Magnetic work-holding device

A magnetic work-holding device with at least two pole shoes defining a work surface, and a main magnetic core interposed between the two aforementioned shoes; the other sides of the pole shoes are fed by secondary magnetic elements whose poles facing the same pole shoe, have the same sign as the pole corresponding to the main magnetic core. A ferromagnetic yoke encircles the base and the sides of the equipment, short-circuiting the remaining poles of the secondary magnetic elements.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
This invention relates to a magnetic work-holding device for the anchoring 
of small-sized or large ferrous pieces, which may be employed both as a 
magnetic anchoring chuck for machine tools, and in order to lift units by 
means of suitable lifting and conveying equipment. 
Generally known magnetic work-holding device are characterized by the fact 
that the magnetic circuit is designed in such a way as to prevent several 
leakage paths of the magnetic flux with a consequent substantial reduction 
in the force of anchorage of any unit; this is due, in particular, to the 
fact that in such known device one employs the external part of the 
ferrous yoke as a unipolar flux conductor as well as a component of the 
work area, namely as a part of the magnetic surface for the anchorage of 
the pieces. In the presence of relatively low field forces, soft iron 
exhibits a considerable concentrating capacity of the magnetic flux, if 
compared to that of any existing permanent magnet or of a free solenoid. 
Given the geometric ratio existing between magnetic flux density and 
mechanical "force" F=B2.times.4/100 (B induction), it becomes clear that 
it is necessary to produce magnetic circuits in which the induction of the 
magnetic core(s) is conveyed and concentrated onto the work point by 
suitable "soft" ferromagnetic conductors (low carbon content and nonalloy 
steel). 
The conductors, in their assembly, define the ferrous yoke of the magnetic 
circuit; the ferrous yoke, however, on the one hand is indispensable in 
order to achieve a certain concentration of "force" in the working area, 
on the other hand, it tends to disperse a certain quantity of the magnetic 
flux along undesired paths. The calculation of the dispersed fluxes is 
extremely complex and uncertain; builders of magnetic equipment of the 
above-mentioned type, therefore introduce a correction factor "K" into 
their calculations, with a degrading of the equipment which, in practice, 
varies between 30% and 70% of the magnetic induction theoretically 
available in the working area. 
SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
This invention relates to a magnetic work-holding device, of the kind 
specified above, the magnetic circuit of which has been designed in such a 
way as to considerably reduce the dispersed flux, thus increasing the 
force of anchorage; this is due to a special type of magnetic circuit 
which ensures optimum conveyance and concentration of the flux supplied by 
a given quantity of magnet in the working area. 
In general, in accordance with the invention, a magnetic work-holding 
device has been supplied, in which the pole shoes are fed by magnetic 
cores and define a working surface for a ferromagnetic unit to be 
anchored, and is characterized by the fact that it comprises at least two 
pole shoes made of ferromagnetic material defining the above working 
surface, which are fed by a main magnetic core whose poles have opposite 
signs are interposed between the aforementioned pole shoes, and 
respectively by secondary magnetic elements having poles facing a 
respective pole shoe, and the same sign as the corresponding pole of the 
main core, with the addition, of an external ferromagnetic yoke which 
short-circuits the remaining poles of one sign, of the secondary elements 
of one pole shoe, and the remaining poles having the opposite sign of the 
secondary elements of the other pole shoe.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Limiting our examination, for the time being, to FIGS. 1 and 2, we shall 
describe the invention as a general solution, it being understood, 
nevertheless, that alterations and variations may be introduced to the 
invention itself, on the basis of what will be said hereunder; in 
particular, for the sake of simplicity, in the following we shall refer to 
"magnetic cores" including in such expression both the adoption of 
electromagnetic cores and that of permanent magnetic cores. 
In its most general form the equipment is formed of at least a first pole 
shoe 1, made of ferromagnetic material and at least a second pole shoe 2, 
made of ferromagnetic material, placed laterally and parallel with in 
respect of the previous one; the two pole shoes 1 and 2 which in the 
example under discussion are parallelepipedon in shape, define--with their 
top faces 3 and 4 respectively--a working area or surface to which a 
generic piece 5 in ferrous material may be anchored. 
A main magnetic element 6 is interposed between the two pole shoes 1 and 2, 
its polarization axis pointing toward the above pole shoes, in such a way 
that one pole, e.g. its S pole, is either in contact or pointing toward a 
side surface of one of the pole shoes, in the case under discussion shoe 
1, while the other N pole is in contact or pointing toward the respective 
lateral surface of the other pole shoe 2. 
Besides the main feeding magnet 6 interposed between pole shoes 1 and 2, 
the equipment comprises, for each pole shoe, some further secondary 
magnetic elements on the whole marked by 7, the magnetization axis of each 
of which is pointing toward a corresponding lateral surface of the 
aforementioned pole shoe; in particular, the arrangement of the secondary 
magnetic elements 7 must be such that, the working surface of the 
equipment being set in action, the poles of the secondary magnetic 
elements facing or in direct contact with one of the pole shoes 1, 2 all 
bear the same sign as the corresponding pole of the main magnetic core 6; 
hence, the equipment in its working state has the two poles shoes assuming 
polarities of mutually opposed signs. 
Furthermore, the equipment comprises an external ferromagnetic yoke, in its 
entirety marked by 8, which, as indicated, short-circuits the remaining 
poles of secondary magnetic elements 7 bearing one sign, namely the 
opposite poles in respect of those facing the aforementioned pole shoe, 
with the remaining poles, bearing the opposite sign in respect of the 
previous ones, of the secondary magnetic elements 7 of the other pole 
shoe. 
In particular, the equipment according to the example shown in FIGS. 1 and 
2 comprises a ferromagnetic yoke 8 made up of a base 9 and of peripheral 
walls 10, 11, 12 and 13 arranged perpendicularly in respect of base 9, to 
which they are fastened e.g. by means of suitable bolts (not shown). The 
two pole shoes 1 and 2 are placed at right angles in respect of base 9, 
inside the peripheral walls, the main magnetic element 6 being interposed 
inbetween the above shoes. As shown in FIG. 1, a first secondary magnet 14 
and 15 respectively is set between base 9 of the ferromagnetic yoke and 
each pole shoe 1,2 the magnetization axis of each magnet being parallel or 
coinciding with the axis of the pole shoe itself. Some further secondary 
magnets 16, 17, 18 for shoe 1 and, respectively, 19, 20, 21 for shoe 2, 
are arranged between the lateral surface of shoes 1 and 2 and the 
corresponding inside surfaces of the peripheral walls 10, 11, 12, 13 of 
the abovementioned ferromagnetic yoke. 
Considering the special arrangement of the secondary magnetic 16, 17, 18, 
19, 20 and 21, the magnetic axis of each of which is parallel to base 9, 
and since the secondary magnetic components of each pole shoe present 
their homonymous poles in contact with the latter which bears the opposite 
sign of the homonymous poles of the secondary magnets corresponding to the 
other pole shoe 2, it follows that the secondary magnetic components of 
one pole shoe will be in series with the magnetic cores of the other pole 
shoe, because the peripheral walls of the ferromagnetic yoke will act as a 
connecting bridge between the above magnetic cores. The same applies to 
secondary magnets 14 and 15, which will be in series by way of base 9. 
Therefore, assuming that the magnetic induction of the secondary magnets 
14, 16, 17 and 18 is equal to the magnetic induction supplied by secondary 
magnets 15, 19, 20 and 21 and that the section of the magnetic yoke is 
sufficient to convey the magnetic flux produced, the result will be an 
external ferromagnetic yoke 8 perfectly neutral in any point of its 
surface since its polarization bears the sign "N" and is balanced by an 
"S" polarization, which is equal and contrary to the former. 
Hence, although in the example shown in FIG. 1 pole shoes 1 and 2 are 
depicted as protruding in respect of the ferromagnetic yoke, in fact the 
lateral walls of the latter might even be extended so as to reach the same 
level as the anchoring surface defined by the aforementioned shoes, since 
they are neutral. 
The end result of such structure of the magnetic circuit of the described 
equipment, amounts to a forced conveyance of the flux and a high 
concentration of the magnetic induction supplied by all the cores in the 
working area of the anchoring surface; on the basis of tests carried out, 
it has been seen that under such conditions, the correction factor "K" 
relative to the ratio between theoretic induction and employable 
induction, does not exceed an incidence of 15% as opposed to a correction 
factor which in known equipment may reach even 70%. Consequently, given 
the same quantity and quality of magnetic material employed, the magnetic 
equipment according to this invention develops a mechanical force of 
anchorage of piece 5 that is at least 50% above that which may be achieved 
by means of any previously known magnetic circuit. 
The relative increment in mechanical force increases with the increasing of 
reluctance to the closing of the magnetic field between the working 
surface and the piece to be anchored (less than perfect contact due to 
deformation, impurities, non magnetic protective layers, etc.) 
In fact, in traditional magnetic circuits the increase in such reluctance, 
as a consequence of the increase in the air gap, entails a proportional 
increase in the size of the leakage of flux density, according to the law 
of the easiest path. The consequence is a loss of force of an exponential 
kind. 
On the other hand, with the magnetic circuit described herein, the increase 
of the air gap as well as the reluctance in the working surface will 
produce a linear decrease of the force for the almost total absence of 
leakage paths. 
In fact, pole shoes 1 and 2 are the only "soft" ferromagnetic parts of the 
circuit that are fed by unipolar magnetic sources. Since they are provided 
on all non-working sides with magnetically active material, they do not 
offer considerable leakage paths. 
The ferromagnetic yoke 8, as well, does not present any magnetic leakage 
path, since it is fed by equal and opposite magnetic forces (bipolarized). 
Once again, following the law of the easiest path, the correct balancing 
of the two feeding forces N and S of the yoke excludes any possibility of 
leakage. 
FIG. 4 illustrates the development of the drop in mechanical anchorage 
force F (expressed as a percentage), in the presence of a variable air gap 
T (expressed in cms.). In particular, curve A which exhibits a 
substantially rectilinear trend relates to the magnetic circuit according 
to this invention, while curve B relates to a known magnetic circuit made 
up of a magnet enclosed by two lateral pole shoes, and curve C relates to 
a known magnetic circuit comprising three pole shoes the two far ones 
being connected by a base ring. The curves were noted experimentally, by 
means of sample equipments, in which magnetic cores with constant magnetic 
dimensions and features are employed as well as ferrous yokes obtained 
from material having constant and homogenous characteristics. In 
particular, curve A exhibits a smaller specific drop of the force with 
variations in the air gap, a feature which makes it possible--with the 
same quantity of magnetic material employed as B and C--to obtain a 
working force that is higher by 50-70% for air gap values of 0.2-0.5 cm. 
So far the anchorage surface of the equipment has been considered to be 
permanently activated; therefore, it will be necessary to use permanent 
magnetic cores made of any material suitable for the purpose that 
particular equipment has been designed for; it is obvious that in this 
case, the detachment of piece 5 will be possible only by overcoming the 
force which keeps the unit itself anchored to the equipment. 
Where the units to be anchored are of considerable weight, and hence 
require high anchorage forces or in the case of special applications 
require the deactivation of the equipment before detaching piece 5, it is 
possible to employ electromagnetic cores instead of the permanent magnetic 
cores mentioned previously. 
Another solution is shown in FIG. 3 which constitutes a section similar to 
that of FIG. 1. Also in the case of FIG. 3 the main magnetic elements 6 
and the secondary magnetic cores marked on the whole by 7 are constituted 
by permanent magnets; the activation and deactivation of the magnetic 
anchorage surface may occur, for instance, by inverting the polarity of 
the main magnetic elements 6 or of some secondary cores 7. The inversion 
of polarity of the pole components may take place in any suitable way, 
e.g. through a simple 180.degree. rotation of the core or of the 
aforementioned magnetic cores, around an axis at right angles with respect 
to of the magnetization axis of the magnet itself. 
Another possible solution requires the adoption of invertible magnetic 
cores, namely permanent magnetic cores the polarization direction of which 
can be inverted without damaging the remaining non-invertible magnets, 
operating by means of an electromagnetic field of suitable intensity and 
with an opposite direction in respect of the magnet which is to be 
inverted. The electromagnetic field may be generated, for instance, by a 
winding around the magnetic core bound to be inverted, as marked by 22 and 
23 for the secondary magnetic cores 14 and 15, FIG. 3, and which is fed in 
a direction with a given current pulse capable of bringing about a 
semi-hysteresis, e.g. for the deactivation of the magnetic equipment, 
while it is fed by a current pulse in the opposite direction of the 
previous one for the activation or reactivation of the above equipment. 
The activated and deactivated states of such equipment are indicated by the 
trend of the dotted flux lines in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 respectively. In the 
activated state shown in FIG. 2 it is possible to see that the path of the 
flux lines close through pole shoes 1, 2 and piece 5 to be anchored. On 
the other hand, in the desactivated state shown in FIG. 3 the flux lines 
close along internal paths which pertain only to the ferromagnetic yoke 8. 
It is obvious, that the internal paths of the flux for the desactivation 
of the equipment will be susceptible to variations in respect of the 
figures shown, according to the position and the choice of the invertible 
cores. 
From the foregoing and drawings it should be clear that what has been 
provided is a magnetic anchoring equipment of the kind specified above 
where the magnetic base circuit is characterized by a magnetic anchoring 
surface defined by two pole shoes in ferromagnetic material, each of which 
is fed by magnetic cores which, when the equipment is activated, present 
their poles facing the shoe itself which all have the same sign, but have 
the opposite sign in respect of the poles of the cores operating on the 
other pole shoe. In any case, it is important that the value of the 
magnetic induction of each core operating on one pole shoe be equal to the 
value of the induction produced by the corresponding core operating on the 
other pole shoe. 
Starting from a rectangular structure of the magnetic circuit such as that 
shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to obtain large anchorage surfaces simply 
by multiplying or increasing the number of base circuits. Furthermore, it 
is specified that the magnetic induction of the invertible core operating 
on a pole shoe is equal to the sum of the magnetic induction produced by 
all the other cores operating on the same pole shoe.