Transport packing for dangerous packages such as high activity nuclear packages

Dangerous packages, such as high activity nuclear packages, are placed in adjacent compartments (22) formed in the body (10) of transport packing. The compartments (22) are closed by individually closure plugs (28) and by a common cover (34) that works in cooperation with one face (17) of the body (10) with three seals in series. Connectors installed on the cover (34) and opening up between the seals, are used to make an inspection of the helium confinement. The steel inner casing (24) in each compartment (22) is doubled up on the outside with a copper weld free casing (50). This arrangement significantly improves the confinement inspection, enables a global helium inspection, and if necessary can be used to isolate an unsealed compartment (22).

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention relates to packing designed for the transport in complete 
safety of dangerous packages requiring extreme, safe, reliable and 
checkable confinement. 
The packing according to the invention is particularly suitable for 
transporting high activity nuclear packages, in which there is some doubt 
about the seal. However, it may be used to transport dangerous packages of 
a different nature, particularly derived from chemical industry. 
STATE OF PRIOR ART 
Nuclear laboratories and plants produce wastes that are classified as a 
function of their degree of activity, before being transported to their 
respective storage sites. To facilitate transport and subsequent storage, 
wastes in each category are conditioned in barrels to form "nuclear 
packages". The conditions under which the conditioning is done mean that 
the tightness of the packages is variable and uncertain. 
Nuclear packages are usually transported from their production sites to 
their storage sites in packing, usually called "transport casks" that must 
provide efficient confinement of the transported nuclear materials and 
biological protection of persons and the environment. This packing must 
also have shock and fire resistance to guarantee confinement under all 
circumstances, in other words particularly in the case of an accident 
during transport of the packing and if dropped during handling. The 
packing must also enable efficient elimination of the heat released by 
nuclear materials. 
In practice, nuclear waste is sorted into low, medium and high activity 
waste, which will be conditioned separately to form three types of nuclear 
packages. These three types of nuclear packages are transported in 
different packing, which must satisfy increasingly severe requirements for 
increasing activity of the transported packages. 
Regardless of the type of package being transported, the packing is 
designed to contain as many packages as possible in order to limit the 
number of trips between the waste production site and the storage site. 
Consequently, all packing designed to transport nuclear packages contains 
several housings, called "compartments", each designed to contain one or 
two packages. 
Furthermore, the outside dimensions of the packing are independent of the 
nature of the packages being transported and are fixed by the maximum 
authorized size for transport. The number of compartments and the number 
of packages that each will contain therefore reduces as the waste activity 
increases. The thickness of the biological shielding is significantly less 
for low activity waste than for high activity waste. 
For example in the most difficult case of transporting high activity 
nuclear waste packages, the transport packing usually used has four 
adjacent compartments, each of which is sized to receive a single nuclear 
package. These compartments are formed in a cylindrical body consisting 
mainly of a biological shielding material, coated with a steel casing over 
its entire outside surface, and on the inside of the compartments. The 
compartments can all be opened up on the approximately flat top surface of 
the body and they are usually closed by individual plugs also fitted with 
a biological shielding material. All the plugs are covered globally by a 
single cover, fixed removably on the upper surface of the packing body. A 
cap covers and projects outside the entire upper surface of the body on 
which the cover was fixed, providing protection against shocks and 
dissipation of heat. 
Confinement in this existing type of packing designed for the transport of 
high activity nuclear packages is provided mainly by the inner casing in 
compartments and two adjacent seals that simultaneously surround all plugs 
and are interposed between the cover over the plugs and the corresponding 
surface of the packing body. 
In an existing package of this type, the confinement is checked by 
connecting the space located between the seals with vacuum creation means. 
The variation of the pressure in this space is then monitored for a fairly 
long time, in order to determine the leakage rate. 
This technique for checking the confinement, made necessary by the existing 
design of the transport packing, has the disadvantage that it is 
particularly long. Furthermore, when the tightness tests are carried out, 
it transfers any contamination towards the outside, the amount of which 
increases for increasing leakage rates. 
Furthermore, this current technique for checking the confinement is 
incapable of detecting a leak in the lower part of the compartments. The 
lack of any inspection at this level is unfortunate particularly because 
the inner steel casing which delimits the compartments has a weld which is 
a possible source of leaks. 
Note also that transport packing for high activity nuclear packages is not 
currently fitted with a bottom shock absorber. Furthermore, picking up 
devices installed on the outer steel casing of the packing body are 
located facing the compartments and are relatively rigid. Therefore, it is 
not absolutely certain that there is no risk of the compartment 
confinement breaking if the packing drops on one these picking up devices. 
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
The main purpose of the invention is transport packing for dangerous 
packages, in which the innovative design makes it possible to carry out a 
fast check of the confinement, while preventing any transfer of 
contamination towards the outside while the inspection is being made. 
According to the invention, this result is obtained using packing for 
transport of dangerous packages characterized by the fact that it 
comprises a body delimiting one or more compartments on the inside leading 
onto the same body surface, with individual closure plugs for each 
compartment, and a cover covering the plugs and working in conjunction 
with the said surface by external, intermediate and internal seals that 
simultaneously surround all plugs, the cover being fitted with a first 
connector that can be connected to a pressurized tracer gas source and 
opening up between the inner and intermediate seals, and a second 
connector that can be connected to means of creating a vacuum and 
detecting a tracer gas, and connected to the space between the 
intermediate and outer seals. 
This arrangement makes it possible to carry out a fast check of the 
confinement, without any risk of transferring contamination towards the 
outside because the space in which the vacuum is created is separated from 
the compartments by two seals in series. 
Furthermore, the presence of three seals in series significantly improves 
the confinement quality. For example, the limiting leakage rate may be 
lowered to 10.sup.-8 Pa.m.sup.3 /s. 
In order to improve the global check of the confinement of the 
compartments, each compartment is preferably delimited by an inner metal 
casing generally made of steel, comprising at least one weld, doubled up 
by an outer metal casing generally made of copper. 
The double casing thus formed around each compartment may be used to locate 
the compartment(s) with a defective weld, while the global confinement 
check carried out using two connectors placed on the cover identifies an 
unacceptable tightness defect. 
The packing body is then equipped on the outside with third connectors that 
can be connected to a pressurized tracer gas source and pipes connecting 
each of the third connectors to the outer metal casing of one of the 
compartments, to open up close to the weld of the inner metal casing. The 
third connectors are preferably installed on the above mentioned surface 
of the body beyond the cover. 
In this case, special tooling that may be connected to means of creating a 
vacuum and detecting a tracer gas may be installed instead of the cover. 
By injecting the tracer gas into each of the third connectors in sequence, 
it is thus possible to determine the compartment in which the inner metal 
casing may be defective. This compartment could then be put out of use or 
repaired, depending on the case. 
In order to facilitate dissipation of heat, the outer metal casings, 
preferably made of copper, and adjacent compartments are connected to each 
other by sheet metal heat dissipation plates made of the same metal. 
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the confinement is preserved 
if the packing is dropped or in the case of an accident, by equipping the 
packing with a removable shock absorbing cover on the above mentioned 
surface of the body, and a removable shock absorbing bottom on its 
opposite surface. The removable shock absorbing cover, and the removable 
shock absorbing bottom are formed at least partly of stacked balsa. They 
may also comprise progressive honeycomb structures. 
The packing body usually is cylindrically shaped, while the compartments 
are regularly distributed about the center line of the cylinder. Picking 
up devices for the packing are then preferably installed on one peripheral 
wall of the body, in planes passing through the center line of the body 
and located between compartments. This layout prevents compartments from 
being damaged if the packing should drop on one of the picking up devices. 
In order to further reduce this risk, the picking up devices are made to be 
deformable, by curving them at least partly from the planes in which they 
are installed. 
The above mentioned surface of the packing body is partly formed on a metal 
flange that surrounds the compartments and on which the cover is fixed. 
The peripheral wall of the body is also materialized by a metal liner, one 
edge of which is placed on the above mentioned surface of the body and is 
connected to the flange by a plate that will deform in the case of shock. 
This arrangement also contributes to maintaining confinement of the 
packing if it is dropped or in the case of an accident. 
As we have already seen, the packing according to the invention is 
particularly suitable for transporting high activity nuclear packages, 
although it can also be used to transport dangerous packages of a 
different nature, such as packages produced by the chemical industry. 
In the application for transporting nuclear packages, the body and the 
plugs are fitted with a lead biological shielding that fully surrounds the 
compartments. The biological shielding of the body is then separated from 
its peripheral wall by a space filled with concrete.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
FIGS. 1 and 2 schematically show a preferred embodiment of packing 
according to the invention, for the transport of high activity nuclear 
packages. The essential characteristics of this packing may be used to 
transport other types of dangerous products such as some chemicals, 
without going outside the scope of the invention. 
The transport packing illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises mainly a body 10, a 
removable shock absorbing cap 12 and a removable shock absorbing bottom 
14. 
The packing body 10 is in the shape of a cylinder, and the center line of 
this cylinder will be kept approximately vertical during transport. The 
peripheral wall and the bottom of the body 10 are materialized by a 
metallic liner 16 made of welded stainless steel. The approximately plane 
upper surface 17 of the body 10 is materialized partly by a metal flange 
18 also made of stainless steel. The peripheral edge of this flange 18 is 
separated from the upper edge of the liner 16 and is connected to this 
edge through a deformable plate 20 also made of welded steel. 
The metallic flange 18 encircles a metallic disk 19 which has four circular 
openings. These openings form access passages to the four adjacent 
compartments 22 designed to four high activity nuclear package inside body 
10. 
More precisely, the compartments 22 form cylindrical housings of the same 
dimensions, the center lines of which are parallel to the center line of 
the body 10 and are uniformly distributed at the same distance from it as 
shown in FIG. 2. 
Each of the compartments 22 is delimited in a sealed manner by an inner 
metal casing 24 made of stainless steel. This inner metal casing 24 is 
formed of a peripheral plate 24a and a bottom plate 24b welded together by 
a weld 26 (FIG. 4). Furthermore, the upper edge of the peripheral plate of 
the inner metal casing 24 is welded to disk 19. 
Each of the compartments 22 is normally closed by an individual closure 
plug 28. Each of the plugs 28 is made of a protective material such as 
lead, coated with stainless steel. 
A closing plate 30 is fixed to the central part of disk 19, so as to hold 
the plugs 28 in their closed positions. In the embodiment shown, the 
closing plate 30 is fixed onto flange 18 by a screw 32 located along the 
center line of body 10. 
A cover 34 covers all plugs 28 and the closing plate 30 on the upper 
surface of body 10. More precisely (FIG. 3), the cover 34 is fixed by 
screws 36 on the flange 18 materializing the upper surface 17 of body 10, 
and it cooperates with this surface 17 to form a seal by means of three 
concentric circular seals which simultaneously encircle all plugs 28, to 
provide global confinement of compartments 22. Screws 36 are located 
outside the seals, with respect to the center line of body 10. 
As shown in more detail in FIG. 3, the three seals consist of an external 
seal 38, an intermediate seal 40 and an inside seal 42. Seals 38, 40 and 
42 are O-rings that fit into concentric grooves formed on the surface of 
the cover 34 designed to be placed in contact with the upper surface 17 of 
the body 10. 
The cover 34 has a first connector 44 accessible on its upper surface and 
which opens up into an annular space 47 formed between the inner seal 42 
and the intermediate seal 40. This first connector 44 is designed to be 
connected to an outside source (not shown) of a pressurized tracer gas 
such as helium. 
The cover 34 also has a second connector 46 accessible from its upper 
surface, which opens up into an annular space 48 defined between the 
intermediate seal 40 and the outer seal 38. This second connector 37 is 
designed to be connected to outside means (not shown) for creating a 
vacuum in the annular space 48 and for detecting tracer gases. 
In its part located below the individual closure plug 28 for each 
compartment 22, the inner metal casing 24 is doubled up by an outer metal 
casing 50 made of copper. The presence of this outer metal casing 50 
significantly improves the check on the confinement of the packages, 
compared with existing types of packing. The outer metal casing 50 can 
also detect a leak in the metal casing 24, for example at weld 26, by 
means of external devices connected to connectors 44 and 46. In 
particular, the presence of the outer metal casing 50 helps to determine 
which of the compartment(s) is (are) defective. 
Consequently, four third connectors 52 are placed on the upper surface of 
the body 10 beyond the peripheral edge of cover 34, for example on the 
deformable plate 20. Each of these connectors 52 is installed at a first 
end of a pipe 34, the opposite end of which is connected to the outer 
metal casing 50 of the corresponding compartment 22, opening up between 
this outer metal casing and inner metal casing 24, close to the weld 26 
(FIG. 4). 
Each of the third connectors 52 is designed to be connected to an outside 
source (not shown) of a pressurized tracer gas such as helium. 
As we will describe in more detail later, when it is required to localize a 
defective compartment 22 using the third connectors 52, the cover 34 is 
replaced by a special tooling (not shown) that does not form part of the 
packing. This tooling is composed of a part similar to cover 34, connected 
to outside means (not shown) of creating a vacuum in compartments 22 and 
for detecting the tracer gas. 
As shown particularly in FIG. 2, the outer metal casings 50 made of copper, 
and adjacent compartments 22 are connected in pairs by metal heat 
dissipation plates 56. Like the casings 50, these plates 56 are preferably 
made of copper. They extend over the entire height of the outer metal 
casings 50 and are located approximately on a cylinder with the same 
center line as the packing body 10, and tangent on the outside to casings 
50. Plates 56 facilitate dissipation towards the outside of the packing, 
of heat dissipated by high activity nuclear packages contained in 
compartments 22. 
As shown particularly in FIGS. 1 and 2, the packing body 10 comprises 
biological shielding 58 made of lead that fully surrounds the periphery of 
the compartments and the bottom of body 10. This biological shielding 58 
is separated from the metal liner 16 which materializes the peripheral 
wall and the bottom surface of body 10, by a space filled with concrete 
60. The central part of the body 10 also comprises a concrete kernel 62 in 
the region located between compartments 22. 
Four packing picking up devices 64 are installed on the annular part of the 
metal liner 16, materializing the peripheral wall of body 10. As shown in 
FIG. 2, these picking up devices 64 are placed in the planes passing 
through the center line of the body 10 and located between adjacent 
compartments 22. If the packing drops on one of the picking up devices 64, 
this arrangement means that the confinement of compartments 22 will not be 
broken. 
Furthermore, each of the picking up devices 64 is formed of two separate 
metal plates parallel to the plane mentioned above, in which the end parts 
turned towards the outside are partially folded towards each other with 
respect to this plane to be welded to each other at their ends. This 
configuration accelerates the deformation of picking up devices 64 if the 
packing drops. Therefore it also contributes to eliminating any risks of 
breaking the confinement of compartments 22. 
As shown in FIG. 1, the removable shock absorbing cap 12 is designed to be 
fixed onto the body 10 by screws 66. More precisely, screws 66 pass 
through a flange formed on the metal liner 16 close to its top end, and 
are screwed to an outer metal casing of cap 12. The outer casing of the 
removable shock absorbing cap 12 is filled with stacked balsa. This 
structure enables the cap to absorb shocks by deforming. 
The shock absorbing bottom 14 is fixed removably under the bottom of body 
10, for example by means of bolts 68. More precisely, bolts 68 
simultaneously pass through a flange formed in the bottom of the metal 
liner 16 and a flange formed in the top of the shock absorbing bottom 14. 
Furthermore, the removable shock absorbing bottom 14 is connected in 
approximately the same manner as the removable shock absorbing cover 12. 
Thus, it is composed mainly of a stack of balsa enclosed in an outer metal 
casing. 
Note that as a variant, part of the balsa in which the cap 12 and the 
bottom 14 are formed, may be replaced by progressive honeycomb structures. 
The bottom 14 also performs a shock absorbing function. 
When it is required to use the transport packing described above, the cap 
12, the cover 34, the support plate 30 and the individual plugs 28 are 
disassembled in turn. One of the high activity nuclear packages to be 
transported is then placed in each of the compartments 22. 
When the four compartments 22 are filled, the individual plugs 28, the 
support plate 30 and the cover 34 are put back into position. 
The tightness of the intermediate seal 40 is then checked by connecting the 
first connector 44 to a pressurized helium source and connecting the 
second connector 46 to a circuit comprising means of creating a vacuum in 
the annular space 48, and means of detecting helium. Thus, a fast 
measurement of the leakage rate can be obtained representative of the 
quality of the obtained confinement. 
If there are no particular problems, the leakage rate obtained using the 
packing conform with the invention is about 10.sup.-8 Pa.m.sup.3 /s. 
If the value of the measured leakage rate is less than or equal to a limit 
fixed by the regulations (currently equal to 10.sup.-7 Pa.m.sup.3 /s) the 
checking apparatus is removed and the removable shock absorbing cap 12 is 
put into position. The packing may then be transported. 
If the helium leak test is unsatisfactory despite several successive 
disassembly and cleaning operations of the surfaces forming the seal 
between the cover 34 and the body 10, the cover 34, the support plate 30 
and plugs 28 are disassembled, and compartments 22 are emptied. 
The special tooling used to create a vacuum simultaneously in all 
compartments 22 is then placed on the empty body 10. When the required 
vacuum is obtained, each of the connectors 52 is connected to a helium 
source in turn in order to determine which of the inner metal casings 24 
are not sealed. 
When the leak or leaks have been identified, it may be decided either to 
use the packing partially by leaving the unsealed compartment(s) empty, or 
to repair the defective weld(s). 
If it is decided to repair the welds, the repair may be made either inside 
or outside the compartment. If it is to be done from the outside, the 
packing will have to be almost entirely disassembled. 
During transport, note that the addition of removable shock absorbing cap 
12 and the removable shock absorbing bottom 14 can protect the confinement 
of the compartments under all accident circumstances. Furthermore, the 
packing body 10 can usually be reused if it is dropped, by replacing the 
cap and/or bottom damaged by the drop. 
Note that if it is dropped, the plate 20 can deform and thus contribute to 
maintaining the confinement of compartments 22. 
Furthermore and as already described, the shape and arrangement of the 
picking up devices 64 also help to prevent any risks of breaking the 
confinement of compartments 22 if the packing should drop on one of these 
devices. 
Obviously, the invention is not restricted to the embodiment that has just 
been described. In particular, the transport packing according to the 
invention may be used to transport all types of dangerous packages other 
than high activity nuclear packages. In this case, the biological 
shielding of body 10 and plugs 28 may be eliminated or modified.