Method and instruments for resection of the distal femur

The present invention relates to a method and instruments for resection of the distal femur. The instruments include a distal femoral resector and a femoral alignment guide/rod. The distal femoral resector is designed to be attached to the distal femur on a plane filed on the anterior femoral cortex. The distal femoral resector includes a feeler gauge laterally adjustable to adapt to the intercondylar notch of the particular patient and further includes a rotating rod having openings therethrough for fastening pins, which rotating rod is designed to facilitate the placement of the resector on the anterior femoral cortex in a flush manner. The femoral alignment guide/rod includes a plate insertable within a slot in the resector designed for the insertion of the cutting tool and further includes a pivotable rod which may be utilized to align the resector with the mechanical axis of the leg. The rod may then be pivoted to a position facilitating the insertion of a fastening pin through the resector. The method of operating using these instruments is also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a method and instruments for resection of 
the distal femur. In the prior art, instruments are known which are 
utilized in resecting the distal femur so as to facilitate the 
installation of a distal femoral prosthesis. In general, the instruments 
known in the prior art are deficient because they do not enable the 
determination of the exact location of resection with sufficient accuracy 
so as to facilitate completely accurate installation of the prosthesis and 
proper operation of the prosthesis thereafter. The prior art includes the 
use of flexible cords in measuring and determining resection angles and 
such devices are inherently faulty as being required to be maintained in a 
stretched orientation at all times to maintain accuracy. Furthermore, the 
prior art teaches the use of alignment rods. However, no alignment rod is 
known to Applicant which includes the feature of being pivotably attached 
to a plate insertable into a slot which is intended for use as a guide 
with the resection tool. Thus, the interaction between the slot and the 
plate as well as the rod pivotably attached to the plate so as to ensure 
accurate resection of the distal femur perpendicular to the mechanical 
axis of the leg is nowhere taught in the prior art. 
The following prior art is known to Applicant: 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,810 to Kirsch discloses a device for milling slots in a 
jawbone for mounting an endossal device. The milling device includes a 
circular sawblade in a two-part housing with one part carrying the blade 
and the other forming a guide. Of course, guide slots for the resection of 
bones are well known in the art, and the present invention has significant 
advantages over the teacings of Kirsch when used in the environment of the 
resection of the distal femur such as, for example, the interaction of the 
guide slot on the resector with the pivotable elongated guide rod which 
ensures alignment of the resection in a prescribed way with respect to the 
mechanical axis of the leg. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,373 to Slavanko, et al. discloses an apparatus for 
forming an osteotomy for a dental implant which includes a drill guide for 
forming a precise elongated slot with the drill guide having pins which 
fit into drilled guide holes to accurately position the guide means. Of 
course, it is well known in the prior art to utilize pins to fasten a 
guiding device onto a bone which is to be resected. The present invention 
teaches a combination of elements nowhere found in Slavanko, et al. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,349,018 to Chambers discloses an osteotomy apparatus for 
use in guiding and aligning a cutting means for bone removal from the 
tibia and femur during knee replacement. The apparatus utilizes T bar 
units connected to the femur and tibia which provide support for cutting 
guide members that are selectively positionable for total knee replacement 
or proximal tibia osteotomy. Of course, the present invention is vastly 
different from the teachings of Chambers as including, for example, a 
rotating rod on the resector which enables the placement of pins in such a 
way that the resector will be perfectly aligned and engaged with a filed 
plane on the anterior femoral cortex. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,307 to Stillwell discloses a bone cutting device for 
total knee replacement which includes a femoral attached assembly and a 
carriage assembly connected and pivotably adjustable with respect thereto. 
A saw carriage on the assembly supports a powered saw for making the 
necessary cuts. 
The present invention is much simpler than Stillwell and is more concerned 
with the specifics of perfectly aligning a guide slot in the resector with 
the appropriate area on the distal femur. Stillwell is more concerned with 
a guiding device for guiding the movements of a saw in its associated 
carriage. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,203 to Androphy discloses a tri-planar knee resection 
method utilizing a single guide member selectively positionable on guide 
rods for performing all the necessary cuts to the distal femur or proximal 
tibia. The present invention is much simpler than Androphy and does not 
include means for performing cuts on the proximal tibia. Rather, the 
present invention relates to an invention which is designed for a very 
specific purpose, namely, the resection of the distal femur and is 
specifically designed so as to achieve distal femoral resection with the 
greatest possible accuracy. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,483 to Lacey discloses a method and apparatus for 
shaping a distal femoral surface which employs an alignment guide 
comprising a main body, a pivotable resection guide instrument holder, a 
locator pin and a femoral surface modifying instrument. A clamp is 
provided for affixing the main body to the femur and the locator pin is 
used to align the axis of the main body with the axis of the femur. While 
this device is generally related to the present invention, the present 
invention is believed to clearly distinguish therefrom since in the 
present invention the resector may be aligned with the mechanical axis of 
the body through the use of a guide/rod which is pivotable to a position 
wherein it may be aligned with the mechanical axis of the leg and having 
attached thereto a plate which may be inserted into the precise slot in 
the resector through which the cutting device will be inserted for the 
purpose of resecting the distal femur. 
Further, U.S. design Pat. Nos. 272,854 to Witte, et al. and 274,162 to 
Kenna are also known to applicant and are believed to be only of general 
interest concerning the teachings of the present invention. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies, problems and complexities 
of the prior art as described hereinabove and provides a new system of 
instruments which may be used to precisely and easily resect the distal 
femur during the performance of surgery to install a prosthesis on the 
distal femur and proximal tibia of a leg. 
The present invention includes the following aspects: 
(a) The method which is practiced in the present invention requires the use 
and interaction of two instruments. The first instrument consists of a 
distal femoral resector. The resector includes a housing having a guide 
slot extending completely therethrough at a distal portion thereof which 
guide slot has a dual purpose, firstly, to accomodate a plate of the 
second instrument for alignment purposes as will be described in greater 
detail hereinafter, and, secondly, to accomodate a cutting instrument 
which may be extended therethrough so as to enable the resection of the 
distal femur. 
(b) The resector includes a flat bottom surface which is designed to be 
placed, matingly, on a filed surface formed on the anterior femoral 
cortex. 
(c) The resector housing is of generally T-shaped configuration with the 
above-described guide slot being contained in the top of the "T" and with 
the leg of the "T" being placed upon the filed surface of the anterior 
femoral cortex. Extending substantially perpendicular through the leg of 
the "T", is a rotating rod which is rotatable to a predetermined extent 
with respect to the resector housing and which includes a plurality of 
holes therethrough which are provided so that mounting pins may be 
extended through the holes and then driven into the distal femur to mount 
the resector housing thereon. The rotating rod is rotatably mounted with 
respect to the resector housing so as to enable slight misalignments in 
the housing with respect to the filed surface to be corrected upon 
mounting so that the resector housing may be substantially perfectly 
placed in a flush manner on the filed surface of the anterior femoral 
cortex. 
(d) The resector housing includes at least one hole therethrough at its 
most proximal end which hole is designed to receive therethrough an 
additional mounting pin which interacts with the mounting pins on the 
rotating rod so as to ensure the firm mounting of the resector housing on 
the filed surface of the anterior femoral cortex. 
(e) At the most distal end of the resector housing on the distal side of 
the top of the "T", a sliding intercondylar notch pin is mounted through 
the provision of a plurality of pins extending through a laterally 
elongated slot in the notch pin and frictionally retained within the 
resector housing in the top of the "T". The sliding intercondylar notch 
pin may be slid laterally while the resector housing is being placed on 
the filed surface of the interior femoral cortex until such time as it 
seats within the intercondylar notch. The notch pin is provided so as to 
aid in stabilizing the resector housing on the filed surface of the 
anterior femoral cortex when the resector housing is being installed 
thereon for the purpose of distal femoral resection. 
(f) As noted above, the second instrument which is utilized in the 
performance of the method of the present invention consists of a femoral 
alignment guide/rod. In a first aspect, the guide/rod consists of an 
elongated guiding element having at its distal end a hinge structure to 
which is pivotably mounted a depending rod alignment device which includes 
a hinge portion cooperating with the hinge structure of the guiding 
element and a depending plate which is specifically sized and configured 
so that it may enter the guide slot of the resector housing in the precise 
position and orientation with which the cutting device would so enter the 
guide slot. With the plate so entering the guide slot, the guiding element 
may be pivoted so that its proximal end is adjacent the proximal femur so 
as to determine whether the guiding slot is aligned in the appropriate 
orientation with respect to the mechanical axis of the leg. 
(g) With such proper alignment being assured through this procedure, the 
guiding element may then be pivoted distally until it no longer overlies 
the proximal end of the resector housing whereupon the further mounting 
pin may be driven into the proximal end of the resector housing to firmly 
fixate the resector housing in place on the filed surface of the anterior 
femoral cortex so as to facilitate the accurate resection of the distal 
end thereof. 
(h) The above-described instruments are utilized in a method of operating 
on the knee joint and the method will be described in detail hereinafter. 
Accordingly, it is a first object of the present invention to provide 
method and instruments for resection of the distal femur. 
It is a further object of the present invention to accomplish the method 
through the use of a distal femoral resector and a femoral alignment 
guide/rod. 
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide such a 
distal femoral resector with a guide slot and pin mounting means which 
ensures secure and accurate alignment of the resector housing on a filed 
surface of the anterior femoral cortex. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide the femoral 
alignment guide/rod with a depending plate designed to interact with the 
guide slot in the resector housing so as to ensure the accurate alignment 
of the resector housing on the distal femur. 
These and other objects, aspects, and features of the present invention 
will be better understood from the following detailed description of the 
preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the appended drawing 
figures.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Reference is first made to FIG. 5 which shows in perspective view the 
distal portion of a femur 10. As shown, the distal femur has been filed on 
the anterior femoral cortex thereof to form a flat plane 11 on which is to 
be mounted the distal femoral resector. Also seen in figure 5 is a distal 
surface 13 of the femur 10 which is created by slicing off the distal end 
15 of the femur 10. It should be understood that the distal end 15 of the 
femur 10 is sliced off the femur during the performance of the methods 
disclosed hereinafter which are accomplished through the use of the distal 
femoral resector and femoral alignment guide/rod which are disclosed 
herein. 
With particular reference, now, to FIGS. 1-4, it is seen that the distal 
femoral resector 20 includes a T-shaped housing 21 with the top 23 of the 
"T" having formed therethrough a slot 25 for a purpose to be described in 
greater detail hereinafter. 
The leg 27 of the "T" has extending therethrough in a direction 
substantially parallel to the direction of elongation of the top of the 
"T", a rotating rod 29 having a plurality of pin receiving holes 31, 33, 
35 and 37 extending therethrough. In the preferred embodiment, the 
rotating rod 29 may rotate with respect to the leg 27 of the "T" an 
angular distance of approximately 30.degree. to either side of a position 
of the holes 31, 33, 35 and 37 wherein they are parallel to the direction 
of penetration of the slot 25 into the top of the "T" 23. 
As may be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, some or all of the holes in the rotating 
rod 29 may have extending therethrough pins 39 which pin the rotating rod 
29 and thereby the housing 21 to the distal femur. 
The rotating rod 29 is rotatable as a safety feature so as to make sure 
that the surface 11 which has been filed on the anterior femoral cortex is 
engaged in a flush manner by the bottom surface 41 of the leg of the "T". 
As seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, at the proximal end 43 of the leg 27 of the "T", 
a further opening 45 is formed through which is adapted to be inserted a 
further pin 47 to further fixate the housing 21 on the distal femur. 
With reference now to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, it is seen that mounted at the 
distal end of the housing 21 on a distal wall 49 of the top of the "T", is 
a sliding intercondylar notch pin 50. As may be seen in FIG. 4, the notch 
pin 50 includes a T-shaped configuration with the top of the "T" 51 having 
a laterally elongated slot 53 through which are inserted two pins 55. Two 
pins 55 are used so as to constrain the lateral movements of the notch pin 
50 to linear movements along the lateral extent of the elongated slot 53. 
The pins 55 have stems 57 which are frictionally retained within openings 
(not shown) in the distal wall 49 of the top of the "T" 32 of the housing 
21 of the resector 20. The length of the stems 57 is chosen so that the 
undersides of the heads 59 of the pins 55 will frictionally engage the 
distal surface 61 of the top of the "T" 51 of the notch pin 50 so that 
slight pressure is necessary to laterally move the notch pin 50, however, 
the frictional forces are quite slight and movements of the resector 20 on 
the anterior femoral cortex will provide sufficient force application to 
the notch pin 50 to enable it to slide with respect to the fixed pins 55 
to thereby enable its adjustment with respect to the intercondylar notch 
of the distal femur. 
Depending downwardly from the top of the "T" 51, of the notch pin 51, is a 
pin member 63 which includes an angled portion 65 slightly angling in the 
proximal direction and a vertically depending portion 67 which is designed 
to fit into the intercondylar notch. 
With reference now to FIGS. 1, 2, 6 and 7, it is seen that the femoral 
alignment guide/rod 70 includes a proximal rod 71 comprising a guiding 
element having connected at its distal end a hinge 73, 75 with the hinge 
portion 73 being integrally attached to the rod 71 and with the hinge 
portion 75 being attached to a rod aligning portion 77 thereof consisting 
of a rectangular cubic portion 79 having depending therefrom an elongated 
flat plate 81 sized and configured to fit precisely within the slot 25 of 
the resector housing 21. As should be understood, the pivoting motion of 
the rod 71 is constrained in a direction perpendicular to the direction of 
lateral elongatin of the plate 81. Thus, when the plate 81 is inserted 
within the slot 25 of the resector housing 21, the pivoting of the rod 71 
should be in a plane parallel to the direction of elongation of the leg 27 
of the resector housing 21. Thus, with the plate 81 inserted into the slot 
25 of the resector housing 21, the rod 71 may be pivoted to the position 
shown in FIG. 1 so that the alignment of the resector housing 21 as 
compared to the mechanical axis of the leg may be determined. 
Thus, with the plate 81 inserted within the slot 25 of the resector housing 
21, the directin of elongation of the rod 71 in the position shown in FIG. 
1 may be compared with the mechanical axis of the leg and if there is 
misalignment, the resector housing 21 may be rotated or otherwise moved so 
as to ensure precise alignment of the rod 71 with the mechanical axis of 
the leg. When the rod 71 is aligned with the mechanical axis of the leg, 
the resector housing 21 will then be in perfect alignment at least 
laterally for the impending resection. Then, with such alignment existing, 
the resector housing 21 may be moved distally or proximally as may be the 
case so as to ensure lateral movements of the notch pin 50 until such time 
as the notch pin 50 properly seats in the intercondylar notch and the 
housing 21 is then perfectly aligned for the impending resection. At this 
point, pins such as those that are designated by the reference numeral 39 
in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be driven through the rotating rod 29 with the 
resector housing 21 being adjusted through rotation of the rotating rod 29 
with respect thereto so as to ensure that the bottom surface 41 of the leg 
27 thereof is perfectly flush on the filed surface of the anterior femoral 
cortex designated by the reference numeral 11 in FIG. 5. 
At this point, the rod 71 may be pivoted upwardly away from the femur so as 
to expose to the surgeon the opening 45 through the proximal end of the 
leg 27 of the resector housing 21. Thereafter, the pin 47 may be driven 
through the opening 45 and into the distal femur so as to securely fix the 
resector housing 21 thereon at at least three points, through the use of 
the pins 39 and 47. 
Now, with the distal femoral resector 20 and the femoral alignment 
guide/rod 70 having been described in detail and with the methods of use 
being at least inferentially described, the methods of use will now be 
described in terms of their preferred mode of operation. The following 
steps comprise the preferred method of operation of the inventive 
instruments 20 and 70: 
(a) As seen in FIG. 5, the distal femur is prepared for the attachment of 
the resector 20 through the filing of the anterior femoral cortex to form 
the surface 11. 
(b) Thereafer, the resector 20 is placed on the filed surface 11 of the 
anterior femoral cortex in the positin best seen in FIG. 1. 
(c) Thereafter, the plate 81 of the femoral alignment guide/rod 70 is 
inserted into the slot 25 in the resector housing 21 and the rod 71 of the 
guide/rot 70 is pivoted to the position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
(d) The direction of elongatin of the rod 71 is then compared with the 
mechanical axis of the leg and the rod 71 is moved with the resector 
housing 21 moving along therewith until such time as the rod 71 is aligned 
with the mechanical axis of the leg. 
(e) Thereafter, with the rod 71 being maintained in alignment with the 
mechanical axis of the leg, the housing 21 is further moved proximally or 
distally until such time as the sliding intercondylar notch pin 50 is 
properly seated within the intercondylar notch of the distal femur. 
(f) With the above steps having been accomplished, pins are driven into the 
rotating rod 29 as shown in FIG. 1 to at least partially fixate the 
position of the resector housing 21 with respect to the distal femur. With 
the pins 39 having been driven in through the openings in the rotating rod 
29, the rotation of the rotating rod 29 with respect to the resector 
housing 21 will allow the bottom surface 41 thereof to be adjusted in its 
orientation so that it lies completely flush against the surface 11 which 
has been filed in the anterior femoral cortex of the distal femur. 
(g) With this having been accomplished, the rod 71 may be pivoted upwardly 
away from the resector housing 21 to expose the opening 45 in the proximal 
end of the leg 27 of the resector housing 21. With the rod 71 having been 
so pivoted, a further pin 47 (FIG. 2) may be driven through the opening 45 
and into the femur to thereby fix the position of the resector housing 21 
on the distal femur at at least 3 points. 
(h) With the pin having been driven through the opening 45, the femoral 
alignment guide/rod 70 may be removed from the resector housing 21 by 
lifting the plate 81 thereof from the slot 25 of the resector 20. 
(i) Thereafter, a cutting instrument may be inserted through the slot 26 of 
the resector 20 and may be operated in a manner well known to those 
skilled in the art to slice off the distal end 15 (FIG. 5) of the femur. 
(j) Thereafter, the additional procedures which are necessary to install a 
distal femoral prosthesis are carried out. These procedures do not form a 
part of the present invention. 
Accordingly, an invention has been disclosed in terms of a method of 
operating and the instruments used to perform the method. Of course, 
various modifications alterations and changes in the methods and 
instruments may be contemplated by those skilled in the art without 
departing from the intended spirit and scope of the present invention. 
Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention only be limited by 
the terms of the appended claims.