Turf maintenance apparatus

A rotary mower (10) including a front deck assembly (18) and a pair of wing decks (20). Each wing deck (20) is supported by a lift arm assembly including a main lift arm (26) and a lift arm extension (32). A pivot joint (30) exists between lift arms (26) and (32) so that when deck (20) is raised from its cutting position to its transport position it is also caused to rotate so that mower (10) maintains a relatively low profile even when decks (20) are in their transport position. Mower (10) also preferably includes a pair of breakaway assemblies (48) which allow wing decks (20) to "break away" in the event they strike an immovable object. Finally, a preferred mower (10) includes resilient bushing assemblies (38) between the wing deck lift arm assemblies and the wing deck housings (24) to minimize vibration and noise and provide some floating of the decks (20).

TECHNICAL FIELD 
The invention relates generally to turf maintenance equipment, and more 
particularly to methods and apparatus for supporting cutting units of 
power turf mowers. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Although the present invention can be applied to a wide variety of turf 
maintenance equipment, one particularly advantageous application is power 
turf mowers. Many types of power turf mowers are known. Such equipment can 
generally be classified according to the type of cutting unit(s). 
Typically, the cutting units of a turf mowing machine are either of the 
rotary, reel or flail type. Reel units are normally used for high 
precision cutting situations whereas flail units are normally used in 
severe situations such as roadside mowing. Rotary units, on the other 
hand, are useful over a wide variety of conditions. Therefore, although 
the present invention could be used in conjunction with turf maintenance 
machines and harvesters of any type, for the sake of brevity the invention 
will be described in terms of a turf mowing machine having one or more 
rotary cutting units or decks. 
Power turf mowing equipment can also be categorized based on the method of 
propelling the cutting unit. Generally, there are walk-behind; riding; and 
towed cutting unit mowers. The present invention relates to the latter two 
types, and particularly to riding mowers; walk-behind mowers are usually 
found in residential settings, and the present invention does not pertain 
to such mowers. Thus, for the sake of brevity the invention will be 
described in terms of riding rotary mowers. 
Larger rotary riding mowers typically include a traction vehicle supported 
by a plurality of wheels; a prime mover connected through a transmission 
to one or more of the wheels; one or more rotary decks having mechanically 
or hydraulically driven blades; and one or more lift arms (or analogous 
structures) pivotally connected to the traction vehicle suitable for 
supporting the deck(s). Lift arms are so termed because they lift the 
decks from their normal operating positions to their transport positions, 
as further discussed below. The present invention involves methods and 
apparatus for supporting cutting units, and more particularly, lift arms 
and related structures and systems. More particularly, the present 
invention is directed toward methods and apparatus for supporting cutting 
units in their lowered operative positions and in their raised "transport" 
positions, and for raising and lowering cutting unit between the two 
extremes. 
The preferred characteristics or features of a cutting unit support system 
vary depending on whether the cutting unit is in its cutting position or 
in its transport position. In the cutting position, the cutting units are 
preferably "floated" relative to the traction vehicle. That is, the 
cutting units are preferably independently and separately supported by the 
traction vehicle so they can follow the contours or undulations of the 
ground irrespective of the gross motion of the traction vehicle. If 
cutting units are not supported in a floating manner, they tend to scalp 
the higher regions and miss the lower regions. While non-floating cutting 
units might be acceptable for residential use, certainly golf course and 
estate maintenance require that the cutting units individually follow the 
subtle variations of the ground to maintain a consistently good cut across 
the entire swath, regardless of the immediate topography encountered by 
each individual cutting unit. 
In addition to floating, applicants perceive that cutting units should be 
attached to the traction vehicle such that they are not permanently 
damaged if they should collide with an immovable object, such as a tree, 
during operation. When the cutting units of prior art mowers encountered 
immovable objects during mowing operations, they or their support 
structures, or both, were oftentimes severely damaged. Applicants perceive 
that cutting unit should be mounted such that they can temporarily 
"breakaway" from their normal operating positions in the event of such an 
impact. Further, the cutting units should be easily reset into their 
normal positions following the collision. 
Another preferred feature of a cutting unit support system is the ability 
to support a wing or outboard cutting unit such that its outermost tip is 
readily observable by the operator, permitting the wing decks to be used 
for precise trimming. While this feature may seem obvious at first glance, 
prior art machines have generally not provided it, presumably because if 
the wing decks extend laterally outward from the operator's set the 
operator's side-to-side vision is greatly reduced when the decks are in 
their raised transport positions. Reference is made to FIGS. 1B and 2B, 
which show prior art units and the extent to which the operator's field of 
vision is reduced in transport mode. FIG. 1B illustrates a mower of the 
type sold by Jacobsen under the HR-15 designation; and FIG. 2B illustrates 
a mower of the type sold by Howard Price under the Hydro-Power 180 
designation. The operator's side-to-side vision is almost completely 
blocked with the HR-15; whereas some side-to-side and some rear vision are 
blocked by the wing decks of the Hydro-Power 180. 
The connection between the cutting units and the traction vehicle must also 
permit, if not assist, lifting of the cutting units from their lowered 
cutting positions to their raised transport positions. The operator might 
want to temporarily raise one or more of the cutting units to mow a 
narrower swath or to pass through a gate or between trees. Also, it is 
occasionally necessary to drive mowing machines over conventional road 
surfaces, at which time it is important to raise the cutting units to a 
transport position since they are not entirely suitable for repeatedly 
running up and down over curbs, nor for travel over paved streets at 
anything approaching the speed of ordinary city traffic. In view of this, 
most riding mowers, such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,299,859, 
include mechanisms which can raise the cutting units upward and toward the 
traction vehicle. 
Once the cutting unit is raised into its transport position a preferred 
support system provides several important features. For example, when a 
cutting unit is in its raised or transport position, it must be held there 
very securely. Otherwise, it may tend to swing or rock and thereby cause 
personal injury or damage to the mower. For mowers having 
hydraulically-operated lift arms, additional mechanical latches or locks 
have traditionally been used to hold the lift arms in their raised or 
transport positions. This is due to the fact that some hydraulic cylinders 
are incapable of holding lift arms and cutting units in their raised 
positions because of hydraulic fluid leakage over a period of time. 
As noted above, when the cutting units are in their raised transport 
positions the operator should preferably still have a 360.degree. field of 
vision. Reference is again made to the prior art designs of FIGS. 1B and 
2B. 
Also, when the cutting units are in their raised positions the center of 
gravity of the entire machine should not be too high, for otherwise the 
machine will not be able to safely negotiate sidehills and the like. 
Particularly for a front drive, rear steer mower, some of the weight of 
the wing decks should be borne by the rear wheels when the machine is in 
its transport mode, for otherwise the back end of the mower can literally 
lift off the ground when the mower is suddenly stopped for any reason. 
Prior art machines were not well balanced in the transport mode. For 
example, little if any of the weight of the HR-15 wing decks (see FIG. 1B) 
is borne by the rear steerable wheels. 
Finally, Applicants perceive that when the lateral or wing cutting units 
are raised the overall width of the mower should preferably be less than 
the width of the front deck to permit close trimming with the front deck 
only. FIGS. 1A and 2A show top views of the HR-15 and Hydro-Power 180 
mowers with the deck in transport mode. Of particular note is the fact 
that the raised wing decks extend beyond the outer edges of the front 
decks, thus hindering trimming. 
The present invention addresses the problems associated with prior art 
cutting unit support systems. In particular, the cutting unit support 
system of the present invention accommodates deck floating and breakaway 
in the cutting position; and securely holds the cutting units, maintains a 
relatively low center of gravity, and maximizes the operator's field of 
vision in the transport position. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention broadly includes a system 
suitable for use with a mower for operatively connecting a wing cutting 
unit to a traction unit, including a main lift arm assembly pivotally 
connected to the traction unit; "lift arm extension means" for pivotally 
connecting the main lift arm assembly to the cutting unit; means for 
raising the lift arm assembly and lift arm extension means such that the 
wing cutting unit moves from a cutting position to a transport position; 
and means for pivoting the lift arm extension means and the cutting unit 
relative to the main lift arm assembly as the main lift arm assembly and 
lift arm extension are raised relative to the traction unit, whereby the 
cutting unit is simultaneously raised and rotated relative to the traction 
unit so that the mower possesses a reasonably low center of gravity when 
the cutting unit is in its transport position and so that operator field 
of vision is not significantly reduced. 
Another embodiment of the invention broadly includes a system for 
supporting a cutting unit in relation to a traction unit, including a lift 
arm aseembly and a resilient bushing assembly suitable for coupling the 
lift arm assembly and the cutting unit to provide a degree of give between 
the assemblies, whereby vibration and noise are reduced and the cutting 
unit can float relative to the traction unit. 
Still another aspect of the invention is a breakaway assembly for use with 
a wing deck cutting unit. That is, one aspect of the invention is a system 
for supporting a wing cutting unit relative to a traction unit, including 
a lift arm assembly pivotally connected to the traction unit and the 
cutting unit, wherein the cutting unit can "yaw" relative to the traction 
unit; a breakaway assembly; and means for connecting the breakaway 
assembly to the cutting unit and to the traction unit, wherein during 
normal use the breakaway assembly doesn't come into play, but when the 
cutting unit strikes an immovable object the breakaway assembly separates 
to prevent damage to the cutting unit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
With reference to the Drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate 
like parts and assemblies throughout the several views, FIG. 3 shows a 
perspective view of a mower 10 according to the invention. Mower 10 
includes a traction vehicle 12 supported by a pair of front drive wheels 
14 and a pair of rear steerable wheels 16. Traction vehicle 12 also 
carries a prime mover connected through a transmission to drive wheels 14. 
Traction vehicle 12 supports a front deck 18 and a pair of wing decks 20a 
and 20b, the blades of which are driven either hydrualically or through a 
power take-off (PTO) to the prime mover. The decks 18, 20 are shown in 
their cutting positions in solid line; and in their transport positions in 
phantom line. Front deck 18 includes a front deck housing 22. Wing decks 
20 include wing deck housings 24. Wing decks 20a and 20b and their 
supporting structures are symmetrical about the longitudinal centerline of 
mower 10. Therefore, only deck 20a and its supporting members, shown in 
FIG. 3, will be described in any detail. 
Pivotally connected to each side of traction vehicle 12 is the near end of 
a main wing deck lift arm 26. Operating each main wing deck lift arm 26 is 
a double-acting cylinder 28 attached at one end to traction vehicle 12 and 
at the other end to main lift arm 26. At the far end of each main wing 
deck lfit arm 26 is a pivot/cam assembly 30 which includes a pivot joint 
between main wing deck lift arm 26 and a lift arm extension 32, as further 
discussed below. The far end of lift arm extension 32 terminates in a 
U-shaped bracket 34 which in turn pivotally supports a substantially 
horizontal (in the cutting mode) roll member 36. Roll member 36 is 
connected by means of four bushing assemblies 38 to a pair of housing 
struts 40 which are in turn rigidly connected to housing 24. Struts 40 are 
rollably supported at either end by casters 42 which are ground following 
devices establishing the height of cut of deck 20. Extending toward 
traction vehicle 12 from lift arm extension 32 is a tie rod bracket 44, 
and extending between traction vehicle 12 and tie rod bracket 44 is a tie 
rod 46 which includes a breakaway assembly 48, the function of which is 
further discussed below. 
As further described below, deck 20 can "float" relative to traction 
vehicle 12. That is, as casters 42 follow ground undulations struts 40 and 
housing 24 also "pitch," "roll," "yaw," and translate vertically depending 
on the terrain. Deck 20 is permitted to roll from side to side, primarily 
because roll member 36 can substantially freely pivot relative to roll 
member pivot bracket 34 when deck 20 is in its cutting position. Bushing 
assemblies 38 also permit some motion of struts 40 and housing 24 relative 
to roll member 36 and therefore contribute to the floating of deck 20. 
Further, bushing assemblies 38 absorb bothersome vibration, thus reducing 
noise and fatigue of the various components of mower 10. Bushing 
assemblies 38 also permit a limited amount of "pitching" and "yawing" of 
housing 24 relative to roll member 36, and ultimately relative to traction 
vehicle 12. Limited vertical movement of deck 20 is accommodated by main 
wing deck lift arm 26 which can pivot to some degree relative to traction 
vehicle 12 when deck 20 is in its cutting position. 
Double-acting cylinder 28 can be controlled by a hydraulic system powered 
by the prime mower. The hydraulic system can include one or more 
manually-operated selector valves which can be manipulated to cause 
double-acting cylinder 28 to act on main wing deck lift arm 26 to raise, 
lower, lock or "float" (partially counterbalance) deck 20. One such 
hydraulic system is generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,559. While 
this patent does not disclose use of a double-acting cylinder, a pair of 
single-acting cylinders could be used in lieu of double-acting cylinder 
28. Either a double-acting cylinder or a pair of single-acting cylinders 
is necessary because main wing deck lift arm 26 must be raised and lowered 
under power because of its inherent stability in the cutting and transport 
modes, as further discussed below. Front deck 18 and its supporting 
structure can be raised, lowered and floated relative to traction vehicle 
12 using a standard hydraulic system. The present invention is primarily 
directed toward wing deck configuration, arrangement and support. 
Therefore, front deck 18 and its attendant parts will not be described in 
any detail. 
Each of the major components of wing deck 20 and its support structure is 
described below. 
BREAKAWAY ASSEMBLY 48 
As discussed above, breakaway assembly 48 is included as part of tie rod 
46. During normal cutting, tie rod 46 and breakaway assembly 48 extend 
between traction vehicle 12 and tie rod bracket 44 and substantially 
prevent pivoting of lift arm extension 32 relative to main lift arm 26 and 
"yawing" of wing deck assembly 20, except for the limited yawing motion 
provided by bushing assemblies 38. However, when wing deck assembly 20 
strikes an immovable object, e.g., a tree, breakaway assembly 48 releases 
and allows tie rod 46 to immediately lengthen to minimize the shock 
associated with the impact. The structure of breakaway assembly 48 is 
described below. 
FIG. 6A shows an enlarged partial perspective view of tie rod 46 and 
breakaway assembly 48 and the means (i.e., ball joints) by which these 
components connect to traction vehicle 12 and tie rod bracket 44. FIG. 6B 
shows an enlarged partially sectioned view of tie rod 46 and breakaway 
assembly 48. As shown in the Figures, breakaway assembly 48 includes two 
basic subassemblies, a male assembly 50 adjustably connected to the 
portion of tie rod 46 extending from tie rod bracket 44; and a female 
assembly 52 connected to the portion of tie rod 46 extending from traction 
vehicle 12. 
With particular reference to FIG. 6C, a sectional view of breakaway 
assembly 48, male assembly 50 includes an element 54 threaded on tie rod 
46 having a necked-down region forming a pair of ramp surfaces 56. 
Connected to element 54 on the end opposite from tie rod 46 and axially 
aligned therewith is a hex rod 58 at the far end of which is a stop nut 60 
and a stop washer 62 (see FIG. 6B), the function of which is described 
below. 
Female assembly 52 includes several "stationary" components which are 
rigidly connected to tie rod 46. One of these componenets is an inner tube 
64 which is adjustably connected to tie rod 46 by means of an inner tube 
extension 66 and a lock nut 68. At the far end of inner tube 64 (opposite 
end from lock nut 68) is a pivot block 70 which includes a central 
aperture suitable for slidably receiving hex rod 58 of male assembly 52. 
Sliding on the outside of inner tube 64 is an outer tube 72 which forms an 
outer tube leaf flange 74 at one end and an outer tube spring flange 76 at 
the opposite end. Pivot block 70 pivotally supports first and second 
leaves 78a and 78b at first and second leaf pivot points 80a and 80b, 
respectively. At the distal ends of leaves 78 are rollers 82. At the 
proximal ends of leaves 78 are contact surfaces 84 which bear against 
outer tube leaf flange 74. Finally, a compression spring 86 compressively 
engages an adjustment nut 88, which is threaded onto inner tube extension 
66, and outer tube spring flange 76. 
The operation of breakaway assembly 48 can now be described. During normal 
use of mower 10 compression spring 86 provides enough force against outer 
tube 72 to substantially prevent pivoting of leaves 78. Therefore, ramps 
56 on male element 54 cannot force leaves 78 open to allow the escape of 
element 54, and lift arm extensnion 32 cannot pivot relative to main arm 
26. However, when wing deck assembly 20 strikes an immovable object, ramps 
56 can separate leaves 78 in spite of the force provided by spring 86 to a 
sufficient extent to allow male element 54 to escape leaves 78. However, 
the male and female halves 50 and 52 of breakaway assembly 48 cannot 
entirely separate, since stop washer 62 eventually contacts the inner 
surface of pivot block 70 which slidably receives hex rod 58. A hex rod is 
used rather than a circular rod to ensure a consistent orientation of male 
assembly 50 relative to female assembly 52. Male and female assemblies 50 
and 52 can be reconnected by simply raising wing deck assembly 20 by 
appropriately energizing double-acting cylinder 28, but the proper 
orientation between the assemblies must be maintained, because male 
element 54 is not circular but is instead flat on two sides. It should be 
noted that the breakaway force can be adjusted by turning nut 88 relative 
to inner tube extensnion 66 to increase or decrease the spring force. 
BUSHING ASSEMBLIES 38 
As noted above, four bushing assemblies 38 are interposed between roll 
member 36 and housing struts 40. FIG. 7A is an enlarged perspective view 
of wing deck assembly 20 showing the preferred locations of bushing 
assemblies 38. And, FIG. 7B is an enlarged sectional view of one of the 
bushing assemblies 38. With reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, bushing 
assemblies 38 are mounted on bushing assembly mounting plates 90 located 
at either end of roll member 36 and substantially perpendicular thereto. 
Mounting plates 90 form holes at either end thereof to receive bushing 
assemblies 38. All of the components of bushing assembly 38 are axially 
aligned. Referring to FIG. 7B, each bushing assembly 38 includes an inner 
bushing 92 and an outer bushing 94. Bushings 92, 94 are resilient, 
preferably rubber, and are substantially toroidal. Inner bushing 92 is 
located on the inside (toward bracket 34) of mounting plate 90 whereas 
outer bushing 94 is located on the outside (opposite from bracket 34) of 
mounting plate 90. Extending through the aperture formed by mounting plate 
90 and inwardly concentric with inner and outer bushings 92 and 94 is a 
hollow sleeve 96. Sandwiching each bushing 92, 94 is a pair of metal 
washers 102 bonded to the rubber bushings 92, 94. And, extending through 
housing strut 40 and the other components of bushing assembly 38 is a 
bushing bolt 98. Bolt 98 and a bushing nut 100 connect the entire assembly 
together and to housing strut 40. It can therefore be seen that housing 
strut 40 can move to a degree relative to roll member 36. When it does so, 
bushings 90, 94 compress or expand to provide some "give" so that deck 20 
can float relative to traction vehicle 12 to follow the immediate terrain 
encountered by deck 20. Bushings 92, 94 can be purchased from Lord 
Corporatiion under the designation SSB Series Sandwich Mount. Bushing 
assemblies 38 allow housing 24 to yaw, pitch and roll relative to roll 
member 36. It should be noted that bushing assemblies 38 not only provide 
limited floating but also minimize vibration and noise. By providing some 
give between housing 24 and roll member 36, the remaining components of 
wing deck assembly 20 are subjected to less vibration. 
LIFT ARMS 26, 32 AND PIVOT/CAM ASSEMBLY 30 
Reference to now made to FIGS. 5A, 5B and 8, where lift armks 26 and 32 and 
pivot/cam assembly 30 are shown in some detail. FIG. 5A shows an enlarged 
perspective view of a portion of the left wing deck assembly 20 as viewed 
from the rear; FIG. 5B shows an enlarged view of pivot/cam assembly 30, 
partly in section; and FIG. 8 diagrammatically illustrates the motion of 
deck 20 as it is raised from its cutting position to its transport 
position. As can be seen, lift arm extension 32 pivots about main lift arm 
26 at pivot point 104. The precise construction of joint 104 is not 
critical, and any conventional bearing assembly could be used. Pivoting 
about lift arm extension 32, on the side opposite from breakaway assembly 
48, is a substantially C-shaped pivot arm 106. A pivot joint 108 is 
established between these two components. At one end of the "C" is a cam 
followr 110; and at the other end of the "C" is an upper ball joint 112. 
Extending downward from upper ball joint 112 is a pivot arm extension 114 
which terminates with a lower ball joint 116 connected to housing 24. 
Pivot/cam assembly 30 includes a generally U-shaped cam bracket 118 
situated at the distal end of main lift arm 26. Cam bracket 118 internally 
forms a pair of arcuate three dimensional cam surfaces 120 which are quite 
separated at their outer ends and which converge toward their inner ends. 
Reference is made to FIG. 5B which shows the path of cam follower 110 
along arcuate upper and lower cams 120. At end 121 the distance between 
cam surfaces 120 is several inches, whereas the cams 120 are much closer 
at their ends 123. In fact, roller 110 has so much play at cam end 121 
that deck housing 24 can roll about 20.degree. side-to-side; and virtually 
no play at end 123. Thus, when deck assembly 20 is in its cutting 
position, as shown in solid line in FIG. 3, there is a considerable amount 
of play of pivot arm 106 relative to lift arm extension 32. The result is 
that housing 24 can pivot or "roll" to a considerable degree relative to 
lift arm extension 32 when deck assembly 20 is in its lowered or cutting 
position. As deck 20 is raised, however, lift arm extension 32 is pivoted 
relative to main lift arm 26 about joint 104 such that cam follower 110 
rotates into the converging cam surfaces 120, thereby progressively 
decreasing the play of pivot arm 106. Ultimately, when the deck 20 is in 
its fully raised or transport position, as shown in phantom line in FIG. 
3, there can virtually be no movement of pivot arm 106 relative to lift 
arm extension 32 which securely locks deck 20 in its transport position 
relative to lift arm extension 32. Pivot/cam assembly bracket 30 also 
forms an extension 122 which supports a rubber bumper 124. As shown in 
FIG. 5B, bumper 124 functions to support and cushion lift arm extension 32 
when it rotates to its fullest extent relative to main arm 26, i.e., when 
the deck 20 in its transport position. 
FIG. 8 illustrates in diagrammatic fashion the motion of lift arms 26, 32 
as deck 20 is raised from its cutting position to its transport position. 
As deck 20 is raised, tie rod assembly 46 acts on tie rod bracket 44 to 
rotate lift arm extension 32 relative to main lift arm 26. This causes cam 
follower 110 to proceed into the converging cam formed by cam surfaces 
120. Lift arm extension 32 continues to rotate relative to main lift arm 
26 as deck 20 is raised until finally in the fully raised position lift 
arm extension 32 is as shown in FIG. 8. It should again be noted that 
rotation of lift arm extension 32 relative to main lift arm 26 is due to 
the fact that tie rod assembly 46, 48 is longer than main lift arm 26 and 
as tie rod assembly 46, 48 and lift arm 26 are raised tie rod assembly 46, 
48 in effect pushes on tie rod bracket 44 to cause it to in turn rotate 
lift arm extension 32 relative to main lift arm 26. It should be noted 
that lift arm extension 32 rotates roughly 110.degree. from the cutting 
position to the transport position. It should also be noted that the 
leading edge of housing 24 is facing directly upward when the deck 20 is 
fully raised. Also, main lift arm 26 is actually rotated overcenter when 
going from the cutting position to the transport position so that it is 
stable and there is no need to rely on hydraulic cylinder 28 to maintain 
deck assembly 20 in its transport position. 
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4B, it can be seen that since the wing decks 20 
are not only raised but are also rotated the operator has a 360.degree. 
field of view. It should also be noted that front deck housing 22 is the 
widest component of mower 10 when the wing decks are raised so that the 
front deck of mower 10 can readily be used for more precise trimming 
operations, in sharp contrast to prior art mowers. This is shown in FIG. 
4A (mower 10) and FIGS. 1A and 2A (prior art). Finally, due to the fact 
that decks 20 are lifted and rotated into the transport mode, some of 
their weight is transferred to the rear wheels. This alleviates the 
problem of "rear wheel liftoff" during transport mode braking. 
There are other modifications which will be apparent to those skilled in 
the art. Accordingly, the scope of this invention will be limited only by 
the appended claims.