High security fastener constructions

A series of high security fastener constructions feature rotatable anti-theft shrouds mounted on locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts designed for vehicular wheels. Each construction features (1) a fastener body having a first body end adapted to accommodate a key receiving pattern or member, a second body end having thread pattern extending therefrom, and a shroud receiving portion located between the first and second body ends, (2) a shroud concentrically mounted on the shroud receiving, and (3) a shroud retaining system for retaining the shroud for rotation relative to the fastener body such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener rotating when it is installed at a design installation torque. Exemplary shroud retaining systems include (1) designs in which the shroud is retained by interference engagement of its inner side with the fastener body, (2) designs in which the shroud is retained by staking or swaging to the fastener body, and (3) designs in which the shroud is retained by first and second retaining members that are mounted on the fastener body in facing relationship with first and second annular faces of the shroud.

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to high security (anti-theft) constructions for fasteners, and particularly locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts used to secure vehicular wheels.

2. Description of the Prior Art

By way of background, locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts are commonly used to attach wheels to axle hub assemblies of automobiles and other vehicles. These fasteners are designed with security features that are intended to thwart theft by rendering the fasteners difficult to remove with conventional tools. In particular, the fasteners do not have the usual hexagonal head pattern found on conventional nuts and bolts, and instead have smooth cylindrical sidewalls that cannot be gripped by standard wrenches. Fastener removal requires the use of a special security tool having a unique key pattern that matches a corresponding groove pattern formed in the fastener end face.

Additional security can be obtained by fitting a free-spinning shroud over the security fastener's cylindrical sidewalls, such that the shroud is in concentric relationship therewith. The shroud discourages the use of theft devices that could otherwise be used to grip the sidewalls and remove the fastener without an authorized security tool. Because the shroud substantially surrounds all exposed surfaces of the sidewalls, no rotational purchase can be obtained on the fastener. The theft device can only engage the shroud, which freely spins under action of the theft device while the main body of the fastener remains stationary.

Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,299, 4,726,723, 4,897,008, 5,112,176, 5,360,304, and 5,730,567 are directed to shrouded fastener designs of the foregoing type. The patented designs feature shrouds of various shape and size for both locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts. It is to such security fasteners that the present invention is directed. In particular, the present invention offers alternative security fastener constructions in which security shrouds are combined with locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts in a manner that minimizes design complexity and manufacturing expense while maintaining the requisite anti-theft characteristics.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing goals are achieved and an advance in the art is provided by a series of high security fastener constructions featuring rotatable anti-theft shrouds mounted on locking wheel nuts and wheel bolts designed for vehicular wheels. Each construction features (1) a fastener body having a first body end adapted to accommodate a key receiving pattern or member, a second body end having a thread pattern extending therefrom, and a shroud receiving portion located between the first and second body ends, (2) a shroud concentrically mounted on the shroud receiving portion, and (3) a shroud retaining system retaining the shroud for rotation relative to the fastener body such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener rotating when it is installed at a design installation torque.

In a first exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes a shroud securement structure formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion. The shroud securement structure is adapted to axially secure the shroud on the body via radial engagement therewith. In particular, the shroud securement structure has a radial face configured to radially engage the shroud in interfering relationship to form a radial interference connection. The radial interference connection provides an engagement torque that is less than a design installation torque of the fastener. Thus, when the fastener is secured in engagement with an external structure at the design installation torque, the shroud will rotate before the fastener rotates.

In a second exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with first and second annular faces of the shroud. The first shroud retaining member is preferably integrally formed as part of the fastener body. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as a discrete seat member having a suitably shaped exterior face that provides a mounting seat for the fastener.

In a third exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes a staking region formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion to allow staking of the shroud to the fastener body. The shroud is staked at the staking region to retain the shroud in rotatable relationship with the fastener body.

In a fourth exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with first and second annular faces of the shroud. The first shroud retaining member is preferably integrally formed as part of the fastener body. The second shroud retaining member is formed as a retaining ring retained on the fastener body.

In a fifth exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with first and second annular faces of the shroud. The first shroud retaining member is a discrete key receiving member mounted on the fastener body and having a key receiving pattern formed therein. The second shroud retaining member is preferably integrally formed as part of the fastener body.

In a sixth exemplary fastener construction, the shroud retaining system includes one or more swaging regions formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion to allow swaging of the shroud to the fastener body. The shroud is swaged at the swaging region(s) to retain the shroud in rotatable relationship with the fastener body.

In each of the foregoing fastener constructions, the shroud can be formed as a substantially tubular member in order to simplify the fastener's construction and reduce manufacturing costs. Shrouds of other shape are not necessarily precluded, however, and it should be understood that a variety of shroud configurations may be used in the various fastener constructions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

With reference now to the above-identified Drawings, wherein like reference numbers designate like elements in all of the several views, embodiments of the invention will now be presented by way of six exemplary high security fastener constructions representing preferred implementations of the inventive subject matter. The six exemplary constructions are respectively shown inFIGS. 1-10,11-16,17-24,25-30,31-36and37-64. Unless otherwise indicated, all components used in the disclosed fastener constructions are fabricated from steel, titanium, high-strength aluminum or other durable suitable materials for automotive and vehicular use. Coatings of Nickel/Chrome or the like may also be used according to conventional practice. It should also be understood that the various shroud structures described hereinafter could be made from alternative materials such as durable plastic, brass, etc., provided such materials can maintain fastener security.

I. First Exemplary Fastener Construction

Turning now toFIGS. 1-6, a fastener2according to a first exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut adapted to thread onto a threaded bolt shank extending from a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener2includes a fastener body4having a first body end6and a second body end8. The first body end6has a generally planar surface10in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern12. The key receiving pattern12is configured to mate with a security key (not shown) of the usual type. As is well known in the art, the key can is used to turn the fastener2into and out of locking engagement in a vehicle wheel installation in which a vehicle wheel (not shown) is secured to a hub or other mounting structure (not shown).

The second body end8of the fastener2is formed with a mounting seat14having a generally frustoconical outer surface16(other shapes could also be used). The mounting seat14functions to seat the fastener2in a mating counterbore (not shown) formed around a bolt hole in the rim of a wheel to be fastened. As is well known in the art, the frustoconical surface16frictionally engages the mating counterbore when the fastener2is secured. This seats the fastener2and helps to develop the required installation torque needed to properly secure the wheel. This required torque shall be referred to hereinafter as the fastener's design installation torque.

As best shown inFIG. 4, an internal bore18is formed within the fastener body4along its axial centerline. The bore18extends from the second body end8toward the first body end6a sufficient distance to accommodate the bolt shank on which the fastener2is to be mounted. An internal thread pattern20is formed on the wall of the bore18. The thread pattern20begins at the second body end8and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore18.

A shroud receiving portion22of the fastener body4is situated between the first body end6and the second body end8. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion22extends from a location proximate the first body end6to the mounting seat14. The shroud receiving portion22is designed to receive a generally tubular anti-theft shroud24so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body4. The shroud24has first and second annular end faces26and28, and inner and outer sidewalls30and32. The first annular end face26is located proximate the first body end6so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face28lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder34formed on the back side of the mounting seat14. The inner sidewall30is concentrically supported on the shroud receiving portion22by a pair of radial seats36and38. The radial seat36is located proximate the first body end6and the radial seat38is located proximate the annular shoulder34.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud24for rotation relative to the fastener body4such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener2rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by a shroud securement structure40formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion22. The shroud securement structure40is generally ring-shaped and has a knurled radial outer surface to facilitate gripping of the inner side wall30of the shroud24. The purpose of the knurling is to engage the shroud24in an interference fit so as to axially retain the shroud on the fastener body4with sufficient force to prevent axial pull-off, yet allow the shroud to rotate under an applied torque in order to provide anti-theft properties. The shroud24is sized relative to the outside diameter of the knurling so as to be in radial interfering engagement with the shroud securement structure40. A radial interference connection will thus be formed when the shroud is mounted on the fastener body4, with the tips of the knurls being compressed by the shroud's inner sidewall30. The radial interference connection is designed to provide an interference engagement torque that is less than the design installation torque of the fastener2. Thus, when the fastener2is seated against a wheel at the design installation torque, the shroud24will rotate prior to the onset of rotation of the fastener so as to provide the required security function. Note that the design installation torque can vary from one fastener design to another. Thus, the design of the shroud securement structure40can likewise vary to achieve the desired interference engagement torque. This can be done by varying the size and shape of the individual knurls and indentations therebetween, as well as their spacing. Note that axially oriented splines could also be used in place of knurling, as could other surface texturing configurations that are capable of developing the required interference engagement torque and axial pull-off resistance. The location of the shroud securement structure40can also be varied, as illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 6in which two alternative locations for the shroud securement structure are shown. The same holds true for the fastener designs of sections I.B and I.C below.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener2requires only two components, the fastener body4and the shroud24, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. It will additionally be seen that the shroud24can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body4.

Turning now toFIGS. 7 and 8, a modification of the first exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener52is configured as an open-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener52is an open end design, it is similar in all respects to the fastener2ofFIGS. 1-6. The fastener52thus includes a fastener body54having a first body end56and a second body end58. The first body end56has a stepped opening60in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern62. The second body end58is formed with a mounting seat64having a generally frustoconical outer surface66(other shapes could also be used). An internal bore68is formed within the fastener52along its axial centerline. The bore68extends from the second body end58toward the first body end56. An internal thread pattern70is formed on the wall of the bore68. The thread pattern70begins at the second body end58and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore68.

A shroud receiving portion72of the fastener body54is situated between the first body end56and the second body end58. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion72extends from a location proximate the first body end56to the mounting seat64. The shroud receiving portion72is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud74so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body54. The shroud74has first and second annular end faces76and78, and inner and outer sidewalls80and82. The first annular end face76is located proximate the body end56so that very little of the body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face78lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder84formed on the back side of the mounting seat64.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud74for rotation relative to the fastener body54. The shroud retaining system is provided by a shroud securement structure90formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion72. The shroud securement structure90is generally ring-shaped and has a textured (e.g., knurled, splined, etc.) radial outer surface to facilitate gripping of the inner side wall80of the shroud74and to provide the desired radial interference connection. Thus, when the fastener52is seated against a wheel at the design installation torque, the shroud74will rotate prior to the onset of rotation of the fastener so as to provide the required security function, and will also resist axial pull-off.

C. Locking Wheel Bolt

Turning now toFIGS. 9 and 10, another modification of the first exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener102is configured as a locking wheel bolt. Apart from the fact that the fastener102has an externally threaded shank instead of an internally threaded bore, it is similar in all respects to the fastener2ofFIGS. 1-6. The fastener102thus includes a fastener body104having a first body end106and a second body end108. The first body end106has a generally planar surface110in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern112. A mounting seat portion114of the fastener body104has a generally frustoconical outer surface116(other shapes could also be used). A bolt shank118extends from the mounting seat114to the second body end108. An external thread pattern120is formed on the surface of the shank118. The thread pattern120begins at the second body end108and extends for part (or all) of the length of the shank118.

A shroud receiving portion122of the fastener body104is situated between the first body end106and the second body end108. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion122extends from a location proximate the first body end106to the mounting-seat114. The shroud receiving portion122is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud124so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body104. The shroud124has first and second annular end faces126and128, and inner and outer sidewalls130and132. The first annular end face126is located proximate the body end106so that very little of the body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face128lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder134formed on the back side of the mounting seat114.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud124for rotation relative to the fastener body104. The shroud retaining system is provided by a shroud securement structure140formed on the fastener's shroud receiving portion122. The shroud securement structure140is generally ring-shaped and has a textured (e.g., knurled, splined) radial outer surface to facilitate gripping of the inner side wall130of the shroud124and provide the desired radial interference connection. Thus, when the fastener102is seated against a wheel at the design installation torque, the shroud124will rotate prior to the onset of rotation of the fastener so as to provide the required security function, and will also resist axial pull-off.

II. Second Exemplary Fastener Construction

Turning now toFIGS. 11-14, a fastener202according to a second exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut adapted to thread onto a threaded bolt shank extending from a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener202includes a fastener body204having a first body end206and a second body end208. The first body end206has a generally planar surface210in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern212. As best shown inFIG. 14, an internal bore214is formed within the fastener202along its axial centerline. The bore214extends from the second body end208toward the first body end206a sufficient distance to accommodate the bolt shank on which the fastener202is to be mounted. An internal thread pattern216is formed on the wall of the bore214. The thread pattern216begins at the second body end208and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore214.

A shroud receiving portion218of the fastener body204is situated between the first body end206and the second body end208. The shroud receiving portion218is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud220so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body204. The shroud220has first and second annular end faces222and224, and inner and outer sidewalls226and228. The first annular end face222is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below) on the first body end206so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face224is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall226is concentrically supported on the exterior cylindrical surface of the shroud receiving portion218.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud220for rotation relative to the fastener body204such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener202rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud's first and second annular end faces222and224. The first shroud retaining member is implemented as a flange230that is integrally formed as part of the fastener body204at the first body end206. The flange230provides an annular shoulder232that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the first annular end face222of the shroud220. This provides enhanced security by making it difficult, if not impossible, to attack the fastener by inserting a chisel or other tool between the shroud's inner wall226and the fastener's shroud receiving portion218in an effort to split or pry off the shroud. Note that the shroud's first annular end face222is preferably in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder232to further discourage attack on the fastener454by preventing access to the shroud receiving portion218at this location.

The second shroud retaining member is implemented as a discrete seat member234having a shaped exterior face236that provides a mounting seat for the fastener202. Although the exterior face236is shown as being frustoconical in shape, it will be understood that other configurations, such as radial facing, flat facing, etc., could also be used. Moreover, although the seat member234will typically be made of the same material as the fastener body204, it could also be a different material. For example, if the fastener body204is made from steel or titanium, it may be desirable in some applications to form the seat member234out of aluminum. Other material combinations would also be possible.

It will be seen that the seat member234includes an annular face238that opposes the second annular end face224of the shroud220. The seat member234also has a central longitudinal bore240that allows the seat member234to be received on a reduced diameter section242of the fastener body202. The reduced diameter section242extends from the second body end208to the shroud receiving portion218. The seat member234is retained on the reduced diameter section242by way of a ramped annular detent structure244formed adjacent to the second body end208. The detent structure244engages an annular groove246formed in the wall of the seat member's longitudinal bore242.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener202requires only three components, the fastener body204, the shroud220and the seat member234, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. It will additionally be seen that the shroud220can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body204.

B. Open End Locking Wheel Nut

Turning now toFIGS. 15 and 16, a modification of the second exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener252is configured as an open-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener252is an open end design, it is similar in all respects to the fastener202ofFIGS. 11-14. The fastener252thus includes a fastener body254having a first body end256and a second body end258. The first body end256has a stepped opening260in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern262. An internal bore264is formed within the fastener252along its axial centerline. The bore264extends from the second body end258toward the first body end256. An internal thread pattern266is formed on the wall of the bore264. The thread pattern266begins at the second body end258and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore264.

A shroud receiving portion268of the fastener body254is situated between the first body end256and the second body end258. The shroud receiving portion268is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud270so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body254. The shroud270has first and second annular end faces272and274, and inner and outer sidewalls276and278. The first annular end face272is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below) on the first body end256so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face274is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall276is concentrically supported on the exterior cylindrical surface of the shroud receiving portion268.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud270for rotation relative to the fastener body254such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener252rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud's first and second annular end faces272and274. The first shroud retaining member is implemented as a flange280that is integrally formed as part of the fastener body254at the first body end256. The flange280includes an annular shoulder282that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the first annular end face272of the shroud270for enhanced security (as earlier described relative to the construction ofFIGS. 11-14). The shroud's first annular end face272is preferably also in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder282, for additional security. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as a discrete seat member284(made from the same or different material as the fastener body254) having a frustoconical exterior face286(other shapes could also be used) that provides a mounting seat for the fastener252. The seat member284further includes an annular face288that opposes the second annular end face274of the shroud270. The seat member284also has a central longitudinal bore290that is allows the seat member284to be received on a reduced diameter section292of the fastener body252. The reduced diameter section292extends from the second body end258to the shroud receiving portion268. The seat member284is retained on the reduced diameter section292by way of a ramped annular detent structure294formed adjacent to the second body end258. The detent structure294engages an annular groove296formed in the wall of the seat member's longitudinal bore292.

III. Third Exemplary Fastener Construction

Turning now toFIGS. 17-20, a fastener302according to a third exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut adapted to thread onto a threaded bolt shank extending from a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener302includes a fastener body304having a first body end306and a second body end308. The first body end306has a generally planar surface310in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern312. The second body end308of the fastener302is formed with a mounting seat314having a generally frustoconical outer surface316(other shapes could also be used). As best shown inFIG. 20, an internal bore318is formed within the fastener302along its axial centerline. The bore318extends from the second body end308toward the first body end306a sufficient distance to accommodate the bolt shank on which the fastener302is to be mounted. An internal thread pattern320is formed on the wall of the bore318. The thread pattern320begins at the second body end308and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore318.

A shroud receiving portion322of the fastener body304is situated between the first body end306and the second body end308. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion322extends from a location proximate the first body end306to the mounting seat314. The shroud receiving portion322is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud324so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body304. The shroud324has first and second annular end faces326and328, and inner and outer sidewalls330and332. The first annular end face326is located proximate the first body end306so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face328lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder334formed on the back side of the mounting seat314. The inner sidewall330is concentrically supported on the cylindrical outer surface of the shroud receiving portion322.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud324for rotation relative to the fastener body304such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener302rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a staking region340formed on the shroud receiving portion322to allow staking of the shroud324to the fastener body304. The staking region340is formed as an annular groove in the shroud receiving portion322. The annular groove is preferably located proximate to the mounting seat314, but could be situated at other locations on the shroud receiving portion322. As shown by the staking indentations342inFIGS. 17,18and20, the shroud324is staked at multiple circumferential locations around the staking region340to retain the shroud in rotatable relationship with the shroud receiving portion322.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener302requires only two components, the fastener body304and the shroud322, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. It will additionally be seen that the shroud324can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body304.

Turning now toFIGS. 21 and 22, a modification of the third exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener352is configured as an open-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener352is an open end design, it is similar in all respects to the fastener302ofFIGS. 17-20. The fastener352thus includes a fastener body354having a first body end356and a second body end358. The first body end356has a stepped opening360in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern362. The second body end358of the fastener352is formed with a mounting seat364having a generally frustoconical outer surface366(other shapes could also be used). An internal bore368is formed within the fastener352along its axial centerline. The bore368extends from the second body end358toward the first body end356. An internal thread pattern370is formed on the wall of the bore368. The thread pattern370begins at the second body end358and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore368.

A shroud receiving portion372of the fastener body354is situated between the first body end356and the second body end358. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion372extends from a location proximate the first body end356to the mounting seat364. The shroud receiving portion372is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud374so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body354. The shroud374has first and second annular end faces376and378, and inner and outer sidewalls380and382. The first annular end face376is located proximate the first body end356so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face378lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder384formed on the back side of the mounting seat364. The inner sidewall380is concentrically supported on the cylindrical outer surface of the shroud receiving portion372.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud374for rotation relative to the fastener body354such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener352rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a staking region390formed on the shroud receiving portion372to allow staking of the shroud374to the fastener body354. The staking region390is formed as an annular groove in the shroud receiving portion372. The annular groove is preferably located proximate to the mounting seat364, but could be situated at other locations on the shroud receiving portion372. As shown by the staking indentations392inFIG. 22, the shroud374is staked at multiple circumferential locations around the staking region390to retain the shroud in rotatable relationship with the shroud receiving portion372.

C. Locking Wheel Bolt

Turning now toFIGS. 23 and 24, another modification of the third exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener402is configured as a locking wheel bolt. Apart from the fact that the fastener402has an externally threaded shank instead of an internally threaded bore, it is similar in all respects to the fastener302ofFIGS. 17-20. The fastener402thus includes a fastener body404having a first body end406and a second body end408. The first body end406has a generally planar surface410in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern412. A mounting seat portion414of the fastener body404has a generally frustoconical outer surface416(other shapes could also be used). A bolt shank418extends from the mounting seat414to the second body end408. An external thread pattern420is formed on the surface of the shank418. The thread pattern420begins at the second body end408and extends for part (or all) of the length of the shank418.

A shroud receiving portion422of the fastener body404is situated between the first body end406and the second body end408. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion422extends from a location proximate the first body end406to the mounting seat414. The shroud receiving portion422is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud424so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body404. The shroud424has first and second annular end faces426and428, and inner and outer sidewalls430and432. The first annular end face426is located proximate the body end406so that very little of the body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face428lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with an annular shoulder434formed on the mounting seat414.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud424for rotation relative to the fastener body404such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener402rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a staking region440formed on the shroud receiving portion422to allow staking of the shroud424to the fastener body404. The staking region440is formed as an annular groove in the shroud receiving portion422. As shown by the staking indentation442inFIG. 24, the shroud424is staked at the staking region440(preferably at multiple circumferential locations) to retain the shroud in rotatable relationship with the shroud receiving portion422.

IV. Fourth Exemplary Fastener Construction

Turning now toFIGS. 25-28, a fastener452according to a fourth exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut adapted to thread onto a threaded bolt shank extending from a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener452includes a fastener body454having a first body end456and a second body end458. The first body end456has a generally planar surface460in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern462. The second body end458of the fastener452is formed with a mounting seat464having a generally frustoconical outer surface466(other shapes could also be used). As best shown inFIG. 28, an internal bore468is formed within the fastener452along its axial centerline. The bore468extends from the second body end458toward the first body end456a sufficient distance to accommodate the bolt shank on which the fastener452is to be mounted. An internal thread pattern470is formed on the wall of the bore468. The thread pattern470begins at the second body end458and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore468.

A shroud receiving portion472of the fastener body404is situated between the first body end456and the second body end458. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion472extends from a location proximate the first body end456to a location proximate the mounting seat464. The shroud receiving portion472is designed to receive an annular anti-theft shroud474so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body454. The shroud474has first and second annular end faces476and478, and inner and outer sidewalls480and482. The first annular end face476is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below) on the first body end456so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face478is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall480is concentrically supported on the cylindrical outer surface of the shroud receiving portion472.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud474for rotation relative to the fastener body454such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener452rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud's first and second annular end faces476and478. The first shroud retaining member is implemented as a flange484that is integrally formed as part of the fastener body454at the first body end456. The flange484includes an annular shoulder486that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the first annular end face476of the shroud474for enhanced security (as earlier described relative to the construction ofFIGS. 11-14). The shroud's first annular end face476is preferably also in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder486, for additional security. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as a retaining ring488that opposes the shroud's second annular face478. The shroud receiving portion472includes a ring retaining area formed as an annular groove490for supporting the ring member488in an axially fixed position. Preferably, the annular groove490is located so that the ring member488is substantially inaccessible when the fastener452is seated in operational engagement with a wheel being secured by the fastener. In most (but not all) cases, this will entail locating the annular groove490immediately behind the mounting seat464, as best shown inFIG. 28. For most wheels, this location will allow the ring member488to be substantially protected by the counterbore that is conventionally formed in the rim of the wheel to receive the mounting seat464. For some wheels, a deep counterbore above the wheel seat will allow an alternate ring member location further away from the mounting seat464. Because a deep counterbore protects more of the outside of the fastener452, a shorter shroud474with the ring member488located nearer the first body end456will provide the same security protection. The foregoing ring protection arrangements prevent unauthorized removal of the retaining ring member488. Without such protection, a thief could potentially dislodge the retaining ring member488and slide the shroud474axially away from the flange484. As mentioned above, this would expose the fastener474to attack via a chisel or other tool. Note that it is also desirable to size the ring member488so that it is radially recessed relative to the shroud's outer sidewall482. This will tend to hide the ring member488from view and make it less accessible to tampering.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener452requires only three components, the fastener body454, the shroud474and the retaining ring488, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. It will additionally be seen that the shroud474can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body454.

B. Open End Locking Wheel Nut

Turning now toFIGS. 29 and 30, a modification of the fourth exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener502is configured as an open-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener502is an open end design, it is similar in all respects to the fastener452ofFIGS. 25-28. The fastener502thus includes a fastener body504having a first body end506and a second body end508. The first body end506has a stepped opening510in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern512. The second body end508of the fastener502is formed with a mounting seat514having a generally frustoconical outer surface516(other shapes could also be used). An internal bore518is formed within the fastener502along its axial centerline. The bore518starts at the second body end508and extends toward the first body end506. An internal thread pattern520is formed on the wall of the bore518. The thread pattern520begins at the second body end508and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore518.

A shroud receiving portion522of the fastener body504is situated between the first body end506and the second body end508. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion522extends from a location proximate the first body end506to a location proximate the mounting seat514. The shroud receiving portion522is designed to receive an annular anti-theft shroud524so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body504. The shroud524has first and second annular end faces526and528, and inner and outer sidewalls530and532. The first annular end face526is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below) on the first body end506so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face528is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall530is concentrically supported on the cylindrical outer surface of the shroud receiving portion522.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud524for rotation relative to the fastener body504such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener502rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud's first and second annular end faces526and528. The first shroud retaining member implemented as a flange534that is integrally formed as part of the fastener body504at the first body end506. The flange534includes an annular shoulder536that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the first annular end face526of the shroud524for enhanced security (as earlier described relative to the construction ofFIGS. 11-14). The shroud's first annular end face526is preferably also in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder536, for additional security. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as a retaining ring538that opposes the shroud's second annular face528. The shroud receiving portion522includes a ring retaining area formed as an annular groove540for supporting the ring member538in an axially fixed position. As in the case of the fastener452ofFIGS. 25-28, the annular groove540is preferably sized and located so that the ring member538is substantially inaccessible when the fastener502is seated in operational engagement with a wheel being secured by the fastener.

V. Fifth Exemplary Fastener Construction

A. Locking Wheel Bolt

Turning now toFIGS. 31-34, a fastener552according to a fifth exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a locking wheel bolt adapted to thread into a threaded bore in a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener552includes a fastener body554having a first body end556and a second body end558. As best seen inFIG. 34, the first body end556has a generally planar surface560with a central bore562formed therein that extends a short distance toward the second body end558. A mounting seat portion564of the fastener body554has a generally frustoconical outer surface566(other shapes could also be used). A bolt shank568extends from the mounting seat564to the second body end558. An external thread pattern570is formed on the surface of the shank568. The thread pattern570begins at the second body end558and extends for part (or all) of the length of the shank568.

A shroud receiving portion572of the fastener body554is situated between the first body end556and the second body end558. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion572extends from the first body end556to the mounting seat564. The shroud receiving portion572is designed to receive an annular anti-theft shroud574so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body554. The shroud574has first and second annular end faces576and578, and inner and outer sidewalls580and582. The first annular end face576extends beyond the first body end556and is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below). The second annular end face578is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall580is concentrically supported on the exterior cylindrical surface of the shroud receiving portion572.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud574for rotation relative to the fastener body554such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener552rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud first and second annular faces576and578. The first shroud retaining member is implemented as a discrete key receiving member584mounted on the first body end556. The key receiving member584has a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern586formed in a generally planar face portion thereof. A shank portion588of the key receiving member584seats in the bore562of the fastener body554. As shown inFIG. 32, the shank588is formed with an axially extending spline pattern590that seats the shank588in the bore562in interfering engagement therewith. Note that this interference connection must be substantial in that it transfers torque from the key receiving member584to the fastener body554during installation and removal of the fastener552. The interference connection must also be axially secure to prevent the key receiving member584from being pried or pulled off the fastener body554. The key receiving member584further includes a flange providing an annular shoulder592that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the shroud first annular face576for enhanced security (as earlier described relative to the construction ofFIGS. 11-14). The shroud's first annular end face576is preferably also in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder592, for additional security. The key receiving member584additionally includes a shroud receiving portion594that acts in cooperation with the fastener body's shroud receiving portion572to concentrically mount the shroud574. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as an annular shoulder596formed on the back side of the mounting seat564of the fastener body554. The annular shoulder596opposes the shroud's second annular end face578.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener552requires only three components, the fastener body554, the shroud574and the key receiving member584, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. It will additionally be seen that the shroud574can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body554.

B. Closed End Locking Wheel Nut

Turning now toFIGS. 35 and 36, a modification of the fifth exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener602is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener602is a nut having an internal bore instead of an externally threaded shank, it is similar in all respects to the fastener552ofFIGS. 31-34. The fastener602thus includes a fastener body604having a first body end606and a second body end608. The first body end606has a generally planar surface610with a short central bore612formed therein. A second bore614extends from the second body end608toward the first body end606. An internal thread pattern616is formed on the wall of the bore614. The thread pattern616begins at the second body end608and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore614. A mounting seat618is formed on the fastener body604at the second body end608, and has a generally frustoconical outer surface620(other shapes could also be used).

A shroud receiving portion622of the fastener body604is situated between the first body end606and the second body end608. The shroud receiving portion622is designed to receive an annular anti-theft shroud624so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the shroud receiving portion622. The shroud624has first and second annular end faces626and628, and inner and outer sidewalls630and632. The first annular end face626extends beyond the first body end606and is located proximate to a first shroud retaining member (see below). The second annular end face628is located proximate to a second shroud retaining member (see below). The inner sidewall630is concentrically supported on the exterior cylindrical surface of the shroud receiving portion622.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud624for rotation relative to the fastener body604such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener602rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system is provided by first and second shroud retaining members respectively disposed in facing relationship with the shroud first and second annular faces626and628. The first shroud retaining member is implemented as a discrete key receiving member634mounted on the fastener body. The key receiving member634has a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern636formed in a generally planar face portion thereof. A shank portion638of the key receiving member634seats in the bore612of the fastener body604. Although not shown, the shank638is formed with an axially extending spline pattern that seats the shank in the bore612in interfering engagement therewith in a manner that allows fastener installation and removal torques to be transferred from the key receiving member634to the fastener body604, and which prevents axial removal of the key receiving member. The key receiving member634further includes a flange providing annular shoulder640that is sized to oppose all or a portion of the shroud first annular face626for enhanced security (as earlier described relative to the construction ofFIGS. 11-14). The shroud's first annular end face626is preferably also in contacting or closely spaced relationship with the annular shoulder640, for additional security. The key receiving member634additionally includes a shroud receiving portion642that acts in cooperation with the fastener body's shroud receiving portion622to concentrically mount the shroud624. The second shroud retaining member is implemented as an annular shoulder644formed on the fastener body604adjacent the shroud receiving portion622. The annular shoulder644opposes the shroud's second annular end face628.

VI. Sixth Exemplary Fastener Construction

Turning now toFIGS. 37-49, a fastener652according to a sixth exemplary fastener construction of the invention is configured as a closed-end locking wheel nut adapted to thread onto a threaded bolt shank extending from a vehicle hub or other wheel mounting structure. The fastener652includes a fastener body654having a first body end656and a second body end658. The first body end656has a generally planar surface660in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern662. The second body end658of the fastener652is formed with a mounting seat664having a generally radial outer surface666(other shapes could also be used). As best shown inFIG. 39, an internal bore668is formed within the fastener652along its axial centerline. The bore668extends from the second body end658toward the first body end656a sufficient distance to accommodate the bolt shank on which the fastener652is to be mounted. An internal thread pattern670is formed on the wall of the bore668. The thread pattern670begins at the second body end658and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore668.

A shroud receiving portion672of the fastener body654is situated between the first body end656and the second body end658. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion672extends from a location proximate the first body end656to a medial portion of the fastener body654. The shroud receiving portion672is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud674so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body654. The shroud674has first and second annular end faces676and678, and inner and outer sidewalls680and682. The first annular end face676is located proximate the first body end656so that very little of the fastener body654is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face678lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with a first annular shoulder684formed at a medial location on the fastener body654. The shroud's inner sidewall680is concentrically supported on a cylindrical shoulder686extending from the first annular shoulder684. If radial stabilization of the shroud674is desired, the diameter of the cylindrical shoulder686should be only slightly smaller than the diameter of the shroud674at its inner surface680.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud674for rotation relative to the fastener body654such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener652rotating when it is installed at its design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a second annular shoulder688formed at the first body end656of the fastener body654. As best shown inFIG. 39, the outer diameter of the second annular shoulder688is less than the diameter of the shroud674at its inner surface680so that the shroud can be mounted on the fastener body654from an initial unmounted position, as shown inFIG. 37, to a mounted position on the fastener body654, as shown inFIGS. 38 and 39. As shown inFIGS. 40 and 41, in order to permanently retain the shroud674in its mounted position, the end portion690of the shroud674that is adjacent to the shroud's first annular end face676is swaged around its circumference so that at least a portion of the first annular end face opposes at least a portion of the fastener body's second annular shoulder688. The second annular shoulder688thus provides a swaging region of the fastener body654that will prevent removal of the shroud674when the latter is deformed via swaging into this region.

It will be appreciated that continuous circumferential swaging is only one of several ways to secure the shroud674on the fastener body654. As shown inFIGS. 42 and 43, partial swaging may be used to deform the shroud674at discrete locations690ainto the swaging region provided by fastener body's second annular shoulder688. Alternatively, instead of the relatively wide swaging areas690ashown inFIGS. 42 and 43, the size of each swaging area could be diminished in the manner shown inFIGS. 44 and 45, so as to effectively become point deformations690b. Note that the swaging process at this point has now essentially become a staking process. The fastener body's second annular shoulder688may correspondingly be thought of as providing a staking region in accordance with the design principles described above in connection withFIGS. 17-24.

FIGS. 46 and 47illustrate a further alternative configuration in which the shroud674is gripped by a shroud securement structure692according to the design principles described above in connection withFIGS. 1-10. The shroud securement structure692is generally ring-shaped and has a textured radial outer surface, formed by knurling or the like, to facilitate gripping of the shroud's inner side wall680by way of an interference fit generated as a result of the swaging or staking process. The shroud securement structure692will prevent the shroud674from free-spinning on the fastener body654, but will yield under the application of the fastener's design installation torque, thereby preventing rotation of the fastener652by unauthorized means.

FIGS. 48 and 49illustrate two alternative anti-rotation devices to prevent the shroud674from free-spinning while still allowing the shroud to rotate when unauthorized fastener removal is attempted. InFIG. 48, the anti-rotation device is provided by a resilient “O” ring member694situated on the cylindrical shoulder686. If the diameter of the cylindrical shoulder686is selected so that the shoulder is spaced from the shroud's inner surface680by an amount less than the diameter of the “O” ring694, the latter will be compressed. This compressive force will act to resist shroud rotation when minimal torque is applied, but will not prevent the shroud from rotating when it is manipulated at the fastener's design installation torque. InFIG. 49, an anti-rotation device is formed by a coating of adhesive696on the cylindrical shoulder686to form a bond with the shroud's inner surface680. By using a relatively weak adhesive material, the resultant adhesive bond will break under application of the fastener's design installation torque, thereby providing the desired security function.

Advantageously, it will be seen that the fastener652requires only two components, the fastener body654and the shroud674, to provide a fully functional high security fastener construction. The “O” ring694or the adhesive696can be optionally added. It will additionally be seen that the shroud674can be formed as a simple tubular structure that requires no additional configuration features to facilitate its mounting on the fastener body672.

Turning now toFIGS. 50-59, a modification of the sixth exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener702is configured as an open-end locking wheel nut. Apart from the fact that the fastener702is an open end design, and except for the manner in which its shroud is retained thereon (see below), it is similar in all respects to the fastener652ofFIGS. 37-49. The fastener702thus includes a fastener body704having a first body end706and a second body end708. The first body end706has a stepped opening710in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern712. The second body end708of the fastener702is formed with a mounting seat714having a generally frustoconical outer surface716(other shapes could also be used). An internal bore718is formed within the fastener702along its axial centerline. The bore718extends from the second body end708toward the first body end706. An internal thread pattern720is formed on the wall of the bore718. The thread pattern720begins at the second body end708and extends for part (or all) of the length of the bore718.

A shroud receiving portion722of the fastener body704is situated between the first body end706and the second body end708. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion722extends from a location proximate the first body end706to medial portion of the fastener body704. The shroud receiving portion722is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud724so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body704. The shroud724has first and second annular end faces726and728, and inner and outer sidewalls730and732. The first annular end face726is located proximate the first body end706so that very little of the first body end is exposed to tampering. The first annular end face726lies in facing (and preferably contacting) engagement with a first annular shoulder734formed at the first body end706. The shroud's inner sidewall730is concentrically supported on the cylindrical shoulder736extending from the first annular shoulder734. If radial stabilization of the shroud is desired, the diameter of the cylindrical shoulder736should be only slightly smaller than the diameter of the shroud724at its inner surface730.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud724for rotation relative to the fastener body704such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener702rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a second annular shoulder738formed at a medial portion of the fastener body704. As best shown inFIG. 52, the outer diameter of the second annular shoulder738is less than the diameter of the shroud724at its inner surface730so that the shroud can be mounted on the fastener body704from an initial unmounted position, as shown inFIG. 50, to a mounted position on the fastener body704, as shown inFIGS. 51 and 52. In order to permanently retain the shroud704in its mounted position, the end portion740of the shroud724that is adjacent to the shroud's second annular end face728is swaged around its circumference so that at least a portion of the second annular end face opposes at least a portion of the fastener body's second annular shoulder738. The second annular shoulder738thus provides a swaging region of the fastener body704that will prevent removal of the shroud724when the latter is deformed via swaging into this region.

As in the case of the fastener652described above, discrete swaging may be used in lieu of continuous circumferential swaging to deform the shroud724. An “O” ring or adhesive may also be used to restrain shroud rotation.

FIGS. 55-59illustrate a modified fastener702athat is identical in all respects to the fastener702, as shown by the use of corresponding reference numerals, except that a modified swaging region is provided on the fastener body704a. In particular, the second annular shoulder738ais not provided by a raised radial flange, as shown inFIGS. 50-54, but is instead provided by forming a trench742ain the fastener's shroud receiving portion722a. One side of the trench742aprovides the second annular shoulder738a. The other side of the trench742ais formed with a tapered side wall744a. As shown inFIG. 59, the tapered wall744aaccommodates the shroud's end portion740awhen it is swaged into its deformed position.

C. Locking Wheel Bolt

Turning now toFIGS. 60-64, another modification of the sixth exemplary fastener construction is shown in which a fastener752is configured as a locking wheel bolt. Apart from the fact that the fastener752has an externally threaded shank instead of an internally threaded bore, and except for the manner in which its shroud is retained thereon (see below), it is similar in all respects to the fastener652ofFIGS. 37-49. The fastener752thus includes a fastener body754having a first body end756and a second body end758. The first body end756has a generally planar surface760in which is formed a continuous curvilinear key receiving pattern762. A mounting seat portion764of the fastener body754has a generally frustoconical outer surface766(other shapes could also be used). A bolt shank768extends from the mounting seat764to the second body end758. An external thread pattern770is formed on the surface of the shank768. The thread pattern770begins at the second body end758and extends for part (or all) of the length of the shank768.

A shroud receiving portion772of the fastener body754is situated between the first body end756and the second body end758. More specifically, the shroud receiving portion772extends from a location proximate the first body end756to a medial portion of the fastener body754. The shroud receiving portion772is designed to receive an anti-theft shroud774so that the shroud is concentrically mounted on the fastener body754. The shroud774has first and second annular end faces776and778, and inner and outer sidewalls780and782. The first annular end face776is located proximate the first body end756so that very little of the body end is exposed to tampering. The second annular end face778is disposed at a medial location on the fastener body754.

A shroud retaining system is used to retain the shroud774for rotation relative to the fastener body754such that the shroud will rotate under an applied torque prior to the fastener752rotating when it is installed at the design installation torque. The shroud retaining system includes a first annular shoulder784formed at the first body end756of the fastener body754and a second annular shoulder786formed at a medial portion of the fastener body. As best shown inFIG. 62, the outer diameter of the first and second annular shoulders784and786is less than the diameter of the shroud774at its inner surface780so that the shroud can be mounted on the fastener body754from an initial unmounted position, as shown inFIG. 60, to a mounted position on the fastener body754, as shown inFIGS. 61 and 62. In order to permanently retain the shroud774in its mounted position, the end portions788and790of the shroud774that are respectively adjacent to the shroud's first and second annular end faces776and778are swaged around their circumference so that at least a portion of the first and second annular end faces respectively oppose at least a portion of the fastener body's first and second annular shoulders784and786. The first and second annular shoulders784and786thus provide a pair of swaging regions of the fastener body754that will prevent removal of the shroud774when the latter is deformed via swaging into these regions. Note that the swaging regions could also be provided by a pair of grooves in lieu of the first and second annular shoulders784and786, as described above with reference to the fastener702a.

As in the case of the fastener652described above, discrete swaging may be used in lieu of continuous circumferential swaging to deform the shroud774. An “O” ring or adhesive may also be used to restrain shroud rotation.

Accordingly, a series of high security fasteners for vehicular use have been described. The disclosed constructions include (1) fasteners in which the shroud is retained by interference engagement of its inner side with the fastener body, (2) fasteners in which the shroud is retained by staking or swaging to the fastener body, and (3) fasteners in which the shroud is retained by retaining members that are mounted on the fastener body in facing relationship with the shroud's end faces. In each of the foregoing fastener constructions, the shroud can be formed as a substantially tubular member in order to simplify the construction and reduce manufacturing costs. Relatedly, the invention additionally contemplates a high security fastener construction in which an annular anti-theft shroud is retained on the fastener body in a manner that does not require the shroud to be anything more than a tube. On the other hand, the use of non-tubular shrouds is not precluded, and other shroud designs may be used.

Thus, while various embodiments have been disclosed, many other variations would also be possible within the scope of the invention. It is understood, therefore, that the invention is not to be in any way limited except in accordance with the spirit of the appended claims and their equivalents.