Fault detection

Apparatus for the detection of leakage current in a system includes a power supply and conductors from the supply for supplying power to a load connected to the system. There is an interrupter connected in the system and to a ground point such that a ground leakage current in the system has a closed circuit. Activation of the interrupter about every 12 seconds effectively generates a pulse interrupted ground fault signal. Such signal is detected by a magnetic sensor located relative to a multi-feeder system with high capacitive reactance. The sensor is immune to random electromagnetic and electrostatic conditions in the distribution system. The sensor is synchronized to operate with the interrupter so that sensing is effected at a steady level of a square wave interrupted pulse.

BACKGROUND 
This invention relates to fault detection particulary, low level DC fault 
currents. In particular, it relates to an apparatus and a method for 
detecting ground faults in normally ungrounded multi-feeder DC 
distribution systems having significant capacitive reactance components 
and under the influence of strong electromagnetic fields. These situations 
are normally associated with utility power generation and distribution, 
industrial plants, and computer/electronic systems therein. In such 
systems, ground faults must be located without taking unaffected equipment 
out of service. 
Generating stations and substations use 110 to 240 volt ungrounded battery 
systems to operate control systems and other DC devices. Some of the 
control systems are critical to plant operational integrity and must 
operate at all times. If a ground fault on the ungrounded battery system, 
if not isolated, will leak battery power to ground. This leakage may be 
sufficient to affect the battery system's operational integrity by 
lowering battery voltage. If two ground faults on opposite polarities of 
the same battery system occur simultaneously in the system, the battery 
may be shorted through ground. If two or more simultaneous ground faults 
on the same conductor occur, an undesirable bypassing of controlling 
devices may occur and cause malfunction or misoperation, consequently 
isolation and repair of the first fault must, therefore, be performed as 
quickly and efficiently as possible to minimize the chances that the whole 
battery system will be shorted or become inoperative. 
The major components of an ungrounded DC distribution system usually 
include the DC battery assembly and battery charger. Main source 
conductors connect the battery assembly to the circuit breaker of a 
multi-feeder distribution panel, and the individual loads to those 
feeders. The type of loads associated with this system are motors, 
solenoids, relays, electronic monitoring equipment, and electronic control 
devices. A common characteristic associated with this type of system is, 
firstly, stray capacitance created by the distribution lines respect to 
ground and, secondly, input capacitive reactance of the loads. The value 
of the stray capacitance ranges from a few picofarads to 200 microfarads 
or more. This is an important characteristic since it plays an important 
part in the type of test equipment that can be used to locate ground fault 
currents. 
A basic problem in such systems is the need to identify low level DC fault 
currents, namely, low to high impedance ground fault currents in the 
presence of much larger DC load currents and electromagnetically induced 
noise currents. 
In DC ungrounded power distribution systems, it is important to determine 
whether a fault resistance exists between ground and any of the 
distribution lines or loads attached to those lines. Should a fault occur 
and the resistance value of the fault is below the predetermined alarm 
value it is important to locate the fault and remove it without 
interrupting service to the branch or feeder. 
One methed used to located ground faults is to open circuit breakers one at 
a time until the fault disappears. The fault is then isolated during the 
time the branch circuit is de-energized and repaired. Should a ground 
fault occur on a critical branch circuit which cannot be opened for ground 
fault tracing, this method cannot be used. 
A known ground detection circuit consists of a center-tapped high 
resistance connected across the DC source and an indicating voltmeter 
between the center tap and ground fault antwhere on the Dc system causes 
an indication of the voltmeter. Since the high resistance limits the 
ground fault current to a few milliamperes, the faulted equipment will not 
be tripped off when a low level fault occurs. 
Other detection circuits consists of two resistors of equal value connected 
from each side of the main conductors to ground and a monitor instrument 
that can be switched between ground and the distribution lines. The 
monitoring instrument indicates a voltage imbalance when a ground fault 
exists between line and ground. The imbalance voltage represents a 
percentage of ground fault to be determined. This circuitry is succeptible 
to changing loads connected to the distribution lines and the influences 
of electromagnetically induced noise to identify low level fault currents 
effectively. 
In other arrangements, the resistors are replaced by relays or solenoids 
driven by parallel windings. Each winding is connected between ground and 
one of the lines. When a ground fault condition exists an imbalance 
potential is created on one of the windings which causes current to flow 
through the windings to activate the electromechanical system and initiate 
a ground fault condition on the system. The limitation with this type of 
design is that the instrument is detecting a relatively high level fault 
current condition only but is unable to determine where the fault is 
located. Additional troubleshooting is needed to determine the location, 
and may require the injection of an AC signal into the DC system in order 
to trace the source of the fault. This method cannot be used on systems 
having large stray capacitance or sensitive electronic equipment as loads 
since the AC injected signal has to overcome very low impedance paths to 
ground. The lower the impedance the larger the AC injected signal needs to 
be to locate the fault. With high energy levels it is possible 
inadvertently to trip control devices or damage electronic equipment or 
loads connected to the system. The critical nature of these circuits 
requires them not to be turned off to locate the fault. Thus, a fault 
detection system is needed to locate the faulty equipment without 
interrupting these critical circuits. 
It is also known elsewhere to test for DC faults in small systems employing 
grounded 12-volt battery type power supplies in automobiles and the like. 
Such grounded DC systems require the connection of an injector across 
terminals of the battery supply. Thereafter, a detector is applied over 
the wiring system with sound detection means so that an increasing sound 
would indicate where a DC fault exists. The limitations of this type of 
design has been identified above. Such systems operate in response to high 
DC fault currents in an environment where there is no significant 
capacitive or inductive reactances of consequence and where the DC system 
is effectively shut off when the fault detection is being made. 
It is also known in AC systems to detect ground leakage by a relay which 
interrups the system so as to introduce a fault current in the sense of a 
pulsating input. Such systems, however, are of a nature that a D'Arsonval 
type meter of permanent magnet moving coil meter are used for detection of 
the pulsating input. Such a meter requires a current transformer suitable 
for detecting relatively large AC fault currents. This is unsuitable for 
measuring pulsating DC fault currents of a lower value. These detection 
systems are particularly unsuitable in high electrostatic and 
electromagnetic environments. 
In another method of ground fault detection, a slope detector is used to 
detect an interrupt signal having a frequency of 2Hz per second. This 
signal is obtained by connecting two 5,000 ohm resistors from each side of 
the DC distribution line through an interrupter relay to ground. By 
controlling the opening and closing of the relay, the fault current is 
interrupted to generate a DC fault pulse. At the same time, a magnetic 
sensor and associated electronics is used to detect the rise and fall, 
namely, slope, of the interrupted DC signal. When a positive 
identification of the fault current is achieved, a periodic audio signal 
is generated or a flashing LED display is activated. With this detection 
method should the stray capacitance of the DC distribution system be above 
about 50 microfarads and the fault reisistance is above 5,000 ohm, the 
identification of the fault location may be difficult since the stray 
capacitance on the line can absorb most of the initial current generated 
by the interrupt pulse. This can cause a false slope signal to be produced 
and the detector circuit will acknowledge this as a fault condition. Also 
external electromagnetic interferences can produce an unwanted output 
signal that can interfere with the detector. 
There is thus a need to overcome disadvantages of the prior system, and 
provide an effective means for detecting and locating faults in a supply 
system. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The disadvantages of prior systems are overcome with a detection system 
using synchronization and a detection circuit operating at low energy 
level values, and means for eliminating the effects of stray capacitance 
and unwanted electromagnetic interferences. 
According to the invention, there is provided apparatus and a method for 
the detection of fault signals in a supply system including conductors for 
supplying power to a load connected in the system. There is an impedance 
element for connection across the power supply, a tapping point to the 
impedance element and a connector between the tapping point and a point to 
ground to complete a circuit for a fault signal in the system. An 
interrupter periodically pulses a ground fault signal into the system 
thereby to generate a pulse interrupted signal, and a magnetic detector 
relative to the system senses the interrupted signal and thereby provides 
for detecting the location of the fault. The detector is adapted to 
operate in synchronization with the interrupter whereby the detector 
senses a substantial steady state pulse level. 
In the preferred form of the invention, the pulse is a square wave and the 
detection is effected during the steady state high level of the square 
wave. The interrupter circuit consists of a resistor/capacitor oscillator 
circuit which generates a synchronization signal or alternatively a 
crystal oscillator can be used to generate the synchronization signal. 
The detector assembly can determine whether a positive or negative 
conductor of the multifeeder system has the fault. 
The stray capacitance in the system is substantially dischanged prior to 
detection of a fault, through a bank of resistors, partly included in the 
impedance element, and the cycle for the square wave is determined such 
that there is sufficient time for discharging the stray capacitance. A 
pulser or interrupter is adapted to interrupt the ground fault circuit 
periodically to generate an interrupted ground fault signal. 
There is provided an apparatus and method for the detection of low level 
ground leakage currents in a normally unground multi-feeder DC 
distribution system which includes a DC power supply and multiple 
conductors from the supply for supplying power to load means connected to 
the multi-feeder DC distribution system. 
The ground fault signal is detected by either a permanently located and/or 
portable sensor means located relative to the DC system such that a steady 
level interrupted DC ground fault signal can be detected by the sensor 
means. A low level ground fault can thereby be located in a DC system. 
The sensor means includes means for suppressing noise, and also includes 
means for eliminating the effects of distribution system capacitive and 
inductive reactance, stray capacitance and changing magnetic field effects 
of undesired electromagnetic and electrostatic sources. 
THEORY OF OPERATION 
When the electrical current flows through a conductor it generates a 
magnetic field in the space surrounding the conductor. The direction and 
strenght of this magnetic field is dependent on the intensity and 
direction of the electric current flowing through the conductor and the 
distance from the center of the conductor. With a toroidal ring of 
ferromagnetic material placed around the conductor, part of this magnetic 
field will be confined inside this ring. By cutting a gap through the 
toroidal ring and placing a magnetic sensitive component inside of this 
gap this device functions as a probe to detect and provide information 
defining the direction and intensity of the electric current that flows 
through the conductor. 
When the magnetic saturation point is reached large changes in current flow 
in the conductor produce small changes to the magnetic field in the 
toroidal ring surrounding the conductor. One manner of overcoming a 
saturation condition is to pass through the magnetic ring an additional 
conductor (the return path conductor) having a normal operating current 
flow of the same magnitude but opposite direction. Consequently the net 
magnetic field inside the magnetic toroidal ring will equal zero. Other 
external sources of magnetic field such as metal structures have been 
found to change the zero magnetic balance and produce influencing magnetic 
fields that the detectable by the magnetic probe. To overcome the final 
magnetic field summation the value is made to equal zero. Any imbalance of 
current flow in any one of the two conductors being monitored generates a 
change in magnetic field. This change detected by the magnetic probe 
provides information about the magnitude of the differential current 
flowing in the conductors

DESCRIPTION 
The invention is described in detail with reference to an unground DC 
system for detection of ground faults. 
In FIG. 1, apparatus for the detection of low level ground leakage in a 
normally unground DC system comprises a DC power battery supply 10. Main 
bus bars 11 and 12 from the battery supply 10 supply power to different 
loads 13, 14 and 15 in this exemplary embodiment. Conductors 13a and 13b 
from main bus bars 11 and 12 connect with load 13. Similarly, the main bus 
bars 11 and 12 are connected to load 14 through conductors 14a and 14b. 
There are conductors 15a and 15to load 15. 
Across the bus bars or conductors 11 and 12 are resistor banks 16 and 17 
and between these resistor banks 16 and 17 is a tapping point 18. A 
responsive element in the form of a ground indicator meter 19 is connected 
between the tapping point 18 and function switch 200 and through function 
switch 200 to a ground point 235 such that a ground fault leakage in the 
system closes a ground circuit to activate the indicator meter 19. 
Function switch 200, in one position closes the existing alarm system to 
ground and in a second position activates the ground fault detector 
system. An interrupter circuit 2000 has an input reference signal 
connected to point 18 through line 216. Lines 212 and 213 connect the 
interrupter circuit 2000 to lines 11 and 12. On line 362 there exists a 
synchronization signal 361 to a detector circuit 125. Line 209 connects 
the interruptor circuit 2000 to the function switch 200 and through the 
function switch 200 to ground point 235. In the interrupter circuit 2000 
there is a relay that opens and closes at a frequency of at least 1/12 Hz. 
In this fashion a steady but interrupted DC fault current is generated 
through the ground fault circuit and thereby the DC ground fault signal is 
obtained. 
In the one example of the invention, for each load circuit 13, 14 and 15, 
there is provided a detector sensor 24 respectively. Such detector or 
sensor 24 includes a magnetic sensing element 25. A detection circuit 125 
to indicate whether an interrupted ground signal sensed by the magnetic 
sensing element, which, for example, is a Hall Effect detector sensing 
element 25 is related to conductor lines 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 15a or 15b, 
respectively. Line 362 provides a synchronized signal 361 from the 
interrupter circuit 2000 to detector circuit 125 in detector 24 to ensure 
timing operation between pulses from the interrupter 2000 and the 
operation of the detector circuit 125 in detector 24. This greatly 
enhances sensitivity and performance as is more fully described below. 
The interrupter 2000 need not be placed into operation until such time as 
the ground fault indicator 19 detects the existence of a ground fault 
current in the embodiment described. In some cases, however, the indicator 
19 is dispensed with, and the interrupter 2000 is continually applied 
irrespective of the indicator 19. With such arrangement, any portable or 
permanently located detected 25 and/or sensor 24 can indicate a fault 
current. 
Reference is made to FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, which outline 
some of the general principles of operation of low level ground fault 
leakage detection. FIG. 10 is a depiction of prior art probles addressed 
by the invention as depicted in FIGS. 11, 12, and 13. 
In FIG. 10, an ungrounded DC distribution system of, for instance, 130 volt 
battery supply 800, includes two limiting resistors 801 and 802 of 5000 
Ohm connected from each line 803 and 804 to a meter 805. The meter is 
connected to an interrupt relay 806 and in turn to station ground 807. 
When a fault resistance exists at any location on the system, an imbalance 
voltage between the lines 803 and 804 and station ground 807 is produced. 
This imbalance is proportional to the fault resistance 808 and is 
indicated by the instrument 805 monitoring the system. If a direct short 
circuit from one of the lines 803 and 804 to ground exists. this causes 
electrical current to flow from the line without the short to the limiting 
resistor connected to that line. In FIG. 10, this is line 803 and resistor 
801. From this resistor 801, current flows to the meter 805, from the 
meter to the interrupt relay 806, from the interrupt relay 806 to station 
ground 807, through to a point 817 where the fault is located and from the 
fault point through the fault resistor 808 to the line 804 with the fault, 
and back to the DC distribution system. 
For a short circuit condition the value of the leakage current is about 26 
milliamperes. In this condition, stray capacitance 810 associated with the 
line 804 having the short circuit is dissipated and the interrupt current 
has an instant value of 0 and 26 milliamperes. 
For a distribution system with a stray capacitance of 100 microfarads or 
more and a fault resistance of 40,000 Ohm or more, the system response is 
different. When the interrupt relay 806 closes the current from the center 
tap 811 of the two resistors 801 and 802 is divided in three directions. 
The higher current path is through the 5,000 Ohm reisitor 802 attached to 
the fault line 804. The current value for a 5,000 Ohm resistance 802 is 
12.2 milliampers. The second current path is through the 40,000 ohm fault 
resistor 808 and the value at the first interruption cycle of 806 is 1.5 
milliamperes. The third path is the current flow into the stray 
capacitance 810 of the line and this accumulates as electrical energy. 
When the interrupt relay 806 closes, it takes approximately 0.5 seconds for 
the interrupter circuit to reach steady state. The steady state voltage 
between lines 804 with a ground fault and ground is 61.0 volts DC. When 
the interrupter relay opens, it disconnects meter 805 and the two 5,000 
ohm resistors 801 and 802 from the ground 807. The electrical energy 
accumulated on the stray capacitance 810 of the line discharges through 
the fault reisitance 808 as an exponential decay. 
The time constant of the electrical circuit formed between the stray line 
capacitance of capacitor 810 and the leakage fault resistor value of 
resistor 808 is the product of Rf and Cs. For this particular case the 
time constant is 4 seconds. Consequently the voltage across the fault 
resistor 808 and the stray line capacitance 810, 4 seconds after the 
interrupter relay opens circuit opened, is 28.18 volts which is 38% of the 
initial steady state voltage of 61.0 volts DC. The voltage value across 
the fault resistor 808 and stray line capacitance 810, 1 second after the 
interrupter circuit opened is approximate 50 volts (25% of the time 
constant). If the interrupter circuit operates at a frequency of 1 cycle 
per second the differential current through the fault resistance 808 is 
0.25 milliamperes. The reason for only 0.25 milliamperes is that it is 
after the second interruption and thereafter will only produce 11 volts of 
differential voltage across the fault resistor 808. This leakage current 
of 0.25 milliampers is considered very small to produce a strong and 
steady ground fault signal. 
In order to overcome the problem of detecting very small current values and 
abtain a higher value of leakage current, through fault resistor 808, 
improvements have been incorporated in the interrupter circuit 806 that 
produces the ground fault interrupt signal 
One of such improvement, as illustrated on FIG. 11, is that through 
electronic switching only the limiting resistor 801 attached to the line 
without the fault is connected to the interrupter relay, the other 
resistor 802 is removed from the interrupter relay. In this fashion when 
the interrupter relay closes, the ground fault current will flow through 
the limiting resistor 801 to ground 807 and from ground 817 through the 
fault resistor 808 and back to the DC distribution system. At about 0.5 
second after the interrupter relay closes a steady state is reached and 
the current flowing through the fault resistor 808 is approximated 2.88 
milliamperes. When interrupt relay 806 opens the voltage across the stray 
capacitance 810 is approximately 110 volts. In order to discharge the 
stray capacitance rapidly, a discharge resistor 812 is switched from the 
line with the fault to ground. Should the value of this resistor 812 be 
equal to the current limiting resistor 801, the time constant to charge 
the circuit is equal to the time constant to discharge the circuit. 
An additional improvement involves the extension of the interrupt relay 
cycle, which is illustrated in FIG. 12. By extending the cycle to a 12 
second period, namely, 6 seconds for the fault current to flow and 6 
seconds for the stray capacitance to discharge, the leakage current 
available as a pulse is approximately 2 to 2.75 milliampers. This value is 
about 10 times higher as compared with one or two interruptions per second 
and no discharge resistor. 
The circuit of FIG. 11 illustrates the system connected to loads 813. Also, 
the stray capacitance 814 is illustrated in the line 803 without the 
fault. Limiting resistors 801 and 802 and discahrge resistors 812 and 815 
are shown. The various resistor connections with the lines 803 and 804 are 
made through a selector relay 816. 
The system is also designed to distinguish in which line, position or 
negative, of the system the fault exists. Electronically, the detector can 
determine this, with the magnetic sensor located about both conductors. 
The timing diagrm of FIG. 12 indicates the period of 12 seconds for the 
interrupter pulse. The detector is designed electronically to be 
sychronized to measure and sample the pulse during the flat high current 
level of the interrupt pulse. Thus, with this timing the sensing is 
effected with a flat DC level and, hence, noise effects are eliminated. By 
the timing arrangement to effect sensing, spurious electromagnetic effects 
and changes are balanced and nulled from the system. Extremely small DC 
signal variations in the DC system can thus be sensed. This is isnce the 
DC interupter pulses and the system is overall far more sensitive than 
prior art systems. 
FIG. 11 illustrates the ground fault detector set-up on one brance of a DC 
distribution system. An automatic selector circuit 816 detects any 
imbalance on the DC distribution system and chooses a pair of resistors 
801 and 812, or 802 and 815, one from the positive line and more from the 
negative line, to be alternatively connected to the input of the 
interrupter relay 806 abd from the interrupter relay to the function 
switch 820 and from the function switch to ground 807 Also, illustrated in 
FIG. 11 is the magnetic sensor 25 the oscillator 850, the delay circuit 
851, and a fault resistance 808 along with the stray capacitance 810, 814 
(Cs) associated with the positive and negative lines. 
When the ascillator circuit 850 changes from low to high (C2 on FIG. 12) 
the signal is passed to the delay circuit 851 and after 200 milliseconds 
(C4 on FIG. 12) the signal is applied to the interrupter relay 806 to 
control the closing operation. When the interrupter relay 806 is 
activated, 801 abd 812 are already connected to the inputs of the 
interrupter relay. Resistor 801 is first connected to ground through the 
selector 816 and interrupter relays 806 through the function switch 802. 
This condition creates a leakage current through the leakage resistor 808. 
The magnetic field on the sensor 25 (C5 of FIG. 3) is sensed and fed to 
the electronic circuit for processing. 
When the oscillator circuit 850 goes low, the interrupter relay 806 opens 
and resistor 801 is disconnected and resistor 812 is connected to ground 
biasing the automatic interrupter relay 806 through the function switch 
820. This set-up discharges the stray capacitance 810 of the line with a 
time constant of less of 4 seconds. 
FIG. 12 shows the charge and discharge of the stray capacitance of the line 
as the C7 wave-form representation The full line of wave-form C7 
represents the voltage across the stray capacitance of the line when 
resistor 812 is used. The need for this arises from the comparative 
instrument that compares the reference voltage value before the 
interrupter relay closes to the voltage value when the interrupt relay was 
open. If the stray capacitance of the line is not fully discharged the 
differential voltage between the two stages is less, and the output of the 
sensor 25 is partially utilized. 
The method is used to a read small changes of DC current (ranging between 2 
to 20 milliamperes) on conductors transporting large DC currents (ranging 
between 1 to 20 Amperes) using magnetic sensor 25. The magnetic sensor 25 
illustrated in FIG. 2 is composed of a magnetic ring 324 with a gap with a 
magnetically sensitive component 325 placed inside this gap. The toroidal 
ring with sensor component 325 is placed around the two conductors, 
illustrated in FIG. 1, 803, 804 furnishing power to the loads 813 
connected to the conductors. With this arrangement the magnetic field 
produced by the load current is equal to zero, since the current flow in 
each conductor is equal but flows in opposite direction. All other 
external magnetic field sources produce outputs of the magnetic sensor 25 
and the cumulative sources value is used by the system as a zero reference 
level. 
The electronic circuitry required to perform the above task is illustrated 
of FIG. 13. The signal generated by the magnetic sensor probe 325 is 
passed through a system amplifier circuit 901. Associated with this system 
amplifier circuit 901 is a negative feedback loop 902 which controls the 
overall gain of the system amplifier 901. The opening and closing of the 
feedback loop is controlled by a signal generated in an oscillator circuit 
850 (C2 signal in FIG. 12). 
The output of the system amplifier circuit 901 is fed to a positive 
amplifier 903 "multipy by +2" and to a negative amplifier 904 "multipy by 
-2" circuit simultaneously. The output of those two circuits 903, 904 has 
its input controlled by the C2 signal (FIG. 12). 
The combined operation of the oscillator circuit 850, the system amplifier 
901, the feedback loop 902, and the "multipy by +2" and "multipy by -2" 
circuit 903, 904 operate as follows with reference to FIG. 12 and FIG. 13. 
When the C2 signal that is generated on the oscillator circuit 850 is low 
the feedback loop 902 is closed and the overall gain the system gain of 
the system amplifier is about 200. At this time the combined output of the 
two "multiply" circuit 903, 904 is equal to zero. In the next event, when 
C2 signal goes high and is applied simultaneously to the feedback loop 
circuit 902 and to the "multiply by +2" circuit 903, the following signal 
changes are taking place. The negative feedback loop opens its input and 
it will retain at its output the DC control siganl that is applied to the 
input of the system amplifier circuit 901. The "multiply by +2" circuit 
903 opens its input and will retain at its output the last signal value 
applied to the comparative resistor network 905. If at this time a 
magnetic field change is introduced, C1 of FIG. 12, into the magnetic 
sensor assembly 325, its output will change and this change is passed to 
the system amplifier circuit 901 without any negative feedback being 
present at this time. Consequently, the system amplifier circuit 901 gain 
is increased by approximately 100 making the total gain of this circuit 
approximately 20,000 (200.times.100). The output siganl from the system 
amplifier circuit 901 is fed only to the input of the " multiply by -2" 
circuit 904 whose output is fed into the comparative resistor network 905. 
At the comparative resistor network 905 the signal from the "multiply by 
-2" circuit 904 is summed with the fixed value signal produced at the 
output of the "multiply by +2" circuit 903 and the resulting algebraic 
summation feeds into the next amplifier stage which controls the 
displaying LED 906. In order to avoid a race condition between the 
simultaneous opening of the feedback loop 902 and the "multiply by 
+2"circuit 903, with respect to the new added value of DC fault current on 
one of the two conductors passing through the magnetic sensor assembly 
325, a delay of 200 milliseconds is added to the interrupt signal. This 
timing delay controls operation of the interrupter relay 806. This in turn 
controls the release of DC fault current that is used to create the 
magnetic field variations. 
In the block diagram of FIG. 2, which is the detector circuit 125, sensor 
324 is a magnetic sensor element, essentially a ring core, for detecting 
interrupted DC ground fault magnetically coupled signals A magnetic 
current sensing element 325, such as a Hall Effect or similar sensor 
element, receives a composite interrupt signal 300 with superimposed noise 
301. These siganl and noise are fed from the magnetic sensing element 325 
along conductor 326 and this provides balanced signal characteristics. 
The balanced composite signal is fed to a DC precision instrument amplifier 
and low pass filter 341, which transforms the differential input balanced 
signal to a balanced output signal. Offset balance control 342 conditions 
the output of device 341. The output signal of 341 is fed along conductor 
343 to a second instrument amplifier and low pass filter 344 which 
transforms the balanced input signal into an unbalanced output signal. The 
output signal of 344 is fed along conductor 345 to an operational 
amplifier and low pass filter 346. The output of operational amplifier and 
low pass filter 346 is fed into 397 and into one side of switch relay 347. 
The input of switch relay 347 is controlled via line 362 which carries a 
synchronization signal 361 from interrupter circuit 203 (FIG. 5). The 
output signal of relay switch 347 fed alond conductor 350 to a track and 
hold circuit 351. The output signal of the track and hold circuit 351 is 
fed along conductor 352 to an operational amplifier and inverter circuit 
353. The output signal of circuit 353 is fed along conductor 354 to the 
input of the instrument amplifier 341. 
The output signal from the instrument amplifier 344 is also fed along 
conductor 345 to an operational amplifier 349 and to one side of the dual 
switch relay 347. The output signal from half of switch relay 347 is fed 
into line 360 and to the input of an operational amplifier 348. 
Operational amplifiers 348 and 349 have offset adjust element 561 and 562. 
The output signal of the operational amplifier 348 is fed into line 363 
and to one side of a balance control 365. The output signal of the 
operational amplifier 349 is fed into line 364 and to one side of the 
balance control 365. The center tap of balance control 365 is fed into 
line 366 and to the input of operational amplifier and low pass filter 
367. Operational amplifier 367 has a DC offset control adjustment 369. 
The output signal from the operational amplifier 367 is fed into lines 368 
to the input of an operational amplifier 370, to the input of an 
operational amplifier 371 and to the input of a network circuit 372. The 
output of operational amplifier 370 is fed into lines 394 and into an 
amplifier circuit 395. The output of the amplifier circuit 395 is fed into 
line 396 and into a positive fault indicator red Light Emitting Diode 
(LED) 377. 
Line 394 also feeds the circuit element filter capacitor 397 and into 
amplifier circuit 378. The output from amplifier circuit 378 is fed into 
line 379 and into a negative fault indicator red LED 380. 
Line 368 also feeds into the negative voltage eliminator circuit 372. The 
output of circuit 372 feeds into line 373 and also into an amplifier 
circuit 374. The output if the amplifier circuit 374 feeds into line 375 
and into zero fault indicator green LED 376. Line 368 feeds into 
operational amplifier and positive voltage network 371. The output of 371 
feeds into line 373 and into the green amplifier transistor 374. 
This circuit receives the minus 5 volts from the power supply and regulator 
at point 381 and fed into all operational and amplifiers from line 382. 
Also, a 10 volt unregulated power supply is connected to point 383, the 
ouput from 383 is fed into 384 and into the input of a 5 volt positive 
voltage regulator 385; the output voltage regulator 385 is fed into line 
386 and to the electronics of the circuit. 
Operational amplifier and voltage regulator 387 outputs a control signal 
into line 388 and into amplifier circuit 389 and device 387 has a DC bias 
adjust control element 390. The output of amplifier circuit 389 is fed 
into line 391 and into a current limiting component 392 and into line 393. 
Line 393 provides a constant voltage source to the magnetic current 
sensing element 325. 
The DC instrument amplifier and low pass filter 341 receives the signal 
transmitted along conductor 326 from the magnetic current element 325 and 
passes only those signals that are 30 Hz or less. For proper operation, 
the differential output voltage range of the DC amplifier 341 is within "2 
millivolts. 
In order to ensure that the output voltage of the DC amplifier 341 is in 
the appropriate range, a balance adjustment element 342 is provided. The 
differential output signal of circuit 341 is fed into instrument amplifier 
344 and transformed into an unbalanced signal. The output signal from 
circuit 344 is split into two paths. One path is to source the automatic 
gain control (AGC) loop circuit. The components in this circuit are the 
relay 347, and circuits 346 and 353. The other path sources the display 
signal circuit which consists of relay 347, circuits 348, 349, balance 
element 365, operational amplifier circuit 370, 371, 374, 378 and display 
LEDs 376, 377 and 380. 
Upon the initialing condition, the synchronization siganl 361 that feeds 
into line 362 is low, and dual relay 347 is maintained closed. 
The automatic gain control loop provides a negative feedback loop and the 
overall gain of instrument amplifier 341, 344 and oprational amplifier 346 
is approximate 200. The automatic offset adjustment element 342 sets the 
signal at line 343 to a differential value of zero volts. Consequently 
there is a DC signal of zero volts on line 345. This signal on line 345 
has a steady range of .+-.3 volts. The interpretation of this capture 
range is that after the offset adjustment element 342 renders line 343 
equal to a differential value of zero volt, later in time, external 
magnetic sources can change this differential zero volt signal on line 343 
to values that in turn will modify line 345, due to amplifier circuit 344, 
to values of .+-. volts. The signal on line 345 simultaneously feeds 
operational amplifier 348 and 349, within a range of .+-.3 volts. Thus the 
outpt of circuits 348 and 349, will be compared through balance control 
365 and the balanced output is fed on line 366 and will have a value of 
zero volts, for any value of the signal on line 345 between .+-.3 volts. 
This zero output signal is fed into the input of amplifier 367. The output 
signal of amplifier 367 is adjusted to zero volts by a bias offset element 
369. 
The output signal from 367 is passed to circuits 370, 371 and 372. With 
this signal equal to zero volts, circuit 370 will be turned off and the 
positive and negative fault indicator red LED will be turned off and the 
green LED is turned on indicating no fault current When the 
synchronization signal on line 362 goes high, the dual relay 347 opens the 
automatic gain control (AGC) loop and the negative feedback circuit is out 
of the circuit. The DC value of line 354 will remain constant due to the 
track and hold circuit 351 which maintains the last value transferred at 
its output before interruption of relay 347. With the absence of the 
negative feedback, the overall gain of the amplification of amplifiers 341 
and 344 circuit will be increased by a factor of a thousand. The second 
half of the relay 347 will open the line between the positive input of 
operational amplifier 348 and instrument amplifier 344. The operational 
amplifier 348 acts as a track and hold circuit and its output will not 
change as long as switch relay 347 is open. A capacitor 548 in operation 
amplifier 348 holds the output on line 363 fixed when switch 347 is 
opened. 
200 milliseconds after the synchronization signal 361 goes high, switch 
relay 207 (FIG. 5) of the interrupter card closes. This allows the DC 
ground fault current to flow and be detected by the magnetic sensor. 
Should sensor 324 detect a change of its magnetic field, this change 
causes a change in the output voltage to the input of amplifier 341. This 
input voltage change is amplifier with device 341 and fed into device 344. 
After amplification and filtering provided by 344, and since relay 347 is 
open, amplifier 349 is the only device which receives the signal from line 
345. With the output of amplifier 348 constant and the output of 349 
variable, the balance control 365 output changes proportional to the 
variation of the input signal. This change is amplified by 367. Should the 
signal on line 368 be above 250 mV, the positive fault indicator turns on, 
and the no fault indicator green LED goes off. Should the signal on lines 
368 be low --250 mV, the negative fault indicator turns on and the no 
fault indicator green LED goes off. 
When a portable detector unit is used, a local crystal oscillator 400 as 
illustrated on FIG. 2, is used to synchronize with the crystal oscillator 
of the interrupter card as a real time clock. Control current device 501 
provides a manual or electronic control DC offset current through the 
magnetic sensor via lines 502. The purpose of this arrangement is to place 
the portable unit arround one conductor, for instance, conductor 13a only 
(FIG. 1.). Reverse offset adjustment 500 counteracts the magnetic field 
caused by the normal circuit current and allows the magnetic field caused 
by the fault current only to be detected by the magnetic sensor 325. 
FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are more detailed descriptions of the circuitry 
illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 2. The magnetic sensor device 325 
is shown connected through conductor 326 to instrument amplifier 341. The 
differential output of 341 is connected through conductor 343 to the 
differential input of 344. The unbalance output signal of 344 is connected 
via conductor 345 to the operational amplifier and low pass filter 346, 
the output of 346 is applied to half of relay 347, the output of this 
relay is fed into operational amplifier 351 which is a track and hold 
circuit. The output from 351 is fed into 353 operational amplifier and the 
output from 353 is fed into one line of 326. The output signal from 344 is 
fed through conductor 345 into half of relay 347. The output of the relay 
347 is fed through conductor 360 to operational amplifier circuit 348 on 
FIG. 4; the signal on line 345 is fed into inverting amplifier 349. 
The output signal of devices 348 and 349 are compared prior to being input 
to operational amplifier 367. The output of device 367 is fed into line 
368 and into operational amplifier 370 and 371. Should the input signal to 
device 370 exceed .+-.250 mV, LED's 377 or 380 will turn on. Should the 
signal into line 368 be within .+-.200mV, the green LED 376 will turn on. 
Device bias control 390, reference voltage amplifier 387, DC bias 
amplifier transistor 389 and limiting resistor 392 are arranged to provide 
the magnetic sensor 325 with the necessary bias current as illustrated on 
FIG. 3. 
Associated with the magnetic sensor assembly 325 is an current control 
adjustment element 501 which permits the manual or outomatic adjustment of 
a balance current through the magnetic sensor 325 in order to bring the 
output of the magnetic sensor 325 to a value suitable for operation of DC 
amplifier 341. 
The interrupter circuit 2000 of FIG. 5 is now described. The circuit 
includes a function select switch 200 which, when in the "test" position, 
causes an oscillator circuit 201 to produce a square wave signal with a 
frequence of one cycle every 12 seconds. The output signal from oscillator 
circuit 201 is fed into line 202 and into amplifier and time delay circuit 
203. Two signals are outputted from circuit 203. One signal 361 is fed 
into line 362 as a synchronization signal 361. The other signal is delayed 
200 milliseconds and is fed into line 205 to the input of switching relay 
207. The synchronization signal thus leads the tracking signal signal by 
about 0.2 seconds. The signal present in line 205 is also fed to the 
yellow LED 206 to provide an indication of fault interruption cycle. 
Yellow LED 206 turns ON when the pulse from the oscillator 201 is positive 
to indicate that magnetic sensor 324 is monitoring for fault current, and 
is OFF when the pulse is zero, and the fault current circuit is open. 
The output signal from a switching relay 207 is fed into line 209 and from 
there into dual switch relay 210. Attached to relay 210 are four resistors 
110, 111, 112 and 113. Resistors 111 and 113 serve the pick up function to 
create the interrupt DC fault current: only one is connected to the DC 
line, and this is determined by a comparator circuit 215. Resistors 110, 
111, 112 and 113 are 5K ohms. A power supply and zero reference circuit 
211 is attached to the DC disribution line under test through lines 212 
and 213. The output of network 211 is fed into line 214. This voltage is 
one-half of the voltage between battery lines 11 and 12. 
The doulbel pole, two position switch 200 is used to control the return 
current of two 10K ohms station ground resistances in the station ground 
alarm system, and, secondly, the two internal 5K ohm resistors which are 
used to create the 1/12th Hz frequency ground fault current. 
Operational amplifier-comparator 215 has two input lines; line 214 connects 
to the power supply and zero reference circuit 211. Line 216 connects to 
the comparator input 217, which input is connected to point 10 (FIG. 1). 
The output signal of circuit 215 is fed into line 218, which feeds into 
the input of amplifier circuit 219. The output of circuit 219 is fed into 
line 220 to the input of dual switching relay 210. The input signal of 
relay 210 determines which current limiting resistor 111 or 112 is 
selected from the DC main line to ground to complete circuit for fault 
leakage current that pases through the magnetic sensor assembly. Relay 210 
selects resistor 110 or 113 to connect from the main line to one side of 
switching relay 207. The purpose of these resistors 110 or 113 is rapidly 
to discharge the stray capacitance of the DC distribution line. 
FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 provide a more detailed circuit description of the 
interrupter. Integrated circuit 201 of FIG. 6 acts as a multivibrator with 
an output frequency of one cycle every 12 seconds. Other crystal 
oscillator circuits with a fundamental frequency of 6 megaHertz to provide 
output of 1/2 Hertz could be used if needed to replace the integrated 
circuit 201 and associate components. 
The output of circuit 201 is fed into transistor Q3. From the collector of 
Q3, the synchronization signal 361 is outputted to the detector circuits, 
and the same output of 201 is fed into the transistor Q2, and from its 
collector into the interupter-switching relay 207. 
An analog delay circuit comprising a resistor and capacitor is connected to 
the collector of Q2; and the outputs of relay 207 are connected to the 
dual switch relay 210 as illustrated on FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. 
In FIG. 7, two resistors 701 and 702 and two zener diodes 703 and 704 form 
a power supply reduction circuit and a floating zero reference circuit 
211. This zero reference circuit 211 and the reference signal from the 
center tap of elements 16 and 17 of FIG. 1 are inputted into operational 
amplifier 215. The output 218 of amplifier 215 turns transistor 219 ON or 
OFF depending on the comparator output signal. When transistor 219 is On, 
switch relay 210 connects resistor 113 to the center tap of one side or 
relay 210. When the transistor 219 is OFF resistors 111 and 112 are 
appropriately connected. The two center taps of dual switch 210 are 
inputted into switching relay 207. The center tap of relay 207 is fed into 
function select switch 200 which completes the ground fault circuit and 
the line capacitance discharge circuits. Associated with the interrupter 
circuit is a positive 5 volts regulated integrated circuit 230, FIG. 6. 
FIG. 8 is a circuit block diagram for the regulated power supply. The 
external power source 600 is inputted into conductor 601 and routed to a 
power switch 602. When the power switch 602 is closed, the output of the 
switch is fed into line 603 and to a power transformer 604. The output of 
transformer 604 is fed into line 605 from there into a rectifier circuit 
606. The output of the rectifier circuit 606 is fed into line 607 as an 
unregulated source fed into the +5 volts LED indicator circuit 601 and 
into all other circuits requiring an +10 volts unregulated power source. 
The output of power transformer 604 is also fed into a capacitor coupling 
circuit 608 through conductor line 605, and the output of capacitors 608 
is fed into line 609 and into rectifier circuit 610: The output of 
rectifier circuit 610 is fed into line 611 and from there to -5 volts 
regulator circuit 612. The output from -5 volts regulated circuit is fed 
into line 613 and into LED circuit 614 and into all circuits connected to 
line 613. A high voltage protection circuit 615 has an input connected to 
line 613 and an output connected to line 611. 
FIG. 9 described in more detail the circuit of block diagram of FIG. 8. The 
power transformer 604 has an input connected to the main power source 
through the power switch 602. The output of this transformer 604 is fused 
by Fl and fed from there to a rectifier bridge D3 of rectifier circuit 
606. The output of D3 is filtered with capacitors C8 and C1, and inputs 
into the +10 volts distribution system along line 607. The output of line 
607 also feeds the LED circuit 616. 
The output of the transformer 604 is also fed into the coupling capacitors 
C9 and C10 of circuit 608 and feeds from there to rectifiers diodes D4, 
D5, D6 and D7 of rectifier circuit 610. The DC output of the diodes D4, 
D5, D6 and D7 is filtered with capacitors C2 and C7, and inputs to 
regulator circuit 612. The output of 612 is fed into the DS2 of LED 
circuit 614 circuit and into the -5 volts distribution line 613 and the 
high voltage protection circuit 615. 
In operation of the DC fault detector, the fault is first verifier by 
observing indicator 19 such as an alarm system or differential voltmeter 
(FIG. 1) located between the tapping point 18 and station ground 235. This 
indicates that a fault exist on the DC distribution bus, however the 
location is unknown. The interrupter-pulser 2000 is then turned on by 
closing switch 200. A magnetic current detector-sensing device 25 is 
designed to detect low lever fault currents of at least about +2 
milliamps. 
The sensing elements 25 are clamped over the conductors 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 
15a, and 15b, respectively, optionally after verfying with meter 19 that a 
fault exists. Thereupon the input offset adjust and center bias detector 
342 (FIGS. 2,3 and 4) is adjusted so as effectively to render the sensors 
24 operational. 
In FIG. 1, the isolation and detection of the fault current to the circuit 
13a, 13b, or 14a or 14b or 15a or 15a is determined by a response to the 
pulsed input signal by either the LED, buzzer, or meter which constitutes 
the indicator means of the detector 24 in the respective branch having a 
ground fault. In the example illustrated the response will be in the 
branch line 14a or 14b in view of the ground fault 23. The 
detector-circuit 125 of detector 24 will pass interrupted ground fault 
current as generated by the interrupter pulser 2000 which opens and closes 
in the ground circuit. The detector in the detector 24 responds 
accordingly. In those circuits where there is no ground fault there is no 
indicator response in the detector 24. 
In the circuitry of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, there is a green LED 376 response in 
the sensor 24. The indicated response for a ground fault output is 
repeatedly indicated at about 12 second intervals. In the circuitry of 
FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, there is a red LED 377 or LED 380 response dependent on 
the ground fault current direction or line. 
In some cases, by moving the detector 25 along the conductors 14a and 14b 
to a point where the ground fault signal ceases to be detected by the 
sensor there is provided means for detecting the actual location of the 
ground fault. The detector 25 in fact need be placed only abount either 
conductor 14a or 14b to located more precisely the location of the fault. 
Detectors 25 can be permanently located at discreet points. Moveover, an 
interrupter can also be permanently in circuit such that on the occurrence 
of a ground fault, one or more detectors respond thereby enabling the 
location of the ground fault. 
Essentially, the apparatus amd method of the invention ensures that the 
normally ungrounded DC system can remain operational in respect of the 
ungrounded loads and this prevents expensive and unnecessary down time for 
system which must continue opertion while suffering ground fault problems 
and also during detection of those problems. 
The features of the detector of the invention include the additional 
following aspects. The detector can be located as a solid state rack 
mountable device with multiple independent channels for ground fault 
detection for different feeders in a multi-feeder system. The detector has 
a capability of detecting ground faults from zero up to 40,000 ohms on a 
130 volt DC system, but not limited to. Having a capacitive reactance of a 
100 microfarad, the system itseft operates to interrupt a simulated fault 
current at a frequency of about 1/12 Hz. In some cases the frequency range 
is from a low range of about 1/100 Hz to a higher frequency of several 
hundred Hz. The frequency chosen will depend on the nature of the system 
in which the fault is being detected, and particularly on the capacitive 
reactance of that system. 
The sensor and associated circuitry permit for the detection of low levels 
of DC ground fault current, namely, the fault current which has a magnetic 
component detection magnitude approximately 1/20 of the earth's magnetic 
field intensity and also lower in magnitude than the surrounding 
electromagnetic and electrostatic fields As such, the detector is 
virtually immune to high level environmental fields and their changes. 
Moreover, the detector can simultaneously detect more than one ground in a 
multi-feeder DC distribution system. 
Many changes and variations may be made in the apparatus and method 
providing widely different embodiments in applications for this invention 
without departing from scope thereof. All matter contained in tha above 
description as shown in the accompanyinmg drawings should be interpreted 
as illustrative and not limiting. For instance, in one other forms of the 
invention, the detection of AC faults in an AC single phase systems is 
possible. Similarly, faults in a grounded DC system can be detected. When 
ground faults are detected, the precondition of the system may have to be 
monitored so that deviations from the precondition can be determined as a 
fault by the detection system. Suitable microprocessors can be used to 
determined such conditions if necessary. 
Also, although the ungrounded DC system has been described with limiting 
resistors 16 and 17 and the indicator means 19, it should be clear that 
these are not necessarily employed. Resistors 110, 111, 112 and 113 
appropriately effect the requisite limiting resistance as described. 
The invention is to be interpreted solely by the scope of the appended 
claims.