Method for unclogging an electromagnetic filter and an installation for carrying out said method

An electromagnetic filter of the type provided with a magnetizable packing and placed in the water circuit of a nuclear reactor is cleaned by a method which first consists in isolating the filter from the circuit, then subjecting it to a series of washing and draining-off cycles. The washing operation consists in withdrawing a fraction of water from the circuit and introducing it substantially at the temperature and pressure of withdrawal and under such conditions as to impart turbulent flow to the water within the packing. The draining-off operation consists in discharging the wash water contained in the filter.

This invention relates to a method for unclogging an electromagnetic filter 
and to an installation for carrying out said method. 
It is known that an electromagnetic filter is essentially constituted by a 
casing of non-magnetic material filled with a magnetizable packing and 
placed within the interior of a winding. The passage of an electric 
current in the winding results in the appearance of a magnetic field which 
has the effect of magnetizing the packing. The packing can be fixed in the 
form of padding, of woven steel-wire fabric or of a stack of grids. In the 
majority of instances, however, the packing is formed by a bed of steel 
beads. 
The application of a magnetic field to the packing beads results in 
magnetization of these latter and correlatively in the appearance of high 
magnetic-field gradients in the spaces between beads. 
When a fluid charged with ferromagnetic impurities passes through the bed 
of beads which have thus been magnetized, the impurities are transferred 
from the zones of low magnetic field to the zones of high magnetic field, 
that is to say towards the magnetic poles of the beads. The action of the 
magnetic forces is such that the ferromagnetic impurities adhere to the 
beads and the packing thus performs the function of a filter. 
The use of electromagnetic filters of this type has already been 
contemplated for a large number of installations and especially nuclear 
reactors in which they can be installed either in the primary circuits or 
in the secondary circuits. 
This use in nuclear reactors is described in particular in French Pat. No. 
72 25870 filed on July 18, 1972 and entitled "Water treatment installation 
for steam generators in nuclear power plants of the pressurized-water 
reactor type " and in French Pat. No. 72 45355 filed on Dec. 20, 1972 and 
entitled "Water purification device for a nuclear power plant of the 
pressurized-water reactor type." 
In order to unclog a filter of this type, the operation is performed as 
follows. The first step consists in isolating the filter from the 
installation in which it is inserted. This operation is performed by 
closing valves. The packing is then demagnetized by applying a 
low-frequency alternating-current voltage to the terminals of the winding, 
the amplitude of said voltage being such as to decrease progressively to 
zero. Finally, a stream of liquid derived from a wash duct which is 
independent of the water circulation systems of the nuclear reactor is 
passed into the filter in order to wash the latter. This upwardly flowing 
liquid stream dislocates the bed of beads which accordingly undergo 
disordered motion during which they come into collision with each other 
many times. This has the effect of detaching the clogging products which 
are carried away by the wash liquid. On completion of this operation, the 
beads fall back into position at the bottom of the filter and reconstitute 
the bed, simply under the action of gravity. The bed of beads is then 
remagnetized and the filter is ready to be used again. This unclogging 
operation lasts a few minutes approximately. In known methods of this 
type, the wash water is not withdrawn from the primary (or secondary) 
circuit of the nuclear reactor and, in general, is therefore neither at 
the temperature nor at the pressure of the water which circulates within 
said circuit. Moreover, the unclogging operation takes place by means of a 
stream of water which has essentially a continuous character and is 
circulated upwards within the filter. 
Methods of the type described are subject to a large number of 
disadvantages. 
The first disadvantage arises from the fact that they call for a very large 
quantity of wash water which, in the case of each regeneration, is of the 
order of 1% of the hourly quantity of water treated by the filter. By way 
of explanation in the case of a filter which is capable of treating 1000 
metric tons of water per hour, 15 metric tons of water are required in 
order to effect unclogging of the filter by means of a method of the prior 
art. It is therefore impossible by means of this method to withdraw such a 
large quantity of water from the nuclear reactor circuit over a short 
period of time. For this reason, it is necessary to have recourse to an 
auxiliary source connected to the filter by means of a wash water supply 
duct. 
This need to make use of a large quantity of water further leads to two 
difficulties: in the event that the filter is placed in the primary 
circuit of a nuclear reactor, the effluents discharged from the filter are 
radioactive and represent a large quantity of water to be treated, thus 
constituting an appreciable capital investment in the exploitation of the 
reactor. In the event that the filter is placed in the secondary circuit 
of a nuclear reactor, the water employed in this filter is usually 
conditioned and especially de-aerated and the need to employ a large 
volume of water is again objectionable in this case. 
The second disadvantage arises from the temperature difference observed in 
methods of the prior art between the filtering stage and the unclogging 
stage. The wash water is usually at a lower temperature than that of the 
water circulated within the nuclear reactor circuit. Unclogging therefore 
calls for a reduction in temperature at the beginning of the cycle 
followed by an increase in temperature at the end of the cycle; the length 
of the unclogging operation is increased accordingly. As a secondary 
consideration, it can be observed that the steels constituting the beads 
which form the filter bed are usually liable as a result of chemical 
corrosion to form products of corrosion in a different form and especially 
in a less magnetizable form. In consequence, it is also an advantage from 
this point of view to carry out washing of the filter at a temperature 
which is as high as possible. 
The present invention overcomes the foregoing disadvantages in that it 
proposes a method of unclogging which calls for the use of a much smaller 
quantity of wash water than the quantity employed in methods of the prior 
art. This permits withdrawal of said water from the nuclear reactor 
circuit and therefore the introduction of the water into the filter 
substantially at the temperature and pressure of withdrawal since the 
unclogging operation takes place in a series of washing and draining-off 
cycles and not by means of a continuous flow of wash water as in the prior 
art. 
By way of explanation, when the method in accordance with the invention is 
employed in the case of a filter which is capable of treating 1000 metric 
tons of water per hour it is possible to unclog the filter with only 3 to 
4 tons of water instead of the 15 tons which were required by the methods 
of the prior art. This small quantity of water can accordingly be 
withdrawn from the water circuit of the nuclear reactor (namely either the 
primary or secondary circuit); in consequence, the filter receives water 
to be filtered and wash water which are substantially at the same 
temperature and at the same pressure. 
In the wash cycles which take place in accordance with the method of the 
invention, the bed of beads undergoes successive displacements of small 
amplitude with a sufficiently high degree of efficacy to dispense with any 
need to cause complete dislocation of the bed of beads within a relatively 
large free internal space provided at the bottom of the filter. It is 
therefore always possible to employ a filter which is packed to 
practically the full height of this latter, as was not the case with 
methods of washing in the prior art. 
So far as the installation is concerned, the invention finally provides 
further advantages which are related in particular to elimination of the 
wash duct and of the auxiliary source of wash water. This modification of 
the technology of the installation results in a reduction of capital cost 
of this latter. 
In more exact terms, the present invention is therefore directed to a 
method for unclogging an electromagnetic filter having a magnetizable 
packing and placed in a water circuit of a nuclear reactor. The method 
essentially consists first in isolating the filter from the circuit, then 
in subjecting the filter to a series of washing and draining-off cycles. 
The washing operation consists in withdrawing from said circuit a fraction 
of the water which is circulated therein and in introducing said water 
into the filter substantially at the temperature and pressure of 
withdrawal and under such conditions as to impart turbulent flow motion to 
said water within the packing. The draining-off operation consists in 
discharging the wash water contained in the filter. 
It is preferably ensured that, when the filter is placed in the primary 
circuit of a nuclear reactor of the pressurized-water type, unclogging 
takes place at a temperature within the range of 200.degree. C. to 
300.degree. C. 
It is also preferably ensured that the pressure of the water employed for 
the unclogging operation is within the range of 100 to 160 bar. 
When the filter is placed in the primary circuit of a pressurized-water 
reactor comprising a pressurizer, withdrawal of the wash water is 
preferably carried out within said pressurizer. 
The invention is also concerned with an installation for the practical 
application of the method hereinabove defined and for unclogging an 
electromagnetic filter of the magnetized-packing type, said filter being 
placed in the water circuit of a nuclear reactor. The installation 
essentially comprises means for isolating said filter from the circuit, 
means whereby part of the water which circulates in said circuit is 
withdrawn therefrom, means for introducing the water into the filter 
substantially at the temperature and pressure of withdrawal under 
conditions which impart turbulent flow motion to said water within the 
packing, and means for discharging the wash water contained in the filter. 
In a first alternative embodiment, the installation comprises a closed wash 
circuit constituted by an accelerating pump connected at the upstream end 
by means of a pipe fitted with a valve to the top portion of the filter 
and at the downstream end by means of a pipe fitted with a valve to the 
bottom portion of said filter, said circuit being connected at the top 
portion thereof to the water circuit of the nuclear reactor by means of an 
introduction valve end and at the bottom portion thereof to an effluent 
tank by means of a drain-off valve. 
In a second alternative embodiment, the installation comprises a water 
admission duct which connects the bottom portion of the filter to the 
water circuit of the nuclear reactor by means of a water introduction 
valve and a drain-off pipe which is connected to the bottom portion of the 
filter and is fitted with a drain-off valve. 
When the filter is placed in the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor of 
the pressurized-water type comprising a pressurizer, the installation 
comprises a pipe connected to said pressurizer and a valve placed in said 
pipe. 
When the filter is placed in the secondary circuit of a pressurized-water 
reactor, said circuit being equipped with at least one high-pressure 
heater followed by a steam generator, the filter is accordingly placed 
between said high-pressure heater and said steam generator. 
It is preferably ensured that the magnetizable packing is constituted by a 
bed of beads.

In FIG. 1, the electromagnetic filter is designated by the reference 2. As 
shown diagrammatically, said filter comprises a casing 4 filled with a 
packing 6 and placed within a winding 8 which is supplied from a voltage 
source 10. The constructional details of this electromagnetic filter are 
already known and do not form part of the invention. The winding 8 can be 
constituted by a single winding or by a stack of discs which are supplied 
in parallel, for example. The filter 2 is placed in a duct 12 through 
which the liquid to be filtered is circulated. By way of example, said 
duct can form part of the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor. Valves 14 
and 16 serve to isolate the filter from the duct 12. Valves 18 and 20 
serve to connect the filter to a loop circuit 22. This circuit comprises 
an accelerating pump 24 and is connected by means of a pipe 26 to a source 
28 of hot water under pressure through a valve 30. By way of example, the 
source 28 can be the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor or alternatively 
the pressurizer of said circuit as will become more readily apparent in 
connection with FIG. 4. A drain-off valve 32 is placed at the lower end of 
the accelerating pump 24 in a discharge duct 34 which is connected to 
cooling devices and to effluent tanks (not shown in the figure). 
The operation of this installation is as follows: in order to carry out 
unclogging of the filter 2, the main valves 14 and 16 are first closed. 
The magnetizable packing 6 is then demagnetized by applying a 
low-frequency current to the winding 8 in known manner, the amplitude of 
said current being progressively reduced to zero. The valves 18 and 20 of 
the unclogging circuit are then opened as well as the valve 30 in order to 
permit the addition of hot water under pressure which is delivered by the 
means 28. The pump 24 is then started up whilst the valve 30 can remain 
open if this is permitted by the conditions of pressure within the circuit 
or can be closed. The output of the pump is so adjusted as to ensure that 
the liquid which flows into the filter attains a velocity which is just 
sufficient to cause lifting of the bed of beads when no magnetic field is 
present. 
The drain-off valve 32 is opened several times in succession. Each time 
this valve is opened, a fraction of the unclogging sludges is discharged 
by expansion through the duct 34. Each opening of the valve 32 causes at 
the same time a reduction in flow velocity of the liquid, with the result 
that the bed of beads is deposited and comes to rest on the bottom of the 
filter. Conversely, each time the valve 32 is closed, the bed of beads 
moves upwards under the action of the increase in flow velocity of the 
liquid circulated within the filter. 
The succession of opening and closing movements of the valve 32 thus causes 
the bed of beads to undergo a succession of movements of small amplitude 
and in turn gives rise to unclogging and washing-out of the sludges. After 
a few cycles of washing and draining-off operations, the filter is finally 
cleared to a sufficient extent to be put back into service. 
This recommissioning of the filter is carried out by closing the valves 18 
and 20, by restoring the magnetizing field and finally by opening the main 
valves 14 and 16. 
While the alternative embodiment of the method of unclogging in accordance 
with the invention which has just been described proves satisfactory in 
the majority of cases, a disadvantage does nevertheless arise from the 
need for an accelerating pump (namely the pump 24 shown in FIG. 1), the 
operating regime of which may be affected by contamination of the wash 
water, especially if this water contains a high concentration of metal 
oxide sludges. In the second alternative embodiment which is illustrated 
in FIG. 2, said accelerating pump is dispensed with. 
In FIG. 2, the filter (the illustrattion of which is simplified) is again 
designated by the reference 2 and mounted in a duct 12 from which it can 
be isolated by means of main valves 14 and 16. A drain-off valve 40 is 
placed at the lower end of a Y-shaped pipe 42, the upper end of which 
contains an introduction valve 44. 
The operation of the installation described above is as follows: unclogging 
of the filter 2 first consists in carrying out the operations already 
described in connection with the alternative embodiment of FIG. 1, namely 
demagnetization of the packing followed by isolation of the filter by 
closure of the main valves 14 and 16. Since the valve 44 remains closed, 
the drain-off valve 40 is then opened so as to empty the filter by 
expansion through cooling devices which are not shown in the figure. A 
part of the metal oxides retained in the filter packing is then carried 
away. Stopping of the draining-off process is carried out by closing the 
valve 40 when the filter finally contains steam alone. The valve 44 is 
then opened so as to allow the wash water to penetrate into the filter. 
This water is withdrawn for example from the main circuit of the reactor 
in which the filter is located, or alternatively from the pressurizer as 
will be more readily apparent from a study of FIG. 4. This introduction of 
water into the filter takes place abruptly since the water undergoes 
sudden expansion from the pressure of the primary circuit (which can be of 
the order of 150 bar, for example) to the pressure of the steam remaining 
within the filter (which is usually lower than 100 bar). There accordingly 
results a turbulent flow motion of the injected water which is imparted to 
the beads and causes mechanical separation of the sludges. 
The turbulent flooding thus produced is immediately followed by further 
draining-off, this being produced by closing the valve 44 and opening the 
valve 40. As in the preceding alternative embodiment, this cycle of 
operations is repeated a number of times. After a few cycles (4 or 5), the 
filter is regenerated to a sufficient extent to be put back in circuit for 
further operation. The valves 40 and 44 are then closed, the magnetizing 
field is restored and the main valves 14 and 16 are opened. 
In this alternative embodiment, it is not necessary to ensure that the 
packing is set in motion in order to produce effective detachment of 
corrosion products; this form of the method is therefore equally 
applicable to packings of different types, especially the fixed packings 
which were mentioned earlier. 
When this variant of the method of unclogging is applied to a filter which 
is mounted in the secondary circuit of a nuclear reactor, it is preferable 
in order to obtain a high degree of turbulence of the water to ensure that 
the residual vapor pressure within the filter is lower than the water 
pressure of the secondary circuit. 
The two variants of the method which have just been described apply to any 
electromagnetic filter which is placed in one of the circuits of a nuclear 
power plant. By way of explanation, an installation fitted with filters of 
this type is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, said filters being placed 
respectively in the secondary and primary circuits. 
In the installation which is illustrated in FIG. 3, two filters are placed 
in the secondary circuit of a pressurized-water reactor. These filters are 
employed for filtration of condensates downstream of the high-pressure 
heaters and for filtration of the purge water flow in a steam generator, 
the temperature of which is of the order of or higher than 260.degree. C. 
The steam generator 50 is purged with a flow at a rate within the range of 
1% to 1.5% of the supply flow rate. The purge flow is filtered directly 
within a first electromagnetic filter 52 and is reinjected into the steam 
generator with the water of the high-pressure heaters 54 by means of a 
pump 56. However, a fraction is withdrawn and cooled within a 
heat-exchanger 58, then directed into the demineralizer 60 which consists 
of a mixed bed of ion-exchange resins, at a temperature of 50.degree. C. 
This fraction is then directed into the condensate circuit towards the 
heaters. The condensates from the condenser 62 are demineralized on the 
ion-exchange resins 64 and directed to the low-pressure heaters 66 by a 
pump 68. The condensates are then directed with the make-up water derived 
from the feedwater tank 70 to the high-pressure heaters 54. The water 
which is heated to the injection temperature within the steam generator 50 
is filtered by means of a second electromagnetic filter 72, with the 
result that the undissolved corrosion products (the heaters are one of the 
main sources of said products in the condensate circuit) are retained by 
the filter 72 before finally reaching the steam generator 50. The circuit 
is completed by a certain number of valves which need not be described in 
detail since an installation of this type is known to anyone versed in the 
art. 
In the installation which is illustrated in FIG. 4, the electromagnetic 
filter is placed in the primary circuit of a pressurized-water reactor. 
The reactor core which is shown diagrammatically is designated by the 
reference 80; the primary circuit comprises a pressurizer 82, a steam 
generator 84, a circulating pump 86. The filter 88 receives through the 
valve 87 the water which is taken from the discharge side of the pump 86, 
the temperature of the water being about 300.degree. C. The rate of 
withdrawal can vary between 1% and 10% of the nominal flow rate within the 
loop constituted by the reactor core, the pump and the steam generator. 
The water discharged from the filter 88 is reinjected into the suction 
side of the pump through the valve 90 but a fraction can be withdrawn and 
directed through the valve 92, first towards a heat-exchanger 94 which 
cools the water to 50.degree. C. and then to a mixed bed of ion-exchange 
resins 96 for separating ionic impurities and any fission products which 
may be present. The extent of the above-mentioned withdrawal can be 
adjusted as a function of the ionic purity of the water of the primary 
circuit; said withdrawal is usually of the order of 0.1% of the nominal 
flow rate within a primary loop. After passing through the mixed bed 96 of 
resins, the water is reinjected into the primary circuit by means of a 
circulating pump 98. 
The circuit for unclogging the filter 88 comprises a pipe 100 which 
connects the pressurizer 82 to said filter by means of an introduction 
valve 102. A drain-off valve 104 connects the lower end of the filter to 
an effluent tank 106. In order to carry out unclogging of the filter, the 
packing is demagnetized and the filter is then isolated by closing the 
valves 87 and 90. The drain-off valve 104 is then caused to open so that 
the contents of the filter are discharged from the lower end of this 
latter to the effluent tank. The draining-off operation is stopped by 
closing the valve 104. The valve 102 is then caused to open in order to 
enable the water withdrawn from the pressurizer 82 to carry out a washing 
operation at the pressure and temperature of withdrawal (subject to 
pressure and temperature drops). Washing is followed by a further 
bottom-draining as a result of closure of the valve 102 and opening of the 
valve 104. It will be observed that the general arrangement of an 
installation of this type dispenses with the need for the wash water duct 
and auxiliary source while providing a direct connection between the wash 
pipe and the primary circuit as well as draining of the filter from the 
lower end, which are essential features of the unclogging installation in 
accordance with the invention.