Apparatus for UV flowable dielectric

Provided are methods and apparatus for ultraviolet (UV) assisted capillary condensation to form dielectric materials. In some embodiments, a UV driven reaction facilitates photo-polymerization of a liquid phase flowable material. Applications include high quality gap fill in high aspect ratio structures and por sealing of a porous solid dielectric film. According to various embodiments, single station and multi-station chambers configured for capillary condensation and UV exposure are provided.

BACKGROUND

It is often necessary in semiconductor processing to fill high aspect ratio gaps with insulating material. This is the case for shallow trench isolation (STI), inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layers, inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layers, pre-metal dielectric (PMD) layers, passivation layers, etc. As device geometries shrink and thermal budgets are reduced, void-free filling of narrow width, high aspect ratio (AR) features (e.g., AR>6:1) becomes increasingly difficult due to limitations of existing deposition processes.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus including a multi-station chamber including chamber walls and a first station and a second station at least partially within the chamber walls; the first station having a first substrate support and a showerhead located above the first substrate support; a gas distribution system configured to deliver reactants to the first station via the showerhead; the second station having a second substrate support and an ultraviolet light configured to illuminate a UV exposure area on the second substrate support; and a mechanism to transfer a substrate from the first station to the second station.

In some embodiments, the apparatus may further including a heating system and cooling system, wherein the heating system is configured to heat an inner surface of the chamber walls and the cooling system is configured to cool the first substrate support. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet light is located above the second substrate support.

In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include a controller having machine readable instructions to: distribute a gas comprising a dielectric precursor to the first station while a substrate is present in the first station; maintain the first substrate support at a temperature between −20° C. and 100° C. while the dielectric precursor is in the first station; after distributing the gas to the first station, transfer the substrate to the second station; and expose the substrate to UV radiation. The instructions may further include instructions for maintaining the second substrate support at a temperature of between −20° C. and 100° C. while the substrate is in the second station.

Another aspect of the disclosure may be implemented in an apparatus including a chamber including a substrate support; an ultraviolet radiation source; a showerhead configured to distribute a reactant to the chamber; and a controller comprising machine readable instructions for introducing a dielectric precursor the chamber via the showerhead at a support temperature of between about −20° C. and 100° C. to thereby form a flowable film; and exposing the flowable film to UV radiation.

In some embodiments, the chamber is a single-station chamber. In some embodiments, the chamber is a multi-station chamber. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet radiation source is embedded within or mounted to the showerhead. In some embodiments, the apparatus has a plurality of ultraviolet radiation sources evenly distributed across the showerhead. In some embodiments, the ultraviolet radiation source is part of a second chamber connected to the chamber. The substrate support may be rotatable.

These and other aspects of the disclosure are described further below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Introduction

Aspects of the present invention relate to forming flowable dielectric films on substrates and related apparatuses. Some embodiments include filling high aspect ratio gaps with insulating material. Some embodiments include filling small pores with insulating material. For ease of discussion, the description below refers chiefly to flowable silicon oxide films, however the processes described herein may also be used with other types of flowable dielectric films. For example, the dielectric film may be primarily silicon nitride, with Si—N and N—H bonds, primarily silicon oxynitrides, primarily silicon carbide, or primarily silicon oxycarbide films.

It is often necessary in semiconductor processing to fill high aspect ratio gaps with insulating material. This is the case for shallow trench isolation (STI), inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layers, inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layers, pre-metal dielectric (PMD) layers, passivation layers, etc. As device geometries shrink and thermal budgets are reduced, void-free filling of narrow width, high aspect ratio (AR) features becomes increasingly difficult due to limitations of existing deposition processes. In certain embodiments, the methods pertain to filling high aspect (AR) ratio (typically at least 6:1, for example 7:1 or higher), narrow width (e.g., sub-50 nm) gaps. In certain embodiments, the methods pertain to filling low AR gaps (e.g., wide trenches). Also in certain embodiments, gaps of varying AR may be on the substrate, with the embodiments directed at filling low and high AR gaps.

In a particular example, a PMD layer is provided between the device level and the first layer of metal in the interconnect level of a partially fabricated integrated circuit. The methods described herein include dielectric deposition in which gaps, (e.g., the gaps between gate conductor stacks) are filled with dielectric material. In another example, the methods are used for shallow trench isolation processes in which trenches are formed in semiconductor substrates to isolate devices. The methods described herein include dielectric deposition in these trenches. The methods can also be used for back end of line (BEOL) applications, in addition to front end of line (FEOL) applications. These can include filling gaps at an interconnect level.

Still further, in certain embodiments, the methods pertain to pore sealing of porous dielectric films using flowable dielectric material. For example, the methods can involve pore sealing of a porous ultra low-k (ULK) film in BEOL processing of semiconductor devices.

The methods described herein can be used for any type of flowable dielectric process including undoped silica glass (USG), low-k, and ultra-low k ULK flowable oxide.

The term “semiconductor device” as used herein refers to any device formed on a semiconductor substrate or any device possessing a semiconductor material. In many cases, a semiconductor device participates in electronic logic or memory, or in energy conversion. The term “semiconductor device” subsumes partially fabricated devices (such as partially fabricated integrated circuits) as well as completed devices available for sale or installed in particular apparatus. In short, a semiconductor device may exist at any state of manufacture that employs a method of the subject matter disclosed herein or possesses a structure of this subject matter disclosed herein.

Vapor-phase reactants are introduced to a deposition chamber to deposit the flowable dielectric films. As-deposited, the flowable dielectric films generally have flow characteristics that can provide consistent fill of at least the opening of a pore. The term “as-deposited flowable dielectric film” refers to a flowable dielectric film prior to any post-deposition treatments, densification, cure or anneal. An as-deposited flowable dielectric film may be characterized as a soft jelly-like film, a gel, a sol, or a flowable film. In some embodiments, the as-deposited film is a solid, non-liquid film that is liquid and flowable only during the deposition process; as soon as the deposition process stops, it is a solid film.

FIG. 1is a process flow diagram illustrating one example of a process for forming a flowable dielectric film. The process can be used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices, displays, LEDs, photovoltaic panels and the like. As noted above, in semiconductor device fabrication, the process can be used for BEOL applications and FEOL applications. In some embodiments, the processes may be used for applications in which high aspect ratio gaps are filled with insulating material. Examples include shallow trench isolation (STI), formation of inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layers, inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layers, pre-metal dielectric (PMD) layers, and passivation layers, and filling gaps at the interconnect level. In some embodiments, the process can be used for pore-sealing. Further examples include formation of sacrificial layers for air gap formation or lift-off layers.

First, a substrate including a gap is provided to a deposition chamber (block101). Examples of substrates include semiconductor substrates, such as silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), gallium arsenide and the like, as well as glass and plastic substrates. The substrate includes at least one and typically more than one gap to be filled, with the one or more gaps being trenches, holes, vias, pores, or other unfilled features on the substrate.

FIGS. 2A-2Dshow examples of schematic cross-sectional illustrations of substrates201including gaps203. Turning first toFIG. 2A, a gap203can be defined by sidewalls205and a bottom207. It may be formed by various techniques, depending on the particular integration process, including patterning and etching blanket (i.e., planar) layers on a substrate or by building structures having gaps there-between on a substrate. In certain embodiments a top of the gap203can be defined as the level of planar surface209. Specific examples of gaps are provided inFIGS. 2B and 2C. InFIG. 2B, a gap203is shown between two gate structures202on a substrate201. The substrate201may be a semiconductor substrate and may contain n-doped and p-doped regions (not shown). The gate structures202include gates204and silicon nitride or silicon oxy-nitride layer211. In certain embodiments, the gap203is re-entrant, i.e., the sidewalls taper inwardly as they extend up from the bottom207of the gap; gap203inFIG. 2Bis an example of a re-entrant gap.

FIG. 2Cshows another example of gap to be filled. In this example, gap203is a trench formed in silicon substrate201. The sidewalls and bottom of the gap are defined by liner layer216, e.g., a silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride layer. The structure also includes pad silicon oxide layer215and pad silicon nitride layer213.FIG. 2Cis an example of a gap that may be filled during a STI process. In certain cases, liner layer216is not present. In certain embodiments, the sidewalls of silicon substrate201are oxidized.

FIGS. 2B and 2Cprovide examples of gaps that may be filled with dielectric material in a semiconductor fabrication process. The processes described herein may be used to fill any gap that requires dielectric fill. In certain embodiments, the gap critical dimension is the order of about 1-50 nm, in some cases between about 2-30 nm or 4-20 nm, e.g. 13 nm. Critical dimension refers to the width of the gap opening at its narrowest point. In certain embodiments, the aspect ratio of the gap is between 3:1 and 60:1. According to various embodiments, the critical dimension of the gap is 32 nm or below and/or the aspect ratio is at least about 6:1.

As indicated above, a gap may be defined by a bottom surface and sidewalls. The term sidewall or sidewalls may be used interchangeably to refer to the sidewall or sidewalls of a gap of any shape, including a round hole, a long narrow trench, etc. In some embodiments, the processes described herein may be used to form flowable films on planar surfaces in addition to or instead of in gaps.

Also in some embodiments, the gap may be a pore.FIG. 2Dshows an example of a structure including an embedded metal line251in a first dielectric layer253. An etched porous dielectric layer255overlies the first dielectric layer253and, optionally an etch stop layer261such as a silicon carbide, silicon oxycarbide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride etch stop layer. The etched porous dielectric layer255is etched in previous processing to define a recess257and expose the metal line251. An exposed surface262of the etched porous dielectric layer255includes the surface of the recess257.

The etched porous dielectric layer255is a porous dielectric having connected porosity. An enlarged schematic view of a cross-section of a portion of the etched porous dielectric layer255is depicted. The etched second dielectric layer includes gaps203that are connected (in or out of the plane of the cross-section) pores and thus exposed at the surface212to the ambient conditions.

A portion265of the etched porous dielectric layer255includes sealant material266deposited by a flowable dielectric deposition process. An enlarged schematic view of a cross-section of a portion of the sealed etched porous dielectric layer255is depicted. Gaps203that were previously open to the ambient are sealed with the sealant material216deposited from the flowable dielectric deposition process. Depending on whether or not the field regions of the etched porous dielectric layer255are capped or not with another material (e.g., such an etch stop or hard mask layer), pores open to the field region (not shown) may also be sealed in addition to the pores open to the recess257. Subsequent operations may involve optionally cleaning or treating the surface of the metal line251, depositing a barrier layer, and filling the recess257with a conductive material. If the pores are not sealed, any of these operations may result in precursor and/or metal penetration into the gaps203, which can result in lower break down voltage and failure.

The porous dielectric film may be for example, a ULK film, having a dielectric constant of 2.4 or less. Examples of ULK films include carbon doped oxide (CDO) films, zeolite films, and polymer films.

The porosity of a dielectric film may be connected, and may include pores that are introduced by removal of a porogen from a dielectric matrix and/or pores that are inherent to the dielectric matrix. For example, a CDO matrix may have porosity due the incorporation of methyl or other organic groups. The porous dielectric film may include mesoporosity and/or microporosity. Mesoporosity generally refers to pore sizes of 2 nm-50 nm and microporosity to pore sizes less than 2 nm. In dielectrics having connected porosity, the size of at least some of the connected pores may be on a continuum with micropores having sizes on the order of Angstroms to nanometers, connected to mesopores having sizes on the order of nanometers to tens of nanometers. Although the methods may also be used to seal unconnected pores and provided smooth deposition surfaces, particular use may be found in sealing connected pores that left unsealed provide a diffusion pathway through a film. Porosity characteristics at the exposed surface may depend on the etch process as well as on the particular film and method of deposition.

Returning toFIG. 1, the deposition surface may be or include one or multiple materials. For example, sidewall and bottom surfaces that define a gap may be one material or include multiple materials. Referring toFIG. 2C, for example, if a liner layer216is present, it may be the only deposition surface. However, if the liner layer216is not present, the deposition surface can include the silicon substrate201, the pad silicon oxide layer215and the pad silicon nitride layer213. Examples of gap surface materials, including sidewall and/or bottom materials, include silicon nitrides, silicon oxides, silicon carbides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicides, silicon germanium, as well as bare silicon or other semiconductor material. Particular examples include SiN, SiO2, SiC, SiON, NiSi, and polysilicon. Further examples of gap materials used in BEOL processing include copper, tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, ruthenium and cobalt. In certain embodiments, prior to flowable dielectric deposition, the gap is provided with a liner, barrier or other type of conformal layer formed in the gap, such that the deposition surfaces include the conformal layer. In some embodiments, the deposition surfaces of a substrate are exposed to a treatment. Examples of pre-deposition treatments are provided further below.

Returning toFIG. 1, a process gas including a dielectric precursor is flowed into the deposition chamber (block103). As described below, the process gas may include an optional co-reactant. A flowable dielectric film is deposited into the gap (block105).

In some embodiments, the flowable dielectric film is selectively deposited in the gap. Selective deposition refers to a process that preferentially deposits in a location without or prior to depositing in other locations. In block105, the flowable dielectric material preferentially deposits inside the gaps rather than outside the gaps. In the context of pore sealing, the dielectric preferentially deposits in at least the opening of the pores of the porous dielectric material than outside the pores of the porous dielectric material, for example, on the discontinuous external surface of the porous dielectric and on the exposed metal surfaces inFIG. 2D. As such, deposition of flowable dielectric material on other exposed surfaces such as on the field regions may be non-existent or substantially non-existent, with one of ordinary skill in the art understanding that there may be some small areas of film nucleating on these surfaces.

According to various implementations, block105may involve a mechanism that deposits preferentially in the smallest features, be it a via hole, trench, or the small openings of pores in the porous dielectric, without or prior to forming a continuous film outside of these features.

In some implementations, block105exploits a thermodynamic effect in which a flowable dielectric material remains selectively condensed in the gaps, as the smallest spaces available for formation of the flowable dielectric material. As such the flowable dielectric material is selectively deposited in these gaps. In some pore sealing applications, the smallest space available is the openings to the pores such that flowable dielectric material is deposited in the openings but does not completely fill the pores. (In some implementations, the thermodynamic effect can be exploited to evaporate flowable dielectric material deposited outside the pores, while the flowable material in the pores remains condensed.)

Depositing a flowable oxide film, for example, can involve exposing the substrate to gaseous reactants including a dielectric precursor such that a condensed flowable film forms in the gap. The deposition generally occurs in non-plasma conditions, though in certain embodiments, plasma-enhanced conditions may be employed. In other embodiments, reactive species from a downstream plasma may be present even though the substrate is not directly exposed to a plasma.

The dielectric precursor is a silicon-containing compound. In some implementations, the dielectric precursor is a compound that undergoes photo-induced polymerization and may be a cyclic siloxane, a cyclic silazane, or a linear or cyclic silicon-containing compound that includes unsaturated hydrocarbon groups.

An oxidant such as a peroxide, ozone, oxygen, water, etc. may be optionally flowed. In some embodiments, the oxidant is a non-hydroxyl-forming oxidant such as ozone or oxygen.

In some implementations, a SiCOH film is formed, using for example a dielectric precursor including one or more Si—C bonds. In some implementations, the flowable dielectric film is a silicon and nitrogen-containing film, such as silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride deposited by introducing vapor phase reactants to a deposition chamber at conditions such that they react to form a flowable film. The nitrogen incorporated in the film may come from one or more sources, such as a silicon and nitrogen-containing precursor, a nitrogen precursor (for example, ammonia (NH3) or hydrazine (N2H4)), or a nitrogen-containing gas (for example N2, NH3, NO, NO2, or N2O).

Further discussion of deposition chemistries is provided below.

The process gases may be introduced into the reactor simultaneously, or one or more component gases may be introduced prior to the others. U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,224, incorporated by reference herein, provides a description of reactant gas sequences that may be used in accordance with certain embodiments.

Block105may involve a capillary condensation mechanism in which the flowable dielectric material preferentially deposits in the smallest features. Due to capillary condensation, flowable process reactants can condense the smallest features even if their partial pressure is below the saturated vapor pressure. This is due to an increased number of van der Waals interactions between vapor phase molecules inside the confined space of capillaries (i.e., the gaps). In pore sealing applications, this allows pore sealing without continuous film deposition on surfaces and bottom up gap fill.

In some implementations, block105involves providing a precursor in a vapor phase at a partial pressure below its saturation pressure. The preference for liquid to remain condensed in the small spaces (i.e., capillary condensation) at pressures below the saturation pressure allows for selective deposition in gaps. In some embodiments, the partial pressure may be gradually increased until it approaches point the material begins to condense as a liquid in the gaps, or the precursor may be introduced at this pressure.

Reaction conditions are set to appropriately control the reactant partial pressures relative to their saturated vapor pressures, generally at relatively low temperatures, e.g., −20° C. to 100° C. The capillary condensation in the gaps may be self-limiting, stopping when the gaps are filled or when the pore or other gap openings are sealed.

Pressure and temperature may be varied to adjust deposition time; high pressure and low temperature are generally favorable for quick deposition. High temperature and low pressure will result in slower deposition time. Thus, increasing temperature may involve increasing pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature is about 5° C. and the pressure about 10 Torr. Exposure time depends on reaction conditions as well as pore or other gap size. Deposition rates are from about 100 angstroms/min to 1 micrometer/min according to various embodiments. The substrate is exposed to the reactants under these conditions for a period long enough to deposit a flowable film in the pores or other gaps. In certain embodiments, deposition time is 0.1-5 seconds.

The amount of condensation is controlled by the reactants' partial pressures relative to their saturated vapor pressures (which are constant for a given deposition temperature). The dependence of fill rate on critical dimension can be tuned by varying the partial pressures. In this manner, selectivity can be tuned, improving the capability to deposit in just the pores, other gaps, or as otherwise desired. This is illustrated qualitatively inFIG. 3, which shows a partial pressure-critical dimension deposition curve. At low enough partial pressure of the dielectric precursor, there is no condensation or deposition in features of any size. As the partial pressure is increased, the dielectric precursor condenses in small features, with deposition occurring in increasingly larger feature sizes as the partial pressure is increased. So, for example, to prevent deposition in a 20 nm etched trench of a ULK film while allowing deposition in the pores of the ULK film, the partial pressure of the dielectric precursor is maintained within the cross-hatched portion of the curve.

Returning toFIG. 1, at block107, the substrate is exposed to UV radiation. As a result, photo-induced polymerization and densification occurs in some embodiments. According to various embodiments, UV exposure may be in-situ or ex-situ with respect to the deposition chamber.FIGS. 4A and 4Bshow operations in examples of in-situ and ex-situ processes. First, inFIG. 4A, an optional pre-treatment may be performed to activate the substrate and improve wettability (block401). Examples of pre-treatments are given below. If performed, the pre-treatment may be in the same or a different station or chamber as the subsequent deposition. Next, a dielectric precursor is condensed to yield a liquid dielectric film (block403). As discussed above, block403can involve capillary condensation to preferentially deposit in a pore or other gap. The substrate including the deposited dielectric film is then transferred to a UV station (block405). The transfer may be under vacuum, for example, with the deposition chamber and UV station connected via a vacuum transfer chamber. The UV station may be in a single station or multi-station UV module. As described below, in some embodiments, the UV station may take place in the same module as the deposition, for example, with deposition taking place at one or more stations of a multi-station module and UV exposure taking place at one or more other stations of the multi-station module. UV exposure is then performed, yielding a dense solid dielectric film (block407).

In some embodiments, blocks403to blocks407may be repeated to build up a film of a desired thickness. For example, UV exposure may be performed after each 500 nanometers of flowable dielectric film is deposited.

In various embodiments, dielectric precursors having relatively high boiling points are used such that the substrate can be maintained at a temperature below the boiling point during the process. This allows a dielectric precursor to be condensed and then transferred to the UV station. Temperature during UV exposure should also be kept significantly below the boiling point of the precursor or a condensed product thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate temperature during UV exposure may be at least 25° C. less than the boiling point of a precursor. Boiling points for examples of various precursors are given below.

InFIG. 4B, block401is performed as described above. Next, the dielectric precursor is condensed with simultaneous UV exposure to yield a dense solid dielectric film (block406). UV exposure may be performed after dielectric deposition in-situ in the deposition chamber, in some embodiments.

The UV exposure inFIGS. 4A and 4Bis distinct from a post-deposition UV cure operation that may be performed as an alternative to a thermal anneal, for example, to densify sol gel deposited films or remove reaction by products. Such UV cure operations typically take place at much higher temperatures.

Deposition Chemistries and Reaction Mechanisms

Dielectric Precursor

The dielectric precursor is a silicon-containing compound capable of undergoing photo-induced polymerization. Examples of such compounds include cyclic siloxanes, cyclic silazanes, and linear or cyclic silicon-containing precursors containing vinyl or other unsaturated hydrocarbon groups.

Examples of cyclic siloxanes include octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TVTMCTS), tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. In some embodiments, cyclic siloxanes can be used in the methods described herein for catalyst-free deposition processes. In some embodiments, cyclic silazanes can be used in the methods described herein for catalyst-free deposition processes.

In some embodiments, dielectric precursors having relatively high boiling points are employed. For example, TMCTS has a boiling point of 135° C., TVTMCTS has a boiling point of 224° C., and OMCTS has a boiling point of 175° C. In some embodiments, dielectric precursors having boiling points of at least 100° C., at least 125° C., at least 150° C., at least 175° C., or at least 200° C. are employed. Boiling points are given at atmospheric pressure.

In pore-sealing applications, the size of the precursor may be tailored to the pore size of the porous dielectric film: it should be small enough that it fits in a pore, but large enough that it does not penetrate too deeply within the porous dielectric. This is illustrated inFIG. 5, in which relatively large cyclic molecules501(e.g., van der Waals radius of 1.2 nm) fit within the pores of the porous dielectric500to seal the pores, but do not penetrate deeply within the pores. By contrast, smaller linear molecules503(e.g., van der Waals radius of 0.5 nm) penetrate the porous dielectric, which can lead to an undesirable increase in dielectric constant. In some embodiments, the van der Waals radius of the molecule is targeted to be about the same as the average pore size. As an example, the average pore size of a CVD ULK film may be 1.0±0.5 nm. A cyclical molecule having a van der Waals radius of at least 0.8 nm may be used. In some embodiments, it may have a van der Waals radius of at least 1.0 nm or 1.2 nm.

According to various embodiments, the as-deposited film is a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film, including carbon-containing silicon oxide or silicon nitride films. According to various embodiments, Si—C or Si—N containing dielectric precursors may be used, either as a main dielectric precursor or a dopant precursor, to introduce carbon or nitrogen into the film. Examples of such films include carbon doped silicon oxides and silicon oxynitrides. In some embodiments, the silicon nitride film, including primarily Si—N bonds with N—H bonds.

For silicon oxide deposition, an oxidant may be employed in some embodiments. In some other embodiments, oxygen may be supplied solely by a cyclic siloxane precursor, for example, such that the deposition is a single reactant deposition, with no co-reactant. However, an oxidant may be supplied depending on the oxygen content of the particular precursor employed.

If employed, examples of suitable oxidants include, but are not limited to, ozone (O3), peroxides including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxygen (O2), water (H2O), alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, nitric oxide (NO), nitrous dioxide (NO2) nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In certain embodiments, a remote plasma generator may supply activated oxidant species.

For silicon nitride deposition, a nitrogen co-reactant may be employed in some embodiments. In some other embodiments, nitrogen may be supplied solely by a cyclic silazane precursor, for example, such that the deposition is a single reactant deposition, with no co-reactant. If employed, examples of suitable nitrogen co-reactants include, but are not limited to, ammonia (NH3), hydrazine (N2H4), nitrogen (N2), NO, NO2, and N2O.

One or more dopant precursors, e.g., a carbon-, nitrogen-, fluorine-, phosphorous- and/or boron-containing gas, may be supplied. Sometimes, though not necessarily, an inert carrier gas is present. In certain embodiments, the gases are introduced using a liquid injection system. In certain embodiments, carbon-doped silicon precursors are used, either in addition to another precursor (e.g., as a dopant) or alone. Carbon-doped precursors can include at least one Si—C bond. In certain embodiments, aminosilane precursors are used.

Catalyst

In some embodiments, the deposition may be a catalyst-free deposition that does not employ any one of the below-described catalysts. However, a catalyst may be employed in certain embodiments. In certain embodiments, a proton donor catalyst is employed. Examples of proton donor catalysts include 1) acids including nitric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrochloric and bromic acids; 2) carboxylic acid derivatives including R—COOH and R—C(═O)X where R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, acetyl or phenol and X is a halide, as well as R—COOC—R carboxylic anhydrides; 3) SixXyHzwhere x=1-2, y=1-3, z=1-3 and X is a halide; 4) RxSi—Xywhere x=1-3 and y=1-3; R is alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkane, aryl, acetyl or phenol; and X is a halide; and 5) ammonia and derivatives including ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and R—NH2where R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, acetyl, or phenol.

In addition to the examples of catalysts given above, halogen-containing compounds which may be used include halogenated molecules, including halogenated organic molecules, such as dichlorosilane (SiCl2H2), trichlorosilane (SiCl3H), methylchlorosilane (SiCH3ClH2), chlorotriethoxysilane, chlorotrimethoxysilane, chloromethyldiethoxysilane, chloromethyldimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, diethoxydichlorosilane, and hexachlorodisiloxane. Acids which may be used may be mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4); organic acids such as formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH). Bases which may be used include ammonia (NH3) or ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), phosphine (PH3); and other nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing organic compounds. Additional examples of catalysts are chloro-diethoxysilane, methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (“triflic”, CF3SO3H), chloro-dimethoxysilane, pyridine, acetyl chloride, chloroacetic acid (CH2ClCO2H), dichloroacetic acid (CHCl2CO2H), trichloroacetic acid (CCl2CO2H), oxalic acid (HO2CCO2H), benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H), and triethylamine.

In addition to the catalysts described above, in some implementations, catalysts formulated for BEOL processing applications may be used. Such catalysts are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/464,196 titled “LOW-K OXIDE DEPOSITION BY HYDROLYSIS AND CONDENSATION”, Aug. 20, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.

In some implementations, halogen-free acid catalysts may be employed, with examples including 1) acids including nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric acids; and 2) carboxylic acid derivatives including R—COOH where R is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, acetyl or phenol, as well as R—COOC—R carboxylic anhydrides.

Also in some implementations, self-catalyzing silane dielectric precursors including aminosilanes, may be used. Aminosilanes that may be used include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Hx—Si—(NR)ywhere x=0-3, x+y=4 and R is an organic hydride group. Further examples of self-catalyzed dielectric precursors are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/464,196, incorporated herein by reference.

Surfactants may be used to relieve surface tension and increase wetting of reactants on the substrate surface. They may also increase the miscibility of the dielectric precursor with the other reactants, especially when condensed in the liquid phase. Examples of surfactants include solvents, alcohols, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol. Difference surfactants may be used for carbon-doped silicon precursors because the carbon-containing moiety often makes the precursor more hydrophobic.

Solvents may be non-polar or polar and protic or aprotic. The solvent may be matched to the choice of dielectric precursor to improve the miscibility in the oxidant. Non-polar solvents include alkanes and alkenes; polar aprotic solvents include acetones and acetates; and polar protic solvents include alcohols and carboxylic compounds.

Examples of solvents that may be introduced include alcohols, e.g., isopropyl alcohol, ethanol and methanol, or other compounds, such as ethers, carbonyls, nitriles, miscible with the reactants. Solvents are optional and in certain embodiments may be introduced separately or with the oxidant or another process gas. Examples of solvents include, but not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, diethylether, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane, hexane, benzene, toluene, isoheptane and diethylether. The solvent may be introduced prior to the other reactants in certain embodiments, either by puffing or normal delivery. In some embodiments, the solvent may be introduced by puffing it into the reactor to promote hydrolysis, especially in cases where the precursor and the oxidant have low miscibility.

Carrier Gases

Sometimes, though not necessarily, an inert carrier gas is present. For example, helium and/or argon, may be introduced into the chamber with one of the compounds described above.

Any of the process gases (silicon-containing precursor, oxidant or other co-reactant, solvent, catalyst, etc.) either alone or in combination with one or more other reactants, may be introduced prior to the remaining reactants. Also in certain embodiments, one or more reactants may continue to flow into the reaction chamber after the remaining reactant flows have been shut off.

Reaction Mechanisms

It has been found that when using certain dielectric precursors, excellent fill may be achieved using the processes described with reference toFIGS. 4A and 4B, even in the absence of a catalyst. In particular, cyclic siloxanes have been found to provide excellent fill even in the absence of a catalyst. It is believed that cyclic silazanes would show similar results.

Without being bound by a particular theory, it is believed that a reaction may transpire by one or more of the following reaction mechanisms.

In some embodiments, the reaction may proceed by a radical-chain mechanism. The radical initiation mechanism is possibly (but not limited to) an adsorbate based radical which adds across oxidizable neighbors such as unsaturated hydrocarbon bonds (such as terminal vinyl, hydrides, or halides) on a siloxane ring that constitute the condensed precursor. Radical propagation progresses to generate a polymer film out of the condensed liquid and release H radicals that recombine to release H2gas or terminal hydride on reactor surfaces. The final product is a dense low-k oxide film devoid of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

In some embodiments, ring opening and polymerization may include photo dissociation of small amounts of water:
H2O+UV (wavelength less than 242.5)→H++OH−

The ring opening and polymerization reactions may proceed as shown in the example ofFIG. 6for a generic cyclic siloxane ring601. (R represents organic groups and M represents any positively charged moiety (e.g., H+or NH4+) in the mechanism shown inFIG. 6). A hydroxyl anion generated by the photodissociation attacks a silicon atom of the siloxane ring, which results in the ring opening. Polymerization may then proceed by a SiO−attack on another siloxane ring, resulting in opening that ring and polymerizing.

The above-described mechanisms are distinct from sol gel deposition reactions where a precursor and an oxidizer are introduced and condensed onto a substrate where they are allowed to react via hydrolysis and polycondensation to form an oxide film with water and alcohol as byproducts. Advantages to certain described embodiments include reduced or eliminated reliance on post deposition film processing such as thermal or UV cure for film densification and removal of reaction byproducts, excess reactants and adsorbed residual hydroxyl groups to attain the desired physical and electrical properties. As noted above, in some embodiments, the described methods allow flowable dielectric deposition without a catalyst and with a halide-free chemistry. By contrast, hydrolysis and polycondensation depositions typically include use of catalysts that could oxidize metallic components of integrated structures. Halide anions that constitute the catalyst also may be retained in the deposited material and leach out of the low-k layer into other parts of the integrated structure leading to corrosion during integration/further processing/longer times. Residual halide anions can also lead to mobile charges in the dielectric layer, degrading its insulating electrical properties. While organic acid catalysts may address some issues associated with halide catalysts, their use is limited by relatively lower deposition rates and a need for long queue times. Moreover, photosensitivity of uncured films derived from organic acid catalyzed deposition also poses significant post deposition processing challenges. Basic catalysts that are molecularly grafted as part of the precursor or incorporated as an additive result in significantly porous films. Embodiments of the methods described herein can avoid these issues associated with halide, organic acid and base catalysts.

There is typically a presence of pores and voids within material deposited in small dimensions via hydrolsysis-polycondensation deposition. These pores and voids are generated upon removal of byproducts and unreacted material. Embodiments of the methods that do not rely on hydrolysis and polycondensation may not have these voids. The generated by products generated are H radicals and H2gas, which are easily expunged without leaving voids and pores behind. In particular, single reactant systems (no co-reactant) generate significantly fewer byproducts with no unreacted material left behind at the end of deposition.

According to various embodiments, the films may be deposited at thicknesses of several microns, while still maintaining excellent quality. By contrast, sol gel derived films typically exhibit low hardness and modulus and with tensile stresses that limit maximum thicknesses to about 1 micron before film begins to crack. By contrast, the methods herein may be used to deposit films up to 2 microns before cracking has been observed.

A radical chain reaction mechanism also has a significantly more rapid rate of deposition that a hydrolysis-polycondensation reaction.

Reaction Conditions

Reactions conditions can be such that the dielectric precursor, or a vapor phase product of a reaction thereof, condenses on the substrate surface to form a flowable film. Chamber pressure may be between about 1 and 200 Torr, in certain embodiments, it is between 10 and 75 Torr. In a particular embodiment, chamber pressure is about 10 Torr.

Substrate temperature is between about −20° C. and 100° C. in certain embodiments. In certain embodiments, temperature is between about −20° C. and 30° C., e.g., between −10° C. and 10° C. Pressure and temperature may be varied to adjust deposition time; high pressure and low temperature are generally favorable for quick deposition. High temperature and low pressure will result in slower deposition time. Thus, increasing temperature may involve increasing pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature is about 5° C. and the pressure about 10 Torr. Exposure time depends on reaction conditions as well as pore or other gap size. Deposition rates are from about 100 angstroms/min to 1 micrometer/min according to various embodiments. The substrate is exposed to the reactants under these conditions for a period long enough to deposit a flowable film in the pores or other gaps. In certain embodiments, deposition time is 0.1-5 seconds.

As described above, the amount of condensation may be controlled by the reactants' partial pressures relative to their saturated vapor pressures (which are constant for a given deposition temperature).

Substrate temperature throughout the deposition and simultaneous or subsequent UV exposure is maintained at a level below the boiling point of the dielectric precursors and reaction products thereof. Pressure throughout the deposition and simultaneous or subsequent UV exposure may be sub-atmospheric.

Example UV intensities include 50 W to 500 W of 253.7 nm UV from a broadband (190 nm to 290 nm) source.

According to various embodiments, a pretreatment operation involves exposure to a plasma containing oxygen, nitrogen, helium or some combination of these. The plasma may be downstream or in-situ, generated by a remote plasma generator, such as an Astron® remote plasma source, an inductively-coupled plasma generator or a capacitively-coupled plasma generator. Examples of pre-treatment gases include O2, O3, H2O, NO, NO2, N2O, H2, N2, He, Ar, and combinations thereof, either alone or in combination with other compounds. Examples of chemistries include O2, O2/N2, O2/He, O2/Ar, O2/H2and H2/He. The particular process conditions may vary depending on the implementation. In alternate embodiments, the pretreatment operation involves exposing the substrate to O2, O2/N2, O2/He, O2/Ar or other pretreatment chemistries, in a non-plasma environment. The particular process conditions may vary depending on the implementation. In these embodiments, the substrate may be exposed to the pretreatment chemistry in the presence energy from another energy source, including a thermal energy source, a ultra-violet source, a microwave source, etc. In certain embodiments, in addition to or instead of the pretreatment operations described above, a substrate is pretreated with exposure to a catalyst, surfactant, or adhesion-promoting chemical. The pre-treatment operation, if performed, may occur in the deposition chamber or may occur in another chamber prior to transfer of the substrate to the deposition chamber. Once in the deposition chamber, and after the optional pre-treatment operation, process gases are introduced.

Surface treatments to create hydrophilic surfaces that can be wet and nucleate evenly during deposition are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/519,400, titled “Treatment For Flowable Dielectric Deposition On Substrate Surfaces,” incorporated by reference herein. As described therein, the surface treatments may involve exposure to a remote plasma.

EXPERIMENTAL

FIG. 7shows an image701of uniform densified flowable film formed with in-situ UV exposure as described with reference toFIG. 4A. TVTMCTS was the dielectric precursor, with no oxidant employed. Chamber pressure was 25 Torr and substrate temperature was 25° C. A 12 KW UV source at 35% power (4.2 KW) was used to irradiate the chamber interior during deposition. Notably the film is of uniform density (indicated by the uniform shade of the fill in the image) and there is no line bending observed. This indicates that the flowability of the film is maintained without line bending. The results shown in image701are substantially better than those deposited using triethoxysilane (TES) as shown in images703,705and707, regardless of the cure. The flowable oxide in image703was exposed to a UV Cure at 250° C.; the flowable oxide in image705was exposed to a thermal cure at 545° C. for 10 minutes, and the flowable oxide in image707was exposed to a thermal cure at 545° C. for 10 minutes followed by a UV cure. In each case, there is a density gradient (visible by the graded, non-uniform shade in the images) indicated in the circled portion.

FIG. 8shows Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for films deposited from TVTMCTS with no oxidant employed and in-situ UV exposure during the deposition. The spectra show that the deposited films retain Si—CH3groups. Cage and network oxide phases are observed. Residual vinyl groups are observed in thicker films.

Apparatus

The methods of the present invention may be performed on a wide-range of modules. The methods may be implemented on any apparatus equipped for deposition of dielectric film, including HDP-CVD reactors, PECVD reactors, sub-atmospheric CVD reactors, any chamber equipped for CVD reactions, and chambers used for PDL (pulsed deposition layers).

Such an apparatus may take many different forms. Generally, the apparatus will include one or more modules, with each module including a chamber or reactor (sometimes including multiple stations) that house one or more wafers and are suitable for wafer processing. Each chamber may house one or more wafers for processing. The one or more chambers maintain the wafer in a defined position or positions (with or without motion within that position, e.g. rotation, vibration, or other agitation). While in process, each wafer is held in place by a pedestal, wafer chuck and/or other wafer holding apparatus. For certain operations in which the wafer is to be heated, the apparatus may include a heater such as a heating plate. Examples of suitable reactors are the Sequel™ reactor, the Vector™, the Speed™ reactor, and the Gamma™ reactor all available from Lam Research of Fremont, Calif.

As discussed above, according to various embodiments, the surface treatment may take place in the same or different module as the flowable dielectric deposition.FIG. 9shows an example tool configuration960including wafer transfer system995and loadlocks990, flowable deposition module970, and UV module980. Additional modules, such as a pre-deposition treatment module, and/or one or more additional deposition modules970or UV modules980may also be included at975.

Modules that may be used for pre-treatment include SPEED or SPEED Max, NOVA Reactive Preclean Module (RPM), Altus ExtremeFill (EFx) Module, Vector Extreme Pre-treatment Module (for plasma, ultra-violet or infra-red pre-treatment), and Vector or Vector Extreme modules. A SOLA module may be used for UV exposure. All of the tools are available from Lam Research, Fremont Calif. These modules may be attached to the same backbone as the flowable deposition module. Also, any of these modules may be on different backbones. A controller may be connected to any or all of the components of a tool; its placement and connectivity may vary based on the particular implementation.

In certain embodiments, a controller922is employed to control process conditions during deposition and/or pre or post-treatment. Further description of a controller is provided below.

FIG. 10shows an example of a deposition chamber for flowable dielectric deposition. A deposition chamber1000(also referred to as a reactor, or reactor chamber) includes chamber housing1002, top plate1004, skirt1006, showerhead1008, pedestal column1024, and seal1026provide a sealed volume for flowable dielectric deposition. Wafer1010is supported by chuck1012and insulating ring1014. Chuck1012includes RF electrode1016and resistive heater element1018. Chuck1012and insulating ring1014are supported by pedestal1020, which includes platen1022and pedestal column1024. Pedestal column1024passes through seal1026to interface with a pedestal drive (not shown). Pedestal column1024includes platen coolant line1028and pedestal purge line1030. Showerhead1008includes co-reactant-plenum1032and precursor-plenum1034, which are fed by co-reactant-gas line1036and precursor-gas line1038, respectively. Co-reactant-gas line1036and precursor-gas line1038may be heated prior to reaching showerhead1008in zone1040. While a dual-flow plenum is described herein, a single-flow plenum may be used to direct gas into the chamber. For example, reactants may be supplied to the showerhead and may mix within a single plenum before introduction into the reactor.1020′ and1020refer to the pedestal, but in a lowered (1020) and raised (1020′) position.

The chamber is equipped with, or connected to, gas delivery system for delivering reactants to reactor chamber1000. A gas delivery system may supply chamber1010with one or more co-reactants, such as oxidants, including water, oxygen, ozone, peroxides, alcohols, etc. which may be supplied alone or mixed with an inert carrier gas. The gas delivery system may also supply chamber with one or more dielectric precursors, for example triethoxysilane (TES), which may be supplied alone or mixed with an inert carrier gas. The gas delivery system is also configured to deliver one or more treatment reagents, for plasma treatment as described herein reactor cleaning. For example, for plasma processing, hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, oxygen or other gas may be delivered.

Deposition chamber1000serves as a sealed environment within which flowable dielectric deposition may occur. In many embodiments, deposition chamber1000features a radially symmetric interior. Reducing or eliminating departures from a radially symmetric interior helps ensure that flow of the reactants occurs in a radially balanced manner over wafer1010. Disturbances to the reactant flows caused by radial asymmetries may cause more or less deposition on some areas of wafer1010than on other areas, which may produce unwanted variations in wafer uniformity.

Deposition chamber1000includes several main components. Structurally, deposition chamber1000may include a chamber housing1002and a top plate1004. Top plate1004is configured to attach to chamber housing1002and provide a seal interface between chamber housing1002and a gas distribution manifold/showerhead, electrode, or other module equipment. Different top plates1004may be used with the same chamber housing1002depending on the particular equipment needs of a process.

Chamber housing1002and top plate1004may be machined from an aluminum, such as 6061-T6, although other materials may also be used, including other grades of aluminum, aluminum oxide, and other, non-aluminum materials. The use of aluminum allows for easy machining and handling and makes available the elevated heat conduction properties of aluminum.

Top plate1004may be equipped with a resistive heating blanket to maintain top plate1004at a desired temperature. For example, top plate1004may be equipped with a resistive heating blanket configured to maintain top plate1004at a temperature of between −20° C. and 100° C. Alternative heating sources may be used in addition to or as an alternative to a resistive heating blanket, such as circulating heated liquid through top plate1004or supplying top plate1004with a resistive heater cartridge.

Chamber housing1002may be equipped with resistive heater cartridges configured to maintain chamber housing1002at a desired temperature. Other temperature control systems may also be used, such as circulating heated fluids through bores in the chamber walls.

The chamber interior walls may be temperature-controlled during flowable dielectric to a temperature between −20° C. and 100° C. In some implementations, top plate1004may not include heating elements and may instead rely on thermal conduction of heat from chamber resistive heater cartridges to maintain a desired temperature. Various embodiments may be configured to temperature-control the chamber interior walls and other surfaces on which deposition is undesired, such as the pedestal, skirt, and showerhead, to a temperature approximately 10° C. to 40° C. higher than the target deposition process temperature. In some implementations, these components may be held at temperatures above this range.

Through actively heating and maintaining deposition chamber1000temperature during processing, the interior reactor walls may be kept at an elevated temperature with respect to the temperature at which wafer1010is maintained. Elevating the interior reactor wall temperature with respect to the wafer temperature may minimize condensation of the reactants on the interior walls of deposition chamber1000during flowable film deposition. If condensation of the reactants occurs on the interior walls of deposition chamber1000, the condensate may form a deposition layer on the interior walls, which is undesirable.

In addition to, or alternatively to, heating chamber housing1002and/or top plate1004, a hydrophobic coating may be applied to some or all of the wetted surfaces of deposition chamber1000and other components with wetted surfaces, such as pedestal1020, insulating ring1014, or platen1022, to prevent condensation. Such a hydrophobic coating may be resistant to process chemistry and processing temperature ranges, e.g., a processing temperature range of −20° C. to 100° C. Some silicone-based and fluorocarbon-based hydrophobic coatings, such as polyethylene, may not be compatible with an oxidizing, e.g., plasma, environment and may not be suitable for use. Nano-technology based coatings with super-hydrophobic properties may be used; such coatings may be ultra-thin and may also possess oleophobic properties in addition to hydrophobic properties, which may allow such a coating to prevent condensation as well as deposition of many reactants, used in flowable film deposition. One example of a suitable super-hydrophobic coating is titanium dioxide (TiO2).

Various thermal breaks may separate various components of the chamber1000. As used herein, a thermal break refers to a physical separation, i.e., gap, between parts which is sufficiently large enough to substantially prevent conductive heat transfer between the parts via any gases trapped within the thermal break yet which is also sufficiently small enough to prevent substantial convective heat transfer between the parts via the gases. Parts or portions of parts which are either in direct contact, or which are separated by a gap but which are still sufficiently close enough together to experience significant conductive heat transfer across the gap via any gases trapped within the gap, may be referred to as being in “thermal contact” with each other. Thermal breaks are described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/329,078, incorporated by reference herein.

Deposition chamber1000may also include one or more UV sources, which may be used for in situ UV exposure. This is discussed further below with respect toFIG. 12.

FIGS. 11A and 11Bshow an example of a UV chamber for UV exposure of flowable dielectric material. Chamber1101includes multiple stations1103,1105,1107and1109, each of which can accommodate a substrate. Station1103includes transfer pins1119.FIG. 11Bis a side view of the chamber showing stations1103and1105and substrates1113and1115located above pedestals1123and1125. There are gaps1104between the substrates and the pedestals. A substrate may be supported above a pedestal by an attachment, such as a pin, or floated on gas. Parabolic or planar cold mirrors1153and1155are located above UV flood lamp sets1133and1135. UV light from lamp sets1133and1135passes through windows1143and1145. Substrates1103and1105are then exposed to the radiation. In alternative embodiments, a substrate may be supported by the pedestals1123and1125. The lamps may or may not be equipped with cold mirrors. In some embodiments, the substrate temperature may be maintained by use of a conductive gas such as helium or a mixture of helium and argon at a sufficiently high pressure, typically between 50 and 760 Torr.

In operation, a substrate may be sequentially exposed to each UV light source, with multiple substrates exposed to a UV light source in parallel. Alternatively, each substrate may be exposed to only one or subset of the UV light sources.

In some cases, different stations irradiate the wafer at different wavelengths or wavelengths ranges. The example above uses a UV flood lamp, which generates radiation in a broad spectrum. Optical components may be used in the radiation source to modulate the part of the broad spectrum that reaches the wafer. For example, reflectors, filters, or combination of both reflectors and filters may be used to subtract a part of the spectrum from the radiation. One such filter is a bandpass filter.

Optical bandpass filters are designed to transmit a specific waveband. They are composed of many thin layers of dielectric materials, which have differing refractive indices to produce constructive and destructive interference in the transmitted light. In this way optical bandpass filters can be designed to transmit a specific waveband only. The range limitations are usually dependent upon the interference filters lens, and the composition of the thin-film filter material. Incident light is passed through two coated reflecting surfaces. The distance between the reflective coatings determines which wavelengths will destructively interfere and which wavelengths will be allowed to pass through the coated surfaces. In situations where the reflected beams are in phase, the light will pass through the two reflective surfaces. However, if the wavelengths are out of phase, destructive interference will block most of the reflections, allowing almost nothing to transmit through. In this way, interference filters are able to attenuate the intensity of transmitted light at wavelengths that are higher or lower than the desired range.

Another filter that can attenuate the wavelengths of the radiation reaching the wafer is the window343, typically made of quartz. By changing the level of metal impurities and water content, the quartz window can be made to block radiations of undesired wavelengths. High-purity Silica Quartz with very little metal impurity is more transparent deeper into the ultraviolet. As an example, quartz with a thickness of 1 cm will have a transmittance of about 50% at a wavelength of 170 nm, which drops to only a few percent at 160 nm. Increasing levels of impurities in the quartz cause transmission of UV at lower wavelengths to be reduced. Electrically fused quartz has a greater presence of metallic impurities, limiting its UV transmittance wavelength to around 200 nm. Synthetic silica, on the other hand, has much greater purity and will transfer down to 170 nm. For infrared radiation, the transmittance through quartz is determined by the water content. More water in the quartz means that infrared radiation is more likely absorbed. The water content in the quartz may be controlled through the manufacturing process. Thus, the spectrum of radiation transmission through the quartz window may be controlled to cutoff or reduce UV transmission at shorter wavelengths and/or to reduce infrared transmission at longer wavelengths.

Another type of filter is UV cut-off filters. These filters do not allow UV transmission below a set value, e.g. 280 nm. These filters work by absorbing wavelengths below the cut-off value. This may be helpful to optimize the desired cure effect.

Radiation wavelength can also be controlled by modifying the properties of the light generator. UV flood lamps can generate a broad spectrum of radiation, from UV to infrared, but other light generators may be used to emit a smaller spectrum or to increase the intensity of a narrower spectrum. Other light generators may be mercury-vapor lamps, doped mercury-vapor lamps, electrode lamps, excimer lamps, excimer lasers, pulsed Xenon lamps, doped Xenon lamps. Lasers such as excimer lasers can emit radiation of a single wavelength. When dopants are added to mercury-vapor and to Xenon lamps, radiation in a narrow wavelength band may be made more intense. Common dopants are iron, nickel, cobalt, tin, zinc, indium, gallium, thallium, antimony, bismuth, or combinations of these. For example, mercury vapor lamps doped with indium emits strongly in the visible spectrum and around 450 nm; iron, at 360 nm; and gallium, at 320 nm. Radiation wavelengths can also be controlled by changing the fill pressure of the lamps. For example, high-pressure mercury vapor lamps can be made to emit wavelengths of 250 to 440 nm, particularly 310 to 350 nm more intensely. Low-pressure mercury vapor lamps emit at shorter wavelengths.

In addition to changing light generator properties and the use of filters, reflectors that preferentially deliver one or more segments of the lamps spectral output may be used. A common reflector is a cold mirror that allows infrared radiation to pass but reflects other light. Other reflectors that preferentially reflect light of a spectral band may be used. Therefore a wafer may be exposed to radiation of different wavelengths at different stations. Of course, the radiation wavelengths may be the same in some stations.

InFIG. 11B, pedestals1123and1125are stationary. Indexer1111lifts and moves each substrate from one pedestal to another between each exposure period. Indexer1111is an indexer plate1121attached to a motion mechanism1131that has rotational and axial motion. Upward axial motion is imparted to indexer plate1121to pick up substrates from each pedestal. The rotational motion serves to advance the substrates from one station to another. The motion mechanism then imparts downward axial motion to the plate to put the substrates down on the stations.

Pedestals1123and1125may be electrically heated and maintained at a desired process temperature. As noted above, the substrate temperature is maintained at below the boiling point of the dielectric precursors in some embodiments. As such, pedestals1123and1125may also be equipped with cooling lines. Each pedestal may have its own heating or cooling system. In an alternate embodiment, a large heater block may be used to support the wafers instead of individual pedestals. A thermally conductive gas, such as helium, is used to cause good thermal coupling between the pedestal and the wafer. In some embodiments, cast pedestals with coaxial heat exchangers may be used. These are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,327,948, incorporated by reference herein.

FIGS. 11A and 11Bshow only an example of a suitable apparatus and other apparatuses may be used. For example, in another embodiment that uses flood lamps, the substrate support may be a carousel. Unlike with the stationary pedestal substrate supports, the substrates do not move relative to the carousel. After a substrate is loaded onto the carousel, the carousel rotates, if necessary, to expose the wafer to light from a UV lamp set. The carousel is stationary during the exposure period. After the exposure period, the carousel may be rotated advance each substrate for exposure to the next set of lamps. Heating and cooling elements may be embedded within the rotating carousel. Alternatively the carousel may be in contact with a heat transfer plate or hold the substrates so that they are suspended above a heat transfer plate.

In certain embodiments, the substrates are exposed to UV radiation from focused, rather than, flood lamps. Unlike the flood lamp embodiments wherein the substrates are stationary during exposure (as inFIGS. 11A and 11B), there is relative movement between the wafers and the light sources during exposure to the focused lights as the substrates are scanned.

FIGS. 11A and 11Bshow an example of multi-station UV exposure tool that may be connected under vacuum to a flowable dielectric deposition tool to permit transfer between a flowable dielectric deposition tool and UV exposure tool under controlled pressure and temperature. An example of a multi-station UV exposure tool is the SOLA tool available from Lam Research of Fremont, Calif. Single station UV exposure tools may be employed.

In certain embodiments, a multi-station tool may be employed in which dielectric deposition occurs at a first station or subset of stations and UV exposure at a second station or subset of stations. A schematic example of such an apparatus is provided inFIG. 12A, which a multi-station chamber1200including a deposition station1202configured for cold condensation of a dielectric precursor or product thereof and UV station1204configured for UV exposure. One or more deposition stations1202may be configured as in the example ofFIG. 10. One or more UV exposure stations1204may be configured as station1103in the example ofFIG. 11B.

One or more of the apparatuses depicted inFIGS. 9-12Amay be used in to perform ex-situ UV exposure as discussed above with respect toFIG. 4A. To perform in-situ UV exposure, a UV exposure tool as shown inFIGS. 11A and 11Bmay be employed, with deposition gases inlet to the chamber, e.g., through side or top gas inlets. In alternate embodiments, a deposition chamber such as that shown inFIG. 10may be equipped with one or more UV sources. A schematic example of such a chamber is shown inFIG. 12B. Chamber1201includes a showerhead1203; similar to showerhead1008in the example ofFIG. 10, showerhead1203has one or more plenums1205for introducing reactant gases to form a flowable film. Further, UV sources1207are embedded within or mounted on the showerhead to provide UV radiation. Each UV source1207may be separated from the interior of the chamber1201by a window1209. Examples of windows are described above with reference toFIGS. 11A and 11B. The showerhead1203may be designed such that the UV sources1207and gas openings are in a regular pattern such that gas delivery and UV irradiation are fairly uniform across a substrate in the chamber. For example, the UV sources and/or the showerhead holes may be in a hexagonal pattern.FIG. 12also shows a purge gas1211, e.g., Ar, that may be employed to keep the windows1209clean. A pedestal1213is configured to support a substrate. In some embodiments, the pedestal1213, or a support thereon, is rotatable such that a substrate can be rotated if necessary during deposition to promote deposition and UV exposure uniformity.

As indicated above with respect toFIG. 9, in certain embodiments, a controller922is employed to control process conditions during deposition and/or pre or post-treatment. Such a controller may be used to control operations in any of the apparatuses depicted inFIGS. 9-12B.

The controller922will typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors. The processor may include a CPU or computer, analog and/or digital input/output connections, stepper motor controller boards, etc. Typically there will be a user interface associated with controller922. The user interface may include a display screen, graphical software displays of the apparatus and/or process conditions, and user input devices such as pointing devices, keyboards, touch screens, microphones, etc.

In certain embodiments, the controller922may also control all of the activities during the process, including gas flow rate, chamber pressure, generator process parameters. The controller922executes system control software including sets of instructions for controlling the timing, mixture of gases, chamber pressure, pedestal (and substrate) temperature, UV power, and other parameters of a particular process. The controller922may also control concentration of various process gases in the chamber by regulating valves, liquid delivery controllers and MFCs in the delivery system as well as flow restriction valves and the exhaust line. The controller922executes system control software including sets of instructions for controlling the timing, flow rates of gases and liquids, chamber pressure, substrate temperature, UV power, and other parameters of a particular process. Other computer programs stored on memory devices associated with the controller may be employed in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the controller922controls the transfer of a substrate into and out of various components of the apparatuses.

The computer program code for controlling the processes in a process sequence can be written in any conventional computer readable programming language: for example, assembly language, C, C++, Pascal, Fortran or others. Compiled object code or script is executed by the processor to perform the tasks identified in the program. The system software may be designed or configured in many different ways. For example, various chamber component subroutines or control objects may be written to control operation of the chamber components necessary to carry out the described processes. Examples of programs or sections of programs for this purpose include process gas control code and pressure control code.

The controller parameters relate to process conditions such as, for example, timing of each operation, pressure inside the chamber, substrate temperature, and process gas flow rates. These parameters are provided to the user in the form of a recipe, and may be entered utilizing the user interface. Signals for monitoring the process may be provided by analog and/or digital input connections of the controller922. The signals for controlling the process are output on the analog and digital output connections of the apparatus.