Fuel system

An engine fuel supply system includes a fuel pumping unit located outside the fuel tank for pumping fuel from the tank to the engine. The pumping unit includes a motor operated fuel pump positioned in a reservoir that is partitioned to form a lower chamber and an upper chamber. The pump inlet is connected to the lower chamber for pumping fuel into a pressure line leading to the engine. Excess fuel not used by the engine cylinder injectors is returned to the upper chamber for eventual flow into the lower chamber and recycling through the pump. The upper chamber provides the pump with an emergency supply of fuel that can be called upon when the fuel tank is in an empty condition. The upper chamber also acts as a cooling device for cooling heated excess fuel returned from the engine to the pumping unit.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates in general to a fuel pumping unit for pumping 
gasoline or other liquid fuel from a fuel tank to an engine, and 
particularly to such a unit which minimizes the production of fuel vapors 
in a fuel tank. 
2. Description of Prior Developments 
In some engine fuel supply systems, the fuel pump is located in a reservoir 
within the main fuel tank. The reservoir contains a reserve supply of fuel 
that is available to the pump when the tank runs out of fuel, or when the 
fuel in the tank sloshes back and forth so as to be momentarily out of 
contact with the pump inlet. 
The location of the pump and reservoir in the fuel tank can bring about 
some problems. For example, servicing the pump within the tank is 
relatively difficult and time consuming. Also, it is difficult to mount a 
standard fuel pumping unit in a range of differently sized fuel tanks. 
Each installation has to be tailored to fit a particular fuel pumping 
system to a given size fuel tank. 
Fuel supply systems for engines equipped with fuel injectors are designed 
to supply excess quantities of pressurized fuel to the injectors. Fuel not 
used by the injectors is ordinarily returned to the fuel tank for 
assimilation back into the fuel supply. 
During its passage through the fuel injector system, the unused fuel is 
generally heated by contact with heated engine surfaces, so that the fuel 
returned from the engine to the fuel tank is in a heated condition. In 
conventional arrangements, the heated fuel mixes with the fuel in the tank 
thereby raising the temperature level in the tank fuel. This is 
disadvantageous in that the relatively high temperature levels can 
generate excess fuel vapor which poses a potential air pollution problem. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The fuel supply system of the present invention is designed so that heated 
fuel, returned to the system from the engine, is directed to a remote 
reservoir associated with the fuel pump and not to the main fuel tank. 
Additionally, the pump is connected to the reservoir and the tank so that, 
when the reservoir has a sufficient quantity of fuel, the connection 
between the reservoir and pump inlet has a lesser flow resistance than the 
connection between the tank and the pump inlet. 
Under such conditions, the pump takes fuel from the reservoir instead of 
from the main tank. This is advantageous in that the pump is pumping 
heated fuel from the engine and not cool fuel from the tank. The 
production of fuel vapors is reduced so as to avoid potential air 
pollution problems that such vapors might generate, e.g., when the tank is 
opened to add fuel. 
The invention is further directed to an engine fuel supply system wherein 
the fuel pump is located in a reservoir positioned outside and remote from 
the main fuel tank. The reservoir is internally partitioned to form an 
upper chamber and a lower chamber. The pump is located in the upper 
chamber to pump fuel to an external line leading to the engine. Relatively 
hot fuel not used by the engine is returned to the upper chamber of the 
reservoir for storage and recycling through the pump. Hot fuel is not 
returned directly to the fuel tank so that production of fuel vapors 
within the fuel tank is reduced. 
The lower chamber in the reservoir has a connection with the main fuel 
tank, whereby fuel is taken as needed. The lower chamber has a second 
fluid connection with the upper chamber, whereby fuel can flow into the 
lower chamber from either the main tank or the upper chamber. The lower 
chamber is in direct fluid connection with the pump inlet such that all 
fuel supplied to the pump goes through the lower chamber. 
The lower chamber receives fuel from the main fuel tank and also from the 
upper chamber. However, the connections are such that the flow resistance 
of the flow path from the upper chamber to the lower chamber is less than 
the flow resistance of the flow path from the main tank to the lower 
chamber. Therefore, when the upper chamber has a sufficient quantity of 
fuel therein, the lower chamber will take liquid from the upper chamber in 
preference to the main tank. In this manner, the system requires the pump 
to pump relatively hot fuel returned from the engine instead of relative 
cool fuel from the main tank. The operation is such as to reduce the 
generation of fuel vapors associated with the fuel pumping activity. 
The pump uses fuel from the main tank essentially only when there is 
insufficient fuel in the upper chamber, i.e. the pump draws fuel from the 
tank only when the liquid level in the upper chamber drops to a 
predetermined value. The upper chamber in the fuel reservoir acts as a 
container for a reserve supply of fuel, usable by the pump when the main 
tank is empty or when the fuel in the tank is sloshing back and forth, so 
as to deprive the lower chamber of an adequate supply of fuel. The upper 
chamber in the fuel reservoir is connected to the lower chamber by a 
pressure-responsive valve. Additionally, the connection between the tank 
and reservoir includes a control valve that prevents reserve flow of fuel 
back to the tank. 
Under emergency conditions, i.e. when the tank is in a near empty condition 
or when the lower chamber is momentarily deprived of fuel, the control 
valve automatically closes the connection between the tank and lower 
chamber, whereby the pump suction is applied through the lower chamber to 
the pressure-responsive valve. The pressure-responsive valve is thereby 
opened to pass fuel from the upper chamber into the lower chamber so as to 
provide the pump with a source of fuel during the emergency condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
As shown in FIG. 1, an engine fuel system includes a fuel pumping unit 10 
in association with a fuel tank 12 and an engine 14. The engine is 
provided with a system of fuel injectors supplied with pressurized fuel 
from pumping unit 10 via a high pressure line 15. Excess fuel, not used by 
the injectors, is returned to pumping unit 10 via a drain line 17. The 
fuel flowing through line 17 is in a relatively heated condition as a 
result of its passage adjacent the hot engine. The injector control system 
includes a pressure regulator 19 on the engine for maintaining a desired 
pressure at the injector ports. 
Tank 12 is connected to fuel pumping unit 10 via a line 21 extending from 
the lower end of the tank, whereby fuel is supplied to pumping unit 10 by 
gravitational force together with a suction force generated by a motor 
operated pump located in pumping unit 10. 
A fuel vapor line 23 extends from the upper end of pumping unit 10 to an 
elevated connection on tank 12, whereby pressurized fuel vapors 
accumulating in unit 10 are fed to the fuel tank for assimilation with the 
tank fuel. The relatively cool tank liquid will, under most conditions, 
condense the vapors so as to avoid undue pressures in the tank space above 
the fuel level. 
Fuel pumping unit 10 includes a reservoir or liquid housing 25 having a 
horizontal partition 27 therein subdividing the reservoir interior space 
into an upper chamber 29 and a lower chamber 31. A motor operated fuel 
pump 33 is located in upper chamber 29. 
Pump 33 includes a pump housing 35 having a lower end wall 36 that forms a 
liquid inlet 37 communicating with lower chamber 31. The pump housing 
further includes an upper end wall 39 that forms a liquid outlet 40 
communicating with the high pressure line 15. 
An electric motor 41 is mounted within housing 35 for powering a pump 
impeller to move liquid fuel upwardly from lower chamber 31 into high 
pressure line 15. The pump impeller can take the form of a drive gear 43 
in mesh with one or more eccentric gears for pumping liquid fuel through 
an opening 45 into the annular space 47 surrounding motor 41. The fuel is 
transported upwardly through outlet 40. 
Motor 41 is supplied with D.C. electrical power through insulated 
electrical wiring 49 extending downwardly from an electrical connector on 
end wall 39. The pump construction can be a commercially available pump 
structure. 
FIG. 1 is taken with the system in an empty condition, i.e. with no fuel in 
tank 12 or in pumping unit 10. The fuel supply line 21 from tank 12 to 
lower chamber 31 contains a check valve 51 that is in a closed condition 
when tank 12 is in an empty condition, as depicted in FIG. 1. When tank 12 
has liquid fuel therein, the pressure in line 21 will force check valve 51 
to an open condition, as depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3. 
A filler tube 53 has its lower end mounted in partition 27 to provide a 
fluid connection between lower chamber 31 and upper chamber 29. When the 
fuel level in chamber 29 is at or above the upper end of tube 53, fuel can 
flow gravitationally downward through tube 53, i.e. from chamber 29 into 
chamber 31. FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 show fuel levels in chamber 29 that can 
permit downflow of liquid fuel in tube 53. Tube 53 also vents air from 
chamber 31 during fuel filling. 
There is mounted in chamber 31 an annular porous filter 55 formed of a 
porous material, e.g., open celled plastic foam, whereby contaminants in 
the fuel are prevented from reaching the pump inlet 37. In the chamber 
space outside filter 55, which is upstream from the filter, there is 
mounted a pressure-responsive valve 57. Valve 57 is shown as a float valve 
that can be formed out of a closed cell plastic foam material into an 
annular cylinder configuration. The cylindrical float element 59 can be 
slidably mounted on a vertical rod 60 for movement toward or away from a 
port 61 in partition 27. FIGS. 1, 5 and 6 show the float valve in an open 
condition wherein liquid fuel can flow downward from upper chamber 29 into 
lower chamber 31. FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show the float valve in a closed 
condition wherein there is no flow through port 61, assuming no leakage at 
the port-valve interface. 
Float valve 57 constitutes one type of valve construction for the 
pressure-responsive valve between chambers 29 and 31. However, other valve 
constructions can be used. FIG. 7 shows a spring biased poppet valve that 
can be used. In the FIG. 7 valve arrangement, the valve element is moved 
to the open condition by the liquid head in chamber 29. With either valve 
construction, FIG. 1 or FIG. 7, the pump suction exerts a force on the 
liquid in chamber 31 that enables the valve to move to the open position. 
Partition 27 preferably serves as a mounting surface for the 
pressure-responsive valve, filter 55 and filter tube 53 to facilitate 
access to these components when the partition is lifted out of the 
two-piece housing 25. The upper housing element of housing 25 is separable 
from the lower housing element to gain access to the components within 
housing 25. 
The upper wall of housing 25 supports a vertical tube 63 that serves as a 
return tube for conveying excess fuel from drain line 17 into the lower 
portion of chamber 29. The heated excess fuel enters chamber 29 at a point 
proximate to the partition 27, whereby the heated fuel is mixed with any 
liquid fuel in chamber 29 before making contact with the space above the 
chamber 29 liquid. Tube 63 mixes the heated fuel from line 17 with the 
chamber 29 liquid, whereby vapors in the heated fuel tend to be condensed 
to a liquid state. Vapor accumulations in chamber 29 are thereby minimized 
to a certain extent. 
The upper wall of reservoir or housing 25 mounts a small cup-shaped support 
65 for a check valve 67. A relatively small opening 69 is provided in 
support cup 65, whereby pressurized vapors can pass upwardly from chamber 
29 through opening 69 to exert a force on the undersurface of valve 
element 67. With a sufficient force, the valve element will be deflected 
upwardly to an open condition as shown, for example, in FIGS. 3 and 4. 
Valve element 67 is designed to resist liquid flow from chamber 29 into 
vapor line 23 resulting from an increased liquid head in chamber 29 while 
restricting the flow of liquid into line 23. A small port can be formed in 
valve 67 to permit gas flow when the valve is in the closed position. 
Alternately, the check valve can be designed so that in its open position 
only a small flow opening is formed whereby the flow is predominately 
gaseous, with essentially no liquid component. 
The main function of line 23 is to convey pressurized vapors from chamber 
29 to tank 12. Check valve 67 prevents reverse flow in line 23 from the 
tank to chamber 29. Liquid flow in line 23 from chamber 29 to tank 12 is 
not advantageous in that it can clog the line so as to retard or slow the 
flow of pressurized vapor from chamber 29 to tank 12. Some liquid flow in 
line 23, due to condensation or pressure forces, is not a serious obstacle 
to satisfactory performance of the system. 
FIGS. 2 through 6 illustrate various conditions of the system that are 
possible, resulting from different fuel levels in tank 12 and different 
engine operating conditions. 
FIG. 2 shows a condition that can prevail when tank 12 is filled to the 
level designated by numeral 70. Liquid fuel will fill chamber 31 and the 
filler tube 53 to a level below the upper end of tube 53. Check valve 51 
is open, and pressure-responsive valve 57 is closed due to the buoyancy of 
float 59. Under the condition depicted in FIG. 2, the pump 33 will obtain 
fuel solely from tank 12, i.e. through line 21. 
FIG. 3 shows a condition wherein the fuel level in tank 12 is designated by 
numeral 71. The liquid level in reservoir 25 will have the same level 71 
such that filler tube 53 is completely filled. Check valve 51 is designed 
to offer a greater resistance to forward fuel flow than the resistance 
offered by filler tube 53. Consequently, when pump motor 41 is energized, 
the liquid in filler tube 53 will have a less restrictive path for down 
flow into chamber 31 than the liquid in line 21. 
As pump 33 withdraws fuel from the space below inlet 37, new fuel will move 
into chamber 31 predominately from tube 53 rather than from line 21. As 
long as the liquid level in chamber 29 is at or above the upper end of 
tube 53, the tube will be filled so as to provide the primary source of 
fuel for the pump. This is advantageous in that, under certain conditions, 
the fuel in chamber 29 is in a heated condition resulting from the fact 
that excess heated fuel is being returned to chamber 29 through the drain 
line 17. By using fuel in chamber 29 as the fuel source for pump 33, there 
is a lessened possibility of vapor accumulation in the fuel supply system. 
The above description of FIG. 3 presupposes that the engine has been in 
operation for a sufficient time to generate significant flow of heated 
fuel through line 17. At engine start-up, the fuel flowing through line 17 
may not be sufficient to appreciably heat the fuel in chamber 29. In any 
event, when the liquid level in chamber 29 is elevated above the upper end 
of tube 53, the pump will be drawing fuel primarily from upper chamber 29 
via tube 53, rather than from line 21 due to the fact that tube 53 offers 
a lower resistance to flow than check valve 51. On average, the engine 
will be using fuel that is heated to some extent such that vapors 
generated by the fuel in drain line 17 are less likely to accumulate in 
the system. Any vapors that do accumulate in chamber 29 develop a pressure 
that opens check valve 67, whereby the vapors are returned through line 23 
to the tank 12 for condensation by the tank liquid. 
When the liquid level in chamber 29 drops below the upper end of filler 
tube 53, chamber 31 will receive new fuel from line 21 through check valve 
51. Thus, the suction force of pump 33 will be applied to check valve 51, 
whereby the valve is opened to admit new fuel into chamber 31. 
Under some conditions, the liquid level in chamber 29 can be elevated above 
the level in tank 12 as shown, for example, in FIG. 4. As there shown, the 
liquid level in tank 12 is designated by numeral 73 and the liquid level 
in chamber 29 is designated by numeral 75. The difference in liquid level 
is due to the fact that during engine operation excess fuel is continually 
being delivered from the engine through line 17 into chamber 29. Liquid 
can flow downwardly through tube 53 to replenish the fuel supply in 
chamber 31. 
FIG. 5 illustrates a condition wherein the fuel tank is filled to a level 
76 that is above the roof wall of chamber 29. Chamber 29 will be 
completely filled with fuel, as shown in FIG. 5. 
Pressure-responsive valve 57 is designed so that when chamber 29 is 
completely filled the head of liquid in chamber 29 will overcome the 
buoyancy of float 59, whereby valve 57 is opened. Chamber 31 can, in this 
situation, receive fuel through filler tube 53 and also through port 61. 
Check valve 51 will be in a closed condition. 
FIG. 6 illustrates the condition wherein the fuel tank is empty or 
substantially empty such that line 21 is depressurized. The tank fuel 
level is designated by numeral 77 in FIG. 6. The lack of pressure in line 
21 permits the liquid head to close check valve 51 such that, while the 
pump is drawing fuel out of chamber 31, the pump suction force is 
effectively concentrated on the fuel above port 61. The 
pressure-responsive valve 57 is in an open condition even when the liquid 
level in chamber 29 drops below the upper end of filler tube 53. The pump 
can thus operate until chamber 29 is empty. Chamber 29 serves as an 
emergency fuel source to supply the pump with fuel when tank 12 is empty 
or when fuel is sloshing back and forth in tank 12 to such an extent as to 
depressurize line 21. 
The illustrated fuel supply system is believed to offer several advantages 
over conventional systems used previously. Thus, chamber 29 provides an 
emergency fuel supply for the pump when the fuel tank is empty. Also, the 
system provides for return of heated fuel from the engine to chamber 29 
such that, during a significant part of the system operation, the pump is 
drawing heated fuel from chamber 29 rather than cool fluid from tank 12. 
This feature minimizes the formation and accumulation of fuel vapors in 
the system. 
The fuel pumping unit 10 is located outside the fuel tank such that 
servicing and maintenance of the pumping unit is somewhat simplified. 
Also, it becomes possible for a standard pumping unit to be used on 
different size fuel tanks. A given pumping unit can be used with a range 
of different fuel tanks having different heights and configurations. 
Moreover, the heated fuel returned to the pumping unit is isolated from 
the fuel tank thereby preventing the heated return fuel from mixing with 
and heating the tank fuel. This further reduces the production of fuel 
vapors within the fuel tank. 
FIG. 8 shows a variant of the invention wherein check valve 67 (FIG. 1) is 
replaced by a float valve 80 yet performs in essentially the same fashion 
as the FIG. 1 arrangement. 
Float valve 80 includes a cup-shaped support 65 that mounts a vertical 
guide rod 83. An annular buoyant float element 85, formed, for example, of 
a closed cell foam material, is slidable on rod 83 for movement toward or 
away from the flow ports in cup 65. As the liquid level in chamber 29 
rises above the float, the buoyant float moves upwardly to substantially 
close the valve to the flow of liquid into line 23. The float is 
preferably designed so that, in the closed position, pressurized gas can 
flow through the valve. The flat upper surface of the float can have 
limited clearance with respect to the cup 65 surface to facilitate the 
flow of gas through the valve. 
Float valve 81 further includes an inverted, cup-shaped insert 87 mounted 
in partition 27 to support an elongated support rod 89. The insert 87 has 
a number of flow ports surrounding the lower end of rod 89. An annular 
float 91 is affixed to a tube 93 that is slidably mounted on rod 89. In 
operation, as the liquid level in chamber 29 rises to a level designated 
by numeral 95, the float is lifted upwardly so that a flange 97 on the 
lower end of tube 93 moves away from the flow ports in insert 87. Liquid 
can thus flow from chamber 29 downwardly into the lower chamber 31. The 
float valve assembly 81 thus serves the same function as the previously 
described filler tube 53. 
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention 
are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be 
understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may 
be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.