Hub and spindle assembly

A waterproof hub and spindle assembly for boat trailers is provided with an oil lubricating chamber that is connected to an air chamber open on the bottom and adapted to trap air therein as the hub and spindle assembly is submerged. The air in the chamber is compressed as submersion increases which pressurizes the lubricating chamber to prevent contaminants from entering into the bearing structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to an oil-bath wheel spindle and hub assembly that 
is especially suitable for use on boat trailers. Specifically, the 
invention relates to an improved oil-bath wheel spindle and hub assembly 
which pressurizes the inside of the hub when the assembly is submerged in 
water during launching or loading the boat. 
Generally, wheel spindle and hub assemblies are of two types utilizing 
either grease or oil as the lubricating medium. An oil-bath hub and 
spindle is normally comprised of a spindle, two or more bearings for 
rotatably supporting a hub, a hub, and an oil seal on both the inboard and 
outboard end of the hub. A lubricant receiving cavity is formed by the 
spindle, the hub, and the inner and outer seals. 
In oil-bath spindles, the lubricant receiving cavity is filled with oil to 
a level sufficient to lubricate the spindle/hub assembly. In operation, a 
sufficient quantity of oil must remain in this cavity at all times. 
Because preventing oil loss is an important concern in an oil-bath hub and 
spindle assembly, the lubricant receiving cavity must be sealed at all 
times. Accordingly, the seals in an oil-bath spindle assembly must 
maintain a near airtight seal to prevent oil leakage. 
Wheel spindles used on boat trailers are unique in that they are 
periodically intentionally submerged in water. To avoid corrosion, 
however, water must be prevented from entering into the hub and spindle 
assembly. The seals of the hub and spindle assembly must keep the 
lubricant in, and water and foreign particles out of the lubricant 
chamber. 
The operation of a boat trailer over the road causes the hub and spindle 
assembly to become hot. As a result, the air in the lubricant receiving 
cavity expands as the spindle assembly becomes heated. This heating 
increases the pressure of air in the cavity, and in prior art devices can 
cause hot air to bleed through the seals. When the boat trailer is then 
backed into cold water to launch a boat, the spindle assembly is rapidly 
cooled. This rapid cooling then creates a reduced pressure inside the 
lubricant receiving cavity in both the ordinary grease filled hub and oil 
lubricated hub. As a result, water and foreign particles may be drawn 
through the oil seals and into the lubricant receiving cavity. Any water 
and foreign particles entering the lubricant receiving cavity shortens the 
spindle assembly's life span by causing rust and abrasion inside the 
spindle assembly. 
Once the seals lose air tight integrity, oil or grease leakage is likely to 
result and the leaking seal must be replaced in the ordinary hubs. Failure 
by the operator to recognize this oil leakage, can result in a sufficient 
loss of oil or grease from the lubricant receiving cavity to increase 
friction causing subsequent failure of the spindle assembly. 
Efforts have been made to eliminate the problems associated with immersing 
a hot spindle assembly in cold water, by the use of inflatable seals, 
venting tubes and air compressors. Examples of these efforts are found in 
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,330,563; 4,557,526 and 4,489,998. These efforts have 
created some additional difficulties of their own. 
Spindle assemblies utilizing inflatable seals such as disclosed in U.S. 
Pat. No. 3,330,563, or air compressors such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,489,988, are pressurized from an external source. This adds to both the 
initial costs and the maintenance costs of a boat trailer using either 
system. 
In systems employing inflatable seals, pressurized air comes from either a 
tank or air compressor. Pressurized air tanks must be periodically 
recharged or replaced and these systems must be manually actuated on and 
off by the boater or the seal will fail. As the pressurized air in a tank 
runs out, the effectiveness of the inflatable seal system decreases. 
Failure by the trailer operator to replace or recharge an expended tank 
results in such an inflatable seal system becoming ineffective. In 
addition, hub and spindle assemblies utilizing air compressors or 
inflatable seals employing air compressors require periodic maintenance to 
keep functioning properly. In many cases, the trailer owner will lack the 
knowledge necessary to maintain the system. This will further add to the 
cost of the system, as the owner will be required to pay someone else to 
maintain the system or allow the system will become inoperative. 
Spindle assemblies utilizing a venting tube system such as disclosed in 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,526, contain one or more venting tubes that to 
function properly must extend upwardly to a height above the depth of the 
water in which the trailer is submerged. As a result, the trailer owner or 
manufacturer must anticipate the maximum depth to which the trailer will 
ever be submerged. As a consequence, the venting tubes tend to be very 
long, which exposes the tube to being bent, cut, crimped and otherwise 
damaged. If the seal fails, the chamber will have water drawn inside due 
to the unrestricted air flow through the venting tube. 
Another manner of lubricating a spindle assembly is to use grease instead 
of an oil-bath. One such system is disclosed in Everett, U.S. Pat. No. 
4,262,978, wherein there is described a grease spindle assembly in which 
the lubricant cavity includes a passageway which vents the lubricating 
medium. Grease is injected into the spindle assembly at the outboard end, 
until it completely fills the lubricating cavity. As more grease is 
injected, the grease pushes through the cavity, and from there flows 
through the spindle assembly until it exits from the spindle through the 
vent passageway. The passageway allows the grease to push any air trapped 
in the lubricant cavity through the passageway to the atmosphere. 
As the grease-filled bearing assembly is used, grease must be regularly 
added and it will be continually moved through the assembly out the 
passageway to the atmosphere. If grease is constantly forced through the 
bearing assembly, a grease dam at the end of the passageway will close any 
opening to the atmosphere. This grease dam, if maintained, will prevent 
water and silt from entering the bearing assembly when the grease-filled 
wheel spindle is submerged in water. The grease spindle assembly can 
continually drip grease, however, which causes damage to both pavement and 
the environment, and unless constantly maintained the water seal is lost. 
With a grease-filled bearing assembly the amount of air present in the 
lubricant cavity is minimized. If the lubricant cavity is totally filled 
with grease, there is little or no pressure change when a hot spindle 
assembly is immersed in cold water. Therefore, a grease-filled, 
grease-receiving cavity protects the spindle seals by minimizing pressure 
changes in the cavity. Because of the higher viscosity of grease relative 
to oil, however, the bearing pre-load adjustment must be lower than that 
for oil. As is known to those skilled in the art, lower bearing pre-load 
leads to shortened bearing and seal life. 
With the oil-filled hub and spindle assembly of the present invention, 
these limitations of a grease-filled spindle assembly are overcome. In 
addition to allowing higher bearing preload, the oil-filled hub and 
spindle assembly has a much longer maintenance free life. A once a year 
check to "top off" the oil in the hub-spindle chamber is all that is 
required to insure against entry of water and dirt, and to prevent the 
destruction of the bearing. In this manner, the oil-filled hub and spindle 
of the present invention needs extremely little maintenance. 
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to improve oil-bath 
hub and spindle assemblies. 
It is another object of the invention to improve oil-bath spindle 
assemblies for use on boat trailers by equalizing the pressure within the 
lubricant receiving cavity when a boat trailer is run on the road and then 
submerged in cold water. 
A further object of the present invention is to protect the integrity of 
the oil seals of the spindle assembly by equalizing the pressure on each 
side of the lubricant cavity seals when the boat trailer is submerged in 
water. 
Another object of the present invention is to prevent the entry of water 
and foreign objects into the spindle assembly to prolong bearing, hub, and 
spindle life. 
Still another object of the present invention is to equalize pressure 
within an oil-bath spindle assembly to prevent oil leakage. 
These and other objects of the present invention are attained by means of 
an oil-bath hub and spindle assembly wherein the lubricant receiving 
cavity is connected by an air flow line to an air chamber, such that when 
the spindle assembly is submerged in water the pressure within the 
lubricant receiving cavity is equalized, with the pressure on the outside 
of the cavity seal, thereby preventing water and foreign objects from 
entering the lubricant receiving cavity through the spindle seals. The oil 
contained within the lubricant receiving cavity functions as an oil-bath 
air filter. When the wheel is turning, due to centrifugal action the oil 
coats the hub interior allowing air pressure to equalize. When the trailer 
is sitting in the hot sun, any air pressure build-up is dissipated by air 
bubbles passing out from the cavity through the oil which fills the lower 
half of the cavity. After running, when the hub is cooled, air is drawn 
into the cavity through the oil which acts as an oil-bath air filter.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a portion of a spindle and hub used on 
a boat trailer for transporting boats over roads to water. As is known, 
boat trailers utilize two or more hub and spindle assemblies 10 for 
rotatably mounting two or more trailer wheels. Wheel hub and spindle 
assemblies 10 are connected by an axle which may take the form of a drop 
axle 12 within the trailer frame, not shown. The drop axle design allows a 
boat to be more readily placed onto the trailer and to be carried lower on 
the trailer during transportation but the present invention is equally 
applicable to a conventional axle. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a side view of an embodiment of an 
oil-bath hub and spindle assembly 10 with portions cut away to better 
reveal the internal structure. Wheel spindle assembly 10 is generally 
comprised of a spindle 14, welded or otherwise secured to fully seal the 
top of tube 16, which in turn is welded to axle 12 on the inboard side 
near the other end for a drop-axle configuration or on the spindle axis 
for a conventional axle type trailer. Hub 18 is mounted on spindle 14 on 
inboard and outboard bearings 20 and 22, respectively. Hollow tube 16 is 
closed by the inboard end 24 of spindle 14, and is open at the bottom 
forming an air pressure chamber 42. A brake unit (not shown) is secured to 
a backplate 28 at the inboard end of the spindle. The outboard end of 
spindle 14 has a plurality of steps forming shoulders for receiving outer 
bearing 22. An innermost step forms a shoulder against which inner bearing 
20 is positioned. Hub 18 is held in position on the inner bearing and 
outer bearings by the washer 30 and a nut 32 as is customary in the art. 
The interior of hub 18 is sealed at the inboard end by a circular oil seal 
34 and sealed at the outboard end by a pressure fit oil seal cap 36 to 
form a lubricant cavity 38. The oil seal 34 and oil seal cap 36 keep oil 
used to lubricate spindle assembly 10 within lubricant cavity 38 and 
foreign particles and moisture out of the lubricant cavity. Cavity 38 is 
filled approximately half-full as shown and will be described in detail 
herein. 
An air passage 40 is formed in the spindle 14 to communicate with air 
pressure chamber 42. Air within the lubricant cavity 38 warmed by the 
spindle assembly's operation on land is able to freely escape to the 
atmosphere through the air passage 40 and chamber 42. In this embodiment, 
air passageway 40 is created by drilling two bores into spindle 14. A 
first bore 43 is drilled from the upper portion of the inboard end of 
spindle 14 at a predetermined downward angle until it intersects with the 
lower edge of spindle 14 adjacent the inner bearing 20. Preferably, the 
hole 50 is partially covered by bearing 20 to restrict air flow. The level 
of oil in lubricant cavity 38 is such that it is sufficient to cover the 
opening 50. A second bore 45 is drilled at a determined angle from a 
predetermined position within pressure chamber 42 until it intersects 
second bore 43. 
A suitable plug 46 closes the opening in the inboard end of the spindle and 
an oil-impregnated filter 48 may be placed in the passageway 40, if 
desired. The oil impregnated filter 48 is inserted into bore 43, 
effectively sealing moisture from the atmosphere out of lubricant cavity 
38. 
Air pressure chamber 42 is formed by the hollow interior of tube 16 that is 
closed except for the opening to the atmosphere at its lower end. The axle 
12 at the inboard side of the lower end of the air pressure chamber 
extends to a second spindle assembly 10 on the other side of the trailer 
to support the frame on wheels in the usual fashion. 
When spindle assembly 10 is submerged in water to launch a boat, air is 
trapped by the water in air chamber 42. The trapped air is compressed as 
spindle assembly 10 is submerged deeper into the water. The compression of 
the air within chamber 42 creates a positive pressure which is 
communicated through air passageway 40 to lubricant cavity 38, and thereby 
equalizes the pressure inside lubricant cavity 38 with the external water 
pressure as spindle assembly 10 is submerged. The quantity of air trapped 
in the pressure chamber 42 is sufficient to prevent water from entering 
the air passageway 40 and creates a pressure somewhat greater than the 
ambient pressure on the assembly and definitely greater than the reduced 
pressure caused by cool water which is sufficient to prevent water from 
entering the cavity 38 through either seal. Equalizing the pressure within 
lubricant cavity 38 with the external water pressure prevents reduced 
pressure from existing within lubricant cavity 38 due to the sudden 
cooling of the heated air and lubricant. In this manner, water and foreign 
particles are prevented from being drawn through the oil seals into the 
lubricant cavity. By preventing water and foreign particles from entering 
lubricant cavity 38, the spindle assembly's life span is significantly 
increased. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, a side view of a preferred embodiment of a spindle 
assembly 10' is shown with portions cut away to better illustrate the 
invention. In this embodiment the air passageway 40' is in the shape of an 
inverted V. The top of the air passageway 40' is above the maximum 
anticipated oil level in lubricant cavity 38'. This prevents oil from 
escaping from lubricant cavity 38' into the atmosphere through air 
passageway 40'. 
Hub 18' has an inspection hole 44' used to fill and determine the oil level 
in lubricant cavity 38'. The lubricant cavity 38' is filled with oil by 
positioning hole 44' at the twelve o'clock position, to a level sufficient 
to lubricate spindle assembly 10', approximately half the interior. Excess 
oil within lubricant cavity 38' is drained from the lubricant cavity 
through inspection hole 44' by rotating the hub 18' so that hole 44' is at 
the 9 o'clock or 3 o'clock positions parallel to the ground. If no oil 
drains from the hole 44', the procedure is repeated until the desired 
half-full condition is achieved. An inspection plug 46' is screwed into 
inspection hole 44' to prevent oil leakage during operation of the spindle 
assembly. As best shown in FIG. 2, another manner in which oil may be 
added to or drained from the lubricant cavity is by means of a removable 
screw 36a carried by the oil seal cap 36. Upon removal of the screw 36a, 
preferably being of a type requiring use of an Allen or Torx wrench for 
removal, oil may be added through the screw hole which also functions to 
drain any excess oil from the lubricant cavity. 
Air passageway 40' has an outboard opening 50 which opens into lubricant 
cavity 38' at the lower edge of spindle 14' adjacent the inner bearing 
20'. Preferably, the hole 50 is partially covered by bearing 20' to 
restrict air flow. The level of oil in lubricant cavity 38' is such that 
it is sufficient to cover outboard opening 50. Covering the outboard 
opening 50 with oil prevents moisture and foreign particles from entering 
lubricant cavity through tube 40' and thus protects the internal 
components of spindle assembly 10' from damage by rust or abrasion. 
Air passageway 40' has an inboard opening 52 which opens into air pressure 
chamber 42' at the lower edge of spindle 14'. Upon submersion of the 
spindle assembly 14' under water, to launch or retrieve a boat, the air 
trapped in pressure chamber 42' creates a positive pressure within the 
lubricant cavity 38' through air passageway 40' as the air is compressed 
by deeper and deeper submersion. Thus, the pressure inside lubricant 
cavity 38' when submerged is always higher because pressure chamber 42' 
enters the water first before water surrounds the hub assembly. External 
water pressure exerted on spindle and hub assembly 18' is thereby 
prevented from forcing water into lubricant cavity 38'. The positive 
pressure in cavity 38' prevents water and foreign particles from being 
sucked into spindle assembly 10' through oil seal 34 or dust cap 36'. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a side view of an oil-bath spindle 
assembly with portions cut away to better illustrate a third embodiment of 
the invention. In this embodiment, a tube opening 60 is cut at a 
predetermined angle through flange 62. At the same predetermined angle, a 
first bore 64 is cut from the upper surface of spindle 14" until it 
creates outboard opening 66 in lubricant cavity 38" through the lower 
surface of spindle 14" such that outboard opening 66 lies between the 
inner bearing 20" and the outer bearing 22". As in the embodiment shown in 
FIG. 3, the oil is filled to a predetermined depth such that it covers 
outboard opening 66 so that moisture and foreign objects are prevented 
from entering lubricant cavity 38" when spindle assembly 14" is at rest or 
in storage. A second bore 68 is cut from a determined position within 
pressure chamber 42" through spindle 14" leaving an upper opening 70 at 
the upper surface of the outboard end of spindle 14" at a determined 
position behind flange 60. A flexible tube 72 is inserted to a 
predetermined depth through upper opening 70 into second bore 68, then 
through tube opening 60 in the brake flange 62, and then inserted into the 
opening of first bore 64 in the upper surface of spindle 14" to a 
predetermined depth. The second bore 68, tube 72, and first bore 64 
constitute air passageway 40" in this embodiment. 
As in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, passageway 40" provides 
air communication from chamber 42" to oil cavity 38". Air pressure in 
chamber 38" will increase to cause the interior pressure on seal 34" to 
exceed the exterior water pressure so that leakage of unwanted 
contaminants into cavity 38 will be eliminated. In most usual applications 
of the hub and wheel assembly, the interior pressure will exceed the 
exterior by approximately 0.25 psi. 
While the invention has been described in the specification and illustrated 
in the drawings with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be 
understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made 
and equivalents may be substituted for elements of the invention without 
departing from the scope of the claims. In addition, many modifications 
may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings 
of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. 
Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the 
particular embodiments illustrated by the drawings and described in the 
specification as the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out 
this invention, but that the invention will include any embodiments 
falling within the description of the claims.