Method and apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion

A test signal light intensity-modulated with a test data is generated and enters the optical transmission line. An extractor extracts the first and second optical components from the test signal light output from the optical transmission line, the first and second optical components composed of any one of a main signal light component, an upper sideband component, and/or a lower sideband component. A time difference measuring apparatus measures a time difference between the first and second optical components. A converter converts the measured time difference into a chromatic dispersion value.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-394996, filed Nov. 26, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to method and apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In an optical fiber transmission system, an influence of chromatic dispersion in an optical fiber transmission line is inevitable. Accordingly, means to measure an amount of chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line are demanded. Well-known means are disclosed in the following three references: (1) A. Sano et al., “Automatic dispersion equalization by monitoring extracted-clock power level in a 40-Gbit/s, 200-km transmission line,” Tu3.5, Vol. 2, pp. 207–210, ECOC'96; (2) M. N. Peterson et al., “Dispersion monitoring and compensation using single in-band Subcarrier tone,” WH4, OFC2001; and (3) Q. Yu et al., “Chromatic Dispersion Monitoring Technique Using Sideband Optical Filtering and Clock Phase-Shift Detection,” Journal of lightwave Technology, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 2267–2271, 2002.

In the first method described in the above reference (1), an optical signal is converted into an electric signal, and from the electric signal, electrospectral intensity to be affected by chromatic dispersion is detected. The electrospectral intensity decreases according to an increase of an amount of chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line. This method estimates an amount of chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line using such relation between the electrospectral intensity and the amount of chromatic dispersion.

In the second method described in the second reference (2), an optical transmitter transmits to an optical transmission line an optical signal superimposed by a tone signal of frequency f (Hz). In an optical receiver, the optical signal from the optical transmission line is converted into an electric signal, and a component of the tone frequency f (Hz) is extracted from the electric signal. Amplitude of the component of the tone frequency detected in the optical receiver decreases according to an increase of an amount of chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line. The amount of chromatic dispersion of the optical transmission line is estimated using such relation.

In the third method described in the third reference (3), an optical transmitter generates and transmits to an optical transmission line an optical signal intensity-modulated by a test data (e.g. random data). In an optical receiver, a sideband component on the long wavelength side, that is a lower sideband component, and a sideband component on the short wavelength side, that is an upper sideband component, of intensity modulation are extracted from the optical signal input from the optical transmission line. Each sideband component is converted into an electric signal to extract a clock component. Phases of the two clock components are compared. This method uses such mechanism that a phase difference between two clocks depends on detuning amounts of two filters for extracting sidebands and on chromatic dispersion of a signal wavelength.

Measured results of the above-stated first and second conventional methods are, however, affected by factors other than the amount of chromatic dispersion, such as polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and an optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and therefore it is difficult to obtain an accurate amount of chromatic dispersion. Furthermore, in a configuration in which a PMD compensator is added, it is difficult to automatize the measurement of the amount of chromatic dispersion.

In the second conventional method, since it is necessary to dispose additional apparatuses on both transmitter and receiver sides, there is a disadvantage that the configurations of an optical transmitter and an optical receiver become complicated.

Although the third conventional method has an advantage of low dependency on PMD and OSNR, it is necessary to dispose two high-speed optoelectric converters, two clock extractors, and a phase comparator to compare a phase of outputs from the two clock extractors and accordingly the configuration becomes expensive and large-sized.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One exemplary embodiment of the invention provides a chromatic method to measure a chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line. The method includes generating a test signal light intensity-modulated with a test data; inputting the generated test signal light into the optical transmission line; extracting first and second optical components from the optical transmission line, each of the first and second component comprising a main signal light component of the test signal light, an upper sideband component of the test signal light, or a lower sideband component of the test signal light; measuring a time difference between the first and second optical components; and converting the measured time difference into the chromatic dispersion.

Preferably, the measuring a time difference between the first and second optical components comprises delaying the second optical component and calculating a correlation between the first optical component and the delayed second optical component while varying a phase difference between the first and second optical components.

Preferably, the measuring a time difference between the first and second optical components is performed through varying the phase difference between the first and second optical components in a sawtooth waveform.

Preferably, the measuring a time difference between the first and second optical components is performed in each of increasing and decreasing directions of the phase difference while varying the phase difference between the first and second optical components in a triangle waveform.

Preferably, the measuring a time difference between the first and second optical components includes giving a constant delay to one portion of the first and second optical components, giving a variable delay to another portion of the first and second optical components, calculating a correlation between the first and second optical components delayed respectively with the constant delay and the variable delay, and detecting a delay time at the giving of the variable delay that brings a maximum correlation in the correlations that can be calculated by the calculating of the correlation.

Preferably, the first optical component includes one portion of the upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light, and the second optical component includes another portion of the upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light.

Preferably, the first optical component includes the main signal light component of the test signal light, and the second optical component includes one of upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light.

Preferably the delay time at the giving of the variable delay varies in a sawtooth waveform.

Preferably, the delay time at the giving of the variable delay varies in a triangle waveform, and the detecting of the delay time detects a delay time that brings a maximum correlation in the correlations that can be calculated by the calculating of the correlation in each of increasing and decreasing directions of the variable delay time.

One exemplary embodiment of the invention provides an apparatus to measure a chromatic dispersion in an optical transmission line is provided. The apparatus includes an extractor to extract first and second optical components from a test signal light input from the optical transmission line, each of the first and second optical components comprising a main signal light component of the test signal light, an upper sideband component of the test signal light, or a lower sideband component of the test signal light; a time difference measuring apparatus to measure a time difference between the first and second optical components; and a converter to convert the measured time difference into the chromatic dispersion value.

Preferably, the time difference measuring apparatus includes a constant delay device to give a constant delay to one portion of the first and second optical components; a variable delay device to give a variable delay to another portion of the first and second optical components, an optical correlator to calculate a correlation between the first and second optical components delayed respectively by the constant delay device and the variable delay device, and a delay detector to detect a delay time of the variable delay device that brings a maximum correlation in the correlations that can be calculated by the optical correlator.

Preferably, the optical correlator includes an electroabsorption optical modulator, an optical circulator, and an optical filter to extract one portion of wavelength components of the first and second optical components, wherein one portion of optical outputs from the constant delay device and the variable delay device directly enters the electroabsorption optical modulator and another portion of the optical outputs from the constant delay device and the variable delay device enters the electroabsorption optical modulator via the optical circulator.

Preferably, the optical correlator includes an electroabsorption optical modulator to which optical outputs from the constant delay device and the variable delay device enter and an optical filter to extract one the wavelength components of the first and second optical components from an output (or an optical output) from the electroabsorption optical modulator.

Preferably, the delay detector includes a photoelectric converter to convert a correlation signal light output from the optical correlator into an electric signal, a peak detector to detect a peak of the electric signal from the photoelectric converter, and a timer to start timekeeping synchronizing with a variation of delay time of the variable delay device and to stop the timekeeping according to peak detection of the peak detector.

Preferably, the variable delay device includes a variable delay line that can be driven in a sawtooth waveform.

Preferably, the variable delay device includes a variable delay line that can be driven in a triangle waveform and the delay detector detects a delay time of the variable delay line that brings the maximum correlation in correlations that can be calculated by the optical correlator in each of increasing and decreasing directions of the delay time of the variable delay line.

Preferably, the first optical component includes one portion of the upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light and the second optical component includes another portion of the upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light.

Preferably, the first optical component includes the main signal light component of the test signal light and the second optical component can includes one of upper and lower sideband components of the test signal light.

According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, since main parts are configurated with optical elements, it is possible to measure chromatic dispersion without using a high-speed electric circuit. In addition, chromatic dispersion can be measured in a wide range and also a polarity of chromatic dispersion can be judged.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Explanatory embodiments of the invention are explained below in detail with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1shows a schematic block diagram of a first explanatory embodiment according to the invention. A test signal light generator10includes a laser light source12of a wavelength λc and an intensity modulator14to intensity-modulate an optical output from the laser light source12with a data. The intensity-modulated signal light from the intensity modulator14is input to an optical transmission line20as a test signal light.FIG. 2shows a spectral example of the intensity-modulated signal light to be input to the optical transmission line20. The horizontal axis expresses frequency and the vertical axis expresses optical intensity. A peak16C in the center shows an optical carrier of the wavelength λc, a peak16U on the high frequency side shows an upper side band (USB), and a peak16L on the low frequency side shows a lower sideband (LSB).

In this first explanatory embodiment, the data is a dummy data only used for measuring chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20. It is also possible to use a data for communication. The wavelength λc of a laser light output from the laser light source12is a wavelength, at which a chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20is measured.

The test signal light (intensity modulated signal light) propagated in the optical transmission line20enters a chromatic dispersion measuring apparatus30. The chromatic dispersion measuring apparatus30is generally disposed in an optical receiving terminal.

A splitter32splits the test signal light from the optical transmission line20into two portions and applies one portion to an optical bandpass filter34U for transmitting an USB16U and the other portion to an optical bandpass filter34L for transmitting an LSB16L. With this operation, the USB16U and LSB16U in the spectrum shown inFIG. 2are separated from each other.

In the optical transmission line20, there is a group delay difference, namely a phase difference depending on chromatic dispersion between the USB16U and the LSB16L. That is, an amount of chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20can be measured by detecting such a phase difference.

The phase difference between the USB16U and the LSB16L can be detected using the following configuration. A light output from the optical bandpass filter34U, i.e. an USB16U, enters an electroabsorption (EA) modulator38through a phase adjuster36. On the other hand, a light output from the optical bandpass filter34L, i.e. an LSB16L, enters a port A of an optical circulator42through a variable delay line40and then enters the EA modulator38through a port B of the optical circulator42. That is to say, both of the USB16U and the LSB16L enter the EA modulator38and propagate in the EA modulator38in mutually opposite directions.

The EA modulator38functions as an AND element of the USB16U and the LSB16L or as an optical gate element for gating the USB16U according to the LSB16L using cross-absorption modulation (XAM). In other words, the EA modulator38calculates a correlation between the USB16U and the LSB16L while adjusting a phase of the LSB16L with the variable delay line40.

A delay time of the variable delay line40varies periodically according to a sawtooth wave from a sawtooth wave generator44. The sawtooth wave generator44generates the sawtooth wave synchronizing with a synchronous trigger signal from a synchronous signal generator46as a driving signal for the variable delay line40.

When a delay time of the variable delay line40is sufficient to compensate a time difference between an USB16U and an LSB16L corresponding to an amount of chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20, the EA modulator38outputs the USB16U to the port B of the optical circulator42. Under the other condition, the EA modulator38absorbs the USB16U and accordingly does not output the USB16U to the port B of the optical circulator42.

An USB16U output from the EA modulator38is transferred from the port B to the port C of the optical circulator42and output from the port C. The output light from the port C of the optical circulator42enters a photodiode50through an optical bandpass filter48for transmitting an USB16U and is converted into an electric signal.

FIG. 3shows relations among a synchronous trigger60output from the synchronous signal generator46, a variation62of a delay time of the variable delay line40according to a sawtooth wave from the sawtooth wave generator44, and an output64from the photodiode50. InFIG. 3, the delay time of the variable delay line40periodically varies from −A (ps) to +A (ps) according to a sawtooth wave from the sawtooth wave generator44. The delay time of the variable delay line40is actually positive. However, in this embodiment, since the phase adjuster36is set to give a constant delay as a bias to an USB16U, the variable delay line40can practically give a negative delay time to an LSB16L. When an element capable of giving a negative delay is employed as the variable delay line40, the phase adjuster36can be omitted.

When a delay time of the variable delay line40is sufficient to compensate a time difference between an USB16U and an LSB16L, the output64from the photodiode50becomes a high level. When the delay time of the variable delay line40does not meet a time difference between the USB16U and LSB16L caused by the chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20, the output64becomes a noise level.

A timer54starts timekeeping according to asynchronous trigger60from the synchronous signal generator46. A peak detector52applies a stop signal to the timer54when it detects a peak of outputs from the photodiode52. The timer54measures an elapsed time tm between the synchronous trigger60and the stop signal (peak detection signal) from the peak detector52. The measured time tm reflects a time difference between an USB16U and an LSB16L caused by the chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20.

A t/σ converter56converts the time tm measured by the timer54into a chromatic dispersion value σ. For instance, the t/σ converter56reads an output from the timer54according to a synchronous trigger60from the synchronous signal generator46immediately before a next synchronous trigger enters and converts the output into a chromatic dispersion value. A time variation of a delay amount of the variable delay line40caused by the sawtooth wave generator44is known before hand. A wavelength difference between an USB16U and an LSB16L is also known before hand. Accordingly, the t/σ converter56can calculate the wavelength dispersion value σ in the optical transmission line20from the time tm measured by the timer54.

In the first embodiment, an amount of chromatic dispersion can be measured through all-optical process and therefore no high-speed electric circuit is required. By extending a delay time range of the variable delay line40, a chromatic dispersion can be measured in a wide range. Not only an absolute value of chromatic dispersion but also a polarity of the chromatic dispersion can be measured. Amplitude of a variation of delay time of the variable delay line40is determined according to a measurement range of chromatic dispersion. A frequency of variation of a delay time of the variable delay line40is determined in consideration of the stability of optical autocorrelation processes in the EA modulator38.

In the first embodiment, although the delay time for an LSB16L is varied one-sidedly using a sawtooth wave, it is also applicable to bidirectionally vary the delay time for an LSB16L. By adopting this configuration, even if input/output characteristics of the variable delay line40have hystereses, the chromatic dispersion of the optical transmission line20can be accurately measured.

FIG. 4shows a schematic block diagram of a second explanatory embodiment in which the configuration shown inFIG. 1is modified as stated above. InFIG. 4, identical elements are labeled with the same reference numerals as those ofFIG. 1. A chromatic dispersion measuring apparatus30ameasures chromatic dispersion in both increasing and decreasing directions of a delay time of the variable delay line40using a triangle wave generator44ainstead of the sawtooth wave generator44. The timer54measures time in both increasing and decreasing directions of a delay time of the variable delay line40, a t/σ converter56acalculates chromatic dispersion values σ1and σ2based on two measured times t1and t2, and a mean value calculator57calculates a mean value of the two measured values σ1and σ2from the t/σ converter56a.

It is possible to dispose a timer and a t/o converter for each of increasing and decreasing directions of a delay time of the variable delay line40. This configuration is practically equivalent to that ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 5shows relations among a synchronous trigger70from the synchronous signal generator46, a variation72of a delay time of the variable delay line40caused by a triangle wave output from the triangle wave generator44a, and an output74from the photodiode52in the embodiment shown inFIG. 4.

The operation of the parts modified from the embodiment shown inFIG. 1is explained below. The triangle wave generator44agenerates a triangle wave that alternately increases and decreases at equivalent rates according to the synchronous trigger70from the synchronous signal generator46. The variable delay line40is driven by a triangle wave output from the triangle wave generator44a. A delay time of the variable delay line40alternately increases and decreases at a constant cycle. As the waveform72ofFIG. 5shows, an inclination of the delay time variation of the variable delay line40is set to the same value in both increasing and decreasing directions of the delay time to make the post-process easier. In this configuration, a change from −A (ps) to +A (ps) and the reverse change in a delay time of the variable delay line40are alternatively repeated.

Similar to the embodiment ofFIG. 1, the timer54starts timekeeping according to a synchronous signal as trigger80from the synchronous signal generator46.

In both increasing and decreasing directions of a delay time of the variable delay line40, the output74from the photodiode50becomes high-level when the delay time of the variable delay line40reaches a sufficient amount to compensate a time difference between an USB16U and an LSB16L caused by the chromatic dispersion in the optical transmission line20while the output74becomes noise-level when the delay time of the variable delay line40does not meet the time difference between the USB16U and the LSB16L.

When the peak detector52detects a peak of the output from the photodiode50, the peak detector52applies a stop signal to the timer54. The timer54measures elapsed times t1and t2between the synchronous trigger70from the synchronous signal generator46and the stop signal (peak detection signal) from the peak detector52. A time measured in the increasing direction of the delay time is expressed as t1and a time measured in the decreasing direction of the delay time is expressed as t2.

The t/σ converter56aconverts the times t1and t2measured by the timer54into chromatic dispersion values σ1and σ2. For instance, the t/σ converter56areads an output from the timer54according to a synchronous trigger70from the synchronous signal generator46immediately before a next trigger enters and converts the output into a chromatic dispersion value. Since a synchronous signal70output from the synchronous signal generator46is also applied to the t/σ converter56a, the t/σ converter56acan judge whether the measured times t1and t2are in the increasing direction or the decreasing direction of the delay time according to the synchronous signal70. Therefore, the t/σ converter56acan accurately calculate the chromatic dispersion values σ1and σ2. When there is no hysteresis between an input triangle wave and a delay time, the chromatic dispersion value σ1is equal to σ2. However, when hysteresis exists between the input triangle wave and the delay time, the chromatic dispersion value σ1differs with σ2. The mean calculator57calculates a mean value between the chromatic dispersion values σ1and σ2and outputs the mean value as a measured value σ.

As stated above, in the embodiment ofFIG. 4, the delay time of the variable delay line40is measured in both increasing and decreasing directions of the delay time and then measured two values are averaged. Therefore, a chromatic dispersion a in the optical transmission line20can be measured more accurately than the embodiment shown inFIG. 1.

Although an USB and a LSB are transmitted in opposite directions in an EA modulator in the above-mentioned first and second embodiments, similar operational effects can be obtained when they are transmitted in the same direction.

FIG. 6shows a schematic block diagram of an explanatory embodiment in which the first embodiment is modified so that an USB and an LSB propagate in the same direction in an EA modulator. In a chromatic dispersion measuring apparatus30bin the embodiment ofFIG. 6, the optical circulator42can be omitted, but a coupler41for coupling an output light (USB16U) from the phase adjuster36and an output light (LSB16L) from the variable delayer40is necessary.

Although a correlation between an USB and an LSB is calculated in the first, second, and third embodiments, it is also applicable to calculate a correlation between a signal light from an optical transmission line and an USB or LSB.

FIG. 7shows a schematic block diagram of an explanatory embodiment in which the first embodiment is modified in such way. InFIG. 7, identical elements are labeled with reference numerals common to those of the embodiment inFIG. 1. In a chromatic dispersion measuring apparatus30cin the embodiment ofFIG. 7, one portion of two optical outputs from the splitter32enters the EA modulator38through the phase adjuster36while the other portion of the optical outputs from the splitter32enters the EA modulator38through the optical bandpass filter33for transmitting an USB or LSB, the variable delay line40, and the optical circulator42. The light applied to the EA modulator38from the phase adjuster36is main signal light including an optical carrier16C, an USB16U, and an LSB16L.

The EA modulator36gates the main signal light from the phase adjuster36according to an USB16U or LSB16L from the optical circulator42. When a delay time of the variable delay line40corresponds to a difference between the chromatic dispersion value at the wavelength λc of the optical carrier16C and the chromatic dispersion value at a wavelength of the USB16U or LSB16L, the EA modulator36outputs the main signal light to the port B of the optical circulator42. The optical circulator42applies the main signal light from the port B to an optical bandpass filter48cof the center wavelength λc through the port C. Consequently, the correlation output light from the EA modulator36enters the photodiode50. Since the process after those operations are the same as that of the first embodiment, the details are omitted.

It is understandable that such modification shown inFIG. 4can be applied to the second and third embodiments.

While the invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiment, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.