A high efficiency x-prism beamsplitter for use in such applications as helmet mounted visor displays. By using polarization-sensitive dielectric coatings arranged along with half-wave plates, the x-prism can theoretically deliver 50% illumination to each eye with no loss. In addition to the higher efficiency, the glare throughput found in conventional x-prisms can be theoretically reduced to zero.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to optical beam-splitters, and more 
particularly to an improved x-prism beamsplitter. 
Beamsplitters are optical elements used in a wide variety of optical 
devices and systems. One type of beamsplitter is the x-prism. One 
exemplary type of optical system employing an x-prism is the helmet visor 
display. 
A problem with conventional visor display apparatus is the lack of 
brightness which might limit the usefulness of the display in daytime or 
near-dusk conditions. A conventional helmet visor display is illustrated 
in FIG. 1, and employs a cathode ray tube 20 (CRT) which generates an 
image which is passed through a lens 22 and split by an x-prism 24 into an 
image for both eyes. Fold mirrors 34A, 34B and optical combiners 36A, 36B 
are employed to redirect the image light from the x-prism 24 to the 
wearer's left and right eyes. The function of the fold mirrors 34A, 34B is 
simply to redirect the light from the x-prism toward the combiners 36A, 
36B. The function of each combiner 36A, 36B is two-fold: (1) to collimate 
the image made from the CRT 20 and lens 22 so that the virtual image 
appears at optical infinity; and (2) to act as a beam-splitter so that the 
CRT image may be overlaid with the outside scene. The combiner is actually 
a mirror/visor combination in a typical helmet visor display. 
The conventional x-prism 24 is composed of four pieces of glass 26, 28, 30, 
32 with a metal or dielectric coating on one side of each piece. These 
four pieces are bonded together to form an "X." Light entering the cube is 
split four ways, 25% to the right and the left, and 25% up and down. The 
light going up and down is wasted. 
A conventional x-prism employs 50%/50% beamsplitter coatings, but since the 
rays from the CRT 20 must pass through these coatings twice before 
reaching the eye, the maximum theoretical efficiency is only 25% and 
typically the actual prisms are only 15% efficient. This low efficiency is 
due to the fact that if metal coatings are used for the conventional 
x-prism, there is considerable absorption; for dielectric coatings, the 
efficiency is tempered by the need for a wide angular bandwidth. 
Another problem presented by helmet visor displays employing a conventional 
x-prism beamsplitter is glare. In normal day environment, light leaking up 
through the visor from one eye's side can pass through the x-prism and end 
up reflecting into the other eye, possibly washing out the scene. Here 
again, since light entering the cube from any face is split evenly into 
fourths, the 25% of the glare from one side (not counting other optical 
component losses) will end up at the other side of the visor display (see 
FIG. 2). 
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an x-prism with 
improved efficiency. 
Another object is to provide an x-prism with improved glare 
characteristics. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
A polarization x-prism beamsplitter is described, and comprising four 
similar right-angle triangular prism subassembly elements, typically 
formed of glass. Each triangular subassembly element is characterized in 
that each has formed on one leg a polarization sensitive coating which 
predominately reflects the "s" polarization incident light and transmits 
the "p" polarization light, and on another leg a half wave plate is formed 
which converts the polarization of the light incident thereon. The four 
triangular elements are bonded together to form an "x" with their 
respective legs joined such that a coating is next to a half-wave plate. 
In the exemplary embodiment, the coating comprises a MacNeille type 
dielectric coating. 
Since the polarization x-prism can be manufactured from the same glass 
material as the conventional x-prism, such a prism can be retro-fitted 
into existing visor displays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
The efficiency and glare problems of the conventional x-prism can be solved 
with a polarization x-prism in accordance with the invention. Referring to 
FIGS. 3 and 4, the x-prism 60 comprises four similar right-angle triangles 
62, 64, 66 and 68, each having a "MacNeille" type dielectric coating 
formed on one leg and a half-wave plate (tuned to 540 nm) bonded to the 
other leg. Thus, the respective legs carrying the coating and half-wave 
plate meet to define a right angle. 
A "half-wave plate" is a specific type of optical retarder. In general an 
optical retarder causes one of the polarizations of a beam of light to lag 
in phase behind the other. Upon emerging from the retarder, the relative 
phase of the two components is different than it was initially and, thus, 
the polarization is different as well. Specifically, a half-wave retarder 
introduces a relative phase difference of .pi. radians or 180.degree. 
between the two waves. This has the effect of changing one polarization 
into another (i.e., "p" into "s" and "s" into "p"). See Optics, by Hecht 
and Zajac, 1976, pp. 246-248. 
In order to make one state lag behind the other, the material must have two 
different optical indices in the two directions. Such a material is called 
birefringent. 
As it turns out, actual materials that are used to make retarders are 
sensitive both to thickness and wavelength. Therefore, a specific 
thickness of material will be a half-wave plate for a specific wavelength. 
In the case of an exemplary helmet visor display, which is basically 
monochromatic, the light is centered around 543 nm which is the main peak 
of the CRT phosphor (P43), and hence the half-wave plate is tuned to about 
this wavelength. 
A half-wave plate is usually made from a thin slice of mica which is 
cleaved from the crystal. It can have a minimum thickness of about 60 
microns. Therefore, in order to make a half-wave plate, the thickness of 
the material must conform to the following equation: 
EQU d(nO--ne)=(2m+1).lambda./2 
where 
d=the thickness along the ray 
nO, ne=the order (0,1,2,3, . . .) 
.lambda.=the wavelength of light 
Mica has an index of 1.599 and 1.594. Therefore, if the Oth order is chosen 
along with the wavelength of 0.543 microns, the thickness works out to be 
108.60 microns. Now since the material is actually situated 45.degree. 
relative to the nominal input beam, the thickness of the plate would be 
only 76.79 microns. 
The "MacNeille" type coating is a polarization-sensitive coating 
characterized in that incident "s" polarization light is predominately 
reflected and the incident "p" polarization light is transmitted. 
MacNeille type coatings are described, for example, in the "Handbook of 
Optics," Walter G. Driscoll, Ed., 1978, at pages 8-74 and 8-75. 
The four triangular elements 62, 64, 66 and 68 are typically made of glass, 
although other lens materials such as plastics may also be used. Schott 
SF6 or SFL6 is the type of glass typically used since it has a high index 
(.about.1.8). High index glass works best for a wide FOV visor display. 
For a narrower FOV display, other glasses such as Schott BK7 (index 
.about.1.52) can be used. An advantage is that the x-prism 60 may be 
fabricated of the same glass material as a conventional x-prism in an 
existing optical system such as a helmet visor display, so that the new 
x-prism can directly replace the conventional x-prism in the existing 
system. 
The four triangular elements are bonded together as shown in FIG. 3 with 
the legs joined such that a coating is next to a half-wave plate. An 
index-matching adhesive is used to bond the elements together. 
Assume now that the polarization x-prism 60 has been installed in the 
helmet visor display of FIG. 1 in place of the conventional x-prism 24. By 
taking advantage of the fact that the light from the CRT 20 is unpolarized 
light, composed of equal parts of "s" and "p" polarized light, the x-prism 
60 splits the polarization light components apart, sending one to the left 
and the other to the right with theoretically no loss. Each eye could 
receive one-half of the illumination. Therefore, helmet visor displays 
equipped with this polarization x-prism could be 100% brighter than with a 
conventional x-prism. 
When unpolarized light is incident on face 63 of triangle 62, the "s" 
polarization comprising incident ray 69 on the left side is reflected to 
the right (ray 70). This light passes through the half-wave plate 62A, is 
converted to "p" polarized light and is transmitted through the right side 
coating 64B of triangle 64 and out of the prism (exit ray 72). The "p" 
polarized light component of ray 69 entering on the left side passes 
through the left side coating 62B as ray 74, is converted to "s" 
polarization light by means of the half-wave plate 68A of triangle 68 and 
reflects off the bottom-left coating 68B to the left as exit ray 76. 
The unpolarized light entering the prism 60 from the right side of triangle 
62 as ray 71 passes through the half-wave plate 62A of the triangle 62 
where the "s" polarized light component is reflected to the left (ray 78), 
passes through the half-wave plate 62A and is converted to "p" polarized 
light, which passes through the coating 62B of triangle 62, is converted 
to "s" polarized light through the half-wave plate 68A and emerges from 
the prism 60 as exit ray 80. The "p" polarized light (ray 82) that is 
remaining is converted into "s" polarized light by the bottom right 
half-wave plate 64A, reflected from the bottom-right coating 66B, is 
converted back to "p" polarized light by the half-wave plate 64B and 
emerges from the x-prism on the right side as exit ray 84. 
With such a polarization prism, virtually no light will pass straight 
through the cube producing both an efficient x-prism and a low-glare 
source. However, such a coating is only theoretically 100% efficient at 
0.degree. incidence angle. The incidence angle is the angle of the 
incident ray with respect to the normal to the face of the prism. For 
example, ray 69 is parallel (0.degree. incidence) to the normal of the 
face 63 of prism 62. At other angles, this efficiency falls off. In fact, 
the efficiency can be expressed as the following equation: 
EQU eff=(R.sub.s T.sub.p +R.sub.p T.sub.s)/2 
where 
R.sub.s =% Reflection of "s" 
R.sub.P =% Reflection of "p" 
T.sub.s =% Transmission of "s" 
T.sub.p =% Transmission of "p" 
If R.sub.s and T.sub.P are 100%, the efficiency will be 50%. However, for 
R.sub.s and T.sub.p equal to 80% (and R.sub.p and T.sub.s equal to 20%), 
the efficiency drops to 34%. Nevertheless, this is still over two times 
better than the specified 15% efficiency of the conventional x-prism. 
Using such a definition of efficiency, the proper "MacNeille" coating can 
be designed with the following exemplary quarter-wave stack information. 
The quarter-wave stack of any interference dielectric coating is a 
preferred thickness and structure whether two materials (designated by H 
and L referring to the high and low index material), are layered 
alternately so their effective optical thickness is a quarter of the 
wavelength of the nominal light radiation. A certain set of HL 
quarter-wave layers can be so configured to give a "MacNeille" coating. 
EQU Glass (HL) / 4(LH) / 12 Glass 
where: 
Index of Glass=1.815 (SFL6 Schott Glass) 
H=2.1 
L=1.62 
With such a stack, Table 1 shows how the efficiency and glare of the 
x-prism fared over the angular bandwidth of a wide field-of-view (FOV) 
visor display. Such a coating produced an angular bandwidth of about 
42.degree. (corresponding to the FOV of the visor display with a 1:1 pupil 
magnification) with an efficiency greater than 35%. Such a prism is twice 
as efficient as current x-prisms. 
TABLE I 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Angle in 
Angle in 
Glass wrt 
Air wrt 
Refl Refl Trans. 
Trans 
Coating 
Coating 
"P" "P" "P" "S" Eff. Glare 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
25.00.degree. 
-38.37 
8.50% 
18.84% 
91.50% 
81.16% 
12.07% 
37.93% 
30.00.degree. 
-28.02.degree. 
0.20% 
8.86% 
99.80% 
91.32% 
4.42% 
48.58% 
35.00.degree. 
-18.37.degree. 
5.54% 
85.24% 
94.46% 
24.76% 
40.67% 
9.33% 
40.00.degree. 
-9.10.degree. 
6.94% 
100.00% 
93.06% 
0.00% 
45.53% 
3.40% 
45.00.degree. 
0.00.degree. 
0.00% 
99.90% 
100.00% 
0.10% 
49.95% 
0.05% 
50.00.degree. 
9.10.degree. 
17.16% 
100.00% 
82.84% 
0.00% 
41.42% 
8.58% 
55.00.degree. 
18.37.degree. 
29.24% 
100.00% 
70.76% 
0.00% 
35.38% 
14.62% 
60.00.degree. 
28.02.degree. 
29.16% 
81.82% 
70.84% 
18.18% 
31.63% 
18.37% 
65.00.degree. 
38.37.degree. 
35.98% 
20.62% 
64.02% 
79.38% 
20.88% 
29.12% 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Since this x-prism can be manufactured from the same glass material as the 
conventional x-prism, such a prism can be retro-fitted into existing visor 
displays. Moreover, by using an x-prism that is polarization sensitive, 
the coating on the visor combiner comprising the helmet visor display need 
only reflect efficiently for one polarization, which can mean an improved 
performance from the visor standpoint. 
Another advantage of the polarization x-prism is the reduction in glare. 
Any stray light will be reflected up or down, and will therefore be 
blocked from passing directly to the other eye, in contrast to the 
operation of the conventional x-prism, as shown in FIG. 2. 
It is understood that the above-described embodiments are merely 
illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent 
principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be 
devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art 
without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.