Water-cooled diesel engine for use as outboard engine

A water-cooled diesel engine suitable for use as a marine outboard engine, which has a cylinder head and a cylinder block formed as an integral unit from aluminum or an aluminum-base light-weight alloy. A cooling water jacket, intake ports and exhaust ports are formed in the cylinder head and the cylinder block.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a water-cooled diesel engine for use as an 
outboard engine. 
Hitherto, 2-cycle gasoline engines operable with a fuel mixture have been 
used most popularly as marine outboard engines mounted on the stern of 
small-sized vessels, because this type of engine best meets the 
requirements for light weight and small size which are the essential 
requisites for marine outboard engines. Thus, diesel engines have been 
used very seldom as marine outboard engines. The current rise in the price 
of gas fuel, however, has given a rise to the demand for use of diesel 
engines as marine outboard engines. 
The use of a diesel engine as a marine outboard engine, however, poses 
various problems. Namely, a diesel engine can produce only a comparatively 
small power per unit weight because of its heavy weight due to the use of 
cast iron as the material of the cylinder block and cylinder head. In 
addition, the number of parts is considerably large because the cylinder 
block and the cylinder head are constructed separately from each other and 
jointed to each other by means of bolts with a gasket interposed 
therebetween. In addition, the seal of the gasket tends to become 
imperfect. 
An outboard engine has to be swung manually for steering and has to be 
tilted up as desired. In addition, such an engine has to be transported 
and mounted easily. Furthermore, an outboard engine is required to have a 
centroid on the neutral axis thereof. Namely, if the centroid is offset to 
the left or right, the maneuverability of the engine will be impaired 
unfavorably. 
In order to obviate these problems, it is necessary to meet the 
requirements such as minimized weight of the outboard engine unit 
including the engine itself, symmetry of the outboard engine with respect 
to the plane parallel to the running direction, minimized height, 
compactness of the outboard engine, reduction in the number of the parts, 
simplified construction and reduced cost. 
However, when a diesel engine is used as a marine outboard engine, the 
compactness of the engine is affected by the position of the exhaust gas 
outlet. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a water-cooled diesel 
engine for use as a marine outbard engine in which the cylinder block and 
the cylinder head are constructed as a unit from a light-weight metal so 
that the engine output power per unit weight of the engine is increased to 
attain a higher propulsion power of the outboard engine. 
Another object of the invention is to provide a diesel engine for use as a 
marine outboard engine in which the body of the engine is made compact and 
the number of parts is reduced to facilitate assembly. 
To these ends, according to the invention, the cylinder block and the 
cylinder head are formed as a unit from a light-weight alloy and the 
intake port and the exhaust port are formed in the cylinder head. 
Other objects of the invention will become clear from the following 
description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the 
accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to FIG. 1, an outboard engine M has a diesel engine 2 
accommodated by a cowling 1. The power of the diesel engine 2 is 
transmitted to a propeller 4 provided at the lower end of the body 3 of 
the outboard engine M to rotate the propeller 4 through a vertical thrust 
shaft (shown by two-dot-and-dash line) disposed in the body 3 of the 
outboard engine. As the propeller 4 is rotated, a small-sized vessel 
mounting the outboard engine is propelled to run in the direction of an 
arrow A. The vessel is steered as the outboard engine M is swung to the 
left and right by means of a tiller 5 which projects forwardly from the 
outboard engine M. 
Exhaust gas E emitted from the diesel engine 2 flows through an exhaust 
passage 7 in the body 3 of the outboard engine and is discharged into the 
ambient water through an exhaust opening 7A which is positioned below the 
water level L during running of the vessel. 
Referring now to FIG. 2, a diesel engine 2 in accordance with the invention 
has a crankshaft 11 provided at its upper end with a fly-wheel 12. This 
engine, designed specifically for use as a marine outboard engine, is 
provided in the inner periphery of the lower end bore thereof with an 
involute spline 13 by means of which it is connected to an output shaft 
(not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, the engine 2 has two cylinders 
14 and 15 which are arranged one on top of the other. The axes O--O of 
these cylinders extend horizontally in the fore and aft direction of the 
vessel. Numerals 16 and 17 denote pistons and connecting rods, 
respectively. 
A cylinder block 18 and a cylinder head 19 are formed by casting as a unit 
from aluminum or an aluminum-base light-weight alloy. A cooling water 
jacket 20 is formed in the cylinder block 18 and the cylinder head 19 
which are integral with each other. The cooling water is introduced by a 
cooling water pump (not shown) into the cooling water jacket 20. Exhaust 
ports 21 and intake ports 22 are formed in the cylinder head 19. The 
cylinder head 19 is provided also with cylindrical bosses 27 for 
supporting the stems 25, 26 of the exhaust valves 23 and intake valves 24, 
as well as cylindrical bosses 29 defining mounting holes for the fuel 
injection device 28. As shown in FIG. 6, an exhaust manifold 30 is formed 
as a unit with the cylinder head 19. Each of the cylinders 14 and 15 has 
one exhaust valve 23 and one intake valve 24. Thus, four valves in total, 
i.e. two exhaust valves 23 and two intake valves 24 are arranged in the 
vertical plane in a horizontal posture, and are adapted to be driven by a 
common cam shaft 31 through valve arms 32 in a manner which will be 
explained later. A case 34 defining a valve arm chamber 33 accommodating 
the cam shaft 31 and the valve arms 32 is fixed to one end surface of the 
cylinder head 19 by means of bolts (not shown). 
The diesel engine 2 has a crank case 36 which can be split into two parts: 
Namely, a first part 37 adjacent to the cylinder block 18 and a second 
part 38 opposite to the cylinder block 18. The first part 37 is formed as 
a unit with the cylinder block 18 while the second part 38 is fastened by 
bolts 39 to the first part 37. The plane at which two parts 37 and 38 are 
jointed contains the neutral axis C--C of the crankshaft and is 
perpendicular to the axes O--O of the cylinders. The part 38 of the crank 
case is made of a material equal or similar to that of the cylinder block 
18. 
A detailed description will be made hereinunder as to the construction of 
every portion of the diesel engine. Referring to FIG. 3 which is an 
enlarged view of a portion of the engine shown in FIG. 2, liners 40 
presenting the sliding surfaces for the pistons 6 are made from cast iron 
and are cast in the cylinder block 18. An alloy layer is formed along the 
boundary between the liner 40 and the cylinder block 18 and the liner 40 
is jointed to the cylinder block 18 through this alloy layer. The end 41 
of the liner 40 is projected towards the cylinder head 19 by a small 
distance l from the top ring 42 on the piston 16 at the top dead center, 
and is comparatively spaced from the explosion surface 43 of the cylinder 
head 19. 
Namely, the distance l between the explosion surface 43 to the end 41 of 
the liner 40 is selected to be as large as possible without causing any 
obstacle to the sliding motion of the top ring 42. The reference numeral 
44 denotes a corner portion near the outer periphery of the explosion 
surface 43. That is, the cylinder block 18 and the cylinder head 19 join 
each other at the corner 44. The corner surface 44a of the corner 44 
facing the combustion chamber 45 has an arcuate cross-section of a radius 
R. 
According to this arrangement, it is possible to obtain a mechanical 
strength of the corner 44 large enough to withstand the force produced by 
the explosion pressure in the combustion chamber 45. Namely, although the 
stress produced by the explosion tends to be concentrated to the corner 
44, the stress can be dispersed by the roundness of radius R of the corner 
surface 44a' so that the cracking in the corner 44 is avoided 
advantageously. Furthermore, since the length l of the corner 44 is 
selected to be large, it is possible to obtain a large radius R of 
curvature so that the stress dispersing effect is enhanced to ensure a 
sufficiently high mechanical strength. 
A test result shows that the strength of the corner 44 can be increased to 
a sufficiently high level when the radius R is selected to be about 2% of 
or greater than the cylinder inside diameter but smaller than the distance 
l to permit the movement of the piston 16. More specifically, referring to 
FIG. 4, representing the ratio of the radius R to the cylinder inside 
diameter by .gamma. (%), the stress .delta. is drastically decreased as 
the ratio .gamma. is increased when the ratio .gamma. is smaller than 2%. 
However, the decrease of the stress .delta. becomes not so appreciable 
when the ratio .gamma. is increased beyond about 2%. It is, therefore, 
possible to obtain a sufficiently high mechanical strength at the corner 
44 shown in FIG. 2 by selecting the value of the ratio .gamma. to be about 
2% or greater. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, the upper portion 47 of the cylinder block 18 
surrounding the end portion 46 of the liner 40, as well as the cylinder 
head 19, is expanded outwardly beyond the intermediate portion 48 of the 
cylinder block 18 as indicated by arrow S. By thickening the upper portion 
47 of the cylinder block 18, it is possible to prevent the upper portion 
47 from expanding radially outwardly when subjected to the explosion 
pressure and, hence, to avoid undesirable formation of a gap between the 
upper portion 47 and the liner 40. Consequently, leak of the gas into the 
crank case through the gap between the liner 40 and the cylinder block 18 
can be avoided so as to prevent deterioration of the engine performance 
attributable to such a leak of gas. It is not necessary to thicken the 
wall of the intermediate portion 48 of the block 18 adjacent to the crank 
case 36 because such intermediate portion is not subjected to a high 
explosion pressure. Thus, it is possible to reduce the weight of the 
engine without causing any problem concerning the strength, by thinning 
the wall of the intermediate portion of the cylinder block 18. The 
thickening of the upper portion 47 increases the cross-sectional area of 
the upper portion 47 so that the force in the axial direction of the 
cylinder produced by the pressure acting on the explosion surface 43 can 
be born by a greater area of the upper portion 47. Consequently, the 
stress in the corner 44 can be decreased correspondingly. 
Referring now to FIG. 5, the inner surface of the liner 40 is finished by 
honing. The surface 50 finished by the honing extends between the portion 
of the inner surface of the liner 40 adjacent to the crank case to the end 
portion 51 of the same. More specifically, the end portion 51 is located 
at a position which is offset by a distance l.sub.2 which is about 1 to 4 
mm from the position of the top ring 42 on the piston 16 at top dead 
center towards the explosion surface 43, so that the top ring 42 slides 
only within the area of the surface 50 finished by honing. The portion of 
the inner peripheral surface of the liner 40 between the end portion 51 
and the extreme end 41 is recessed radially outwardly by a distance 
l.sub.3 which is about 0.1 to 0.2 mm from the surface 50 finished by 
honing, so as to provide a recess 52 serving as a relief for the honing. 
This arrangement offers the following advantage. Namely, the honing tool 
which is inserted into the liner 40 from the crank case cannot reach the 
extreme end 41 of the liner 40, because the tool is interferred by the 
cylinder head 19, so that it is not possible to effect the honing up to 
the extreme end. Therefore, when the liner 40 before the honing has a 
constant inside diameter up to the end 41, a boundary or step of honing is 
left in the end portion of the inner peripheral surface of the liner 40 
after the honing. In addition, since the inside diameter of the liner is 
reduced at the end portion of the latter as compared with the surface 50 
finished by the honing, the piston 16 may be undesirably caught by such 
end portion of the reduced inside diameter. Such problems, however, can be 
obviated in the engine of the invention because of the presence of the 
honing relief portion 52. In addition, the provision of the honing relief 
portion 52 in the liner 40 effectively prevents the honing tool from 
acting on the cylinder block 18 which is made from aluminum or its alloy 
so that the unfavourable clogging of the honing tool is avoided 
advantageously. 
Referring back to FIG. 3, the ceiling wall 53 of the cylinder head 19 
presents at its one side the aforementioned explosion surface 43 while the 
other side of the same faces the cooling water jacket 20. The thickness of 
the ceiling wall 53 is greater at the central portion thereof than at the 
peripheral portion, so that the portion 20a of the cooling water jacket 20 
adjacent to the center of the cylinder is spaced by a greater distance 
than the outer peripheral portion 20b of the same. By varying the 
thickness of the ceiling wall 53 in the manner described, it is possible 
to reduce the weight of the engine through reducing the mean thickness of 
the ceiling wall, while ensuring sufficient strength to withstand the 
explosion force. In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness of the 
ceiling wall is changed in a stepped manner. This, however, is not 
exclusive and the thickness of the ceiling wall 53 may be progressively 
and linearly increased towards the center of the latter. By so doing, it 
is possible to further enhance the strength of the ceiling wall 53. 
As will be seen from FIG. 2, the cylinder head 19 is provided therein with 
exhaust valves 23, intake valves 24, exhaust ports 21 and intake ports 22, 
so that the overall height H as measured from the explosion surface 43 to 
the end surface 35 is inevitably large. Furthermore, a multiplicity of 
ribs 55 are mounted in the cylinder head 19 so as to form walls of the 
cooling water jacket 20, exhaust ports 21 and intake ports 22, as well as 
cylindrical bosses 27 mentioned before. Thus, the cylinder head 19 itself 
exhibits a sufficient strength because it has a large overall height H and 
because it is stiffened internally by a multiplicity of cylindrical bosses 
27 and ribs 55. 
Referring now to FIG. 6 which is a sectional view taken along the line 
VI--VI of FIG. 2, the cylindrical boss 29 for the fuel injection nozzle 28 
also contributes to the enhancement of the strength of the cylinder head 
19. The cylindrical boss 29 extends from a position near the center of the 
ceiling wall 53 substantially along the axis of the cylinder, so that it 
provides a greater effect of stiffening the cylinder head 19 as compared 
with other cylindrical bosses 27 shown in FIG. 1 and the ribs 55. The fuel 
injection device takes the form of a unit injector 57 in which a fuel 
injection nozzle 28 and a fuel pump 56 are constructed as a unit with each 
other. This unit injector 57, when fitted in the cylindrical boss 29 as 
will be explained below, serves to further increase the rigidity or 
strength of the cylinder head 19. 
The construction of the unit injector 57 will be explained briefly. The 
unit injector 57 is composed of a fuel injection pump 56 having a body 91 
and a fuel injection nozzle 28 having a sleeve 98 connected to the end of 
the body 91 of the fuel injection pump 56. As a plunger 93 moves 
reciprocatingly within a barrel 92 mounted in the body 91, fuel is 
supplied from the fuel injection pump 56 to the fuel injection nozzle 28 
through a pressurized fuel passage 94 formed in the body 91. The unit 
injector 57 is provided with an annular step 95 between the end portion of 
the body 91 and the sleeve 98. With the annular step 95 pressed onto the 
inner peripheral step on the cylindrical boss 29, the portion of the body 
91 projected above the cylindrical boss 29 is fastened to the cylinder 
head 11 by means of a retainer metal 96. Therefore, an initial compression 
force overcoming the explosion force is applied to the center of the 
ceiling 53 by means of the unit injector 57. This also contributes to the 
increase of the strength of the cylinder head 19 so that the amount of 
deflection of the ceiling wall 53 is decreased effectively. 
The portion of the unit injector 57 constituting the fuel injection pump 56 
has an increased diameter. This portion also fits in the cylindrical boss 
29. Therefore, the cylindrical boss 29 serves as a large reinforcement 
having a large diameter and, hence, contributes to the increase of the 
strength of the cylinder head 19. 
The fuel injection nozzle 28 has a nozzle port which is opened when a high 
pressure is applied by the fuel delivered by the fuel injection pump 56. 
As stated before, in the unit injector 57, the fuel injection pump 56 and 
the fuel injection nozzle 28 are connected to each other solely through a 
short pressurized fuel passage 94 formed in the body 91, so that the fuel 
pressure established in the fuel injection pump is directly transmitted to 
the fuel injection nozzle 28. It is, therefore, possible to inject the 
fuel from the fuel injection nozzle 28 in exact correspondence with the 
pressure in the fuel injection pump 56 without any secondary injection 
over the entire region of the variance of the fuel injection rate. 
Furthermore, since the pressure drop along the pressurized fuel passage 94 
can be diminished remarkably, it is possible to obtain a high fuel 
injection pressure in the fuel injection nozzle 28 which in turn promotes 
the atomization of the injected fuel. Furthermore, the injection from the 
fuel injection nozzle 28 takes place without a substantial time lag to the 
pumping operation in the fuel injection pump 56. According to the 
invention, therefore, it is possible to maintain an optimum condition for 
combustion to make a full use of the engine performance, partly because 
the secondary injection and the time lag of injection are avoided and 
partly because the atomization of the fuel is promoted. The avoidance of 
the delay of the fuel injection contributes also to improve the 
performance of the engine during a high-speed operation. It is remarkable 
that these advantages are brought about with simple construction which is 
devoid of any timer indispensable in conventional engines for adjusting 
the timing of the fuel injection. 
The end of the fuel injection nozzle 28 is exposed to the combustion 
chamber 45 substantially at the center of the explosion surface 43, and no 
vortex flow chamber (sub-combustion chamber) is provided in the cylinder 
head 19. Since the engine is of a direct injection type as stated before, 
it is possible to support the unit injector 57 by the full height H of the 
cylinder head 19. Consequently, the unit injector 57 can be held stably 
and the distance between the explosion surface 43 and the other end 
(protector 71) of the unit injector 57 can be decreased to permit a 
reduction in the size of the engine as a whole. Namely, although the unit 
injector 57 inherently has a large length, it is possible to avoid 
increase of the size of the engine by designing the engine as a direct 
injection type engine. It should be noted that if a vortex flow chamber is 
formed in the cylinder head 19, the distance between the unit injector 57 
and the explosion surface 43 can be increased by an amount corresponding 
to the size of the vortex flow chamber, so that the size of the cylinder 
head 19 and the size of the case 34 have to be increased. 
The direct injection offers also the following advantage. Namely, in the 
engine having a vortex flow chamber, a heavy thermal load is imposed on 
the inner surface of the communication passage between the vortex flow 
chamber and the combustion chamber 45 during propagation of the flame from 
the former to the latter. In contrast, in the direct injection type engine 
having no vortex flow chamber, no local thermal stressing takes place in 
the cylinder head 19 nor in the cylinder block 18. Therefore, the cylinder 
head 19 and the cylinder block 18 are never damaged by heat even though 
they are made from aluminum or an aluminum alloy having small resistance 
to heat. 
Aluminum and its alloys exhibit high heat conductivity at the cost of low 
resistance to heat. Therefore, the heat transferred to the cylinder head 
19 and the cylinder block 18 from the combustion chamber 45 can be 
delivered promptly to the cooling water in the cooling water jacket 20, so 
that the cylinder block 18 and the cylinder head 19 are protected against 
overheating. Thus, the engine is protected against thermal damage even in 
this respect. 
The piston 16 is provided in the top surface thereof with a recess which 
defines a part of the combustion chamber 45. When the piston 16 is 
positioned at the top dead center in its stroke, the portions of the top 
surface of the piston other than the central recess closely approach the 
explosion surface 43 or the rounded corner around the explosion surface 43 
without leaving any substantial gap or clearance. 
The explosion surface 43 may be conically concaved although it is flat in 
the described embodiment. By so doing, it is possible to enhance the 
strength of the cylinder block 18 and the cylinder head 19 because of an 
increase of the strength of the arch structure formed by the cylinder 
block 18 and the cylinder head 19 in the illustrated cross-section, i.e. 
the arch structure constituted by both leg portions formed by the cylinder 
block 18 at both sides of the piston 16 and the ceiling portion provided 
by the cylinder head 19. 
An explanation will be made hereinunder as to the mechanism for actuating 
the fuel injection pump 56, as well as the exhaust valve 23 and the intake 
valve 24 (FIG. 6 shows only the valve 24). Besides the cam shaft 31 and 
the valve arms 32 which were mentioned before, the valve arm chamber 33 
accommodates a valve arm 59 for the fuel injection pump 56. In addition, 
stems 25 and 26 of the exhaust valve 23 and the intake valve 24, and the 
fuel injection pump 56, project from the cylinder head 19 into the case 
34. The stems 25 and 26 are located, for example, at the left side of the 
plance O--O, i.e. the plane containing the axes of the cylinder, as viewed 
in the direction of running of the vessel. The ends of stems 25 and 26 are 
located comparatively close to the head end surface 35. The stems 25 and 
26 are provided at their ends with protectors 60 which are contacted by 
adjusting screws 62 fixed to one end respectively of the valve arms 32 by 
means of lock nuts 61. Each valve arm 32 is provided at its intermediate 
portion with a tappet 63 adapted to be actuated by a cam 64 on the cam 
shaft 31. Four valve arms 32 are supported at their other ends by a common 
valve arm shaft 65 which is vertical and supported by the case 34. The 
valve arm shaft 65 is offset leftwardly from the central plane O--O and 
the outer peripheral surface thereof is somewhat spaced from the end 
surface 35 of the cylinder head 19. The axis 65a of this shaft is offset 
by a distance of about 2 to 3 mm (about 1/3 of the valve lift) towards the 
end surface 35 from the end surfaces of the protectors 60 on the exhaust 
valve 23 and the intake valve 24 in the closing positions. 
The cam shaft 31 is positioned at the rear side of the valve arm 32, i.e. 
at the side opposite the end surface 35, and at the left side of the lock 
nut 61. The shaft of the valve arm 59 extends vertically at the right side 
of the central plane O--O, and is disposed at the right side of the cam 
shaft 31. The shaft 66 also is supported by the case 34. Two valve arms 59 
(only one of them is shown) are carried at their intermediate portions by 
the common shaft 66 and are provided at their respective one end with cam 
followers 67 contacted from the rear sides thereof by cams 68 on the cam 
shaft 31. Adjusting screws 70 are fixed to the other ends of the valve 
arms 59 by means of lock nuts 69. The ends of the adjusting screws 70 are 
contacted by the protectors 71 on the ends of the plungers 93. The 
adjusting screws 70 are spaced from the central plane O--O in the 
rightward direction. Accordingly, each unit injector is inclined to 
gradually get closer to the central plane O--O towards the end of the fuel 
injection nozzle 28. 
An opening 72 is formed in the rear wall of the case 34 so as to extend 
from the right end towards the left end portion of the rear wall. A lid 73 
for closing the opening 72 is secured by bolts 74 to the case 34. A 
lever-type decompression mechanism 75 is secured to the left side portion 
of the case 34. The decompression mechanism 75 is for manually operating 
valves into opening positions when the engine is to be started. The valve 
arm 32 is provided with an arm 76 which is adapted to be actuated by the 
decompression mechanism 75. 
According to the construction explained hereinbefore, the rotation of the 
cam shaft 31 causes cams 64 to actuate exhaust valves 23 and intake valves 
24 through the action of valve arms 32 and, at the same time, the cam 68 
actuates the plunger 93 of the fuel injection pump 56 through the action 
of the valve arm 59. The timing of operation of exhaust valves 23, intake 
valves 24 and the fuel injection pump 56 can be adjusted by varying the 
positions of adjusting screws 62 and 70. Since the adjusting screw 70 and 
the lock nut 69 face the opening 72, they can be easily accessed for 
adjustment through the opening 72 by removing the lid 73. The adjusting 
screws 62 and lock nuts 61 are also easily accessible for adjustment 
through the opening 72 via a gap between the cam shaft 31 and the shaft 66 
because these shafts are spaced in opposite directions from adjusting 
screws 62 and lock nuts 61. 
As shown in FIG. 2, the cam shaft 31 is supported at its both ends and 
intermediate portion by a case 34. For each of cylinders 14 and 15, cams 
64 and 64 for actuating the valves and the cam 68 for actuating the fuel 
injection pump are spaced vertically. The cam 68 is positioned at the same 
level as the central line O--O. 
A lubricating oil pump 78 has a pump shaft 79 connected to the lower end of 
the cam shaft 31. The lubricating pump 78 is fastened to the lower side of 
the case 34 by means of bolts. The inlet portion of the lubricating oil 
pump 78 communicates with an oil pan (not shown) through an oil passage 
drilled through the case 34, cylinder head 19 and cylinder block 18. The 
oil pan is formed by a case which encases the output shaft (not shown) 
extending downwardly from the lower end of the crankshaft 11. The outlet 
portion of the lubricating oil pump 78 is connected to every portion of 
the engine through an oil passage (not shown) drilled through the case 34, 
cylinder head 19 and cylinder block 18. 
The upper end portion of the cam shaft 31 projects above the case 34. A 
pulley 81 fixed to the projected upper end of the cam shaft 31 is 
drivingly connected to another pulley 82 fixed to the upper portion of the 
crankshaft 11 by means of a timing belt 83. A generator 84 is connected to 
the fly-wheel 12 at the upper side of the pulley 82. A ring gear 85 on the 
outer periphery of the fly-wheel 12 is adapted to be driven by a starter 
86 secured to a portion 30 of the crank case 36. An oil filling port 87 
projecting obliquely upwardly is formed in the upper portion of the bottom 
wall (front wall) of the crank case 36. A governor 88 is attached to the 
cylinder block 18 while a fuel injection rate increasing device 89 which 
operates during starting up of the engine is secured to the cylinder head 
19. The governor 88 is adapted to be driven through a timing belt 83. The 
governor 88 and the fuel injection rate increasing device 89 are connected 
to the plunger 93 of the fuel injection pump 56 shown in FIG. 6 through a 
lever mechanism 90. 
As will be seen from FIG. 6, the governor 88 is disposed adjacent to the 
crank case 36 at the rear side of the same and to the right of the 
cylinder block 18. A lubricating oil strainer 100 is disposed at the left 
side of the cylinder block 18. As explained before, the fuel injection 
pump 56 is mounted in the cylinder head 19 as a unit with the fuel 
injection nozzle 28. Thus, the engine in accordance with the present 
invention has large components such as the fuel injection pump 56, 
governor 88 and lubricating oil strainer 100, among which the fuel 
injection pump 56 is incorporated in the cylinder head 19, while the 
governor 88 and the lubricating oil strainer 100 are built in the cylinder 
block 18. Therefore, the engine as a whole exhibits a substantially oval 
or egg-like form when viewed from the upper side as shown in FIG. 6, such 
shape being quite suitable for a marine outboard engine. Needless to say, 
the engine as a whole is covered by a case (not shown) of the outboard 
engine. 
An intake pipe 101 is connected at its one end to the intake port 22 at the 
right side of the cylinder head 19 while the other end is mounted onto the 
crank case 36 at the portion near the bottom thereof. The intake pipe 101 
extends along a right side surfaces of the cylinder block 18 and the crank 
case 36 and the inlet-side portion thereof turns round to the front side 
of the crank case 36 to reach portion near the central plane O.sub.1 
--O.sub.1. By adopting such a long intake pipe, it is possible to enhance 
the intake inertia effect to improve the performance of the engine. 
As has been described, since the intake pipe 101 extends from the right 
side to the front side of the crank case 36 and since the starter 86 
projects to the left forward side of the crank case 36, it is possible to 
obtain a symmetry of the engine as a whole with respect to the 
longitudinal axis thereof. Furthermore, the balance or symmetry in the 
case 34 of the valve arm 59 can be attained by making the unit injector 57 
project to the right side while disposing the cam shaft 31 and the valve 
arms 32 at the left side. 
FIGS. 7 and 8 show a 4-cycle water-cooled diesel engine as a second 
embodiment of the invention applied to a marine outboard engine. 
In the operation of this second embodiment, as the fuel is injected from 
unit injectors 57 mounted in the cylinder head 19, two pistons 16 in the 
cylinder liners 40 built in the cylinder block 18 are made to move 
reciprocatingly in the horizontal directions thereby to drive the vertical 
crankshaft 11 which in turn drives the propeller 4 through the thrust 
shaft 6. 
As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, fresh air or mixture is introduced as indicated 
by an arrow S through the intake ports 22 communicating with respective 
combustion chambers 45. The gas generated as a result of the combustion is 
discharged through respective exhaust ports 21 as indicated by arrows E. 
These two exhaust ports 21 are connected to a common exhaust passage 7 
formed in the body 3 of the outboard engine as shown in FIG. 1 through an 
exhaust manifold 30. 
Namely, the outlet of the exhaust mainfold 30 opens in the joint surface 
between the diesel engine 2 and the body 3 of the outboard engine. In 
addition, this outlet 30a is disposed at the same side of the diesel 
engine 2 as the cylinder block 18, i.e. closer to the crank center. The 
cylinder head 19 and the cylinder block 18 are formed from aluminum as a 
unit. 
As has been described, in the diesel engine 2 of the second embodiment, the 
exhaust manifold 30 is formed as a unit with the cylinder head 19 or the 
cylinder block 18, so that it is not necessary to use a separate exhaust 
manifold unlike the conventional engines. The elimination of the separate 
exhaust manifold affords a compact construction of the engine as a whole 
and remarkably reduces the number of parts, as well as the number of steps 
of the assembling process. 
In the case of the marine outboard engine, since the engine as a whole is 
covered by a cowling, it is important to surround the exhaust manifold by 
water to prevent the temperature rise in the cowling 100 by the heat 
derived from the exhaust manifold which is heated to a high temperature. 
However, the provision of a water-cooled exhaust manifold separate from 
the cylinder head and the cylinder block is not preferred because such a 
manifold will increase the weight as well as the number of parts. 
In contrast, according to the invention, the exhaust passage is extended 
through the cooling water jacket 20 formed in the cylinder head 19 and the 
cylinder block 18 so that the water-cooled manifold can be formed without 
requiring any additional provision of the water chamber around the exhaust 
passage. This arrangement is superior to the conventional one because it 
contributes to the reduction in the weight, number of parts and the size. 
The breadth of the outboard engine 3 and, hence, the weight of the outboard 
engine as a whole is undesirably increased if the exhaust opening 21 is 
projected from the end surface of the cylinder head 19. It will be clear 
to those skilled in the art that the outboard engine can be made lighter 
in weight and more compact as the exhaust opening 21 is positioned closer 
to the crankshaft 11, and this effect is further enhanced by positioning 
the exhaust opening 21 at the juncture between the cylinder head 19 and 
the cylinder block 18. 
The arrangement of the parts of the engine of the described embodiment may 
be inverted with respect to the neutral axis of the engine. The invention 
does not exclude to form the portion 37 of the crank case 36 separately 
from the cylinder block 18, and the invention can be embodied as an engine 
having a single cylinder or more than three cylinders. It is also possible 
to provide a vortex flow chamber within the cylinder block 18. It is also 
not essential to form the fuel injection nozzle 28 and the fuel injection 
pump 56 as a unit. Namely, the fuel injection nozzle 28 and the fuel 
injection pump 56 may be constructed separately from each other and 
connected to each other through a high-pressure tube. It is even possible 
to apply the diesel engine of the invention to any other use than as an 
outboard engine. It is also possible to apply the invention to an engine 
in which the plane O--O of the axes of cylinders extends vertically. 
As has been described, according to the invention, there is provided a 
diesel engine in which the cylinder block and the cylinder head are formed 
as a unit from the light-weight metal such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy 
or the like, and intake and exhaust ports are formed in the cylinder head. 
Thanks to the structural features as summarized above, the diesel engine 
of the invention offers the following advantages; 
(a) The weight of the engine can be reduced as compared with conventional 
engines in which the cylinder block and the cylinder head are formed from 
cast iron. The reduced weight in turn affords an increased output power 
per unit weight of the engine as compared with the conventional engines. 
(b) The number of parts is decreased, as well as the weight, and the 
assembling is facilitated because it is not necessary to unite the 
cylinder block and the cylinder head by bolts through a gasket or a like 
member, unlike the conventional engines. 
(c) A higher cooling effect can be attained because of elimination of the 
gasket serving as a heat insulator between the cylinder head and the 
cylinder block. 
(d) The undesirable deformation of the liner is prevented because of the 
elimination of the necessity for the tightening of the cylinder head by 
head bolts, so that the life of the liner is prolonged and the maintenance 
of the same is facilitated. 
(e) Although a high pressure is produced in the cylinder as in the case of 
ordinary diesel engines, the leak of gas, cooling water and lubricating 
oil can be avoided perfectly because the cylinder block and the cylinder 
head are constructed as an integral unit. It is therefore possible to 
increase the combustion pressure to attain higher output power of the 
engine. 
(f) The weight of the engine can be decreased thanks to the elimination of 
thickened portions around the jointing surfaces of the cylinder head and 
the cylinder block in the conventional engines. 
(g) The combustion chamber defined by the unitary structure of the cylinder 
block and the cylinder head can have various forms which enhance the 
mechanical strength of the engine. 
(h) The freedom of selection of the positions of the exhaust ports and 
intake ports is increased thanks to the elimination of the head bolts.