformity of the 
gap between the two faces will certainly adversely affect the formation of 
consistent, high quality joints. 
Manufacturing requirements dictate that production processes be simple and 
free of as many opportunities to introduce errors as possible. In joining 
solid rods end to end, the cut faces of the rods can be virtually any 
angle as measured from the centerline of the rod itself. The only real 
restriction is that both rods must be cut at substantially the same angle 
if the resulting length of rod is to be substantially straight. Any angle 
chosen will be a compromise of a plurality of considerations. If the 
chosen angle is 90 degrees, that is to say that each section of the rod is 
cut substantially square to its longitudinal axis, then the alignment of 
the two masses that are to be joined is probably the most straightforward. 
This is true because either rod could be rotated about its longitudinal 
axis and its cut face would still be properly aligned with that of the 
other rod. In such a joint, the rod is cut square to its length, the 
sections are held one against the other in some type of guide, and they 
are then heated and brazed. The disadvantage of this method is that the 
square cut results in a minimum area of rod face that is exposed to the 
brazing material for bonding. All other factors being equal, the joint so 
obtained is the weakest butt joint that is possible. Stronger joints are 
created when the surface area being bonded is increased. The maximum area 
would be exposed as the angle of the cut approaches 180 degrees. This 180 
degree cut is a longitudinal splitting of the rod and can be quickly seen 
as impractical and worthy of no consideration. A compromise between the 
two extremes is the proper choice. An angle of 135 degrees, or 45 degree 
if the internal angle is measured, is an angle that provides an acceptable 
compromise of increased bonding area for a given diameter rod, while at 
the same time is an angle that can be reasonably worked with to produce 
proper gap spacing and uniform facial alignment. 
Another consideration in forming a joint by brazing is the effect of 
thermal expansion of the parent metal as the joint is heated and the 
thermal contraction of the parent metal as the joint is cooled. If the two 
rods are each held in a fixed device to keep them aligned, the joint will 
be placed in compression as the parent metal expands upon being heated. 
Likewise, the joint will be placed in tension as the parent metal 
contracts upon cooling. This compression and tension can adversely affect 
the joint formed by brazing. Expansion of the parent metal can result in a 
compression that will force the gap together and expel too much filler 
material. Upon cooling and contracting, tension can actually tear the 
parent metal from the filler and weaken the metallurgical bonds in the 
joint being formed. 
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a 
method and apparatus for positioning metal rods and cutting metal rods 
such that their cut faces may be aligned and held in a preselected 
position while the joint is formed by brazing. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and 
apparatus for holding two metal rods being joined by brazing such that as 
the metal of the rods being joined expands and contracts, there is a 
compensation for the expansion and contraction which provides constant 
compression of the joint being formed. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and 
apparatus for holding metal rods and cutting the ends of metal rods for 
joining by brazing such that they may be properly positioned for joining 
without the necessity of additional means for aligning. 
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a method 
and apparatus for compensating for thermal expansion and contraction as 
the joint is formed by brazing. 
The principal feature of the present invention is an apparatus that holds 
two rods such that their ends may be cut and the resulting cuts are then 
properly aligned, one with the other, such that a high quality brazed 
joint can be produced. 
Still an other feature of the present invention is an apparatus that will 
properly position the cut faces of solid metal rods while the rods are 
secured in position to be brazed. 
Even another feature of the present invention is an apparatus that will 
compensate for thermal expansion and contraction of solid metal rods when 
they are joined by brazing. 
Another feature of the present invention is a combination of means for 
holding rod ends, for providing consistent angles of the cuts made 
thereon, and for eliminating the effects of compression and tension due to 
normal thermal changes occurring when the brazed joint is made. 
The principal advantage of the present invention is the ability to 
consistently make brazed joints which have physical characteristics which 
meet or exceed those of joints produced using current technology. 
Another advantage of the present invention is that it can be successfully 
implemented by brazing technicians after only very elementary training. 
Another advantage of the present invention is the simplicity of its 
implementation. 
Another advantage of the present invention is the uniformity of joints made 
from operator to operator. 
Another advantage of the present invention is the uniformity of the joints 
from joint to joint. 
Another advantage of the present invention is the relatively small expense 
involved in its implementation. 
In accordance with these and other objects, features, and advantages, there 
is provided a method and apparatus which will contribute to the joining of 
two metal rods, by brazing, such that the error associated with alignment, 
surface preparation, and interface gap control is substantially eliminated 
.

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
Refer now to FIG. 1, which is a plan view of the apparatus of the present 
invention showing the relationships of its major components. 
Apparatus 10 comprises a pair of substantially identical rod vices 11 and 
11' for holding lengths of rod 12 and 12'. Vice 11 is attached to 
apparatus frame 13 such that it is positionable along the longitudinal 
axis of rod 12 by means of hand crank 14 operating on longitudinal screw 
(not shown) within said frame 13. Rod vices 11 and 11' engage rod sections 
12 and 12, respectively by means of jaw screws 15 and 15'. Rod 12 is 
secured in jaw 11 such that it passes through jaw 11 and into the space 
between jaw 11 and 11'. Motor 16 is activated whereon blade 18 is 
attached. As motor 16 is activated and begins to turn shaft 16', blade 18, 
attached to shaft 16', begins to turn. Blade 18 is brought into contact 
with rod 12 as motor 16 is pivoted about pivot 19 attached to motor 
support 110. As blade 18 contacts rod 12, it cuts rod 12 at a preset 
angle. Pivot 19 is attached to frame 13 such that the angle of the cut 
made when blade 18 contacts rod 12 is definable. That is to say, the angle 
at which blade 18 cuts rod 12 can be predetermined by actions of an 
operator. After rod 12 is cut, rod 12' is secured in jaw 11' with rod 12' 
passing through jaw 11'. Pivot 19 is moved along a track 17, whereon it is 
attached, until blade 18 can be brought into contact with rod 12'. Motor 
16 is activated and the same process set out above for cutting rod 12 is 
repeated on rod 12'. After both rods 12 and 12, are cut, blade 18 is 
withdrawn and crank 14 is rotated to bring vice 11 into close proximity to 
vice 11'. After vice 11 is brought into close proximity to vice 11', a 
small mass of brazing filler (not shown) is placed between the cut face on 
rod 12 and the cut face on rod 12'. While holding filler (not shown) 
between the cut face on rod 12 and the cut face on rod 12', rod 12' is 
brought into light compression against rod 12 by engaging biasing spring 
111. Spring 111 is positioned about shaft 112 and acts against vice 11' 
and spring stop 113. When spring stop 113 is brought closer to vice 11' 
along shaft 112, spring 111 exerts pressure on vice 11' which is slideably 
attached to frame 13. As pressure is exerted on vice 11' by spring 111, 
vice 11' is forced toward vice 11. Vices 11 and 11' are positioned such 
that rods 12 and 12' are axially aligned when secured in vices 11 and 11' 
respectively. With rods 12 and 12' being cut while fixed in vices 11 and 
11' by blade 18 which is angularly fixed and only moved along the axis of 
the rods 12 and 12' on track 17, the angles of the faces cut on rods 12 
and 12' by blade 18 are substantially identical. By moving vices 11 and 
11' axially along the axis of rods 12 and 12', alignment of the cut faces 
is maintained. After the cut faces of rod 12 and 12' are brought 
sufficiently close to each other that they contact brazing filler (not 
shown), additional compression is applied by spring 111 acting about shaft 
112 and secured by stop 113. The degree of compression is determined by 
the position of stop 113 along shaft 112. Vice 11' is forced into 
compression by spring 111 forcing vice 11' along frame 13 whereon it is 
slideably attached. Being slideably attached, vice 11' is movable along 
frame 13 if forces acting on it are greater than the forces exerted by the 
compression supplied by spring 111 acting thereon. As rods 12 and 12' are 
heated in order to melt brazing filler (not shown) and expand, vice 11' 
will "give" and the compression on the joint being formed when filler (not 
shown) will remain constant. After filler (not shown) is melted by heat 
applied to rods 12 and 12', vice 11' will again slide along frame 13 so as 
to provide constant compression on filler by rods 12 and 12'. After filler 
melts and heat is removed, rods 12 and 12' will cool and contract. 
Slideably mounted vice 11' will follow this contraction and will prevent 
the joint from experiencing tension which could pull the joint apart. 
The joint is accomplished in its entirety by a constant predetermined 
compression applied thereon during its formation. Neither excessive 
compression nor tension is present in the joint's formation. The uniform 
compression assures consistent joints. 
Refer now to FIG. 2, which is an elevation view of the apparatus of present 
invention showing the relationships of its major components. The 
discussion of elements of like number in FIG. 1 are also applicable to 
FIG. 2, and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety just as 
if hereinagain set out. Blade 18 is shown mounted on the opposite end of 
motor 16 and is also shown cutting from the opposite direction. This is to 
illustrate that the position of blade 18 on motor 16 as well as a right or 
left hand cutting of the angle on rods 12 and 12' is equally workable. The 
invention does not deal with which direction the cut is made, only that 
the cuts on rods 12 and 12' are uniform and consistent for each cut. 
Although the invention has been discussed and described with primary 
emphasis on one embodiment, it should be obvious that adaptations and 
modifications can be made for other systems without departing from the 
spirit and scope of the invention.