A skew adjustor that can reduce inter-pair skew between differential signals received via a cable is disclosed. In one embodiment, a skew adjustor includes: a skew detector that receives signals from a cable, and provides a detected skew amount when skew is detected between two of the signals; an offset controller for receiving the detected skew amount, and for providing a delay control signal in response thereto; and a skew delay circuit that receives the signals and the delay control signal, and enables one or more delay stages in a path of a first arriving of the two skewed signals based on the delay control signal, such that an adjusted skew between the two skewed signals at an output of the skew delay circuit is less than the detected skew amount by an amount corresponding to the enabled one or more delay stages.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates in general to signals associated with electronic devices, and more specifically to signal skew adjustment.

BACKGROUND

Signal propagation between computing or electronic devices typically involves cables (e.g., co-axial, twisted-pair, etc.). Inter-pair skew among signal pairs in the cables can limit a length of such cables. Many differential receivers, with or without re-timing, suffer from inter-pair skew between the positive and negative signals in a differential signal pair. Further, a maximum tolerable inter-pair skew in a differential system may be about 0.5 UI (unit intervals), and re-timer-based solutions may also suffer from inter-pair skew limitations, despite possible resetting of the timing and jitter budget.

SUMMARY

Particular embodiments include a skew adjustor that can reduce inter-pair skew between differential signals received from a cable. In one embodiment, a skew adjustor includes: a skew detector that receives signals from a cable, and provides a detected skew amount when skew is detected between two of the signals; an offset controller for receiving the detected skew amount, and for providing a delay control signal in response thereto; and a skew delay circuit that receives the signals and the delay control signal, and enables one or more delay stages in a path of a first arriving of the two skewed signals based on the delay control signal, such that an adjusted skew between the two skewed signals at an output of the skew delay circuit is less than the detected skew amount by an amount corresponding to the enabled one or more delay stages.

In one embodiment, a method of adjusting skew can include: receiving a plurality of signals in a skew detector, the signals being from a cable coupled to a transmitter; detecting a skew amount between two of the plurality of signals in the skew detector; providing a delay control signal from an offset controller that receives the detected skew amount; and enabling one or more delay stages in a path of a first arriving of the two skewed signals based on the delay control signal, such that an adjusted skew between the two skewed signals at an output of the skew delay circuit is less than the detected skew amount by an amount corresponding to the enabled one or more delay stages.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Particular embodiments allow for compensation of signal skew between signals in a cable. A skew adjustor in particular embodiments is suitable for implementations in locations proximate (e.g., in a cable connector) to a sink side of a signal channel, or to other locations proximate to the cable. Further, any suitable voltage levels, or number of signals in the cable, can be accommodated in particular embodiments. Various delay circuits and control designs can be utilized to effectively target particular signal or cable characteristics. As described herein, the various delay circuits and associated circuitry may have different arrangements to adapt to the particular constraints of different applications.

A maximum length of cable that can be activated may be limited either by an equalizer's maximum boost capability, or from a maximum tolerable inter-pair skew. Expected losses and “S21” response of the signals from a given cable provides a strong function relative to that cable's length, relative to an inter-cable variance of such a S21 response. In contrast, an expected inter-pair skew of signals from a given cable is a relatively weak function of the cable's length (expected value of 0), while the variance of such a parameter may be proportional to the cable's length.

Inter-pair skew numbers can range from about 5 ps to about 10 ps per meter of cable, depending on a quality of the cable's manufacturing tolerances. There may also be yield limitation due to such inter-pair skew variance, whereby an inherent maximum tolerance of a differential system may be about 0.5 UI (unit intervals). In order for an equalizer to extend a cable reach to a given length, the equalizer should be able to equalize that cable's S21 and skew, while maintaining high cable yields. Given an active cable yield specification, a maximum cable length that can be equalized may be limited either by the cable's S21 bands, or the cable's inter-pair skew bands.

A receiver equalizer effectiveness may be limited by an inter-pair skew from a maximum cable length of from about 5 m to about 10 m. If there is no inter-pair skew, a boost capability of the equalizer can enable activation of a cable having a length greater than about 10 m. While an expected inter-pair skew of a cable is zero, the standard deviation is greater than zero. Thus, inter-pair skew may result in a yield limitation, while the equalizer's boost provides an expected maximum cable length limitation.

To improve equalizer yield in particular embodiments, inter-pair skew compensation circuitry may be used to effectively extend a reach of the equalizer to and beyond cable lengths of about 10 m, without reducing associated yield. Given an inter-pair skew tolerance of about 0.5 UI for an uncompensated differential system, an additional 0.5 UI inter-pair skew adjustment due to adjustor circuitry can allow for inter-pair skew tolerance of about 1 UI.

Referring now toFIG. 1, shown is a block diagram of an example skew adjustor arrangement100. Transmitter102can transmit signals via cable104. For example, cable104can be any suitable type of connection, such as a co-axial cable, a twisted-pair, or any type of bus (e.g., a serial peripheral interface (SPI), a universal serial bus (USB), inter-integrated circuit bus (I2C), any DC-coupled open drain interfaces, as well as double (sink and source) terminated DC-coupled interfaces, etc.) to provide a connection. Further, a signal channel within cable104can include any suitable type of signaling (e.g., differential pair, current signaling, voltage signaling, etc.). For example, differential signals110P (positive) and110N (negative) can be provided via cable104.

Receiver106can include skew adjustor108, which can provide differential pair output112P/112N. One or more components of skew adjustor108can be implemented within cable104, or at or near a connection module or connector associated with a termination of cable104. For example, one or more of such components can be proximate (e.g., in a printed circuit board (PCB) trace, or a chip within a connector channel) to a sink side (e.g., a television) in a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) application. In another example, an HDMI lane extender can include one or more of such the components when the signal channel is the HDMI cable.

Transmitter102can be, e.g., a digital video disc (DVD) player as an HDMI transmitter or source. In just one example, cable104may thus be an HDMI cable, having a connector or connection module at a sink termination side, which can connect to receiver106. Skew adjustor108can be integrated within a connector to cable104, or otherwise located proximate to cable104. In this fashion, longer cables104(e.g., about 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, etc., and depending on the cable gauge) can be accommodated because skew that develops along such cable routes can be compensated for using skew adjustor108. Further, for signal protocols that operate in a bidirectional fashion, such skew adjustors108can be employed at either end of cable104.

Referring now toFIG. 2, shown is a block schematic diagram of an example skew adjustor structure200. Skew adjustor108can include skew detector202, which can be used to sense inter-pair skew to determine an amount of skew on signals110P/110N. Fast offset controller204can receive the determined or detected skew amount from skew detector202, and may generate an analog/continuous, digital/quantized, or any other suitable type of delay control signal (e.g., DCTL<0:7> inFIG. 3below) for driving the delay control of skew delay circuit206.

Skew delay circuit206can thus receive a delay control signal from fast offset controller204that is based on the detected skew amount. This inter-pair skew adjustment circuitry can delay one side (e.g., a positive side) of the differential signal with respect to the other side (e.g., a negative side) to provide skew adjusted pair214P/214N. In addition, both sides214P/214N can be equalized via equalizer208to cancel the cable's differential S21 response. Equalized signal pair112P/112N from equalizer208can then be provided to limiting input amplifier (LIA)210. Buffer212can receive signals from LIA210, and provide output differential pair114P/114N.

Of course, many variations of the particular example shown inFIG. 2may be found in certain embodiments. For example, multiple or different types of equalizers, delay circuits, controls, other types of cables, ordering and locations of components, as well as different connection points for the skew adjustor circuitry can be selected. Other types of circuitry for amplification or other functions can also be included. Further, any suitable skew detection can be used for skew detector202in particular embodiments. For example, skew detector202can include a phase detector, whereby a DC level of an XOR function is probed on chip for adaptive control. Skew detection can also be accomplished by probing a rise and fall time of the differential signals via a scope, or probing a common source of LIA210via a spectrum analyzer. In addition, skew adjustment can be either static or adaptive, and may be implemented in any suitable location (e.g., on-chip or off-chip, relative to other associated circuitry).

Referring now toFIG. 3, shown is a block schematic diagram of an example skew delay circuit206. In this example, two separate delay paths are used, with one for the positive input (e.g.,110P), and one for the negative input (e.g.,110N). In this fashion, an incremental skew adjustment of about 50 ps, in addition to about 0.5 UI tolerated by LIA210, can be provided. Particular embodiments can maintain a relatively high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of a differential configuration, and also extended a maximum cable reach. Further, separate skew and equalization control may be used to allow for frequency-dependant skew, or the two functions can be merged in applications where the skew is only a weak function of frequency. Delay circuit206can also be implemented in separate circuitry, or may be integrated with EQ208circuitry.

In this particular example, delay stages302-0,302-1,302-2, and302-3, can be arranged to provide positive side delay on signal110P. Similarly, delay stages302-4,302-5,302-6, and302-7, can be arranged to provide negative side delay on signal110N. Each delay stage302can be controlled via a delay control signal (e.g., DCTL<7:0>) that is analog/continuous, digital/quantized, or in any other suitable form. Outputs via delay stages302-3and302-7can be combined in summation circuit304to extract the difference between output signals from delay stages302-3and302-7, to reject their common mode, and to provide output differential pair214P/214N. In addition, resistors R1and R2, along with capacitor C1can extract a common mode voltage of the differential110P and110N signal.

In particular embodiments, no clock control is necessary, and delay adjustment can be static or dynamic, depending on the scheme. Particular embodiments can substantially eliminate signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) degradation due to inter-pair skew. This allows cable manufactures to produce less costly cables using less stringent manufacturing tolerances, without substantially affecting cable yields.

Referring now toFIG. 4, shown is a waveform diagram of an example skew adjustment operation400. In this particular example, differential pair110P/110N may have a skew of about 80 ps. This skew can be measured by skew detector202, and provided to fast offset controller204. For example, fast offset controller204may set DCTL<7:0>=00000111 such that delay stages302-0,302-1, and302-2are enabled, while delay stages302-3,302-4,302-5,302-6, and302-7, are disabled so that no additional delay is added to the corresponding signal. For example, if each delay stage302provides 25 ps of delay, the adjusted skew can be reduced to about 5 ps. Alternatively, delay control signals DCTL can be analog instead of digital to adjust corresponding delay provided by delay stages302.

Referring now toFIG. 5, shown is a flow diagram of an example method of adjusting signal skew500. The flow begins (502), and a signal pair is received from a cable (504). If no skew is detected (506), no additional delay is added to either received signal in the signal pair (514). However, if skew is detected (506), an amount of the skew is determined (508). One or more delay stages can then be enabled to approximate the determined skew amount (510). Delay from the enabled delay stages is then applied to a faster or first arriving of the signals in the signal pair to reduce the skew (512), completing the flow (516).

Skew adjustors as described herein can adjust signal skew from a cable to allow for increased cable lengths. These skew adjustors are particularly suitable for implementation near sink sides of cables, where inter-pair signal skew is apt to affect receiver operation. In addition, any suitable technology (e.g., CMOS, Bi-CMOS, etc.) and feature sizes (e.g., 0.18 μm, 0.15 μm, with 0.13 μm, etc.) can be used to implement circuits and functions as described herein.

Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described, variations of such embodiments are possible and are within the scope of the invention. For example, although particular delay circuit arrangements and controls have been described and shown, other types of delay circuits and the like can also be accommodated in accordance with various aspects. Further, while four stages of delay are shown for each differential signal path polarity, any number of stages and/or other types of delay circuitry, etc., can also be used in particular embodiments. Also, applications other than skew adjustment from differential pair cable signaling or the like can also be accommodated in accordance with particular embodiments.