Autonomous Wireless Device Handover

Embodiments include systems and methods that may be performed by a processor of a wireless device for managing a communication link with a communication network. Various embodiments may include determining whether a cause of a detected physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition, and initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition.

BACKGROUND

Wireless devices and base stations typically exchange information to improve and maintain a communication link. For example, wireless devices provide base stations with information about signal quality and signal strength, and base stations and wireless devices exchange information to adjust aspects of the communication link, such as transmit power, frequency band selection, modulation and coding scheme, beam selection, and so forth. In some cases, the base station and the wireless device may determine that the best course of action is to perform a handover of the wireless device to another base station. If a wireless device loses its communication link with a base station, the exchange of information is unavailable to the wireless device. The wireless device may then waste power and time attempting to reconnect with the base station, or attempting in vain to communicate control or data signaling with the base station.

SUMMARY

Various aspects include systems and methods of wireless communications performed by a processor of a wireless device for managing a communication link with a communication network. Various aspects may include determining whether a cause of a detected physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition, and initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition.

In some aspects, initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition may include determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel, and initiating the autonomous handover from the base station to the second base station in response to determining that the wireless device is not configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel. In some aspects, determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel may include determining whether the wireless device has received an indication that one or more uplink beams have been activated for the wireless device. In some aspects, determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel may include determining whether the wireless device has received a precoding matrix from the base station for one or more uplink beams. Some aspects may include determining whether a Time To Trigger timer exceeds a Time To Trigger threshold in response to determining that a measurement report trigger condition is met, and initiating the autonomous handover from the base station to the second base station in response to determining that the Time To Trigger timer exceeds the Time To Trigger threshold.

In some aspects, initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition may include sending to the second base station an indication that the cause of the PDSCH error is the out of coverage condition. Some aspects may include receiving from the base station a control signal that configures the wireless device to perform the autonomous handover in the out of coverage condition. In some aspects, initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition may include sending an initial access signal to the second base station.

Further aspects may include a wireless device having a processor configured to perform one or more operations of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects may include a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored thereon processor-executable instructions configured to cause a processor of a wireless device to perform operations of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects include a wireless device having means for performing functions of any of the methods summarized above. Further aspects include a system on chip for use in a wireless device that includes a processor configured to perform one or more operations of any of the methods summarized above.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. References made to particular examples and embodiments are for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Various embodiments include systems and methods for managing a communication link with a communication network. Various embodiments may improve the efficiency and accuracy of wireless communications between a wireless device and a communication network by improving the capability of a wireless device to respond to radio link failure, beam failure, and other network signal degradation or loss conditions.

The term “wireless device” is used herein to refer to any one or all of wireless router devices, wireless appliances, cellular telephones, smartphones, portable computing devices, personal or mobile multi-media players, laptop computers, tablet computers, smartbooks, ultrabooks, palmtop computers, wireless electronic mail receivers, multimedia Internet-enabled cellular telephones, medical devices and equipment, biometric sensors/devices, wearable devices including smart watches, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wrist bands, smart jewelry (e.g., smart rings, smart bracelets, etc.), entertainment devices (e.g., wireless gaming controllers, music and video players, satellite radios, etc.), wireless-network enabled Internet of Things (IoT) devices including smart meters/sensors, industrial manufacturing equipment, large and small machinery and appliances for home or enterprise use, wireless communication elements within autonomous and semiautonomous vehicles, wireless devices affixed to or incorporated into various mobile platforms, global positioning system devices, and similar electronic devices that include a memory, wireless communication components and a programmable processor.

As used herein, the term “beam” refers to a signal formed by a transmitting device through the use of a beamforming or beam steering technique applied via a combination of physical equipment and signal processing variously referred to as a beamforming function. Beam reception by a receiving device may involve configuring physical equipment and signal processing of the receiving device to receive signals transmitted in a beam by the transmitting device. In some situations, beam reception by a receiving device also may involve configuring physical equipment and signal processing of the receiving device via a mapping function or a spatial filter so as to preferentially receive signals (e.g., with enhanced gain) from a particular direction (e.g., in a direction aligned with a transmitting device).

The term “beamforming” is used herein to refer to antenna array design and signal processing techniques used for directional signal communications and/or to achieve spatial selectivity (i.e., special filtering) of radio frequency (RF) signal reception. Beamforming on the transmitter end of communications may be accomplished by selective delaying (known as “phase shifting”) of signals coupled to different elements in an antenna array so that RF signals emitted by the antenna array at a particular angle (relative to the antenna array) are enhanced through constructive interference while RF signals emitted by the antenna array at other angles (relative to the antenna) exhibit lower signal strength due to destructive interference. Beamforming on the receiver end of communications may be accomplished by processing signals received by elements in an antenna array through phase shifting circuits so that RF signals received at particular angles relative to the receiving antenna array are enhanced through constructive interference while RF signals received at other angles relative to the wireless device are reduced in perceived signal strength through destructive interference. Using beamforming techniques, RF signals may be transmitted (e.g., by a base station or wireless device) in one or more directional “beams” within the millimeter band for ultra-wideband communications. Each of such directional beams may be controlled by the transmitter using beamforming techniques to sweep in one or two axes (i.e., azimuth and elevation directions). Beamforming in both transmitters and receivers may be accomplished using analog (e.g., phase shifter) circuits and digital processing techniques. To encompass both techniques, reference is sometimes made herein to “analog/RF beamforming” techniques and equipment.

The term “system on chip” (SOC) is used herein to refer to a single integrated circuit (IC) chip that contains multiple resources and/or processors integrated on a single substrate. A single SOC may contain circuitry for digital, analog, mixed-signal, and radio-frequency functions. A single SOC may also include any number of general purpose and/or specialized processors (digital signal processors, modem processors, video processors, etc.), memory blocks (e.g., ROM, RAM, Flash, etc.), and resources (e.g., timers, voltage regulators, oscillators, etc.). SOCs may also include software for controlling the integrated resources and processors, as well as for controlling peripheral devices.

As used herein, the terms “network,” “system,” “wireless network,” “cellular network,” and “wireless communication network” may interchangeably refer to a portion or all of a wireless network of a carrier associated with a wireless device and/or subscription on a wireless device. The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication networks, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), FDMA, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) and other networks. In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support at least one radio access technology, which may operate on one or more frequency or range of frequencies. For example, a CDMA network may implement Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) (including Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) standards), CDMA2000 (including IS-2000, IS-95 and/or IS-856 standards), etc. In another example, a TDMA network may implement GSM Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). In another example, an OFDMA network may implement Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) (including LTE standards), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. Reference may be made to wireless networks that use LTE standards, and therefore the terms “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access,” “E-UTRAN” and “eNodeB” may also be used interchangeably herein to refer to a wireless network. However, such references are provided merely as examples, and are not intended to exclude wireless networks that use other communication standards. For example, while various Third Generation (3G) systems, Fourth Generation (4G) systems, and Fifth Generation (5G) systems are discussed herein, those systems are referenced merely as examples and future generation systems (e.g., sixth generation (6G) or higher systems) may be substituted in the various examples.

Next generation communication systems (such as 5G systems) impose minimum requirements on communication links, including hard latency constraints to provide services and functions such as ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). Maintaining network connectivity is vital for satisfying these requirements. Wireless devices and base stations typically exchange information to improve and maintain a communication link. For example, a wireless device may provide a base station with information about signal quality and signal strength, and the base station and the wireless device may exchange information to adjust aspects of the communication link, such as transmit power, frequency band selection, modulation and coding scheme, beam selection, and so forth. If the wireless device loses the communication link with the base station, this exchange of information is unavailable to the wireless device, and the wireless device may then waste power and time attempting to reconnect with the base station, or attempting in vain to communicate control or data signaling with the base station. Further, the wireless device and the base station rely on such messaging to reach consensus that the wireless device should be handed over to a neighbor base station or cell.

Various embodiments include methods that enable a wireless device to autonomously manage degradation or failure of a communication link with a base station in a communication network. Various embodiments enable the wireless device to determine when an error in communication with a base station has occurred, and autonomously perform a handover to establish a communication link with a second base station in response to determining that the communication error has occurred. Some embodiments may include detecting that a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) error has occurred in a downlink communication from a base station, determining whether a cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition, and initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition. In some embodiments, the wireless device may determine the PDSCH error in response to determining that the wireless device is unable to successfully decode a downlink signal, such as data received in the downlink from the base station. Examples of an “out of coverage condition” include the wireless device being in a “coverage hole,” the wireless device determining that a signal from the base station is substantially degraded or blocked, the wireless device determining that communication of control signaling and/or data signaling with the base station is substantially degraded or blocked, or another similar state or status. Under such conditions, the wireless device may be unable to receive control signals or other instructions from, or send communication link condition reports or control signals to, the base station. Various embodiments enable a wireless device to determine that appropriate conditions exist for a handover of the wireless device to a new base station, and to perform operations to initiate the handover, without control signals or other instructions from the current (e.g., serving) base station. Such operations to initiate a handover without control signals from the serving base station are referred to herein as initiating or performing an “autonomous handover.”

In some embodiments, the wireless device may perform an autonomous handover in response to determining that a mechanism for improving the communication link with the base station is not available. Some embodiments may include determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) uplink beam sweeping or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) (e.g., if PUSCH uplink beam sweeping is available), and initiating by the wireless device the autonomous handover from the base station to the second base station in response to determining that the wireless device is not configured to perform multi-slot PUCCH (or PUSCH) uplink beam sweeping. In some embodiments, various Uplink Control Information (UCI), such as Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARD) acknowledgement (ACK) and non-acknowledgment (NACK) messages, Channel State Indication (CSI) measurement reports, Scheduling Requests (SR), may be transmitted via the PUCCH or PUSCH. In the descriptions of various embodiments and examples, references to transmitting UCI via the PUCCH are not meant to be exclusive and the UCI may also be transmitted via the PUSCH. As used herein, the term “uplink channel” includes the PUCCH and the PUSCH. In some embodiments, if the wireless device has data to be transmitted to the base station, then the base station may activate the PUSCH to enable the wireless device to transmit uplink data and uplink control via the PUSCH. In the absence of uplink data traffic to be transmitted, the wireless device may transmit uplink physical layer control information via the PUCCH.

In some embodiments, the wireless device may initiate the autonomous handover based on other determinations about the communication link with the base station. For example, the wireless device may monitor aspects of the communication link with the base station, such a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal-plus-Interference to Noise Ratio (SINR), and the like, as well as similar aspects of a signal from a nearby base station (or cell), such as a neighboring (second) base station. In some embodiments, the wireless device may compare one or more aspects of the communication link with the base station to one or more aspects of the signal from the neighboring (second) base station. In response to determining that the comparison of the one or more aspects meet an inequality threshold, the wireless device may determine that a measurement report trigger is met. Examples of measurement report triggers include various “Events,” which are designated A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B1, and B2 in relevant 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) technical standards. Each Event is associated with one or more inequalities of measurements of communication link or signal aspects. When a wireless device determines that an Event inequality is met, the wireless device may determine that a measurement report trigger condition is met. For example, an Event A3 measurement report is triggered when a signal strength of a neighbor cell's signal is better than a serving cell's signal by an offset amount. In response to determining that a measurement report trigger has been met, the wireless device may initialized or start a timer, such as a Time to Trigger timer.

In some embodiments, the wireless device may determine whether a Time To Trigger timer exceeds a Time To Trigger threshold in response to determining that a measurement report trigger condition is met, and may initiate the autonomous handover from the current or first base station to the second base station in response to determining that the Time To Trigger timer meets or exceeds the Time To Trigger threshold (or the Time To Trigger timer expires, depending on the timer configuration). In some embodiments, the wireless device may determine whether a Time To Trigger ratio timer exceeds a Time To Trigger ratio threshold in response to determining that a measurement report trigger condition is met. In some embodiments, the wireless device may send to the second base station an indication that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition. In some embodiments, the wireless device may initiate an autonomous handover by sending one or more signals to the second base station to request access to the second base station. In some embodiments, the wireless device may send one or more initial access signals, such as one or more signals of a Random Access (RACH) procedure.

In some embodiments, the indication that the cause of the PDSCH error is the out of coverage condition may enable the second base station to obtain information that reduces the time to reestablish a communication link between the wireless device and the communication network. In some embodiments, the wireless device may be configured by the network to perform the autonomous handover. For example, the wireless device may receive from the base station a control signal that configures the wireless device to perform the autonomous handover.

FIG.1is a system block diagram illustrating an example communication system100suitable for implementing any of the various embodiments. The communications system100may be a 5G New Radio (NR) network, or any other suitable network such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. WhileFIG.1illustrates a 5G network, later generation networks may include the same or similar elements. Therefore, the reference to a 5G network and 5G network elements in the following descriptions is for illustrative purposes and is not intended to be limiting.

The communications system100may include a heterogeneous network architecture that includes a core network140and a variety of mobile devices (illustrated as wireless device120a-120einFIG.1). The communications system100may also include a number of base stations (illustrated as the BS110a,the BS110b,the BS110c,and the BS110d) and other network entities. A base station is an entity that communicates with wireless devices (mobile devices), and also may be referred to as a Node B, an LTE Evolved nodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an access point (AP), a radio head, a transmit receive point (TRP), a New Radio base station (NR BS), a 5G NodeB (NB), a Next Generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB), or the like. Each base station may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a base station, a base station subsystem serving this coverage area, or a combination thereof, depending on the context in which the term is used. The core network140may be any type core network, such as an LTE core network (e.g., an EPC network), 5G core network, etc.

A base station110a-110dmay provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, another type of cell, or a combination thereof. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by mobile devices with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by mobile devices with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by mobile devices having association with the femto cell (for example, mobile devices in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A base station for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS. A base station for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS. A base station for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS. In the example illustrated inFIG.1, a base station110amay be a macro BS for a macro cell102a,a base station110bmay be a pico BS for a pico cell102b,and a base station110cmay be a femto BS for a femto cell102c.A base station110a-110dmay support one or multiple (for example, three) cells. The terms “eNB”, “base station”, “NR BS”, “gNB”, “TRP”, “AP”, “node B”, “5G NB”, and “cell” may be used interchangeably herein.

In some examples, a cell may not be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of a mobile base station. In some examples, the base stations110a-110dmay be interconnected to one another as well as to one or more other base stations or network nodes (not illustrated) in the communications system100through various types of backhaul interfaces, such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, or a combination thereof using any suitable transport network

The base station110a-110dmay communicate with the core network140over a wired or wireless communication link126. The wireless device120a-120emay communicate with the base station110a-110dover a wireless communication link122.

The wired communication link126may use a variety of wired networks (e.g., Ethernet, TV cable, telephony, fiber optic and other forms of physical network connections) that may use one or more wired communication protocols, such as Ethernet, Point-To-Point protocol, High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Advanced Data Communication Control Protocol (ADCCP), and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The communications system100also may include relay stations (e.g., relay BS110d). A relay station is an entity that can receive a transmission of data from an upstream station (for example, a base station or a mobile device) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream station (for example, a wireless device or a base station). A relay station also may be a mobile device that can relay transmissions for other wireless devices. In the example illustrated inFIG.1, a relay station110dmay communicate with macro the base station110aand the wireless device120din order to facilitate communication between the base station110aand the wireless device120d.A relay station also may be referred to as a relay base station, a relay base station, a relay, etc.

The communications system100may be a heterogeneous network that includes base stations of different types, for example, macro base stations, pico base stations, femto base stations, relay base stations, etc. These different types of base stations may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and different impacts on interference in communications system100. For example, macro base stations may have a high transmit power level (for example, 5 to 40 Watts) whereas pico base stations, femto base stations, and relay base stations may have lower transmit power levels (for example, 0.1 to 2 Watts).

A network controller130may couple to a set of base stations and may provide coordination and control for these base stations. The network controller130may communicate with the base stations via a backhaul. The base stations also may communicate with one another, for example, directly or indirectly via a wireless or wireline backhaul.

The wireless devices120a,120b,120cmay be dispersed throughout communications system100, and each wireless device may be stationary or mobile. A wireless device also may be referred to as an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, a subscriber unit, a station, user equipment (UE), etc.

A macro base station110amay communicate with the communication network140over a wired or wireless communication link126. The wireless devices120a,120b,120cmay communicate with a base station110a-110dover a wireless communication link122.

The wireless communication links122and124may include a plurality of carrier signals, frequencies, or frequency bands, each of which may include a plurality of logical channels. The wireless communication links122and124may utilize one or more radio access technologies (RATs). Examples of RATs that may be used in a wireless communication link include 3GPP LTE, 3G, 4G, 5G (e.g., NR), GSM, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and other mobile telephony communication technologies cellular RATs. Further examples of RATs that may be used in one or more of the various wireless communication links within the communication system100include medium range protocols such as Wi-Fi, LTE-U, LTE-Direct, LAA, MuLTEfire, and relatively short range RATs such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Bluetooth Low Energy (LE).

While descriptions of some embodiments may use terminology and examples associated with LTE technologies, various embodiments may be applicable to other wireless communications systems, such as a new radio (NR) or 5G network. NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) and include support for half-duplex operation using Time Division Duplexing (TDD). A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. NR resource blocks may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 75 kHz over a 0.1 millisecond (ms) duration. Each radio frame may consist of 50 subframes with a length of 10 ms. Consequently, each subframe may have a length of 0.2 ms. Each subframe may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each subframe may be dynamically switched. Each subframe may include DL/UL data as well as DL/UL control data. Beamforming may be supported and beam direction may be dynamically configured. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transmissions with precoding may also be supported. MIMO configurations in the DL may support up to eight transmit antennas with multi-layer DL transmissions up to eight streams and up to two streams per wireless device. Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per wireless device may be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported with up to eight serving cells. Alternatively, NR may support a different air interface, other than an OFDM-based air interface.

Some mobile devices may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) mobile devices. MTC and eMTC mobile devices include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., that may communicate with a base station, another device (for example, remote device), or some other entity. A wireless computing platform may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (for example, a wide area network such as Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some mobile devices may be considered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) devices. The wireless device120a-120emay be included inside a housing that houses components of the wireless device120a-120e,such as processor components, memory components, similar components, or a combination thereof.

In general, any number of communications systems and any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each communications system and wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT also may be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency also may be referred to as a carrier, a frequency channel, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between communications systems of different RATs. In some cases, 4G/LTE and/or 5G/NR RAT networks may be deployed. For example, a 5G non-standalone (NSA) network may utilize both 4G/LTE RAT in the 4G/LTE RAN side of the 5G NSA network and 5G/NR RAT in the 5G/NR RAN side of the 5G NSA network. The 4G/LTE RAN and the 5G/NR RAN may both connect to one another and a 4G/LTE core network (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) network) in a 5G NSA network. Other example network configurations may include a 5G standalone (SA) network in which a 5G/NR RAN connects to a 5G core network.

In some embodiments, two or more mobile devices120a-120e(for example, illustrated as the wireless device120aand the wireless device120e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink channels124(for example, without using a base station110a-110das an intermediary to communicate with one another). For example, the wireless devices120a-120emay communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communications, device-to-device (D2D) communications, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocol (which may include a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, or similar protocol), a mesh network, or similar networks, or combinations thereof. In this case, the wireless device120a-120emay perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, as well as other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by the base station110a

FIG.2is a component block diagram illustrating an example computing and wireless modem system200suitable for implementing any of the various embodiments. Various embodiments may be implemented on a number of single processor and multiprocessor computer systems, including a system-on-chip (SOC) or system in a package (SIP).

With reference toFIGS.1and2, the illustrated example computing system200(which may be a SIP in some embodiments) includes a two SOCs202,204coupled to a clock206, a voltage regulator208, and a wireless transceiver266configured to send and receive wireless communications via an antenna (not shown) to/from a wireless device (e.g.,120a-120e) or a base station (e.g.,110a-110d). In some embodiments, the first SOC202may operate as central processing unit (CPU) of the wireless device that carries out the instructions of software application programs by performing the arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. In some embodiments, the second SOC204may operate as a specialized processing unit. For example, the second SOC204may operate as a specialized 5G processing unit responsible for managing high volume, high speed (e.g., 5 Gbps, etc.), and/or very high frequency short wave length (e.g., 28 GHz mmWave spectrum, etc.) communications.

The first SOC202may include a digital signal processor (DSP)210, a modem processor212, a graphics processor214, an application processor216, one or more coprocessors218(e.g., vector co-processor) connected to one or more of the processors, memory220, custom circuity222, system components and resources224, an interconnection/bus module226, one or more temperature sensors230, a thermal management unit232, and a thermal power envelope (TPE) component234. The second SOC204may include a 5G modem processor252, a power management unit254, an interconnection/bus module264, the plurality of mmWave transceivers256, memory258, and various additional processors260, such as an applications processor, packet processor, etc.

Each processor210,212,214,216,218,252,260may include one or more cores, and each processor/core may perform operations independent of the other processors/cores. For example, the first SOC202may include a processor that executes a first type of operating system (e.g., FreeBSD, LINUX, OS X, etc.) and a processor that executes a second type of operating system (e.g., MICROSOFT WINDOWS 10). In addition, any or all of the processors210,212,214,216,218,252,260may be included as part of a processor cluster architecture (e.g., a synchronous processor cluster architecture, an asynchronous or heterogeneous processor cluster architecture, etc.).

The first and second SOC202,204may include various system components, resources and custom circuitry for managing sensor data, analog-to-digital conversions, wireless data transmissions, and for performing other specialized operations, such as decoding data packets and processing encoded audio and video signals for rendering in a web browser. For example, the system components and resources224of the first SOC202may include power amplifiers, voltage regulators, oscillators, phase-locked loops, peripheral bridges, data controllers, memory controllers, system controllers, access ports, timers, and other similar components used to support the processors and software clients running on a wireless device. The system components and resources224and/or custom circuitry222may also include circuitry to interface with peripheral devices, such as cameras, electronic displays, wireless communication devices, external memory chips, etc.

The first and second SOC202,204may communicate via interconnection/bus module250. The various processors210,212,214,216,218, may be interconnected to one or more memory elements220, system components and resources224, and custom circuitry222, and a thermal management unit232via an interconnection/bus module226. Similarly, the processor252may be interconnected to the power management unit254, the mmWave transceivers256, memory258, and various additional processors260via the interconnection/bus module264. The interconnection/bus module226,250,264may include an array of reconfigurable logic gates and/or implement a bus architecture (e.g., CoreConnect, AMBA, etc.). Communications may be provided by advanced interconnects, such as high-performance networks-on chip (NoCs).

The first and/or second SOCs202,204may further include an input/output module (not illustrated) for communicating with resources external to the SOC, such as a clock206and a voltage regulator208. Resources external to the SOC (e.g., clock206, voltage regulator208) may be shared by two or more of the internal SOC processors/cores.

In addition to the example SIP200discussed above, various embodiments may be implemented in a wide variety of computing systems, which may include a single processor, multiple processors, multicore processors, or any combination thereof.

FIG.3is a component block diagram illustrating a software architecture300including a radio protocol stack for the user and control planes in wireless communications suitable for implementing any of the various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-3, the wireless device320may implement the software architecture300to facilitate communication between a wireless device320(e.g., the wireless device120a-120e,200) and the base station350(e.g., the base stations110a-110d) of a communication system (e.g.,100). In various embodiments, layers in software architecture300may form logical connections with corresponding layers in software of the base station350. The software architecture300may be distributed among one or more processors (e.g., the processors212,214,216,218,252,260). While illustrated with respect to one radio protocol stack, in a multi-SIM (subscriber identity module) wireless device, the software architecture300may include multiple protocol stacks, each of which may be associated with a different SIM (e.g., two protocol stacks associated with two SIMs, respectively, in a dual-SIM wireless communication device). While described below with reference to LTE communication layers, the software architecture300may support any of variety of standards and protocols for wireless communications, and/or may include additional protocol stacks that support any of variety of standards and protocols wireless communications.

The software architecture300may include a Non-Access Stratum (NAS)302and an Access Stratum (AS)304. The NAS302may include functions and protocols to support packet filtering, security management, mobility control, session management, and traffic and signaling between a SIM(s) of the wireless device (e.g., SIM(s)204) and its core network140. The AS304may include functions and protocols that support communication between a SIM(s) (e.g., SIM(s)204) and entities of supported access networks (e.g., a base station). In particular, the AS304may include at least three layers (Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3), each of which may contain various sub-layers.

In the user and control planes, Layer 1 (L1) of the AS304may be a physical layer (PHY)306, which may oversee functions that enable transmission and/or reception over the air interface via a wireless transceiver (e.g.,266). Examples of such physical layer306functions may include cyclic redundancy check (CRC) attachment, coding blocks, scrambling and descrambling, modulation and demodulation, signal measurements, MIMO, etc. The physical layer may include various logical channels, including the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH).

In the user and control planes, Layer 2 (L2) of the AS304may be responsible for the link between the wireless device320and the base station350over the physical layer306. In the various embodiments, Layer 2 may include a media access control (MAC) sublayer308, a radio link control (RLC) sublayer310, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)312sublayer, each of which form logical connections terminating at the base station350.

In the control plane, Layer 3 (L3) of the AS304may include a radio resource control (RRC) sublayer 3. While not shown, the software architecture300may include additional Layer 3 sublayers, as well as various upper layers above Layer 3. In various embodiments, the RRC sublayer313may provide functions including broadcasting system information, paging, and establishing and releasing an RRC signaling connection between the wireless device320and the base station350.

In various embodiments, the PDCP sublayer312may provide uplink functions including multiplexing between different radio bearers and logical channels, sequence number addition, handover data handling, integrity protection, ciphering, and header compression. In the downlink, the PDCP sublayer312may provide functions that include in-sequence delivery of data packets, duplicate data packet detection, integrity validation, deciphering, and header decompression.

In the uplink, the RLC sublayer310may provide segmentation and concatenation of upper layer data packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). In the downlink, while the RLC sublayer310functions may include reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception, reassembly of upper layer data packets, and ARQ.

In the uplink, MAC sublayer308may provide functions including multiplexing between logical and transport channels, random access procedure, logical channel priority, and hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) operations. In the downlink, the MAC layer functions may include channel mapping within a cell, de-multiplexing, discontinuous reception (DRX), and HARQ operations.

While the software architecture300may provide functions to transmit data through physical media, the software architecture300may further include at least one host layer314to provide data transfer services to various applications in the wireless device320. In some embodiments, application-specific functions provided by the at least one host layer314may provide an interface between the software architecture and the general purpose processor206.

In other embodiments, the software architecture300may include one or more higher logical layer (e.g., transport, session, presentation, application, etc.) that provide host layer functions. For example, in some embodiments, the software architecture300may include a network layer (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) layer) in which a logical connection terminates at a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW). In some embodiments, the software architecture300may include an application layer in which a logical connection terminates at another device (e.g., end user device, server, etc.). In some embodiments, the software architecture300may further include in the AS304a hardware interface316between the physical layer306and the communication hardware (e.g., one or more radio frequency (RF) transceivers).

FIG.4is a component block diagram illustrating a system400configured for managing a communication link with a communication network in accordance with various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-4, system400may include a wireless device402(e.g.,120a-1203d,200,320) and a base station404(e.g.,110a-110d,200,350). The wireless device402and the base station404may exchange wireless communications in order to establish a wireless communication link450(e.g.,122,124) that may provide the wireless device402with access to a wireless communication network424(aspects of which are illustrated inFIG.1).

The wireless device402may include one or more processors428coupled to electronic storage426and a wireless transceiver (e.g.,266). The wireless transceiver266may be configured to receive messages to be sent in uplink transmissions from the processor(s)428, and to transmit such messages via an antenna (not shown) to the base station404for eventual relay to the wireless communication network424. In some embodiments, the base station404may receive message from the wireless communication network424for relay to the wireless device402. Similarly, the wireless transceiver266may be configured to receive messages from the base station404in downlink transmissions and pass the messages (e.g., via a modem (e.g.,252) that demodulates the messages) to the one or more processors428.

The processor(s)428may be configured by machine-readable instructions406. Machine-readable instructions406may include one or more instruction modules. The instruction modules may include computer program modules. The instruction modules may include one or more of a PDSCH error detector module408, a PDSCH error cause determination module410, a handover module412, a beam sweeping configuration module414, a Time To Trigger (TTT) module416, or other instruction modules.

The PDSCH error detector module408may be configured to detect a PDSCH error in a downlink communication from the base station404.

The PDSCH error cause determination module410may be configured to determine whether a cause of a detected PDSCH error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition.

The handover module412may be configured to initiate an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition

The beam sweeping configuration module414may be configured to determine whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) uplink beam sweeping.

The Time To Trigger (TTT) module416may be configured to determine whether a Time To Trigger timer exceeds a Time To Trigger threshold in response to determining that an Event A3 condition is met.

The electronic storage426may include non-transitory storage media that electronically stores information. The electronic storage media of electronic storage426may include one or both of system storage that is provided integrally (i.e., substantially non-removable) with the wireless device402or base station404and/or removable storage that is removably connectable to the wireless device402or base station404via, for example, a port (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) port, a firewire port, etc.) or a drive (e.g., a disk drive, etc.). Electronic storage426may include one or more of optically readable storage media (e.g., optical disks, etc.), magnetically readable storage media (e.g., magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, floppy drive, etc.), electrical charge-based storage media (e.g., EEPROM, RAM, etc.), solid-state storage media (e.g., flash drive, etc.), and/or other electronically readable storage media. Electronic storage426may include one or more virtual storage resources (e.g., cloud storage, a virtual private network, and/or other virtual storage resources). Electronic storage426may store software algorithms, information determined by processor(s)428information received from the wireless device402or base station404, or other information that enables the wireless device402or base station404to function as described herein.

Processor(s)428may be configured to provide information processing capabilities in the base station402. As such, the processor(s)428may include one or more of a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information. Although the processor(s)428are illustrated as single entities, this is for illustrative purposes only. In some embodiments, the processor(s)428may include a plurality of processing units and/or processor cores. The processing units may be physically located within the same device, or processor(s)428may represent processing functionality of a plurality of devices operating in coordination. The processor(s)428may be configured to execute modules408-416and/or other modules by software; hardware; firmware; some combination of software, hardware, and/or firmware; and/or other mechanisms for configuring processing capabilities on processor(s)428. As used herein, the term “module” may refer to any component or set of components that perform the functionality attributed to the module. This may include one or more physical processors during execution of processor readable instructions, the processor readable instructions, circuitry, hardware, storage media, or any other components.

The description of the functionality provided by the different modules408-416described below is for illustrative purposes, and is not intended to be limiting, as any of modules408-416may provide more or less functionality than is described. For example, one or more of the modules408-416may be eliminated, and some or all of its functionality may be provided by other modules408-416. As another example, the processor(s)428may be configured to execute one or more additional modules that may perform some or all of the functionality attributed below to one of the modules408-416.

FIG.5Ais a process flow diagram illustrating a method500athat may be performed by a processor of a base station for managing a communication link with a communication network according to various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-5A, the method500amay be implemented by a processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) of a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device120a-120e,350,402).

In determination block502, the processor may determine whether a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) error has occurred. In some embodiments, the processor may determine that a downlink signal, such as a control signal or a data signal cannot be decoded to provide useful information to the processor. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block502may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and a wireless transceiver (e.g.,266).

In response to determining that a PDSCH error has not occurred (e.g., determination block502=“No”), the processor may again perform the operations of determination block502.

In response to determining that a PDSCH error has occurred (e.g., determination block502=“Yes”), the processor may determine whether a cause of the detected PDSCH error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition in determination block504. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block504may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428).

In various embodiments, the processor may determine that the cause of the detected PDSCH error in the downlink communication is an out of coverage condition in determination block504based on one or more determinations of signal strength or quality. Examples of an out of coverage condition include the wireless device being in a location with poor or no coverage from a base station (e.g., a “coverage hole”), the wireless device determining that a signal from the base station is substantially degraded or blocked, the wireless device determining that communication of control signaling and/or data signaling with the base station is substantially degraded or blocked, or another similar state or status. In some embodiments, the processor may determine whether a received signal strength that is averaged over a whole system bandwidth (or bandwidth part (BWP)) less an average received signal strength that is averaged over a beam blocking duration (a “beam blocking coherence time”) is less than a signal strength threshold. This determination may be represented as L3_RSRPaverageSsytemBandwidth<L3_RSRPThreshold3. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity plus an adjustment or hysteresis (e.g., 0.25 decibels (dBs)) (e.g., L3_RSRPThreshold3=RxSensitivityLevel+0.25 dB).

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block504whether a maximum received signal strength (e.g., among resource blocks RBs) less the maximum received signal strength averaged over the beam blocking duration is below a maximum signal strength threshold. This determination may be represented as max(L3_RSRPResourceBlock)<L3_RSRPThreshold4. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity plus an adjustment or hysteresis (e.g., 0.5 decibels (dBs)) (e.g., L3_RSRPThreshold4=RxSensitivityLevel+0.5 dB).

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block504whether a received signal strength on a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) (e.g., a specified number of resource blocks, a percentage of resource blocks, or at least a threshold number of resource blocks) averaged over the beam blocking duration is below a signal strength threshold. In some embodiments, this may be represented as L3_RSRPResourceBlock<L3_RSRPThreshold5, for X PRBs. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity. In some embodiments, the signal strength threshold may be a receive level sensitivity plus a small adjustment or hysteresis (e.g., 0.25 decibels (dBs)) (e.g., L3_RSRPThreshold5=RxSensitivityLevel+0.25 dB for (e.g.) 75% of PRBs in a bandwidth part (BWP)).

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block504whether an instantaneous received signal strength averaged over system bandwidth is below a signal strength threshold. This determination may be represented as L1_RSRPaverageSsytemBandwidth<L1_RSRPThreshold1.

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block504whether an instantaneous maximum received signal strength (e.g., among resource blocks RBs) is below a maximum signal strength threshold. This determination may be represented as max(L1_RSRPResourceBlock)<L1_RSRPThreshold2.

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block504whether there is a significant drop of instantaneous received signal strength averaged over system bandwidth. This determination may be represented as L1_RSRPt1−L1_RSRPt2<L1_RSRP_DropThreshold5.

In response to determining that the cause of the detected PDSCH error in a downlink communication from a base station is not an out of coverage condition (i.e., determination block504=“No”), the processor may again perform the operations of determination block502.

In response to determining that the cause of the detected PDSCH error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition (i.e., determination block504=“Yes”), the processor may determine whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel (e.g., a PUCCH or PUSCH) in determination block506. For example, the processor may determine whether a mechanism for improving the communication link with the base station is available to the wireless device. In some embodiments, the processor may determine whether the wireless device has received an indication (such as an RRC message) that one or more uplink beams have been activated or prepared for the wireless device, such that the wireless device could use such uplink beams to communicate with the base station. In some embodiments, the processor may determine whether the wireless device has received a precoding matrix from the base station for one or more uplink beams. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block506may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428).

In response to determining that the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel (i.e., determination block506=“Yes”), the processor may perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel in block512. In some embodiments, the processor may perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel to attempt to recover the communication or mitigate the determined PDSCH error in block512. In some embodiments, the processor may transmit one or more non-acknowledgement (NACK) messages (e.g., performing a multi-slot NACK) via the uplink beam sweeping. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block512may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and the wireless transceiver266

In response to determining that the wireless device is not configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel (i.e., determination block506=“No”), the processor may initiate an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in block514. In some embodiments, the wireless device may initiate the autonomous handover by sending one or more signals to the second base station to request access to the second base station. In some embodiments, the wireless device may send one or more initial access signals, such as one or more signals of a RACH procedure. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block514may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and the wireless transceiver266

Following the operations of block512or514, the processor may repeat the operations of the method500aby again performing the operations of determination block502.

FIG.5Bis a process flow diagram illustrating operations500bthat may be performed as part of the method500afor managing a communication link with a communication network according to various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-5B, the operations500bmay be implemented by a processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) of a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device120a-120e,350,402).

In block501, the processor may receive from the base station a control signal that configures the wireless device to perform the autonomous handover in the out of coverage condition. In some embodiments, the control signal may include a Radio Resource Configuration (RRC) signal. In some embodiments, the control signal may include an “AutonomousHoPDSCHErrorCauseOutOfCoverage” message that may include one or more configurable parameters, such as a time window (e.g., in 1-800 slots), a number of PDSCH errors in the time window (e.g., 1-8), whether an Event A3-1 must be triggered (e.g., yes or no), an amount of an Event A3 timer (e.g., Time To Trigger) that must elapse (e.g., 5-95%), and/or other configurable values, which may indicate one or more conditions. In some embodiments, in response to determining that such one or more conditions are met, the wireless device may initiate (e.g., attempt to perform) the autonomous handover.

In various embodiments, the processor may perform the operations of determination blocks502-506substantially as described.

In response to determining that the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) uplink beam sweeping (i.e., determination block506=“Yes”), the processor may determine whether a measurement report trigger condition is met in determination block508. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block508may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and the wireless transceiver266

In some embodiments, the processor may determine in determination block508whether a signal from a neighboring base station or cell (e.g., a second base station) is superior to the base station or cell (e.g., the serving base station or cell). In some embodiments, this may be represented by Mneigh+Oneigh,freq+Oneigh, cell−Hyst>Msery+Oserv,freq+Oserv, cell+Offset, in which Mneigh represents signal level or quality of the neighbor cell (RSRP or Reference Signal Receive Quality (RSRQ)), Oneigh, freq represents a frequency-specific offset for the inter-frequency neighboring cell, Oneigh, cell represents a cell individual offset for the intra-frequency neighboring cell, Hyst represents a hysteresis used to avoid ping-pong handover, Msery represents a signal level or quality of the serving cell (RSRP or RSRQ), Oserv, freq represents a frequency-specific offset for the inter-frequency serving cell, Oserv, cell represents a cell specific offset for the serving cell, and Offset represents a value such that the handover is performed when the signal of the neighboring cell is significantly better than that of the serving cell. Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block508may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and the wireless transceiver266.

In response to determining that the Event A3 condition is not met (i.e., determination block508=“No”), the processor may perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel, e.g., to attempt to recover the communication or mitigate the determined PDSCH error in block512as described.

In response to determining that the Event A3 condition is met (i.e., determination block508=“Yes”), the processor may determine whether a Time To Trigger (TTT) timer meets or exceeds a Time To Trigger threshold in determination block510. In some embodiments, the Time To Trigger threshold may be sent to the wireless device by the base station in an RRC signal (e.g., an “AutonomousHoPDSCHErrorCauseOutOfCoverage” message). Means for performing functions of the operations in determination block508may include the processor (e.g.,210,212,214,216,218,252,260,428) and the wireless transceiver266

In response to determining that the Time To Trigger timer does not meet or exceed the Time To Trigger threshold (i.e., determination block510=“No”), the processor may perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel to attempt to recover the communication or mitigate the determined PDSCH error in block512as described.

In response to determining that the Time To Trigger timer meets or exceeds the Time To Trigger threshold (i.e., determination block510=“Yes”), the processor may initiate an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in block514as described.

In block516, the processor may send to the second base station an indication that the cause of the PDSCH error, and thus the reason for the autonomous handover, was an out of coverage condition. For example, the processor may send an RRCReestablishmentRequestCause message to the second base station that includes an indicator such as “OutOfCoverage” or another suitable indicator.

Following the operations of block512or block516, the processor may again perform the operations of determination block502.

Various embodiments, including the method500aand the operations500b,may be performed in a variety of network computing devices (e.g., in a base station), an example of which is illustrated inFIG.6that is a component block diagram of a network computing device600suitable for use with various embodiments. Such network computing devices may include at least the components illustrated inFIG.6. With reference toFIGS.1-6, a network computing device600may include a processor601coupled to volatile memory602(e.g.,426) and a large capacity nonvolatile memory, such as a disk drive603. The network computing device600may also include a peripheral memory access device such as a floppy disc drive, compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD) drive606coupled to the processor601. The network computing device600may also include network access ports604(or interfaces) coupled to the processor601for establishing data connections with a network, such as the Internet and/or a local area network coupled to other system computers and servers. The network computing device600may be connected to one or more antennas for sending and receiving electromagnetic radiation that may be connected to a wireless communication link. The network computing device600may include additional access ports, such as USB, Firewire, Thunderbolt, and the like for coupling to peripherals, external memory, or other devices.

Various embodiments, including the method500aand the operations500b,may be performed in a variety of wireless devices (e.g., the wireless device120a-120e,200,320,402), an example of which is illustrated inFIG.7that is a component block diagram of a wireless device700suitable for use with various embodiments. With reference toFIGS.1-7, a wireless device700may include a first SOC202(e.g., a SOC-CPU) coupled to a second SOC204(e.g., a 5G capable SOC). The first and second SOCs202,204may be coupled to internal memory430,716, a display712, and to a speaker714. Additionally, the wireless device700may include an antenna704for sending and receiving electromagnetic radiation that may be connected to a wireless data link and/or cellular telephone transceiver266coupled to one or more processors in the first and/or second SOCs202,204. The wireless device700may also include menu selection buttons or rocker switches720for receiving user inputs.

The wireless device700also may include a sound encoding/decoding (CODEC) circuit710, which digitizes sound received from a microphone into data packets suitable for wireless transmission and decodes received sound data packets to generate analog signals that are provided to the speaker to generate sound. Also, one or more of the processors in the first and second SOCs202,204, wireless transceiver266and CODEC710may include a digital signal processor (DSP) circuit (not shown separately).

The processors of the network computing device700and the wireless device700may be any programmable microprocessor, microcomputer or multiple processor chip or chips that can be configured by software instructions (applications) to perform a variety of functions, including the functions of the various embodiments described below. In some mobile devices, multiple processors may be provided, such as one processor within an SOC204dedicated to wireless communication functions and one processor within an SOC202dedicated to running other applications. Software applications may be stored in the memory426,430,716before they are accessed and loaded into the processor. The processors may include internal memory sufficient to store the application software instructions.

A number of different cellular and mobile communication services and standards are available or contemplated in the future, all of which may implement and benefit from the various embodiments. Such services and standards include, e.g., third generation partnership project (3GPP), long term evolution (LTE) systems, third generation wireless mobile communication technology (3G), fourth generation wireless mobile communication technology (4G), fifth generation wireless mobile communication technology (5G), global system for mobile communications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), 3GSM, general packet radio service (GPRS), code division multiple access (CDMA) systems (e.g., cdmaOne, CDMA1020™), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), evolution-data optimized (EV-DO), digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), wireless local area network (WLAN), Wi-Fi Protected Access I & II (WPA, WPA2), and integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN). Each of these technologies involves, for example, the transmission and reception of voice, data, signaling, and/or content messages. It should be understood that any references to terminology and/or technical details related to an individual telecommunication standard or technology are for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to a particular communication system or technology unless specifically recited in the claim language.

Implementation examples are described in the following paragraphs. While some of the following implementation examples are described in terms of example methods, further example implementations may include: the example methods discussed in the following paragraphs implemented by a base station including a processor configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations of the methods of the following implementation examples; the example methods discussed in the following paragraphs implemented by a base station including means for performing functions of the methods of the following implementation examples; and the example methods discussed in the following paragraphs may be implemented as a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium having stored thereon processor-executable instructions configured to cause a processor of a base station to perform the operations of the methods of the following implementation examples.

A method performed by a processor of a wireless device for managing a communication link with a communication network, including determining whether a cause of a detected physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) error in a downlink communication from a base station is an out of coverage condition; and initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition.

The method of example 1, in which initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition includes determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on an uplink channel; and initiating the autonomous handover from the base station to the second base station in response to determining that the wireless device is not configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel.

The method of either of examples 1 or 2, in which determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel includes determining whether the wireless device has received an indication that one or more uplink beams have been activated for the wireless device.

The method of either of examples 1 or 2, in which determining whether the wireless device is configured to perform multi-slot beam sweeping on the uplink channel includes determining whether the wireless device has received a precoding matrix from the base station for one or more uplink beams.

The method of either of examples 1 or 2, further including determining whether a Time To Trigger timer exceeds a Time To Trigger threshold in response to determining that an Event A3 condition is met; and initiating the autonomous handover from the base station to the second base station in response to determining that the Time To Trigger timer exceeds the Time To Trigger threshold.

The method of any of examples 1-5, in which initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition includes sending to the second base station an indication that the cause of the PDSCH error is the out of coverage condition.

The method of any of examples 1-6, further including receiving from the base station a control signal that configures the wireless device to perform the autonomous handover in the out of coverage condition.

The method of any of examples 1-7, in which initiating an autonomous handover from the base station to a second base station in response to determining that the cause of the PDSCH error is an out of coverage condition includes sending an initial access signal to the second base station.