Piezoelectrically tuned short cavity dye laser

A picosecond short cavity dye laser utilizes a piezoelectric translator to vary the length of the optical cavity in the laser to allow continuous tuning of the output wavelength. The laser includes a pair of closely spaced generally flat mirrors forming an optical cavity. A laser dye solution is inserted into the cavity. The short cavity laser is pumped by pulses from another laser to produce picosecond output pulses. The piezoelectric translator, which is attached to one of the mirrors, moves the mirror to tune the laser as an applied DC voltage is varied. The piezoelectric tuning of the dye laser allows the laser to operate in a tunable single axial mode.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to short-cavity picosecond dye lasers and 
specifically to the tuning thereof. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
A laser usually consists of a volume filled with a light amplifying medium 
(gas, liquid, or solid) surrounded by a pair of parallel mirrors which 
cause the light to be repeatedly reflected through the amplifier. The two 
mirrors and the space between them are referred to as an optical cavity 
and the light trapped between them oscillates in the form of standing 
waves at frequencies, f.sub.N =Nc/2nd where c is the speed of light, n is 
the refractive index of the material between the mirrors, d is the 
distance between the mirrors and N is an integer. 
Usually the amplifying medium is capable of amplifying a certain range of 
light frequencies called the "gain bandwidth", .DELTA.F, within which 
there may be several oscillating cavity frequencies, f.sub.N. Each of 
these oscillating frequencies is called a laser mode, and when more than 
one of these modes is oscillating and being emitted by the laser it is 
said to be in "multi-mode oscillation". 
Short cavity dye lasers (SCDL) are known in the art and have been described 
by us in several articles: "Tunable Blue Picosecond Pulses From A Dye 
Laser," Applied Physics Letters 31, 389-391 (1977); "A Tunable Dye Laser 
In The 400-500 nm Range for Picosecond Spectroscopy," Proceedings of the 
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 113, 25-34 (1977); 
"Short-Cavity Picosecond Dye Laser Design, Applied Optics 18, 532-535 
(1979). FIG. 2 of the last article, a cross-section of a prior art SCDL, 
is presented herein as FIG. 1 for purposes of describing the basic 
operation of a SCDL. 
Briefly, as shown in FIG. 1, the short cavity dye laser comprises a pair of 
mirrors 146 and 148 separated by a fraction of a millimeter, with the 
space between completely filled with a liquid organic dye solution 168 
which serves as the light amplifying medium. Since the frequency 
separation of adjacent cavity mode frequencies is .DELTA.f=c/2nd, a short 
cavity length, d, results in a large mode spacing .DELTA.f. When .DELTA.f 
is greater than the gain bandwidth .DELTA.F, only a single cavity mode 
frequency is amplified and the laser is said to be in "single mode 
oscillation". 
The laser is excited (pumped) by a short duration light pulse (6 to 300 ps) 
from another laser (e.g., Nd: glass, Nd: YAG, nitrogen) which is focused 
into the dye through one of the mirrors 146. The extremely short cavity 
length has a second benefit; it causes the dye laser to emit a light pulse 
which is of shorter duration than the pumping pulse. For example, when the 
SCDL is pumped with a 20 ps pulse, it emits a pulse of about 8 ps. Thus 
the laser is a picosecond (10.sup.-12 seconds) short cavity dye laser. 
When the cavity length is varied slightly, the output frequency of the SCDL 
is also varied. This variation of output frequency (i.e., variable color) 
is referred to as "tuning" the laser. 
In FIG. 1, the cavity length is adjusted by three micrometers 126, only one 
of which 126a is shown. The micrometers 126 bear against ball bearings 154 
mounted in a support ring 130 supporting the output mirror 148. The input 
mirror 146 is mounted to another support ring 128 rigidly attached to the 
SCDL frame 124 by three rods 144, only one of which 144a is shown. An 
O-ring 150 is mounted between the support rings and surrounds the edge of 
the mirrors. The micrometers 126 push the output mirror-ring assembly 
148-130 against the input mirror-ring assembly 146-128. By adjusting the 
micrometers 126, the amount of O-ring compression and thus the optical 
cavity-dye cell length may be varied. The O-ring 150 serves to seal the 
sides of the dye cell and acts as a preloaded spring against which the 
micrometers press. 
Accurate cavity adjustment is difficult to achieve and maintain with the 
manually adjusted prior art SCDLs. As a result, it has been difficult to 
accurately tune the SCDL and to maintain tuning once achieved. As an 
additional result, it has been difficult to produce a rugged and reliable 
SCDL. It has also been difficult to manually tune a SCDL in "single mode 
oscillation" (single frequency or color) with the mode of operation found 
in prior art SCDLs. 
Accordingly, it is the principal object of the present invention to 
accurately tune a SCDL and to maintain such accurate tuning. 
It is an additonal object of this invention to allow extremely short cavity 
lengths in a SCDL. 
It is a further object of this invention to achieve single mode oscillation 
in a SCDL. 
Yet another object of this invention is to ruggedize a SCDL. 
A further object of this invention is to continuously tune a SCDL within 
the lasing bandwidth of a typical dye gain curve. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention, in a broad aspect, provides a short cavity dye laser 
having an electrically tuned optical cavity. More specifically, the 
invention provides a piezoelectric-translator tuned picosecond short 
cavity dye laser (PZT-SCL). The PZT-SCL includes two flat mirrors held 
parallel. One of the mirrors is mounted on a hollow cylindrical 
piezoelectric translator which can vary the separation of the mirrors as a 
DC voltage is applied to the device. The volume between the mirrors is 
completely filled with an organic dye solution which serves as the 
amplifying medium for the laser. When a short duration (e.g., 20 
picosecond) pulse from another laser (e.g., Nd.sup.+3 :YAG, Nd.sup.+3 : 
Glass, N.sub.2 -TEA lasers) is focused into the dye through one of the 
PZT-SCL mirrors, the PTZ-SCL is energized and emits its own laser pulse 
out through the other mirror. 
This pulse has very important technical characteristics. First, it is 
shorter in duration than the original exiting pulse (e.g., for 20 ps 
excitation the PZT-SCL produces about an 8 ps pulse of its own). Second, 
the pulse is spectrally narrow (i.e., nearly monochromatic), as a typical 
wavelength spread would be less than 1 angstrom. This combination of pulse 
duration and spectral width is very nearly as good as is physically 
possible (as defined by the Fourier transform limit). Third, the narrow 
spectrum can be varied over a few hundred angstroms for a given dye by 
merely adjusting a DC bias voltage applied to the PZT. Fourth, the mirrors 
and dye can be easily changed and, with the appropriate excitation laser, 
the PZT-SCL can operate throughout the visible and into the near uv and 
I.R. regions of the spectrum. Fifth, the output wavelength of the PZT-SCL 
pulse can be frequency-stabilized over long periods of time by a feedback 
voltage to the PZT. Finally, the laser is quite small and rugged and can 
easily be integrated into the complex experimental arrangement common in 
modern laser spectroscopy. 
Other objects, features and advantages will become apparent from a 
consideration of the following detailed description and accompanying 
drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
The prior art short cavity dye lasers, as reflected in FIG. 1, have 
provided optical cavity lengths in the range of approximately 10 to 50 
.mu.m. Extremely short cavity lengths have resulted in cavity photon 
lifetimes on the order of a picosecond and account for the short pulses 
that these lasers generate. When pumped by the second or third harmonic of 
a modelocked Nd.sup.+3 : glass laser, short cavity dye lasers have 
produced pulses as short as 2 ps in the red (second harmonic pump) and 
blue (third harmonic pump) region of the spectrum. Output pulse spectra 
typically have included from several to 20 axial modes, separated by the 
free spectral range of the dye laser, extending over the gain bandwidth of 
the dye. 
The novel short cavity dye laser discussed hereinbelow incorporates a 
piezoelectric translator that can electrically control the cavity length, 
as well as a modified optical cavity, to permit operation at cavity 
lengths less than 10 .mu.m. These two novel changes in short cavity dye 
laser design produce a laser output that can be limited to a single axial 
mode which can be electrically tuned continuously over the entire gain 
bandwidth of the dye. Electrically-tuned, multimode operation of this 
laser is also possible. This new laser can be pumped by subnanosecond 
pulses from a wide variety of lasers such as harmonics of the modelocked 
Nd.sup.+3 : glass laser, Nd.sup.+3 : YAG laser, Ar.sup.+ ion laser, 
N.sub.2 laser, and others. 
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the 
piezoelectric translator tuned short cavity dye laser (PZT-SCL) 10 
according to the present invention. The laser 10 includes a base 12 having 
a plurality of threaded vertical supports 14a, b, c, d, each having 
positioned thereon a plurality of nuts 16 to hold a pair of clamps 18 and 
20 rigidly to the base 12. The first and second clamps 18 and 20 rigidly 
attach first and second rings 22 and 24, respectively, to the base 12. 
Between the two rings 22 and 24 are a plurality of support rods 44a, b, c 
which are attached to the rings 22 and 24 by a plurality of screws 58 and 
56, respectively. All of these components form a rigid frame which support 
an optical cavity and the means for accurately adjusting that cavity. 
The optical cavity is shown in more detail in FIGS. 4 and 5. The optical 
cavity is formed by two closely spaced mirrors 46 and 48 attached to a 
pair of mirror supports 28 and 30, respectively. As shown in FIG. 5, laser 
light from the pump laser is passed into the leftmost, or input, mirror 
46, passes through a dye 68 between the two mirrors to produce laser light 
out of the rightmost or output mirror 38. The dye solution 68 is 
introduced into the optical cavity through a dye inlet 32 in the output 
mirror support 30 and exits the optical cavity from a dye outlet 34, also 
in the output mirror support 30. Dye inlet and outlet tubes 36 and 38, 
connected respectively to the dye inlet and output ports 32 and 34, allow 
dye to be continuously pumped through the optical cavity, as might be 
required for high repetition rate operation. The dye inlet port 32 is 
beneath the dye outlet port 34 to allow the dye to be introduced beneath 
the optical cavity and flow up through the cavity to eliminate bubbles in 
the dye. 
Assembly and roughly parallel alignment of the input and output mirror 
mounting rings 28 and 30 is facilitated by a plurality of pins 52, two of 
which 52a and 52b are shown in FIG. 5. 
Both the input and output mirrors 46 and 48 are thick fused quartz 
substrates. In a prototype of the invention, the substances were flat to 
.lambda./20 with nonreflective outer surfaces wedged by 30 minutes of arc 
and AR coated for the visible. The input mirror 46 had a first surface 46a 
with an antireflective coating, and a second surface 46b with a dichroic 
coating which transmitted greater than approximately 35% of the wavelength 
of the pump laser and reflected greater than 98% of the dye emission. The 
output mirror 48 has a first surface 48a coated to reflect greater than 
90% of the spectral output of the laser, and a second surface 48b with the 
AR coating. 
The prototype PZT-SCL was pumped by a single, second harmonic pulse from a 
modelocked Nd.sup.+3 : glass laser at 533 nm and it produced picosecond 
pulses in the range of 580 to 645 nm using red dyes. The dichroic input 
mirror 46 thus transmitted approximately 85% of the 533 nm pump and 
reflected greater than 98% of the red dye emission. The output mirror 48 
reflected approximately 90% between 590 and 670 nm. The increase of the 
output mirror 48 reflectivity to 90% allowed lasing to be achieved at 
cavity lengths below 5 .mu.m. The advantage of operating at such extremely 
short cavity lengths was that single axial mode operation was achieved. 
Prior art short cavity laser designs utilized output mirrors with 
reflectivities of 40% to 60%. With a 60% output mirror, a cavity length 
below 50 .mu.m reduces lasing efficiency and lasing at cavity lengths less 
than 10 .mu.m was marginal or impossible with the prior art lasers. It 
should be understood, however, that the reflectivities for the mirrors 
used in the prototype are not the only ones which will produce the desired 
result. Other reflectivities, within limits, will work equally well, if 
not better. For example, the novel PZT-SCL of the present invention may 
have a greater efficiency or narrower modewidth if a slightly higher (or 
lower) output mirror reflectivity is used. Furthermore, a PZT tuned SCL 
could be pumped through the same mirror through which the output pulse 
comes. Such a variation would not necessarily make the laser better, but 
it would be slightly different. 
In accordance with the present invention, the position of the input mirror 
46 is precisely adjusted by means of a piezoelectric translator 42. The 
piezoelectric translator 42 is electrically connected to a variable source 
of DC voltage 70 as known in the art. The piezoelectric translator is also 
of a type known in the art, and in a prototype of the present invention, 
was Model 2.838 made by Lansing Company. One end of the piezoelectric 
translator 42 is attached to a flange 64, which is in turn attached by 
screws 66 to the inlet mirror mounting ring 28. The piezoelectric 
translator 42 is cylindrical and hollow and is attached by screws 62 to a 
ring 60. Ring 60 is also attached to the first or inlet ring 22 by screws 
40. The piezoelectric translator 42 is thus maintained in coaxial 
alignment with the input mirror 46. Adjusting the output voltage of the DC 
power suppy 70 causes the piezoelectric translator 42 to change in length 
in order to precisely move the input mirror 46 and thereby precisely 
adjust the length of the optical cavity formed between the mirrors. The 
hollow and cylindrical piezoelectric translator also allows completely 
free access to the input mirror for axial pumping. The output wavelength 
of the PZT-SCL pulse can also be frequency-stabilized over long periods of 
time by electrical feedback means as known in the art. Such feedback means 
would apply a feedback voltage to the PZT in response to unwanted changes 
in the spacing of the mirrors 46 and 48 to correct such changes. The 
feedback means would sense the spacing of the optical cavity mirrors 46, 
48 either by mechanical means (e.g., a transducer) or optical means (i.e., 
monitoring the PZT-SCL output wavelength). The feedback means would be 
coupled to circuit means which would vary the voltage applied to the PZT 
42 in response to the changes in the mirror spacing. 
The o-ring 50, which corresponds the optical cavity and seals the dye 
within the cavity, acts as a preloaded spring holding the mirrors 46 and 
48 apart. The force of the piezoelectric translator 42 is thus against the 
o-ring 50. Changing the length of the piezoelectric translator 42 changes 
the amount of compression of the o-ring and thus the length of the optical 
cavity is varied. 
Three precision micrometers 26 are mounted in the second or output ring 24 
and bear against the outlet mirror mount ring 30 by means of ball bearings 
54. The micrometers generally have flat tips and the ball bearings 54 are 
embedded to approximately one-half their diameter in the outlet mirror 
mount 30. The micrometers 26 are used to bring the two mirrors 46 and 48 
into parallel alignment during the assembly of the laser 10 and are also 
used to coarsely adjust the operating length of the cavity from 
approximately 200 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, to an accuracy of plus or minus 2 
.mu.m. In this manner, the rough operating length and parallel alignment 
are first obtained by using the micrometers 26a, 26b and 26c acting on the 
output mirror 48. The input mirror 46 is then translated using the 
piezoelectric translator 42 to precisely adjust the cavity length. The 
piezoelectric translator 42 control of the cavity length thus allows for 
continuous electrical tuning of the axial cavity mode. 
In experiments performed with a PZT-SCL according to the present invention, 
excellent results have been obtained. In these experiments, the pump laser 
was the Nd.sup.+3 : glass laser which was passively modelocked with 
Eastman 9860 saturable dye. A green pulse was focused into the optical 
cavity of the PZT-SCL axially through the dichroic input mirror 28, with 
the dye concentration being adjusted to yield an absorbance of greater 
than one at 533 nm for the chosen cavity length so that most of the pump 
beam was absorbed by the dye solution. The PZT-SCL was operated using 
rhodamine 6G in an ethanol: water solution, rhodamine B in ethanol, and 
rhodamine 640 in ethanol, all lasing in the red. These dyes yielded tuning 
ranges of 583-617 nm for rhodamine 6G, 590-630 nm for rhodamine B, and 
605-645 nm for rhodamine 640. 
The free spectral range of the PZT-SCL is given by the expression: 
EQU .DELTA..lambda.=(.lambda..sup.2 /2nd) 
in which, .lambda. is the average wavelength within .DELTA..lambda., n is 
the index of refraction of the dye solution, and d is the cavity length. 
At a cavity length of 5 .mu.m and an average wavelength of 600 nm, the 
free spectral range was 26 nm, which allowed no more than two axial modes 
to lase within the gain bandwidth, of these dyes. The spectrum of the 
PZT-SCL's output at 5 .mu.m cavity length was just one or two axial modes, 
each with a spectral linewidth that ranged from approximately 15 angstroms 
in single mode to 3 angstroms in multimode. In other experiments with the 
PZT-SCL, single mode linewidths as narrow as 0.7 angstroms have been 
observed. Usually, only a single mode oscillated at cavity lengths below 5 
.mu.m. 
The wavelength of the axial modes were continuously tuned by varying the DC 
voltage applied to the piezoelectric translator 42. FIG. 6 is a graph of 
the wavelength of the PZT-SCL output versus the tuning voltage produced by 
the voltage supply 70. 
The PZT-SCL according to the present invention is designed with 
interchangeable mirror sets so that any known laser dye can also be used 
when pumped by a suitable subnanosecond laser pulse. For example, this has 
allowed blue mirrors to be operated in the range of 400 nm to 460 nm, 
while the blue-green mirrors were operated between 460 and 530 nm. 
Experimentation with the PZT-SCL according to the present invention 
indicates that the laser can be operated at cavity lengths below 5 .mu.m 
producing single oscillating modes and that these modes can be 
continuously electrically tuned within the gain bandwidth of a given dye. 
Accordingly, the PZT-SCL is a useful source of tunable picosecond pulses 
for spectroscopic experiments. 
The unique laser according to the present invention is the first single 
mode (single frequency or color) short cavity laser. Moreover, the PZT-SCL 
is the first piezoelectrically tuned short cavity laser. Furthermore, the 
general design of the PZT-SCL results in a very rugged and reliable laser 
which may be built in a very small and convenient package on a base plate 
of generally under 50 square inches. 
In the foregoing description of the present invention, a preferred 
embodiment of the invention has been disclosed. It is to be understood 
that other mechanical and design variations are within the scope of the 
present invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to the 
particular arrangement which has been illustrated and described in detail 
herein.