Animal feeding apparatus

A method and apparatus for providing special food to a selected plurality of animals in a herd which includes providing a distinguishing device on each of said selected plurality of the animals, and providing a supply of foodstuff in an enclosure having a movable barrier which in a position of rest prevents access to that foodstuff supply and is locked in the rest position by a releaseable lock device. The device is so controlled that the barrier is released for animal access to the food only in response to the proximity of any one of the distinguishing devices, so that all of the selected plurality of animals, and only those selected plurality of animals, have access to the supply of foodstuff. A battery powered low electrical consumption control circuit is provided.

The invention provides a method of providing special food to a selected 
plurality of animals in a herd which method includes the steps of: 
providing a distinguishing device on each of said selected plurality of 
animals in said herd of animals; presenting to said herd, a supply of 
foodstuff in an enclosure giving restricted access, whereby only one of 
said animals at a time can eat from said enclosure; providing a movable 
barrier which in a position of rest prevents access to said foodstuff 
supply in said enclosure; locking said barrier in said position of rest by 
a releaseable locking means, and controlling said releaseable locking 
means so that said barrier is released in response to the proximity of any 
one of said distinguishing devices, whereby all said selected plurality of 
animals, and only said selected plurality of animals have access to said 
supply of foodstuff. 
The invention also provides apparatus for carrying out the method, which 
apparatus comprises a food container having a movable barrier biased in a 
closed position, but capable of opening movement when pushed by the head 
of an animal away from said closed position to give access to feed in the 
container; releaseable locking means normally locking said barrier in said 
closed position; battery operated electrical release means for releasing 
said locking means, and electrical control circuit for controlling said 
release means, said control circuit including a proximity switch adapted 
to be operated by a distinguishing device carried by an animal, and so 
arranged that current is only drawn from said battery between the time 
when said proximity switch is operated and the time when said barrier is 
moved away from said closed position. 
In animal husbandry, it is sometimes desirable to ensure that certain 
foodstuff is available to only selected animals, and that it is 
continually so available, without supervision at any rate throughout 
certain periods of time. Thus, on a dairy farm, for example, if the 
prepared feed is available only to the high yield cows (e.g. cows within 
say 100 days after calving) one thereby ensures that the best use is made 
of the feed, because the low yield cows are able to subsist on vegetation, 
but the high yield cows need the extra nutrition provided by the prepared 
feed, if they are to produce the maximum good quality milk. Furthermore, 
if the herd receives all its prepared feed at the usual milking time, it 
is not possible to obtain as good a yield, as is the case if the feed is 
available in the so-called ad lib fashion at all times. 
One form of feeding appliance which is intended to provide efficient 
feeding of an animal herd includes an auger adapted to deliver prepared 
feed to a feeding position where it is accessible to the beasts, the auger 
being controlled by a proximity switch adapted to detect the presence of 
an animal carrying a distinguishing device (e.g. a metal chain). Hence 
only those animals which have been fitted with the distinguishing device 
can obtain feed from the appliance, and they can receive the feed ad lib, 
whenever they approach close enough to the appliance, to operate the 
auger. 
There are at least three important disadvantages of the auger type ad lib 
feeding appliance, which the present invention seeks to avoid. In the 
first place, since the auger type feed includes an electric motor, driving 
the auger through gearing, and the auger itself has to be mounted in 
journal and thrust bearings, it will be appreciated that the cost of the 
appliance is considerable, and it is necessary to provide electrical 
cabling to the appliance. Furthermore, each time the auger type appliance 
is operated by proximity of an animal, power is consumed, and this adds to 
the cost of running the installation. Perhaps even more important however 
is the fact that most animals are easily frightened by the noise of the 
electric motor and the driving mechanism for the auger, and sometimes the 
animals do not take the feed for this reason. 
In the Specification of United Kingdom Pat. No. 1,187,383, there is 
described an animal husbandry arrangement, which is principally intended 
to be used for the experimental feeding of animals penned in a group, 
comprising a plurality of barrier means, electronic oscillator means 
associated with each said barrier means, each said oscillator means being 
tuned to oscillate to provide an electromagnetic field cyclically 
fluctuating at a given frequency different from those of the fields 
provided by the other oscillator means, each said oscillator means being 
arranged to cause actuation of said barrier means whenever its oscillation 
is damped sufficiently, and passive resonance means to be carried by each 
animal as an identification means, each said passive resonance means being 
tuned to resonate at one of said given frequencies, so that when an amimal 
approaches a said barrier means, the animal's identification means may 
damp the oscillation of the associated oscillator means but will only damp 
the oscillation sufficiently to actuate the barrier means approached if 
that oscillator means is tuned to the same frequency of oscillation as 
that of resonance of the animal's identification means. 
The arrangement disclosed in Specification No. 1,187,383 is intended to be 
used to provide different foodstuffs to each of the animals of the herd as 
would be required in experimental farming. It is the object of the present 
invention to provide a method of feeding livestock and an animal feeding 
appliance for use in this method, which is of use in ordinary commercial 
farming. 
According to this invention the method of feeding includes the step of 
providing a battery operated electrical control arrangement for the 
releaseable locking means, which arrangement draws current from the 
battery only between the time one of the selected plurality of animals 
approaches close enough to the enclosure for its distinguishing device to 
actuate an electrical signal in the electrical control arrangement, and 
the time when the animal moves the barrier away from the position of rest. 
It is of advantage to be able to operate the appliance from an electric 
battery, as this avoids the necessity for cabling and permits the 
appliance to be sited remote from buildings (i.e. in a field or prairie). 
Battery operation is mentioned in United Kingdom Specification No. 
1,187,383, but the arrangement described therein places a continuous load 
on the battery in driving the oscillator, and thus the battery will need 
frequent recharging. Moreover when the battery is discharged so that it 
can no longer operate the solenoid, the marked animals receive no special 
feed, and if this happens frequently part of the advantage of selective 
feeding is lost. 
According to the invention an animal feeding appliance for carrying out the 
method of feeding previously referred to, comprises a food container 
having a movable barrier biased into a closed position, but capable of 
opening movement when pushed by the head of an animal away from the closed 
position to give access to feed in the container there being releaseable 
locking means normally locking the barrier in the closed position, battery 
operated electrical release means for releasing the locking means, and an 
electrical control circuit for controlling the release means, the control 
circuit including a distinguishing switch adapted to be operated by a 
distinguishing device carried by an animal, and arranged when so operated 
to operate said electrical release means, said electrical control circuit 
further including a battery protection switch arranged so that it only 
allows current to be drawn from the battery between the instant when the 
distinguishing switch is operated and the time when the barrier is moved 
away from its closed position, out of engagement with said locking means. 
As compared with the auger type appliance previously referred to, the 
appliance in accordance with the invention has no power driven parts, nor 
does it require the use of a relatively expensive auger and bearing 
arrangement, nor does it consume power. Furthermore, the appliance in 
accordance with the invention is practically silent in operation, and only 
the movement which takes place is that which is brought about by the 
animal itself, so that the animal is unlikely to be frightened by the 
appliance. As compared with the appliance described in United Kingdom 
Specification No. 1,187,383, there is the advantage that current is only 
drawn from the battery for very short periods, so that the battery will 
keep the appliance functioning for a long time between recharges or 
battery replacement. 
Preferably the electrical release means comprises. It is also preferred 
that the distinguishing switch is adapted to be operated by a metallic 
distinguishing device, such as, for example, a chain. 
In the preferred construction the barrier takes the form of a door or gate, 
hinged about a horizontal axis and loaded by gravity into the closed 
position. Preferably the barrier is of such dimensions and is so located 
in the container, that only one animal at a time is able to gain access to 
feed in the container. It is further preferred that the locking means 
comprises a movable element mounted for movement on a stationary part of 
the appliance, and the entire control circuit is mounted on stationary 
parts of the appliance. 
According to another preferred feature of the invention the locking means 
comprises a blocking member movable between a locking position where it 
obstructs movement of the barrier away from the closed position, and a 
release position where it permits movement of the barrier away from the 
closed position, there being a movable latch on the barrier which engages 
with the blocking member when the latter is in the locking position and 
the barrier attempts to move away from the closed position, the 
arrangement of the latch being such that it is able to move with the 
barrier away from the closed position when the blocking member is in the 
release position, and that it is able to trip past the blocking member 
when the latter is in the locking position and the barrier is returning to 
the closed position, so that the barrier can return to the closed position 
even though the blocking member has returned to the locking position. 
Further it is preferred that the blocking member comprises a bar slidable 
axially, and formed with one or more cut outs, there being a part or parts 
on the barrier which in the locking position of the bar engage with the 
bar to prevent opening of the barrier, but which in the release position 
of the bar can pass through the cut out(s) whereby the barrier is 
permitted to open. 
According to yet another preferred feature of the invention the bar opening 
is spring loaded into the locking position. It is further preferred that 
the appliance is formed with a recess in the vicinity of the proximity 
switch for locating a chain or like flexible distinguishing device 
attached to the neck of an animal. It is still further preferred that one 
or more protrusions are provided in the recess to assist in retaining the 
chain or like devices in the recess.

The feeding appliance which is illustrated in the drawings can be referred 
to as an ad lib automatic out of parlour feeder, and will normally be 
positioned where it is freely accessible to a herd of cattle, for example 
in a field or prairie. Basically, the appliance comprises a feed hopper 10 
having its walls manufactured from galvanised steel plate, and of 
generally rectangular horizontal cross-section. As illustrated in FIG. 1, 
there is an inclined chute 12, directed downwardly and rearwardly, and 
extending across the width of the hopper, thus providing a storage space 
14. The storage space is closed at its upper end by a lid 16 and has a 
bottom outlet 18, which is always open, into a feeding area 20. The 
feeding area 20 has a floor 22, on which some of the foodstuff 24 flowing 
down through the outlet 18 rests. The appliance is provided with legs 26. 
A chamber 28 extends across the front upper portion of the appliance, and 
encloses an electric battery 30, and electrical control gear (not shown) 
the purpose of which will appear hereinafter. The feeding area 20 is 
normally protected by a gate 32, and in the preferred construction, the 
gate 32 is quite narrow, so that it is only possible for the head of one 
cow at a time to pass through the space normally closed by the gate to 
gain access to the foodstuff 24 lying on the floor 22, and if the 
appliance is itself considerably wider than the gate, then there are 
outwardly splayed side walls 34 which in effect guide the head of an 
animal towards the centrally located gate 32. 
The gate itself is constructed from welded steel bars, forming a 
rectangular frame 35, and vertical slats 36 (see FIG. 3). Stub axles 38 
are welded to the front of the frame 35 at its upper end, and are 
journalled in brackets 40 projecting from a wall of the hopper 10, so that 
the gate 32 is suspended from the stub axles 38 and is able to swing about 
the axis provided by these stub axles. It will be apparent from FIG. 1, 
that if an animal pushes the gate 32 with its head, the gate will swing 
inwardly and upwardly, until it rests against the chute 12, thereby giving 
the animal free access to any food 24 which is available within the 
feeding space 20. In this respect, the appliance can be regarded as an 
"ad-lib" feeder. 
Now clearly, if no control were provided on the gate 32, it would be 
possible for any animal in the herd to gain access to the foodstuff 24, 
and this would be contrary to the purpose of the appliance, which is to 
ensure that foodstuff is only provided to selected animals of the herd, as 
a means of increasing the productivity of the herd. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, a latch bar 42 extends across the inside lower 
part of the gate 32, and has brackets 44 at its ends, whereby it is 
pivoted on pegs 46 to the end frame members of the gate 32. In the normal 
rest position, the latch bar 42 engages against the lower ends of the end 
vertical members of the frame 35 due to its own gravitational loading, and 
in this position, the latch bar 42 is inclined at approximately 45.degree. 
to the vertical, as appears in FIG. 3. A pair of tongues 48 is welded to 
the underside of the latch bar 42, at spaced apart positions. 
A locking bar 50, which forms the blocking member of the invention, is 
slidable axially in a pair of U-shaped brackets 52, suspended from a fixed 
part of the appliance frame. At each end the locking bar 50 has a short 
cylindrical extension 51 and a compression spring 54 surrounding one of 
these extensions engages between one end of the locking bar 50 and a fixed 
bearing surface 56 inside the appliance, and normally holds the locking 
bar 50 in the locking position as illustrated. In this position, each of 
the tongues 48 on the latch bar is in alignment with an upper part of the 
locking bar 50, and consequently, if an animal attempts to push the gate 
32 inwardly, the tongue 48 will engage with the bar 50, and further inward 
movement of the gate 32 is prevented. Hence, in this position, the locking 
bar 50 effectively locks the gate 32 in the closed position. 
At the opposite end of the locking bar 50 to the spring 54, there is a 
solenoid 58 attached to the locking bar, and arranged so that when it is 
actuated, it pushes the locking bar 50 against the spring 54, into a 
release position, where a pair of notches 60 formed in the locking bar, 
are aligned respectively with the tongues 48 on the latch bar. Thus, 
whenever the solenoid 58 is actuated, it is possible for the gate to swing 
inwardly and upwardly into the open position, because the tongues 48 can 
pass through the notches 60 in the locking bar. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, it will be seen that the floor 22 is provided with 
front skirts 62 and 64, which are inclined inwardly and rearwardly towards 
a central recess 66 which may be two or three inches wide. The recess 66 
is closed by walls depending from the floor 22, and a normally open 
proximity switch 68, which may for example be a reed switch, but which is 
in any case adapted to be closed by the proximity of a metal object, is 
suspended below the floor 22, in a cut-out formed in the rear wall of the 
recess 66, with the operative face of the proximity switch 68 flush with 
the front face of this rear wall. Underneath the proximity switch, a 
retaining bolt 70 is screwed into the rear wall of the recess, and is 
locked by a nut 72, in a position, where it projects by say one to two 
inches from the front face of the rear wall. The proximity switch 68 is 
arranged in series with the battery 30 and the solenoid 58, and the 
arrangement is such, that when the proximity switch is actuated, by the 
presence of a metal object, adjacent to the proximity switch (and in the 
recess 66) it causes energisation of the solenoid, thereby unlocking the 
gate 32. 
A normally open limit switch 74 is mounted on a fixed front wall of the 
appliance, and is held in a closed position by a tab 76, welded to the 
frame 35 of the gate 32 so long as the gate is closed. However, the 
arrangement is such, that immediately the tongues 48 of the latch 42 have 
passed through the notches 60 of the locking bar 50, then the tab 76 will 
have moved so far away from its position of rest, that it will release the 
limit switch 74, and allow the latter to open. The limit switch 74 is 
arranged in the control circuit in series with the battery 30, the reed 
switch 68 and the solenoid 58, and when it is opened, the solenoid 58 is 
de-energised, allowing the bar 50 to move under the influence of the 
spring 54, back into the locking position. This of course will have no 
effect on the continued opening of the gate 32, because by that time, the 
tongues 48 will be out of engagement with the locking bar 50. 
Selected animals in the herd--for example those which have calved within 
the last 100 days--are fitted with a chain hanging below the neck of the 
animal. If an animal without such a chain approaches the feeding 
appliance, the gate 32 will remain in the locked position, and that animal 
will not be able to obtain feed. If on the other hand, any one of the 
selected animals wearing a chain approaches the appliance, then as its 
head pushes forward in an attempt to nudge the gate open, the chain will 
enter the recess 66, and in this position, it will actuate the proximity 
switch 68, thereby releasing the gate 32. That animal can then push the 
gate upwardly and inwardly to gain access to the foodstuff 24 lying on the 
floor 22. 
Even if the animal moves its head from side to side, the chain will 
probably be retained within the recess 66, so that part of the chain will 
cause actuation of the proximity switch 68, and moreover the bolt 70 will 
help to retain the chain within the recess 68. Hence there is unlikely to 
be continual switching of the proximity switch 68 (such switching can have 
a disturbing effect on the animal). 
Whenever the animal withdraws its head from the feeding area 20, the gate 
32 will fall towards the closed position, and when the tongues 48 engage 
with the rear side of the locking bar 50, the latch 42 will turn about its 
pivots 46, to allow the tongues to pass over the locking bar 50. Once the 
latch is on the front side of the locking bar, it falls under gravity into 
its normal position of rest, so that the gate is once more locked. Of 
course, if the animal wishes to open the gate again, it can do so, 
providing it is carrying a chain which will operate the proximity switch. 
It will be appreciated that the power consumption of the appliance is very 
small. This is because the solenoid 58 is only energised for a very short 
period of time, between the time when the switch 68 is closed by the 
arrival of the chain near to that switch and the time when the gate has 
moved sufficiently to open the switch 74, during which time the gate is 
moving past the locking bar 50. Throughout the period that the animal is 
feeding and, of course, when no marked animals approach the appliance, the 
solenoid remains de-energised. 
In a refined form of the invention, instead of the hopper 14 being open 
into the feeding space 20, an automatic measured quantity feeding 
appliance is provided, which is actuated whenever the gate 32 is open, to 
deliver a predetermined quantity of foodstuff into the feeding area 20. 
Such feed mechanisms are known, and may for example, take the form of an 
auger, which is driven by an electric motor, for the purpose of feeding 
the foodstuff into the feeding area. However, it will be appreciated that 
if this kind of automatic feed is utilised, then one has to accept the 
disadvantages of the auger type appliance previously mentioned. The 
appliance can be adapted to operate from a mains electricity supply in 
addition to or as an alternative to the electric battery 30.