A monopole antenna is mounted on a ground plane and incorporates a radiating structure in the form of a blade perpendicular to the ground plane, for loading the antenna. An elevated feed is formed by a biconical central post between the blade and the ground plane. Tuning is also accomplished by a capacitive strips spanning the biconical central post and by outboard inductive posts which connect between the ground plane and the blade to provide shunt inductance. Alternatively, additional tuning may be accomplished by a circuit between upper and lower portions of the central post.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a monopole antenna and, more particularly, to a 
blade monopole antenna which is mounted on a ground plane and is smaller 
than a wavelength of operation. 
A monopole antenna having dimensions smaller than a wavelength of operation 
is useful in situations requiring an omnidirectional radiation pattern, 
and fairly close impedance matching to a line over a large bandwidth. In a 
common form of construction, such an antenna is mounted on a ground plane 
which serves as an element of the antenna in establishing the radiation 
pattern. Particular utility of such a construction is found in situations 
wherein the antenna is mounted on an exterior electrically conductive 
surface of a vehicle such as an aircraft, for transmission and reception 
of electromagnetic signals, and wherein the exterior surface of the 
aircraft serves as the ground plane. 
It is desirable, in the case of vehicular communication, to minimize the 
size of the antenna, to provide a uniform antenna radiation pattern, and 
to operate over a large bandwidth with minimum standing wave ratio (VSWR). 
In general, such antennas are described in Harold A. Wheeler's article 
entitled "Small Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas And Propagation 
Vol AP-23, No. 4, pages 462-469, July, 1975. See also U.S. patent 
application Ser. No. 06/741,333 filed June 5, 1985 for Double Tuned Disc 
Loaded Monopole incorporated herein by reference. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The foregoing desirable features and other advantages are provided by a 
monopole antenna mounted on a ground plane. The invention simplifies the 
overall configuration of the antenna as well as components of the antenna 
structure which tune the antenna to a prescribed frequency band. In 
accordance with the invention, loading of the antenna is provided by a 
blade spaced apart from the ground plane and perpendicular thereto 
separated by a central post which extends between the blade and the ground 
plane. The post is formed with an upper portion connected to the blade and 
a lower portion connected to the ground plane. The upper and lower 
portions have opposing conical faces. The lower portion is in contact with 
the ground plane and has left and right sections forming a gap within 
which a transmission line is located and is connected to the upper 
portion. Tuning of the antennas is accomplished by either of two 
structures. The first tuning structure comprises a capacitive strip 
separated from and spanning the upper and lower portions of the central 
post and a set of inductive strips spaced apart from the central post and 
connecting the blade with the ground plane. The second tuning structure 
comprises a printed circuit, or circuit elements formed of a conductive 
strip mounted on the dielectric slab located between the conical faces of 
the upper and lower portions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of the invention wherein a monopole 
antenna 100 is constructed with a blade 102 of electrically conducting 
material, such as aluminum or copper, and is mounted perpendicular to and 
spaced apart from an electrically conducting member 24 which serves as a 
ground plane. Typically, the size of the member 24 is larger than that of 
the blade 102 and, in the case of the mounting of the antenna 100 on the 
outer surface of a vehicle such as an aircraft (not shown), the member 24 
is formed by the outer surface of the vehicle. The member 24 supports a 
dielectric slab 114 on which 106 and an upper portion 118 are mounted. 
The elevated feed 106 comprises a pair of symmetrically positioned vanes 
108 having parallel edges 110 which are spaced apart a sufficient distance 
for emplacement of a strip conductor 112 along a central axis of the 
antenna 100, and insulated from the vanes 108. A dielectric slab 114 
serves as a substrate or support against which the vanes 108 and the strip 
conductor 112 are positioned to form a microstrip transmission line 116. 
The edges 110 are spaced apart from the strip conductor 112 with a spacing 
selected to provide a desired impedance to the transmission line 116. 
The antenna 100 further comprises a central truncated post having an upper 
portion 118 which is in electrical contact with the blade 102 and extends 
therefrom towards an upper terminus of the lower portion 106. Each section 
108a, 108b of lower portion 106 is provided with an inclined edge 120, the 
two edges 120 providing the form of a triangular edge to the upper 
terminus of the lower portion 106. The triangular shape of the upper 
terminus of the lower portion 106 forms the lower portion of the biconical 
feed. The upper portion 118 is provided with a pair of inclined edges 122 
which face the corresponding edges 120 of the lower portion 106. The 
configuration of the inclined edges 122 of the upper portion 118 forms the 
upper portion of the biconical feed. The central strip conductor 112 of 
the transmission line 116 is located within the gap 110 formed by sections 
108a, 108b and extends upward to make electrical contact with the upper 
portion 118. The sections 108a and 108b, the posts 104, the upper portion 
118, and the blade 102, are all fabricated of an electrically conducting 
material such as copper. 
With respect to the construction of a capacitive structure, a pair of 
metallic strip conductors 124, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, are supported by 
the slab 114. Conductors 124 are spaced apart from the upper portion 118 
and the lower portion 106. Upper and lower ends of the strips 124 overlap 
(or span), respectively, edges 126 of the upper portion 118 and edges 128 
of sections 108a and 108b to serve as plates of capacitors. Thus, on the 
right side of the lower portion 106 and the upper portion 118 are formed 
capacitors 130A and 130B, while capacitors 130C and 130D are formed to the 
left. The capacitors 130A-B are connected in series with each other via 
the right strip conductor 124 while the capacitors 130C-D are connected in 
series with each other via the left strip conductor 124. The combination 
of capacitors 130A-B and 130C-D are arranged in parallel to provide a 
resultant capacitor 130 between the blade 102 and the ground plane member 
24. The capacitance of the capacitor 130 and inductance provided by the 
posts 104 are arranged in shunt configuration with respect to currents 
coupled via the upper portion 106 between the member 24 and the blade 102. 
The equivalent circuit is shown in FIG. 4 and discussed below. 
FIG. 3 shows an antenna 100A which is a modification of the antenna 100 of 
FIGS. 1 and 2. The structure of the capacitor 130 and the inductive posts 
104 (FIGS. 1 and 2) is replaced, in FIGS. 3, with printed circuits 62A, 
72A comprising inductive components in the form of a pair of wire or strip 
segments 64A, 74A mounted on the dielectric slab 114 and electrically 
connected via strips 68A, 78A between the upper portion 106 and the lower 
portion 118. The construction of the segments 64A, 74A also includes 
capacitive components. Thus, each printed circuit 62A, 72A provides a 
capacitor 66A, 76A. The capacitors 66A, 76A and the inductors 64A, 74A are 
arranged in shunt configuration with respect to electric currents coupled 
via the lower portion 106 between the member 24 and the blade 102. The 
discussion below of FIG. 4 applies also to the antenna 100A of FIG. 3. 
The bandwidth and standing wave ratio attainable with the antennas 100 and 
100A of FIGS. 1-3 are comparable to those attainable with the antennas of 
Ser. No. 06/741,333. The two embodiments of the antenna, namely, the 
circular embodiment of Ser. No. 06/741,333 and the fin-shaped embodiment 
of FIGS. 1-3 may be used interchangeably except that the fin-shaped 
embodiment is preferred in the case of an antenna mounted on the exterior 
surface of an aircraft. The fin-shaped antenna permits air to flow past 
the aircraft without the introduction of any more than a minimal amount of 
turbulance. 
By the way of further modification in the construction of the antennas 100 
and 100A of FIGS. 1-3, it is noted that the tuning elements, namely the 
posts 104, the strip conductors 124, and the wire segments 64A may be 
embedded within a dielectric slab as shown in FIG. 2, rather than being 
printed or mounted on a surface thereof. If desired, front and back 
dielectric slabs (not shown) may be provided for fully enclosing the lower 
portion 106 and the upper portion 118. In all of the foregoing embodiments 
of the invention, the amount of inductance provided by the post 104 is 
selected in a conventional well known manner by constructing the posts 
with the appropriate cross sectional dimensions. In addition, the 
inductance presented by the truncated posts 46 and 118 is also dependent 
on their respective cross sectional dimension. The spacing between the 
edges 120, 122 and the corresponding outer inductive post 104 may also be 
adjusted to attain a desired amount of overall inductance and 
transformation ratio associated with the biconical transmission line 
configuration. 
Transmission line 116 is disposed along a central axis between sections 
108a and 108b within gap 110 and comprises a central conductor 112 
surrounded by an insulating central bore 110. Sections 108a and 108b serve 
as the outer conductor of the transmission line 116. The transmission line 
116 terminates at its lower end in a connector 140 (shown in FIG. 3 only) 
having a flange 142 which abuts the member 24, and a thread 144 by which 
engagement is made with a connector of a coaxial cable (not shown) for 
conduction of electromagnetic signals between the antenna 100, 100A and a 
source and/or receiver (not shown). 
An upper portion 118 is connected to the central portion of the blade 102 
and is constructed of an electrically conducting material such as copper. 
The upper portion 118 extends over only a part of the distance between 
blade 102 and the ground plane member 24, the lower terminus of the upper 
portion 118 contacting the upper end of the central conductor 112 of the 
transmission line 116. The upper portion 118 has an outer edge 126 in the 
upper part of the upper portion 118, and terminates in a cone 122 at the 
lower end of the upper portion 46. The cones 120 and 122 provide the 
configuration of a biconical transmission line for coupling from the upper 
portion capacitor sections 130B, 130D to the lower portion capacitor 
sections 130A, 130C with the area 131 serving as the dielectrical layer 
between the edges 126, 128 and the strips 124, 125. The central portion of 
the strip 124 serves as a electrical conductor for series interconnection 
of the capacitor sections 130A and 130B, and the central portion of strip 
125 of the capacitor sections 130C and 130D. 
With respect to tuning of the antenna 100, the elevated structure of the 
lower portion 106 may be treated as a projection of the ground plane 
established by the member 24. The upper portion 118 serves as a series 
inductor to currents flowing between the lower portion 106 and the blade 
102. The capacitors 130 provides a shunt path for current flow between the 
blade 102 and the member 24. From the outer end of the biconical 
arrangement of the surfaces of the cones 120 and 122, the series 
inductance of the central post 106, and the shunt inductances of the outer 
posts 104 act as a transformer to the antenna impedance as presented to 
the biconical line. Thereby, the impedance presented by the combination of 
the foregoing capacitance and inductance in combination with the radiation 
resistance is modified by the impedance transformation ratio associated 
with the foregoing transformer. This enables the wideband matching of the 
antenna 100. 
The printed circuit 62A of FIG. 3 may be formed by conventional 
photolithographic technology wherein strip conductors are laminated to a 
substrate or, alternatively, may be fabricated of a set of wire segments. 
Each segment 64A is bent to form parallel branches. Each strip 68A, 78A 
provides an electrical connection between the corresponding upper portion 
118 and the corresponding lower portion 106. 
With reference to the circuits 62A, 72A fully shown within FIG. 3, the 
portions 64A, 74A define inductors 64A, 72A. The segments 66A, 76A 
terminate in two parallel end portions which define capacitors. The 
inductor and the capacitor are connected in parallel between the surfaces 
120 and 122. The central post 106, 118 introduces a series inductance. 
The antenna according to the invention achieves a bandwidth which is 
greater than that achievable by a simple monopole of the same overall 
dimensions in wavelength. The results are illustrated in FIG. 4 of Ser. 
No. 06/741,333 as a plot of VSWR vs. frequency, incorporated herein by 
reference. These charts have been prepared in accordance with H. A. 
Wheeler's September, 1984 article titled "Reflection Charts Relating To 
Impedance Matching", IEEE Transactions Vol. MT-32, pp. 1008-1021. Note 
that the impedance plot forms two turns around the chart, which may be 
interpreted as implying that the disc-loaded monopole is double tuned and 
as suggesting that even greater bandwidth may be achieved by triple 
tuning. 
FIG. 4 shows a conceptual equivalent circuit applicable in general terms to 
FIGS. 1 and 3. It represents the tuning of the antenna for wideband 
matching, which is one objective of the invention. A resistor 80 at the 
line terminals 88 of the antenna circuit 78 represents the impedance of 
the associated transmitter or receiver circuit as seen through a line of 
indeterminate length. A resistor 82 at the opposite end represents the 
radiation of power from the antenna. From the circuit viewpoint, 
capacitors 92 and 94 represent the shunt and series capacitance associated 
with the space under the blade 102 and just outside, while the inductor 83 
represents the magnetic energy associated with the transition to 
radiation. The total capacitance 92, 94 is tuned by the inductor 84, 86 to 
a frequency near midband. For double tuning, the inductor 85 is tuned with 
capacitor 96, likewise at a frequency near midband. The inductor 85 
provides the coupling required for double tuning. The composite inductor 
84, 85, 86 is proportioned to provide also an impedance transformation 
between the two resistors, 80, 82 as required for impedance matching. 
The elements in the equivalent circuit can be identified with the 
structural features in FIG. 1. Series capacitor 94 represents the external 
capacitance between the blade 102 and the radiation space represented by 
inductor 83 and resistor 82. Shunt capacitor 92 represents the capacitance 
in the space under the blade 102. The composite inductor 84, 85, 86 
represents, in general terms, the shunt inductance of the posts 104 and 
the series inductance in the space around the center post 106, 118. It is 
well known that a composite inductor such as 84, 85, 86 can provide shunt 
and series inductance and an impedance transformer ratio. The shunt 
capacitor 96 represents the shunt capacitance provided by the strips 124, 
125 and the dielectric space 131 directly across the terminals of the 
conical line extension 120, 122. The identification of the equivalent 
circuit with the structural features can be achieved by computing or 
measuring the frequency dependence of impedance 88. 
A similar correlation between FIG. 3 and a modification of FIG. 4 could be 
described but the concepts would remain the same. In particular, it is 
noted that, in view of the transformer effect produced by the biconical 
structure of the cones, the effective inductance and capacitance is 
enhanced to permit tuning of the antennas 100 and 100A over a broad 
frequency band while maintaining increased effective height between the 
ground plane member 24 and the blade 102, as well as maintaining a 
relatively low value of standing wave ratio. 
By way of example in design of the antennas 100 and 100A, a bandwidth of 
3:1 and SWR of 3:1, or a bandwidth of 2:1 and SWR of 2:1 represent 
approximate values of attainable performance characteristics. For example, 
a bandwidth may range from 300-600 MHz (mergahertz), or 300-900 MHz, or 
600-1200 MHz. By way of example, a model of the antenna 100 (FIGS. 1 and 
2) transmitting over a bandwidth of 300-900 MHz has a height of three 
inches and a width of seven inches. 
By virtue of the foregoing description, there is provided a monopole 
antenna which is convenient to manufacture, and which includes readily 
fabricated tuning elements for selection of an operating frequency band. 
In addition, a biconical configuration of feed and central post provides 
the effect of a transformer which transforms both load and tuning 
impedance for increased frequency bandwidth and reduced standing wave 
ratio, while maintaining an enlarged effective height of the antenna for 
more efficient transmission and reception of radiant energy. 
It is to be understood that the above described embodiments of the 
invention are illustrative only, and that modifications thereof may occur 
to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, this invention is not to be 
regarded as limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is to limited 
only as defined by the appended claims.