Power transmission apparatus and methods of constructing and utilizing same

A multiple speed ratio power transmission apparatus, comprises input mechanism adapted to be connected to a power source for being driven with a constant reciprocating or oscillating motion, output mechanism including a rotatable output shaft, motion transmitting mechanism for controllably coupling the input mechanism to the output means, the motion transmitting means including an energy connecting element drivably connected to the input mechanism so as to be driven into a reciprocating or oscillating motion with a selectively, discretely variable stroke S=NS.sub.min, where S.sub.min is an increment of movement of the energy connecting element corresponding to one complete motion of the input mechanism and N=1,2,3, etc. indicating a selectively variable number of complete motions of the input mechanism, the energy connecting element being drivably connected to the output shaft for driving the output shaft through 180.degree. rotation with each selected stroke S thereof, the motion transmitting mechanism being adapted to move in either of opposite directions when the input mechanism is in deadpoints of its motion and deadpoints in the reciprocating or oscillating motion of the energy connecting element being synchronized with the deadpoints in the motion of the input mechanism, and speed ratio change mechanism operatively associated with the motion transmitting mechanism for selectively, discretely varying the stoke S of the energy connecting element to thereby change a speed ratio between the motion of the input mechanism rotation of the output shaft.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of The Invention 
The present invention pertains to power transmission apparatus for 
transmitting mechanical power. More particularly, the present invention 
relates to multiple speed ratio power transmission apparatus, such as the 
power transmissions used on motor vehicles. 
2. Description of the Relevant Art 
There are many known transmissions for transmitting mechanical power, 
including many transmissions which can provide different speed ratios 
between an input motion and an output motion. For example, all motor 
vehicles are provided with such multiple speed ratio transmissions for 
transmitting rotative power from an engine to a vehicle's drive wheels. In 
such known transmission apparatus a provision for obtaining a plurality of 
driving speed ratios is normally made through selecting a different torque 
transmitting path for each speed ratio. Further, an execution of selecting 
the various speed ratios is accomplished through an engaging-disengaging 
process involving some type of clutch mechanism such as power friction 
clutches, synchronizers, manual couplers. As will be understood, the 
complexity of known multiple speed transmission apparatus is directly 
related to the number of speed ratios desired. 
Additionally, there are known constant-variable transmissions (CVTs) which 
have a single torque transmitting path, but the known CVTs also include 
friction elements (such as CVT pulleys) for transferring torque. 
The present invention has been developed to provide a multiple speed ratio 
transmission device which, in contrast to the known transmission devices, 
is relatively simple and compact. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a compact, multiple 
speed ratio transmission device which transmits mechanical power from an 
input member to an output shaft through a single torque transmitting path 
for every speed ratio using continuously engaged torque transmitting 
elements, and without using conventional "friction" elements. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a 
transmission device which is very simple in construction for reduced 
manufacturing and maintenance costs. 
Still another object of the present invention is to provide such a 
transmission apparatus which can be automatically controlled in relation 
to any desired external factor, such as vehicle speed. 
According to the present invention there is provided a multiple speed ratio 
power transmission apparatus comprising input means adapted to be 
connected to a power source for being driven with a constant reciprocating 
or oscillating motion, output means including rotatable output shaft, 
motion transmitting means for controllably coupling the input means to the 
output means, the motion transmitting means including an energy connecting 
element drivably connected to the input means so as to be driven into a 
reciprocating or oscillating motion with a selectively, discretely 
variable stroke S=NS.sub.min, where S.sub.min is an increment of movement 
of the energy connecting element corresponding to one complete motion of 
the input means and N=1,2,3, etc. indicating a selectively variable number 
of complete motions of the input means, the energy connecting element 
being drivably connected to the output shaft for driving the output shaft 
through 180.degree. rotation with each stroke S thereof, the motion 
transmitting mans being adapted to move in either of opposite directions 
when the input means is in deadpoints of its motion and deadpoints in the 
reciprocating or oscillating motion of the energy connecting element being 
synchronized with the deadpoints in the motion of the input means; and 
speed ratio change means operatively associated with the motion 
transmitting means for selectively, discretely varying the stoke S of the 
energy connecting element to thereby change a speed ratio between the 
motion of the input means and rotation of the output shaft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a power transmission apparaturs according to 
the present invention is indicated at 1. The apparatus 1 generally 
includes an input means adapted to be connected to a power source, such as 
an internal combustion engine, for being driven with a constant, 
reciprocating or oscillating, input motion at a first speed (which can be 
variable or constant); an output means for conveying an output motion at a 
second speed (which can also be variable or constant) proportional to the 
first speed; a motion transmitting means drivably connected to the input 
means in such a manner that when the input means is in a dead point 
position thereof the motion transmitting means can move in either of 
opposite directions (such as clockwise or counterclockwise), and which 
converts the constant input motion of the input means into a selectively, 
discretely variable stroke for driving the output means; and a speed ratio 
change means for selectively, discretely changing the ratio between the 
first speed and the second speed. 
More particularly, the input means of the apparatus 1 includes a rail or 
rod 2 which is drivably connected to the power source so as to be 
reciprocated with a constant stroke I by the power source. For 
simplicity's sake the power source in FIGS. 1-2 is depicted as a pair of 
pistons 14 for example of an inernal combustion engine, provided at 
oppostie ends of the rail 2. It will be understood, however, that any 
power source capable of moving the rail 2 with a constant reciprocating or 
oscillating stroke could be used in the present invention. 
The motion transmitting means includes a scotch yoke 4 fixed to the rail 2 
for being reciprocated therewith and having a slot 6 defined therein in 
perpendicular relation to the longitudinal axis of rail 2, a pin 8 freely 
sliding in the slot 6 and having a crank arm 12 and an intermediate crank 
shaft 10 connected thereto for being rotated by reciprocating movements of 
the rail 2, a first gear 16 mounted about the intermediate crank shaft 10 
so as to rotate therewith, a second gear 18 driven by the first gear, a 
pinion 20 which rotates together with the second gear 18, a sliding rack 
or energy connecting element 22 which is driven by the pinion 20 with a 
stroke which could be selectively varied with a selectively, discretely 
variable length of a crank arm 32 of the output means, as discussed 
herein-below, and a connecting rod 24 pivotally connected between the 
sliding rack 22 and the crank arm 32 of the output means for driving the 
crank arm. 
Note that the crank arm of the intermediate crank shaft 10 will be 
perpendicular to the slot 6 whenever the sliding rail 2 is in a dead point 
position thereof at the end of a stroke I in either direction so that the 
intermediate crank shaft 10 will be rotated either clockwise or counter 
clockwise by the next stroke of the sliding rail 2. This feature is 
necessary for achieving uni-directional movement of the output shaft 30 of 
the output means, as discussed more fully below. The crank arm 12 has a 
radius L=I/2 so that the intermediate crank shaft 10 will always be 
rotated by exactly 180.degree. for each complete stroke I of the sliding 
rail 2. 
The output means according to the first embodiment of the present invention 
includes the rotatable output shaft 30, a crank arm 32 mounted about the 
output shaft 30 and which is driven by the motion transmitting means for 
rotating the output shaft 30, and a flywheel 34 also mounted about the 
output shaft 30 for rendering rotation of the output shaft 30 steady and 
uni-directioinal. 
Also in this regard, it is again very important that movements of the 
output means be carefully arranged and controlled, or synchronized, 
together with movements of the input means and the motion transmitting 
means. More particularly, it is important that the two points of the crank 
arm 32 (a 0.degree. position and a 180.degree. position) corresponding to 
end positions of the sliding rack 22 as it completes strokes in forward 
and referse directions, occur precisely as the intermediate crank shaft 10 
completes its 180.degree. rotation and the crank shaft 10 could be rotated 
in either direction by the next stroke of the sliding rail 2. Such 
synchronization between the input means, the output means and the motion 
transmitting means assures smooth, reliable transmission of power from the 
input means to the output means, and together with the flywheel 34 assures 
unidirectional movement of the output shaft 30. 
The speed ratio change means according to this preferred embodiment of the 
invention functions by selectively, discretely changing the effective 
length of a crank radius R of the crank arm 32 of the output means and 
generally includes: a radially adjustable pivotal coupling 40 between one 
end of the connecting rod 24 and the crank arm 32; and a means 26 for 
selectively, discretely moving the pivotal coupling radially along the 
crank arm 32 for discretely adjusting the effective length of the crank 
arm 32. Such means 26 will, for example, include a hydraulic system (not 
shown) such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,724 for selectively, 
discretely moving the pivotal coupling 40 along the crank arm 32 and a 
control unit 46, such as a microprocessor, for controlling the hydraulic 
system in a predetermined manner. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,724, 
the hydraulic system will include a fluid driven actuator which is moved 
along the radial length of a rotating arm (crank arm 32 in the present 
invention) by fluid pressure of the hydraulic system, with hydraulic fluid 
entering a conduit in the rotating arm at a central, pivot position of the 
arm (corresponding to the position of the rotatable output shaft 30 in the 
present invention). The actuator, in turn, will be connected to the 
pivotal coupling 40 so that the coupling will discretely move with the 
actuator. Further, the control unit 46 will preferably receive at least 
one input signal indicative of an external factor, such as a vehicle's 
speed or the speed of rotation of an engine crank shaft, from one or more 
sensors (not shown) and will send an appropriate energizing signal to the 
hydraulic system for discretely adjusting the position of the pivotal 
coupling 40 in a predetermined manner. Thus, for example, if the sensed 
external condition were vehicle speed, the control 46 would have stored in 
a memory array thereof data pertaining to predetermined, appropriate 
output signal values corresponding to predetermined appropriated positions 
of the pivotal coupling 40, and the input signal indicative of sensed 
vehicle speed would be used as address for selecting the appropriate 
output signal from the array, which output signal would then be outputed 
by the control unit 46 as an actuation signal for the hydraulic system. 
OPERATION OF THE FIRST EMBODIMENT 
In operation, each constant stroke I of the sliding rail 2 is converted to 
an angular displacement of 180.degree. of the intermediate crank shaft 10 
through the crank pin 8 freely sliding in the slot 6 of the scotch yoke 4 
as discussed above. The angular displacement of the intermediate crank 
shaft 10 drives the sliding rack 22 with a full stroke S always equal to 
2R, where R is the selectively, discretely adjustable crank radius of the 
crank arm 32 of the output means, so that one cycle of the sliding rack 22 
(a full stroke in one direction and a return stroke in the opposite 
direction) always drives the output shaft 30 through one full rotation or 
360.degree. . According to a primary aspect of the present invention, the 
motion transmitting means will be carefully sized and controlled, together 
with the input means, the output means and the speed ratio change means, 
so that the motion transmitting means will drive the output shaft 30 
through exactly 180.degree. for N complete strokes I of the sliding rail 
2, where N=1,2,3, etc. In other words, the motion transmitting means will 
drive the output shaft through one complete rotation for N complete cycles 
(one cycle including a first stroke in a first direction and a return 
stroke in the opposite direction) of the sliding rail 2. Correspondingly, 
the discretely adjustable length of the crank radius R of the crank arm 32 
will always be equal to a multiple of a base length R.sub.inc such that 
R=NR.sub.inc, and the length of the variable stroke S of the sliding rack 
22 will always be equal to a multiple of a base length Smin such that 
S=NS.sub.min. 
In this regard, a single stroke of the sliding rail 2 (corresponding to 
180.degree. rotation of the intermediate crankshaft 10) will always move 
the sliding rack 22 by a given increment Cp/2M, where Cp is the pitch 
circle circumference of the pinion 20 and M is the ratio of the second 
gear 18 to the first gear 16. Considering such increment size together 
with the fact that S=2R as discussed above, it will be understood that S 
and R are both directly related to such increment size. For example, if a 
minimum value of R, R.sub.min, is set equal to R.sub.inc of the crank 
shaft 32 and R.sub.min is equal to Cp/2M, then S.sub.min of the sliding 
rack 22 must be set equal to 2 R.sub.inc or Cp/M. With R and S set to 
their minimum values R.sub.min, S.sub.min the output shaft 30 will be 
rotated 180.degree. by two complete strokes of the sliding rail 2, which 
moves the sliding rack 22 through one complete stroke S=S.sub.min and the 
speed ratio between speeds of the intermediate crank shaft 10 and the 
output shaft 30 is two because the output shaft 30 rotates 360.degree. for 
720.degree. of rotation of intermediate crank shaft 10 (the intermediate 
crank shaft is rotated 360.degree. in a first direction and then rotated 
360.degree. in the opposite direction). 
Further, as the crank radius R of the crank shaft 32 is discretely changed 
(increased in this instance) from R.sub.min to NR.sub.inc by the speed 
ratio change means, the stroke S of the sliding rack 22 is 
correspondingly, discretely varied to NS.sub.min so that S will continue 
to be equal to 2 R and one complete stroke of the rack 22 will rotate the 
output shaft 30 through 180.degree.. For example, if R is increased to 2 
R.sub.inc, then S is correspondingly, automatically increased to 2 
S.sub.min by operation of the output shaft 30 having the flywheel 44 
connected thereto for uni-directional rotation and by operation of the 
scotch yoke 4 and the sliding pin 8, which can rotate the intermediate 
crank shaft 10 in either direction in response to a stroke of a sliding 
rail 2. Particularly, as R is increased to 2 R.sub.inc, the scotch yoke 4 
and the sliding pin 8 will rotate the intermediate crank shaft 10 in a 
single direction for four strokes of the sliding rail 2 to increase a 
stroke S of the sliding rack 22 to 2 S.sub.inc for rotating the output 
shaft 30 through 180.degree. in one direction; and then the scotch yoke 4 
and the sliding pin 8 will rotate the intermediate crank shaft 10 in the 
opposite direction for four strokes of the sliding rail 2 moving the 
sliding rack 22 with a stroke S=2S.sub.min in the opposite direction which 
again rotates the output shaft 30 through another 180.degree. in the 
opposite direction. The presence of the flywheel 34 on the output shaft 30 
assures that the output shaft 30 always rotates in a single direction, and 
thus also assures that the sliding rack 22 will continue to move with a 
stroke S=2R necessary for rotating the output shaft 30 through 
180.degree.. In this instance, where R=2R.sub.inc, the speed ratio between 
the speeds of the intermediate crankshaft 10 and the output shaft 30 is 4 
because the crankshaft 10 is rotated through four full rotations 
(720.degree. in a first direction and then 720.degree. in the opposite 
direction) for 360.degree. rotation of the output shaft 30. 
According to another important aspect of the present invention, the means 
26 for adjusting the effective length of the crank radius R of the crank 
arm 32 is carefully controlled so as to effect an increment of variation 
of the crank radius R beginning and ending at deadpoints in the rotatin of 
the crank arm 32 so as to maintain synchronization between the input means 
(sliding rail 2) and the output means (output shaft 30 and crank arm 32), 
as so that the power output of the transmission apparatus will not be 
interrupted. More particularly, the means 26 will preferably effect 
increments of variation of R beginning as the sliding rack 22 begins a 
stroke S, will extend through the stroke S and will end as the stroke S 
ends. An increment of variation is preferbly equal to R.sub.inc. 
Additionally, the speed ratio change means 26 will also preferably include 
another sensor for detecting when the crank arm 32 is in position 
corresponding to a deadpoint of sliding rail 22, the output of which 
sensor will also be received by the control unit 46. 
The above-discussed preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which 
the motion transmitting means rotaes the output shaft 30 through one 
complete rotation for N complete cycles of the sliding rail 2 and in which 
the speed ratio change means effects increments of variation of the crank 
radius R beginning and ending at deadpoints in the rotation of the crank 
arm 32, is very desirable/advantageous because it provides a smooth power 
transfer from the input means to the output means without interruption of 
the power. Further, because the transmission apparatus according to the 
present invention includes a single torque transmitting path for all speed 
ratios thereof it is relatively compact and simple in construction, and 
because it does not include any conventional friction components (such as 
clutches, synchronizers, manual couplers, CVT pulleys, etc.) it is very 
efficient in power transfer. 
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a modification to one portion of the 
preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Particularly, FIG. 3 shows a 
modified output means, a modified connection between the motion 
transmitting means and the output means, and a modified speed ratio change 
means for the transmission apparatus according to the present invention. 
Note, the input means and those portions of the motion transmitting means 
between the input means and a sliding rack will be identical to the 
components shown in FIGS. 1-2, but are not shown in FIG. 2. In this 
modification the modified output means includes an output shaft 130, a 
flywheel 134 mounted about the output shaft 130 for assuring steady, 
unidirectional rotation of the output shaft, and a crank arm 132 having a 
constant crank radius R. Further, the modified motion transmitting means 
includes a sliding rack or energy connecting element 122 which is driven 
with a selectively, discretely variable stroke S by the input means, a 
first connecting rod 124 having one end pivotally connected to the sliding 
rack 122 and having an intermediate portion pivotally secured by the speed 
ratio change means (as discussed further below), and a second connecting 
rod 125 pivotally connected between an opposite end of the first 
connecting rod 124 and a free end of the crank arm 132. Finally, the 
modified speed ratio change means includes an adjustable pivot or fulcrum 
140 which supports an intermediate portion of the first connecting rod 124 
and a means 126 for discretely adjusting the position of the fulcrum 140, 
which also varies the stroke S of the sliding rack 122. 
More particularly, the means 126 will preferably include a threaded shaft 
142 operatively engaged with the adjustable fulcrum 140, an actuator 143 
such as an electric motor having an output shaft thereof axially connected 
to the threaded shaft 142 so that the motor will discretely rotate the 
threaded shaft 142 to discretely adjust the position of the fulcrum 140, 
and a control unit 146 such as a microporcessor which will control 
discrete operation of the actuator 143 in a predetermined manner similar 
to that discussed above in relation to the control unit 46 controlling 
discrete operation of the hydraulic system in the preferred embodiment of 
FIGS. 1 and 2. 
In FIG. 3, the operative crank radius R of the crank arm 132 is constant, 
and the crank arm is uni-directionally driven by a constant, reciprocating 
stroke J of the pivot connection between the first and second connecting 
rods 124, 125 (a first stroke J of the pivot connection drives the crank 
arm 132 and the output shaft 130 through 180.degree. of rotation in a 
given direction, and the reciprocal stroke J of the pivot connection 
drives the crank arm and the output shaft a further 180.degree. in the 
same direction). As with the preferred embodiment, the stroke J of the 
pivot connection is rendered constant by the presence of the flywheel 134 
on the output shaft 130. Further, as the lower end of the first connecting 
rod 124 is driven back and forth with the variable stroke S of the sliding 
rack 122, the upper end of the connecting rod 124 is correspondingly 
driven back and forth with the constant stroke J, and the length of the 
variable stroke S necessary to drive the pivot connection by the constant 
stroke J is dependent on the position of the adjustable fulcrum 140 along 
the length of the connection rod 124. More particularly, appropriate 
positions of the adjustable fulcrum 140 along the connecting rod 124 will 
be predetermined such that the variable stroke S will always be equal to 
NS.sub.min, again N=1,2,3 etc., and the output shaft 130 will be driven 
through one complete rotation (360.degree.) for N complete cycles of the 
sliding rail of the input means (not shown in FIG. 3); and the speed ratio 
change means will discretely change the position of the adjustable fulcrum 
140 in increments of variation beginning and ending at points in rotation 
of the crank arm 132 corresponding to dead points of sliding rail 122 so 
that there will be a smooth, constant power flow to the output shaft of 
130. 
Referring to FIG. 4, there shown another modification to the preferred 
embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In this modification, 
the motion transmitting means is completely different from that shown in 
FIGS. 1 and 2 except for the final connecting rod 224 which connects the 
motion transmitting means to the crank arm of the output means. The input 
means, the output means and the speed ratio change means according to this 
modified embodiment are identical to that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The 
modified motion transmitting means includes: a sliding or energy 
connecting element 222 having a central, sinusoidally-shaped portion and 
flat end portions which slidably engage respective guide members 223; a 
roller guide 204 provided on a sliding rail 202 of the input means for 
being reciprocatingly driven by the input means with a constant stroke I, 
and including a pair of rollers 208 engaging opposite surfaces of the 
central portion of the sliding element 222; and the connecting rod 224 
which is pivotally connected between the sliding element 222 and the crank 
arm of the output means (not shown) for rotatingly driven an output shaft 
of the output means. In operation, reciprocating movement of the sliding 
rail 202 of the input means together with the roller guide 204 will force 
the rollers 208 of the roller guide 204 to slidingly move the element 222. 
In a manner substantially similar to that discussed above in relation to 
the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 each full storke I of the 
sliding rail 202 will force the roller guide 204 to move the sliding 
element 222 by a given increment S.sub.min (in this case the longitudinal 
distance between a peak and an adjacent valley in the sinusoidally-shaped 
central portion of the element 222). Also the beginning and ending 
deadpoints of each stroke I of the sliding rail 202 will exactly coincide 
with the rollers 208 of the roller guide 204 engaging a peak or a valley 
of the central portion of the sliding element 222, S.sub.min of the 
sliding element 222 will be directly related to the crank radius R of the 
crank arm of the output means and to the variable stroke S of the sliding 
element 222 so that the output shaft of the output means will be driven 
through one complete rotation for N complete cycles of the sliding rail 
202 of the input means, and an increment R.sub.inc of adjustment of the 
crank radius R of the crank arm of the output means will be effected 
beginning and ending at poins of rotation of the crank arm corresponding 
to the deadpoints of sliding element 222 so as to maintain synchronization 
of the transmission apparatus and to assure smooth, constant power output 
of the transmission apparatus. 
The modifications presented in FIGS. 3 and 4 of the present invention 
achieve the same advantages as discussed above in relation to the 
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
Although there has been described what is at present considered to be the 
preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be understood that the 
invention can be embodided in other specific forms without departing from 
the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For example, the 
hydraulic system of the speed ratio change means discussed above in 
relation to FIGS. 1 and 2 could be replaced with a mechanical arrangement 
of a threaded shaft radially located on the crank arm 32 and a nut 
selectively movable along the threaded shaft and carrying a pivotal 
coupling such as coupling 40. The variation of crank radius would be 
achieved through discrete rotation of the threaded shaft. The present 
embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all aspects as illustrative, 
and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the 
appended claims rather than by the foregoing description.