Hybrid tray for introducing a low CO2 feed stream into a distillation tower

A method of separating a feed stream in a distillation tower. Vapor is permitted to rise upwardly from a distillation section of the distillation tower. A feed stream is introduced into a controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower, the controlled freeze zone section being situated above the distillation section. The feed stream is released above a level of a liquid retained by a melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone section. Vapor from the distillation section is directed into the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly. A solid is formed from the feed stream in the controlled freeze zone section.

BACKGROUND

Fields of Disclosure

The disclosure relates generally to the field of fluid separation. More specifically, the disclosure relates to the cryogenic separation of contaminants, such as acid gas, from a hydrocarbon.

Description of Related Art

This section is intended to introduce various aspects of the art, which may be associated with the present disclosure. This discussion is intended to provide a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be read in this light, and not necessarily as admissions of prior art.

The production of natural gas hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, from a reservoir oftentimes carries with it the incidental production of non-hydrocarbon gases. Such gases include contaminants, such as at least one of carbon dioxide (“CO2”), hydrogen sulfide (“H2S”), carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and various mercaptans. When a feed stream being produced from a reservoir includes these contaminants mixed with hydrocarbons, the stream is oftentimes referred to as “sour gas.”

Many natural gas reservoirs have relatively low percentages of hydrocarbons and relatively high percentages of contaminants. Contaminants may act as a diluent and lower the heat content of hydrocarbons. Some contaminants, like sulfur-bearing compounds, are noxious and may even be lethal. Additionally, in the presence of water some contaminants can become quite corrosive.

It is desirable to remove contaminants from a stream containing hydrocarbons to produce sweet and concentrated hydrocarbons. Specifications for pipeline quality natural gas typically call for a maximum of 2-4% CO2and ¼ grain H2S per 100 scf (4 ppmv) or 5 mg/Nm3 H2S. Specifications for lower temperature processes such as natural gas liquefaction plants or nitrogen rejection units typically require less than 50 ppm CO2.

The separation of contaminants from hydrocarbons is difficult and consequently significant work has been applied to the development of hydrocarbon/contaminant separation methods. These methods can be placed into three general classes: absorption by solvents (physical, chemical and hybrids), adsorption by solids, and distillation.

Separation by distillation of some mixtures can be relatively simple and, as such, is widely used in the natural gas industry. However, distillation of mixtures of natural gas hydrocarbons, primarily methane, and one of the most common contaminants in natural gas, carbon dioxide, can present significant difficulties. Conventional distillation principles and conventional distillation equipment are predicated on the presence of only vapor and liquid phases throughout the distillation tower. The separation of CO2from methane by distillation involves temperature and pressure conditions that result in solidification of CO2if a pipeline or better quality hydrocarbon product is desired. The required temperatures are cold temperatures typically referred to as cryogenic temperatures.

Certain cryogenic distillations can overcome the above mentioned difficulties. These cryogenic distillations provide the appropriate mechanism to handle the formation and subsequent melting of solids during the separation of solid-forming contaminants from hydrocarbons. The formation of solid contaminants in equilibrium with vapor-liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons and contaminants at particular conditions of temperature and pressure takes place in a controlled freeze zone (CFZ) section. A lower section may also help separate the contaminants from the hydrocarbons but the lower section is operated at a temperature and pressure that does not form solid. Cryogenic distillation towers using controlled freeze zone technologies may effectively process very sour gas streams (i.e., between about 20% to more than 70% CO2and/or H2S).

In known CFZ applications, a feed stream is dried and precooled to about −60° F. before introduction to the CFZ tower below the CFZ section and melt tray. The vapor component of the cooled feed stream combines with the vapor rising from the stripping section of the tower and bubbles through the liquid on the melt tray. This serves several beneficial purposes, including: the rising vapor stream is cooled and a portion of the CO2is condensed, resulting in a cooler and cleaner gas stream entering the open portion of the CFZ spray chamber; the rising vapor stream is evenly distributed across the tower cross section as it enters the CFZ spray chamber. Most of the required melt tray heat input is provided via sensible heat from cooling the vapor and latent heat from condensing a portion of the CO2in the gas stream; and the melt tray liquid is vigorously mixed, which facilitates melting of solid CO2particles falling into the melt tray with the bulk liquid temperature only 2 to 3 degrees F. above the melting point of CO2.

A conventional CFZ unit with feed vapor entering below the melt tray can be used to process sour gas with CO2content significantly below 20%, however this has important disadvantages. Most significantly, when the lower CO2content feed vapor bubbles through the melt tray liquid, the CO2in the vapor rising into the open portion of the CFZ section will increase to the equilibrium dictated by required melt tray operating conditions. This would then require the overhead refrigeration system and associated equipment to be larger than would otherwise be required if the feed vapor were introduced immediately above the melt tray in its leaner state. Another disadvantage is the undesirable melt tray cooling that occurs due to the latent heat from vaporizing some of the CO2contained in the melt tray liquid to reach equilibrium with the feed vapor. This impact could be mitigated by decreasing the feed cooling and thereby providing additional sensible heat in the feed vapor.

It has been proposed to introduce feed stream above the melt tray, but these proposals have significant disadvantages. In one example, one or more feed stream inlet nozzles may be attached to one or more distribution headers at the desired location, within the open portion of the CFZ section. While this would introduce the gas evenly across the tower cross section, a major disadvantage of this solution is the potential for fouling of the headers and supports with solid CO2.

Another method of introducing feed stream above the melt tray is shown in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0362251, incorporated herein by reference, which uses a sleeve in the CFZ spray chamber and introduces the feed stream via an annular space between the pressure containing tower wall and the sleeve that otherwise is not required. This approach avoids distribution headers that could become fouled with solid CO2. However, the feed vapor is introduced evenly around the outer edge of the tower cross section, not evenly across the full tower cross section as desired. This will result in undesirable flow patterns in the CFZ section and an uneven distribution of CO2solids falling into the melt tray liquid. The uneven distribution of solids falling into the melt tray will make it more difficult to reliably melt the solids while operating at the desired melt tray liquid temperature. Also, if the position of the sleeve does not remain concentric with the tower during operation, feed introduction to the tower will also be maldistributed around the circumference. Another disadvantage of this method is that the sleeve required for this approach adds cost and mechanical complexity vs. the standard CFZ design. What is needed is a method of using a cryogenic distillation process, such as a CFZ distillation process, that can reliably and economically process feed stream with less that 20% CO2content.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a device and method for separating contaminants from hydrocarbons, among other things.

Aspects of the disclosure provide a distillation tower for separating a feed stream. The distillation tower includes a distillation section permitting vapor to rise upwardly therefrom, and a controlled freeze zone section situated above the distillation section. The controlled freeze zone is constructed and arranged to form a solid from a feed stream. The controlled freeze zone section includes a spray assembly in the controlled freeze zone upper section, and a melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone lower section. The melt tray assembly includes a feed stream manifold that directs the feed stream into the distillation tower. At least one vapor stream riser directs the vapor from the distillation section into liquid retained by the melt tray assembly. At least one feed stream riser having a lower end operationally connected to the feed stream manifold and an upper end positioned above a level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly. The feed stream is released above the level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.

In another aspect, a method of separating a feed stream in a distillation tower is provided. Vapor is permitted to rise upwardly from a distillation section of the distillation tower. A feed stream is introduced into a controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower. The controlled freeze zone section is situated above the distillation section. The feed stream is released above a level of a liquid retained by a melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone section. Vapor from the distillation section is directed into the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly. A solid is formed from the feed stream in the controlled freeze zone section.

The foregoing has broadly outlined the features of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features will also be described herein.

It should be noted that the figures are merely examples and no limitations on the scope of the present disclosure are intended thereby. Further, the figures are generally not drawn to scale, but are drafted for purposes of convenience and clarity in illustrating various aspects of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the features illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications, and any further applications of the principles of the disclosure as described herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure relates. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that some features that are not relevant to the present disclosure may not be shown in the drawings for the sake of clarity.

As referenced in this application, the terms “stream,” “gas stream,” “vapor stream,” and “liquid stream” refer to different stages of a feed stream as the feed stream is processed in a distillation tower that separates methane, the primary hydrocarbon in natural gas, from contaminants. Although the phrases “gas stream,” “vapor stream,” and “liquid stream,” refer to situations where a gas, vapor, and liquid is mainly present in the stream, respectively, there may be other phases also present within the stream. For example, a gas may also be present in a “liquid stream.” In some instances, the terms “gas stream” and “vapor stream” may be used interchangeably.

The articles “the”, “a” and “an” are not necessarily limited to mean only one, but rather are inclusive and open ended so as to include, optionally, multiple such elements.

The disclosure relates to a system and method for separating a feed stream in a distillation tower. The system and method helps optimally match where the feed stream should enter the distillation tower based on the concentrations of components in the feed stream so as to improve energy efficiency and/or optimally size the distillation tower. The system and method may also help prevent the undesired accumulation of solids in the controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower.FIGS. 1-8of the disclosure display various aspects of the system and method.

The system and method may separate a feed stream having methane and contaminants. The system may comprise a distillation tower104,204(FIGS. 1-2). The distillation tower104,204may separate the contaminants from the methane.

The distillation tower104,204may be separated into three functional sections: a lower section106, a middle controlled freeze zone section108and an upper section110. The distillation tower104,204may incorporate three functional sections when the upper section110is needed and/or desired.

The distillation tower104,204may incorporate only two functional sections when the upper section110is not needed and/or desired. When the distillation tower does not include an upper section110, a portion of vapor leaving the middle controlled freeze zone section108may be condensed in a condenser122and returned as a liquid stream via a spray assembly129. Moreover, lines18and20may be eliminated, elements124and126may be one and the same, and elements150and128may be one and the same. The stream in line14, now taking the vapors leaving the middle controlled freeze section108, directs these vapors to the condenser122.

The lower section106may also be referred to as a stripper section. The middle controlled freeze zone section108may also be referred to as a controlled freeze zone section. The upper section110may also be referred to as a rectifier section.

The sections of the distillation tower104may be housed within a single vessel (FIGS. 1 and 3). For example, the lower section106, the middle controlled freeze zone section108, and the upper section110may be housed within a single vessel164.

The sections of the distillation tower204may be housed within a plurality of vessels to form a split-tower configuration (FIGS. 2 and 4). Each of the vessels may be separate from the other vessels. Piping and/or another suitable mechanism may connect one vessel to another vessel. In this instance, the lower section106, middle controlled freeze zone section108and upper section110may be housed within two or more vessels. For example, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 4, the upper section110may be housed within a single vessel254and the lower and middle controlled freeze zone sections106,108may be housed within a single vessel264. When this is the case, a liquid stream exiting the upper section110, may exit through a liquid outlet bottom260. The liquid outlet bottom260is at the bottom of the upper section110. Although not shown, each of the sections may be housed within its own separate vessel, or one or more section may be housed within separate vessels, or the upper and middle controlled freeze zone sections may be housed within a single vessel and the lower section may be housed within a single vessel, etc. When sections of the distillation tower are housed within vessels, the vessels may be side-by-side along a horizontal line and/or above each other along a vertical line.

The split-tower configuration may be beneficial in situations where the height of the distillation tower, motion considerations, and/or transportation issues, such as for remote locations, need to be considered. This split-tower configuration allows for the independent operation of one or more sections. For example, when the upper section is housed within a single vessel and the lower and middle controlled freeze zone sections are housed within a single vessel, independent generation of reflux liquids using a substantially contaminant-free, largely hydrocarbon stream from a packed gas pipeline or an adjacent hydrocarbon line, may occur in the upper section. And the reflux may be used to cool the upper section, establish an appropriate temperature profile in the upper section, and/or build up liquid inventory at the bottom of the upper section to serve as an initial source of spray liquids for the middle controlled freeze zone section. Moreover, the middle controlled freeze zone and lower sections may be independently prepared by chilling the feed stream, feeding it to the optimal location be that in the lower section or in the middle controlled freeze zone section, generating liquids for the lower and the middle controlled freeze zone sections, and disposing the vapors off the middle controlled freeze zone section while they are off specification with too high a contaminant content. Also, liquid from the upper section may be intermittently or continuously sprayed, building up liquid level in the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section and bringing the contaminant content in the middle controlled freeze zone section down and near steady state level so that the two vessels may be connected to send the vapor stream from the middle controlled freeze zone section to the upper section, continuously spraying liquid from the bottom of the upper section into the middle controlled freeze zone section and stabilizing operations into steady state conditions. The split tower configuration may utilize a sump of the upper section as a liquid receiver for the pump128, therefore obviating the need for a liquid receiver126inFIGS. 1 and 3.

The system may also include a heat exchanger100(FIGS. 1-4). The feed stream10may enter the heat exchanger100before entering the distillation tower104,204. The feed stream10may be cooled within the heat exchanger100. The heat exchanger100helps drop the temperature of the feed stream10to a level suitable for introduction into the distillation tower104,204.

The system may include an expander device102(FIGS. 1-4). The feed stream10may enter the expander device102before entering the distillation tower104,204. The feed stream10may be expanded in the expander device102after exiting the heat exchanger100. The expander device102helps drop the temperature of the feed stream10to a level suitable for introduction into the distillation tower104,204. The expander device102may be any suitable device, such as a valve. If the expander device102is a valve, the valve may be any suitable valve that may aid in cooling the feed stream10before it enters the distillation tower104,204. For example, the valve102may comprise a Joule-Thompson (J-T) valve.

The system may include a feed separator103(FIGS. 3-4). The feed stream may enter the feed separator before entering the distillation tower104,204. The feed separator may separate a feed stream having a mixed liquid and vapor stream into a liquid stream and a vapor stream. Lines12may extend from the feed separator to the distillation tower104,204. One of the lines12may receive the vapor stream from the feed separator. Another one of the lines12may receive the liquid stream from the feed separator. Each of the lines12may extend to the same and/or different sections (i.e. middle controlled freeze zone, and lower sections) of the distillation tower104,204. The expander device102may or may not be downstream of the feed separator103. The expander device102may comprise a plurality of expander devices102such that each line12has an expander device102.

The system may include a dehydration unit261(FIGS. 1-4). The feed stream10may enter the dehydration unit261before entering the distillation tower104,204. The feed stream10enters the dehydration unit261before entering the heat exchanger100and/or the expander device102. The dehydration unit261removes water from the feed stream10to prevent water from later presenting a problem in the heat exchanger100, expander device102, feed separator103, or distillation tower104,204. The water can present a problem by forming a separate water phase (i.e., ice and/or hydrate) that plugs lines, equipment or negatively affects the distillation process. The dehydration unit261dehydrates the feed stream to a dew point sufficiently low to ensure a separate water phase does not form at any point downstream during the rest of the process. The dehydration unit may be any suitable dehydration mechanism, such as a molecular sieve or a glycol dehydration unit.

The system may include a filtering unit (not shown). The feed stream10may enter the filtering unit before entering the distillation tower104,204. The filtering unit may remove undesirable contaminants from the feed stream before the feed stream enters the distillation tower104,204. Depending on what contaminants are to be removed, the filtering unit may be before or after the dehydration unit261and/or before or after the heat exchanger100.

The system may include lines12. Each of the lines may be referred to as an inlet channel12. The feed stream is introduced into the distillation tower104,204through one of the lines12. One or more lines12may extend to the lower section106or the middle controlled freeze zone section108of the distillation tower104,204to another of the lines12. For example, the line12may extend to the lower section106such that the feed stream10may enter the lower section106of the distillation tower104,204(FIGS. 1-4). Each line12may directly or indirectly extend to the lower section106or the middle controlled freeze zone section108. Each line12may extend to an outer surface of the distillation tower104,204before entering the distillation tower.

If the system includes the feed separator103(FIGS. 3-4), the line12may comprise a plurality of lines12. Each line may be the same line as one of the lines that extends from the feed separator to a specific portion of the distillation tower104,204.

Before entering the distillation tower104,204, a sample of the feed stream10may enter an analyzer (not shown). The sample of the feed stream10may be a small sample of the feed stream10. The feed stream10may comprise feed from multiple feed sources or feed from a single feed source. Each feed source may comprise, for example, a separate reservoir, one or more wellbores within one or more reservoirs, etc. The analyzer may determine the percentage of CO2in the sample of the feed stream10and, therefore, the content of CO2in the feed stream10. The analyzer may connect to multiple lines12so that the feed stream10can be sent to one or more sections106,108of the distillation tower104,204after the sample of the feed stream10exits the analyzer. If the analyze determines that the percentage of CO2is greater than about 20% or greater than 20%, the analyzer may direct the feed stream to the line12extending from the lower section106. If the analyzer determines that the percentage of CO2is less than about 20% or less than 20%, the analyzer may direct the feed stream to the line12extending from the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The analyzer may be any suitable analyzer. For example, the analyzer may be a gas chromatograph or an IR analyzer. The analyzer may be positioned before the feed stream10enters the heat exchanger100. The feed stream10entering the analyzer may be a single phase.

While the feed stream10may be introduced into any section of the distillation tower104,204regardless of the percentage of CO2in the feed stream10, it is more efficient to introduce the feed stream10into the section of the distillation tower104,204that will employ the best use of energy. For this reason, it is preferable to introduce the feed stream to the lower section106when the percentage of CO2in the feed stream is greater than any percentage about 20% or greater than 20% and to the middle controlled freeze zone section108when the percentage of CO2in the feed stream is any percentage less than about 20% or less than 20%.

The feed stream may be directly or indirectly fed to one of the sections106,108. Thus, for the best use of energy it is best to introduce the feed stream into the distillation tower104,204at the point in the distillation process of the distillation tower104,204that matches the relevant percentage or content of CO2in the feed stream.

The feed stream10may enter a feed separator103. The feed separator103separates a feed stream vapor portion from a feed stream liquid portion before the feed stream is introduced into the distillation tower104,204. The feed stream vapor portion may be fed to a different section or portion within a section of the distillation tower104,204than the feed stream liquid portion. For example, the feed stream vapor portion may be fed to an upper controlled freeze zone section39of the middle controlled freeze zone section108and/or the feed stream liquid portion may be fed to a lower controlled freeze zone section40of the middle controlled freeze zone section108or to the lower section106of the distillation tower.

The lower section106is constructed and arranged to separate the feed stream10into an enriched contaminant bottom liquid stream (i.e., liquid stream) and a freezing zone vapor stream (i.e., vapor stream). The lower section106separates the feed stream at a temperature and pressure at which no solids form. The liquid stream may comprise a greater quantity of contaminants than of methane. The vapor stream may comprise a greater quantity of methane than of contaminants. In any case, the vapor stream is lighter than the liquid stream. As a result, the vapor stream rises from the lower section106and the liquid stream falls to the bottom of the lower section106.

The lower section106may include and/or connect to equipment that separates the feed stream. The equipment may comprise any suitable equipment for separating methane from contaminants, such as one or more packed sections181, or one or more distillation trays with perforations downcomers and weirs (FIGS. 1-4).

The equipment may include components that apply heat to the stream to form the vapor stream and the liquid stream. For example, the equipment may comprise a first reboiler112that applies heat to the stream. The first reboiler112may be located outside of the distillation tower104,204. The equipment may also comprise a second reboiler172that applies heat to the stream. The second reboiler172may be located outside of the distillation tower104,204. Line117may lead from the distillation tower to the second reboiler172. Line17may lead from the second reboiler172to the distillation tower. Additional reboilers, set up similarly to the second reboiler described above, may also be used.

The first reboiler112may apply heat to the liquid stream that exits the lower section106through a liquid outlet160of the lower section106. The liquid stream may travel from the liquid outlet160through line28to reach the first reboiler112(FIGS. 1-4). The amount of heat applied to the liquid stream by the first reboiler112can be increased to separate more methane from contaminants. The more heat applied by the reboiler112to the stream, the more methane separated from the liquid contaminants, though more contaminants will also be vaporized.

The first reboiler112may apply heat to the stream within the distillation tower104,204. Specifically, the heat applied by the first reboiler112warms up the lower section106. This heat travels up the lower section106and supplies heat to warm solids entering a melt tray assembly139(FIGS. 1-4) of the middle controlled freeze zone section108so that the solids form a liquid and/or slurry mix.

The second reboiler172applies heat to the stream within the lower section106. This heat is applied closer to the middle controlled freeze zone section108than the heat applied by the first reboiler112. As a result, the heat applied by the second reboiler172reaches the middle controlled freeze zone section108faster than the heat applied by the first reboiler112. The second reboiler172also helps with energy integration.

The equipment may include one or more chimney assemblies135(FIGS. 1-4). While falling to the bottom of the lower section106, the liquid stream may encounter one or more of the chimney assemblies135.

Each chimney assembly135includes a chimney tray131that collects the liquid stream within the lower section106. The liquid stream that collects on the chimney tray131may be fed to the second reboiler172. After the liquid stream is heated in the second reboiler172, the stream may return to the middle controlled freeze zone section108to supply heat to the middle controlled freeze zone section108and/or the melt tray assembly139. Unvaporized stream exiting the second reboiler172may be fed back to the distillation tower104,204below the chimney tray131. Vapor stream exiting the second reboiler172may be routed under or above the chimney tray131when the vapor stream enters the distillation tower104,204.

The chimney tray131may include one or more chimneys137. The chimney137serves as a channel that the vapor stream in the lower section106traverses. The vapor stream travels through an opening in the chimney tray131at the bottom of the chimney137to the top of the chimney137. The opening is closer to the bottom of the lower section106than it is to the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The top is closer to the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108than it is to the bottom of the lower section106.

Each chimney137has attached to it a chimney cap133. The chimney cap133covers a chimney top opening138of the chimney137. The chimney cap133prevents the liquid stream from entering the chimney137. The vapor stream exits the chimney assembly135via the chimney top opening138.

After falling to the bottom of the lower section106, the liquid stream exits the distillation tower104,204through the liquid outlet160. The liquid outlet160is within the lower section106(FIGS. 1-4). The liquid outlet160may be located at the bottom of the lower section106.

After exiting through the liquid outlet160, the feed stream may travel via line28to the first reboiler112. The feed stream may be heated by the first reboiler112and vapor may then re-enter the lower section106through line30. Unvaporized liquid may continue out of the distillation process via line24.

The systems may include an expander device114(FIGS. 1-4). After entering line24, the heated liquid stream may be expanded in the expander device114. The expander device114may be any suitable device, such as a valve. The valve114may be any suitable valve, such as a J-T valve.

The system may include a heat exchanger116(FIGS. 1-4). The liquid stream heated by the first reboiler112may be cooled or heated by the heat exchanger116. The heat exchanger116may be a direct heat exchanger or an indirect heat exchanger. The heat exchanger116may comprise any suitable heat exchanger. After exiting the heat exchanger116, the liquid stream exits the distillation process via line26.

The vapor stream in the lower section106rises from the lower section106to the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The middle controlled freeze zone section108is constructed and arranged to separate the feed stream10introduced into the middle controlled freeze zone section, or into the top of lower section106, into a solid and a vapor stream. The middle controlled freeze zone section108forms a solid, which may be comprised more of contaminants than of methane. The vapor stream (i.e., methane-enriched vapor stream) may comprise more methane than contaminants.

The middle controlled freeze zone section108includes a lower section40and an upper section39. The lower section40is below the upper section39. The lower section40directly abuts the upper section39. The lower section40is primarily but not exclusively a heating section of the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The upper section39is primarily but not exclusively a cooling section of the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The temperature and pressure of the upper section39are chosen so that the solid can form in the middle controlled freeze zone section108.

The middle controlled freeze zone section108may comprise a melt tray assembly139that is maintained in the middle controlled freeze zone section108(FIGS. 1-4). The melt tray assembly139is within the lower section40of the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The melt tray assembly139is not within the upper section39of the middle controlled freeze zone section108.

The melt tray assembly139is constructed and arranged to melt solids formed in the middle controlled freeze zone section108. When the warm vapor stream rises from the lower section106to the middle controlled freeze zone section108, the vapor stream immediately encounters the melt tray assembly139and supplies heat to melt the solids. As shown inFIGS. 1-4and more particularly inFIGS. 5-7, the melt tray assembly139may comprise at least one of a melt tray118, a bubble cap132, a vapor stream riser140, a feed stream manifold142, a feed stream riser143, a liquid130and heat mechanism(s)134.

The melt tray118may collect a liquid and/or slurry mix. The melt tray118divides at least a portion of the middle controlled freeze zone section108from the lower section106. The melt tray118is at the bottom45of the middle controlled freeze zone section108.

One or more vapor stream risers140have an inlet on the lower side of the melt tray118and is open to the lower section106.FIG. 6, which is a bottom view of the feed stream manifold142, shows the open lower ends of the vapor stream risers140. The vapor stream risers140may act as a channel for the vapor stream rising from the lower section106to the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The bubble cap132may provide a path for the vapor stream up the vapor stream riser140and then down and around the vapor stream riser140into the liquid130above the melt tray118. The bubble cap132prevents the liquid130from travelling into the vapor stream riser140and also helps prevent solids from travelling into the vapor stream riser140. The vapor stream's traversal through the bubble cap132allows the vapor stream to transfer heat to the liquid130within the melt tray assembly139.

As shown more clearly inFIG. 5, lines12feed the feed stream into the feed stream manifold142. The feed stream manifold distributes the feed stream to one or more feed stream risers143. Feed stream risers143are designed to pass the feed stream through the melt tray118before being released into the open space above the liquid130without contacting the liquid130. The feed stream manifold142may be constructed as part of the melt tray118or by using separate piping components. The feed stream manifold may be placed on the top side or the bottom side of the melt tray118, and in a preferred aspect the feed stream manifold is placed on the bottom side of the tray as depicted inFIG. 5.

The upper end of the feed stream risers143may be open or, as shown inFIG. 5, may include a distribution cap144to further aid in providing an even introduction of the feed stream into the distillation tower104,204. The distribution cap may include openings145designed for optimal feed stream distribution. To further improve diffusion or distribution of the feed stream, the distribution cap may also have a cap or tray146positioned above the distribution cap. The cap or tray146may be angled as shown inFIG. 5to limit solid carbon dioxide accumulation thereon. The cap or tray may be solid or may be perforated to create the desired diffusion of the feed stream. Other steps can be taken to further prevent solids accumulation, such as increasing the temperature of the feed stream passing through the feed stream risers. Another anti-solids strategy would be to install internal fins (not shown) on the inner portion of the feed stream risers143to increase the temperature of the feed stream risers143. Still another anti-solids strategy is to treat the surface of the portion of the riser that extends above the level of the liquid130. Such surface treatments may include the addition of a non-stick coating, such as polyfluorotetraethylene (PFTE), or alternatively may include a surface finish, such as electropolishing, to the portion of the feed stream risers143extending above the level of liquid130. These and other surface treatments are more fully described in United States Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0159942, titled “Method and Device for Separating Hydrocarbons and Contaminants with a Surface Treatment Mechanism” and commonly owned herewith, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The number and size of vapor risers140, bubble caps132, and feed stream risers143should be selected based on the expected flow rates of the feed stream for a specific application. Additionally, the vapor risers140and the feed stream risers143should be evenly distributed across the cross-section of the distillation tower104,204.FIGS. 5-7depict one example of riser placement, and other riser placement strategies are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure.

One or more heat mechanisms134may further heat up the liquid130to facilitate melting of the solids into a liquid and/or slurry mix. The heat mechanism(s)134may be located anywhere within the melt tray assembly139. For example, as shown inFIGS. 1-4, a heat mechanism134may be located around bubble caps132. The heat mechanism134may be any suitable mechanism, such as a heat coil. The heat source of the heat mechanism134may be any suitable heat source.

The liquid130in the melt tray assembly is heated by the vapor stream. The liquid130may also be heated by the one or more heat mechanisms134. The liquid130helps melt the solids formed in the middle controlled freeze zone section108into a liquid and/or slurry mix. Specifically, the heat transferred by the vapor stream heats up the liquid, thereby enabling the heat to melt the solids. The temperature of liquid130may be at a level sufficient to melt the solids. Other methods may be used to increase the temperature of the liquid, for example, the apparatus and method described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application titled “Alternate Mixing and Heat Integration of a Melt Tray in a Cryogenic Distillation Tower,” being commonly owned and filed on an even date herewith, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The middle controlled freeze zone section108may also comprise a spray assembly129. The spray assembly129cools the vapor stream that rises from the lower section40. The spray assembly129sprays liquid, which is cooler than the vapor stream, on the vapor stream to cool the vapor stream. The spray assembly129is within the upper section39. The spray assembly129is not within the lower section40. The spray assembly129is above the melt tray assembly139. In other words, the melt tray assembly139is below the spray assembly129.

The spray assembly129includes one or more spray nozzles120(FIGS. 1-4). Each spray nozzle120sprays liquid on the vapor stream. The spray assembly129may also include a spray pump128(FIGS. 1-4) that pumps the liquid. Instead of a spray pump128, gravity may induce flow in the liquid.

The liquid sprayed by the spray assembly129contacts the vapor stream at a temperature and pressure at which solids form. Solids, containing mainly contaminants, form when the sprayed liquid contacts the vapor stream. The solids fall toward the melt tray assembly139.

The temperature in the middle controlled freeze zone section108cools down as the vapor stream travels from the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108to the top of the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The methane in the vapor stream rises from the middle controlled freeze zone section108to the upper section110. Some contaminants may remain in the methane and also rise. The contaminants in the vapor stream tend to condense or solidify with the colder temperatures and fall to the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108.

The solids form the liquid and/or slurry mix when in the liquid130. The liquid and/or slurry mix flows from the middle controlled freeze zone section108to the lower distillation section106. The liquid and/or slurry mix flows from the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108to the top of the lower section106via a line22(FIGS. 1-4). The line22may be an exterior line. The line22may extend from the distillation tower104,204. The line22may extend from the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The line may extend to the lower section106. The line22may extend from an outer surface of the distillation tower104,204.

As shown inFIGS. 1-2, the vapor stream that rises in the middle controlled freeze zone section108and does not form solids or otherwise fall to the bottom of the middle controlled freeze zone section108, rises to the upper section110. The upper section110operates at a temperature and pressure and contaminant concentration at which no solid forms. The upper section110is constructed and arranged to cool the vapor stream to separate the methane from the contaminants. Reflux in the upper section110cools the vapor stream. The reflux is introduced into the upper section110via line18. Line18may extend to the upper section110. Line18may extend from an outer surface of the distillation tower104,204.

After contacting the reflux in the upper section110, the feed stream forms a vapor stream and a liquid stream. The vapor stream mainly comprises methane. The liquid stream comprises relatively more contaminants. The vapor stream rises in the upper section110and the liquid falls to a bottom of the upper section110.

To facilitate separation of the methane from the contaminants when the stream contacts the reflux, the upper section110may include one or more mass transfer devices176. Each mass transfer device176helps separate the methane from the contaminants. Each mass transfer device176may comprise any suitable separation device, such as a tray with perforations, or a section of random or structured packing to facilitate contact of the vapor and liquid phases.

After rising, the vapor stream may exit the distillation tower104,204through line14. The line14may emanate from an upper part of the upper section110. The line14may extend from an outer surface of the upper section110.

From line14, the vapor stream may enter a condenser122. The condenser122cools the vapor stream to form a cooled stream. The condenser122at least partially condenses the stream.

After exiting the condenser122, the cooled stream may enter a separator124. The separator124separates the vapor stream into liquid and vapor streams. The separator may be any suitable separator that can separate a stream into liquid and vapor streams, such as a reflux drum.

Once separated, the vapor stream may exit the separator124as sales product. The sales product may travel through line16for subsequent sale to a pipeline and/or condensation to be liquefied natural gas.

Once separated, the liquid stream may return to the upper section110through line18as the reflux. The reflux may travel to the upper section110via any suitable mechanism, such as a reflux pump150(FIGS. 1 and 3) or gravity (FIGS. 2 and 4).

The liquid stream (i.e., freezing zone liquid stream) that falls to the bottom of the upper section110collects at the bottom of the upper section110. The liquid may collect on tray183(FIGS. 1 and 3) or at the bottommost portion of the upper section110(FIGS. 2 and 4). The collected liquid may exit the distillation tower104,204through line20(FIGS. 1 and 3) or outlet260(FIGS. 2 and 4). The line20may emanate from the upper section110. The line20may emanate from a bottom end of the upper section110. The line20may extend from an outer surface of the upper section110.

The line20and/or outlet260connect to a line41. The line41leads to the spray assembly129in the middle controlled freeze zone section108. The line41emanates from the holding vessel126. The line41may extend to an outer surface of the middle controlled freeze zone section108.

The line20and/or outlet260may directly or indirectly (FIGS. 1-4) connect to the line41. When the line20and/or outlet260directly connect to the line41, the liquid spray may be pumped to the spray nozzle(s)120via any suitable mechanism, such as the spray pump128or gravity. When the line20and/or outlet260indirectly connect to the line41, the lines20,41and/or outlet260and line41may directly connect to a holding vessel126(FIGS. 1and3). The holding vessel126may house at least some of the liquid spray before it is sprayed by the nozzle(s). The liquid spray may be pumped from the holding vessel126to the spray nozzle(s)120via any suitable mechanism, such as the spray pump128(FIGS. 1-2) or gravity. The holding vessel126may be needed when there is not a sufficient amount of liquid stream at the bottom of the upper section110to feed the spray nozzles120.

FIG. 8is a flowchart showing a method800of separating a feed stream in a distillation tower according to aspects of the disclosure. At block802vapor is permitted to rise upwardly from a distillation section of the distillation tower. At block804a feed stream is introduced into a controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower. The controlled freeze zone section is situated above the distillation section. At block806the feed stream is released above a level of a liquid retained by a melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone section. At block808vapor from the distillation section is directed into the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly. At block810a solid is formed from the feed stream in the controlled freeze zone section.

The steps depicted inFIG. 8are provided for illustrative purposes only and a particular step may not be required to perform the inventive methodology. The claims, and only the claims, define the inventive system and methodology.

Disclosed aspects may be used in hydrocarbon management activities. As used herein, “hydrocarbon management” or “managing hydrocarbons” includes hydrocarbon extraction, hydrocarbon production, hydrocarbon exploration, identifying potential hydrocarbon resources, identifying well locations, determining well injection and/or extraction rates, identifying reservoir connectivity, acquiring, disposing of and/or abandoning hydrocarbon resources, reviewing prior hydrocarbon management decisions, and any other hydrocarbon-related acts or activities. The term “hydrocarbon management” is also used for the injection or storage of hydrocarbons or CO2, for example the sequestration of CO2, such as reservoir evaluation, development planning, and reservoir management. The disclosed methodologies and techniques may be used to produce hydrocarbons in a feed stream extracted from, for example, a subsurface region. The feed stream extracted may be processed in the distillation tower104,204and separated into hydrocarbons and contaminants. The separated hydrocarbons exit the middle controlled freeze zone section108or the upper section110of the distillation tower. Some or all of the hydrocarbons that exit are produced. Hydrocarbon extraction may be conducted to remove the feed stream from for example, the subsurface region, which may be accomplished by drilling a well using oil well drilling equipment. The equipment, and techniques used to drill a well and/or extract the hydrocarbons are well known by those skilled in the relevant art. Other hydrocarbon extraction activities and, more generally, other hydrocarbon management activities, may be performed according to known principles.

Aspects of the disclosure may include any combinations of the methods and systems shown in the following numbered paragraphs. This is not to be considered a complete listing of all possible aspects, as any number of variations can be envisioned from the description above.

1. A distillation tower for separating a feed stream, the distillation tower comprising:

a distillation section permitting vapor to rise upwardly therefrom;

a controlled freeze zone section situated above the distillation section, the controlled freeze zone constructed and arranged to form a solid from a feed stream, the controlled freeze zone section includinga spray assembly in the controlled freeze zone upper section, anda melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone lower section;

wherein the melt tray assembly includesa feed stream manifold that directs the feed stream into the distillation tower,at least one vapor stream riser that directs the vapor from the distillation section into liquid retained by the melt tray assembly, andat least one feed stream riser having a lower end operationally connected to the feed stream manifold and an upper end positioned above a level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly, wherein the feed stream is released above the level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.
2. The distillation tower of paragraph 1, wherein the at least one vapor stream riser passes through the feed stream manifold without mixing the feed stream with the vapor stream from the distillation section.
3. The distillation tower of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, further comprising:

a distribution cap disposed on an upper end of one or more of the at least one feed stream risers, the distribution cap configured to distribute the feed stream throughout the controlled freeze zone section.

4. The distillation tower of paragraph 3, further comprising openings on the top of the distribution cap to permit the feed stream to pass therethrough.

5. The distillation tower of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising a cap or tray positioned above the distribution cap, the cap or tray further distributing the feed stream throughout the controlled freeze zone section.

6. The distillation tower of any one of paragraphs 1-5, further comprising:

a bubble cap arranged above each of the at least one vapor risers, each bubble cap arranged above an upper end of the respective vapor riser, the bubble cap having a closed upper end and an open lower end, the open lower end situated below the level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.

7. The distillation tower of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the controlled freeze zone further comprises:

a spray assembly arranged above the melt tray assembly, the spray assembly configured to spray a liquid into the feed stream exiting the at least one feed stream riser.

8. The distillation tower of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the melt tray assembly further comprises a heating mechanism configured to heat the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.

9. The distillation tower of paragraph 1, wherein the feed stream comprises a hydrocarbon and a contaminant, and wherein the feed stream contains less than 30% contaminant when introduced into the controlled freeze zone section.

10. A method of separating a feed stream in a distillation tower, the method comprising:

permitting vapor to rise upwardly from a distillation section of the distillation tower;

introducing a feed stream into a controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower, the controlled freeze zone section being situated above the distillation section;

releasing the feed stream above a level of a liquid retained by a melt tray assembly in the controlled freeze zone section;

directing vapor from the distillation section into the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly; and

forming a solid from the feed stream in the controlled freeze zone section.

11. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the feed stream is introduced into the controlled freeze zone section using a feed stream manifold.

12. The method of paragraph 11, further comprising:

directing the feed stream from the feed stream manifold and through at least one feed stream riser, each of the at least one feed stream risers positioned to pass through the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly and having an upper end situated above said liquid, thereby permitting the feed stream to be released above the level of the liquid.

13. The method of paragraph 12, further comprising:

evenly distributing, throughout the controlled freeze zone section, the feed stream exiting the upper end of the at least one feed stream riser.

14. The method of paragraph 13, wherein evenly distributing the feed stream comprises directing the feed stream through openings on a distribution cap disposed on the upper end of each of the at least one feed stream risers.

15. The method of any one of paragraphs 10-14, wherein directing the vapor from the distillation section into the liquid is accomplished without mixing the vapor with the feed stream.

16. The method of any one of paragraphs 10-15, wherein directing the vapor from the distillation section in the liquid is accomplished using at least one vapor stream riser having a lower end positioned to accept vapor from the distillation section and an upper end below a level of the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.
17. The method of paragraph 14, further comprising:

providing a bubble cap on the upper end of one or more of the at least one vapor stream riser, the bubble cap directing the vapor downwardly into the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.

18. The method of any one of paragraphs 10-17, further comprising:

spraying a liquid into the feed stream after the feed stream has been released above the liquid retained by the melt tray assembly.

It should be understood that numerous changes, modifications, and alternatives to the preceding disclosure can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The preceding description, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is to be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents. It is also contemplated that structures and features in the present examples can be altered, rearranged, substituted, deleted, duplicated, combined, or added to each other.