Method and system using nuclear magnetic resonance well logging for T2 cutoff value estimation

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging system and method is disclosed. The method may include obtaining an NMR well log, a measured downhole temperature, and at least one rock sample for a formation in a subsurface region. The method may further include determining an NMR distribution for each sample and selecting a set of samples based on the determined NMR distribution. For each selected sample, the method may further include determining a first parameter of the NMR distribution, a regression parameter of a relationship, and a first and second fractal parameters of the NMR distribution. The method may further include determining a second parameter of the NMR distribution based on the first and second fractal parameters, the regression parameter, and the downhole temperature. The method may still further include determining a parameter of the formation based on the second parameter of the NMR distributions of the set of samples.

BACKGROUND

The characterization of subsurface petrophysical properties is useful for reserve assessment and production optimization. These subsurface properties may be integrated with multiphysics core measurements across different plug scale and log scales to provide constraints on reservoir model building. Core samples may be analyzed through various sensors or probes, such as through core scans performed using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure numerous formation and fluid properties, such as porosity, formation permeability, irreducible saturation, hydrocarbon typing, and viscosity. The cutoff value of NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) provides useful information for pore structure characterization, permeability prediction, and irreducible water saturation calculation.

However, conventional methods often predict inaccurate NMR T2cutoff values for a rock sample with complex pore structure. In order to achieve better prediction for petrophysical properties for reservoir model building, it is necessary to predict an accurate NMR T2cutoff value for the rock sample of formation of interest.

SUMMARY

In general, in one aspect, embodiments relate to a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging method that includes obtaining an NMR well log, a measured downhole temperature for a formation in a subsurface region, and obtaining at least one rock sample of the formation from the subsurface region. The method further includes determining an NMR distribution for each rock sample at multiple temperatures and selecting a set of rock samples based on the NMR distribution of the rock samples. For each selected rock sample, the method includes determining a first parameter of the NMR distribution at each of a plurality of laboratory measured temperatures, a regression parameter of a relationship between the first parameter of the NMR distribution and laboratory measured temperatures, a first fractal parameter and a second fractal parameter of the NMR distribution. The method still further includes determining a second parameter of the NMR distribution based, at least in part, on the first fractal parameter, the second fractal parameter, the regression parameter, and the downhole temperature measurement, and determining a parameter of the formation based, at least in part, on the second parameter of the NMR distributions of the set of rock samples.

In general, in one aspect, embodiments relate to a system that includes a logging system coupled to a logging tool. The system further includes a well system coupled to the logging system and a wellbore. The system further includes a reservoir simulator module including a computer processor. The reservoir simulator module is coupled to the logging system and the well system. The reservoir simulator module obtains an NMR well log and a measured downhole temperature for a formation in a subsurface region. The reservoir simulator module obtains at least one rock sample of the formation from the subsurface region. The reservoir simulator module determines an NMR distribution for each rock sample at a plurality of temperatures. The reservoir simulator module selects a set of rock samples based on the NMR distribution of the rock sample. For each selected rock sample, the reservoir simulator module determines a first parameter of the NMR distribution at each of a plurality of laboratory measured temperatures, a regression parameter of a relationship between the first parameter of the NMR distribution and laboratory measured temperatures, a first fractal parameter and a second fractal parameter of the NMR distribution. the reservoir simulator module determines a second parameter of the NMR distribution based, at least in part, on the first fractal parameter, the second fractal parameter, the regression parameter, and the downhole temperature measurement. the reservoir simulator module determines a parameter of the formation based, at least in part, on the second parameter of the NMR distributions of the set of rock samples.

In general, in one aspect, embodiments relate to a non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions executable by a computer processor. The instructions include obtaining an NMR well log, a measured downhole temperature for a formation in a subsurface region, and at least one rock sample of the formation from the subsurface region. The instructions further include determining an NMR distribution for each rock sample at a plurality of temperatures and selecting a set of rock samples based on the NMR distribution of the rock sample. For each selected rock sample, the instructions include determining a first parameter of the NMR distribution at each of a plurality of laboratory measured temperatures, a regression parameter of a relationship between the first parameter of the NMR distribution and laboratory measured temperatures, a first fractal parameter and a second fractal parameter of the NMR distribution. The instructions still further include determining a second parameter of the NMR distribution based, at least in part, on the first fractal parameter, the second fractal parameter, the regression parameter, and the downhole temperature measurement, and determining a parameter of the formation based, at least in part, on the second parameter of the NMR distributions of the set of rock samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In general, embodiments of the disclosure include systems and methods for performing a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging method for predicting a temperature correct NMR T2cutoff value (T2c) using a multifractal dimension analysis and a temperature correction function. The NMR logging method is applied to determine one or more petrological properties (e.g., permeability and irreducible saturation) at a formation temperature for a rock sample of a formation. For example, the NMR logging method generates a high quality formation petrophyscial property model for reserve assessment and production optimization by accurately calibrating an NMR response to a tight rock sample which includes various mineral compositions, different depositional and diagenetic histories, and different formation conditions. As another example, the NMR logging method determines a temperature correct NMR T2cvalue at a formation temperature measured by a downhole temperature tool or a temperature log for permeability and irreducible saturation estimation based on a multifractal dimension analysis of NMR T2distribution, a temperature correction, and a free-fluid (e.g., Timur-Coates) model.

In some example embodiments, the NMR logging method based on the multifractal dimension analysis and the temperature correction may be performed in a specialized testing apparatus in the lab. In other example embodiments, the NMR logging method based on the multifractal dimension analysis and the temperature correction may be performed in a specialized testing apparatus downhole during drilling.

Further, the NMR logging method applies the multifractal dimension analysis to determine a relationship between multifractal parameters, routine properties, and the NMR T2cvalue based on minimal fractal dimension (Dmin), maximal fractal dimension (Dmax), and flow zone index (FZI). However, there are several difficult problems to obtaining an accurate NMR T2cvalue at the formation temperature. For example, the NMR T2cmeasurement may have a low resolution because the pore size distribution from NMR T2distribution may span more than two orders of magnitude due to irregular microscopic pore space. As such, some embodiments address these problems by applying the multifractal dimension analysis to provide a sufficiently small resolvable NMR T2value based on a capillary bundle tube model.

The NMR logging method determines one or more calibration parameters (e.g., an NMR T2cvalue) for the rock sample at a formation temperature using the temperature correction function based on a Gaussian analysis and a linear/nonlinear regression algorithm. The temperature effect may be large difference between a room temperature and a formation temperature. However, there are several difficult problems to obtaining an accurate temperature dependence of NMR T2cvalue at the formation temperature. For example, the NMR T2cvalue is defined as the value to distinguish the bound or irreducible fluid and the flow fluid. Further, the NMR T2cvalue may depend on multiple factors (e.g., bulk relaxation, fluids, diffusion, pore size, etc.). In particular, the NMR T2cvalue may be determined by using poor quality multifractal parameters due to the effect of diffusion coupling on the shape distribution curve of the NMR T2distribution. As such, some embodiments address these problems by applying a Gaussian fitting to measure temperature dependence of an overall shift of the NMR T2distribution. In particular, the NMR logging method evaluates the temperature correction by applying a linear/non-linear regression fitting to the NMR T2logarithmic (T2lm) mean difference as a function of temperature for a rock sample whose NMR T2distribution doesn't indicate significant diffusion coupling. Thus, the NMR logging method applies a temperature correction based on the effect of surface property and pore size of the rock sample.

Turning toFIG.1,FIG.1shows a schematic diagram in accordance with one or more embodiments.FIG.1illustrates a well environment (100) that may include a well (102) having a wellbore (104) extending into a formation (106). The wellbore (104) may include a bored hole that extends from the surface into a target zone of the formation (106), such as a reservoir. The formation (106) may include various formation characteristics of interest, such as formation porosity, formation permeability, water saturation, irreducible water saturation, rock type, temperature, density and the like. Porosity may indicate how much space exists in a particular rock within an area of interest in the formation (106), where oil, gas, and/or water may be trapped. Permeability may indicate the ability of liquids and gases to flow through the rock within the area of interest. Water saturation may indicate the fraction of water in a given pore space. Irreducible water saturation may indicate the ratio of irreducible total fluid volume to effective porosity for a formation (106) within the area of interest. Rock type may indicate the type of rock for a formation (106) with the area of interest. For example, a tight chalk may have a high strength property that requires a high pump pressure for breaking the chalk. Temperature may indicate the temperature or the temperature gradient for a formation (106) with the area of interest. Density may indicate the bulk density for a formation (106) with the area of interest.

The well environment (100) may include a drilling system (110), a logging system (112), a control system (114), and a reservoir simulator (160). The drilling system (110) may include a drill string, a drill bit, a mud circulation system and/or the like for use in boring the wellbore (104) into the formation (106). The control system (114) may include hardware and/or software for managing drilling operations and/or maintenance operations. For example, the control system (114) may include one or more programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that include hardware and/or software with functionality to control one or more processes performed by the drilling system (110). Specifically, a PLC may control valve states, fluid levels, pipe pressures, warning alarms, drilling parameters (e.g., torque, WOB, SPP, RPM, etc.) and/or pressure releases throughout a drilling rig. In particular, a PLC may be a ruggedized computer system with functionality to withstand vibrations, extreme temperatures, wet conditions, and/or dusty conditions, for example, around a drilling rig. Without loss of generality, the term “control system” may refer to a drilling operation control system that is used to operate and control the equipment, a drilling data acquisition and monitoring system that is used to acquire drilling process and equipment data and to monitor the operation of the drilling process, or a drilling interpretation software system that is used to analyze and understand drilling events and progress.

The logging system (112) may include one or more logging tools (113) (e.g., a NMR spectrometer) for use in generating well logs (140), core sample data (142) and NMR T2distribution data (150) of the formation (106). The logging tools (113) provide a powerful way to characterize the fine scale petrophysical properties data (152) (e.g., density, porosity, permeability, rock type, water saturation, irreducible water saturation, etc.).

Furthermore, as another example, the NMR logging tool may measure the induced magnetic moment of hydrogen nuclei (e.g., protons) contained within the fluid-filled pore space of porous media (e.g., reservoir rocks). Thus, NMR logs may measure the magnetic response of fluids present in the pore spaces of the reservoir rocks. In particular, NMR logs may measure the magnetic response of fluids at the pore spaces of the reservoir rocks are fully saturated with water. Likewise, NMR logs may measure the magnetic response of fluids at the pore spaces of the reservoir rocks only contain irreducible water after the fluid above a corresponding pore radius is removed from the reservoir rocks by adjusting a centrifugal force in a high-speed centrifuge. In so doing, NMR logs may measure porosity (e.g., incremental porosity, cumulative porosity, total porosity, irreducible porosity, and movable porosity, etc.) and permeability, as well as the types of fluids present in the pore spaces. Thus, NMR logging may be a subcategory of electromagnetic logging that responds to the presence of hydrogen protons rather than a rock matrix. Because hydrogen protons may occur primarily in pore fluids, NMR logging may directly or indirectly measure the volume, composition, viscosity, and distribution of pore fluids.

A logging tool (113) may be lowered into the wellbore (104) and/or in the laboratory to acquire measurements (e.g., well logs (140), core sample data (142), and NMR T2distribution data (150)) as the tool traverses a depth interval (130) (e.g., a targeted reservoir section) of the wellbore (104). The plot of the logging measurements versus depth may be referred to as a “log” or “well log”. Well logs (140) may provide depth measurements of the well (102) that describe such reservoir characteristics as formation porosity, formation permeability, resistivity, density, water saturation, total organic content (TOC), volume of kerogen, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the like. The resulting logging measurements may be stored and/or processed, for example, by the control system (114), to generate corresponding well logs (140) for the well (102). A well log may include, for example, a plot of a logging response time versus true vertical depth (TVD) across the depth interval (130) of the wellbore (104).

Reservoir characteristics may be determined using a variety of different techniques. For example, certain reservoir characteristics can be determined via coring (e.g., physical extraction of rock samples) to produce core samples and/or logging operations (e.g., wireline logging, logging-while-drilling (LWD) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD)). Coring operations may include physically extracting a rock sample from a region of interest within the wellbore (104) for detailed laboratory analysis. For example, when drilling an oil or gas well, a coring bit may cut plugs (or “cores” or “core samples”) from the formation (106) and bring the plugs to the surface, and these core samples may be analyzed at the surface (e.g., in a lab) to determine various characteristics of the formation (106) at the location where the sample was obtained.

To determine porosity in the formation (106), various types of logging techniques may be used. For example, the logging system (112) may measure the water temperature in the formation (106) for characterizing water bearing zones and identifying vertical flow in the formation (106). This type of logging may generate borehole temperature logs. Likewise, NMR logging may measure NMR T2distribution to provide information about the fluid distribution, pore structure, and pore volume change to obtain important reservoir evaluation parameters (e.g., total porosity, effective porosity, permeability, irreducible saturation, and movable water saturation, etc.). In particular, NMR T2distribution may include three components associated with bulk, surface, and diffusion (Equation 1). When the rock sample is fully water saturated, NMR T2distribution is dominated by the surface term T2_surface. Thus, the NMR T2distribution may be used to characterize pore size distribution of the rock sample (e.g., see the accompanying description toFIG.2).

1T2=1T2⁢_⁢Bulk+1T2⁢_⁢Surface+1T2⁢_⁢Diffusion(1)
where T2is transverse relaxation time in ms of pore fluid, T2_Bulkis bulk transverse relaxation time in ms of pore fluid, T2_Surfaceis surface transverse relaxation time in ms of pore fluid, T2_Diffusionis diffusion transverse relaxation time in ms of pore fluid.

Furthermore, NMR logging may measure an NMR T2Cvalue which is the T2boundary value between the movable fluid and the irreducible fluid. In particular, different types of rock may affect the transverse relaxation time characteristics of NMR logging. Thus, the NMR T2value and the NMR T2Cvalue may be used to distinguish the rock type and other petrophysical properties for a formation of interest. For example, carbonate pores usually have an NMR T2distribution ranging from 0.01 to 1000 milliseconds (ms), and shale pores usually have an NMR T2distribution ranging from 0.01 to 10 ms. As another example, the medium-hand high-permeability sandstone reservoirs have an average NMR T2Cvalue of 30.0 ms, and shale reservoirs have an average NMR T2Cvalue of 8.3 ms.

Further, geosteering may be used to position the drill bit or drill string of the drilling system (110) relative to a boundary between different subsurface layers (e.g., overlying, underlying, and lateral layers of a pay zone) during drilling operations. In particular, measuring rock properties during drilling may provide the drilling system (110) with the ability to steer the drill bit in the direction of desired hydrocarbon concentrations. As such, a geosteering system may use various sensors located inside or adjacent to the drilling string to determine different rock formations within a well path. In some geosteering systems, drilling tools may use resistivity or acoustic measurements to guide the drill bit during horizontal or lateral drilling.

Continuing withFIG.1, the reservoir simulator (160) includes hardware and/or software with functionality to pre-process NMR T2distribution data (150) (e.g., a pre-processing module (138)) to detect a rock sample which NMR T2distribution shows significant diffusion coupling based on the well logs (140). A diffusion coupling effect usually occurs in a rock sample in which fluids between pore throats (240) with different radii are interconnected by diffusion. Thus, the diffusion coupling effect may make it difficult to distinguish the NMR T2distribution of meso pores and micro pores' throats in the same rock sample.

The pre-processing module (138) determines an NMR T2Cvalue from NMR T2distribution data (150) for a targeted formation (106) of interest based on actual well logs (140). The determined NMR T2Cvalue may be saved in a database (154). For example, the NMR T2Cvalue may be used to determine free fluid index (FFI) and bulk volume of irreducible water saturation (BVI) for permeability and free fluid determination for the rock sample. For another example, the pre-processing module (138) applies a log-normal distribution (Equation 13) and a Gaussian fitting curve (Equation 2) to match meso pore NMR T2distribution data (150) to identify a diffusion coupling effect for the rock sample. In particular, the rock sample shows a significant diffusion coupling when meso and micro peaks of NMR T2distribution data (150) converge to the same peak (for example, see the accompanying description ofFIG.3).

f⁡(t)=A⁢e-(t-μ)22⁢σ2(2)
where A is the amplitude, μ is the position, t is the time in the logarithmic scale, and σ is the width.

In one or more embodiments, the reservoir simulator (160) includes hardware and/or software with functionality to determine one or more multifractal parameters (e.g., Dminand Dmax) based on the multifractal dimension analysis and the moment method. One important influencing factor of the rock properties is irregular microscopic pore spaces which follow a self-similarity rule. Thus, the rock pore structure may be decomposed into intertwined fractal sets. Self-similarity means that a structure, or a process, and a part of it appear to be the same when compared. For example, fractals (e.g., patterns that form of smaller objects that look the same when magnified) is a well-known example of self-similarity and scale invariance. A self-similar system may be associated with an underlying force that produce the self-similar system is the same at all scales, which results in the smaller parts and the larger parts looking like the whole. Thus, measurements of the methods of different resolving power show scaling properties of fractals based on the theory of fractals. A fractal structure may be described by the basic-power law relationship (Equation 3) in which the frequency N of an occurrence of a given size δ is inversely proportional to a fractal dimension D of its size.

N=CδD(3)
where D is the fractal dimension, N is the number of the elements, δ is length scale, and C is a constant.

Further, the reservoir simulator (160) may determine one or more fractal dimensions DNMR(e.g., Dminand Dmax) based NMR T2distribution data (150), cumulative volume fraction of wetting fluid Vc, and maximum of resolvable relaxation time T2max. In particular, for a capillary bundle tube model, if the minimum of resolvable relaxation time T2minis sufficiently small, there is a linear relationship between logVcand logT2(Equation 4). The fractal dimensions Dminand Dmaxmay be determined from a slope of the fitting curve of the double logarithmic presentation for the rock sample. For example, the fractal dimensions Dminis associated with the largest slope of the fitting curve at a small NMR T2value for a small pore size. As another example, the fractal dimensions Dmaxis associated with the smallest slope of the fitting curve at a large NMR T2value for a large pore size. Furthermore, the reservoir simulator (160) may apply the moment method and a dyadic scaling-down to analyze multifractal spectrum f(α) of the probability function p(δ), mass exponents τ(q), singularity spectrum α(q), and generalized dimension D (q) based on the pore size distribution on an interval (Equations 5, 6, 7, and 8).

log⁡(Vc)=(3-D)⁢log⁡(T2)-(3-D)⁢log⁢T2⁢max(4)τ⁡(q)=-limδ→0∑i=1N⁡(δ)piq(δ)log⁢δ(5)D⁡(q)=τ⁡(q)1-q(6)a⁡(q)=d⁢τ⁡(q)d⁢q(7)f⁡(a)=q⁢a⁡(q)-τ⁡(q)(8)
where Vcis cumulative volume fraction of wetting fluid, D is fractal dimension, T2is transverse relaxation time, T2maxis the maximum of resolvable transverse relaxation time, q is the moment order, τ(q) is the mass exponents, D (q) is generalized dimension, N is the number of the elements, δ is length scale, p (δ) is the probability function, α(q) is singularity spectrum, and f(α) is multifractal spectrum.

The reservoir simulator (160) also includes hardware and/or software with functionality to train and apply a regression model (144) (e.g., a linear regression model, a non-linear regression model) to predict NMR T2cbased on multifractal parameters (146) (e.g., Dminand Dmax) and other petrophysical properties (e.g., FZI) determined using the multifractal dimension analysis for the rock sample of the formation (106). For example, the reservoir simulator (160) may apply a linear regression model to determine a model to calculate NMR T2Cbased on multifractal parameters Dminand Dmax(Equation 9) and other petrophysical properties (e.g., FZI) (Equations 10 and 11).

T2⁢c⁢_⁢room=a⁡(Dmin-Dmax)+b⁡(DminDmax)+e(9)F⁢Z⁢I=(1-ϕϕ)×kϕ(10)T2⁢c⁢_⁢room=a⁡(Dmin-Dmax)+b⁡(DminDmax)+c⁢F⁢Z⁢I(11)
where T2c_roomis NMR T2Cmeasured for the fully water saturated rock sample at the room temperature, Dminis minimal fractal dimension, Dmaxis maximum fractal dimension, a, b, c, e are coefficients of the linear regression model, FZI is flow zone index, ϕ is porosity, and k is permeability.

In one or more embodiments, the reservoir simulator (160) may apply a linear regression model (144) to determine a pore size based temperature correction of NMR T2distribution data (150) based on the temperature dependence of overall shape shift of NMR T2distribution (e.g., an NMR T2lM mean difference) for the rock sample of the formation (106) (Equation 13). As the formation temperature is usually larger than the room temperature, the temperature dependence of NMR T2distribution varies depending on the reservoir rock sample. For example, the temperature dependence of NMR T2distribution may be weak for some rock samples. As another example, the temperature dependence of NMR T2distribution may show a significant positive or negative correction for other rock samples. The temperature effect results from many factors (e.g., surface relaxation, bulk relaxation, fluids, and diffusion, pore size, etc.). For example, macro and micro pores show different degrees of temperature dependence of NMR T2distribution due to potential diffusion coupling and surface properties. In particular, the reservoir simulator (160) may apply a Gaussian fitting curve (Equation 2) to determine the overall shape shift of NMR T2distribution of meso pores by comparing their NMR T2lM mean difference at low and high temperatures. Likewise, the reservoir simulator (160) may apply a log-normal distribution (Equations 12 and 13) to calculate NMR T2lm mean difference as a function of temperature difference for meso pores of the rock sample.

T2⁢lm=exp⁡(∑ai⁢ln⁢Ti∑ai)(12)Δ⁢T2⁢lm⁡(%)=d×(T-Troom)(13)
Where T2lM is NMR T2logarithmic mean value, Tiis ith temperature, a1is ith incremental porosity, T is a temperature, Troomis a room temperature, and d is a coefficient, and ΔT2lm is NMR T2logarithmic mean difference measured using a Gaussian fitting analysis between a temperature T and the room temperature Troom.

The reservoir simulator (160) also includes hardware and/or software with functionality to determine a temperature correct NMR T2Cvalue using the temperature correction and the trained model based on multifractal parameters (146) (e.g., Dmin, Dmax), temperature, and other petrophysical properties (e.g., FZI) for the rock sample of the formation (106) (Equation 14). Likewise, the pre-processing module (138) may determine petrophysical properties (e.g., permeability, irreducible saturation) using a free fluid model based on the Timur-Coates equation (Equation 15) for the rock sample of the formation (106).

T2⁢c⁢_⁢reservoir=(1+d×(Treservoir-Troom))×(a⁡(Dmin-Dmax)+b⁡(DminDmax)+c⁢F⁢Z⁢I)(14)kCoates=[(ϕC)m⁢F⁢F⁢IB⁢V⁢I]n(15)
where T2c_reservoiris NMR T2cat a formation temperature for the rock sample, Treservoiris the formation temperature, Troomis the room temperature, Dminis minimal fractal dimension, Dmaxis maximum fractal dimension, a, b, c, d are coefficients of the linear regression model, FZI is flow zone index, ϕ is porosity, C, m, n are coefficients, BVI is bulk volume irreducible, and FFI is free fluid index.

Keeping withFIG.1, a well path of a wellbore (104) may be updated by the control system (114) using a geological model (e.g., one of the geological models (136)). For example, a control system (114) may communicate geosteering commands to the drilling system (110) based on well data updates that are further adjusted by the reservoir simulator (160) using a geological model (136). As such, the control system (114) may generate one or more control signals for drilling equipment based on an updated well path design and/or a geological model. In some embodiments, the reservoir simulator (160) determines one or more formation top depths from seismic data and/or well log data. The reservoir simulator (160) may use these formation top depths to adjust the well path of the wellbore (104) accordingly.

WhileFIG.1shows various configurations of components, other configurations may be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, various components inFIG.1may be combined to create a single component. As another example, the functionality performed by a single component may be performed by two or more components.

FIG.2shows an example of total porosity for a rock sample. Total porosity is associated with the total pore space which is the sum of isolated pore space (220) and interconnected pore space (230) in the rock bulk volume of mineral grains (210). In particular, isolated porosity is the percentage of isolated pore space (220) with respect to the bulk volume. Effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected pore space (230) with respect to the bulk volume. For example, determining effective porosity requires fluid flow to determine if pores are interconnected. At a given height above the free-water level, a capillary water becomes “irreducible”. This capillary water and clay bound water (e.g., isolated porosity) forms the irreducible water saturation (Swi) with respect to effective porosity.

FIG.3shows an example of NMR T2distribution for a rock sample at 100% water saturation and at irreducible saturation after centrifuge spinning. The NMR T2distribution includes incremental porosity at 100% water saturation (310), cumulative porosity at 100% water saturation (320), incremental porosity at irreducible saturation (330), and cumulative porosity at irreducible saturation (340) for the rock sample. In particular, the cumulative porosity (320,340) may be determined from an integration of the incremental porosity (310,330). The NMR T2cvalue (350) is determined by measuring an NMR T2value of a cumulative porosity for the rock sample at 100% water saturation (320) at the cross point of a maximum cumulative porosity for the rock sample at irreducible saturation (340). Because NMR T2distribution data reflect pore size distribution of the rock sample, total porosity (360), irreducible porosity (370), and movable porosity (380) may be measured from the NMR T2distribution data. Irreducible porosity is associated with capillary bound water with an NMR T2value smaller than NMR T2c. Likewise, movable porosity is associated with movable water with an NMR T2value larger than NMR T2c.

FIG.4shows a flowchart in accordance with one or more embodiments. Specifically,FIG.4describes a general workflow to determine the temperature correct NMR T2cvalue at a formation temperature for a targeted formation of interest based on well logs. One or more blocks inFIG.4may be performed by one or more components (e.g., logging system (110), reservoir simulator (160), and control system (114)) as described inFIG.1. While the various blocks inFIG.4are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some or all of the blocks may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all of the blocks may be executed in parallel. Furthermore, the blocks may be performed actively or passively.

Initially, in Block405, a rock sample and temperature data are obtained for a formation of interest in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, temperature data may be measured in the laboratory or in a temperature log. As another example, the rock sample may be obtained when drilling a well (102) through a targeted formation (106) of interest by the control system (114).

In Block410, NMR T2distribution data are determined from a room temperature to a maximum temperature for the rock sample at 100% water saturation in accordance with one or more embodiments. The NMR T2distribution data may include incremental porosity and cumulative porosity. The maximum temperature is determined by the maximum temperature of a temperature control system. The temperature range and a temperature step in Celsius (° C.) or Fahrenheit (° F.) may be determined by a user based on prior experience. For example, NMR T2distribution data of incremental porosity are determined for a temperature range from 10° C. to 100° C. with a temperature step of 10° C. As another example, a temperature step may be chosen from a range from 10° C. to 20° C. In particular, the reservoir simulator may remove a rock sample from the analysis when the NMR T2distribution data of the rock sample show significant diffusion coupling effect.

In Block415, NMR T2logarithmic mean difference is determined using a Gaussian fitting based on the determined NMR T2distribution data from a room temperature to a maximum temperature in accordance with one or more embodiments. The reservoir simulator may applies a Gaussian fitting to determine a fitting curve to match the NMR T2distribution for meso pores of the rock sample. Thus, the overall shift of the NMR T2distribution from a low temperature to a high temperature may be evaluated by comparing their NMR T2lm mean difference based on a Gaussian distribution.

In Block420, a temperature correction is determined based on the determined NMR T2logarithmic mean difference from the room temperature to the maximum temperature in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the reservoir simulator may apply a linear fitting to determine the temperature correction by matching the overall relaxation time change with temperature (e.g., see the accompanying description toFIG.5). As another example, the linear fitting may be applied to extrapolate the overall relaxation time change for a formation temperature out of the laboratory temperature range.

In Block425, an NMR T2cvalue is determined at the room temperature for the rock sample at 100% water saturation and irreducible saturation in accordance with one or more embodiments. The NMR T2cvalue is determined by measuring an NMR T2value of a cumulative porosity for the rock sample at 100% water saturation at the cross point of a maximum cumulative porosity for the rock sample at irreducible saturation (e.g., see the accompanying description toFIG.3).

Continuing withFIG.4, in Block430, multifractal parameters and routine properties are determined based on a multifractal dimension analysis for the rock sample in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the reservoir simulator may apply a fractal analysis on the NMR T2distribution data to measure fractal dimensions (Dmin, Dmax) based on a capillary bundle tube model and a basic power-law relationship of a fractal structure. As another example, the reservoir simulator may apply the multifractal dimension analysis and a dyadic scaling down algorithm to determine mass exponents, singularity spectrum, multifractal spectrum, probability function, and generalized dimension for a range of moment order (e.g., a range from −10 to 10).

In Block435, a regression model is determined to predict the NMR T2cvalue at the room temperature based on the determined multifractal parameters and routine properties for the rock sample in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the reservoir simulator may apply a linear regression algorithm to determine a model to predict the NMR T2cvalue at the room temperature based on Dmin, Dmax, and FZI (Equation 9). As another example, the reservoir simulator may combine multifractal parameters with routine parameters (e.g., FZI) when to determine the regression model (Equation 11).

In Block440, the NMR T2cvalue is determined at a formation temperature based on the determined regression model and the temperature correction in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the reservoir simulator may combine the regression model (Equation 11) and the temperature correction (Equation 13) to predict a temperature correct NMR T2cvalue at a formation temperature (Equation 14) for the rock sample.

In Block445, permeability and irreducible saturation are determined at the formation temperature based on the determined NMR T2cvalue at the formation temperature for the rock sample in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, the reservoir simulator may determine FFI and BVI based on the temperature correct NMR T2cvalue for the formation temperature for the rock sample (e.g., see the accompanying description toFIG.3). As another example, the reservoir simulator may determine permeability at the formation temperature for the rock sample based on BVI and FFI using a free fluid model based on the Timur-Coates equation (Equation 15).

FIGS.5A and5Bprovide examples of a temperature correction of NMR T2distribution based on the temperature dependence of NMR T2logarithmic mean difference.FIG.5Ashows an incremental porosity at low temperature (510) and an incremental porosity at high temperature (520) from the NMR T2distribution for the rock sample. The reservoir simulator applies a Gaussian fitting to match meso peaks (550) of the incremental porosity at the high or low temperature with a Gaussian fitting curve (530,540). For example, a first Gaussian fitting curve with a position μlowis determined by matching meso peaks of the T2distribution at a low temperature. Likewise, a second Gaussian fitting curve with a position μhighis determined by matching meso peaks of the T2distribution at a high temperature. As another example, the T2logarithmic mean difference is determined by a logarithmic mean difference of μlowand μhigh. Further analysis by a Gaussian fitting may reveal if mesa pore and micro pore NMR T2distributions have the same degree of temperature dependence affected by diffusion and different surface properties. The ratio of micro peaks (560) and meso peaks (550) at high temperatures is kept the same at low temperatures.FIG.5Bshows an example of a temperature correction of NMR T2distribution determined a linear regression fitting curve (580) based on the temperature dependence of NMR T2logarithmic mean difference (570).

The computer (602) can serve in a role as a client, network component, a server, a database or other persistency, or any other component (or a combination of roles) of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in the instant disclosure. The illustrated computer (602) is communicably coupled with a network (630) or cloud. In some implementations, one or more components of the computer (602) may be configured to operate within environments, including cloud-computing-based, local, global, or other environment (or a combination of environments).

The computer (602) can receive requests over network (630) or cloud from a client application (for example, executing on another computer (602)) and responding to the received requests by processing the said requests in an appropriate software application. In addition, requests may also be sent to the computer (602) from internal users (for example, from a command console or by other appropriate access method), external or third-parties, other automated applications, as well as any other appropriate entities, individuals, systems, or computers.

Each of the components of the computer (602) can communicate using a system bus (603). In some implementations, any or all of the components of the computer (602), both hardware or software (or a combination of hardware and software), may interface with each other or the interface (604) (or a combination of both) over the system bus (603) using an application programming interface (API) (612) or a service layer (613) (or a combination of the API (612) and service layer (613). The API (612) may include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API (612) may be either computer-language independent or dependent and refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs. The service layer (613) provides software services to the computer (602) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (602). The functionality of the computer (602) may be accessible for all service consumers using this service layer. Software services, such as those provided by the service layer (613), provide reusable, defined business functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface may be software written in JAVA, C++, or other suitable language providing data in extensible markup language (XML) format or other suitable format. While illustrated as an integrated component of the computer (602), alternative implementations may illustrate the API (612) or the service layer (613) as stand-alone components in relation to other components of the computer (602) or other components (whether or not illustrated) that are communicably coupled to the computer (602). Moreover, any or all parts of the API (612) or the service layer (613) may be implemented as child or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

The computer (602) includes an interface (604). Although illustrated as a single interface (604) inFIG.6, two or more interfaces (604) may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (602). The interface (604) is used by the computer (602) for communicating with other systems in a distributed environment that are connected to the network (630). Generally, the interface (604includes logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) and operable to communicate with the network (630) or cloud. More specifically, the interface (604) may include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications such that the network (630) or interface's hardware is operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated computer (602).

The computer (602) includes at least one computer processor (605). Although illustrated as a single computer processor (605) inFIG.6, two or more processors may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (602). Generally, the computer processor (605) executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of the computer (602) and any algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the instant disclosure.

The computer (602) also includes a memory (606) that holds data for the computer (602) or other components (or a combination of both) that can be connected to the network (630). For example, memory (606) can be a database storing data consistent with this disclosure. Although illustrated as a single memory (606) inFIG.6, two or more memories may be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (602) and the described functionality. While memory (606) is illustrated as an integral component of the computer (602), in alternative implementations, memory (606) can be external to the computer (602).

Memory (606) can be a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of, for example, at least one of a ROM (Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM), and a RAM (Random Access Memory). Memory (606) may be called a register, a cache, a main memory (main storage apparatus), or the like. Memory (606) can save a program (program code), a software module, and the like that can be executed to carry out the radio communication method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The application (607) is an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer (602), particularly with respect to functionality described in this disclosure. For example, application (607) can serve as one or more components, modules, applications, etc. Further, although illustrated as a single application (607), the application (607) may be implemented as multiple applications (607) on the computer (602). In addition, although illustrated as integral to the computer (602), in alternative implementations, the application (607) can be external to the computer (602).

There may be any number of computers (602) associated with, or external to, a computer system containing computer (602), each computer (602) communicating over network (630). Further, the term “client,” “user,” and other appropriate terminology may be used interchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, this disclosure contemplates that many users may use one computer (602), or that one user may use multiple computers (602).

In some embodiments, the computer (602) is implemented as part of a cloud computing system. For example, a cloud computing system may include one or more remote servers along with various other cloud components, such as cloud storage units and edge servers. In particular, a cloud computing system may perform one or more computing operations without direct active management by a user device or local computer system. As such, a cloud computing system may have different functions distributed over multiple locations from a central server, which may be performed using one or more Internet connections. More specifically, a cloud computing system may operate according to one or more service models, such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), software as a service (SaaS), mobile “backend” as a service (MBaaS), artificial intelligence as a service (AIaaS), serverless computing, and/or function as a service (FaaS).