Concrete slab forming system

A concrete forming system for the casting of floating slab building foundations with perimeter insulation. Form panels (14A), (14B), (14C), and (14D) comprised of foam core (54) and metal rails (42) and (44), and overlain with stress skins (50), are connected by form tie assemblies (18A), (18B), (18C), and (18D). A protective shield (40) covers the exposed portions of panels (14A) and (14D). Metal stakes (16) anchor formwork assemblies to the earth. System includes embedded anchors (64) and (38). Panel connectors (30) and (32) allow formwork assemblies to be pre-assembled into long lengths, which provides straight and level slab edges and great labor savings. Forming system provides lightweight forming panels, stakes, and lateral bracing which remain in place, providing perimeter insulation and finish exterior surfaces.

BACKGROUND 
1. Field of Invention 
This invention relates to a system for pouring concrete building slab 
foundations, wherein the forms used to retain the concrete remain as part 
of the permanent structure and provide perimeter insulation. 
2. Description of Prior Art 
Heretofore in the construction of floating concrete building slab 
foundations, many problems and inefficiencies have been known and 
recognized. 
The most common procedure for constructing a floating slab foundation has 
been to first dig an upwardly opening trench around the perimeter of the 
building site and secondly to erect wooden forms in end-to-end fashion, to 
define the periphery of the building slab. Concrete is then poured into 
the forms and after it has hardened, the forms are stripped away and 
either discarded or cleaned and transported to the next site. Perimeter 
insulation must then be affixed to the slab edge and overlain with a 
protective shield such as sheet metal or a stucco material. 
A list of the tendencies and problems of this and similar procedures is as 
follows: 
(a) Since rather short lengths of forms (approximately ten to sixteen feet) 
are used, extreme care must be taken as they are staked into position, to 
ensure their correct location, both laterally and vertically. Any waviness 
of the forms will result in the building slab being out of dimension and 
or out of level. 
(b) It is difficult to affix insulation to the slab edge. Often insulation 
is attached to the forms prior to the casting of the concrete, but this 
often results in the insulation coming off of the slab edge and staying on 
the forms, when the forms are removed. If the insulation is attached to 
the hardened concrete after the removal of the forms, it involves 
expensive and labor intensive procedures. 
(c) Various labor intensive means such as re-bar chairs must be employed to 
hold steel reinforcing in the proper position prior to casting of the 
concrete. 
(d) Special configurations such as brick ledges and stem walls are 
particularly difficult, labor intensive, and prone to error. 
(e) An unnecessary excess of concrete is often required because the 
interior vertical side of the footing trench tends to cave off because of 
sandy or unstable earth. 
(f) Placement, removal, and transportation of forms results in significant 
costs in both labor and material. 
(g) Embedded fasteners such as mudsill anchors, have to be held in correct 
alignment by: 
(1) site constructed templates 
(2) fastening to the forms, which makes removal of forms difficult. 
(3) manually setting them into the plastic concrete, which is both 
inaccurate and labor intensive. 
There have been a number of inventions which have addressed some of the 
aforementioned problems encountered in the forming of concrete building 
slabs. They are as follows: 
(1) U.S. Pat. No. 4,202,145 Coulter et al (1980) provides for a metal 
leave-in-place form with internal stakes. This system offers some 
advantage, but makes no provision for perimeter insulation and is too 
elaborate to be economically feasible. 
(2) U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,548 Rehbein (1982) provides for an insulating lost 
formwork panel with a protective sheath, but is without readily workable 
means for staking the panels into position or connecting panels 
end-to-end. 
(3) U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,553 Hacker (1985) provides for a thermal insulating 
girdle with protective sheath and mudsill anchors, but has a number of 
disadvantages, which are: 
(a) It is held in position by conventional wooden stakes which must be 
subsequently removed. 
(b) Stakes and mudsill anchors which extend upward from the slab surface, 
interfere with screeding operations while casting the concrete slab. 
(c) The insulated girdle is too short in its vertical dimension, and is 
without means to secure the additional insulating panel which is 
positioned below it. 
(d) The embedded tie means with rebar supports, positions the rebar high in 
the concrete footing, rather than in the lower portion where it achieves 
its greatest potential as reinforcement. 
(4) U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,058 Patton (1987) provides for a form comprised of 
a foam core and protective sheath but has the following disadvantages: 
(a) The spring clip employed for securing the panel to wooden stakes has 
proven to be ineffective and after this panel was made commercially 
available, it was simply nailed to the wooden stakes. This practice leaves 
holes and blemishes in the finish exterior surface. 
(b) Because the protective sheath only partly encases the foam core, the 
form panel must be made from high density and therefore high cost foam in 
order to achieve sufficient rigidity. 
In summary, many of the drawbacks listed above in the traditional process 
of constructing concrete building slabs are not sufficiently addressed by 
the prior art, nor the traditional methodology. 
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES 
It is the object of the present invention to overcome the shortcomings of 
the prior art and the more traditional methods and to provide a simple, 
lightweight, and cost efficient forming system for the casting of floating 
slab building foundations. 
The present invention obtains many advantages over the prior art by the 
novel use of an interior footing form panel. This interior lost formwork 
panel is a crucial element in obtaining the objects and advantages of the 
present invention. Several objects and advantages are: 
(1) A system whose design and rigidity permit individual panels to be 
pre-assembled into long lengths (approximately 40 feet) prior to being 
placed and staked into position in the footing trench, thereby increasing 
both the speed and accuracy of the installation. 
(2) A system which eliminates entirely the need to remove either the forms 
or stakes after the casting of the concrete. 
(3) A system which eliminates the need for "kickers" (braces) to provide 
lateral support for the forms, and due to its unitary construction, allows 
lightweight easily driven metal stakes to be used. 
(4) A system which allows the perimeter insulation and its finish surfaces 
to serve as the form panel and remain in place after the concrete is cast 
as a permanent thermal barrier and exterior finish surface. 
(5) A system which provides internal integral supports to position 
reinforcing steel in the optimum position in the concrete footing. 
(6) A system capable of forming complex configurations such as brick ledges 
and stem walls as easily and accurately as in a standard installation of a 
floating slab with a single vertical side face. 
(7) A system with an interior vertical lost formwork panel to define the 
interior vertical face of the footing trench, and preclude the wasteful 
use of excess concrete due to a sloped earthen face as in the prior art. 
In some installations, the dollar savings of the elimination of this 
excess concrete, will equal the entire material costs of the present 
invention. 
(8) A system which has a smooth top screed rail which facilitates the 
accurate placing and screeding of the concrete slab. 
(9) A system which allows the easy and accurate placing of embedded 
fasteners, both for the placement of anchor bolts and the like which are 
embedded some distance from the outside vertical slab edge, and also the 
placement of strap type mudsill anchors which can be snappably engaged 
into the top screed rail at the exterior vertical slab edge. 
The foregoing may be summarized into three primary objectives: 
(1) Save labor 
(2) Save material 
(3) Improve quality and consistency of the finished product. 
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become 
apparent from a consideration of the drawings and the ensuing description 
of it.

DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
A typical embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1, a 
perspective view of my forming system. An exterior panel 14A is connected 
to an interior form panel 14B, by a form tie assembly 18A. These connected 
panels are positioned in a trench in unexcavated earth 24. Earthen fill 26 
fills voids between panels and unexcavated earth 24. A metal stake 16 
engages form tie assembly 18A, and penetrates unexcavated earth 24. A 
sheet metal screw 17, fastens metal stake 16 to form panels. A panel joint 
connector 30 joins a plurality of panels in end-to-end relation, thereby 
forming a unitary longitudinal form member. A panel corner joint connector 
32 joins panels at 90.degree. intersections. Connectors 30 and 32 are 
fastened to panels 14A and 14B by sheet metal screws 17. A protective 
shield 40 is adhesively laminated on exterior form panel 14A. A joint 
cover 46 covers butt joints in protective shield 40. A corner joint cover 
48 covers corner joints of protective shield 40. A gravel bed 28 normally 
4 inches thick, is laid up to the vertical plane formed by interior form 
panel 14B. Form tie assembly 18A includes a rebar stirrup 68, which 
positions a rebar 66 in correct alignment in a concrete footing 21. A 
mudsill anchor 38 is snapped into position on exterior form panel 14A. A 
concrete slab 20 is cast over gravel bed 28 and into void formed between 
exterior form panel 14A and interior form panel 14B. 
FIG. 2 illustrates the embodiment used for the pouring and insulating of 
basic floating building slab constructions, and is the type shown in FIG. 
1. Note that metal stakes 16 are encased by concrete and do not have to be 
removed. Protective shield 40 is not penetrated or marred by any fasteners 
or stakes, and form the finish exterior surface. Interior form panel 14B 
retains earthen fill 26. This saves the use of excess concrete equal to 
the volume of earthen fill 26. Exterior form panel 14A is of sufficient 
vertical dimension to extend downward to unexcavated earth 24, so that 
earthen fill 26 may fill the void between them and preclude the concrete 
from footing 21 from protruding under form panel 14A and into the void 
filled by earthen fill 26, as is the case in form boards in the prior art, 
which are of insufficient height. This results in additional saved 
material costs. 
FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment intended for use in forming floating 
building slabs with a support ledge for brick veneer. Two form panels are 
used in place of form panel 14A in FIG. 1. A brick ledge form panel 14C 
forms top portion of slab 20 and form panel 14B forms lower portion below 
the brick ledge. A form tie assembly 18B is used to connect interior and 
exterior panels and provide rebar supports. 
FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment intended for use in forming a building 
slab and footing with a change in the elevation of the slab, such as is 
common in residential applications where a garage or porch slab must be 
lower in elevation than the dwelling area slab. A slab step panel 14D with 
protective shield 40 is used to form the top portion of slab 20. 
Protective shield 40 provides a finish exterior surface. A form tie 
assembly 18B is used to connect form panels 14B and 14D and provide rebar 
supports. 
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment intended for use in forming a building 
slab with an integral concrete stem wall, such as is common for the 
support of garage walls in residential applications. Slab step panel 
assembly 14D in cooperation with exterior form panel 14A, defines a void 
wherein a concrete stem wall 25 is cast. Protective shield 40 provides 
finish surfaces for the interior and exterior of concrete stem wall 25. A 
stem wall form tie assembly 18C connects panels 14A, 14B, and 14D and 
provides rebar stirrup 68 to position rebar 66 in concrete footing 21. A 
mudsill anchor 70 is attached to concrete stem wall 25 as shown in FIG. 
10. 
FIG. 6 illustrates a cross section of exterior form panel 14A, which is 
formed of a foam core 54 of lightweight insulating material such as 
expanded or extruded polystyrene foam with a density of between 16 and 32 
KG per cubic meter (1 to 2 lbs. per cubic foot). A top metal rail 44 
encases the top linear edge of foam core 54, providing a screed rail. A 
bottom metal rail 42 encases the bottom linear edge of foam core 54. Metal 
rails 42 and 44 are formed of sheet metal. A stress skin 50 is laminated 
with suitable adhesive on the outer planar surface of foam core 54 and leg 
portions of metal rails 42 and 44. Any suitable sheet material may be 
employed for stress skin 50, such as a waxed or resin stiffened paper or 
paperboard. Protective shield 40 is laminated, with suitable adhesive, on 
one planar surface of foam core 54. Protective shield 40 may be of any 
suitable water and impact resistant material, such as PVC plastic or 
fiberglass. Metal rails 42 and 44 are configured to enable form tie 
assemblies 18A, 18B, 18C, and 18D to be snappably connected to metal rails 
42 and 44 as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 12 and as evident from bracket 
details in FIGS. 8, 9. 
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of form tie assembly 18A. A wire 19 is 
formed into a configuration to space, connect, and brace form panels 14A 
and 14B. An upper bracket 34 is metal and welded to wire 19. A lower 
bracket 36 is metal and welded to wire 19. Wire 19 is bent to form rebar 
stirrups 68, which hold rebar 66 in correct alignment. 
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of upper bracket 34. It shows how upper 
bracket 34 is configured to be snappably engaged with metal rail 44, as 
shown in FIG. 6. A bracket tab 52 pierces stress skin 50 and engages one 
vertical leg of metal rail 44. 
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a lower bracket 36 showing the welded 
attachment of wire 19. Lower bracket 36 engages metal rail 42 in like 
fashion as upper bracket 34 does with metal rail 44. Lower bracket 36 is 
made of stamped metal and has a stake slot 56 formed therein to slidably 
receive and retain metal stake 16. 
FIG. 10 illustrates the attachment and operation of mudsill anchor 38. 
Mudsill anchor 38, stamped from sheet metal forms an anchoring device for 
securely attaching wooden mudsills to concrete building slabs. A mudsill 
anchor tab 60, stamped out of sheet metal of mudsill anchor 38, pierces 
stress skin 50 and engages one vertical leg of top metal rail 44. A 
mudsill anchor retaining clip 62, stamped out of sheet metal of mudsill 
anchor 38, snappably enagages metal rail 44. A mudsill attachment arm 61 
connects and anchors mudsill 70 to concrete slab 20. A nail 58 attaches 
mudsill attachment arm 61 to wooden mudsill 70. 
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a cross section of a form unit as shown in 
FIG. 2. It illustrates how an anchor bolt template bracket 67 spans 
between form panels 14A and 14B and is attached to metal edges 44 by sheet 
metal screws 17. An anchor bolt 64 is held in correct position by being 
placed in holes in an anchor bolt template 65, which is attached to anchor 
bolt template bracket 67 by sheet metal screws 17. 
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an exterior form panel 14A being used 
alone. It illustrates how a wire form tie assembly 18D attaches to metal 
rails 42 and 44 of form panel 14A. Metal stakes 16 engage stake slot 56 in 
bracket 36 and a single form bracket 37 to secure form tie assembly 18D to 
the earth. Sheet metal screws 17 attaches metal stakes 16 to single form 
bracket 37 and metal rail 44. Form tie assembly 18D includes rebar 
stirrups 68 to support rebars 66. This embodiment would be used in mild 
climates where the frost line is shallow and therefore the footing is not 
required to be as deep, as this situation results in the earthen inner 
face of the footing being shorter and less prone to cave off into the 
footing. 
OPERATION OF INVENTION 
The static structure of the present invention has been herein disclosed. It 
is now followed by a description of the operation and assembly of the 
forming system as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
First an upwardly opening trench is excavated around the perimeter of the 
building slab location to accommodate a footing. A suitable level working 
surface is selected for the preassembly of the formwork components. A 
sidewalk or a road pavement are examples of suitable surfaces. A chalk 
line is then placed upon such working surface to provide a straight edge. 
A plurality of form panels 14A are then laid down flat upon such surface 
in end-to-end fashion. Metal rail 42 or 44 is aligned with the chalk line 
or straight edge, and panel joint connectors 30 are snapped onto metal 
rails 42 and 44. Sheet metal screws 17 attach connectors 30 as shown in 
FIG. 1, thereby forming a unitary longitudinal form member. The same 
procedure as employed for panels 14A are now repeated for panels 14B. Form 
tie assemblies 18A are now snapped onto metal rails 42 and 44 of form 
panels 14A at approximately 3 foot intervals along the length of assembled 
plurality of panels 14A. Form tie assemblies 18A are now snapped onto 
metal rails 42 and 44 of assembled plurality of panels 14B. You now have a 
unitary formwork assembly, which is substancially rigid and capable of 
being lifted by each end and set into the footing trench. Such assembly 
can span a distance of approximately 40 feet without sagging, due to its 
light weight, the tensile strength of metal rails 42 and 44, and the 
bracing strength of stress skin 50 on foam core 54. 
After the assembly is set into the footing trench, each end is positioned 
correctly, both in its elevation and lateral alignment with the building 
perimeter. Metal stakes are then inserted into stake slot 56 of lower 
bracket 36 and driven into unexcavated earth 24. Metal stake 16 is driven 
down so its top is level with top rail 44 and adjacent to the end of upper 
bracket 34 as shown in FIG. 12. Sheet metal screw 17 is then installed 
through metal stake 16 into the vertical leg of top metal rail 44. With 
each end of the unitary formwork assembly now having been staked into 
correct position, the entire length of the assembly is in correct 
position. A plurality of metal stakes 16 can now be rapidly driven and 
secured at each form tie assembly 18A along the length of the formwork 
assembly. These metal stakes 16, due to their slender cross section can be 
driven with a small hammer rather than a large sledge hammer, as is 
required with wooden stakes of rather thick cross section. They also drive 
straighter and are not as affected by hard or rocky soil as are wooden 
stakes. These metal stakes are presently available commercially, and are 
comparable in cost to the use of wooden stakes but have the advantage of 
being prefabricated, whereas wooden stakes must be cut, normally on site. 
By assembling formwork in long rigid lengths a great deal of labor is 
saved in that fewer "shots" with a builders level are required to position 
the formwork correctly. 
The foregoing procedure is repeated as required to encircle the building 
perimeter. Any cutting of the form panels to length may be easily 
accomplished with a hack saw and utility knife. Corner connections are 
made by securing corner joint connectors 32 with metal screws 17. Joints 
in protective shield 40 are covered by gluing, with appropriate adhesive, 
joint covers 46 and corner joint covers 48 into position as shown in FIG. 
1. Once all formwork is properly positioned and staked, the voids between 
form panels 14A, 14B and the footing trench are filled with earthen fill 
26 as shown in FIG. 2. Although the formwork is already stable, this fill 
stabilizes it further. 
Gravel bed 28 is now placed into position and graded to the correct level. 
Reinforcing steel 66 can now be placed into rebar stirrups 68. Vapor 
barriers and or wire mesh reinforcement is now placed over gravel bed 28. 
Mudsill anchors 38 may be snapped onto top metal rail 44 of form panels 
14A at any desired location as shown in FIG. 10. Anchor bolts 64 can be 
easily and accurately positioned as shown in FIG. 11. Concrete slab 20 is 
then cast over gravel bed 28 and into footing 21 to the top of form panel 
14A encasing stakes 16, form tie assemblies 18A, rebar 66, and anchors 38 
and or 64. After concrete is hardened, mudsills 70 are positioned on slab 
20 and mudsill anchor attachment arm 61 is bent around mudsill 70 and 
fastened with nails 58 as shown in FIG. 10. 
The procedure for the assembly and installation of formwork as shown in 
FIGS. 3, 4, 5, is the same as for the formwork of FIG. 2 as described 
above, except that the form panels 14C and 14D are not snapped onto form 
tie assemblies 18B and 18C until after formwork assemblies are staked into 
position in the footing trench. This ensures adequate access for the 
placement and securing of metal stakes 16. 
From the operational description above, it becomes evident that the present 
invention accomplishes its three primary objectives: 
(1) Saves labor by: 
(a) lightweight forms 
(b) rapid pre-assembly 
(c) no cutting of stakes 
(d) easily driven metal stakes 
(e) no removal of forms or stakes 
(f) no separate placing of perimeter insulation 
(g) no separate placing of cover or exterior finish for perimeter 
insulation 
(h) no clean-up and transportation of reusable forms 
(i) no stakes or "kickers" required for lateral support of forms 
(j) no separate placing of rebar chairs or supports 
(k) rapid and accurate placing of embedded anchors 
(l) no vertical projections above the slab surface to interfere with 
screeding operations 
(2) Saves material by: 
(a) eliminating a substantial amount of excess concrete 
(b) eliminating the use of wooden stakes 
(c) eliminating the use of wooden forms 
(3) Improves the quality of finished product by: 
(a) providing straight rigid forms, which result in straight level slabs. 
(b) yielding flatter slab surface because screeding operations are not 
interrupted by upward projecting stakes. 
(c) providing perimeter insulation which is continuous, unbroken, and 
extends to the bottom of the footing trench. 
(d) providing smooth finish exterior surface on all exposed concrete 
surfaces. 
(e) ensuring accurate alignment of embedded anchors. 
Although the description above contains many specificities these should not 
be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely 
providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of 
the invention. For example many other more specialized slab edge profiles 
may be formed by the application of this invention. Thus the scope of the 
invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal 
equivalents, rather than by the examples given.