Hydrometallurgical method of producing metallic lead from materials containing oxides, particularly from the active material of accumulators

In a method of producing metallic lead from a material including lead dioxide and/or metallic lead, including a step for dissolving the lead contained in the material and an electrolysis step for the cathodic deposition of the dissolved lead, the dissolving step is carried out with the use of an acid electrolyte in the presence of a redox couple which has a potential between its oxidised and reduced oxidation states such as to reduce the lead dioxide and/or oxidise the lead and which can be regenerated during the step for the electrochemical deposition of the dissolved lead. The method is used, in particular, for the production of lead from the active material of spent accumulators.

The present invention relates to a completely wet hydrometallurgical method 
of producing metallic lead from a material including lead dioxide and/or 
metallic lead, particularly from the active material of spent lead 
accumulators. 
The active material of accumulators, which is normally in the form of a 
paste, is constituted essentially by PbO.sub.2, Pb, PbSO.sub.4 and organic 
additives. 
In methods of recovering the lead, the lead sulphate is normally 
transformed, in a step known as desulphurisation, into a compound 
(PbCO.sub.3, PbO, etc.) which can be dissolved during the subsequent 
steps. 
The desulphurised pastes are attacked by an acid solution to remove all the 
soluble Pb. 
Currently all the known methods desulphurise the active material of spent 
batteries by reacting it with carbonates or hydroxides; the sulphate is 
changed into a soluble form [Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 
] and removed from the pastes. 
The carbonated pastes may be treated by a thermal process at fairly low 
temperatures (800.degree.-900.degree. C.) and produce less emissions than 
untreated pastes because of the absence of oxides of sulphur. 
Nevertheless, the heat process is still highly polluting and the management 
of the by-products is difficult. 
Alternatives to the pyrometallurgical method are constituted by 
electrochemical methods of extracting the Pb. 
These methods dissolve the Pb compounds in suitable solutions which, when 
subjected to electrolysis, deposit the Pb on the cathode in the pure 
metallic form; because this operation takes place in aqueous solution, 
there are no problems with fumes or dust and the environmental impact is 
therefore considerably less. 
The main problem in treating the pastes by hydrometallurgical methods is 
constituted by the PbO.sub.2 in the active material of the battery. 
In fact PbO.sub.2 is very resistant to attack by the acids normally used in 
these methods. 
Many methods have been proposed for making the PbO.sub.2 soluble and these 
are hereinafter given in chronological order: 
C. E. Tucker in U.S. Pat. No. 1,148,062 
W. C. Smith in U.S. Pat. No. 1,752,356 
J. H. Calbeck in U.S. Pat. No. 1,911,604 
A. F. Gaumann in U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,007 
M. F. Elmore in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,219 
U. Ducati in U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,442 
Fracchia in European Patent Application 313153 
The methods which propose roasting at high temperatures in a reducing 
atmosphere suffer from the same problems as the above-mentioned thermal 
processes (dust, fumes, etc.). 
All the wet methods, on the other hand, address the problem by means of 
reactions which are unsuitable since, in some cases, they lead to the 
formation of PbSO.sub.4 which has to be sent back to the desulphurisation 
step and, in other cases, they use up reagents which cannot be regenerated 
(H.sub.2 O.sub.2, Pb, NH.sub.4 HSO.sub.3) with the result that production 
costs are increased. 
In order to avoid the problems and disadvantages of the known methods, the 
subject of the invention is a method of producing metallic lead from a 
material including lead dioxide and/or metallic lead, including a step for 
dissolving the lead included in the material and an electrolysis step for 
the cathodic deposition of the dissolved lead, characterised in that the 
dissolving step is carried out with the use of an acid electrolyte in the 
presence of a redox couple having , between its oxidised and reduced 
oxidation states, a potential such as to reduce the lead dioxide and/or to 
oxidise the lead and which can be regenerated during the step for the 
electrochemical deposition of the dissolved lead. 
The term "redox couple" as used in the present description is intended to 
include elements or compounds of organic or inorganic origin which exist 
in oxidised and reduced forms and which have potentials between their two 
states such as to reduce the PbO.sub.2 and/or oxidise the lead according 
to the reactions: 
EQU A.sup.y +Pb.fwdarw.Pb.sup.2+ +A.sup.x 
EQU A.sup.x +PbO.sub.2 +2H.sup.+ .fwdarw.Pb.sup.2+ +A.sup.y +2H.sub.2 O 
and which can also be regenerated at the electrodes of a normal 
electrolytic cell without being co-deposited or degraded. 
Preferably, the redox couple includes a metal which has several valency 
states, such as the elements belonging to the following groups of the 
periodic table: 
the Ti group IVB, the V group VB, the Cr group VIB, the Mn group VIIB, the 
Fe triad group VIII, and the lanthanides. 
Of these Ti, V, Ce and Fe have been identified as preferable. 
The method is used in particular for producing and recovering Pb from the 
active material of spent Pb accumulators which typically includes Pb, 
PbO.sub.2 and PbSO.sub.4. 
In this case, according to a first embodiment, the method includes a first 
step for desulphurising the active material by carbonation, followed by 
the treatment of the carbonated pastes with an acid solution of fluoboric, 
fluosilicic, sulphamic or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkanesulphonic acid. 
In this step the reactions which take place are: 
EQU PbCO.sub.3 +2H.sup.+ .fwdarw.Pb.sup.++ +CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O1) 
EQU PbO+2H.sup.+ .fwdarw.Pb.sup.++ +H.sub.2 O 2) 
The PbO and the PbCO.sub.3 dissolve very quickly under a wide range of 
operating conditions. 
The acid solution containing the dissolved lead is separated from the 
residue and supplied to the step for the electrochemical deposition of the 
lead. 
The separated residue, which is constituted mainly by PbO.sub.2, Pb, and 
organic substances, is supplied to the subsequent dissolving step. 
During this step, the residue is treated again with an acid solution to 
which a redox pair Me.sup.x /Me.sup.y (Me.sup.x reduced, Me.sup.y 
oxidised), which preferably includes a metal selected from those mentioned 
above and can reduce the PbO.sub.2 and oxidise the Pb to Pb.sup.++, has 
been added. 
##EQU1## 
The reactions take place very quickly and at ambient temperature and the 
added metal is not used up during the process. 
Typically, the metal included in the redox couple is added to the 
electrolyte at a concentration of from 0.01 to 10M. 
The electrolyte used may be an aqueous solution of an acid having the 
characteristics that: 
it can keep a large amount of Pb.sup.2+ in solution, 
it does not react with the redox system, 
it is not degraded by contact with the electrodes during the electrolysis 
stage, and 
it allows the electrolysis step to be carried out under favourable 
conditions. 
Preferably, the acid electrolyte is an aqueous solution of an acid selected 
from fluoboric, fluosilicic, sulphamic and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 
alkanesulphonic acids at a concentration of up to 800 g/liter. For 
fluoboric acid in particular, the preferred concentration is from 20 to 
500 g/liter. 
At this point the solution containing Pb.sup.++ and the redox couple 
Me.sup.x /Me.sup.y is sent for electrolysis which, as well as depositing 
lead at the cathode, also re-establishes the correct Me.sup.x /Me.sup.y 
ratio according to the reactions: 
EQU Me.sup.y +ne.sup.- .fwdarw.Me.sup.x (n=x-y) 
EQU Pb.sup.++ +2e.sup.- .fwdarw.Pb 
A redox couple which can be regenerated at the anode of the electrolysis 
cell may, however, be used. 
Alternatively, the redox couple may be regenerated at least partially by 
putting the electrolyte of the dissolving step in contact with metallic 
lead in series with the electrochemical deposition stage. Scrap lead of 
low commercial value may to advantage be used for this purpose. 
Alternatively, the dissolving step in the presence of a redox couple which 
characterises the present invention may be carried out as the first step 
of the method of treating the active material of spent accumulators, that 
is, directly on material which has not been desulphurised and includes 
PbSO.sub.4, PbO.sub.2 and Pb. 
In this case, once the dissolving has been carried out, the acid solution 
containing dissolved lead and the redox couple can be supplied directly to 
the step for the electrochemical deposition of the lead and the 
sulphurated residue (PbSO.sub.4) can be supplied to the steps for 
desulphurisation by carbonation and dissolving in acid. 
The advantages of the introduction of the electrochemical couple may be 
summarised as follows: 
I. No reagents are used up, and only the electrical energy necessary for 
re-establishing the pair is used. 
II. No undesired elements or compounds are added (e.g. for the NH.sub.4 
HSO.sub.3 necessary to reduce the PbO.sub.2, ammonium ions are 
introduced). 
III. No gases are evolved and no foam or spray is therefore formed.

EXAMPLE 
500 g of carbonated pastes with a Pb content of about 70% (in the form of: 
PbCO.sub.3 40.div.50%, PbO 3.div.7%, PbO.sub.2 35.div.40%, Pb 4.div.7%, 
inert substances 4.div.6%) were placed in contact with 3 1 of spent 
electrolyte containing: 
25 g/l of Pb 
175 g/l of free HBF.sub.4 
After stirring for 1 h and then filtering and washing, this produced 230 g 
of a residue composed of: 
______________________________________ 
Water 17.5% 
Pb 61.5% (as PbO.sub.2 = 71%) 
inert substances 8.2% 
______________________________________ 
and 2.91 1 of electrolyte containing: 
89 g/l of Pb 
116 g/l of free HBF.sub.4 
from which 185 g of metallic Pb were extracted by electrolysis, returning 
the electrolyte to its initial condition. 
The residue (230 g containing 71% of PbO.sub.2) was attacked with 2 1 of a 
solution containing: 
25 g/l of Pb 
15 g/l of Ti.sup.3+ 
30 g/l of free HBF.sub.4 
After contact for 15 minutes the mixture was filtered. The solids were 
constituted by the inert substances and the solution was sent for 
electrolysis. 
Electrolysis with a 50% average distribution of the current between 
deposition and regeneration produced 140 g of Pb and reduced the Ti.sup.4+ 
to Ti.sup.3+ again; the fluoboric solution was thus ready for a 
subsequent step. 
The cell used for extracting the Pb included cathodes of Pb or other metals 
and insoluble anodes.