Anti-reflective photovoltaic shingles and related methods

Some embodiments relate to photovoltaic shingle. A photovoltaic shingle comprises an encapsulated solar cell, a glass layer above the encapsulated solar cell, an anti-reflective layer above the glass layer, and a plurality of protrusions above the glass layer. The plurality of protrusions covers at least a portion of at least one of the glass layer, the anti-reflective layer, or any combination thereof, such that the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions.

FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to photovoltaic shingles and related methods.

BACKGROUND

Photovoltaic modules are installed on roofing structures. Reflection reduces the performance of photovoltaic modules.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments relate to a roofing system. In some embodiments, the roofing system comprises a roof deck. In some embodiments, the roofing system comprises a plurality of photovoltaic shingles installed on the roof deck. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises a glass layer located above the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises an anti-reflective coating located above the glass layer. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises a plurality of protrusions located above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating covers an entire surface of the glass layer.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating having a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises at least one a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is attached to the glass layer by a first adhesive layer.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions extends above the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the glass layer by a second adhesive layer.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

Some embodiments relate to a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises a glass layer above the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises an anti-reflective coating above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises a plurality of protrusions above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating covers an entire surface of the glass layer.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating having a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises at least one a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is attached to the glass layer by a first adhesive layer.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions extends above the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the glass layer by a second adhesive layer.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

Some embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining a glass layer. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining an anti-reflective precursor material. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises attaching the glass layer to the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises applying the anti-reflective precursor material to the glass layer, so as to form an anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises applying the polymeric material to the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating, so as to form a polymer layer. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises forming a plurality of protrusions in the polymer layer, so as to form a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end.

In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to a portion of a surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied in a plurality of strips from the first end of the photovoltaic shingle to the second end of the photovoltaic shingle.

In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to an entire surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by removing a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by etching a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by scraping a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by ablating a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments relate to photovoltaic shingles and related methods. In some embodiments, photovoltaic shingles having at least one of increased flash power, increased energy production, or any combination thereof, are provided. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingles disclosed herein overcome challenges relating to the presence of a polymeric layer in a photovoltaic shingle and corresponding increased reflection at an air-polymer interface, which can reduce flash power and which can reduce energy production, among other things. In some embodiments, a roofing system comprises one or more photovoltaic shingles installed on a roof deck.

FIG.1is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a photovoltaic shingle100, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle100comprises a frontsheet102, a backsheet104, and an encapsulated solar cell106between the frontsheet102and the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the frontsheet102is juxtaposed with a first surface of the encapsulated solar cell106. In some embodiments, the backsheet104is juxtaposed with a second surface of the encapsulated solar cell106, wherein the second surface of the encapsulated solar cell106is opposite the first surface of the encapsulated solar cell106.

In some embodiments, the frontsheet102comprises a glass layer108juxtaposed with the first surface of the encapsulated solar cell106. In some embodiments, the frontsheet102comprises an anti-reflective coating110located above the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110is adhered to the glass layer108by an adhesive layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110is attached to the glass layer108by a first adhesive layer114. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110is attached to the glass layer108by thermal bonding. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110is attached to the glass layer108by chemical bonding. In some embodiments, the frontsheet102comprises a plurality of protrusions112located above glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is attached to the glass layer108by a second adhesive layer116. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is attached to the anti-reflective coating110by the second adhesive layer116. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is attached to the glass layer108or the anti-reflective coating110by thermal bonding. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is attached to the glass layer108or the anti-reflective coating110by chemical bonding. In some embodiments, the frontsheet102does not comprise the first adhesive layer114. In some embodiments, the frontsheet102does not comprise the second adhesive layer116. In some embodiments, the glass layer108directly contacts the encapsulated solar cell106.

In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 3 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 3 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 3.5 mm to 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer108has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a coating that minimizes or reduces reflection of light. In some embodiments, the reduction in the reflection of light is in reference to the amount of light that would be reflected in the absence of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a coating that does not reflect light. In some embodiments, at least some light is reflected when at least a portion of incident radiation is redirected. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a coating that transmits light. In some embodiments, at least some light is transmitted when at least a portion of incident radiation passes through a substance. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a coating that absorbs light. In some embodiments, at least some light is absorbed when at least a portion of incident radiation is transformed from electromagnetic energy to another type of energy (e.g., thermal energy). In some embodiments, the light that is transmitted, absorbed, or any combination thereof is light in at least one of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., at least one of the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof), the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a coating for maximizing absorption of solar radiation. In some embodiments, a photometer is used to measure at least one of light absorption, light reflection, light transmission, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises an anti-reflective component. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective component comprises at least one of a metal oxide, a nitride compound, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises at least one of tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises silicon oxide. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises a metal nitride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises silicon nitride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises carbo-nitrides. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises carbo-oxy-nitrides. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a metal fluoride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110comprises a polymer.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 190 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 180 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 170 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 160 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 150 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 140 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 130 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 120 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 110 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 100 nm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 90 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 80 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 70 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 60 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 50 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 40 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 30 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 20 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 5 nm to 10 nm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 10 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 20 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 30 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 40 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 50 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 60 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 70 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 90 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 100 nm to 200 nm.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 110 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 120 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 130 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 140 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 150 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 160 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 170 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 180 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110has a thickness of 190 nm to 200 nm.

As used herein, the term “covers” refers to a percentage of a surface area of a surface which is covered.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least a portion of a top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 10% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 20% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 30% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 35% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 40% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 45% of the top surface of the glass layer108.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 50% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 55% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 60% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 65% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 70% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 75% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 80% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 85% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 90% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers at least 95% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers an entire surface of the glass layer108.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 90% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 80% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 70% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 60% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 50% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 40% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 30% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 10% to 20% of the top surface of the glass layer108.

In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 20% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 30% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 40% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 50% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 60% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 70% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 80% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating110covers 90% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer108.

As used herein, the term “exposed” refers to a percentage of a surface area of a surface which is not covered.

In some embodiments, 10% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 80% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 70% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 60% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 50% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 40% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 30% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 10% to 20% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 1% to 99% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between the plurality of protrusions112.

In some embodiments, 20% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 30% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 40% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 50% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 60% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 70% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 80% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112. In some embodiments, 90% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions112.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend from the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend from a top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend from the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend from a top surface of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend above the top surface of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extend above the top surface of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extends across the top surface of the glass layer108, from a first end of the glass layer108to a second end of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112extends across the top surface of the glass layer108, from a first end of the glass layer108to a second end of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is adhered to the anti-reflective coating110by an adhesive. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112directly contacts the anti-reflective coating110.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm. As used herein, the term “height” refers to a dimension of the plurality of protrusions measured from a first end to a second end. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.2 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.3 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.4 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.45 mm to 0.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.01 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.05 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112has a height of 0.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 85% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 80% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 75% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 70% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 65% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 60% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 55% of the glass layer108.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 50% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 45% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 40% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 35% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 30% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 25% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 20% of the glass layer108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 15% of the glass layer108.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 1% to 99% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 15% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 20% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 25% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 30% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 35% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 40% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 45% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 50% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 55% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 60% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 65% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 70% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 75% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 80% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112covers 85% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating110.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of square pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of non-rectangular quadrilateral pillars (e.g., lozenges). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of circular pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of hexagonal pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of rectangular pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of polygonal pillars, wherein the polygonal pillars include at least one of triangular pillars, quadrilateral pillars, pentagonal pillars, rectangular pillars, hexagonal pillars, etc., or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a plurality of stripes. It will be appreciated that the plurality of protrusions112may have other geometric or non-geometric shapes. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112may be arranged in a uniform pattern (e.g., periodic ordered array), a non-uniform pattern (e.g., a random pattern), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112have a size gradient (e.g., including similarly shaped elements of different sizes, such as different sized triangles, etc.). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112is a textured surface. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises textured ETFE.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a fluoropolymer. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers (FEP). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymers (THV). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises blends of fluoropolymers. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises at least one of fluoropolymers, acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polycarbonates, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyarylsulfone (PAS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamideimide (PAI), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers (CPCs), polyimide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises a crosslinked polymeric material. In some embodiments, 50% to 99% of the polymer chains of the polymeric material are crosslinked.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 9,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 8,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 7,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 6,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 5,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 4,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 3,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 2,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 1,000 protrusions.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 900 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 800 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 700 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 600 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 500 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 400 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 300 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 200 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 100 protrusions.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 90 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 80 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 70 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 60 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 50 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 40 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 30 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 20 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2 to 10 protrusions.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 100 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 1000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 2000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 3000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 4000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 5000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 6000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 7000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 8000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions112comprises from 9000 to 10,000 protrusions.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 300 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 250 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 150 μm to 200 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 300 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 200 μm to 250 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 250 μm to 300 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 300 μm to 350 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 350 μm to 400 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 400 μm to 450 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 450 μm to 500 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 500 μm to 550 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 550 μm to 600 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 600 μm to 650 μm.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 650 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 650 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 650 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 650 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 650 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 700 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 700 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 700 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 700 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 750 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 750 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 750 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 800 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 800 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer114has a thickness of 850 μm to 900 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116may include polyvinyl butyrate, acrylic, silicone, or polycarbonate. In another embodiment, the second adhesive layer116may include pressure sensitive adhesives.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 300 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 250 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 150 μm to 200 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 300 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 200 μm to 250 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 350 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 250 μm to 300 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 400 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 300 μm to 350 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 450 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 350 μm to 400 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 500 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 400 μm to 450 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 550 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 450 μm to 500 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 600 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 500 μm to 550 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 650 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 550 μm to 600 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 600 μm to 650 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 650 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 650 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 650 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 650 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 650 μm to 700 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 700 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 700 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 700 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 700 μm to 750 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 750 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 750 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 750 μm to 800 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 800 μm to 900 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 800 μm to 850 μm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116has a thickness of 850 μm to 900 μm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116covers at least a portion of the exposed portions of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116permits at least a portion of the solar radiation or light to pass through the second adhesive layer116to the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116is transparent or at least partially transparent to solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116is transmissive or at least partially transmissive to solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116absorbs or at least partially absorbs solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116comprises an adhesive located between the plurality of protrusions112and the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116comprises an adhesive located between the plurality of protrusions112and the anti-reflective coating110, such that the second adhesive layer116does not cover all or at least a portion of the exposed portions of the anti-reflective coating110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer116comprises an anti-reflective adhesive layer.

In some embodiments, the backsheet104comprises a single layer. In some embodiments, the backsheet104comprises a plurality of layers. In some embodiments, the backsheet104comprises a first layer128. In some embodiments, the backsheet104comprises a second layer130. In some embodiments, the backsheet104comprises a third layer132. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104is located between the encapsulated solar cell106and the third layer132of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the third layer132of the backsheet104is located between the second layer130of the backsheet104and the first layer128of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104is located between the third layer132of the backsheet104and the roof deck. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104directly contacts the encapsulated solar cell106. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104directly contacts the third layer132of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the third layer132of the backsheet104directly contacts the first layer128of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104directly contacts the roof deck. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104is juxtaposed with the encapsulated solar cell106.

In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104is juxtaposed with the first layer128of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the backsheet104only comprises the first layer128. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle100does not comprise the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the third layer132of the backsheet104is an adhesive layer, including any of the adhesive layers disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises an acrylic such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO). In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104includes of a single ply TPO roofing membrane. In other embodiments, non-limiting examples of TPO membranes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,359,014 to Yang et al., which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises polyvinyl chloride. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104includes a flame retardant additive. In some embodiments, the flame retardant additive may be clays, nanoclays, silicas, carbon black, metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, metal foils, graphite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first layer128is white in color. In some embodiments, the first layer128is white TPO.

In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer128of the backsheet104has a thickness of 0.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO). In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104includes a single ply TPO roofing membrane. In other embodiments, non-limiting examples of TPO membranes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,359,014 to Yang et al., which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In another embodiment, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”). In another embodiment, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises styrene acrylic copolymer. In another embodiment, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (“ETFE”). In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises an acrylic such as polymethyl methacrylate (“PMMA”). In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises polyvinyl chloride. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. In some embodiments, the second layer130of the backsheet104includes a flame retardant additive. In some embodiments, the flame retardant additive may be clays, nanoclays, silicas, carbon black, metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, metal foils, graphite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second layer130is white in color. In some embodiments, the second layer130is white TPO.

In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 1 mm to 9 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 1 mm to 8 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 1 mm to 7 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 1 mm to 6 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 4 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 5 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 6 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 7 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 8 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet104has a thickness of 9 mm to 10 mm.

As used herein, the terms “encapsulating” and “encapsulates” mean to partially or fully envelope or enclose, and with respect to certain embodiments of the photovoltaic shingle100, the at least one solar cell is fully enveloped by or enclosed within the encapsulant, or partially enveloped by or enclosed within the encapsulant.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106comprises at least one solar cell122and an encapsulant encapsulating the at least one solar cell. In some embodiments, the encapsulant comprises at least one encapsulant layer. In some embodiments, the encapsulant comprises at least one of a first encapsulant layer124, a second encapsulant layer126, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106comprises at least one solar cell122, a first encapsulant layer124, and a second encapsulant layer126, wherein the at least one solar cell122is located between the first encapsulant layer124and the second encapsulant layer126. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124is located between the glass layer108and the at least one solar cell122. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126is located between the at least one solar cell122and the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126is located between the at least one solar cell122and the second layer130of the backsheet104. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle100does not comprise the second encapsulant layer126. In some embodiments, the backsheet104encapsulates at least a portion of the at least one solar cell122. In some embodiments, the backsheet104is an encapsulant-backsheet layer.

In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 80% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 85% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 90% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 95% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 80% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 85% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 90% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 80% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 85% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 80% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 50% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 55% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 60% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 65% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 70% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 75% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 80% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 85% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 90% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 95% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer124encapsulates 100% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 80% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 85% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 90% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 95% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 80% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 85% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 90% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 80% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 85% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 80% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 50% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 55% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 60% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 65% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 70% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 75% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 80% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 85% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 90% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 95% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer126encapsulates 100% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell122.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 3 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 3 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 3.5 mm to 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.7 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.8 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 0.9 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell106has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, a first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126has a thickness of 4 mm.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the first encapsulant layer124is equal to the thickness of the second encapsulant layer126. In another embodiment, the thickness of the first encapsulant layer124is different from the thickness of the second encapsulant layer126.

In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124comprises at least one of polyolefins, ethyl vinyl acetates, ionomers, silicones, poly vinyl butyral, epoxies, polyurethanes, any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer124is made from thermosetting polyolefin. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126comprises at least one of polyolefins, ethyl vinyl acetates, ionomers, silicones, poly vinyl butyral, epoxies, polyurethanes, any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer126is made from thermosetting polyolefin.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle100has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, and a second surface opposite the first surface and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the first surface is an upper, sun facing-side surface of the photovoltaic shingle100, and the second surface is a lower surface configured to face a roof deck on which the photovoltaic shingle100is installed on the roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is installed on a roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is directly installed on a roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is fastened to a roof deck by at least one mechanical fastener. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is adhered to a roof deck by an adhesive layer. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle directly contacts a roofing deck. In some embodiments, an intervening layer is located between the photovoltaic shingle and the roof deck. In some embodiments, the backsheet104of the photovoltaic shingle directly contacts the roof deck.

In some embodiments, the at least one solar cell122includes a plurality of the solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes two solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes three solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes four solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes five solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes six solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes seven solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes eight solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes nine solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes ten solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes eleven solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes twelve solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes thirteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes fourteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes fifteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes sixteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes more than sixteen solar cells.

In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in one row (i.e., one reveal). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in two rows (i.e., two reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in three rows (i.e., three reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in four rows (i.e., four reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in five rows (i.e., five reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar138is arranged in six rows (i.e., six reveals). In other embodiments, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in more than six rows.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 20% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 30% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 40% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 50% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 60% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 70% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 80% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 90% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 9% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 8% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 7% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 6% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 5% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 4% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 3% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 2% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 0.1% to 1% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 10% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 20% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 30% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 40% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 50% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 60% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 70% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 80% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 90% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

FIG.2is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing200, according to some embodiments. As shown inFIG.2, in some embodiments, the method of manufacturing200may comprise one or more of the following steps: a step202of obtaining encapsulated solar cell; a step204of obtaining a glass layer; a step206of obtaining an anti-reflective precursor material; a step208of obtaining a polymeric material; a step210of attaching the glass layer to the encapsulated solar cell; a step212of applying the anti-reflective precursor material to the glass layer, so as to form an anti-reflective coating; a step214of applying the polymeric material to the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating, so as to form a polymer layer; and a step216of forming a plurality of protrusions in the polymer layer, so as to form a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is formed by at least one of laminating, extruding, co-extruding, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the glass layer has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end.

In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to a portion of a surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied in a plurality of strips from the first end of the photovoltaic shingle to the second end of the photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to an entire surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by removing a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by etching a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by scraping a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by ablating (e.g., laser ablation) a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.