Active matrix display apparatus with drain electrode extensions

An active matrix display apparatus comprising a pair of substrates, at least one of which is translucent, a display medium charged between the substrates and modulated of its optical characteristics in response to applied voltage, picture element electrodes disposed in a matrix at the inner surface of either one of the pair of substrates, switching elements electrically connected to the picture element electrodes respectively, and spare switching elements disposed close to the picture element electrodes in a non-conductive state respectively, the extension end of the spare switching element and one end of the picture element electrode are disposed on a metal piece so as to sandwich an insulating layer therebetween, whereby a picture element defect caused by a malfunction of switching elements can be readily corrected.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the invention: 
The present invention relates to a display apparatus for a performing 
display by applying a drive signal to displaying picture element 
electrodes by means of switching elements. More particularly, it relates 
to an active matrix drive mode display apparatus which disposes the 
picture element electrodes in a matrix so as to perform high density 
display. 
2. Description of the prior art: 
A liquid crystal display apparatus, an electro-luminance display apparatus 
and a plasma display apparatus have hitherto been selected to display 
picture elements disposed in a matrix form to form a display pattern on a 
picture plane. A method for selecting display picture elements includes an 
active matrix driving method which disposes individually independent 
picture element electrodes and connects the switching element to the 
respective picture element electrodes for display drive. This method 
enables displays in high contrast and is put in practical use for liquid 
crystal television, word processors, terminal display units for computers, 
or the like. The switching element for selectively driving the picture 
element electrodes is either a thin film transistor (TFT) element, a 
metal-insulator-metal (MIM) element, a MOS transistor element, a diode, a 
varistor or the like. Voltage applied between the picture element 
electrodes and an electrode apposite thereto is switched to optically 
modulate a display medium, such as liquid crystal, EL light emission layer 
or plasma luminosity, the optical modulation being visually recognized as 
the display pattern. 
When the switching elements are connected to the picture element electrodes 
for carrying out the high density display, it is required to dispose a 
great many picture element electrodes and switching elements. The 
switching element, however, may be a malfunctioning element at the time 
when it is packaged on a substrate, and the picture element electrode 
connected to such a poor element leads to a picture element defect that 
dose not contribute to the display. 
The technique for restoring the picture element defect has been disclosed 
in, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 61-153619, in 
which a plurality of switching elements are provided per one picture 
element electrode, and only one of these switching elements is connected 
to the picture element electrode. The switching element connected to the 
picture element electrode, when it is poor, is cut off from the picture 
element electrode by a laser trimmer, an ultrasonic cutter or the like, 
and another switching element is connected to the picture element 
electrode. In this case, the switching element and picture element 
electrode are connected therebetween by bonding a minute conductor with a 
dispenser or the like, or by coating Au, Al or the like at a predetermined 
location on the substrate. Furthermore, Japanese Laid-Open Patent 
Publications No. 61-56382 and No. 59-101693 disclose the technique for 
irradiating the laser light to melt metal so as to electrically connect 
between the metal layers. 
The above-mentioned conventional techniques for restoring the defect, after 
detection thereof, irradiate the laser light to evaporate and redeposite 
metal or locally melt the metal, thereby performing an electrical 
connection. In other words, these techniques must be used in the 
manufacturing process for active matrix substrates prior to the assembly 
of the display panel. The reason for this is that, after completion of the 
display panel, part of the metal evaporated or melted by irradiation of 
laser light is mixed into the display medium such as liquid crystal, which 
is interposed between the picture element electrode and the opposite 
electrode thereto, and thereby remarkably deteriorates the optical 
characteristics of the display medium. Accordingly, both the 
above-mentioned conventional methods for restoring picture element defects 
are applied to an active matrix substrate manufacturing process prior to 
the display panel assembly, in other words, before the display medium is 
charged. 
However, it is very difficult to detect the picture element defect in the 
process of manufacturing the active matrix substrate. Especially, for a 
large-sized panel of picture elements of one hundred thousand to five 
hundred thousands or more, measurement equipment of extremely high 
accuracy must be used to detect the electrical characteristics of all the 
picture element electrodes so as to find a poor switching element. As a 
result, the detection process becomes complicated, the mass productivity 
is impeded, and the display apparatus has a high production cost. 
Accordingly, the fact is that the aforesaid restoring techniques cannot be 
used for the large-sized display panel with a large number of picture 
elements. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The active matrix display apparatus of this invention, which overcomes the 
above-discussed and numerous other disadvantages and deficiencies of the 
prior art, comprises a pair of substrates, at least one of which is 
translucent, a display medium charged between said substrates and 
modulated of its optical characteristics in response to applied voltage, 
picture element electrodes disposed in a matrix at the inner surface of 
either one of said pair of substrates, switching elements electrically 
connected to said picture element electrodes respectively, and spare 
switching elements disposed close to said picture element electrodes in a 
non-conductive state respectively, wherein an extension end of each of 
said spare switching elements and each of said picture element electrodes 
are opposite each other in a non-conductive state so as to form a 
connection that is coated by an insulating protective coat and isolated 
from said display medium. 
In a preferred embodiment, the connection is formed so that the extension 
end of said spare switching element and one end of said picture element 
electrode are disposed on a metal piece so as to sandwich an insulating 
layer therebetween. 
In a preferred embodiment, the connection is formed so that the extension 
end of said spare switching element and one end of said picture element 
electrode are disposed so as to sandwich an insulating layer therebetween. 
In a preferred embodiment, a through hole is formed in a portion of said 
insulating film on which either the extension end of said spare switching 
element or the end of said picture element electrode is disposed. 
In a preferred embodiment, a cutout is formed in the vicinity of part of 
said picture element electrode to be connected with said switching 
element. 
Alternatively, the active matrix display apparatus of this invention 
comprises a pair of substrates, at least one of which is translucent, a 
display medium charged between said substrates and modulated of its 
optical characteristics in response to applied voltage, picture element 
electrodes disposed in a matrix at the inner surface of either one of said 
pair of substrates, switching elements and spare switching elements 
electrically connected to said picture element electrodes respectively, 
and signal lines connected to said switching elements respectively, 
wherein a connection at which an extension end of a signal input terminal 
at each of said spare switching elements and a branch wire branched from 
each of said signal lines are opposite each other so as to form a 
connection that is coated by a protective coat and isolated from said 
display medium. 
Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the objectives of (1) 
providing an active matrix display apparatus which is capable of 
correcting the picture element defect caused by a malfunction of switching 
elements, when the display apparatus is in a state that the position 
generating the picture element defect is easily specified; and (2) 
providing an active matrix display apparatus which can correct the 
above-mentioned picture element defect without a reduction of the opening 
ratio thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
EXAMPLE 1 
FIG. 1A is a plan view of active matrix substrates used for an active 
matrix display apparatus of the invention, which is a liquid crystal 
display apparatus of transmission type. This invention is, of course, 
applicable to a liquid crystal display apparatus of the reflection type. 
FIGS. 1B and 1C are sectional views of the active matrix display apparatus 
in FIG. 1A, taken on the lines B--B and C--C therein, in which a base 
coating film 2 of Ta.sub.2 0.sub.5, Al.sub.2 0.sub.5, SiNx or the like 
with 3000 .ANG. to 9000 .ANG. in thickness is formed on a glass substrate 
1. The base coating film 2 is not inevitably provided. On the base coating 
film 2 are disposed in a lattice-like shape gate bus wirings 3 for 
supplying a scanning signal and source bus wirings 4 for supplying a data 
signal. The gate bus wirings 3 are generally made of a single layer or 
multi-layers of metal, such as Ta, Al, Ti, Ni or Mo, but the present 
embodiment uses Ta. The source bus wirings 4 are made of the same metal as 
the gate bus wirings 3, but the present embodiment uses Ti. At the 
intersection of the gate bus wirings 3 and the source bus wirings 4 is 
interposed a base insulating film 11 that is discussed below. At each 
rectangular area surrounded by the gate bus wirings 3 and source wirings 4 
is disposed a corresponding picture element electrode 5 that is composed 
of a transparent conductive film (ITO), resulting in picture elements in a 
matrix. A thin film transistor TFT 6 is disposed in the vicinity of one 
corner of each picture element electrode 5, the TFT 6 and picture element 
electrode 5 being electrically connected by a drain electrode 16. A spare 
TFT 7 is disposed in the vicinity of another corner of each picture 
element electrode 5. The spare TFT 7 and picture element electrode 5 being 
not-conductively opposite each other so as to form a connection 28. The 
TFTs 6 and spare TFTs 7 are juxtaposed on the gate bus wiring 3 and 
connected with the source bus wiring 4 by means of a branch wiring 8 
respectively. 
Next, explanation will be given on sectional construction in the vicinity 
of TFT 6 by reference to FIG. 1B. On a gate electrode 9 of Ta formed as 
part of the gate bus wiring 3 is formed a gate insulating film 10 composed 
of Ta.sub.2 0.sub.5 obtained by anodic-oxidizing the surface of gate 
electrode 9. On the gate insulating film 10 are sequentially laminated a 
base insulating film 11, an intrinsic semiconductor layer 12, a 
semiconductor protective coat 13 and an n-type semiconductor layer 14. The 
base insulating film 11 functions also as a gate insulating film and is 
composed of SiNx (for example, Si.sub.3 N.sub.4). The intrinsic 
semiconductor layer 12 is composed of amorphous silicon (a-Si). The 
semiconductor protective coat 13 is provided in order to protect the upper 
surface of intrinsic semiconductor layer 12 and composed of SiNx. The 
n-type semiconductor layer 14 is provided for obtaining ohmic contact with 
the source electrode and drain electrode, and composed of a-Si. On the 
n-type semiconductor layer 14 are formed a source electrode 15 connected 
to the branch wiring 8 and a drain electrode 16 connected with the picture 
element electrode 5, the source electrode 15 and drain electrode 16 being 
composed of Ti, Ni, Al or the like. 
The picture element electrode 5 connected with the end of drain electrode 
16 is patterned on the base insulating film 11. A proper thickness of base 
insulating film 11 is about 1500 .ANG. to 6000 .ANG., but in the present 
embodiment it is set to be 2000 .ANG. to 3500 .ANG.. A protective coat 17 
of SiNx is formed on substantially the entire surface to cover the TFT 6 
and picture element electrode 5, and an orientation layer 19 for 
regulating orientation of the liquid crystal molecule of a liquid crystal 
layer 18 is deposited on the protective coat 17, the orientation layer 19 
being composed of Si0.sub.2, polyimide resins or the like. The thickness 
of the protective coat 17 is properly 2000 .ANG. to 10000 .ANG., but in 
the present embodiment, it is set to be about 5000 .ANG.. In addition, the 
base insulating film 11 and protective coat 17 may, other than SiNx, use 
oxide or nitride, such as SiOx, Ta.sub.2 0.sub.5 or A1.sub.2 0.sub.3. In 
addition, the protective coat 17 is not formed on the entire surface of 
the substrate, but may be window-like-shaped by cutting out the central 
portion of picture element electrode 5. 
A color filter layer 21, an opposite electrode 22 opposite to the picture 
element electrode 5, and an orientation layer 23 are superposed on the 
inner surface of another glass substrate 20 opposite to the glass 
substrate 1 on which the picture element electrode 5 is formed. Around the 
color filter layer 21 is provided a black matrix (not shown) as desired. 
Between the pair of glass substrates 1 and 20 is charged a twistingly 
orientating twisted nematic liquid crystal layer 18 as the display medium, 
so that the liquid crystal molecules are changed in orientation in 
response to voltage applied between the picture element electrode 5 and 
the opposite electrode 22, thereby performing optical modulation. 
Next, explanation will be given on construction in the spare TFT 7 and the 
connection 28, which is the same in construction as the aforesaid TFT 6. 
As shown in FIG. 1C, a joint metal layer 24 is formed in an island-like 
shape and on the base coat film 2 at a predetermined distance apart from 
the gate electrode 9, and composed of Ti, Ni, Al or Ta the same as the 
gate electrode 9, and can be formed in pattern simultaneously with the 
formation of the gate electrode 9. On the joint metal layer 24 is 
deposited the aforesaid base insulating film 11 and an extension end 16a 
of a drain electrode is formed on the base insulating film 11 under which 
the spare TFT 7 is disposed. An end of the picture element electrode 5 is 
laminated together with a metal piece 25 on the base insulating film 11 
that is positioned on the joint metal layer 24. Accordingly, the extension 
end 16a is separate from the picture element electrode 5 to be kept in 
not-conductive condition. The metal piece 25 is composed of Ti, Ni, Al or 
Ta. The extension end 16aof drain electrode at the spare TFT 7 and an end 
of the picture element electrode on the metal piece 25 are completely 
covered by the protective coat 17. Also, the base insulating film 11 
positioned between the joint metal layer 24 and the extension end 16a of 
drain electrode and metal piece 25 functions as an interlayer insulating 
member between the vertical metals and is properly to be of about 1000 
.ANG. to 7000 .ANG. in thickness. The base insulating film 11 at the 
present embodiment serves also as the gate insulating film of TFT, thereby 
being set to be 2000 .ANG. through 3500 .ANG. as abovementioned. Also, the 
protective coat 17 serves to electrically connect the extension end 16a of 
drain electrode and metal piece 25 in a state of being isolated from 
liquid crystal layers 18 of display medium, and is proper to be a 1500 
.ANG. to 15000 .ANG. thick, but the present embodiment uses the TFT 
protective coat, whereby the protective coat 17 is set to be about 5000 
.ANG. in thickness. 
The entire gate bus wirings 3 at the liquid crystal apparatus of the 
above-mentioned construction are turned on, drive voltage is applied from 
the entire source bus wirings 4 to the entire picture element electrodes 5 
through TFTs 6, and the display apparatus is driven as a whole. In such a 
state of display apparatus, the TFT 6, when defective, is easy to visually 
detect as a defect in the picture element. At the detected defective 
picture element part, as shown by the arrows 26 in FIG. 2, the energy, 
such as laser light, infrared light, electron beam or the like, is 
irradiated from the outside thereof to the joint metal layer 24 through 
the lower glass substrate 1 or the upper glass substrate 20, in which the 
present invention uses an yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser. When the 
laser light is irradiated, the base insulating film 11 is subjected to 
dielectric breakdown and the extension end 16a and joint metal layer 24 
are melted to each other, thereby causing a conductive condition. 
Similarly, the metal piece 25 at the picture element electrode 5 side and 
the joint metal layer 24, when irradiated therebetween by the laser light, 
are melted and contact with each other so as to be put in a conductive 
condition. Thus, the spare TFT 7 and picture element electrode 5 are 
electrically connected. The protective coat 17 is formed above the joint 
metal layer 24, extension end 16a and metal piece 25, so that there is no 
fear that the melted metal mixes into the liquid crystal layer 18 of a 
display medium. Since the protective coat 17 is a transparent insulator 
and transmits therethrough the laser light, the laser light is absorbed to 
metallic material to be instantaneously heated and melted. Accordingly, 
the laser light is irradiated to melt and mix the metal materials and the 
interlayer insulating films sandwiched therebetween are melted and mixed 
with each other, but the protective coat 17 is not at all broken-down. 
Also, part of the liquid crystal layer 18 irradiated by the laser light 
becomes cloudy, but it is confirmed that such a cloudy part is soon 
restored to the original orientation. 
The spare TFT 7 and picture element electrode 5 may, other than the 
above-mentioned construction, be constructed as shown in FIG. 3 or 4. In 
FIG. 3, a through hole 27 is previously provided at the base insulating 
film 11, and connects the joint metal layer 24 with the metal piece 25, 
whereby the picture element defect caused by malfunction of TFT 6 can be 
corrected by electrically connecting only the extension end 16a of drain 
electrode at the spare TFT 7 with the joint metal layer 24 through the 
optical energy. In the construction in FIG. 4, the joint metal layer 24 is 
not provided, but the extension end 16a of drain electrode at the spare 
TFT 7 is disposed just below the metal piece 25 so as to sandwich the base 
insulating film 11 therebetween, whereby the irradiation of optical energy 
melts the extension end 16a of drain electrode and metal piece 25 to be 
directly connected with each other. It is apparent in FIGS. 3 and 4 that 
the extension end 16a of drain electrode, metal piece 25 and picture 
element electrode 5 may be constructed in relation to being vertically 
reverse. Furthermore, it is required for enabling the irradiation of laser 
light to use a member (of glass or plastic) having at least one 
translucent substrate. 
As seen from the above, the embodiment of the active matrix display 
apparatus can reliably correct the defect in a picture element in the 
state where the picture element defective portion at the display apparatus 
can visually be specified with ease. Therefore, an inspection process and 
a restoration process become easy to ensure mass productivity. 
In a case where the TFT 6 causes an insulation failure, it is required 
that, after the spare TFT 7 is connected with the picture element 
electrode 5, the TFT 6 must be disconnected therefrom by cutting the drain 
electrode 16 by irradiation of the laser light. FIG. 5 is an enlarged view 
of connection of TFT 6 and picture element electrode 5 in FIG. 1A, the 
laser light being irradiated to an area designated by S in FIG. 5, and the 
drain electrode 16 being cut. 
When such the laser light is irradiated, when a distance Y between the 
picture element electrode 5 and the gate bus wiring 3 is smaller, the 
melted and diffused metal adheres to the picture element electrode 5 or 
gate bus wiring 3, may result in the drain electrode 16 not being 
electrically cut, in which the picture element defect cannot be corrected. 
In order to avoid such a condition, the distance Y between the picture 
element electrode 5 and the gate bus wiring 3 is considered to be larger. 
However, when the distance Y is increased, the opening ratio of the active 
matrix substrate may lower to darken the entire display apparatus. 
EXAMPLE 2 
FIG. 6 shows an active matrix substrate used for another active matrix 
display apparatus of the invention. The present embodiment can reliably 
disconnect the picture element electrode 5 from the TFT 6 and the opening 
ratio does not lower, and is similar in construction to that of FIG. 1A, 
but different therefrom in the portion for connecting the drain electrode 
16 at the TFT 6 and the picture element electrode 5. The structural views 
taken on the lines B'--B' and C'--C' in FIG. 6 are the same as those in 
FIGS. 1B and 1C. 
FIG. 7 shows an enlarged portion through which the drain electrode 16 and 
the picture element electrode 5 in FIG. 6 are connected, in which the 
drain electrode 16 is extended from above the gate electrode 9 toward the 
picture element electrode 5 and smaller in width at part apart from the 
gate electrode 9. A rectangular cutout 5a is provided at a portion of the 
picture element electrode 5 close to the drain electrode 16. The narrow 
portion at the drain electrode 16 is connected at the foremost side of the 
cutout 5a from TFT 6 with the picture element electrode 5. 
Also, in the present embodiment, when TFT 6 is in failure, the spare TFT 7 
is connected to the picture element electrode in the same manner as that 
of Example 1. When TFT 6 must be disconnected from the picture element 
electrode 5 by an insulating failure of TFT 6, the laser light is 
irradiated to the drain electrode 16 of TFT 6 and the drain electrode 16 
is cut off. Since the present embodiment of the display apparatus has the 
drain electrode 16 and picture element electrode 5 of configuration shown 
in FIG. 7, the laser light is irradiated onto the part R shown in FIG. 7 
to enable the TFT 6 to be easily cut off from the picture element 
electrode 5. Also, a distance X (FIG. 7) between the picture element 
electrode 5 and the drain electrode 16 is made 5 .mu.m or more, whereby it 
is confirmed that the irradiation of laser light can completely disconnect 
the drain electrode 16 from the picture element electrode 5. 
Thus, the present embodiment of the active matrix display apparatus can 
reliably correct the picture element defect in the state of display 
apparatus where the defective portion of picture element can easily 
visually be specified, thereby facilitating the inspection process and 
restoration process so as to ensure the mass productivity. Moreover, there 
is no fear that the opening ratio will be lower. 
EXAMPLE 3 
FIG. 8 shows an active matrix substrate used for another modified 
embodiment of the display apparatus of the invention, which has a 
construction similar to that of the FIG. 1A embodiment, but different 
therefrom in that a drain electrode 16 at each spare TFT 7 is electrically 
connected with a picture element electrode 5 and a connection 28 is 
provided between each spare TFT 7 and each source bus wiring 4. 
In the same manner as that of Example 1, a base coating film 2 is formed on 
a glass substrate 1. Also, in the present embodiment, the base coating 
film 2 need not be inevitably provided. On the base coating film 2 are 
disposed gate bus wirings 3 and source bus wirings 4 in a lattice-like 
shape. Also, in the present embodiment, the gate bus wiring 3 is composed 
of Ta, the source bus wiring 4 being composed of Ti. A base insulating 
film 11 is interposed in the intersection between the respective gate bus 
wirings 3 and the source bus wirings 4. At each rectangular area 
surrounded with the gate bus wiring 3 and source bus wiring 4 is provided 
a picture element electrode 5 that is composed of a transparent conductive 
film ITO, resulting in picture elements in a matrix. A TFT 6 is disposed 
in the vicinity of one corner of each picture element electrode 5 so that 
the drain electrode of TFT 6 and picture element electrode 5 are 
electrically connected to each other, a spare TFT 7 being disposed in the 
vicinity of another corner of the picture element electrode 5. In the 
present embodiment, the spare TFT 7 and picture element electrode 5 are 
electrically connected by means of the drain electrode 16, the TFT 6 and 
spare TFT 7 being juxtaposed on the gate bus wiring 3, the source 
electrode of TFT 6 and source bus wiring 4 being connected by means of a 
branch wire 8, a source electrode 15 of spare TFT 7 being guided to a 
connection 28 by an extension end 8a of source electrode, and the 
extension end 8a of source electrode at the connection 28 being disposed 
opposite to the branch wire 8 in a not-conductive state. Accordingly, only 
the TFT 6 among the two TFTs 6 and 7 is electrically connected to the 
source bus wiring 4, the spare TFT 7 being not connected thereto. The 
sectional view of TFT 6 taken on the line P--P in FIG. 8 is the same as 
FIG. 1B and also that of TFT 7 is the same as TFT 6. 
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the connection 28 taken on the line Q--Q in 
FIG. 8. In FIG. 9, on a base coating film 2 is formed each joint metal 
layer 24, which is rectangular when viewed at the plane as shown in FIG. 
8, and composed of Ta the same as the gate bus wiring 3 so as to be 
patterned simultaneously with the formation of the gate bus wiring 3. On 
the joint metal layer 24 is deposited the aforesaid base insulating film 
11, on which are disposed an extension end 8a of source electrode 
connected to the source electrode 15 of spare TFT 7 and a branch wire 8 
connected to the source bus wiring 4, and the extension end 8a of source 
electrode and branch wire 8 are apart from each other and kept in a 
not-conductive state. Accordingly, each spare TFT 7 is not electrically 
connected with the corresponding source bus wiring 4. The extension end 8a 
of source electrode and the branch wire 8 are completely covered with a 
protective coat 17. 
The base insulating film 11 positioned between the joint metal layer 24 and 
the extension end 8a of source electrode and branch wire 8 functions also 
as an interlayer insulating film between these metal layers and the 
wirings. In the present embodiment, the base insulating film 11 is set to 
be 2000 .ANG. to 3500 .ANG. in thickness. 
The protective coat 17 is provided for performing, the electrical 
connection between the branch wire 8 and the extension 8a of source 
electrode in a state of being isolated from the liquid crystal layer 18 of 
a display medium. In the present embodiment, the protective coat 17 is set 
to be about 5000 .ANG. in thickness. 
A drive voltage is applied to all the picture element electrodes 5 from all 
the wirings of gate bus wiring 3 and source bus wiring 4 at the liquid 
crystal display apparatus of the above-mentioned construction, thereby 
driving the entire display apparatus. In a state that the display 
apparatus is driven in this way, it is easy to visually detect the picture 
element defect caused by a malfunction of TFT 6, and the picture element 
defect caused thereby is easy to be corrected by the use of the connection 
28. Referring to FIG. 10, the connection 28 used for correcting the 
picture element defect is shown in section. As shown by the arrows 26 in 
FIG. 10, the energy, such as laser light, infrared ray, or electron beam, 
is irradiated from the outside thereof to a superposed portion of the 
joint metal layer 24, the branch wire 8 and the extension end 8a of source 
electrode. The present embodiment uses an YAG laser light. When the 
superposed portion of the branch wire 8, the base insulating film 11 and 
the joint metal layer 24 is irradiated with the laser light, the base 
insulating film 11 causes insulation breakdown so that the branch wire 8 
and joint metal layer 24 are melted to be connected with each other so as 
to be in an electrically conductive state. In the same way, at the 
superposed portion of the extension end 8a of source electrode, the base 
insulating film 11 and the joint metal layer 24, the base insulating film 
11 also causes insulation breakdown, whereby the extension end 8a and 
joint metal layer 24 are melted to be connected with each other so as to 
be in an electrically conductive state. Thus, the branch wire 8 and the 
extension end 8a of source electrode are electrically connected by the 
joint metal layer 24, so that the spare TFT 7 is driven by the source bus 
wiring 4. In the present embodiment, the laser light is irradiated from 
the glass substrate 1 side, but it is apparent that the laser light may be 
irradiated from any substrate side when it transmits the same. 
Even when the laser light is used to correct the picture element defect, 
since the protective coat 17 is formed above the connection 28, the melted 
metal does not mix into the liquid crystal 18 of a display medium, and the 
protective coat 17 of a transparent insulator allows the laser light to 
pass therethrough. Accordingly, there is no fear that the protective coat 
17 will be broken by the laser light. The liquid crystal layer irradiated 
by the laser light becomes cloudy, but is soon restored to the original 
state, thereby not causing any lowering of image quality. 
In a case where the TFT 6 must be disconnected from the picture element 
electrode 5 due to the insulation breakdown of TFT 6, in the same manner 
as the above-mentioned, the laser light is irradiated to part of the drain 
electrode at TFT 6, thereby cutting the part. The TFT 6 and picture 
element electrode 5 are cut off from each other to thereby normally drive 
the picture element electrode 5 by the spare TFT 7. 
The connection 28 may be constructed as shown in FIG. 11 or 12 other than 
that in FIG. 9. In FIG. 11, a through hole 27 is provided at a base 
insulating film 11, and a joint metal layer 24 and an extension end 8a of 
source electrode are previously electrically connected with each other. 
The picture element defect due to a malfunction of TFT 6 can easily be 
corrected by irradiating the optical energy only to the superposed portion 
of the branch wire 8 and the joint metal layer 24. In the construction 
shown in FIG. 12, the joint metal layer 24 is not provided, but the 
extension end 8a of source electrode is disposed right above the branch 
wire 8 so as to sandwich a portion of the base insulating film 11 
therebetween. When a malfunction is caused in TFT 6, the optical energy is 
irradiated to melt and directly connect the extension end 8a of source 
electrode and the branch wire 8 with each other. 
In FIG. 11, the through hole 27 may alternatively be provided at the branch 
wire 8 side, and the branch wire 8 and the joint metal layer 24 may 
previously be connected, in which the irradiation of laser light connects 
the extension end 8a of source electrode and the joint metal layer 24 only 
at the superposed portion thereof. Also, in FIG. 12, the branch wire 8 may 
alternatively be formed on the extension end 8a of source electrode so as 
to sandwich a portion of the base insulating film 11 therebetween. 
Thus, the present embodiment of the active matrix display apparatus of the 
invention can reliably correct the picture element defect in a state where 
the defective portion of picture element can visually be specified with 
ease, thereby facilitating the inspection process and restoration process 
and ensuring mass productivity. 
EXAMPLE 4 
FIG. 13 is a plan view of an active matrix substrate used for still another 
embodiment of the invention. In the present embodiment, a TFT 6 and a 
spare TFT 7 are positioned reversely to the FIG. 8 embodiment, and each 
connection 28 is provided between gate bus wiring 3 and a branch wire 8. 
In the same manner as the embodiment of FIG. 8, each source bus wiring 4 
is formed perpendicularly to a gate bus wiring 3, and each picture element 
electrode 5 comprising a transparent electrode ITO is provided at a 
rectangular area surrounded with the gate bus wiring 3 and source bus 
wiring 4. The TFT 6 and the spare TFT 7 are disposed in the vicinity of 
two corners of each picture element electrode 5, so that the TFT 6, the 
spare TFT 7 and the picture element electrode 5 are electrically connected 
by each drain electrode, the TFT 6 and spare TFT 7 being constructed in 
the same manner as that of FIG. 1B. The TFT 6 and spare TFT 7 are 
juxtaposed on each gate bus wiring 3, the TFT 6 being connected with each 
source bus wiring 4 by means of the branch wire 8. A source electrode 15 
at each spare TFT 7 is guided by the extension end 8a of source electrode 
to a connection 28. The extension end 8a of source electrode at the 
connection 28 is opposite to the branch wire 8 in a not-conductive state. 
Accordingly, only the TFT 6 amount the TFT 6 and spare TFT 7 is 
electrically connected to each source bus wiring 4, the spare TFT 7 being 
not connected to each source bus wiring 4. The sectional view taken on the 
line Q'--Q' in FIG. 13 is the same as FIG. 9. 
In the present embodiment, in the same manner as the FIG. 8 embodiment, the 
laser light or the like is irradiated onto the connection 28, whereby the 
picture element defect caused by a malfunction of TFT 6 can be corrected. 
The above-mentioned Examples 1 through 4 show the transmission type liquid 
crystal display apparatus, but the present invention is, of course, 
applicable to a reflection type display apparatus. Also, in the Examples 1 
through 4, the active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus using 
the TFT is described, but the present invention is applicable to a 
wide-range display apparatus using various function elements, such as a 
metal-insulator-metal (MIM) element, a diode, and a varistor, and further 
to various display apparatus using thin film light mission layers, 
distributed electro-luminance layers, and a plasma luminosity. 
It is understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and 
can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the 
scope and spirit of this invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that 
the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the description as 
set forth herein, but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing 
all the features of patentable novelty that reside in the present 
invention, including all features that would be treated as equivalents 
thereof by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.