Subperiosteal syringe device for admitting bone graft material into a subperiosteal locus

A subperiosteal syringe assembly for storing, containing and delivering bone graft material to a location within the tissue of a jaw for use in a medical procedure. The syringe assembly has a lumen body that is maneuverable within the subperiosteal tissue to deposit bone graft material at the desired surgical site. Embodiments include a lumen body that has a flat shape, such as an elliptical shape. A plunger is provided to deliver the syringe contents. The syringe may be loaded with bone graft material, and some embodiments may be supplied pre-loaded with bone graft material. An end cap seals the open end of the lumen, and may function as a septum that may be punctured with a needle to introduce a liquid substance, such as a growth factor, into the lumen where the bone material is stored. The syringe may be designed to incorporate surgical navigation and laparoscopic systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to devices and systems for storing and delivering bone material and one or more growth substances, and in particular granular bone particles or paste, and a growth factor to a subperiosteal location through a tunnel in the tissue of a patient.

2. Brief Description of the Related Art

Dental implants are widely used to replace lost or damaged teeth. In order for implants to be successfully installed, there must be suitable bone structure for the implant to attach to. Although technically the “implant” denotes the structure that replaces the tooth roots and provides the foundation for synthetic teeth, it is sometimes used interchangeably also to refer to the teeth. Implants typically consist of a titanium screw or post that is secured within a location of the jaw bone. Surgical techniques routinely involve making or refining a hole in the jaw bone and securing the implant in the hole. Often the implant is secured with the gum tissue and bone that grow around the implant site.

Tooth damage may coincide with bone defects in the human maxilla. For example, there may be premature loss of teeth as a result of periodontal disease or other disruption or trauma. In instances where there is a reduction is alveolar bone volume, bone reconstruction, which may involve augmentation of the existing bone, is often required. Augmentation procedures involve surgical incisions made into the tissue around the jaw, and placement of bone material, also referred to as a graft, at a desired site that will strengthen the implant. In order to introduce bone graft material to the location, prior methods have involved making an incision to expose an area of the bone by separating flaps of tissue, depositing the bone material in the exposed area, and closing the incision to secure the bone graft at the location within the tissue. Bone particles are often administered together with a growth factor to promote attachment of the bone to existing bone and the surrounding tissue. Current methods involve utilization of a spatula or tool to position the bone graft material in the incision location.

The aging process results in changes to the skin and facial structures that will result in wrinkles, skins, and concavities from lack of support of the facial soft tissues. The implantation of a non-resorbable or slow-resorbing bone grafting material into a subperiosteal locus may help in providing support for the lips, cheeks, note, chin, and other facial tissues, thereby enhancing facial esthetics. A device that allows the delivery of the bone graft material using a subperiosteal intraoral approach is advantageous in avoiding dermal scars.

A need exists for a device that facilitates introduction of bone graft material into a reconstruction site, and in particular, a device that may be inserted and maneuvered within the tissue to deliver bone graft material to a desired location without the need to expose the patient's bone.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A subperiosteal syringe device is provided for facilitating the delivery of bone to a location within the tissue of a jaw, face or elsewhere within the body and, in particular, the delivery of particulate bone graft material that is comprised of bone particles, and preferably a growth factor, but may also include paste and gel like materials which, for example, may contain collagen, and binding or adhesive agents. The device is constructed so that a user may position the device within the subperiosteal tissue, and at a desired location within the subperiosteal tissue to deposit the particulate bone graft material. The device is configured to be used inside a subperiosteal tunnel. According to preferred embodiments, the device is configured having a lumen body with an actuator, such as a plunger, that is moved within the lumen body to expel the bone graft material from an end of the device. The device configuration preferably comprises a subperiosteal syringe designed for use inside a subperiosteal tunnel. The device may be used as a carrier to deliver particulate bone graft material to a location inside the subperiosteal tissue, and more particularly, to a surgical site, such as a subperiosteal pouch that is reachable through a subperiosteal tunnel.

According to some embodiments, the subperiosteal syringe device includes a lumen body portion into which bone graft material to be delivered to the surgical site is placed. The bone graft material, for example, may comprise granular bone particles or a bone substitute in paste form, and agents, such as growth factors, binding or adhesive substances. According to some embodiments, the syringe may be preloaded with bone particles, and, in some embodiments, the pre-loaded bone graft material also may include an agent, such as a growth factor, collagen, adhesive and binding agents.

According to some alternate embodiments, the device is constructed to contain bone particles, within the lumen body, or a paste containing bone particles, and to also include a means for admitting a substance, such as a growth factor or a catalyst, into the lumen where the bone particles are stored. In the device embodiments with this feature, the bone particles may be preloaded into the lumen without an agent, such as a growth factor, and, when the bone particles are ready to be used (i.e., ready for placement at the patient site), the growth factor is admitted into the device lumen. Another preferred embodiment includes admitting a catalyst that will cause the setting of a biphasic material or paste into a solid or semisolid form. According to some embodiments, a means for admitting a substance to the lumen may comprise a cap fitted on the open end of the device that may be punctured, for example, with a needle of a syringe, to introduce a liquid substance into the lumen. According to some embodiments, the syringe may be preloaded with a granular bone substitute pretreated with a biologic agent or growth factor. According to alternate embodiments, the syringe may be loaded with granular or paste like material, and may be combined with collagen. According to alternate embodiments, the syringe may include an automatic mixing design to be used with biphasic materials, whereby a base and catalyst are combined to trigger a chemical or physico-chemical reaction.

According to preferred embodiments, the device is configured as a subperiosteal syringe, and is constructed to be insertable within a passageway that has been surgically created in the jaw or facial tissues. For example, the passageway may include a path or tunnel surrounded by tissue, and may lead to an area where the bone material is desired to be deposited. Preferably, the device includes an end portion designed to guide the lumen (e.g., through a tunnel developed in the tissue) that projects forward relative to a trailing portion of the lumen. The forward projecting end portion effects a gradual raising of the tissue, such as the mucosa and periosteum, that forms the tunnel as the lumen is inserted into the tunnel, and moved within the tunnel. According to some embodiments, the lumen end is beveled at the delivery end to form a beveled opening, where a portion of the lumen wall having a thickness of the lumen wall, forms a leading edge. The device preferably includes a plunger which, when actuated, is moved through the lumen body to expel the contents from the device out through the beveled opening. According to some preferred embodiments, the device lumen body is configured to hold a discrete amount of bone graft material, and the plunger is provided to travel a suitable length of the device to deliver a suitable amount of bone graft material.

The syringes may be configured according to some embodiments, to provide a beveled opening which has a curved or radial profile. For example, the curve may be uniformly provided, or may have one or more sections of curvature that have a different arc profile than one or more other sections. The leading portion of the syringe also may be provided with an inwardly tapered end, which, for example, may taper toward the syringe longitudinal axis. The taper for example, may begin at the location opposite the trailing edge opening, and may taper to the syringe end. The bevel profile may be straight, or may be curved, so that the tapered leading portion may be provided in a number of embodiments. According to some embodiments, the leading portion of the syringe may be configured with a wide or broader configuration to facilitate lifting of the mucosa and the periosteum, as the syringe is passed through a remote incision and maneuvered through a subperiosteal tunnel.

The device may include markings along the lumen body to denote the amount (e.g., volume, cc's, and the like) of material dispensed from or present within the syringe lumen. The syringe device may include markings thereon that identify the depth of insertion of the device when the device lumen has been inserted within the patient's tissue (e.g., such as within a subperiosteal tunnel). Markings may be used to identify penetration depth, and, for example, according to some embodiments, may be provided as increasing depth numbers as the distance from the beveled delivery end increases. The sets of markings, such as the content volume markings, and depth markings, preferably are provided along two different locations of the lumen (such as, for example on opposite longitudinal sides).

Preferred embodiments of the device may be configured having a non-cylindrical shape lumen, which according to some embodiments may comprise a flattened hollow structure (e.g., such as a flattened tube). Some examples of non-cylindrical shapes include oval or elliptical shaped lumens. According to some embodiments, the subperiosteal syringe device may have a lumen body with a flat side spanning along one side of its length, and with a curved or arcuate shape spanning along the other side. The device flat side provides assistance for placement of the device along the bone, while the curved profile on the opposite side length facilitates passage of the device through the tissue, and preferably, reduces restriction during insertion as the curved surfaces engage the tissue. According to some embodiments, the subperiosteal syringe may be constructed having a curved or radial body, which preferably may be curved to correspond with the geometry of a jaw curvature to facilitate maneuverability within a curved tunnel path of the periosteum.

The subperiosteal syringe device preferably is maneuverable through the periosteum, and in particular through a subperiosteal tunnel. The configuration of the syringe is designed to minimize or eliminate impingement on the mucosa, while allowing subperiosteal maneuverability.

The subperiosteal syringe is configured so that it is easy to load with bone particles and may accept introduction of an additional substance, subsequent to or in combination with the loading of the bone particles. According to some embodiments, the subperiosteal syringes may be provided empty, and may be loaded with bone particles or paste material and a growth factor by the end user. This may be done by syringing the bone graft material and growth factor into the lumen by withdrawing the plunger. Alternatively, the bone graft material and growth factor may be loaded into the open end of the subperiosteal syringe, together, or separately.

Alternatively, the subperiosteal syringe may be pre-loaded with bone graft material, and supplied to the end users with the bone graft material in the desired particle size, paste or composition.

Subperiosteal syringes according to the invention are configured to receive bone particles therein, and are provided with a sealing mechanism to seal the bone particles within the syringe interior. The subperiosteal syringes include a feature that permits a liquid substance to be admitted to bone particles that are situated within the lumen. Subperiosteal syringes according to the invention may be provided pre-loaded with a predetermined amount of particulate, paste, or gel bone material (e.g., by weight, volume, particle size, density, and/or the like), and may be shipped and stored with the bone particles therein. The bone particles may be pre-treated. According to some embodiments, where it is preferable to introduce an additional treatment agent to the bone particles at the time of their use (such as a growth factor), the agent or growth factor may be supplied in the form of a liquid and admitted to the syringe interior (where the bone particles are present). According to a preferred embodiment, a protective cap is provided to cover the syringe opening. The end cap preferably is constructed from a material that is puncturable. The bone graft material may be supplied preloaded within the syringe lumen body and remains sealed therein from contaminants, with the plunger head sealing one end of the lumen and the end cap sealing the other lumen end. The end cap is constructed to permit passage of a needle therethrough, preferably by a puncture, so that a substance, such as a growth factor, may be administered to the interior of the syringe, e.g., to the bone particles.

Preferably, the subperiosteal syringe is constructed to minimize or prevent the separation of its component parts, fractures and/or shearing when the device is in use. For example, some preferred embodiments may provide a monolithic plunger, which includes a plunger head, shaft and actuation end. The syringe lumen body preferably is constructed from a material that is rigid but permits some flexibility. According to some preferred embodiments, plastic material may be used to construct the lumen body. The plunger may be formed from a rubber, silicone, or other suitable material that is capable of providing a seal against the lumen body interior.

One or more of the features discussed herein, including those discussed above, may be provided separately or together with one or more other features in subperiosteal syringes according to the invention. These and other advantages may be provided by the inventive devices shown and described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A subperiosteal syringe device for delivering bone graft material to a location within the tissue of a jaw, the face, or other bones, and, more particularly, for delivering the bone graft material via insertion of the device within a tunnel that has been surgically developed in the subperiosteum of a patient. The device is useful for carrying out subperiosteal jaw and facial augmentation or reconstruction procedures. In particular, the subperiosteal syringe is configured for carrying out procedures where the surgical site remains hidden from view and is reachable through a tunnel within the jaw tissue that has an opening remote from the surgical site (where the bone graft is to be implanted), and where the tunnel leads to the surgical site. The subperiosteal syringe device is maneuverable within the subperiosteal tissue (e.g., through a surgically developed tunnel) to a desired location within the tissue adjacent the bone to be augmented or reconstructed. When the device is positioned at a desired location (e.g., where the device opening is at the surgical site or pouch to receive the implant), the device contents, such as bone graft material that contains bone particles, may be delivered to the site.

According to some embodiments, the syringe may be used for carrying out bone augmentation applications, with our without subsequent or concomitant implant placement, where the graft material is placed directly over bone, and under the periosteum. The syringe also may be used to carry out bone graft delivery according to another embodiment, where bone graft material is added to treat implants that are lacking bone. In this latter application, the lack of bone at an implant may be a result of improper placement, or bone loss that has taken place over the years.

Referring toFIGS. 1A-1C, there is illustrated a first exemplary embodiment of a subperiosteal syringe device110for delivering bone graft material to a subperiosteal site. According to the exemplary embodiment, the subperiosteal syringe device110has a body comprising a lumen111with a first opening112at one end111athereof and a second opening113at the opposite end111bthereof. The lumen111defines a cavity111ctherein. Preferably, the lumen111has a thickness111d, defined by the lumen wall111e. The lumen wall111eincludes an interior surface111fand an exterior surface111g.

The syringe assembly110is shown including a plunger115with a shaft116and a head117. The plunger head117is sized to fit within the lumen cavity111cand sealingly engages the lumen interior wall111f. According to preferred embodiments, as illustrated inFIG. 1A, an actuator118is associated with the plunger115, and in the embodiment illustrated, the actuator118is provided as part of the plunger115. The actuator118is designed to be manually controlled to move the plunger115and plunger head117along the lumen111and through the lumen passageway111c. The plunger head117preferably fits tight against the lumen body wall111e, and in particular the interior wall111f, making an airtight seal. Preferably the seal seals air, humidity and potential contaminants from entering into the syringe body cavity111c. Movement of the actuator118causes the plunger shaft116and head117to slide through the lumen111and express the syringe contents out from the second opening113, which is the delivery opening. Preferably, the subperiosteal syringe110is loaded with bone graft material200(seeFIG. 2) which is contained within the lumen body111out from which it is delivered via the syringe opening113to express the bone graft material at a surgical site. The subperiosteal syringe110may be loaded using a suitable method, including syringing the bone graft material into the opening113at the end111b, for example, to take up the bone graft material and any substance that is may be mixed with it (such as a growth factor).

As depicted inFIG. 1A, the plunger115is configured to have a suitable length to express a desired amount of material from the syringe110. According to the exemplary embodiments, as depicted inFIG. 2, the plunger115may travel through the lumen opening111ca predetermined distance so as to dispense a predetermined amount of bone graft material. The bone graft material may be provided preloaded within the syringe110. The syringe110may be configured to accept and store a predetermined amount of bone graft material in its cavity111cuntil it is needed for a procedure.

The syringe110preferably includes a means for admitting a material to the bone particles that are present within the syringe. Preferably, the means for admitting material comprises a mechanism for introducing a liquid material into the lumen cavity111cwhere the bone particles are present.

As illustrated in the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 5, the mechanism is configured to comprise an end cap400, which is made from a material that may be punctured with a needle. The end cap400is configured to secure material (e.g., bone particles) within the lumen body111by making a tight seal against the lumen111. The end cap is shown provided to cover the lumen opening113, and may form a tight fit on the lumen end111b. The end cap400, or at least a puncturable portion thereof, is made from a material that may be punctured with a needle. The needle may be attached to a separate syringe (not shown), which may be loaded with a suitable agent, such as a growth factor. The liquid, such as the growth factor, is delivered through the end cap400and into the lumen cavity111c, and, in particular, is administered to the bone particles residing in the lumen111. The end cap400, or puncturable portion thereof, such as for example, the central area400a, is constructed from a material that is designed to receive the needle puncture therethrough, and, upon the withdrawal of the needle from the end cap400, is designed to close the puncture opening made by the needle. The end cap may be puncturable across its entire surface, or alternatively, may have a preferred puncture area, such as, for example, the designated area400a. Although not shown, the end cap400may be provided with a groove or other suitable structure, such as an indentation, a colored or dotted area, to facilitate the direction of the needle therethrough. According to some embodiments, the puncture area is configured to guide the needle and may provide a path or guide (not shown), for facilitating insertion of the needle through the end cap400.

Similarly, the end cap400although illustrated in connection with a cylindrical lumen inFIG. 5, preferably is constructed to fit over other lumen openings, such as where the lumen is configured with a flattened, elliptical, or has a flat side.

In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1A, the lumen body111is depicted having a substantially cylindrical shape. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger115is sized to pass entirely through the lumen body111. Referring toFIG. 2, the plunger115is illustrated in a position within the lumen111, where the plunger115has traveled a length to where it will have expressed the contents out of the subperiosteal syringe110. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger head117may have a tapering end portion117bwhich is the leading portion. The plunger end portion117b, for example, is shown being tapered, and illustrated having a conical shape. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger head is configured to comprise a structure that serves to break up agglomerations of bone particles and to prevent compaction of the particles within the syringe lumen. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, the plunger head117is shown having a pointed tip, which is designed to break up agglomerated bone particles.

According to preferred embodiments, the syringes110,210,310, etc., preferably have markings on the body to designate one or the other or both of the lumen content volume and the penetration depth of the subperiosteal syringe. The markings190preferably identify a measure of the volume of the contents, and the plunger position relative to one of the marking lines provides an indication of the volume of bone graft material, for example, to determine an amount delivered, or an amount remaining to be delivered. The markings190preferably may be provided with numerals (not shown) that increase in the direction toward the actuator end111aof the lumen111(i.e., a direction away from the delivery end111b). The depth markings196(FIG. 1B) may denote an end depth, which preferably may signify the distance D to the lumen body end111b, which denotes the depth that the lumen has been inserted. For example, where the syringe110is inserted into a subperiosteal tunnel, the syringe lumen body111typically will be out of the sight of the user. The markings196preferably may be provided with numerals (not shown) that increase in the direction toward the actuator end111aof the lumen111(a direction away from the delivery end111b). For example, where an indication at the marking line197is provided, it may for example, represent 7 cm insertion depth, and be marked with a numeral “7” or “7 cm” so that when the syringe110is positioned within a subperiosteal opening, such as a tunnel in the patient's jaw tissue, the depth of the inserted portion is identifiable by the marking197. For example, where the syringe110is inserted an additional amount, such as, for example, an additional 1 cm, then, the marking line198will represent 8 cm, and may be provided to bear a marking, e.g., “8” or “8 cm”, to identify that the insertion depth is 8 cm. Although numerals and units have been omitted from the figures for clarity in presenting the syringe, the syringe body111markings, such as those190and196, may be marked with respective corresponding markings that include numbers and units. In addition the cm lengths discussed herein are to illustrate an example of measurement, and the subperiosteal syringes of the invention may be made shorter or longer as desired.

The subperiosteal syringe device includes a portion designed to guide the lumen (e.g., through a tunnel developed in the tissue) which comprises a leading portion of the lumen at the delivery end111b. As illustrated inFIG. 1A, the leading portion120projects forward relative to a trailing portion of the lumen121. The forward projecting portion120effects a gradual raising or elevation of the tissue forming a subperiosteal tunnel into which the subperiosteal syringe lumen111is to be inserted. The projecting portion120of the device110preferably is used to elevate the mucosa, providing entry of the syringe lumen111into the tunnel and facilitating movement therethrough. The projecting portion120preferably is configured as an extension of the lumen120, and in the embodiment illustrated, forms a projection above a portion of the lumen cavity, with the underside of the projection being open. The projecting lumen portion120aids to deliver the bone graft material from the syringe lumen to the desired location by directing the bone graft material as it is being expressed toward the bone side of the surgical site (below the projection120), and preferably to the bone surface.

According to some embodiments, the projection120may be formed by producing a bevel in the lumen end111b. The lumen end111bis beveled at the delivery end to form a beveled opening113, where a portion of the lumen wall having a thickness of the lumen wall, forms a leading edge. As illustrated inFIG. 1A, the syringe110delivery end opening113is configured to comprise a beveled opening113a. The beveled opening113ais formed by a first portion of the lumen111that extends beyond a second portion of the lumen111. The longitudinal length of the lumen111is illustrated having a bevel that is depicted being disposed at about 45 degrees, although other bevel angles are possible. The bevel at the end of the syringe110is provided to face the bone surface (so that the extended portion of the lumen is opposite the bone surface), for example, when the syringe110is used to deliver bone graft material to a patient.

Embodiments of the syringes shown and described herein may be configured with configurations that facilitate insertion and maneuverability within the tissue of a patient, such as, for example, a subperiosteal tunnel through which bone graft material is to be delivered to an ultimate surgical site accessible through the tunnel. Referring toFIGS. 3A-3C, according to an alternate embodiment, a subperiosteal syringe210is depicted having a lumen211that is non-cylindrical. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 3, the syringe lumen211is shown having an elliptical configuration. The lumen211has a first opening212at one end211athereof, a second opening213at the opposite end211bthereof, and a cavity211ctherein.211d, an interior surface211f, and an exterior surface211g. The lumen cavity211cis elliptical in cross-section (seeFIG. 3D). According to preferred embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of the cavity211cmatches the shape of the syringe body lumen211, and preferably, the shape of the exterior surface211g. A projection of the lumen leading portion220is provided at the delivery end211b. According to a preferred embodiment, a beveled opening213ais formed by the projection220. The projection220is shown comprising an extended portion211hof the lumen211. The extended portion211hpreferably is comprised of the wider arc of the ellipse, so that the elliptical body211has a broader portion of the lumen end211hforming the beveled opening213a. The cross-sectional view ofFIG. 3Dillustrates a preferred configuration with the lumen projecting end220being shown.

A plunger215is provided to fit within the lumen cavity211c. Preferably, the profile of the plunger head217corresponds with the elliptical profile of the lumen interior wall211f. The plunger215may be constructed with a plunger head217, and plunger shaft216as described and illustrated in connection with the subperiosteal syringe110, and the plunger115. The plunger215, shaft216, and plunger head217preferably are constructed from a material as described in connection with the plunger215. As discussed above, in accordance with preferred embodiments, the plunger215may be a monolithic structure comprising an actuator218, shaft216, and head217. The plunger head217preferably has a leading edge or tip end that may be tapered, such as the conical end217a, to facilitate expulsion of the syringe contents at a desired rate. The plunger head217or portion of the head in sealing contact with the lumen interior wall211f, preferably is elliptically shaped, and may taper from an elliptical profile (where it is in contact with the lumen interior wall) to the leading end of the head217which may be formed by a tapering wedge or elliptical converging end. The head217, as well as the plunger head117, may be provided with rounded or softened edges at the trailing end, so that when the plunger head217(and head117) travels beyond the lumen opening213(and113, as shown inFIG. 2), retracting the syringe210from the tunnel will minimize impingement on the surrounding tissue.

According to alternate embodiments, the lumen of a syringe according to the invention may comprise a longitudinal length with at least one portion, such as a first portion, of the longitudinal length spanning in a longitudinal direction, and at least one other portion, such as a second portion, of the longitudinal length spanning in a longitudinal direction. The first portion and second portion preferably are parallel to each other. According to some embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may be disposed on opposite longitudinal sides of the lumen. Embodiments may be constructed so that at least one of the portions extends longitudinally beyond the other portion to form the lumen opening that will express the bone graft material, as well as to provide a leading portion to facilitate opening of the tunnel for the portions of the lumen that trail the leading portion. The opening formed from the first portion and second portion may comprise a beveled opening. Referring toFIGS. 4A-4D, a third alternate embodiment of a device310according to the invention is illustrated, and includes a first portion configured to have one shape and a second portion configured to have a second shape. The subperiosteal syringe device310has a body or lumen311. The lumen311has a first opening312at one end311athereof, a second opening313at the opposite end311bthereof, and a cavity311ctherein. The lumen wall has a wall thickness311dwhich preferably represents the thickness of the lumen wall first portion311eand lumen wall second portion311f. The lumen wall portions311e,311fpreferably are constructed together to form a lumen311comprising a first portion311eand second portion311f. In the embodiment depicted, the lumen311is constructed to have a non-uniform configuration. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 4A and 4B, the lumen311is shown having a substantially flat portion311fspanning its longitudinal length and forming the shorter side of the lumen at the lumen opening313. According to preferred embodiments, the subperiosteal syringes according to the invention may be constructed with a flat portion, which preferably spans the length of the lumen, and on one longitudinal side thereof, as shown in the exemplary depiction of the syringe body or lumen311ofFIGS. 4A and 4B. The flat portion311fof the syringe310is provided to be used against the bone surface (of existing bone of a patient).

In the embodiment depicted inFIGS. 4A and 4B, the lumen311is shown having a second portion313ethat spans a longitudinal length which forms the leading portion320of the lumen311that defines the front of the bevel opening313. The second portion313epreferably comprises a portion that is not flat, and which preferably has a curved, radial or other type of arcuate configuration. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 4, the non-flat portion is shown having an elliptical configuration formed by the elliptical wall portion311e. Bone material is expressed from the syringe opening313and the protruding portion, which in the syringe310is the leading portion320of the curved wall portion311e.

As shown inFIG. 4C, the syringe310preferably includes a plunger315with a shaft316, an actuator318and a plunger head317with a profile corresponding to the inner wall portions of the lumen311. The syringe plunger315preferably may be constructed similar to those plungers115,215shown and described herein, to allow introduction via a syringe needle of a liquid (e.g., growth factor) into the cavity311cwhere the bone graft material is held. The plunger head317includes a first plunger head portion that is a flat portion, and a second plunger head portion that is curved. The plunger head317preferably is configured with a profile that matches the interior wall structures of the lumen311. According to some alternate embodiments, the lumen wall thickness may be provided with rounded edges along the lengths where the interior wall first portion meets with the second portion. This may be done to provide the plunger with a curved profile at the edges. The lumen exterior may include the curved edges, or may provide more discrete edges that are different than curved edges that may be provided long the interior of the lumen (where the interior wall first and second portions join). In this latter instance, the thickness of the lumen wall may be increased along those longitudinal edges where the first portion meets with the second portion.

Referring toFIG. 5, the circular embodiment of the subperiosteal syringe110ofFIG. 2is shown loaded with bone graft material500comprising bone particles (501,502,503, et seq. . . . ) disposed within the lumen cavity111cof the syringe110. The syringe110is depicted in an embodiment where it is pre-loaded with bone graft material500. The bone graft material500may comprise treated or untreated material. For example, the bone graft material500may comprise bone graft particles (501,502,503) that are treated with a treatment agent, such as, for example, a growth factor. Alternate embodiments may provide the bone graft material in the form of bone particles which have not been treated, or, if they have been previously treated (at the time of or prior to loading the bone material in the syringe), require further treatment with a substance, such as, for example, a growth factor, or a biologic adhesive or binding agent. Additional alternative embodiments may provide a graft material in the form of a paste, or in combination with collagen, both of which may be treated or untreated with a biologic agent such as a growth factor, biologic adhesive or binding substance; or to which a biologic agent such as a growth factor, biologic adhesive or binding substance may be added. The bone graft material500is contained within the syringe110between the plunger head115and the end cap400. The bone graft material500is bounded by the plunger head117shown positioned near the lumen second end111b. The plunger head117has a periphery which seals against the interior wall111fof the lumen body111. The end cap400is provided to cover the opening113at the first end or delivery end111a, and is removable prior to use of the loaded syringe110. The end cap400preferably is constructed from a silicone or rubber material that is inert or does not react with the bone graft material500or any of the treatment agents (e.g., growth factor) that are added to or required to be added to the bone graft material500. The cap400may be secured to the lumen end111ausing any suitable means, such as for example, tension, pressure or friction, adhesive, heat, a band, retainer or the like, or combinations of these. The bone graft material500may be stored in the syringe111, and the syringe110may be shipped and delivered to end users, preloaded with bone graft material500, and with the plunger115installed in the syringe lumen cavity111cand the end cap400secured to the open end111a. The cap400may be configured to have a profile that matches the opening113, such as, for example, where the opening is cylindrical, elliptical, flat, or combinations of these shapes, and the cap400also is secured over the opening113, and fits the leading edge or projection, such as a bevel at the end of the lumen111. The end cap may be configured to match the profile of the lumen projection, and fit over the projection and seal the lumen opening. Growth factor solutions, for example, may be injected through the end cap400. According to some embodiments, the end cap400is provided with a preferred area that comprises a puncturable area, see e.g., the area400ainFIG. 5). The cap400may therefore contain the bone graft material500, as well as any liquid injected into the cavity111c, such as the growth factor, within the lumen111. The contents of the syringe110are sealed, and provide for the bone graft material to be deposited in the lumen111and stored and shipped for distribution to end users.

The syringes according to the invention, such as those syringes110,210,310,410,510and610shown in the exemplary embodiments, also may be packaged is a sealed packaging or container, or otherwise encased, such as, in airtight or vacuum type packaging, to further protect the syringe and its contents. The sealed syringe (sealed by the plunger head, and with an end cap) may be packaged in packaging that may be removable from the syringe, or from which the syringe may be removed when it is needed for use.

As shown inFIG. 6, a fourth alternate embodiment of a subperiosteal syringe410according to the invention is shown. The syringe410is similar to the other embodiments, and may have one or more of the shapes, including elliptical, round, flat-sided, or combinations thereof, where the lumen is curved to arc over its length. The curvature or arc may be uniform, such as radially configured, or may be non-uniform, with multi radial curvatures. The plunger415preferably is configured to correspond to the lumen inner profile, and make a seal against the lumen interior wall. The plunger415preferably is constructed so that the plunger shaft416fits within the curved lumen411, and may move the plunger head417through the curved lumen cavity411c. The plunger shaft may comprise a coil, curved element, or flexible element that is capable of movement within the confines of the curved lumen cavity411c, and to provide a force, when depressed, to move the plunger head417forward in the lumen411. Preferably, the plunger head417may move beyond the opening413. The actuator418is shown provided at the end of the plunger415, opposite the end of the plunger head417. The lumen opening413may be provided with a leading portion420. The curved embodiment may be constructed with any of the preferred shapes, such as those shown and described herein in connection with the embodiments of the subperiosteal syringes110,210,310shown and described herein. For example, according to one embodiment, the curved syringe410may include a syringe lumen411with a flat side, such as, for example, the side411fshown inFIG. 6, which may be inserted and guided along the bone side of a subperiosteal tunnel within which the subperiosteal syringe is guided. Alternatively, the lumen may be elliptically configured, or have a circular lumen body. The plunger may be radial, and, where a curved syringe embodiment is constructed with a lumen is not consistently radial along its length, the plunger may be provided to be moved along the lumen cavity (such as the cavity411cshown inFIG. 6), by providing the plunger shaft as a coil, or comprised of compressible portions or members that provide suitable rigidity for moving the plunger head forward in the lumen and expressing the syringe contents, while being able to move through the lumen cavity411c. According to embodiments, the lumen411may be provided to have an extended portion, such as the extended portion420shown inFIG. 6, which is provided on the opposite longitudinal side of the lumen411that is designed to be closest to the bone side of a tunnel within which the subperiosteal syringe, such as the syringe410, is inserted. Although the subperiosteal syringe410is shown inFIG. 6having a curvature, the curvature may be less pronounced than what is illustrated in the exemplary embodiment. In addition, the curvature may be provided to curve in another direction, such as an opposite direction. The curved subperiosteal syringe also may be constructed with the lumen protruding portion (at the lumen opening) provided as a radially inner portion, versus a radial outward portion (e.g.,FIG. 6), where the radially outer portion ends before the radially inner portion to form a beveled opening with a different orientation.

According to embodiments, the syringe bevel may be curved between the leading end of the lumen body and the trailing end where the opening begins. Turning toFIG. 7A, an alternate embodiment of a syringe510is shown. The syringe510is illustrated with the leading portion520having a leading edge520a, and a trailing edge521where the front opening513begins. The leading edge520a, is arcuate, as shown in the front end view ofFIG. 7B. The lateral portion of the lumen that connects the leading edge520awith the trailing edge521is shown having a curved configuration, which, in the example illustrated, has a profiled edge520bat the opening513that curves inwardly or concave with respect to the lumen body520. The syringe is illustrated in a side elevation view, and may be symmetrical having a respectively similar curved portion on the other side. According to preferred embodiments, the syringe bevel may be angled equal to or greater than about 60 degrees.

According to some alternate embodiments, the syringe may have a first curved portion, such as the curved profiled edge520bon one side and have a non symmetrical profiled edge on the other side. This embodiment is designed to guide the expression of the syringe contents in a direction away from the leading portion and any extended side portion or profile. For example, a profiled edge on one side may be recessed or curved into the body520more than the profiled edge on the other side.

The embodiments of the syringes may include a mechanism, such as, for example, a stop, to prevent the plunger movement from moving beyond a predetermined position or distance. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 7A and 7B, the plunger is shown with the plunger seal or head portion517extending to the trailing edge521of the syringe510. In the embodiment illustrated, the plunger head517has a tapered portion517awith a pointed end517bto break up particles engaged by the plunger head517. The profile of the plunger head, preferably is conical or has a sloped surface configuration. According to some embodiments, the plunger head profile at the leading end aligns with the bevel profile angle of the lumen520.

The end cap600(FIG. 7C) preferably may be configured having a shape that matches the bevel profile to provide a seal over the lumen end opening513.

According to another alternate embodiment, a syringe610is provides. The syringe610includes a leading portion620having a bevel at the end of the syringe which forms the opening613. In the embodiment illustrated, the bevel is shown having a curved profile, with the opening613spanning from the end of the leading edge620to the trailing edge621. The upper leading portion620ais shown being tapered inwardly toward the central axis A of the syringe610. The inward taper directs the bone material expressed from the syringe610in a directional manner, which preferably is toward the bone surface. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger head617has a tapered portion617aand a pointed leading end617b, and preferably extends to the end of the lumen opening613. According to some preferred embodiments, the plunger head617preferably may be configured to align with the taper of the bevel and particularly with the upper leading portion620a. For example, according to some embodiments, the plunger taper617amay engage the interior620bof the leading portion620a. According to some embodiments, the plunger head configuration may be profiled to correspond with the taper or profile of the upper leading portion620aso that the plunger head617a, or portion therefor, may sealingly engage the interior surface620bof the lumen of the leading portion620a. Similarly, an end cap700(FIG. 8C) may be configured to fit onto the leading end620of the syringe610.

Syringes preferably may include a stop mechanism to limit the movement of the plunger. For example, inFIG. 7Aa stop mechanism is shown comprising a stop element540disposed on the plunger shaft516, which is situated a distance from the plunger end so as to limit the travel of the plunger head, and provide the limit position of the plunger. For example, according to some preferred embodiments, the syringes disclosed herein may be provided with a stop mechanism, and the plunger head may be limited and controlled by the stop mechanism to prevent its travel beyond the lumen opening513. Similarly, the other syringes shown and described herein also may be provided with a stop mechanism to limit the plunger travel. For example, the stop mechanism may limit the plunger head travel to a location at or before the beginning of the lumen opening. In the embodiment of the syringe610shown inFIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C, the plunger travel may be limited by the bevel leading portion620. The plunger head617may engage with the inwardly tapered wall of the leading portion620to stop further travel of the plunger615. Alternatively or in addition, the syringe plunger615may be provided with a stop mechanism, such as, for example, the stop640.

The syringes shown and described herein, although depicted with a straight profile at the opening, may be configured with a curved profile opening, including, for example, the curved profile shown and described in the syringe embodiments510and610ofFIGS. 7A-7C and 8A-8C, respectively. In addition, syringes shown and described herein, although depicted with a parallel leading edge profile at the opening, may be configured with an inwardly tapered or angled leading portion, including, for example, the inwardly tapered angled profile shown and described in the syringe embodiment610ofFIGS. 8A-8C.

Embodiments of the syringes may provide variations of the bevel, with some bevels having a bevel profile, when viewed from the side, that is straight, while other embodiments provide a bevel profile that is curved. Alternate embodiments may be configured the leading edge of the bevel to have more area so that bone material expressed from the syringe lumen opening613may be directed by the leading portion. For example, the leading edge may include a leading portion that is partially cylindrical, or radial in cross section (taken perpendicular to the syringe central axis A).FIG. 9illustrates an alternate configuration for the leading portion which may be tapered or angled, or straight, which has a widened leading portion820as shown by the double arrow W.

The syringes may be constructed with one or more combinations of the features disclosed herein. For example, some embodiments may provide a syringe having a straight leading edge with straight bevel. For example, the bevel may have a profile that provides a linear dimension when viewing the syringe from the side from the leading edge to a trailing edge at the syringe opening. Alternatively, the syringe may be constructed having a straight leading edge with a concave bevel, so that the side profile of the syringe exhibits a concavity from the leading edge to the trailing edge at the syringe opening. According to other embodiments, the syringe may be constructed with an angled leading edge, which preferably is angled toward the central axis of the syringe lumen. The angled leading edge may be provided with a bevel profile, as viewed from a side view that is straight from the angled leading edge to the trailing edge, or according to an alternate configuration where the bevel profile is concave from the leading edge to the trailing edge. The degree of concavity may be provided and may be a uniform arc or radius, or, according to some embodiments may have multiple radial portions over its dimension. For example, the profile may provide a larger radial degree at a portion closer to the leading edge of the bevel, and may provide a smaller radial dimension at the portion closer to the trailing edge. Other embodiments may be skewed inwardly, so the radial bevel profile is pulled inwardly of the opening, relative to a straight line profile from the leading edge to the trailing edge. In the syringes shown and described herein, the leading edge is designed to provide a smaller profile for the leading portion of the syringe to enter the tunnel via the remote incision while also providing the ability to elevate the mucosa and the periosteum when the syringe is inserted into a remote incision and maneuvered through the subperiosteal tunnel. According to some embodiments, the inward taper of an angularly provided beveled leading edge may further direct the expressed bone material, such as bone particles, to the bone surface.

As with the syringes disclosed herein, the bevel configuration facilitates insertion into the laparoscopic tunnel, and providing the leading portion serves to elevate the mucosa. The leading edge is configured to direct the bone particles to the bone surface.

Alternative embodiments include the use of surgical navigation or laparoscopic camera systems to assist in maneuvering the syringe within the subperiosteal tunnel, and delivering the bone graft particles within the subperiosteal pouch. The surgical navigation and laparoscopic equipment may be attached to the subperiosteal syringe, or incorporated into the design of the subperiosteal syringe. For example, a portion of the syringe body that remains external to the subperiosteal tunnel may be modified to accept the attachment of positioning devices as part of a surgical navigation system. An alternative embodiment may include an endoscopic or laparoscopic camera assembly that is attached or incorporated into the body of the subperiosteal syringe.

According to some preferred embodiments, as shown in the exemplary embodiments illustrated, the subperiosteal syringes110,210,310,410,510may be constructed having a cross-sectional profile that has a uniform width along the length of the lumen111,211,311,411,511. According to preferred embodiments, the lumen cross-sectional profile preferably is maintained along the length of the lumen body through the delivery end of the lumen, and at the delivery end opening. A leading portion of the lumen that forms the projection, according to preferred embodiments, may be dimensioned within the lumen cross-sectional profile, to represent the cross-sectional profile over its extended length. According to alternate embodiments, such as the syringe610(FIGS. 8A-8C), the cross-sectional profile may be uniform with the leading portion having a different cross-sectional profile.

According to some embodiments, a syringe, such as, for example, any of those syringes110,210,310,410,510,610is provided with a lumen (111,211,311,411,511,611) having bone graft material500therein. The bone graft material may comprise particulate bone matter, or, according to some alternate embodiments, may comprise a bone substitute in paste form. The bone graft material may include bone particles that are provided in a size range between about 0.25 and 1.0 mm in diameter, and preferably may be provided within a range of about 0.50 to 1.0 mm in diameter (the diameter being a rough diameter for bone particle measurement as the particles are not typically uniform). An amount of about 0.25 grams to about 0.5 grams of the bone particles are pre-loaded into the subperiosteal syringe (such as those110,210,310,410,510,610), although alternative embodiments may include larger amounts of bone particles. The bone particle granules (particulate bone material) remain loosely packed in the syringe. An end cap, such as the cap400, is provided to seal the subperiosteal syringe opening against intrusive materials (e.g., air and moisture) as well as to prevent leakage of the bone graft material out from the syringe. According to some embodiments, the bone material may be supplied in the syringe along with another substance, such as, for example, a growth factor, collagen, a biologic adhesive or binding agent. The pre-loaded syringe may be provided with desired bone material, such as, for example, bone particle graft material (e.g., based on size or amount) or bone paste, and may be delivered to the medical personnel user or facility and stored until needed. A liquid substance may be administered to the bone graft material in the syringe by admitting it through the plunger head, and more preferably, by injecting it using a needle that is inserted through the plunger head. In addition, the end cap400may be removed to permit a suitable instrument to be inserted (if needed or desired), to mix or break up any agglomerations of particles that may have formed during storage or shipping. The syringe embodiments shown and described herein may be used to conduct jaw, face, or bone reconstruction procedures, where augmentation of the bone is accomplished by introducing bone graft material to the surgical site. According to some preferred implementations, the syringes are useful for maneuvering the lumen containing bone graft material through a tunnel developed at the surgical site that leads to a pocket or pouch where the bone material is desired to be deposited in order to develop the bone at that location (which may augment the existing bone of the patient). This procedure may be carried out to install implants, and synthetic teeth in the mouth of a patient, to augment facial bones to support facial tissues and enhance facial esthetics, or to augment bone in any location within the body where a subperiosteal approach is advantageous. The bone graft material, according to some embodiments, may comprise a paste which may comprise a binding or adhesive agent mixed with bone particles, and which, according to some embodiments, may further include one or more of collagen and/or growth factors. The syringe may be provided with the bone paste, and/or one or more of the optional materials. Alternatively, bone paste material may be activated with a catalyst so that the bone paste will set in a solid or semi-solid form following its application to the surgical site. The catalyst, for example, according to some embodiments, may be provided to trigger a biologically beneficial chemical reaction, such as, for example, the release of a substance, such as growth factors. According to some embodiments, the catalyst may be injected into the syringe lumen (where the bone material is contained) through the sealing cap (such as, for example, the cap400) at the end of the syringe.

According to some alternative embodiments, the syringe may be constructed with a mixing mechanism incorporated into the syringe, so that both bone material and a catalyst or other substance desired to be kept separate from each other until use, may be separately stored in separate compartments within the syringe, and may be brought together in the syringe when desired (when ready to be used). For example, according to an alternate embodiment, the mixing mechanism may comprise an automatic mixing mechanism that is incorporated into the syringe, whereby pressure from the plunger causes a base (of bone material or paste) and catalyst to flow from separate chambers into an automixing spiral mechanism. Preferably the separating and mixing mechanisms, including the automixing mechanism, are contained within the syringe. According to this alternate embodiment, the syringes may be configured to contain separate component chambers loaded with separate components (bone material/paste in one chamber, and growth factor and/or catalyst in another).

According to preferred embodiments, the subperiosteal syringe is configured to promote a uniform expression of the bone graft material from the lumen body to the surgical site. As depicted in the subperiosteal syringe exemplary embodiments110,210,310, and410shown and described herein, the lumen body preferably provides an unobstructed pathway for the bone material to move through. The subperiosteal syringes are configured to express the bone material from the syringe into the surgical site by controlling the depression of the plunger. The protruding end portion and lumen passageway control the expression of the bone material from the lumen by directing the material toward the bone. Referring toFIG. 5, bone material, such as bone particulate material, preferably is loaded into the syringe lumen body. According to some preferred embodiments, the lumen body is dimensioned to accommodate bone particles ranging between about 0.25 and 1.0 mm in diameter. Some preferred dimensions for the subperiosteal syringes include lumens having diameters from between about 2 to 7 mm, and preferably from about 3 to 6 mm, and more preferably from about 3.5 to 5.5 mm. According to some embodiments, the syringe diameter may be between about 3 to 4 mm. According to some embodiments, where the lumen is provided having an elliptical configuration, the width of the elliptical lumen body preferably is greater than the height. The width preferably spans the longitudinal direction and includes the protruding portion (see e.g., the leading portion220inFIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C). The width is represented by a double arrow251(FIG. 3C) and the height is represented by the double arrow250(FIG. 3B). According to a preferred embodiment, the width to height ratio is from about 2:1 to about 4:1, with a preferred range being about 3:2. According to a preferred embodiment, a subperiosteal syringe is configured having a height of about 3.5 mm and a width of about 5.5 mm. Preferably the height and width dimensions may be internal dimensions. For example, the elliptically configured subperiosteal syringe210shown inFIGS. 3A-3D, may be constructed with a height250(FIG. 3B) of about 3.5 mm and a width251(FIG. 3C) of about 5.5 mm. For example, according to one proposed example, bone graft material in the form of particulate bone in an amount of from between about 0.25 grams to about 0.5 grams, and having diameter ranges from between about 0.25 to 1.0 mm, is loaded into the lumen of a subperiosteal syringe having an elliptical configuration, such as the subperiosteal syringe210shown and described herein, with a height of about 3.5 mm and a width of about 5.5 mm, and an overall length of about 15 cm, with the plunger positioned 3 cm of the 15 cm length, providing 12 cm of lumen length in which the bone material is loaded. The volume occupied by the bone material, in this proposed example, is V, which may be determined by expression (1):
V=πWHL/4  (1),
where V is the volume, W is the width of the elliptical lumen, H is the height of the elliptical lumen, and L is the length of the lumen (that the bone material will occupy). Applying the formula to the proposed subperiosteal syringe,
V=π*5.5*3.5*12/4
V=181.5 cubic mm (or mm{circumflex over ( )}3).

It is noted that the lumen end portion that is beveled may be subtracted from the final value V to make an adjustment due to the sloped end. Alternatively, the lumen length is taken at a point midway of the protrusion of the leading projection.

Taking the volume of 181.5 mm{circumflex over ( )}3, and the bone graft material being between about 0.25 g to 0.5 g, the bone material density within the lumen may be determined. Taking 0.25 g/181.5 mm{circumflex over ( )}3 results in 0.00138 g/mm{circumflex over ( )}3, and taking 0.5 g/181.5 mm{circumflex over ( )}3, results in twice the value or 0.00275 g/mm{circumflex over ( )}3. According to the proposed example, bone particle material is loaded in the syringe at a density of from about 0.00138 g/mm{circumflex over ( )}3 to about 0.00275 g/mm{circumflex over ( )}3.

Alternatively, the bone graft material may be provided in the form of particulate bone material, in a density of from about 0.001 to about 0.005 g/mm{circumflex over ( )}3.

According to preferred embodiments, the subperiosteal syringes, such as those110,210,310,410,510and610, shown and described herein, may be constructed with lengths suitable to reach the surgical site where the syringe contents, namely, the bone material, will be deposited. The subperiosteal syringes110,210,310,410,510,610are configured to be maneuvered through a subperiosteal tunnel. According to some preferred embodiments, syringes may be constructed with lumen lengths of from about 5 to 20 cm, and preferably from about 5 to 15 cm, with the lengths being measured from the tip of the end of the lumen barrel to the tip of the syringe. The subperiosteal syringe diameters, which preferably may be internal diameters, preferably range from about 3 to 8 mm, and more preferably from about 3 to 6 mm. The syringe diameters according to preferred embodiments are provided along the length of the lumen.

The syringes shown and described herein preferably are constructed from a material that allows visibility into the lumen cavity. The material from which the subperiosteal syringe lumen is constructed minimizes or eliminates fractures and/or shearing when the syringe is in use, and prevents or minimizes separation of the assembly parts. The syringe lumen (such as, the lumen111,211,311,411,511,611) preferably is constructed from a suitable material that provides maneuverability of the syringe through the subperiosteal tunnel. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger may be provided as a monolithic plunger, which includes a plunger head, shaft and actuation end that preferably are provided a single component. Alternatively, some embodiments of the plunger may be comprises as a single component, where the molding material may be different for parts of the plunger (e.g., actuator, shaft, and/or head). For example, the syringe lumen body preferably may be constructed from any suitable material that is sufficiently rigid to be maneuvered through a subperiosteal tunnel, while at the same time permitting some flexibility. The plunger is provided to glide smoothly within the lumen, with light to moderate pressure, allowing for the controlled expression of the graft material into the subperiosteal pouch or tunnel. According to preferred embodiments, the plunger shaft is sufficiently flexible to allow bending under a certain degree of pressure that may be encountered when the graft material has been packed with excessive density, therefore preventing a burst of the graft material from being suddenly expressed into the subperiosteal pouch or tunnel. Some examples of suitable materials are plastic materials, which may be used to construct the lumen body. The plunger may be formed from a rubber, silicone, or other suitable material that is capable of providing a seal against the lumen body interior. The materials used for the plunger and lumen are selected to be inert or non-reactive to the bone graft material and any agent added thereto, as well as to sterilization substances or procedures used to prepare and/or load the syringe. The subperiosteal syringe lumen may be produced by extrusion, injection molding, or other suitable process. The plungers shown and described herein may be produced using similar methods, any, optionally, may be produced using overmolding to provide more rigidity to one or more portions of the plunger, such as, the actuator, shaft, head, or portions and/or combinations thereof. The subperiosteal syringes preferably are provided for a single use, and are discarded after use.

The subperiosteal syringe device contents, such as particulate bone material, are expressed from the opening in the lumen through the actuation of a plunger. The plunger is depressed to deliver bone graft material from the syringe to the location where the syringe lumen opening is positioned (e.g., within the patient). The plunger head may be configured to control the rate or dispersion of the material from the syringe. Examples of plunger heads are depicted according to preferred embodiments as being tapered, with a tapered end centrally positioned, relative to the lumen opening. The markings on the syringe lumen body may be used to provide a measurement of the penetration depth of the syringe into a tunnel, or a volume of material loaded into or dispersed from the syringe. The syringe may be withdrawn a known distance, for example 1.0 cm, based on the markings provided on the lumen body, so that during the withdrawal of the syringe, the contents may be expressed to deliver content along the 1.0 cm withdrawal path. The syringe volumetric markings may provide an indication of the amount of material expressed from the syringe, e.g., into the surgical site.

Features discussed and shown herein in conjunction with one or more embodiments of the syringe devices may be combined with one or more features and implemented together. In addition, although not shown, accessories, including mechanisms may be configured to provide actuation of the plunger to express material from the syringe. This may be accomplished through the coupling of an electronic control to drive the movement of the plunger. The control may be provided as a button or switch that the user may affix to an instrument, or comprise a foot switch or other means of actuations. The lumens are shown having a protruding portion, and although shown and described in an exemplary embodiment having an angle at about 45 degrees, however, other bevel angles are possible. For example, the lumen may be provided having a smaller angle (relative to the protruding lumen profile) so that the protruding portion of the lumen extends further from the trailing portion, to increase the bevel, thereby reducing the angle that the tip makes with the trailing lumen. For example, according to some alternate embodiments the bevel angle may be between about 30 to 35 degrees. According to preferred embodiments disclosed, the amount of bone material provided in the subperiosteal syringe, preferably is between about 0.25 and 0.5 g of bone material (such as bone particles), however, according to some alternative embodiments, bone material (such as bone particles) may be provided in the syringe lumen at amounts of up to 1.0 g. In addition, although described in connection with delivering bone material to augment the existing bone by developing a tunnel and pouch at a location to deliver bone graft material between the bone and the periosteum, alternatively, the syringes may be used to deliver bone material to an already existing implant that is lacking in bone e.g., as a result of improper placement, or bone loss that has taken place over the years. While the devices of the invention have been disclosed in detail, and the preferred embodiments and best mode for practice of the invention have been similarly disclosed, the scope of exclusive rights to which the invention is entitled is defined by the claims appended hereto and by equivalents that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same result.