Apparatus for measuring flow velocity of fluids

Disclosed is an apparatus for overcoming acoustic path angle limitations and transducer coupling problems when an ultrasonic flow measurement method is used to measure water velocity in annular regions such as the downcomer of a nuclear steam generator. In accordance with one embodiment, two axially spaced ultrasonic transducers are coupled perpendicularly to the outer surface of a shell and align respectively with two 45.degree. reflecting surfaces on a structure which is inserted into the downcomer during shutdown. The acoustic path between reflecting surfaces is essentially in line with the fluid flow as desired for best sensitivity and accuracy. Acoustic performance is optimized and transducer mounting is simplified by having the transducers perpendicular to the shell surface. Other embodiments are disclosed for measuring the average flow velocity by angling the acoustic path across the annular region of the downcomer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates in general to an apparatus for measuring the 
flow velocity of various fluids, and more particularly, to an ultrasonic 
flowmeter of the type employing externally arranged transducers and 
internally arranged acoustic reflectors for the nonintrusive measurement 
of fluid velocity within a conduit such as a pipe, channel, annular 
region, and the like. 
Fluid flow velocity may be determined from the measurement of the time 
taken for acoustic pulses to traverse a predetermined path in the fluid 
respectively in the direction of flow and opposite to the direction of 
flow. These time measurements may be carried out using two pairs of 
transducers, each pair comprising a transmitter and a receiver of, for 
example, ultrasonic acoustic pulses. The transducers are arranged so that 
the ultrasonic acoustic pulses travel along equal length paths in opposite 
directions within the fluid whose velocity is being determined. 
One of the many applications for which ultrasonic methods have unique 
capabilities is in the measurement of water flow in the annular downcomer 
region of nuclear power plant steam generators. The downcomer annulus is 
that space between the heavy steel outer shell and the thinner steel 
wrapper which surrounds the tube bundle. Typical radial dimensions of the 
downcomer are 3 inches for the shell, 2.5 inches for the annulus, and 0.38 
inches for the wrapper. 
It has been recognized that downcomer fluid flow is an important parameter 
in the controlled operation of recirculating steam generators, yet, no 
suitable instrument for flow measurement in the downcomer annulus is 
presently available. As a result of the downcomer construction, the 
ultrasonic transducers must be arranged on the outside of the outer shell 
and on the same side of the flow region. The refraction of the acoustic 
pulses at the steel-water interface restricts the path angle of the 
acoustic pulses in the fluid to a direction more nearly perpendicular to 
the fluid flow direction than is desired for good sensitivity. This 
applies to the travel time difference method of determining the velocity 
of fluid flow in which the flow component v cos .theta. is sensed, where v 
is the flow velocity and .theta. is the angle between the flow vector and 
the acoustic path. It can therefore be appreciated that as the angle 
between the flow vector and the acoustic path increases, there is a 
corresponding decrease in the sensitivity of the ultrasonic flowmeter. 
This is particularly a disadvantage when measuring water flow in the 
annular downcomer region of nuclear power plant steam generators. 
It has been found that even if shear acoustic pulses are propogated in the 
steel outer shell, the minimum value obtainable of .theta. is about 
65.degree. in room temperature water. At the typical operating temperature 
of 600.degree. F. for nuclear power plant steam generators, the reduced 
sound velocity in water limits the minimum value obtainable of .theta. to 
about 75.degree.. Thus, the change of .theta. with temperature, the 
internal reflections in the steel outer shell, and the necessity to couple 
transducers at an angle to the outer shell are factors that complicate the 
design of the ultrasonic flowmeter and seriously reduces its potential 
accuracy. Accordingly, it can be appreciated that there is an unsolved 
need for an ultrasonic flowmeter for the nonintrusive measurement of water 
flow in conduits, such as in the annular downcomer region of nuclear power 
plant steam generators which has good sensitivity by minimizing the angle 
between the flow vector and the acoustic path. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is broadly an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus 
for measuring the flow velocity of fluids within a conduit, which 
overcomes or avoids one or more of the foregoing disadvantages, and 
particularly those resulting from a loss of sensitivity due to the 
increase in the angle between the flow vector and the acoustic path, and 
which fulfills the specific requirements of such an apparatus for the 
nonintrusive measurement of water flow in a conduit. Specifically, it is 
within the contemplation of one aspect of the present invention to provide 
an ultrasonic flowmeter for the nonintrusive measurement of water flow in 
the annular downcomer region of nuclear power plant steam generators 
having a maximum sensitivity when employing the travel time difference 
method in which the flow component v cos .theta. is sensed. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the flow velocity of fluids in which acoustic performance is 
optimized and ultrasonic transducer mounting is simplified. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the flow velocity of fluids which overcomes acoustic path angle 
limitations and ultrasonic transducer coupling problems. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the flow velocity of fluids having means for controlling the 
angle between the flow vector and the acoustic path. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the flow velocity of fluids wherein the acoustic path within the 
fluid can be altered. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the average flow velocity of fluids within a conduit by angling 
the acoustic path across the conduit. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for 
measuring the flow velocity of fluids within a conduit which provides 
minimal flow restrictions to the fluid flow. 
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is 
provided an apparatus for measuring the velocity of a fluid flowing within 
a conduit. The apparatus is constructed of a first and second transducer 
means arranged on the outer surface of the conduit at spaced-apart 
locations for transmitting and receiving signals along a signal path 
within the fluid, the transducer means arranged substantially normal to 
the outer surface of the conduit along a common side thereof, and 
reflecting means arranged within the conduit along the signal path for 
reflecting the signals transmitted from the first transducer to the second 
transducer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent 
like elements, there is shown in FIG. 1 the construction of an ultrasonic 
flowmeter in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention 
adapted for measuring the flow velocity of a fluid within a conduit, such 
as a pipe, channel, annular region, and the like. One application for the 
ultrasonic flowmeter of the present invention is for the nonintrusive 
measurement of water flow in the annular downcomer region of nuclear power 
plant steam generators as specifically shown in FIG. 1. The downcomer 
annulus 100 is the space provided between a heavy steel outer shell 102 
and a thinner steel wrapper 104 which surrounds a tube bundle (not shown). 
The ultrasonic flowmeter is constructed of a pair of spaced-apart 
ultrasonic transducers 106, 108 each including, for example, a 
piezoelectric crystal adapted to generate acoustic pulses when 
electrically excited. Similarly, when acoustic pulses are received by 
these piezoelectric crystals, corresponding electrical output signals are 
produced. The piezoelectric crystals within the ultrasonic transducers 
106, 108 are electrically excited by an electronic control circuit 110, 
which circuit is also responsive to the electrical output signals of the 
piezoelectric crystals for determining the flow velocity of the fluid 
within the downcomer annulus 100. 
A reflector structure 112 is arranged within the downcomer annulus 100 at a 
location opposite the transducers 106, 108. The reflector structure 112, 
as also shown in FIG. 3, is constructed of a probe-like member 114 having 
a longitudinally extending opening 116 terminating at either end thereof 
by a pair of reflecting surfaces 118, 120. The reflecting surfaces 118, 
120 are, in accordance with the embodiment illustrated, arranged at a 
45.degree. angle to the longitudinal axis of the reflector structure 112 
so as to define an acoustic path 122 within the opening 116 and aligned 
along the longitudinal axis of the reflector structure. Optionally, a 
plurality of spoke-like outwardly extending spring spacers 124 may be 
provided secured to the reflective structure 112 adjacent the reflecting 
surfaces 118, 120. The spring spacers 124 permit the removable positioning 
of the reflector structure 112 within the downcomer annulus 100 by the 
compressive engagement of the spring spacers with the surface of the outer 
shell 102 and opposing surface of the wrapper 104. 
As previously noted, in the application of the travel time difference 
method of measuring flow velocity using acoustic pulses, the flow 
component v cos .theta. is sensed, where v is flow velocity and .theta. is 
the angle between the flow vector and the acoustic path. In order to 
maximize the sensitivity of the ultrasonic flowmeter, the acoustic path 
angle .theta. is minimized in accordance with the construction and 
arrangement of the reflector structure 112 as illustrated in the 
embodiment of the present invention of FIG. 1. The transducers 106, 108 
are coupled normal or perpendicular to the outer surface of the outer 
shell 102 and arranged one above the other in linear alignment with the 
longitudinal axis 126 of the downcomer annulus 100, as shown in FIG. 2. 
The excitation of the piezoelectric crystals within the transducers 106, 
108 by the electronic control circuit 110 results in the propogation of 
acoustic pulses along an acoustic path 128 within the downcomer annulus 
100. As a result of the transducers 106, 108 being secured normal to the 
outer surface of the outer shell 102, the acoustic pulses are propogated 
along a portion of the acoustic path 128 normal to the longitudinal axis 
126 of the downcomer annulus 100 and normal to the inner surface of the 
outer shell 102. That is, the interface of the inner surface of the outer 
shell 102 and the fluid flowing within the downcomer annulus 100 does not 
refract the acoustic pulses, as would occur had the transducers been 
coupled at an angle to the outer surface of the outer shell 102. 
The reflector structure 112 is positioned within the downcomer annulus 100 
such that the reflecting surfaces 118, 120 intersect the acoustic pulses 
being propogated by the transducers 106, 108 along the acoustic path 128. 
As evidenced in FIG. 1 the acoustic pulses propogating along the acoustic 
path 122, defined between the reflecting surfaces 118, 120 of the 
reflector structure 112, are in alignment with the longitudinal axis 126 
of the downcomer annulus 100 whereby the angle between the flow vector and 
the acoustic path, i.e., .theta., is equal to zero thereby maximizing the 
magnitude of the flow component v cos .theta. for increased sensitivity of 
the ultrasonic flowmeter. The reflector structure 112, when used for the 
nonintrusive measurement of water flow in the downcomer annulus 100 of a 
nuclear power plant steam generator can be installed through a handhole 
during shutdown or, preferably, can be included in the steam generator 
design. Once the reflector structure 112, as a passive structure, is 
installed inside the downcomer annulus 100, the installation of the 
transducers 106, 108 remains nonintrusive. 
Briefly in operation, the acoustic pulses generated by transducer 106 are 
propogated downstream along the acoustic path 122, 128 and received by 
transducer 108 at a time T1. Similarly, acoustic pulses are generated 
either sequentially or simultaneously by transducer 108 and propogated 
upstream along the acoustic path 122, 128 and received by transducer 106 
at a time T2. The electric output signals from transducers 106, 108, 
responsive to the respectively received acoustic pulses, are transmitted 
to the electronic control circuit 110 for determination of the flow 
velocity by the travel time difference, i.e., a function of the time 
differential T1-T2 of the acoustic pulse received by the transducers 106, 
108. The specific manner of determining the flow velocity from the 
received acoustic pulses can be calculated in accordance with a number of 
mathematical operations known to those having ordinary skill in the art, 
for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,653,259 and 3,901,078. 
Likewise, the electronic control circuit 110 for exciting the 
piezoelectric crystals within the transducers 106, 108 and for calculating 
the flow velocity is equally well-known to those skilled in art, for 
example, circuits adaptable for use with the present invention are 
Westinghouse Models LEFM 801A and 8824 electric assemblies. Accordingly, 
the present invention is not limited to the specific design of the 
electronic control circuit 110 or the specific manner of manipulating the 
signal received by the electronic control circuit in response to the 
acoustic pulses received by the transducers 106, 108. 
In accordance with the ultrasonic flowmeter employing the reflector 
structure 112 as shown in FIG. 1, the fluid velocity of that portion of 
the fluid flowing within the downcomer annulus 100 along the acoustic path 
122 defined between the reflecting surfaces 118, 120 is determined, i.e., 
the fluid flow component flowing along the longitudinal axis 126 of the 
downcomer annulus. This measured representative flow velocity can be 
related to the average flow velocity over the downcomer annulus 100 by 
known flow profile relationships. The velocity of the flow component at 
locations other than along the longitudinal axis 126 of the downcomer 
annulus 100 may be determined by positioning the reflector structure 112 
such that the acoustic path 122 lies along other flow paths within the 
cross-sectional area of the downcomer annulus. Thus, the reflector 
structure 112 is suitable for determining the specific velocity of a flow 
component at various positions within the downcomer annulus 100. 
Successive measurements of the velocity of the various flow components can 
be used to facilitate the calculation of the average velocity over the 
downcomer annulus 100. 
There will now be described various other embodiments of the construction 
and arrangement of the reflector structure 112 as thus far described with 
respect to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Turning now to FIG. 4, 
the reflector structure 130 is constructed of a support member 132 
including a pair of spaced-apart reflector arms 134, 136 each provided 
with a reflecting surface 138, 140, respectively. As shown, the reflector 
structure 130 is placed against the inner surface of the outer shell 102 
adjacent the transducers 106, 108. The reflecting surfaces 138, 140 are 
arranged along the acoustic path 128 in the manner as previously described 
with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1. In this regard, the reflecting 
surfaces 138, 140 are arranged at a 45.degree. angle to the longitudinal 
axis of the downcomer annulus 100 to provide the acoustic path 122 
therebetween. By placing the reflector structure 130 against the inner 
surface of the outer shell 102 adjacent the transducers 106, 108, the 
abrupt construction of the terminal ends of the arms 134, 136 can create a 
degree of turbulence of the fluid flowing within the downcomer annulus 
100. To effectively minimize or eliminate such turbulence, the 
construction and arrangement of a reflector structure 142 as shown in FIG. 
5 is provided. 
As shown in FIG. 5, the reflector structure 142 is constructed of a support 
member 144 having a pair of spaced-apart reflector arms 146, 148 each 
terminating at a reflecting surface 150, 152, respectively. The reflector 
structure 142 is placed against the outer surface of the wrapper 104 and 
having the reflecting surfaces 150, 152 arranged in alignment with the 
transducers 106, 108 along the acoustic path 128. As a result of the 
contour of the terminal ends of the arms 146, 148, fluid turbulence is 
thereby reduced. The disturbing effects of the upstream arm 136, 148 on 
acoustic propogation can be essentially avoided by tilting the acoustic 
path in the tangential plane as shown in FIG. 6. In this regard, the 
transducers 106, 108 are arranged on either side of the longitudinal axis 
126 of the outer shell 102. The reflector structures 130, 142 can be 
positioned within the downcomer annulus 100 accordingly with the acoustic 
path 122 provided between their reflecting surfaces 138, 140 and 150, 152 
being arranged in alignment with a line passing through the transducers 
106, 108. Alternatively, the disturbing effects of the upstream arms 136, 
148 can be essentially avoided by radially tilting the acoustic path in 
the manner shown in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, the upstream arm 148' 
extends radially within the downcomer annulus 100 a shorter distance than 
the downstream arm 146'. In this manner, the acoustic path 122 between the 
reflecting surfaces 150', 152', is removed from the region of the fluid 
disturbance created by the upstream arm 148'. 
In the preceding embodiments of the present invention, a representative 
fluid velocity is measured that can be related to an average fluid 
velocity over the downcomer annulus 100 by known fluid flow profile 
relationships. The average fluid velocity can also be measured by angling 
the acoustic path across the downcomer annulus 100, as to be described 
with regard to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8-12. The acoustic path, 
which includes a reflection off the surface of the outer shell 102 or 
wrapper 104, as shown in FIGS. 8, 10, 11 and 12, allows the reflectors to 
be arranged on the same side of the downcomer annulus 100. However, such 
construction relies on having a specific annular dimension or on 
positioning the reflecting surfaces a fixed distance from the surface of 
the outer shell 102 or wrapper 104. 
As shown in FIG. 8, a reflector structure 154 is constructed of a support 
member 156 having a pair of reflecting surfaces 158, 160 arranged within 
the support member. The reflector structure 154 is held against the outer 
surface of the wrapper 102 and having the reflecting surfaces 158, 160 
arranged in alignment with the transducers 106, 108 along the acoustic 
path 128. In accordance with this embodiment, the acoustic path 122 
defined between the reflecting surfaces 158, 160 reflects off of the inner 
surface of the outer shell 102 thereby angling the acoustic path across 
the downcomer annulus 100 for determining the average fluid velocity 
therethrough. As shown in FIG. 10, a similarly constructed reflector 
structure 154' is held against the inner surface of the outer shell 102 to 
provide an acoustic path 122 between the reflecting surfaces 158', 160' 
which reflects off the outer surface of the wrapper 104. The reflector 
structures 154, 154' are substantially identical in construction except 
that the angle of their reflecting surfaces 158, 160, 158', 160' are 
arranged at the required angle to receive and reflect the acoustic pulses 
along the acoustic paths 122, 128 to and from the transducers 106, 108. 
Turning now to FIG. 9, there is disclosed another embodiment of the present 
invention, wherein the reflector structure 162 is constructed of a pair of 
support members 164, 166 each having a reflecting surface 168, 170. As 
shown, the support member 164 is held against the outer surface of the 
wrapper 104 and having its reflecting surface 168 arranged in alignment 
with transducer 108 along acoustic path 128. However, the support member 
166 is held against the inner surface of the outer shell 102 and having 
its reflecting surface 170 arranged in alignment with transducer 106 along 
acoustic path 128. In this manner, the reflecting surfaces 168, 170 define 
an acoustic path 122 angled across the downcomer annulus 100. 
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention as shown in 
FIG. 11, the reflector structure 172 is constructed of a plastic or 
polymer sleeve or lining 174, e.g., silicon rubber, epoxy and 
polyurethane, whose acoustic characteristics are close to those of water 
or other such liquids. Embedded within the polymer lining 174 are 
individual reflectors 176, 178 having reflecting surfaces 180, 182, 
respectively. The polymer lining 174 is secured to the outer surface of 
the wrapper 104 and having the reflecting surfaces 180, 182 arranged in 
alignment with the transducers 106, 108 along the acoustic path 128. In 
this regard, the acoustic path 122 defined between the reflecting surfaces 
180, 182 reflects off the inner surface of the outer shell 104 so as to 
provide an angle acoustic path across the downcomer annulus 100. The use 
of a polymer lining 174 having embedded reflectors 176, 178 greatly 
minimizes fluid flow disturbances. 
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in 
FIG. 12, a reflector structure 184 constructed of a support member 182 
having a pair of spaced-apart reflector arms 186, 188, each provided with 
a reflecting surface 190, 192, respectively, is secured to the inner 
surface of a cylindrically-shaped conduit 194. The transducers 106, 108 
and the reflecting surfaces 190, 192 are arranged such that the acoustic 
paths 122, 128 are chords of the conduit 194. The provision of chordal 
acoustic paths is also considered to avoid the disturbing effects of the 
upstream arm 186 within the conduit 194. 
The present invention, as stated, is particularly advantageous when used 
for the nonintrusive measurement of water flow in the annular downcomer 
region of nuclear power plant steam generators. However, other 
applications such as flow within pipes and liquid level measurement in 
vessels is contemplated with the ultrasonic flowmeter of the present 
invention. The various reflector structures described herein will offer 
minimum flow restriction if maintained against a pipe wall. In addition, 
the reflector structures can be attached to a flange for clamping between 
pipe flanges during pipe assembly, or they can be welded just inside the 
end of a length of pipe before the pipes are welded together. The position 
of the installed reflector structures, in accordance with the present 
invention, can be determined from outside the outer shell 102 if the 
approximate location is known. For example, two transducers, one of which 
is a transmitter, in a fixture having the correct spacing and orientation, 
i.e., the same spacing and orientation as the reflecting surfaces, can be 
moved over the surface of the outer shell 102 until a signal is received 
at the other end. Alternatively, a projection or hole having a 
characteristic echo could be included in the reflector structure. If 
reflector structures are included in a nuclear power plant steam generator 
design, attachment to the outer shell 102 is preferable. Then, transducer 
locations can be marked on the exterior surface of the outer shell 102. 
Also, standoffs 196 for mounting the transducers 106, 108 can be welded or 
brazed to the outside surface of the outer shell 102 at the right 
locations, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. The transducers 106, 108 are 
mounted within a housing 198 containing internal parts 200 for spring 
loading and electrical connection via electrical connector 202. Similarly, 
the reflector arms 134' 136' can be welded or brazed to the inner surface 
of the outer shell 102. As shown in FIG. 14, the reflector arm 204 is 
provided with a reflecting surface 206 adapted for internal reflection. 
Further, in the case of steam generators, the reflector structure can be 
installed through a handhole during shutdown or, preferably, can be 
included in the steam generator design. The reflector structures can also 
be extended up or down into the downcomer annulus 100. 
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to 
particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are 
merely illustrative of the principles and application of the present 
invention. For example, the use of any materials, relative dimensions and 
specific electronic techniques are contemplated. Further, it is 
contemplated that the reflector structures be formed from one piece of 
metal, while on the other hand, it is possible that they be constructed of 
a welded multi-component assembly. This construction, in addition to being 
simple and rugged, would maintain spacing and orientation of their 
reflecting surfaces without the need for precise alignment on 
installation. The arrangement of the reflecting surfaces in the 
embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 1, 4 and 5 provide an acoustic path between 
the reflecting surfaces that is in line with the fluid flow, i.e., .theta. 
equal to zero for maximum sensitivity, and which acoustic path can be made 
as long as desired for increased time differential. Still further, as an 
alternative technique, vortex shedding from the upstream reflector arm can 
be sensed ultrasonically in determining fluid flow velocity. It is, 
therefore, to be understood that numerous modifications may be made in the 
illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised 
without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as 
defined by the appended claims.