Apparatus for neutralization of acidic pollutants in flue gases

Apparatus for neutralization of acidic pollutants in flue gas contained in a flue gas channel comprising a flue gas channel for containing a flue gas, a suspension feed pipe having a delivery opening and being connected to apparatus for preparing and maintaining an erosive suspension of a finely divided basically reaction solid in a liquid for introducing suspension as such into the flue gas channel, a compressed gas pipe having a gas discharge opening, said opening being positioned to discharge gas so as to atomize the suspension after it has exited the delivery opening, a device for determining the amount of flue gas flowing through the channel and the amount of pollutants therein and apparatus for simultaneously and separately controlling the amount of suspension introduced and the concentration of said suspension and the amount of compressed gas used depending on the determined amount of flue gas, pollutants, or flue gas and pollutants in the flue gas channel.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The invention relates to a process and equipment for the neutralization and 
precipitation of acidic or acidcontaining pollutants in flue gases of 
furnaces, especially from incinerating plants, with utilization of the 
heat from the furnace. 
2. Description of the Prior Art 
In order to neutralize acidic or acid-containing pollutants in flue gases 
of furnaces, the conventional methods involve using neutralizing agents, 
for example, aqueous suspensions of lime, which are sprayed continuously 
into the flue gases by means of pump-driven liquid atomizers. By this 
process, the pollutants are transformed into neutral salts while the 
carrier solution which is introduced with the suspension is dried at the 
same time. The neutral salts, together with the flue dust are then removed 
from the flue gas in a dust separator. 
In such processes, the neutralization has been carried out at flue gas 
temperatures higher than 500.degree. C., so that considering the 
temperature limit imposed by the dew point, a cooling span of about 
350.degree. K. is available. This large cooling span permits the 
introduction of a relatively large amount of liquid in the form of a 
suspension of very low viscosity. This is advantageous with respect to 
obtaining a fine dispersion in the flue gas which, in turn, aids the 
chemical reaction. 
If, however, flue gases are supplied from plants which utilize the waste 
heat, the flue gas temperatures are only about 200.degree. to 250.degree. 
C. and therefore, a cooling span of only about 100.degree. K. is available 
for this process. If the furnace is an incinerator in which heterogeneous 
fuel is processed, great fluctuations in both the amount of flue gas 
produced and the concentration of pollutants occur. In order to ensure the 
desired reduction in pollutants even at high concentrations of pollutants, 
the neutralizing agent is in each case metered out in amounts 
corresponding to the highest amouht and concentration of flue gas. This 
naturally requires a high consumption of neutralizing agent. On the other 
hand, the amount of water, introduced in the case of such an inflexible 
system is based on the smallest amount of flue gas production which 
occurs. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
We have discovered a process for neutralizing the acidic or acid-containing 
pollutants in flue gases in which the neutral salts are precipitated in 
the dry state and which operates at low flue gas temperatures obtained 
from plants which utilize the waste heat. We have further discovered an 
apparatus for maximizing the economy of carrying out this process, 
particularly with respect to the wear and tear on the plant and 
consumption of the neutralizing agent. 
The process of the present invention involves the dispersion of a viscous 
suspension of a finely divided basically reacting solid in water with a 
mixing ratio (solids to liquid) of between 1:20 and 1:2, preferably 1:6 
and 1:3, in the flue gas by using a gaseous atomizing agent. Because such 
a viscous suspension is used, the flue gases undergo relatively little 
cooling so that neutralization and drying of the neutralization products 
can take place even at flue-gas temperatures of 200.degree. to 250.degree. 
C. without reaching the dew point. Additionally, the use of a gaseous 
atomizing permits the suspension to be transported through the feed lines 
without high pump pressures and at a low speed. As a result, the 
suspension which is very erosive, causes minimal wear, particularly in 
those components responsible for the quality of the atomization. 
The amount of suspension used is such that, by utilizing the residual heat 
of the flue gas, a dry neutral gas is formed. The neutral salt is removed 
with the flue dust and separated from the flue gas by conventional means. 
The present invention also comprises an apparatus for carrying out the 
above process which comprises means for preparing and maintaining a 
suspension of a basically reacting solid in a liquid; means for delivering 
the suspension to the interior of a flue gas channel; means for atomizing 
said delivered suspension into a spray using an atomizing agent; means for 
determining the amount of flue gas flowing through said channel and the 
amount of pollutants therein; and means for simultaneously controlling the 
amount of suspension delivered to said interior, the concentration of said 
suspension and the density of said suspension depending on the determined 
amount of flue gas and or pollutants in said channel.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of suspension and/or 
of the atomizing agent is adjusted according to changes in the amount of 
flue gas and/or pollutants therein so as to achieve an approximately 
stoichiometric neutralization process. As a result, the process is 
particularly suitable for furnaces in which the amount and atmosphere of 
the flue gases change constantly, as is the case with incinerating plants. 
In this manner, the consumption of the neutralizing agent and the 
atomizing agent can be minimized, thereby making the process more 
economical. 
This adjustment is carried out so that as the amount of flue gas changes, 
the amount of suspension introduced, as well as that of the atomizing 
agent are correspondingly changed. If there is a change only in the 
concentration of the pollutant, only the amount of suspension is changed. 
In another aspect of the present invention, the suspension is introduced 
approximately pressureless into the flue gas and then is atomized. As a 
result, erosive changes in the neutralizing component which are essential 
for keeping the quality of the atomization constant, are practically 
excluded. 
The apparatus of the present invention utilizes a compressed gas atomizer, 
for example, a compressed air atomizer or a steam atomizer to produce the 
atomized spray of the neutralizing agent. This compressed gas atomizer is 
particularly suitable for dispersing a viscous suspension in a flue gas, 
because the suspension may then be transported relatively slowly in the 
pipe lines leading to the furnace channel containing the flue gases so 
that there is hardly any wear or erosion of these lines. Moreover, 
dispersion of the suspension in the flue gas in an extremely finely 
divided state can be achieved better and more easily with a compressed gas 
atomizer which increases the economic efficiency of the equipment. 
The compressed gas atomizer may consist essentially of a compressor and at 
least one atomizing organ in a section of the flue gas channel behind the 
furnace, the section being designed as a contact area. Depending on the 
cross-section of the contact area, there may, however, also be several 
atomizing organs in one plane and/or in different planes at an appropriate 
distance from one another. 
In accordance with a further characteristic of the invention, the atomizing 
device is composed of a feed pipe having a delivery opening or nozzle for 
delivering the suspension into the flue gas and a compressed gas pipe 
whose outlet discharges in front of the delivery opening of the feed pipe, 
i.e., so that the compressed gas exiting the gas pipe contacts the 
suspension just after the suspension exits the delivery opening. Thus, the 
outlet of the compressed gas pipe should be directed onto the delivery 
opening or nozzle of the feed pipe in such a manner that the suspension is 
taken hold of by the exiting gas only after the outlet in order to avoid 
any erosive phenomena. The outlet of the compressed gas pipe preferably is 
at right angles to that of the feed pipe. 
In yet a further development of the apparatus of the present invention, the 
compressed air pipe is designed as a jacket pipe which is arranged 
concentrically about the feed pipe and to whose end a U-shaped section of 
line is attached, i.e., the end nearest the delivery opening. This results 
in a very compact construction, in which the atomizing agent acts as an 
insulator simultaneously keeping the temperatures of the flue gas from 
affecting the neutralizing agent and, by planned heating, preventing the 
temperature at the outer pipe from falling below the dew point when a 
cold, compressed gas, for example, compressed air, is used. When steam is 
used, shielding of the flue gas on the one hand and of the neutralizing 
agent on the other, is achieved by an additional pipe which is arranged 
concentrically and forms an air gap. 
In another embodiment of the present invention, the feed pipe, in the area 
of the outlet end, i.e., the delivery opening, is constructed so as to be 
axially movable within a wiper ring. By the back and forth movement of the 
feed pipe, deposits in the area of the outlet end can be wiped off, so 
that the atomizing geometry, and consequently, the atomizing quality are 
maintained. The axial motion may be accomplished by means of an activating 
piston which can be moved in a cylinder and which is connected with the 
feed pipe and one side of which is acted upon by a pressure medium against 
the action of a spring. The periodic application of pressure can be 
achieved by means of an automatic time switch and a two-way magnetic valve 
connected with the gas compressor can be used. 
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the atomizing organ 
can have a ball-and-socket mounting for the installation in the wall of 
the contact area. This enables the direction of the jet to be adjusted 
optimally to the conditions of the flue gas flow. 
Also, provision can be made for heating the compressed gas when compressed 
air is used. Such heating enables the operation to be carried out in 
winter and also can be used to avoid the cooling to the dew point region 
which can result in deposits and corrosion on the flue gas side of the 
atomizing organ. 
The invention moreover provides for the compressed atomizer to be equipped 
with a device for adjusting the amount of compressed gas, which enables 
the amount of atomizing medium brought in to be adjusted to the respective 
amount of flue gas. Moreover, the equipment should have a device for 
varying the amount of suspension delivery corresponding to changes in the 
amount of pollutants, irrespective of whether these changes result from a 
change in the amount of flue gas or in the concentration of the pollutants 
in order to achieve an almost stoichiometric neutralization process. 
For automation of this means for adjusting the relative amounts of 
compressed gas and suspension, the apparatus has means for measuring the 
amount of flue gas, means for measuring the concentration of pollutants 
therein, each of which is connected via a control means with means for 
altering the amount of compressed air and with means for altering the 
amount of suspension in such a manner that, as the amount of flue gas 
varies, there is a corresponding change in the amount of compressed gas as 
well as in the amount of suspension. When only the concentration of the 
pollutants varies, there is a corresponding change only in the amount of 
the suspension, and when the amount of flue gas as well as the 
concentration of pollutants vary, there is a corresponding proportionate 
change in the amount of the compressed gas and of the suspension supplied. 
This assures an optimally low consumption of neutralizing agent and, at 
the same time, the best neutralizing effect. 
The apparatus of the present invention may further include an overflow 
device for adjusting the feed height to the compressed gas atomizer. This 
device is located between the processing plant for the suspension and the 
compressed gas atomizer. The transport of the suspension to the flue gas 
stream therefore takes place solely due to the feed height. This results 
in low velocities and low pressures in the lines through which the 
suspension travels which contributes to the reduction in wear. The 
overlfow device may, at the same time, have a return pass to the 
processing plant. 
This makes it possible for the amount of suspension supplied to the 
overflow device to be at least twice that supplied to the compressed gas 
atomizer. As a result of this constant circulation, lime deposits, which 
can occur especially when using viscous suspensions, can be minimized or 
completely prevented. 
For adjustment of the amount of suspension introduced into the flue gas 
stream, the overflow means is equipped with a height adjustment means 
which allows the height of the suspension level relative to the compressed 
gas atomizer to be varied. This, in turn, results in a corresponding 
change in the amount of suspension supplied to the atomizer means. The 
height adjustment may consist of a telescopically expanding and 
contracting overflow pipe with an electric servomotor. Other adjustment 
drives may, however, also be used. 
Referring to the drawings, and particularly FIG. 1, FIG. 1 shows a process 
engineering flow diagram of equipment for neutralizing a flue gas stream 
in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Shown therein 
is a processor 1, which consists essentially of a vessel 2 containing 
calcium hydroxide and a storage tank 3 containing a suspension of calcium 
hydroxide and water. The calcium hydroxide is delivered into the storage 
tank 3 with a motor (M) driven screw conveyor 4, while a water feed pipe 5 
is provided for the water. The water feed pipe 5 is controlled by a float 
6 and, in addition, connected via a control circuit 7 with the screw 
conveyor which cooperate to maintain the composition of the suspension 
constant. 
Although the example of the operation shown works preferably with a mixing 
ratio of 1:4, the equipment can be easily set to any mixing ratio of 
interest. In addition, a stirrer 8 which dips into the suspension is 
provided. 
From processor 1, the suspension is pumped by means of a motor (M) driven 
pump 9 via supply line 10 to an overflow facility 11 which consists of a 
vessel 12 with an overflow pipe 13 which is mounted in vessel 12. The 
excess suspension supplied can flow back to the storage tank 3 through 
openings in the overflow pipe 13 as well as through a drain pipe 14. Since 
the pump 9 always delivers substantially more than the required amount, 
e.g., more than twice the required amount, a circulation comes into being 
which, on the one hand, keeps the level of the suspension constant in the 
overflow facility 11 according to the height of the openings in the 
overflow pipe 13 and, on the other, ensures that no lime deposits develop 
in the system. 
The height of the overflow pipe 13 can be adjusted telescopically so that 
the height of the suspension can be adjusted or varied. In the example 
shown, this is accomplished by means of an electric servomotor 15 which is 
connected through a crank 16, a tie rod 17, a double lever 18 as well as 
an additional tie rod 19 with the upper end of the overflow pipe 13. 
From the overflow facility 11, the feed line 10 continues to the atomizing 
device 20 of a compressed air atomizer 21. In addition to the atomizing 
device 20, this compressed air atomizer 21 has a pressure producing plant 
which consists of a motor (M) driven compressor 23, a compressed air tank 
24 and a heater 25 connected in series. An automatic control system 26 is 
interposed between the compressor 23 and the compressed air tank 24, in 
order to ensure a largely constant filling of the compressed air tank 24. 
From the pressure producing plant 22, the compressed air connects with the 
atomizing device 20 through the compressed air line 27. This atomizing 
device is mounted in the wall 29 of a flue gas channel 30 by means of a 
ball-and-socket joint 28 and its outlet end 31 extends into approximately 
the center of the channel 30. In so doing, the outlet or suspension 
delivery end 31 is positioned lower than the level of the suspension in 
overflow facility 11 so that there exists a feed height differential 
between the two. This serves to effect transport of the suspension from 
overflow facility 11 through feed line 10 and its emergence from the 
outlet end 31 of the atomizing device 20. By changing the level of the 
suspension in the overflow facility 11, the feed height differential, and 
therefore the amount of suspension emerging at the atomizing device 20 can 
be changed as desired. 
The compressed air emerges through a U-shaped section of line 32 the exit 
of which is positioned at a right angle to the direction of the exiting 
suspension which thus effects atomization of the suspension in the 
direction of the flue gas stream. The amount of compressed air emerging 
can be set through a valve 34 which is equipeed with an adjusting motor 
33. 
The adjustment of the level of the suspension and, therefore, of the amount 
of suspension emerging into the flue gas stream as well as the adjustment 
of valve 34, and, therefore, of the amount of atomizing air emerging, is 
accomplished automatically through a control system. This control system 
receives information concerning the amount of flue gas from facility 35, 
which measures the amount of flue gas and which is mounted as a Venturi 
jet in the flue gas channel 30. Facility 35 also receives information from 
a probe 36 equipped with an analyzer, which extends into the flue gas 
channel 30 so that the concentration of pollutants can be determined 
proportionally to the amount of flue gas. 
The signal generated by facility 35 for measuring the amount of flue gas is 
used as a control parameter through control means 37 to control valve 34. 
This control operates so that as the amount of flue gas increases, the 
amount of compressed air also increases. At the same time, the signal is 
passed on to a further control means 38 to which servomotor 15 of overflow 
facility 11 is connected and which effects a corresponding increase in the 
amount of suspension. At the same time, the ratio of the amount of 
compressed air to the amount of suspension remains constant. If only the 
concentration of pollutants changes, the signal generated by probe 36 is 
sent to control means 38 and from this to servomotor 15. In this case, 
only the level of the suspension and therefore the amount of suspension to 
be atomized is then changed, while the amount of compressed air remains 
constant. 
If the amount of flue gas as well as the concentration of pollutants vary, 
the changes in the amount of compressed air and the amount of suspension 
no longer proceed proportionally. The signal coming from facility 35 for 
measuring the amount of flue gas is amplified or correspondingly weakened 
depending on the amount of suspension, by the signal received from control 
means 38 from probe 36, so that the amount of suspension is varied more 
than the amount of compressed air. 
In other respects, there is one measuring site 39, 40, 41, each in the 
compressed air line 27, as well as in feed line 10 and outlet line 14, 
whose data is converted into signals and returned to the corresponding 
control means 37, 38 as remote control information. 
If required, branches of the feed line 10 or of the compressed air line 27 
may be connected to processing plant 1 and pressure producing plant 2 in 
order to supply compressed air to additional atomizing devices. This is 
indicated in FIG. 1 with lines 42. 
FIG. 2 shows a cross-section through atomizing device 20. This has a feed 
pipe 43 through which the suspension can run in the direction of outlet 
end 31. This feed pipe 43 is surrounded concentrically by a jacket pipe 44 
which is connected at one end with compressed air line 27 and at the other 
with the U-shaped section of line 32 and is used for the transport of 
compressed air. The discharge 45 of this section of line 32 is arranged 
below and at right angles to the discharge 46 of the feed pipe 43, so that 
the compressed air, flowing out of the section of line 32, carries the 
suspension out of feed pipe 43 and at the same time, atomizes it into a 
finely divided state. 
Feed pipe 43 is guided in the jacket pipe 44 so as to be displacable in the 
axial direction. For the axial motion, an actuating device 47 with an 
actuating piston 48 is provided which is bolted together with the feed 
pipe 43 and runs in a cylinder 49. On the left side of cylinder 49, a 
pressure space 50 is provided which is connected with a two-way magnetic 
valve 51, which is used for controlling the application of pressure by the 
pressure medium on the pressure space and therefore, on the actuating 
piston 48. At the same time, the pressure medium line 52 which leads to 
the two-way magnetic valve, may be connected to the compressed air line. 
By periodically reversing the two-way magnetic valve, the pressure space 50 
can be pressurized or depressurized so that the piston is pushed to the 
right and, after depressurization, back to the left by spring 53. By these 
means, the protruding free end of the feed pipe 43 is retracted so that 
the wiper ring 54, which is mounted there, can wipe off any deposited 
residues of lime and dust and so keep the discharge outlet 46 constantly 
clean. The jacket space of the coaxially arranged feed pipe, which is 
under the same pressure as the atomizer, in conjunction with the ample 
tolerance of the free end, ensure that the material wiped off is blown 
away. 
The unit, consisting of feed pipe 43 and jacket pipe 44, is mounted 
adjustably through a ball-and-socket joint 28 in the wall 29 of flue gas 
channel 30 so that the position of the atomizing device 20 can be adjusted 
depending on the existing conditions of the flue gas flow. 
FIG. 3 also shows a cross section of the overflow facility 11 with vessel 
12, overflow pipe 13 and servomotor 15, but drawn on a larger scale. The 
overflow pipe 13 has a lesser diameter than the discharge pipe 14 to which 
its lower end is connected so that the two pipes can be telescoped into 
and out of one another. If required, the junction between the two pipes 
can be additionally sealed by flexible bellows 55. Above the bellows 55, 
the overflow pipe 13 has several overflow openings 56 whose lower edge 
determines the height of the suspension level. 
The upper end of the overflow pipe 13 is connected flexibly with the double 
lever 18. In contrast to the representation in FIG. 1, the tie rod 19 is 
omitted here. This function is fulfilled here by the double lever 18 which 
is pivoted for this purpose at rocker plate 57 which is mounted on vessel 
12. The lower end of the double lever 18 is connected through tie rod 17 
with crank 16 which is seated on servomotor 16. 
In the position shown by solid lines, the overflow pipe 13 is in the 
highest position, that is, the height differential between the lower edge 
of opening 56 and atomizing device 20 shown in Figue 1, and therefore, the 
amount of suspension flowing to atomizing device 20 is greatest in this 
position. By turning crank 16 counterclockwise, the rod linkage assumes 
the position shown by the dashed lines in which the overflow pipe 13 is 
pushed into discharge pipe 14. The level of the suspension falls 
correspondingly so that the flow to the atomizing device 20 decreases. 
FIG. 4 shows a process engineering flow diagram of equipment for 
neutralizing a flue gas stream. In its function, the equipment is 
identical with that described in FIG. 1 and differs in construction and 
fittings only in that steam is used as the atomizing agent instead of 
compressed air. 
From the overflow facility 11, feed pipe 10 continues to the atomizing 
device 60 of a steam atomizer 61. In addition to the atomizing device 60, 
this steam atomizer has a steam producing plant which consists of a boiler 
62 for producing saturated steam or slightly super-heated steam by 
appropriate heating means (not shown) on the water inlet side, the heating 
being controlled by the steam pressure. Also included are the appropriate 
water processing and water supply equipment 64. The automatic control 
system for the inlet pressure 65 as well as the automatic control system 
for the water supply 66 of the boiler makes the operation largely 
automatic, within the limits of the legal regulations. From the pressure 
producing plant 62, the steam passes through steam line 67 to the 
atomizing device 60 which is mounted by means of a ball-and-socket joint 
28 in the wall 29 of a flue gas channel 30 and whose discharge end 68 
protrudes approximately to the center of the flue gas channel. In so 
doing, the discharge end 68 lies lower than the level of the suspension in 
the overflow device 11, so that there exists a feed height differential 
between the two. This effects the transport of suspension through feed 
pipe 10 and the emergence of the suspension at the discharge end 68 of the 
atomizing device 20 in the manner described hereinabove. By altering the 
level of the suspension in the overflow facility 11, the feed pipe, and 
therefore, the amount of suspension emerging at the atomizing device 60 
can be changed. 
The steam itself emerges through a U-shaped section of line 69 at right 
angles to the suspension which is atomized in the process in the direction 
of the flue gas stream. The amount of steam emerging can be adjusted with 
a valve 34, which is equipped with a servomotor 33. 
The adjustment of the level of the suspension and therefore of the amount 
of suspension emerging into the flue gas stream as well as the adjustment 
of the valve 34 and therefore, of the amount of atomizing steam emerging, 
is accomplished automatically through a control system similar to that 
described in the explanation of the example of the operation shown in FIG. 
1. 
Depending on the need, branches of the feed line 10 or of the steam line 67 
may be connected to the processing plant 1 and the pressure producing 
plant 62 in order to take care of additional atomizing devices. This is 
indicated here by lines 42. 
FIG. 5 shows a cross-section through the atomizing device 60. Atomizing 
device 60 has a feed pipe 43 through which the suspension flows toward the 
discharge end 68. This feed pipe 43 is concentrically surrounded by jacket 
pipe 44 whose task is to shield the atomizer against the effects of heat 
and, on the other hand, to prevent the condensation of atomizing steam on 
the cold feed pipe 43. Feed pipe 43 and jacket pipe 44 are surrounded 
concentrically by a further jacket pipe 70. This jacket pipe 70 connects 
steam line 67 with the U-shaped section of line 69 and therefore, serves 
for the transport of the steam. The steam conducting jacket pipe 70 is 
protected against contact by a protective jacket 72 of corrosion resistant 
sheet metal. The outlet 45 of this section of line 69 is arranged below 
and at right angles to outlet 46 of feed pipe 43, so that the steam, 
flowing out of the section of line 69, carries along and disperses the 
suspension coming from the feed pipe 43 into a finely divided state. 
Feed pipe 43 is guided in jacket pipe 44 so as to be axially displacable. 
For the axial motion, an actuating device 47 with an actuating piston 48 
is provided which is bolted together with feed pipe 43 and runs in a 
cylinder 49. A pressure space 50 is provided on the left side of cylinder 
49 which is connected with a two-way magnetic valve 51. This is used for 
controlling the application of pressure by the pressure medium on 
presssure space 50 and, therefore, on actuating piston 48. At the same 
time, the pressure medium line 52 which leads to the two-way magnetic 
valve may be connected to the steam line 67. The function of this axial 
displacement equipment as a cleaning mechanism is similar to that 
described in connection with the example of the operation shown in FIG. 1. 
In order to reinforce the heat protection effect for the feed pipe 43, the 
space between feed pipe 43 and jacket pipe 44 is provided with air supply 
boreholes (not shown) and an amply dimensioned air gap 74 on the flue gas 
channel side. The lower pressure existing in the flue gas channel provides 
for the transport of cold air from the outside through boreholes past feed 
pipe 43 into the flue gas channel, the air having a corresponding cooling 
effect.