Method of abrading new garments

A method of "stone washing" jeans is disclosed. The process involves tumbling jeans without water and in the presence of resin-bonded abrasive members in a first elongated tumbler drum having a generally horizontal axis, discharging the jeans and abrasive members from the first tumbler drum, separating the abrasive members utilizing an oscillating conveyor, feeding the jeans to a second elongated tumbler drum having a perforated wall and a generally horizontal axis of rotation to remove any remaining abrasive members from the jeans and thereafter removing the treated jeans from the second tumbler drum while recycling the abrasive members to the first tumbler.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a method of abrading, on a commercial 
scale, garments, particularly new denim blue jeans, to give the jeans a 
faded look of the type found desirable by many customers. In the past, new 
blue jeans have been commercially faded by subjecting the blue jeans to 
repeated washings. In some cases, large stones of pumice, or the like, 
have been added to the washer. In every instance, however, the blue jeans 
have been treated wet, i.e., in a water or chemical bath. 
The prior art methods of commercially fading blue jeans have been subject 
to several defects. In the first place, repeated washing and rinsing 
steps, sometimes accompanied by bleaching and chemical treatment steps, 
are very time consuming. Moreover, the use of large pumice stones in a wet 
washing process has resulted in the production of tears and wear holes in 
garments as well as excessive and rapid wear on the washing machines. As a 
result, previous methods of fading blue jeans are expensive both because 
of the excessive processing time required and its attendant labor costs 
and the cost of maintaining and replacing damaged equipment. 
Such methods are also disadvantageous in that they result in jeans which 
are not uniformly faded, but rather have objectionable streaks. Typical 
prior art patents disclosing wet methods of fading blue jeans are Kappler 
et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,220 and Viramontes U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,887. 
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
The present invention is directed to a new method of abrading garments on a 
commercial scale and, in particular, to a method of fading blue jeans 
which avoids the difficulties in the prior art methods described above. 
The present invention is predicated in part upon the concept of processing 
the blue jeans in a dry condition without subjecting them to water or 
chemicals. 
In accordance with the present invention, the blue jeans and a large 
quantity of pre-formed sand and resin-bonded abrasive members are agitated 
in a first elongated tumbler having a drum which is rotatable along a 
generally horizontal axis. In a preferred embodiment, the drum is of 
polygonal cross-section with the jeans and abrasive members being added at 
one end and being discharged from the other. The jeans and abrasive 
members are discharged from the first tumbler onto a separating conveyor 
which separates most of the abrasive members from the jeans and recycles 
them to the first tumbler drum. 
The jeans are then fed to the drum of a second tumbler, similar to the 
first, except that the second tumbler includes perforate walls. The jeans 
are rotated in the second tumbler which causes a separation of the 
remaining abrasive members from the jeans, including a separation of those 
abrasive members caught in the pockets of jeans. The jeans are 
subsequently discharged from the end of the second tumbler drum opposite 
to that in which they are loaded, while the separated abrasive members are 
recycled to the first drum. 
One principal advantage of the present jean-fading method is that it is 
substantially more economical than the prior art wet methods. In the first 
place, the production rate at which jeans can be processed utilizing the 
present method is substantially faster than the rate achieved in typical 
prior art commercial methods. For example, in one system operated in 
accordance with the present method, jeans can be processed at a rate of 
three hundred per hour as compared with a rate of fifty per hour using a 
typical prior art machine. 
A further advantage of the present invention is that the equipment utilized 
in the present method is not subject to an inordinate amount of wear and 
requires substantially less maintenance than washing machines of the type 
used in a typical commercial pumice stone washing process. 
A still further advantage of the present invention is that the blue jeans 
processed by the present method have a highly desirable faded look with a 
uniform appearance free of undesirable streaks. 
The present invention will be more readily understood from a consideration 
of the following detailed description of the drawings illustrating a 
preferred form of system for practicing the present method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
The present method of treating fabrics, such as denim blue jeans, involves, 
as a first step, tumbling the blue jeans in contact with abrasive members 
in a first rotary tumbler. The blue jeans are fed to the tumbler in a dry 
condition and there is no water present in the tumbler. In the next step, 
the abrasive members and blue jeans are separated as the blue jeans are 
conveyed to a second tumbler. Thereafter, the blue jeans, still in a dry 
condition, are tumbled in a second rotary tumbler to remove any remaining 
abrasive members from the mass of blue jeans. The treated blue jeans are 
then discharged from the second tumbler, while the abrasive elements 
separated from the jeans by the second tumbler and by the conveyor 
interconnecting the tumblers are recycled to the first tumbler. 
The overall construction of a preferred form of system 10 for carrying out 
the present method is illustrated in FIG. 1. The overall construction of 
certain equipment utilized in this system is illustrated in FIGS. 2-4. It 
is to be understood, however, that the structural details of this 
equipment are well known in the art and constitute no part of the present 
invention. 
More particularly, the system 10 comprises a first tumbler 11 and a second 
tumbler 12. Each of these tumblers includes an elongated rotary drum 
rotatable about a generally horizontal axis. The axis of each tumbler is 
slightly inclined downwardly from the inlet end of the tumbler to the 
discharge end thereof. The drum of the first tumbler is perferably 
imperforate, while the drum of of the second tumbler includes openings to 
permit discharge of abrasive members as explained below. The two tumblers 
are interconnected by conveyors 14 and 15 so that the garments first pass 
along the length of the first tumbler and are then transferred 
automatically to the inlet of the second tumbler. 
As shown in FIG. 1, the first conveyor 14 is disposed beneath the discharge 
opening 13 of tumbler 11. Conveyor 14 is a relatively flat oscillating 
conveyor including a perforated plate, or screen, which supports blue 
jeans as they move along the conveyor, but permits abrasive members to 
fall through the conveyor to effect their separation from the blue jeans. 
Conveyor 14 discharges the blue jeans onto a second conveyor 15 which is 
preferably a cleated belt-type conveyor which transfers the jeans to the 
inlet 16 of tumbler 12. The garments which are fed to tumbler 12 through 
inlet 16 pass along the length of that tumbler and are discharged from the 
opposite end 17 of that tumbler. 
System 10 also includes means for recycling the abrasive members separated 
from the oscillator conveyor 14 and second tumbler 12 to the loading chute 
18 of the first tumbler 11. These means include a belt conveyor 20 which 
is positioned beneath the discharge of the oscillator conveyor pan and 
receives abrasive members as they are discharged from that pan. A return 
chute 21 discharges abrasive members separated by second tumbler 12 onto 
conveyor 20. Consequently, all of the abrasive members separated from the 
jeans are transferred by conveyor 20 to a feed chute 22 which directs them 
to inlet 18 of the first tumbler 11. 
The overall construction of the tumblers 11 and 12 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 
3 which illustrate tumbler 11. It is to be understood that tumbler 12 is 
generally similar to tumbler 11, except that the walls of the drum of 
tumbler 12 are perforate as opposed to the imperforate walls of tumbler 11 
and the axis of the drum of tumbler 12 slopes in the opposite direction, 
i.e., slopes downwardly from right to left as viewed in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
As shown in FIG. 2, tumbler 11 comprises a base 23. The base supports 
vertical frame members 24. These frame members in turn carry longitudinal 
top members 25 and transverse top members 26. Rotatably mounted within the 
hollow frame formed by the base and frame members 24-26 is a drum 27. Drum 
27 is preferably of polygonal cross-section and, as shown in FIG. 3, in 
the preferred embodiment, is of hexagonal cross-section. The hexagonal 
outer walls 28 of the drum are welded, or otherwise secured, to three 
support ring assemblies 30, 31 and 32. Each support ring assembly 
comprises an annular ring member 33 of T-shaped cross-section (see FIG. 
2). The inner flange section 34 of each ring member is secured to a fillet 
plate 35 which is in turn welded, or otherwise secured, to the outer wall 
28 of drum 27. 
The transverse outer rim 36 of each ring member is carried by a plurality 
of spaced rollers 37 carried by suitable brackets secured to the frame. 
Rollers 37 are provided with endwise thrust flanges 38 effective to 
prevent longitudinal movement of the drum. In the preferred embodiment, 
the hexagonal drum is formed of imperforate steel lined with urethane and 
is approximately 20 feet in length. The maximum diameter of the drum is 
approximately five feet. 
As shown in FIG. 2, the axis of the drum is generally horizontal, but is 
slightly angulated with respect to a true horizontal. More particularly, 
the left-hand, or feed, end of the drum is approximately five inches 
higher than the right-hand, or discharge, end of the drum. The drum is 
rotated by means of a motor 40 mounted in a housing 41 atop the frame. The 
motor is interconnected by means of a belt drive 42 to a gear reducer 43. 
The output shaft of gear reducer 43 rotates a drive sprocket 44 which 
drives a chain 45. This chain in turn drives a driven sprocket 46 mounted 
about the periphery of drum 27. In the preferred embodiment, drum 27 is 
driven at approximately 20 revolutions per minute. 
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the end wall 47 of the drum has a central 
opening in alignment with the tubular chute 48 which defines discharge 
opening 13. A similar axial opening in front wall 50 of drums 27 
communicates with loading chute 18 forming the inlet to the drum. 
It is to be understood that tumbler 12 is generally similar to tumbler 11. 
However, the inclination of the drum of tumbler 12 is reversed from that 
of tumbler 11, i.e., the drum slopes downwardly from the right-hand inlet 
end 51 of the tumbler to the left-hand discharge end 17. Furthermore, the 
walls of the drum in tumbler 12 are not imperforate, but rather include 
openings of sufficient size to permit abrasive members to drop through the 
walls of the tumbler onto a sloping pan mounted beneath the tumbler. This 
pan slopes downwardly from discharge end 17 of tumbler 12 toward the inlet 
end 51. The pan empties into a chute 21 from which abrasive members drop 
onto belt 20. It is to be understood that tumbler 12 further comprises an 
unloading chute at end 17 similar to chute 13 of tumbler 11. 
The drive for the drum of tumbler 12 is substantially like the drive for 
drum 27 shown in FIG. 2. However, in the preferred embodiment, the motor 
for driving the drum of tumbler 12 is reversible so that the direction of 
rotation of the drum of tumbler 12 can be reversed when desired. 
The construction of one suitable form of oscillating conveyor for 
transferring jeans discharged from chute 13 of tumbler 11 onto a conveyor 
15 and simultaneously separating abrasive members is illustrated in FIG. 
4. As there shown, the oscillator conveyor 14 includes a base 53 which 
carries spring mounts 54 which support a pan 55 and perforated plate, or 
wire mesh screen, 56. It is to be understood that the openings in the 
perforated plate, or wire mesh screen, are of sufficient size to permit 
abrasive members deposited on the screen to drop through the screen onto 
pan 55. Screen 56 is oscillated in such a manner as to cause garments 
deposited on screen 56 to move from left to right in FIG. 4, i.e., from 
tumbler 11 toward conveyor 15. The pan 55 and screen 56 are also 
oscillated in such a manner as to cause the abrasive members to drop 
through screen 56 onto the pan 55 and to be discharged from the 
right-hand, or open, end of the pan from which they drop onto belt 20. 
One suitable form of drive for pan 55 and screen 56 includes a motor 57 
mounted upon base 53. The motor drives a gear reduction unit 58 through 
belt 60. The gear reduction unit 58 has an output shaft which drives a 
member having an eccentric pin 61. This pin is connected to a connecting 
link 62 which is pivotally secured to a depending flange 63 mounted on pan 
55. Two angulated shaker arms 64 and 65 are interconnected to base 53 and 
arms 66 and 67 carried by pan 55. These shaker arms function to provide 
support for pan 55 and control the deflection of the pan in a manner well 
known in the art. 
A preferred form of abrasive member 70 for use in practicing the present 
method is illustrated in FIG. 5 and an alternate form of abrasive member 
71 is illustrated in FIG. 6. More particularly, abrasive members 70 and 71 
are of a type of resin-bonded, pre-formed abrasive members used for burr 
removal from metals in conventional metal finishing operations. Each of 
these abrasive elements is formed from 100 grit sand mixed with a suitable 
polyester resin. A preferred formulation comprises 30% of a suitable 
resin, such as Reichold Chemical Co. polyester resin No. 32080, or AZS 
Corporation polyester resin No. 4732, mixed with 70% by weight of 100 grit 
sand. It is to be understood, however, that other types of resin and 
abrasive material can be utilized. 
Abrasive member 70 is formed in the shape of a truncated pyramid and, in 
one preferred form of pyramid, the measurement of the base from corner 73 
to corner 74 is approximately 15/8", while the height of the pyramid from 
the base to the truncated top 75 is approximately one inch. 
Alternative abrasive member 71 is of generally conical configuration 
including a short cylindrical base section 76 and a main conical section 
77 having a slightly rounded top 78. In a preferred embodiment of an 
abrasive member of this configuration the diameter of base 76 is 
approximately 11/4", while the height of the member from the bottom 
surface of the base to the top of rounded conical member 78 is 
approximately 11/4". 
A preferred process of stone washing blue jeans utilizing the system and 
abrasive members described above involves loading abrasive members and dry 
blue jeans into the first tumbler 11 through loading chute 18. Blue jeans 
are loaded and discharged continuously with the rate of travel through the 
drum being such that the jeans remain in the tumbler area approximately 
twenty minutes. There are approximately ten blue jeans per foot of lineal 
machine. Thus, for the 20' machine illustrated in FIG. 1, approximately 
two hundred blue jeans are fed to the first tumbler. This tumbler is 
loaded with approximately 9,250 pounds, or 115 cubic feet, of abrasive 
members. This abrasive members occupies approximately 40% of the internal 
volume of the drum 27, with a cubic foot of abrasive members being 
provided for each 1.7 pairs of blue jeans. 
No water is added to, or is present in, either the first or second 
tumblers. The blue jeans are processed in a completely dry condition. The 
abrasive members and blue jeans are agitated by rotating drum 27 at 
approximately 20 rpm. As this drum rotates, the jeans move from the 
loading end of the drum toward the discharge end from which the blue jeans 
are discharged through discharge chute 13 onto oscillating conveyor 14. 
This conveyor simultaneously moves the blue jeans toward a second conveyor 
15 and separates the abrasive members from the jeans. The abrasive members 
which are separated drop through the screen of the oscillator conveyor 
into pan 55 and then drop from the right-hand end of this pan onto belt 
conveyor 20. This belt conveyor returns the abrasive members to the 
loading chute 18 of the first tumbler 11. 
The blue jeans, largely freed of abrasive members, are dropped onto 
conveyor 15 and are fed by that conveyor to loading chute 16 of the second 
tumbler 12. This tumbler again agitates the blue jeans by rotating them in 
a perforated hexagonal drum. As the blue jeans tumble in the second 
tumbler, the remaining abrasive members, including any which have been 
trapped in the pockets of the blue jeans, are separated and drop through 
the holes in the drum onto a pan (not shown). From this pan, the abrasive 
members are discharged through chute 21 onto belt 20 which recycles them 
to the first tumbler. 
In a preferred form of the present method, a second tumbler is rotated at 
20 rpm and the jeans are held in the tumbler for approximately twenty 
minutes as they move from the loading chute to the discharge chute. 
Halfway through this period, the direction of rotation of the tumbler is 
reversed. This, of course, does not affect the movement of the jeans 
toward the discharge chute. However, I have found that this reversal of 
direction materially shortens the length of time required to remove the 
remaining abrasive members from the jeans. 
The fully processed jeans have a faded look which is considered desirable 
by many customers. The jeans are of substantially uniform appearance 
throughout, i.e., are free of undesirable streaks. 
From the foregoing disclosure of the general principles of the present 
invention and the above description of a preferred embodiment, those 
skilled in the art will readily comprehend various modifications to which 
the invention is susceptible. Therefore, I desire to be limited only by 
the scope of the following claims.