Multi-phase module-based energy system frameworks and methods related thereto

A housing and/or installation frameworks for a modular multi-level energy system includes a set of similar cabinets configured for orthogonal (e.g., vertical and horizontal) alignment of the modules. The cabinets are configured so modules of a particular phase are oriented along an axis parallel to a reference plane. Modules of the same level of the multi-level arrangement but of different phases are mounted in each cabinet, arranged such that a module for each phase is a defined distance from the reference plane. The cabinets are arranged equidistant and orthogonal to the reference plane, minimizing distance for connections between modules of the same phase across multiple cabinets, and facilitating convenient addition or removal of levels. The framework also facilitates data and reference signal connections between local control devices of the modules, and between the local control devices and a master control device for the system.

FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates generally to multi-phase module-based energy system frameworks, and systems, devices, and methods that facilitate the installation and interconnection of multi-phase module-based energy systems.

BACKGROUND

Energy systems having multiple energy sources or sinks are used in many industries. Multiple energy sources can include batteries or other energy storage devices. Prior-art systems are not well suited to high-power fixed installations, for example, industrial and other applications. New modular energy systems can be adapted for industrial scale power in stationary or large vessel applications, but systems, apparatus, and methods for installation and interconnection of the new energy systems do not exist, or are not optimized for requirements.

For these and other reasons, new and improved systems, devices, and methods for installation and interconnection of multi-phase module-based energy systems are needed.

SUMMARY

Example embodiments of systems, devices, and methods are provided herein for multi-phase module-based energy system frameworks, useful for installation, interconnection, and adaptation of the energy systems for various applications. In many of these embodiments, a module-based energy system includes multiple modules, where each module includes at least an energy source and a converter. More complex configurations of each module are also disclosed. The modules of the system can be connected together in different arrangements of varying complexities to perform functions specific to the particular technological application to which the system is applied. The system can be configured to monitor status information, at least one operating characteristic, or other parameter of each module repeatedly during use of the system, assess the state of each module based on that monitored status information, operating characteristic, or other parameter, and control each module independently in an effort to achieve and/or maintain one or more desired targets, such as electrical performance, thermal performance, lifespan, and others. This control can occur to facilitate energy provision from the system (e.g., discharging) and/or energy consumption (e.g., charging). For convenience, certain features are summarized below.

Energy sources of the modular, multi-phase energy systems may include, for example, a high energy density (HED) capacitor (such as an ultra-capacitor or super-capacitor), a battery, and/or a fuel-cell. The systems may include at least two converter-source modules connected in a one-dimensional array or in a multi-dimensional array. At least two one-dimensional arrays can be connected together, for example, at different rows and columns directly or by one or more additional modules. In such configurations, an output voltage of any shape and frequency can be generated at the outputs of the module-based energy system as a superposition of output voltages of individual modules.

Advantages of the modular multi-phase energy systems may include intraphase and inter-phase power management within a single module-based energy system (e.g., an industrial-scale battery pack) and inter-system power management between multiple module-based energy systems (e.g., battery packs), as well as connection of auxiliary loads to the system(s), and maintenance of uniform distribution of energy provided to those loads from all modules of such systems. Further advantages may include enabling the control of power sharing among modules. Such control enables, for example, regulation of parameters like State of Charge (SOC) of the energy sources of the modules to be balanced, in real time and continually during cycling, as well as at rest, which fosters utilization of the full capacity of each energy source regardless of possible differences in their capacities. In addition, such control can be used to balance the temperature of the energy sources of the modules. Temperature balancing, for example, can increase the power capability of the system (e.g., a battery pack) and provide more uniform aging of the energy sources regardless of their physical location within the system and differences in their thermal resistivity. The modular multi-phase energy systems may include multiple levels for each power phase. The levels may also be modular, enabling convenient adjustment of system capacity after installation by adding or subtracting levels.

These and similar modular multi-phase energy systems are made more practical by using a housing and/or installation framework. Useful housing and/or installation frameworks for the modular multi-level converter system are disclosed. In some embodiments, the framework is composed of a series of racks or cabinets that enable vertical and horizontal alignment of the modules. Modules of a particular phase are oriented horizontally so that all modules of one phase are located on the same or similar height off the floor or other base (e.g., same horizontal plane). The phases are stacked on top of each other, such that each phase is located at a different but shared height. Modules of the same level of the multi-level arrangement, but of different phases, may be aligned vertically to be in the same cabinet. This arrangement minimizes the distance for connections between modules of the same phase, and allows the number of levels in the system to be easily increased by simply adding another cabinet (and conversely for easy reduction of the number of levels). The framework also facilitates data and reference signal connections between local control devices, and also between the local control devices and the master control.

Other systems, devices, methods, features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the subject matter described herein, and be protected by the accompanying claims. In no way should the features of the example embodiments be construed as limiting the appended claims, absent express recitation of those features in the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present subject matter is described in detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims.

Example embodiments of multi-phase module-based energy system frameworks are described herein as are: example embodiments of devices, circuitry, software, and components within such frameworks; example embodiments of methods of operating and using such frameworks; and example embodiments of applications (e.g., apparatuses, machines, grids, locales, structures, environments, etc.) in which such frameworks can be implemented or incorporated or with which such systems can be utilized. The frameworks permit ready customization to add to or detract from the number of modules present in multi-level modular converter systems for providing multi-phase power to a load.

Before describing the example embodiments pertaining to frameworks, it is first useful to describe these underlying systems in greater detail. With reference toFIGS.1A through10E, the following sections describe various applications in which embodiments of the modular energy systems can be implemented, embodiments of control systems or devices for the modular energy systems, configurations of the modular energy system embodiments with respect to charging sources and loads, embodiments of individual modules, embodiments of topologies for arrangement of the modules within the systems, embodiments of control methodologies, embodiments of balancing operating characteristics of modules within the systems, and embodiments of the use of interconnection modules.

Examples of Applications

Stationary applications are those in which the modular energy system is located in a fixed location during use, although it may be capable of being transported to alternative locations when not in use. The module-based energy system resides in a static location while providing electrical energy for consumption by one or more other entities, or storing or buffering energy for later consumption. Examples of stationary applications in which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to: energy systems for use by or within one or more residential structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more industrial structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more commercial structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more governmental structures or locales (including both military and non-military uses), energy systems for charging the mobile applications described below (e.g., a charge source or a charging station), and systems that convert solar power, wind, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, or nuclear reactions into electricity for storage. Stationary applications often supply loads such as grids and microgrids, motors, and data centers. A stationary energy system can be used in either a storage or non-storage role.

Mobile applications, sometimes referred to as traction applications, are generally ones where a module-based energy system is located on or within an entity, and stores and provides electrical energy for conversion into motive force by a motor to move or assist in moving that entity. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, electric and/or hybrid entities that move over or under land, over or under sea, above and out of contact with land or sea (e.g., flying or hovering in the air), or through outer space. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, vehicles, trains, trams, ships, vessels, aircraft, and spacecraft. Examples of mobile vehicles with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, those having only one wheel or track, those having only two-wheels or tracks, those having only three wheels or tracks, those having only four wheels or tracks, and those having five or more wheels or tracks. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, a car, a bus, a truck, a motorcycle, a scooter, an industrial vehicle, a mining vehicle, a flying vehicle (e.g., a plane, a helicopter, a drone, etc.), a maritime vessel (e.g., commercial shipping vessels, ships, yachts, boats or other watercraft), a submarine, a locomotive or rail-based vehicle (e.g., a train, a tram, etc.), a military vehicle, a spacecraft, and a satellite.

In describing embodiments herein, reference may be made to a particular stationary application (e.g., grid, micro-grid, data centers, cloud computing environments) or mobile application (e.g., an electric car). Such references are made for ease of explanation and do not mean that a particular embodiment is limited for use to only that particular mobile or stationary application. Embodiments of systems providing power to a motor can be used in both mobile and stationary applications. While certain configurations may be more suitable to some applications over others, all example embodiments disclosed herein are capable of use in both mobile and stationary applications unless otherwise noted.

Examples of Module-Based Energy Systems

FIG.1Ais a block diagram depicts an example embodiment of a module-based energy system100. Here, system100includes control system102communicatively coupled with N converter-source modules108-1through108-N, over communication paths or links106-1through106-N, respectively. Modules108are configured to store energy and output the energy as needed to a load101(or other modules108). In these embodiments, any number of two or more modules108can be used (e.g., N is greater than or equal to two). Modules108can be connected to each other in a variety of manners as will be described in more detail with respect toFIGS.7A-7E. For ease of illustration, inFIGS.1A-1C, modules108are shown connected in series, or as a one dimensional array, where the Nth module is coupled to load101.

System100is configured to supply power to load101. Load101can be any type of load such as a motor or a grid. System100is also configured to store power received from a charge source.FIG.1Fis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100with a power input interface151for receiving power from a charge source150and a power output interface for outputting power to load101. In this embodiment system100can receive and store power over interface151at the same time as outputting power over interface152.FIG.1Gis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of system100with a switchable interface154. In this embodiment, system100can select, or be instructed to select, between receiving power from charge source150and outputting power to load101. System100can be configured to supply multiple loads101, including both primary and auxiliary loads, and/or receive power from multiple charge sources150(e.g., a utility-operated power grid and a local renewable energy source (e.g., solar)).

FIG.1Bdepicts another example embodiment of system100. Here, control system102is implemented as a master control device (MCD)112communicatively coupled with N different local control devices (LCDs)114-1through114-N over communication paths or links115-1through115-N, respectively. Each LCD114-1through114-N is communicatively coupled with one module108-1through108-N over communication paths or links116-1through116-N, respectively, such that there is a 1:1 relationship between LCDs114and modules108.

FIG.1Cdepicts another example embodiment of system100. Here, MCD112is communicatively coupled with M different LCDs114-1to114-M over communication paths or links115-1to115-M, respectively. Each LCD114can be coupled with and control two or more modules108. In the example shown here, each LCD114is communicatively coupled with two modules108, such that M LCDs114-1to114-M are coupled with2M modules108-1through108-2M over communication paths or links116-1to116-2M, respectively.

Control system102can be configured as a single device (e.g.,FIG.1A) for the entire system100or can be distributed across or implemented as multiple devices (e.g.,FIGS.1B-1C). In some embodiments, control system102can be distributed between LCDs114associated with the modules108, such that no MCD112is necessary and can be omitted from system100.

Control system102can be configured to execute control using software (instructions stored in memory that are executable by processing circuitry), hardware, or a combination thereof. The one or more devices of control system102can each include processing circuitry120and memory122as shown here. Example implementations of processing circuitry and memory are described further below.

Control system102can have a communicative interface for communicating with devices104external to system100over a communication link or path105. For example, control system102(e.g., MCD112) can output data or information about system100to another control device104(e.g., the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) or Motor Control Unit (MCU) of a vehicle in a mobile application, grid controller in a stationary application, etc.).

Communication paths or links105,106,115,116, and118(FIG.2B) can each be wired (e.g., electrical, optical) or wireless communication paths that communicate data or information bidirectionally, in parallel or series fashion. Data can be communicated in a standardized (e.g., IEEE, ANSI) or custom (e.g., proprietary) format. In automotive applications, communication paths115can be configured to communicate according to FlexRay or CAN protocols. Communication paths106,115,116, and118can also provide wired power to directly supply the operating power for system102from one or more modules108. For example, the operating power for each LCD114can be supplied only by the one or more modules108to which that LCD114is connected and the operating power for MCD112can be supplied indirectly from one or more of modules108(e.g., such as through a car's power network).

Control system102is configured to control one or more modules108based on status information received from the same or different one or more of modules108. Control can also be based on one or more other factors, such as requirements of load101. Controllable aspects include, but are not limited to, one or more of voltage, current, phase, and/or output power of each module108.

Status information of every module108in system100can be communicated to control system102, from which system102can independently control every module108-1. . .108-N. Other variations are possible. For example, a particular module108(or subset of modules108) can be controlled based on status information of that particular module108(or subset), based on status information of a different module108that is not that particular module108(or subset), based on status information of all modules108other than that particular module108(or subset based on status information of that particular module108(or subset) and status information of at least one other module108that is not that particular module108(or subset), or based on status information of all modules108in system100.

The status information can be information about one or more aspects, characteristics, or parameters of each module108. Types of status information include, but are not limited to, the following aspects of a module108or one or more components thereof (e.g., energy source, energy buffer, converter, monitor circuitry): State of Charge (SOC) (e.g., the level of charge of an energy source relative to its capacity, such as a fraction or percent) of the one or more energy sources of the module, State of Health (SOH) (e.g., a figure of merit of the condition of an energy source compared to its ideal conditions) of the one or more energy sources of the module, temperature of the one or more energy sources or other components of the module, capacity of the one or more energy sources of the module, voltage of the one or more energy sources and/or other components of the module, current of the one or more energy sources and/or other components of the module, and/or the presence of absence of a fault in any one or more of the components of the module.

LCDs114can be configured to receive the status information from each module108, or determine the status information from monitored signals or data received from or within each module108, and communicate that information to MCD112. In some embodiments, each LCD114can communicate raw collected data to MCD112, which then algorithmically determines the status information on the basis of that raw data. MCD112can then use the status information of modules108to make control determinations accordingly. The determinations may take the form of instructions, commands, or other information (such as a modulation index described herein) that can be utilized by LCDs114to either maintain or adjust the operation of each module108.

For example, MCD112may receive status information and assess that information to determine a difference between at least one module108(e.g., a component thereof) and at least one or more other modules108(e.g., comparable components thereof). For example, MDC112may determine that a particular module108is operating with one of the following conditions as compared to one or more other modules108: with a relatively lower or higher SOC, with a relatively lower or higher SOH, with a relatively lower or higher capacity, with a relatively lower or higher voltage, with a relatively lower or higher current, with a relatively lower or higher temperature, or with or without a fault. In such examples, MCD112can output control information that causes the relevant aspect (e.g., output voltage, current, power, temperature) of that particular module108to be reduced or increased (depending on the condition). In this manner, the utilization of an outlier module108(e.g., operating with a relatively lower SOC or higher temperature), can be reduced so as to cause the relevant parameter of that module108(e.g., SOC or temperature) to converge towards that of one or more other modules108.

The determination of whether to adjust the operation of a particular module108can be made by comparison of the status information to predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions, and not necessarily by comparison to statuses of other modules108. The predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions can be static thresholds, limits, or conditions, such as those set by the manufacturer that do not change during use. The predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions can be dynamic thresholds, limits, or conditions, that are permitted to change, or that do change, during use. For example, MCD112can adjust the operation of a module108if the status information for that module108indicates it to be operating in violation (e.g., above or below) of a predetermined threshold or limit, or outside of a predetermined range of acceptable operating conditions. Similarly, MCD112can adjust the operation of a module108if the status information for that module108indicates the presence of an actual or potential fault (e.g., an alarm, or warning) or indicates the absence or removal of an actual or potential fault. Examples of a fault include, but are not limited to, an actual failure of a component, a potential failure of a component, a short circuit or other excessive current condition, an open circuit, an excessive voltage condition, a failure to receive a communication, the receipt of corrupted data, and the like. Depending on the type and severity of the fault, the faulty module's utilization can be decreased to avoid damaging the module, or the module's utilization can be ceased altogether.

MCD112can control modules108within system100to achieve or converge towards a desired target. The target can be, for example, operation of all modules108at the same or similar levels with respect to each other, or within predetermined thresholds limits, or conditions. This process is also referred to as balancing or seeking to achieve balance in the operation or operating characteristics of modules108. The term “balance” as used herein does not require absolute equality between modules108or components thereof, but rather is used in a broad sense to convey that operation of system100can be used to actively reduce disparities in operation between modules108that would otherwise exist.

MCD112can communicate control information to LCD114for the purpose of controlling the modules108associated with the LCD114. The control information can be, e.g., a modulation index and a reference signal as described herein, a modulated reference signal, or otherwise. Each LCD114can use (e.g., receive and process) the control information to generate switch signals that control operation of one or more components (e.g., a converter) within the associated module(s)108. In some embodiments, MCD112generates the switch signals directly and outputs them to LCD114, which relays the switch signals to the intended module component.

All or a portion of control system102can be combined with a system external control device104that controls one or more other aspects of the mobile or stationary application. When integrated in this shared or common control device (or system), control of system100can be implemented in any desired fashion, such as one or more software applications executed by processing circuitry of the shared device, with hardware of the shared device, or a combination thereof. Non-exhaustive examples of external control devices104include: a vehicular ECU or MCU having control capability for one or more other vehicular functions (e.g., motor control, driver interface control, traction control, etc.); a grid or micro-grid controller having responsibility for one or more other power management functions (e.g., load interfacing, load power requirement forecasting, transmission and switching, interface with charge sources (e.g., diesel, solar, wind), charge source power forecasting, back up source monitoring, asset dispatch, etc.); and a data center control subsystem (e.g., environmental control, network control, backup control, etc.).

FIGS.1D and1Eare block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a shared or common control device (or system)132in which control system102can be implemented. InFIG.1D, common control device132includes master control device112and external control device104. Master control device112includes an interface141for communication with LCDs114over path115, as well as an interface142for communication with external control device104over internal communication bus136. External control device104includes an interface143for communication with master control device112over bus136, and an interface144for communication with other entities (e.g., components of the vehicle or grid) of the overall application over communication path136. In some embodiments, common control device132can be integrated as a common housing or package with devices112and104implemented as discrete integrated circuit (IC) chips or packages contained therein.

InFIG.1E, external control device104acts as common control device132, with the master control functionality implemented as a component within device104. This component112can be or include software or other program instructions stored and/or hardcoded within memory of device104and executed by processing circuitry thereof. The component can also contain dedicated hardware. The component can be a self-contained module or core, with one or more internal hardware and/or software interfaces (e.g., application program interface (API)) for communication with the operating software of external control device104. External control device104can manage communication with LCDs114over interface141and other devices over interface144. In various embodiments, device104/132can be integrated as a single IC chip, can be integrated into multiple IC chips in a single package, or integrated as multiple semiconductor packages within a common housing.

In the embodiments ofFIGS.1D and1E, the master control functionality of system102is shared in common device132, however, other divisions of shared control or permitted. For example, part of the master control functionality can be distributed between common device132and a dedicated MCD112. In another example, both the master control functionality and at least part of the local control functionality can be implemented in common device132(e.g., with remaining local control functionality implemented in LCDs114). In some embodiments, all of control system102is implemented in common device (or system)132. In some embodiments, local control functionality is implemented within a device shared with another component of each module108, such as a Battery Management System (BMS).

Examples of Modules within Cascaded Energy Systems

Module108can include one or more energy sources and a power electronics converter and, if desired, an energy buffer.FIGS.2A-2Bare block diagrams depicting additional example embodiments of system100with module108having a power converter202, an energy buffer204, and an energy source206. Converter202can be a voltage converter or a current converter. The embodiments are described herein with reference to voltage converters, although the embodiments are not limited to such. Converter202can be configured to convert a direct current (DC) signal from energy source204into an alternating current (AC) signal and output it over power connection110(e.g., an inverter). Converter202can also receive an AC or DC signal over connection110and apply it to energy source204with either polarity in a continuous or pulsed form. Converter202can be or include an arrangement of switches (e.g., power transistors) such as a half bridge of full bridge (H-bridge). In some embodiments converter202includes only switches and the converter (and the module as a whole) does not include a transformer.

Converter202can be also (or alternatively) be configured to perform AC to DC conversion (e.g., a rectifier) such as to charge a DC energy source from an AC source, DC to DC conversion, and/or AC to AC conversion (e.g., in combination with an AC-DC converter). In some embodiments, such as to perform AC-AC conversion, converter202can include a transformer, either alone or in combination with one or more power semiconductors (e.g., switches, diodes, thyristors, and the like). In other embodiments, such as those where weight and cost is a significant factor, converter202can be configured to perform the conversions with only power switches, power diodes, or other semiconductor devices and without a transformer.

Energy source206is preferably a robust energy storage device capable of outputting direct current and having an energy density suitable for energy storage applications for electrically powered devices. The fuel cell can be a single fuel cell, multiple fuel cells connected in series or parallel, or a fuel cell module. Two or more energy sources can be included in each module, and the two or more sources can include two batteries of the same or different type, two capacitors of the same or different type, two fuel cells of the same or different type, one or more batteries combined with one or more capacitors and/or fuel cells, and one or more capacitors combined with one or more fuel cells.

Energy source206can be an electrochemical battery, such as a single battery cell or multiple battery cells connected together in a battery module or array, or any combination thereof.FIGS.4A-4Dare schematic diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy source206configured as a single battery cell402(FIG.4A), a battery module with a series connection of four cells402(FIG.4B), a battery module with a parallel connection of single cells402(FIG.4C), and a battery module with a parallel connection with legs having two cells402each (FIG.4D). Examples of batteries types include solid state batteries, liquid electrotype based batteries, liquid phase batteries as well as flow batteries such as lithium (Li) metal batteries, Li ion batteries, Li air batteries, sodium ion batteries, potassium ion batteries, magnesium ion batteries, alkaline batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel sulfate batteries, lead acid batteries, zinc-air batteries, and others. Some examples of Li ion battery types include Li cobalt oxide (LCO), Li manganese oxide (LMO), Li nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), Li iron phosphate (LFP), Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and Li titanate (LTO).

Energy source206can also be a high energy density (HED) capacitor, such as an ultracapacitor or supercapacitor. An HED capacitor can be configured as a double layer capacitor (electrostatic charge storage), pseudocapacitor (electrochemical charge storage), hybrid capacitor (electrostatic and electrochemical), or otherwise, as opposed to a solid dielectric type of a typical electrolytic capacitor. The HED capacitor can have an energy density of 10 to 100 times (or higher) that of an electrolytic capacitor, in addition to a higher capacity. For example, HED capacitors can have a specific energy greater than 1.0 watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg), and a capacitance greater than 10-100 farads (F). As with the batteries described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, energy source206can be configured as a single HED capacitor or multiple HED capacitors connected together in an array (e.g., series, parallel, or a combination thereof).

Energy source206can also be a fuel cell. Examples of fuel cells include proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), solid acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, high temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten electrolyte fuel cells, and others. As with the batteries described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, energy source206can be configured as a single fuel cell or multiple fuel cells connected together in an array (e.g., series, parallel, or a combination thereof). The aforementioned examples of batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells are not intended to form an exhaustive list, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other variants that fall within the scope of the present subject matter.

Energy buffer204can dampen or filter fluctuations in current across the DC line or link (e.g., +VDCLand −VDCLas described below), to assist in maintaining stability in the DC link voltage. These fluctuations can be relatively low (e.g., kilohertz) or high (e.g., megahertz) frequency fluctuations or harmonics caused by the switching of converter202, or other transients. These fluctuations can be absorbed by buffer204instead of being passed to source206or to ports IO3and IO4of converter202.

Power connection110is a connection for transferring energy or power to, from and through module108. Module108can output energy from energy source206to power connection110, where it can be transferred to other modules of the system or to a load. Module108can also receive energy from other modules108or a charging source (DC charger, single phase charger, multi-phase charger). Signals can also be passed through module108bypassing energy source206. The routing of energy or power into and out of module108is performed by converter202under the control of LCD114(or another entity of system102).

In the embodiment ofFIG.2A, LCD114is implemented as a component separate from module108(e.g., not within a shared module housing) and is connected to and capable of communication with converter202via communication path116. In the embodiment ofFIG.2B, LCD114is included as a component of module108and is connected to and capable of communication with converter202via internal communication path118(e.g., a shared bus or discrete connections). LCD114can also be capable of receiving signals from, and transmitting signals to, energy buffer204and/or energy source206over paths116or118.

Module108can also include monitor circuitry208configured to monitor (e.g., collect, sense, measure, and/or determine) one or more aspects of module108and/or the components thereof, such as voltage, current, temperature or other operating parameters that constitute status information (or can be used to determine status information by, e.g., LCD114). A main function of the status information is to describe the state of the one or more energy sources206of the module108to enable determinations as to how much to utilize the energy source in comparison to other sources in system100, although status information describing the state of other components (e.g., voltage, temperature, and/or presence of a fault in buffer204, temperature and/or presence of a fault in converter202, presence of a fault elsewhere in module108, etc.) can be used in the utilization determination as well. Monitor circuitry208can include one or more sensors, shunts, dividers, fault detectors, Coulomb counters, controllers or other hardware and/or software configured to monitor such aspects. Monitor circuitry208can be separate from the various components202,204, and206, or can be integrated with each component202,204, and206(as shown inFIG.2A-2B), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, monitor circuitry208can be part of or shared with a Battery Management System (BMS) for a battery energy source204. Discrete circuitry is not needed to monitor each type of status information, as more than one type of status information can be monitored with a single circuit or device, or otherwise algorithmically determined without the need for additional circuits.

LCD114can receive status information (or raw data) about the module components over communication paths116,118. LCD114can also transmit information to module components over paths116,118. Paths116and118can include diagnostics, measurement, protection, and control signal lines. The transmitted information can be control signals for one or more module components. The control signals can be switch signals for converter202and/or one or more signals that request the status information from module components. For example, LCD114can cause the status information to be transmitted over paths116,118by requesting the status information directly, or by applying a stimulus (e.g., voltage) to cause the status information to be generated, in some cases in combination with switch signals that place converter202in a particular state.

The physical configuration or layout of module108can take various forms. In some embodiments, module108can include a common housing in which all module components, e.g., converter202, buffer204, and source206, are housed, along with other optional components such as an integrated LCD114. In other embodiments, the various components can be separated in discrete housings that are secured together.FIG.2Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108having a first housing220that holds an energy source206of the module and accompanying electronics such as monitor circuitry, a second housing222that holds module electronics such as converter202, energy buffer204, and other accompany electronics such as monitor circuitry, and a third housing224that holds LCD114for the module108. Electrical connections between the various module components can proceed through the housings220,222,224and can be exposed on any of the housing exteriors for connection with other devices such as other modules108or MCD112.

Modules108of system100can be physically arranged with respect to each other in various configurations that depend on the needs of the application and the number of loads. For example, in a stationary application where system100provides power for a microgrid, modules108can be placed in one or more racks or other frameworks. Such configurations may be suitable for larger mobile applications as well, such as maritime vessels. Alternatively, modules108can be secured together and located within a common housing, referred to as a pack. A rack or a pack may have its own dedicated cooling system shared across all modules. Pack configurations are useful for smaller mobile applications such as electric cars. System100can be implemented with one or more racks (e.g., for parallel supply to a microgrid) or one or more packs (e.g., serving different motors of the vehicle), or combination thereof.FIG.2Dis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100configured as a pack with nine modules108electrically and physically coupled together within a common housing230.

Examples of these and further configurations are described in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366, filed Mar. 27, 2020 and titled Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

FIGS.3A-3Care block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modules108having various electrical configurations. These embodiments are described as having one LCD114per module108, with the LCD114housed within the associated module, but can be configured otherwise as described herein.FIG.3Adepicts a first example configuration of a module108A within system100. Module108A includes energy source206, energy buffer204, and converter202A. Each component has power connection ports (e.g., terminals, connectors) into which power can be input and/or from which power can be output, referred to herein as IO ports. Such ports can also be referred to as input ports or output ports depending on the context.

Energy source206can be configured as any of the energy source types described herein (e.g., a battery as described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, an HED capacitor, a fuel cell, or otherwise). Ports IO1and IO2of energy source206can be connected to ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of energy buffer204. Energy buffer204can be configured to buffer or filter high and low frequency energy pulsations arriving at buffer204through converter202, which can otherwise degrade the performance of module108. The topology and components for buffer204are selected to accommodate the maximum permissible amplitude of these high frequency voltage pulsations. Several (non-exhaustive) example embodiments of energy buffer204are depicted in the schematic diagrams ofFIGS.5A-5C. InFIG.5A, buffer204is an electrolytic and/or film capacitor CEB, inFIG.5Bbuffer204is a Z-source network710, formed by two inductors LEB1and LEB2and two electrolytic and/or film capacitors CEB1and CEB2, and inFIG.5Cbuffer204is a quasi Z-source network720, formed by two inductors LEB1and LEB2, two electrolytic and/or film capacitors CEB1and CEB2and a diode DEB.

Ports IO3and IO4of energy buffer204can be connected to ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of converter202A, which can be configured as any of the power converter types described herein.FIG.6Ais a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of converter202A configured as a DC-AC converter that can receive a DC voltage at ports IO1and IO2and switch to generate pulses at ports IO3and IO4. Converter202A can include multiple switches, and here converter202A includes four switches S3, S4, S5, S6arranged in a full bridge configuration. Control system102or LCD114can independently control each switch via control input lines118-3to each gate.

The switches can be any suitable switch type, such as power semiconductors like the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) shown here, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or gallium nitride (GaN) transistors. Semiconductor switches can operate at relatively high switching frequencies, thereby permitting converter202to be operated in pulse-width modulated (PWM) mode if desired, and to respond to control commands within a relatively short interval of time. This can provide a high tolerance of output voltage regulation and fast dynamic behavior in transient modes.

In this embodiment, a DC line voltage VDCLcan be applied to converter202between ports IO1and IO2. By connecting VDCLto ports IO3and IO4by different combinations of switches S3, S4, S5, S6, converter202can generate three different voltage outputs at ports IO3and IO4: +VDCL, 0, and −VDCL. A switch signal provided to each switch controls whether the switch is on (closed) or off (open). To obtain +VDCL, switches S3and S6are turned on while S4and S5are turned off, whereas −VDCLcan be obtained by turning on switches S4and S5and turning off S3and S6. The output voltage can be set to zero (including near zero) or a reference voltage by turning on S3and S5with S4and S6off, or by turning on S4and S6with S3and S5off. These voltages can be output from module108over power connection110. Ports IO3and IO4of converter202can be connected to (or form) module IO ports1and2of power connection110, so as to generate the output voltage for use with output voltages from other modules108.

The control or switch signals for the embodiments of converter202described herein can be generated in different ways depending on the control technique utilized by system100to generate the output voltage of converter202. In some embodiments, the control technique is a PWM technique such as space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM), or variations thereof.FIG.8Ais a graph of voltage versus time depicting an example of an output voltage waveform802of converter202. For ease of description, the embodiments herein will be described in the context of a PWM control technique, although the embodiments are not limited to such. Other classes of techniques can be used. One alternative class is based on hysteresis, examples of which are described in Int'l Publ. Nos. WO 2018/231810A1, WO 2018/232403A1, and WO 2019/183553A1, which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

Each module108can be configured with multiple energy sources206(e.g., two, three, four, or more). Each energy source206of module108can be controllable (switchable) to supply power to connection110(or receive power from a charge source) independent of the other sources206of the module. For example, all sources206can output power to connection110(or be charged) at the same time, or only one (or a subset) of sources206can supply power (or be charged) at any one time. In some embodiments, the sources206of the module can exchange energy between them, e.g., one source206can charge another source206. Each of the sources206can be configured as any energy source described herein (e.g., battery, HED capacitor, fuel cell). Each of the sources206can be the same type (e.g., each can be a battery), or a different type (e.g., a first source can be a battery and a second source can be an HED capacitor, or a first source can be a battery having a first type (e.g., NMC) and a second source can be a battery having a second type (e.g., LFP).

FIG.3Bis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108B in a dual energy source configuration with a primary energy source206A and secondary energy source206B. Ports IO1and IO2of primary source202A can be connected to ports IO1and IO2of energy buffer204. Module108B includes a converter202B having an additional IO port. Ports IO3and IO4of buffer204can be connected ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of converter202B. Ports IO1and IO2of secondary source206B can be connected to ports IO5and IO2, respectively, of converter202B (also connected to port IO4of buffer204).

In this example embodiment of module108B, primary energy source202A, along with the other modules108of system100, supplies the average power needed by the load. Secondary source202B can serve the function of assisting energy source202by providing additional power at load power peaks, or absorbing excess power, or otherwise.

As mentioned both primary source206A and secondary source206B can be utilized simultaneously or at separate times depending on the switch state of converter202B. If at the same time, an electrolytic and/or a film capacitor (CES) can be placed in parallel with source206B as depicted inFIG.4Eto act as an energy buffer for the source206B, or energy source206B can be configured to utilize an HED capacitor in parallel with another energy source (e.g., a battery or fuel cell) as depicted inFIG.4F.

FIGS.6B and6Care schematic views depicting example embodiments of converters202B and202C, respectively. Converter202B includes switch circuitry portions601and602A. Portion601includes switches S3through S6configured as a full bridge in similar manner to converter202A, and is configured to selectively couple IO1and IO2to either of IO3and IO4, thereby changing the output voltages of module108B. Portion602A includes switches S1and S2configured as a half bridge and coupled between ports IO1and IO2. A coupling inductor LCis connected between port IO5and a node1present between switches S1and S2such that switch portion602A is a bidirectional converter that can regulate (boost or buck) voltage (or inversely current). Switch portion602A can generate two different voltages at node1, which are +VDCL2and 0, referenced to port IO2, which can be at virtual zero potential. The current drawn from or input to energy source202B can be controlled by regulating the voltage on coupling inductor LC, using, for example, a pulse-width modulation technique or a hysteresis control method for commutating switches S1and S2. Other techniques can also be used.

Converter202C differs from that of202B as switch portion602B includes switches S1and S2configured as a half bridge and coupled between ports IO5and IO2. A coupling inductor LCis connected between port IO1and a node1present between switches S1and S2such that switch portion602B is configured to regulate voltage.

Control system102or LCD114can independently control each switch of converters202B and202C via control input lines118-3to each gate. In these embodiments and that ofFIG.6A, LCD114(not MCD112) generates the switching signals for the converter switches. Alternatively, MCD112can generate the switching signals, which can be communicated directly to the switches, or relayed by LCD114.

In embodiments where a module108includes three or more energy sources206, converters202B and202C can be scaled accordingly such that each additional energy source206B is coupled to an additional IO port leading to an additional switch circuitry portion602A or602B, depending on the needs of the particular source. For example a dual source converter202can include both switch portions202A and202B.

Modules108with multiple energy sources206are capable of performing additional functions such as energy sharing between sources206, energy capture from within the application (e.g., regenerative braking), charging of the primary source by the secondary source even while the overall system is in a state of discharge, and active filtering of the module output. Examples of these functions are described in more detail in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366, filed Mar. 27, 2020 and titled Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto, and Int'l. Publ. No. WO 2019/183553, filed Mar. 22, 2019, and titled Systems and Methods for Power Management and Control, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes.

Each module108can be configured to supply one or more auxiliary loads with its one or more energy sources206. Auxiliary loads are loads that require lower voltages than the primary load101. Examples of auxiliary loads can be, for example, an on-board electrical network of an electric vehicle, or an HVAC system of an electric vehicle. The load of system100can be, for example, one of the phases of the electric vehicle motor or electrical grid. This embodiment can allow a complete decoupling between the electrical characteristics (terminal voltage and current) of the energy source and those of the loads.

FIG.3Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108C configured to supply power to a first auxiliary load301and a second auxiliary load302, where module108C includes an energy source206, energy buffer204, and converter202B coupled together in a manner similar to that ofFIG.3B. First auxiliary load301requires a voltage equivalent to that supplied from source206. Load301is coupled to IO ports3and4of module108C, which are in turn coupled to ports IO1and IO2of source206. Source206can output power to both power connection110and load301. Second auxiliary load302requires a constant voltage lower than that of source206. Load302is coupled to IO ports5and6of module108C, which are coupled to ports IO5and IO2, respectively, of converter202B. Converter202B can include switch portion602having coupling inductor LCcoupled to port IO5(FIG.6B). Energy supplied by source206can be supplied to load302through switch portion602of converter202B. It is assumed that load302has an input capacitor (a capacitor can be added to module108C if not), so switches S1and S2can be commutated to regulate the voltage on and current through coupling inductor LCand thus produce a stable constant voltage for load302. This regulation can step down the voltage of source206to the lower magnitude voltage is required by load302.

Module108C can thus be configured to supply one or more first auxiliary loads in the manner described with respect to load301, with the one or more first loads coupled to IO ports3and4. Module108C can also be configured to supply one or more second auxiliary loads in the manner described with respect to load302. If multiple second auxiliary loads302are present, then for each additional load302module108C can be scaled with additional dedicated module output ports (like5and6), an additional dedicated switch portion602, and an additional converter IO port coupled to the additional portion602.

Energy source206can thus supply power for any number of auxiliary loads (e.g.,301and302), as well as the corresponding portion of system output power needed by primary load101. Power flow from source206to the various loads can be adjusted as desired.

Module108can be configured as needed with two or more energy sources206(FIG.3B) and to supply first and/or second auxiliary loads (FIG.3C) through the addition of a switch portion602and converter port IO5for each additional source206B or second auxiliary load302. Additional module IO ports (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6) can be added as needed. Module108can also be configured as an interconnection module to exchange energy (e.g., for balancing) between two or more arrays, two or more packs, or two or more systems100as described further herein. This interconnection functionality can likewise be combined with multiple source and/or multiple auxiliary load supply capabilities.

Control system102can perform various functions with respect to the components of modules108A,108B, and108C. These functions can include management of the utilization (amount of use) of each energy source206, protection of energy buffer204from over-current, over-voltage and high temperature conditions, and control and protection of converter202.

For example, to manage (e.g., adjust by increasing, decreasing, or maintaining) utilization of each energy source206, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from each energy source206(or monitor circuitry). The monitored voltages can be at least one of, preferably all, voltages of each elementary component independent of the other components (e.g., each individual battery cell, HED capacitor, and/or fuel cell) of the source206, or the voltages of groups of elementary components as a whole (e.g., voltage of the battery array, HED capacitor array, and/or fuel cell array). Similarly the monitored temperatures and currents can be at least one of, preferably all, temperatures and currents of each elementary component independent of the other components of the source206, or the temperatures and currents of groups of elementary components as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signals can be status information, with which LCD114can perform one or more of the following: calculation or determination of a real capacity, actual State of Charge (SOC) and/or State of Health (SOH) of the elementary components or groups of elementary components; set or output a warning or alarm indication based on monitored and/or calculated status information; and/or transmission of the status information to MCD112. LCD114can receive control information (e.g., a modulation index, synchronization signal) from MCD112and use this control information to generate switch signals for converter202that manage the utilization of the source206.

To protect energy buffer204, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from energy buffer204(or monitor circuitry). The monitored voltages can be at least one of, preferably all, voltages of each elementary component of buffer204(e.g., of CEB, CEB1, CEB2, LEB1, LEB2, DEB) independent of the other components, or the voltages of groups of elementary components or buffer204as a whole (e.g., between IO1and IO2or between IO3and IO4). Similarly the monitored temperatures and currents can be at least one of, preferably all, temperatures and currents of each elementary component of buffer204independent of the other components, or the temperatures and currents of groups of elementary components or of buffer204as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signals can be status information, with which LCD114can perform one or more of the following: set or output a warning or alarm indication; communicate the status information to MCD112; or control converter202to adjust (increase or decrease) the utilization of source206and module108as a whole for buffer protection.

To control and protect converter202, LCD114can receive the control information from MCD112(e.g., a modulated reference signal, or a reference signal and a modulation index), which can be used with a PWM technique in LCD114to generate the control signals for each switch (e.g., S1through S6). LCD114can receive a current feedback signal from a current sensor of converter202, which can be used for overcurrent protection together with one or more fault status signals from driver circuits (not shown) of the converter switches, which can carry information about fault statuses (e.g., short circuit or open circuit failure modes) of all switches of converter202. Based on this data, LCD114can make a decision on which combination of switching signals to be applied to manage utilization of module108, and potentially bypass or disconnect converter202(and the entire module108) from system100.

If controlling a module108C that supplies a second auxiliary load302, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages (e.g., the voltage between IO ports5and6) and one or more monitored currents (e.g., the current in coupling inductor LC, which is a current of load302) in module108C. Based on these signals, LCD114can adjust the switching cycles (e.g., by adjustment of modulation index or reference waveform) of S1and S2to control (and stabilize) the voltage for load302.

Examples of Cascaded Energy System Topologies

Two or more modules108can be coupled together in a cascaded array that outputs a voltage signal formed by a superposition of the discrete voltages generated by each module108within the array.FIG.7Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a topology for system100where N modules108-1,108-2. . .108-N are coupled together in series to form a serial array700. In this and all embodiments described herein, N can be any integer greater than one. Array700includes a first system IO port SIO1and a second system IO port SIO2across which is generated an array output voltage. Array700can be used as a DC or single phase AC energy source for DC or AC single-phase loads, which can be connected to SIO1and SIO2of array700.FIG.8Ais a plot of voltage versus time depicting an example output signal801produced by a single module108having a 48 volt energy source.FIG.8Bis a plot of voltage versus time depicting an example single phase AC output signal802generated by array700having six 48V modules108coupled in series.

System100can be arranged in a broad variety of different topologies to meet varying needs of the applications. System100can provide multi-phase power (e.g., two-phase, three-phase, four-phase, five-phase, six-phase, etc.) to a load by use of multiple arrays700, where each array can generate an AC output signal having a different phase angle.

FIG.7Bis a block diagram depicting system100with two arrays700-PA and700-PB coupled together. Each array700is one-dimensional, formed by a series connection of N modules108. The two arrays700-PA and700-PB can each generate a single-phase AC signal, where the two AC signals have different phase angles PA and PB (e.g., 180 degrees apart). IO port1of module108-1of each array700-PA and700-PB can form or be connected to system IO ports SIO1and SIO2, respectively, which in turn can serve as a first output of each array that can provide two phase power to a load (not shown). Or alternatively ports SIO1and SIO2can be connected to provide single phase power from two parallel arrays. IO port2of module108-N of each array700-PA and700-PB can serve as a second output for each array700-PA and700-PB on the opposite end of the array from system IO ports SIO1and SIO2, and can be coupled together at a common node and optionally used for an additional system IO port SIO3if desired, which can serve as a neutral. This common node can be referred to as a rail, and IO port2of modules108-N of each array700can be referred to as being on the rail side of the arrays.

FIG.7Cis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together. Each array700is one-dimensional, formed by a series connection of N modules108. The three arrays700-1and700-2can each generate a single-phase AC signal, where the three AC signals have different phase angles PA, PB, PC (e.g., 120 degrees apart). IO port1of module108-1of each array700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC can form or be connected to system IO ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, respectively, which in turn can provide three phase power to a load (not shown). IO port2of module108-N of each array700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC can be coupled together at a common node and optionally used for an additional system IO port SIO4if desired, which can serve as a neutral.

The concepts described with respect to the two-phase and three-phase embodiments ofFIGS.7B and7Ccan be extended to systems100generating still more phases of power. For example, a non-exhaustive list of additional examples includes: system100having four arrays700, each of which is configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 90 degrees apart): system100having five arrays700, each of which is configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 72 degrees apart); and system100having six arrays700, each array configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 60 degrees apart).

System100can be configured such that arrays700are interconnected at electrical nodes between modules108within each array.FIG.7Dis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. Each array700includes a first series connection of M modules108, where M is two or greater, coupled with a second series connection of N modules108, where N is two or greater. The delta configuration is formed by the interconnections between arrays, which can be placed in any desired location. In this embodiment, IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PC is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PA, IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PB is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PC, and IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PA is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PB.

FIG.7Eis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. This embodiment is similar to that ofFIG.7Dexcept with different cross connections. In this embodiment, IO port2of module108-M of array700-PC is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PA, IO port2of module108-M of array700-PB is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PC, and IO port2of module108-M of array700-PA is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PB. The arrangements ofFIGS.7D and7Ecan be implemented with as little as two modules in each array700. Combined delta and series configurations enable an effective exchange of energy between all modules108of the system (inter-phase balancing) and phases of power grid or load, and also allows reducing the total number of modules108in an array700to obtain the desired output voltages.

In the embodiments described herein, although it is advantageous for the number of modules108to be the same in each array700within system100, such is not required and different arrays700can have differing numbers of modules108. Further, each array700can have modules108that are all of the same configuration (e.g., all modules are108A, all modules are108B, all modules are108C, or others) or different configurations (e.g., one or more modules are108A, one or more are108B, and one or more are108C, or otherwise). As such, the scope of topologies of system100covered herein is broad.

Example Embodiments of Control Methodologies

As mentioned, control of system100can be performed according to various methodologies, such as hysteresis or PWM. Several examples of PWM include space vector modulation and sine pulse width modulation, where the switching signals for converter202are generated with a phase shifted carrier technique that continuously rotates utilization of each module108to equally distribute power among them.

FIGS.8C-8Fare plots depicting an example embodiment of a phase-shifted PWM control methodology that can generate a multilevel output PWM waveform using incrementally shifted two-level waveforms. An X-level PWM waveform can be created by the summation of (X−1)/2 two-level PWM waveforms. These two-level waveforms can be generated by comparing a reference waveform Vref to carriers incrementally shifted by 360°/(X−1). The carriers are triangular, but the embodiments are not limited to such. A nine-level example is shown inFIG.8C(using four modules108). The carriers are incrementally shifted by 360°/(9-1)=450 and compared to Vref. The resulting two-level PWM waveforms are shown inFIG.8E. These two-level waveforms may be used as the switching signals for semiconductor switches (e.g., S1though S6) of converters202. As an example with reference toFIG.8E, for a one-dimensional array700including four modules108each with a converter202, the 0° signal is for control of S3and the1800signal for S6of the first module108-1, the450signal is for S3and the2250signal for S6of the second module108-2, the90signal is for S3and the270signal is for S6of the third module108-3, and the135signal is for S3and the315signal is for S6of the fourth module108-4. The signal for S3is complementary to S4and the signal for S5is complementary to S6with sufficient dead-time to avoid shoot through of each half-bridge.FIG.8Fdepicts an example single phase AC waveform produced by superposition (summation) of output voltages from the four modules108.

An alternative is to utilize both a positive and a negative reference signal with the first (N−1)/2 carriers. A nine-level example is shown inFIG.8D. In this example, the 0° to 135° switching signals (FIG.8E) are generated by comparing +Vref to the 0° to 135° carriers ofFIG.8Dand the 180° to 315° switching signals are generated by comparing−Vref to the 0° to 135° carriers ofFIG.8D. However, the logic of the comparison in the latter case is reversed. Other techniques such as a state machine decoder may also be used to generate gate signals for the switches of converter202.

In multi-phase system embodiments, the same carriers can be used for each phase, or the set of carriers can be shifted as a whole for each phase. For example, in a three phase system with a single reference voltage (Vref), each array700can use the same number of carriers with the same relative offsets as shown inFIGS.8C and8D, but the carriers of the second phase are shift by 120 degrees as compared to the carriers of the first phase, and the carriers of the third phase are shifted by 240 degrees as compared to the carriers of the first phase. If a different reference voltage is available for each phase, then the phase information can be carried in the reference voltage and the same carriers can be used for each phase. In many cases the carrier frequencies will be fixed, but in some example embodiments, the carrier frequencies can be adjusted, which can help to reduce losses in EV motors under high current conditions.

The appropriate switching signals can be provided to each module by control system102. For example, MCD112can provide Vref and the appropriate carrier signals to each LCD114depending upon the module or modules108that LCD114controls, and the LCD114can then generate the switching signals. Or all LCDs114in an array can be provided with all carrier signals and the LCD can select the appropriate carrier signals.

The relative utilizations of each module108can adjusted based on status information to perform balancing or of one or more parameters as described herein. Balancing of parameters can involve adjusting utilization to minimize parameter divergence over time as compared to a system where individual module utilization adjustment is not performed. The utilization can be the relative amount of time a module108is discharging when system100is in a discharge state, or the relative amount of time a module108is charging when system100is in a charge state.

As described herein, modules108can be balanced with respect to other modules in an array700, which can be referred to as intra-array or intraphase balancing, and different arrays700can be balanced with respect to each other, which can be referred to as interarray or interphase balancing. Arrays700of different subsystems can also be balanced with respect to each other. Control system102can simultaneously perform any combination of intraphase balancing, interphase balancing, utilization of multiple energy sources within a module, active filtering, and auxiliary load supply.

FIG.9Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of an array controller900of control system102for a single-phase AC or DC array. Array controller900can include a peak detector902, a divider904, and an intraphase (or intra-array) balance controller906. Array controller900can receive a reference voltage waveform (Vr) and status information about each of the N modules108in the array (e.g., state of charge (SOCi), temperature (Ti), capacity (Qi), and voltage (Vi)) as inputs, and generate a normalized reference voltage waveform (Vrn) and modulation indexes (Mi) as outputs. Peak detector902detects the peak (Vpk) of Vr, which can be specific to the phase that controller900is operating with and/or balancing. Divider904generates Vrn by dividing Vr by its detected Vpk. Intraphase balance controller906uses Vpk along with the status information (e.g., SOCi, Ti, Qi, Vi, etc.) to generate modulation indexes Mi for each module108within the array700being controlled.

The modulation indexes and Vrn can be used to generate the switching signals for each converter202. The modulation index can be a number between zero and one (inclusive of zero and one). For a particular module108, the normalized reference Vrn can be modulated or scaled by Mi, and this modulated reference signal (Vrnm) can be used as Vref (or −Vref) according to the PWM technique described with respect toFIG.8C-8F, or according to other techniques. In this manner, the modulation index can be used to control the PWM switching signals provided to the converter switching circuitry (e.g., S3-S6or S1-S6), and thus regulate the operation of each module108. For example, a module108being controlled to maintain normal or full operation may receive an Mi of one, while a module108being controlled to less than normal or full operation may receive an Mi less than one, and a module108controlled to cease power output may receive an Mi of zero. This operation can be performed in various ways by control system102, such as by MCD112outputting Vrn and Mi to the appropriate LCDs114for modulation and switch signal generation, by MCD112performing modulation and outputting the modulated Vrnm to the appropriate LCDs114for switch signal generation, or by MCD112performing modulation and switch signal generation and outputting the switch signals to the LCDs or the converters202of each module108directly. Vrn can be sent continually with Mi sent at regular intervals, such as once for every period of the Vrn, or one per minute, etc.

Controller906can generate an Mi for each module108using any type or combination of types of status information (e.g., SOC, temperature (T), Q, SOH, voltage, current) described herein. For example, when using SOC and T, a module108can have a relatively high Mi if SOC is relatively high and temperature is relatively low as compared to other modules108in array700. If either SOC is relatively low or T is relatively high, then that module108can have a realtively low Mi, resulting in less utilization than other modules108in array700. Controller906can determine Mi such that the sum of module voltages does not exceed Vpk. For example, Vpk can be the sum of the products of the voltage of each module's source206and Mi for that module (e.g., Vpk=M1V1+M2V2+M3V3. . . +MNVN, etc). A different combination of modulation indexes, and thus respective voltage contributions by the modules, may be used but the total generated voltage should remain the same.

Controller900can control operation, to the extent it does not prevent achieving the power output requirements of the system at any one time (e.g., such as during maximum acceleration of an EV), such that SOC of the energy source(s) in each module108remains balanced or converges to a balanced condition if they are unbalanced, and/or such that temperature of the energy source(s) or other component (e.g., energy buffer) in each module remains balanced or converges to a balanced condition if they are unbalanced. Power flow in and out of the modules can be regulated such that a capacity difference between sources does not cause an SOC deviation. Balancing of SOC and temperature can indirectly cause some balancing of SOH. Voltage and current can be directly balanced if desired, but in many embodiments the main goal of the system is to balance SOC and temperature, and balancing of SOC can lead to balance of voltage and current in a highly symmetric systems where modules are of similar capacity and impedance.

Since balancing all parameters may not be possible at the same time (e.g., balancing of one parameter may further unbalance another parameter), a combination of balancing any two or more parameters (SOC, T, Q, SOH, V, I) may be applied with priority given to either one depending on the requirements of the application. Priority in balancing can be given to SOC over other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I), with exceptions made if one of the other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I) reaches a severe unbalanced condition outside a threshold.

Balancing between arrays700of different phases (or arrays of the same phase, e.g., if parallel arrays are used) can be performed concurrently with intraphase balancing.FIG.9Bdepicts an example embodiment of an Ω-phase (or Ω-array) controller950configured for operation in an Ω-phase system100, having at least Ω arrays700, where Ω is any integer greater than one. Controller950can include one interphase (or interarray) controller910and Ω intraphase balance controllers906-PA . . .906-PΩ for phases PA through PΩ, as well as peak detector902and divider904(FIG.9A) for generating normalized references VrnPA through VrnPΩ from each phase-specific reference VrPA through VrPΩ. Intraphase controllers906can generate Mi for each module108of each array700as described with respect toFIG.9A. Interphase balance controller910is configured or programmed to balance aspects of modules108across the entire multi-dimensional system, for example, between arrays of different phases. This may be achieved through injecting common mode to the phases (e.g., neutral point shifting) or through the use of interconnection modules (described herein) or through both. Common mode injection involves introducing a phase and amplitude shift to the reference signals VrPA through VrPΩ to generate normalized waveforms VrnPA through VrnPΩ to compensate for unbalance in one or more arrays, and is described further in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366 incorporated herein.

Controllers900and950(as well as balance controllers906and910) can be implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof within control system102. Controllers900and950can be implemented within MCD112, distributed partially or fully among LCDs114, or may be implemented as discrete controllers independent of MCD112and LCDs114.

Example Embodiments of Interconnection (IC) Modules

Modules108can be connected between the modules of different arrays700for the purposes of exchanging energy between the arrays, acting as a source for an auxiliary load, or both. Such modules are referred to herein as interconnection (IC) modules108IC. IC module108IC can be implemented in any of the already described module configurations (108A,108B,108C) and others to be described herein. IC modules108IC can include any number of one or more energy sources, an optional energy buffer, switch circuitry for supplying energy to one or more arrays and/or for supplying power to one or more auxiliary loads, control circuitry (e.g., a local control device), and monitor circuitry for collecting status information about the IC module itself or its various loads (e.g., SOC of an energy source, temperature of an energy source or energy buffer, capacity of an energy source, SOH of an energy source, voltage and/or current measurements pertaining to the IC module, voltage and/or current measurements pertaining to the auxiliary load(s), etc.).

FIG.10Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a system100capable of producing Ω-phase power with Ω arrays700-PA through700-PΩ, where Ω can be any integer greater than one. IC module108IC is located on the rail side of arrays700such that arrays700-PA through700-PQ are located electrically between module108IC and outputs SIO1and SIOΩ to the load. Module108IC has Ω IO ports for connection to IO port2of each module108-N of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ. In the configuration depicted here, module108IC can perform interphase balancing by selectively connecting the one or more energy sources of module108IC to one or more of the arrays700-PA through700-PΩ (or to no output, or equally to all outputs, if interphase balancing is not required). System100can be controlled by control system102(not shown, seeFIG.1A).

FIG.10Bis a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of module108IC. In this embodiment module108IC includes an energy source206connected with energy buffer204that in turn is connected with switch circuitry603. Switch circuitry603can include switch circuitry units604-PA through604-PΩ for independently connecting energy source206to each of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ, respectively. Various switch configurations can be used for each unit604, which in this embodiment is configured as a half-bridge with two semiconductor switches S7and S8. Each half bridge is controlled by control lines118-3from LCD114. This configuration is similar to module108A described with respect toFIG.3A. As described with respect to converter202, switch circuitry603can be configured in any arrangement and with any switch types (e.g., MOSFET, IGBT, Silicon, GaN, etc.) suitable for the requirements of the application.

Switch circuitry units604are coupled between positive and negative terminals of energy source206and have an output that is connected to an IO port of module108IC. Units604-PA through604-PΩ can be controlled by control system102to selectively couple voltage +VICor −VICto the respective module I/O ports1through Ω. Control system102can control switch circuitry603according to any desired control technique, including the PWM and hysteresis techniques mentioned herein. Here, control circuitry102is implemented as LCD114and MCD112(not shown). LCD114can receive monitoring data or status information from monitor circuitry of module108IC. This monitoring data and/or other status information derived from this monitoring data can be output to MCD112for use in system control as described herein. LCD114can also receive timing information (not shown) for purposes of synchronization of modules108of the system100and one or more carrier signals (not shown), such as the sawtooth signals used in PWM (FIGS.8C-8D).

For interphase balancing, proportionally more energy from source206can be supplied to any one or more of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ that is relatively low on charge as compared to other arrays700. Supply of this supplemental energy to a particular array700allows the energy output of those cascaded modules108-1thru108-N in that array700to be reduced relative to the unsupplied phase array(s).

For example, in some example embodiments applying PWM, LCD114can be configured to receive the normalized voltage reference signal (Vrn) (from MCD112) for each of the one or more arrays700that module108IC is coupled to, e.g., VrnPA through VrnPΩ. LCD114can also receive modulation indexes MiPA through MiPΩ for the switch units604-PA through604-PΩ for each array700, respectively, from MCD112. LCD114can modulate (e.g., multiply) each respective Vrn with the modulation index for the switch section coupled directly to that array (e.g., VrnA multiplied by MiA) and then utilize a carrier signal to generate the control signal(s) for each switch unit604. In other embodiments, MCD112can perform the modulation and output modulated voltage reference waveforms for each unit604directly to LCD114of module108IC. In still other embodiments, all processing and modulation can occur by a single control entity that can output the control signals directly to each unit604.

This switching can be modulated such that power from energy source206is supplied to the array(s)700at appropriate intervals and durations. Such methodology can be implemented in various ways.

Based on the collected status information for system100, such as the present capacity (Q) and SOC of each energy source in each array, MCD112can determine an aggregate charge for each array700(e.g., aggregate charge for an array can be determined as the sum of capacity times SOC for each module of that array). MCD112can determine whether a balanced or unbalanced condition exists (e.g., through the use of relative difference thresholds and other metrics described herein) and generate modulation indexes MiPA through MiPΩ accordingly for each switch unit604-PA through604-PΩ.

During balanced operation, Mi for each switch unit604can be set at a value that causes the same or similar amount of net energy over time to be supplied by energy source206and/or energy buffer204to each array700. For example, Mi for each switch unit604could be the same or similar, and can be set at a level or value that causes the module108IC to perform a net or time average discharge of energy to the one or more arrays700-PA through700-PΩ during balanced operation, so as to drain module108IC at the same rate as other modules108in system100. In some embodiments, Mi for each unit604can be set at a level or value that does not cause a net or time average discharge of energy during balanced operation (causes a net energy discharge of zero). This can be useful if module108IC has a lower aggregate charge than other modules in the system.

When an unbalanced condition occurs between arrays700, then the modulation indexes of system100can be adjusted to cause convergence towards a balanced condition or to minimize further divergence. For example, control system102can cause module108IC to discharge more to the array700with low charge than the others, and can also cause modules108-1through108-N of that low array700to discharge relatively less (e.g., on a time average basis). The relative net energy contributed by module108IC increases as compared to the modules108-1through108-N of the array700being assisted, and also as compared to the amount of net energy module108IC contributes to the other arrays. This can be accomplished by increasing Mi for the switch unit604supplying that low array700, and by decreasing the modulation indexes of modules108-1through108-N of the low array700in a manner that maintains Vout for that low array at the appropriate or required levels, and maintaining the modulation indexes for other switch units604supplying the other higher arrays relatively unchanged (or decreasing them).

The configuration of module108IC inFIGS.10A-10Bcan be used alone to provide interphase or interarray balancing for a single system, or can be used in combination with one or more other modules108IC each having an energy source and one or more switch portions604coupled to one or more arrays. For example, a module108IC with Ω switch portions604coupled with Ω different arrays700can be combined with a second module108IC having one switch portion604coupled with one array700such that the two modules combine to service a system100having Ω+1 arrays700. Any number of modules108IC can be combined in this fashion, each coupled with one or more arrays700of system100.

Furthermore, IC modules can be configured to exchange energy between two or more subsystems of system100.FIG.10Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100with a first subsystem1000-1and a second subsystem1000-2interconnected by IC modules. Specifically, subsystem1000-1is configured to supply three-phase power, PA, PB, and PC, to a first load (not shown) by way of system I/O ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, while subsystem1000-2is configured to supply three-phase power PD, PE, and PF to a second load (not shown) by way of system I/O ports SIO4, SIO5, and SIO06, respectively. For example, subsystems1000-1and1000-2can be configured as different packs supplying power for different motors of an EV or as different racks supplying power for different microgrids.

In this embodiment each module108IC is coupled with a first array of subsystem1000-1(via IO port1) and a first array of subsystem1000-2(via IO port2), and each module108IC can be electrically connected with each other module108IC by way of I/O ports3and4, which are coupled with the energy source206of each module108IC as described with respect to module108C ofFIG.3C. This connection places sources206of modules108IC-1,108IC-2, and108IC-3in parallel, and thus the energy stored and supplied by modules108IC is pooled together by this parallel arrangement. Other arrangements such as serious connections can also be used. Modules108IC are housed within a common enclosure of subsystem1000-1, however the interconnection modules can be external to the common enclosure and physically located as independent entities between the common enclosures of both subsystems1000.

Each module108IC has a switch unit604-1coupled with IO port1and a switch unit604-2coupled with I/O port2, as described with respect toFIG.10B. Thus, for balancing between subsystems1000(e.g., interpack or inter-rack balancing), a particular module1081C can supply relatively more energy to either or both of the two arrays to which it is connected (e.g., module108IC-1can supply to array700-PA and/or array700-PD). The control circuitry can monitor relative parameters (e.g., SOC and temperature) of the arrays of the different subsystems and adjust the energy output of the IC modules to compensate for imbalances between arrays or phases of different subsystems in the same manner described herein as compensating for imbalances between two arrays of the same rack or pack. Because all three modules1081C are in parallel, energy can be efficiently exchanged between any and all arrays of system100. In this embodiment, each module108IC supplies two arrays700, but other configurations can be used including a single IC module for all arrays of system100and a configuration with one dedicated IC module for each array700(e.g., six IC modules for six arrays, where each IC module has one switch unit604). In all cases with multiple IC modules, the energy sources can be coupled together in parallel so as to share energy as described herein.

In systems with IC modules between phases, interphase balancing can also be performed by neutral point shifting (or common mode injection) as described above. Such a combination allows for more robust and flexible balancing under a wider range of operating conditions. System100can determine the appropriate circumstances under which to perform interphase balancing with neutral point shifting alone, interphase energy injection alone, or a combination of both simultaneously.

IC modules can also be configured to supply power to one or more auxiliary loads301(at the same voltage as source206) and/or one or more auxiliary loads302(at voltages stepped down from source302).FIG.10Dis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a three-phase system100A with two modules108IC connected to perform interphase balancing and to supply auxiliary loads301and302.FIG.10Eis a schematic diagram depicting this example embodiment of system100with emphasis on modules108IC-1ad108IC-2. Here, control circuitry102is again implemented as LCD114and MCD112(not shown). The LCDs114can receive monitoring data from modules108IC (e.g., SOC of ES1, temperature of ES1, Q of ES1, voltage of auxiliary loads301and302, etc.) and can output this and/or other monitoring data to MCD112for use in system control as described herein. Each module108IC can include a switch portion602A (or602B described with respect toFIG.6C) for each load302being supplied by that module, and each switch portion602can be controlled to maintain the requisite voltage level for load302by LCD114either independently or based on control input from MCD112. In this embodiment, each module108IC includes a switch portion602A connected together to supply the one load302, although such is not required.

The energy source206of each IC module can be at the same voltage and capacity as the sources206of the other modules108-1through108-N of the system, although such is not required. For example, a relatively higher capacity can be desirable in an embodiment where one module108IC applies energy to multiple arrays700(FIG.10A) to allow the IC module to discharge at the same rate as the modules of the phase arrays themselves. If the module108IC is also supplying an auxiliary load, then an even greater capacity may be desired so as to permit the IC module to both supply the auxiliary load and discharge at relatively the same rate as the other modules.

Example Embodiments of Frameworks

The subject matter pertains to a housing framework (e.g., cabinets or racks of matching sizes) that permits ready customization to add to or detract from the number of modules108present in a multi-level converter system100providing multi-phase power to a load. Example embodiments pertaining to the frameworks are described with reference toFIGS.11A-18. These embodiments can be implemented with all aspects of system100described with respect toFIGS.1A-10Eunless stated otherwise or logically implausible. As such, the many variations already described will not be repeated with respect to the following embodiments.

Example embodiments of multi-level three-phase systems100are shown inFIGS.11A and11B. Each system100has three one-dimensional arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC of modules108, where each of the modules108in a particular array700can be connected in series and the voltages summed to provide a total voltage for the phase. Rows of the modules, e.g., the first row inFIG.11A, including three modules108-1of arrays700-PA,700-PB,700-PC, and the corresponding row inFIG.11B, and each similar row represent levels of the systems100where each level supplies power for the different phases. Columns of the modules, e.g., the first column inFIG.11A, including ‘N’ modules108-1through108-N of array700-PA, and the corresponding column inFIG.111B, contain modules108connected for a first phase (PA). Similarly, the second columns including ‘N’ modules108-1through108-N of array700-PB contain ‘N’ modules connected for a second phase. Likewise, the third columns including ‘N’ modules108-1through108-N of array700-PC contain ‘N’ modules connected for a third phase.

InFIGS.11A and111B, communication paths for the bidirectional communication of information between modules108and control system102, which in this embodiment is MCD112, are indicated by arrows1103. As described earlier, modules108of each phase (PA, PB, PC) receive a voltage reference signal (Vref) specific to that phase, as well as ‘N’ modulation indexes (M), with one M specific to each module. Status and sensor data collected at each module or from auxiliary sensors1106are communicated back to MCD112over these paths.

FIG.11Adepicts a system100where the communication paths1103extend from MCD112to the first module108-1of each phase (e.g., to LCD114, not shown), and from there the information path1103is continued to the remaining modules108-2through108-N of each phase in a daisy chain or serial fashion between modules108. InFIG.1B, information for all three phases is passed along one or more buses1158to switching circuitry1159for each level (Sx-1through Sx-N), where it is then selectively routed to the modules108of each level. Switching circuitry1159can be housed with modules108in the cabinet or rack for that level. In another alternative (not shown), independent and discrete bidirectional paths are present between each module (e.g., LCD114) and MCD112. A combination of approaches is also possible, e.g., such that Vref is communicated in the fashion ofFIG.11A(or11B), and the remaining data is communicated in the other fashion ofFIG.11B(or11A). Communication paths or links can each be wired or wireless communication paths or links that communicate data or information bidirectionally, in parallel or series fashion. Data can be communicated in a standard or custom format.

FIG.12Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a housing framework1200corresponding to the figurative arrangement ofFIGS.11A and11B.FIGS.12Band12C show front and perspective views, respectively, of an example electronics cabinet1201, sometimes also called a “rack,” suitable for use in the framework. Other designs for cabinet or racks may also be suitable, having a characteristic of arranging electronic components in a straight line, for example, a vertical line.FIG.12Ddepicts an example implementation of multiple cabinets1201arranged in a framework1200.

As can be seen inFIG.12A, modules108-1through108-N for each array700(e.g., modules108-1through108-N for array700-PA, modules108-1through108-N for array700-PB, and modules108-1through108-N for array700-PC) are aligned in separate ranks along a first straight line1202to facilitate direct connections between modules within each array700. For example, modules108may be aligned in separate rows parallel to horizontal line1202. Connections between modules108may be serial or parallel. In the illustrated example, modules108-1through108-N of array700-PA are in an upper row, modules108-1through108-N of array700-PB are in a middle row, and modules108-1through108-N of array700-PC are in a lower row.

Modules108for each level of the multi-level converter system100are aligned in separate ranks along a second straight line1204, orthogonal to the first straight line1202. For example, modules108may be aligned in separate columns parallel to the vertical line1204. The lines1202,1204may be imaginary lines. Alignment of modules108with the lines need not be geometrically perfect, but should be close enough to facilitate efficient electrical connections between modules108. Advantageously, modules108for each level may be located in a common cabinet or rack section1201. For example, in the illustrated example, a first cabinet1201-1houses modules108-1of a first level, a second cabinet1201-2houses modules108-2of a second level, a third cabinet1201-3houses modules108-3of a third level, and an Nth cabinet1201-N houses modules108-N of an Nth level. If additional module levels need to be added to provide more power or redundancy (or alternatively if a level of modules need to be removed) then this framework1200can be easily added to (and subtracted from) to meet those needs by adding or removing cabinets1201. The maximum number of cabinets1201is limited only by the practical limits of space for framework1200, and the operating parameters of the particular application.

An example embodiment of a single cabinet or rack section1201is shown atFIGS.12B and12C.FIG.12Dshows a framework1200of13cabinets or rack sections to the right, where the first three of the 13 are shown with front panels in place, and the remaining are shown without front panels. Each cabinet or rack section1201can have a housing with panels on any number of the sides, top and/or bottom. In this embodiment the housing is present on all sides, top, and bottom (not shown). Preferably panels or covers are present over high voltage conductors for safety.

FIG.13Ais a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of framework1200with two adjacent levels of an N-level system, one level located in its own cabinet1201-1and another level is located in an immediately adjacent cabinet1201-2. This pattern is repeated throughout framework1200, except that the terminal cabinets of each linear array of cabinets may have different or additional connections as described herein below.FIG.13Bis a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment with the last two adjacent levels of an N-level system, where a next-to-last (N−1) level is located in the left cabinet1201-(N−1) and a last (Nth) level is located in the right cabinet1201-N. The components in the cabinets here are the same as inFIG.13Awith different couplings between the converters202A in the terminal (e.g., last) cabinet1201-N.

In this example, each module108includes a single energy source206coupled with a converter202A, as well as a local control device (LCD)114integrated with converter202A. The embodiment can be modified to accommodate different converters (e.g.,202B,202C) and additional energy sources (e.g.,206A and206B). Each cabinet1201may be configured with a preexisting receptacle (e.g., a shelf, slot, or recess) to receive each module108.

Alternatively, cabinet1201may be provided with receptacles to independently receive each component202A,206,114of module108(e.g., a receptacle for energy source206of the first module, a receptacle for converter202of the first module, a receptacle for energy source206of the second module, and so forth). In these embodiments, the term “module” encompasses multiple discrete components electrically connected together to perform the function of one module, but without a single housing dedicated to that module.

Each energy source206may be configured as multiple types and with multiple configurations described herein, e.g., with respect toFIGS.4A-4F. Within each module108, LCD114communicates with converter202A circuitry, an energy buffer204(not shown) and monitor circuitry208(not shown) associated with the various components.

Within each phase, converter202of one module302in a first cabinet1201is connected to at least one other horizontally-aligned converter202in an adjacent cabinet1201. Power connections within a cabinet1201or between cabinets1201(e.g., between each energy source206and its converter202, or between converters202) are preferably implemented with robust connectors that minimize self-inductance, such as an insulated bus bar (e.g., a laminated rigid bar with rectangular or other non-circular cross-section). These bars can be fastened in place as shown inFIGS.13A and13B. The horizontally aligned arrangement between coupled components permits short and direct connections for the bars, which further minimizes inductance, noise, and losses. InFIG.13A, the power connections are made across the front surface of the cabinets, but in other embodiments the connections can be made directly between adjacent sides (e.g., between bottom of energy source206and top of converter202of a module108, or from right side of converter202of module108-1to left side of converter202of module108-2).FIG.13Bshows cabinets1201-(N−1) and1201-N with the converter outputs (IO4) in the terminal cabinet1201-N connected together as also depicted inFIGS.11A,111B, and12A.

Data connections (e.g., between MCD112and LCDs114, or between LCDs114) are preferably high speed bidirectional connections such as fiber optic, although other wired or wireless connections are possible. In the example ofFIG.13A, each LCD114within the phase or array is daisy chained (as described inFIG.1A) with a wired connection shown at the communication (com) ports. In embodiments where LCDs114are daisy chained, the master control signals can be initially supplied to any module108in the array700, so long they are subsequently supplied to each module in the array700. In one example implementation the signals from MCD112are input to LCD114of module108-1, and then propagated to the remaining modules in that array200(2−N). In the configuration ofFIG.11B, where a discrete connection exists between each LCD114and MCD112, only one bidirectional com port is necessary. All signals (sensor information, M, Vref, etc.) can be exchanged over one port and bus, or multiple ports and buses can be used.

The sides of each cabinet1201may have ports, openings, or other passages or connections to permit easy interconnection between cabinets. Alternatively, all or part of sidewalls between adjoining or adjacent cabinets1201may be omitted to facilitate connection between cabinets. As used herein, “adjacent” means “adjoining, or nearly adjoining without an intervening barrier.”

In an alternative embodiment, the framework may include a backplane for carrying communication signals between LCDs114of each array700and between MCD112and each LCD114of all arrays700. For example, each converter202(or LCD114) may be configured to plug into or otherwise mate with a connector in the back of its cabinet receptacle, and that connector be configured to couple with one or more buses of the backplane for carrying the signals through the framework.

FIGS.14A-14Care schematic diagrams depicting additional example embodiments of modules108.FIG.14Ashows module108with two energy sources206A and206B connected independently to converter202B,C (FIGS.6B-6C). Energy sources206A,B are positioned on opposite sides of converter202B,C to minimize induction between them. Converter202B,C has two IO2ports which can be internally connected to the same potential (e.g., seeFIGS.6B,6C).FIG.14Bshows a module108with two energy sources206A and206B connected to converter202A in parallel. In bothFIGS.14A and14B, LCD114is integrated with the converter202. LCD114can be integrated in a secured, or hard-wired fashion, or can be a module of converter202that is removable and replaceable from a receptacle in the converter202.FIG.14Cshows a module108wherein LCD114is a separate component from converter202. In all examples, module108can be implemented: 1) as a single unit with energy source(s)206, converter202, and LCD114securely integrated therewith, such that the cabinet has one receptacle for the module108as a whole; 2) as a single unit with one or more receptacles for energy source(s)206, converter202, and LCD114in the module108, where the cabinet1201has one receptacle for the module108as a whole; 3) any combination of 1 and 2, or 4) in a manner where cabinet1201has a receptacle for each component of the module (energy source(s)206, converter202, and LCD114, etc.), and there is no “module” separate from the components themselves.

FIG.15Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a framework1200for a multi-level converter system100with an additional cabinet1201-0(cabinet 0) between the first cabinet1201-1and the grid and/or load1505. Cabinet1201-0contains interface circuitry1504interposed between modules108and the grid and/or load side1505. Interface circuitry1504may be any circuitry required by the application, such as one or more filters, fuses, switches, or others. Phase A interface circuitry1504-PA may be connected to the phase A modules108-1through108-N in their respective cabinets1201-1through1201-N. Phase B interface circuitry1504-PB may be connected to the phase B modules108-1through108-N in their respective cabinets1201-1through1201-N. Likewise, phase C interface circuitry1504-PC may be connected to modules108-1through108-N in their respective cabinets1201-1through1201-N. As described in connection withFIGS.11A and111B, each cabinet1201holds modules108for an independent level of the system100in all three phases.

On the opposite side of framework1200, a last (terminal) cabinet1201-(N+1) includes three interconnection modules108IC-1,108IC-2,108IC-3that can balance energy between the different phases, coupled to the terminal modules108-N for each phase, respectively. Each framework1200can include a cabinet1201-0dedicated to interface circuitry, and/or a cabinet1201-(N+1) containing interconnection modules108IC, one for each phase, depending on the needs of the application.

FIG.15Bis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a framework1200likewise including the additional cabinet1201-0between the first cabinet1201-1and the grid and/or load1505containing interface circuitry1504. Framework1200has a cabinet1201-(N+1) holding a first interconnection module108IC-1coupled to modules108-N of array700-PA and array700-PB. Cabinet1201-(N+1) also holds module108IC-2coupled to modules108-N of array700-PC. Modules108IC-1and108IC-2are coupled together in a manner similar to that described with respect toFIGS.10D and10Eand are configured to balance energy between phases PA, PB, and PC (or multiple arrays700) as described herein.

FIG.15Cis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a framework1200likewise including the additional cabinets1201-0and1201-(N+1). Cabinet1201-(N+1) holds an interconnection module108IC coupled to modules108-N of arrays700-PA, PB, and PC. Module108IC is similar to that described with respect toFIGS.10A and10B(but with three phases) and is configured to balance energy between phases PA, PB, and PC (or multiple arrays700) as described herein. Depending on the number of sources106within module1081C, the module108IC may have a size similar to that of other modules108-1through108-N that the internal volume of cabinet108-(N+1) is not filled (as shown here), or may have a larger size (e.g., with three or more energy sources206) that takes up greater space within cabinet1201-(N+1). The specific interconnections between modules are not shown in detail, but these embodiments ofFIGS.15A-15Ccan be configured similarly to those ofFIGS.13A-14Cin that and other respects.

FIG.15Dis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a framework1200having three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC with a similar electrical layout as the embodiment ofFIG.15Abut with six modules108-1through108-6plus an IC module108IC for each array. Framework1200can be configured to have a relatively greater height and a relatively shorter length like here, where the modules108of each array700occupy two (or multiple) rows as opposed to one. Here, cabinet1201-0includes the interface circuitry1504as well as the IC module108IC for each array (e.g., the first and the last modules of the array), where the IC modules are interconnected by connection1522(e.g., common coupling of ports3, and common coupling of ports4, etc., as described with respect toFIG.10E). Cabinet1201-1includes the first module108-1and the sixth module108-6of each array, and cabinet1201-2includes the second module108-2and the fifth module108-5of each array. Cabinet1201-3includes the third module108-3and the fourth module108-4of each array, connected together by connections1520-PA, PB, and PC for arrays700-PA, PB, and PC, respectively.

The modules108of each cabinet can be described as being arranged in an alternating fashion. Thus, in this embodiment each cabinet includes every module from a particular level of each array (e.g., every module108-1) along with every module from another level of the array (e.g., every module108-6). Here, each cabinet1201includes modules from two levels of each array. Other configurations can be implemented such that each cabinet includes every module from three, four, or more levels of the array, depending on the height of the modules and the available space. The presence of interface circuitry may occupy spaces that would otherwise be held by a module, such that, while most cabinets1201in framework1200will hold every module108from two or more levels, each cabinet1200in the framework1200is not required to do so, like with cabinet1201-0in this embodiment.

The frameworks1200described herein are configurable to the physical space or surroundings in which each is placed.FIGS.16A-16Gare block diagrams depicting example embodiments of frameworks1200for systems100with cabinets coupled to a grid and/or load1601through grid/load side interface circuitry1602(e.g., one or more fuses, switches, transformers, or others).FIGS.16A-16Cshow examples with eleven cabinets1201,FIGS.16D,16E, and16Gshow examples with22cabinets, andFIG.16Fshows an example having forty-four cabinets. InFIG.16A, the cabinets1201are arranged in a single row. InFIG.16B, the cabinets1201are arranged in two rows to fit within a smaller physical space1611(e.g., a bunker or confined room). InFIG.6C, the cabinets1201are arranged with a bend so as to permit placement along two walls1620and1621in a confined space. Framework1200can be arranged in any combination of one or more rows and/or one or more bends to permit customization to the limits of the physical space.

Multiple frameworks can be present to permit a broad range of topological configurations. For example,FIG.16Dshows an example framework1200with two eleven-cabinet systems1642,1644(e.g., cabinet 1 can include interface circuitry (e.g., an inductive filter) and cabinets2-11contain 10 levels of the multi-level converter) connected independently to the grid/load side interface circuitry1602.FIG.16Eshows another example framework1200with two eleven-cabinet systems1652,1654connected in parallel, with the parallel arrangement in turn connected to the grid/load side interface circuitry1602.FIG.16Fshows an example framework1200where two instances of the independent framework1200-1and1200-2ofFIG.16Dare connected to the grid/load1601through separate interface circuitries1602,1603. Similar arrangement can be practiced with the parallel configuration ofFIG.16E.FIG.16Gshows a framework1200including two eleven-cabinet systems1672,1674coupled to a common node that is then connected to the grid/load interface circuitry1602.

FIGS.17A-17Care block diagrams depicting various configurations1700for the grid/load side, including grid1706, load1704, and respective interface circuitries1702,1703, that can include isolation circuitry, transformer circuitry, safety circuitry, and others, for any modular energy system100as described herein, including its system-side interface, optionally configured and installed according to a frameworks1200as described herein.FIG.17Ashows a configuration1700including a combination grid/load interface1702interposed between a power grid1706and a load1704and system100.FIG.17Bshows a configuration1700including a direct connection between a load1704and system100, and a grid interface1702interposed between a power grid1706and system100.FIG.17Cshows a configuration1700including grid interface1702and separate load interface1704, respectively interposed between power grid1706and load1704and system100.

FIG.18is a flow diagram depicting an example embodiment of a method800for assembling an energy system100with modules108arranged in levels, where a different module108of each level services a different phase or array of the system. Method800may include, at802, assembling modules belonging to a different level of the energy system in each of a set of cabinets along an axis orthogonal to a reference plane such that the modules are aligned along the axis and a module for each phase is located a distance defined for modules of its phase or array from the reference plane. The method800may further include, at804, arranging the set of cabinets so each is adjacent to another and equidistant from the reference plane.

While the frameworks can be configured with interconnections between phases or arrays, such as through interconnection modules108IC and delta and series configurations ofFIGS.7D-7E, these interconnected configurations can still be used with the embodiments described herein as the modules with interconnections are still within the phase of the row, although shared with one or more other phases or arrays. The framework provides an advantage for delta and series configurations as the interarray connections are between modules in close proximity based on the embodiments described herein.

Various aspects of the present subject matter are set forth below, in review of, and/or in supplementation to, the embodiments described thus far, with the emphasis here being on the interrelation and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, an emphasis is on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with each and every other feature unless explicitly stated or taught otherwise.

In many embodiments, a framework for a multi-phase energy system including modules arranged in levels is provided, the framework including: an arrangement of cabinets, where each cabinet holds the modules belonging to a different level of the energy system along an axis orthogonal to a reference plane, such that the modules are aligned along the axis and a module for each phase is located a distance defined for modules of its phase from the reference plane; and where the cabinets are arranged adjacent to one another and equidistant from the reference plane.

In some embodiments, the arrangement minimizes distance for connections between modules belonging to different levels for the same phase across multiple cabinets.

In some embodiments, each of the modules includes identical sub-modules. The framework where the sub-modules can be housed separately from one another.

In some embodiments, the axis is a vertical axis and the reference plane is horizontal.

In some embodiments, each of the modules includes an energy source, a converter coupled to the energy source, and a local control device communicatively coupled for controlling the converter. The framework where the converter can include a plurality of switches configured to select an output voltage of the module under control of the local control device. The framework where the local control device and converter can be implemented together on a single printed circuit board. The framework where the local control device and converter can be housed within a common housing that does not house the energy source. The framework where the local control device, energy source, and converter can be housed within a common housing that does not house another module. The framework where the energy source can include a capacitor or a fuel cell. The framework where the energy source can include a battery. The framework where energy source can further include a first capacitor in parallel with the battery. The framework where the local control device can include a processor and memory, where the memory can include instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the local control device to manage power transfer between the energy source and a cumulative load of the modules. The framework can further include a master control device for modules of the energy system communicatively coupled with the local control device. The framework can further include a coupling between the master control device and each local control device of the system. The framework where the master control device can include a processor and a memory communicatively coupled with the processor, where the memory can include instructions that when executed by the processor cause the master control device to coordinate control activity of the energy system with the local control device of each of the modules. The framework where the instruction can further include instructions for determining a contribution for each of the modules to output of the energy system.

In some embodiments, the energy system is configured for operation as a stationary energy system. The framework where the stationary energy system can be one of: a residential storage system; an industrial storage system; a commercial storage system; a governmental storage system; a system that converts solar power, wind, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, or nuclear reactions into electricity for storage; a data center storage system; a grid; a micro-grid; or a charging station.

In some embodiments, the energy system is configured for supplying 3-phase power.

In some embodiments, the modules comprise N levels each connected in series.

In some embodiments, the arrangement of cabinets includes the cabinets arranged in a single line having an output coupled to one or more of a load or a power grid.

In some embodiments, the arrangement of cabinets includes the cabinets arranged in lines coupled together to an output for coupling to one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework can further include interface circuitry interposed between the output and the one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework can further include an interface circuitry interposed between each of the lines and the output for the one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework where the interface circuitry can be coupled to both of the load and the power grid. The framework where the interface circuitry can be coupled to the grid only, and load is coupled to the output for the load only. The framework where the interface circuitry can include a first module interposed between the output and the grid only, and a second module interposed between the output and the load only.

In some embodiments, the framework further including terminal cabinet at a terminus of the arrangement of cabinets, the terminal cabinet containing one or more interconnection modules for combining output from each level of the energy system into a multi-phase single output. The framework where the terminal cabinet can include an interconnection module for each phase. The framework where the terminal cabinet can include an interconnection module receiving input for two or more phases.

In many embodiments, a framework for an energy system including a plurality of modules arranged in a plurality of arrays having a plurality of levels, the plurality of arrays configured to generate a plurality of AC power signals, and each AC power signal having a different phase angle is provided, where the framework includes: an arrangement of a plurality of cabinets, where each cabinet holds the modules belonging to a different level of the energy system along a first axis; and where the cabinets are arranged adjacent to one another along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis.

In some embodiments, the arrangement minimizes distance for connections between modules belonging to different levels for the same phase across multiple cabinets.

In some embodiments, each of the modules includes identical sub-modules. The framework where the sub-modules can be housed separately from one another.

In some embodiments, the first axis is a vertical axis and the second axis is a horizontal axis.

In some embodiments, each of the modules includes an energy source, a converter coupled to the energy source, and a local control device communicatively coupled to the converter and configured to control the converter. The framework where the converter can include a plurality of switches configured to select an output voltage of the module under control of the local control device. The framework where the local control device, energy source, and converter can be housed within a common housing that does not house another module. The framework where the energy source can include a capacitor or a fuel cell. The framework where the energy source can include a battery. The framework where the energy source can further include a first capacitor in parallel with the battery. The framework where the local control device can include a processor and memory, where the memory can include instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the local control device to manage power transfer between the energy source and a cumulative load of the modules. The framework can further include a master control device for modules of the energy system communicatively coupled with the local control device. The framework can further include a coupling between the master control device and each local control device of the system. The framework where the master control device can include a processor and a memory communicatively coupled with the processor, where the memory can include instructions that when executed by the processor cause the master control device to coordinate control activity of the energy system with the local control device of each of the modules. The framework where the instruction can further include instructions for determining a contribution for each of the modules to output of the energy system.

In some embodiments, the energy system is configured for operation as a stationary energy system. The framework where the stationary energy system can be one of: a residential storage system; an industrial storage system; a commercial storage system; a governmental storage system; a system that converts solar power, wind, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, or nuclear reactions into electricity for storage; a data center storage system; a grid; a micro-grid; or a charging station.

In some embodiments, the energy system is configured for supplying 3-phase power.

In some embodiments, the arrays include N levels each connected in series.

In some embodiments, the arrangement of cabinets includes the cabinets arranged in a single line having an output coupled to one or more of a load or a power grid.

In some embodiments, the arrangement of cabinets includes the cabinets arranged in lines coupled together to an output for coupling to one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework can further include interface circuitry interposed between the output and the one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework can further include an interface circuitry interposed between each of the lines and the output for the one or more of a load or a power grid. The framework where the interface circuitry can be coupled to both of the load and the power grid. The framework where the interface circuitry can be coupled to the grid only, and load is coupled to the output for the load only. The framework where the interface circuitry can include a first module interposed between the output and the grid only, and a second module interposed between the output and the load only.

In some embodiments, the framework can further include terminal cabinet at a terminus of the arrangement of cabinets, the terminal cabinet including one or more interconnection modules for combining output from each level of the energy system into a multi-phase single output. The framework where the terminal cabinet can include an interconnection module for each phase. The framework where the terminal cabinet can include an interconnection module receiving input for two or more phases.

In some embodiments, the plurality of arrays comprise: a first array including a first plurality of modules configured to generate a first AC power signal having a first phase angle, where each of the first plurality of modules corresponds to a different level of the energy system; a second array including a second plurality of a first array including a second plurality of modules configured to generate a second AC power signal having a second phase angle where each of the second plurality of modules corresponds to a different level of the energy system; and a third array including a third plurality of modules configured to generate a third AC power signal having a third phase angle, where each of the third plurality of modules corresponds to a different level of the energy system. The framework where a first cabinet of the plurality of cabinets can hold a first module of the first plurality of modules, a second module of the second plurality of modules, and a third module of the third plurality of modules, where the first, second, and third modules are of the same level of the energy system. The framework where the plurality of cabinets can be configured such that a first row of the plurality of cabinets holds modules only from the first array, a second row of the plurality of cabinets holds modules only from the second array, and a third row of the plurality of cabinets holds modules only from the third array. The framework where the plurality of cabinets can be configured such that no two cabinets hold modules from the same level of the energy system. The framework where the first cabinet of the plurality of cabinets can hold a fourth module of the first plurality of modules, a fifth module of the second plurality of modules, and a sixth module of the third plurality of modules, where the fourth, fifth, and sixth modules are of the same level of the energy system, which is different from the level of the first, second, and third modules. The framework where the first plurality of modules can be located on a first row and a second row of the plurality of cabinets, the second plurality of modules are located on a third row and a fourth row of the plurality of cabinets, and the third plurality of modules are located on a fifth row and a sixth row of the plurality of cabinets. The framework where the modules can be arranged in each cabinet such that the modules alternate between levels.

In many embodiments, a method for assembling an energy system including modules arranged in levels, where a different module of each level services a different phase of the system is provided, the method including: assembling modules belonging to a different level of the energy system in each of a set of cabinets along an axis orthogonal to a reference plane such that the modules are aligned along the axis and a module for each phase is located a distance defined for modules of its phase from the reference plane; and arranging the set of cabinets so each is adjacent to another and equidistant from the reference plane.

A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the a “module” as that term is used herein, refers to a device or a sub-system within a larger system, and that system does not have to be configured to permit each individual module to be physically removable and replaceable with respect to the other modules. For example, a system may be packaged in a common housing that does not permit removal and replacement any one module, without disassembly of the system as a whole. However, any and all embodiments herein can be configured such that each module is removable and replaceable with respect to the other modules in a convenient fashion, such as without disassembly of the system.

The term “master control device” is used herein in a broad sense and does not require implementation of any specific protocol such as a master and slave relationship with any other device, such as the local control device.

The term “output” is used herein in a broad sense, and does not preclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an output and an input. Similarly, the term “input” is used herein in a broad sense, and does not preclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an input and an output.

The terms “terminal” and “port” are used herein in a broad sense, can be either unidirectional or bidirectional, can be an input or an output, and do not require a specific physical or mechanical structure, such as a female or male configuration.

The term “framework” refers to a group of cabinets, racks, and/or equivalent structures for holding electronic components fixed to a reference plane of a larger structure (e.g., to a floor of a building or vessel), organized into an assembly or arrangement wherein modules are interconnected across different cabinets, racks, or equivalent structures of the framework.

Different reference number notations are used herein. These notations are used to facilitate the description of the present subject matter and do not limit the scope of that subject matter. Generally, a genus of elements is referred to with a number, e.g., “123”, and a subgenus thereof is referred to with a letter appended to the number, e.g.,123A or123B. References to the genus without the letter appendix (e.g.,123) refers to the genus as a whole, inclusive of all subgenuses. Some figures show multiple instances of the same element. Those elements may be appended with a number or a letter in a “−X” format, e.g.,123-1,123-2, or123-PA. This −X format does not imply that the elements must be configured identically in each instance, but is rather used to facilitate differentiation when referencing the elements in the figures. Reference to the genus123without the −X appendix broadly refers to all instances of the element within the genus.

Various aspects of the present subject matter are set forth below, in review of, and/or in supplementation to, the embodiments described thus far, with the emphasis here being on the interrelation and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, an emphasis is on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with each and every other feature unless explicitly stated otherwise or logically implausible.

In many of the aforementioned embodiments, the module-based energy system is configured for operation as a stationary energy system. In many of these embodiments, the stationary energy system is one of: a residential system, an industrial system, a commercial system, a data center storage system, a grid, a micro-grid, or a charging station.

Processing circuitry can include one or more processors, microprocessors, controllers, and/or microcontrollers, each of which can be a discrete or stand-alone chip or distributed amongst (and a portion of) a number of different chips. Any type of processing circuitry can be implemented, such as, but not limited to, personal computing architectures (e.g., such as used in desktop PC's, laptops, tablets, etc.), programmable gate array architectures, proprietary architectures, custom architectures, and others. Processing circuitry can include a digital signal processor, which can be implemented in hardware and/or software. Processing circuitry can execute software instructions stored on memory that cause processing circuitry to take a host of different actions and control other components.

Processing circuitry can also perform other software and/or hardware routines. For example, processing circuitry can interface with communication circuitry and perform analog-to-digital conversions, encoding and decoding, other digital signal processing, multimedia functions, conversion of data into a format (e.g., in-phase and quadrature) suitable for provision to communication circuitry, and/or can cause communication circuitry to transmit the data (wired or wirelessly).

Any and all signals described herein can be communicated wirelessly except where noted or logically implausible. Communication circuitry can be included for wireless communication. The communication circuitry can be implemented as one or more chips and/or components (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transceiver, and/or other communication circuitry) that perform wireless communications over links under the appropriate protocol (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication (NFC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), proprietary protocols, and others). One or more other antennas can be included with communication circuitry as needed to operate with the various protocols and circuits. In some embodiments, communication circuitry can share antenna for transmission over links. Processing circuitry can also interface with communication circuitry to perform the reverse functions necessary to receive a wireless transmission and convert it into digital data, voice, and/or video. RF communication circuitry can include a transmitter and a receiver (e.g., integrated as a transceiver) and associated encoder logic.

Processing circuitry can also be adapted to execute the operating system and any software applications, and perform those other functions not related to the processing of communications transmitted and received.

Computer program instructions for carrying out operations in accordance with the described subject matter may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, JavaScript, Smalltalk, C++, C#, Transact-SQL, XML, PHP or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages.

Memory, storage, and/or computer readable media can be shared by one or more of the various functional units present, or can be distributed amongst two or more of them (e.g., as separate memories present within different chips). Memory can also reside in a separate chip of its own.

To the extent the embodiments disclosed herein include or operate in association with memory, storage, and/or computer readable media, then that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media are non-transitory. Accordingly, to the extent that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media are covered by one or more claims, then that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media is only non-transitory. The terms “non-transitory” and “tangible” as used herein, are intended to describe memory, storage, and/or computer readable media excluding propagating electromagnetic signals, but are not intended to limit the type of memory, storage, and/or computer readable media in terms of the persistency of storage or otherwise. For example, “non-transitory” and/or “tangible” memory, storage, and/or computer readable media encompasses volatile and non-volatile media such as random access media (e.g., RAM, SRAM, DRAM, FRAM, etc.), read-only media (e.g., ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash, etc.) and combinations thereof (e.g., hybrid RAM and ROM, NVRAM, etc.) and variants thereof.