Semiconductor memory device with resistance change film and method of manufacturing the same

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of insulating layers, a plurality of first interconnection layers, a plurality of second interconnection layers, a plurality of memory cells, and a resistance change film. The insulating layers and first interconnection layers are arranged in parallel with the semiconductor substrate. The second interconnection layers are arranged so as to intersect the first interconnection layers. The second interconnection layers are arranged perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate. The memory cells are arranged at intersections of the first and second interconnection layers. Each of the memory cells includes the resistance change film arranged between the first and second interconnection layers. The side of the first interconnection layer in contact with the resistance change film is retreated more in a direction to separate from the second interconnection layer than the side of the insulating layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-064244, filed Mar. 21, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Embodiments described herein relate generally to a semiconductor memory device with, for example, a resistance change film and a method of manufacturing the same.

BACKGROUND

In general, a memory cell used in a nonvolatile memory has used the charge amount accumulated at a floating gate electrode as information and read the accumulated charge amount as a change in the threshold value of a transistor.

However, when the element area is decreased to improve the performance by reducing chip costs, the charge amount capable of being accumulated in a memory cell decreases. Therefore, it becomes difficult to obtain a voltage difference capable of being sensed sufficiently from the memory cell. Accordingly, the limitations of device scaling have begun to be seen. Therefore, a three-dimensional cell structure has been considered which can not only reduce the area of elements in a conventional plane but also increase the number of mounted elements per unit area by also stacking cells vertically.

Memory cells have used a transistor structure with three terminals as a basic one. However, use of two-terminal elements, such as variable resistive elements, enables further miniaturization of elements to be expected. Variable resistive elements include metal-oxide resistance change memories (ReRAMs), phase-change memories, and conductive bridge memories. Memory cells use the resistance value state of a variable resistive element sandwiched between two terminals as information.

The resistance change memory is a memory that stores information by the generation or disappearance of a filament path formed in a metal oxide film. The metal oxide film has insulation properties immediately after a film formation. However, when a large current is caused to flow by applying a high voltage to the metal oxide film, a microscopic path in which current flows easily in a local part, that is, a so-called filament path, is formed. Generally, it is thought that the composition of a filament path becomes electrically conductive when the path includes excessive metal and that, when a voltage is further applied to the path, oxygen moves depending on conditions, with the result that the path is stabilized, recovering the insulation properties.

In the phase change memory and conductive bridge memory, when the conductive properties in a conductive path and at the path end change, the resistance value of the entire element changes. Particularly in a nonvolatile memory, it is important to repeat a conductive change stably and maintain the conductive change state for a long time stably. To achieve this, it is necessary to control the size of the conductive path, its position, and others.

To realize this, it is necessary to optimize a film forming process itself by uniformizing the film thickness and composition of films constituting a resistance change memory, control a grain size and a shape in the case of crystallization, and prevent impurities from mixing in.

In addition to the above films, the optimization of a cell structure that makes it easier to control a conductive path is desired.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In general, according to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of insulating layers, a plurality of first interconnection layers, a plurality of second interconnection layers, a plurality of memory cells, and a resistance change film. The insulating layers and first interconnection layers are stacked one on top of another above the semiconductor substrate. The insulating layers and first interconnection layers are arranged in parallel with the semiconductor substrate. The second interconnection layers are arranged so as to intersect the first interconnection layers. The second interconnection layers are arranged perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate. The memory cells are arranged at intersections of the first and second interconnection layers. Each of the memory cells includes the resistance change film arranged between the first and second interconnection layers. The side of the first interconnection layer in contact with the resistance change film is retreated more in a direction to separate from the second interconnection layer than the side of the insulating layer.

Reference Example

For comparison with embodiments described below, a reference example will be explained.

First, a two-terminal resistance change element configured to include a resistance change layer and an upper and a lower electrode that sandwich the resistance change layer between them is taken as an example. Until now, a structure where a lower electrode layer, a resistance change layer, and an upper electrode layer are stacked one on top of another in parallel with a substrate surface and current flows in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface has been the mainstream. To increase the capacity of such an element, it is necessary to stack a lower electrode, a resistance change film, and an upper electrode one on top of another repeatedly. However, it has been difficult not only to form a resistance change film and its interface, while controlling them in a plurality of layers stably, but also to stabilize the characteristics of the element.

Accordingly, a resistance change film is formed on the sidewalls of a conductive film to act as an electrode and an insulating film stacked layer that isolates the conductive film, thereby avoiding the process of stacking an electrode and a resistance change film repeatedly. In this case, an electrode, a resistance change film, and an electrode are configured to be stacked one on top of another in parallel with the substrate surface, with current flowing in a cell in parallel with the substrate surface.

With this configuration, to miniaturize the cell structure in a lateral direction (or in a horizontal direction with respect to the substrate surface), a trench separating adjacent cells or the distance between holes needs to be narrowed. In this case, however, it is difficult to embed both of a resistance change film and an electrode in a narrow trench or in a hole with high coverage. If a film cannot be formed uniformly, a film thickness difference occurs between the top and bottom of the stacked structure, making electrical characteristics unstable and causing voids to be formed in the film. If the trench or the hole part is blocked, this prevents the structure from functioning as a memory cell.

Therefore, it is desirable that a film to be formed in a trench or a hole should be thin. In contrast, when a cell is driven, it is preferable to make the film thick because current flowing in the cell needs to be decreased. In this case, however, it becomes difficult to reduce the distance between adjacent cells.

To miniaturize the cell structure vertically (or in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface), it is necessary to make thinner each of the conductive film and element isolation insulating film. When the element isolation insulating film is made thinner, the distance between adjacent cells in a vertical direction decreases, forming a current path between adjacent cells, which might result in interference of adjacent cells. Therefore, to prevent interference of elements adjacent to each other vertically, it is necessary to form the original conductive paths in a cell so as to separate the conductive paths at regular intervals. If control is performed so as to form conductive paths at specific intervals, the smallest electrode pitch can be set.

For example,FIG. 5is a sectional view of a memory cell array according to a reference example. As shown inFIG. 5, the two-terminal resistance change element comprises a resistance change layer304sandwiched between a conductive layer302and a conductive layer305serving as an opposite electrode.

With this configuration, to reduce the element vertically (or in a z direction), it is necessary to make thinner the film thickness of each insulating layer303that electrically insulates each of a plurality of cells stacked one on top of another. In this case, since the conductive layer305is common to the cells, a plurality of conductive paths passing through the resistance change layer304are formed. For example, a conductive path (or a filament path)333encircled by a broken line inFIG. 5is formed diagonally in the resistance change layer304and shared with a cell in a layer next above the present one. That is, when the resistance value of the cell is read, current flows through the conductive path333, which influences the determination of the resistance value of the cell.

Therefore, the characteristics of the element tend to vary and become unstable. Accordingly, to stabilize the characteristics of the element, it is important that the conductive paths of all the elements are homogeneous.

As described above, with the miniaturization, a conductive path (or a filament path)333occurs randomly in the element of the reference example, which makes it necessary to give the element a latitude vertically (or in a z direction). Therefore, it is difficult to achieve further miniaturization.

Accordingly, in embodiments described below, a semiconductor memory device capable of forming a conductive path more stably and a method of manufacturing the same will be proposed. In an explanation below, although a semiconductor memory device and a method of manufacturing the same will be described, taking a ReRAM as an example, the ReRAM is only illustrative, not restrictive. In the explanation below, common parts will be indicated by common reference numerals throughout all the drawings.

First Embodiment

The configuration of a semiconductor memory device according to a first embodiment will be explained.

1.1 Overall Configuration

As shown inFIG. 1, the semiconductor memory device of the first embodiment comprises a memory block20, an address buffer14-1, a command buffer14-2, a fuse register15, a power-on reset circuit16, a control circuit17, a voltage generator circuit18, and an input/output buffer19.

The memory block20comprises a memory cell array MA, a row decoder (Row Dec)11, a column decoder (Col Dec)12, and a sense amplifier (SA)13.

The memory cell array MA includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix at the intersections of a plurality of bit lines and a plurality of word lines. A plurality of memory cell arrays MAs are stacked one on top of another in a direction of z perpendicular to the surface of the semiconductor substrate as described later, which forms a three-dimensional structure.

The row decoder11decodes a row address. The row decoder11includes a drive circuit that drives a word line (not shown).

The column decoder12decodes a column address. The column decoder12includes a drive circuit that drives a bit line (not shown).

The sense amplifier (SA)13reads data in a memory cell electrically connected to a bit line selected by the column decoder12.

The address buffer14-1, which is electrically connected to the row decoder11and column decoder12, holds a row address and a column address.

The command buffer14-2, which is electrically connected to the control circuit17, holds a control command.

The fuse register15, which is electrically connected to the input/output buffer19via a data bus or the like, holds necessary data, such as management data.

The power-on reset circuit16detects the power-on of the semiconductor memory device and outputs a reset signal to the control circuit17.

The voltage generator circuit18, which is electrically connected to the row decoder11, column decoder12, and sense amplifier13, supplies necessary voltages to the above circuits under the control of the control circuit17. The input/output buffer19, which is electrically connected to the sense amplifier13and fuse register15via a data bus line, holds data, addresses, and commands for an external host device or the like.

The control circuit17controls the above circuits. For example, the control circuit17controls the above circuits and performs Set, Reset, Read, and Sensing operations, and the like which will be described later.

1-2. Configuration of a Memory Block

As shown inFIG. 2, the memory block20of the first embodiment includes a plurality of layers (four layers, in this example) of memory cell arrays MA0to MA3. This memory block20is stacked on a peripheral region23in which interconnections, including a global bus, and transistors are formed and on a word-line contact region25.

On a semiconductor substrate100, the peripheral region23is provided. In the peripheral region23, the global bus and others for exchanging data to be written into/read from the memory block20with the outside are provided. In the peripheral region23, the column decoder12, sense amplifier13, row decoder11, and others may be arranged.

To connect the word lines WLs and bit lines BLs of the memory cell arrays MA0to MA3stacked one on top of another with the peripheral region23formed on the semiconductor substrate100, vertical interconnections (via contacts) are needed on the side of the memory block20. Therefore, word-line contact regions25are provided to two sides of the peripheral region23. In the word-line contact regions25, word-line contacts27for connecting word lines WLs with the control circuit and others are formed.

Each word line WL is arranged along the surface of the semiconductor substrate100(in an x direction, in this case). One end of the word line WL is connected to the peripheral region23via a word-line contact27formed in the word-line contact region25.

Each bit line BL is arranged in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the semiconductor substrate100(in a z direction, in this case) so as to intersects a word line WL and be common to memory cell arrays MA0to MA3. One end of the bit line BL is connected to the peripheral region23. At the intersection of the word line WL and the bit line WL, a memory cell MC is arranged.

FIG. 2shows a memory block20where a plurality of memory cell arrays MA0to MA3are stacked one on top of another in a direction perpendicular to the semiconductor substrate100(in the z direction). A plurality of such unit memory blocks20may be arranged in a matrix in a longitudinal direction of word line WL and in a longitudinal direction of bit line BL (in the z direction).

The word-line contact regions25are not limited to the configuration shown in this example.

1-3. Configuration of Memory Cell Array (MA)

FIG. 3shows an example of memory cell array MA0shown inFIG. 2. The other memory cell arrays MA1to MA3have the same configuration as that of MA0.

As shown inFIG. 3, in memory cell array MA0, a plurality of memory cells MC are arranged at the intersections of word lines WLs and bit lines BLs.

Each memory cell MC is composed of a variable resistive element33that stores an electrically rewritable resistance value as data in a nonvolatile manner.

One end of the current path of the variable resistive element33is connected to any one of the word lines WLs. The other end of the current path is connected to any one of the bit lines BLs. The variable resistive element33is made of, for example, metal oxide, specifically metal oxide including tantalum, niobium, tungsten, nickel, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, or transition metal, or an alloy of silicon or aluminum. The configuration of the memory cell MC is not limited to what has been described in this example.

1-4. Set, Reset, and Read Operations

Next, a Set, a Reset, and a Read operation of the first embodiment will be explained briefly with reference toFIG. 4.

A set operation is the operation of writing data in a memory cell. To write data into a memory cell, a voltage is applied to the variable resistive element33acting as the selected memory cell, generating a potential gradient in the variable resistive element33, which causes current to flow. For example, the potential of a word line WL is made relatively lower than the potential of a bit line BL. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 4, a write voltage (Vset) is applied to a bit line BL and a ground potential is applied to a word line WL. This Set operation forms a conductive path between the bit line BL and word line WL, and thereby the resistance value of the variable resistive element33is decreased.

A vertical axis inFIG. 4indicates a potential difference between voltage Vb1of the bit line and voltage Vw1of the word line.

A Reset operation is the operation of erasing data in a memory cell. The Reset operation is performed by subjecting the selected variable resistive element33to Joule heating by current pulses, stimulating an oxidation-reduction reaction of the variable resistive element33.

For example, as shown inFIG. 4, an erase voltage (Vreset) is applied between the word line WL and bit line BL during time treset. The erase voltage (Vreset) is lower than the write voltage (Vset) and time tresetis longer than time tsetof a Set operation. The Reset operation causes the resistance value of the variable resistive element33to return to a high value, thereby causing the conductive path between the bit line BL and word line WL to disappear.

A Read operation is the operation of reading data from a memory cell. A read operation is such that, for example, a voltage pulse is applied to the selected variable resistive element33and the sense amplifier13senses a current determined by the resistance value of the memory cell. It is desirable that the voltage pulse of the Read operation should have such a small amplitude that the resistance value of a material constituting the variable resistive element33does not change. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 4, voltage Vreadof a voltage pulse in a Read operation is set lower than the erase voltage (Vreset) and time treadof a reset operation is set shorter than time tsetof a Set operation. Read voltage Vreadis applied to the selected memory cell from a bit line BL. The sense amplifier13measures a current value at that time, thereby reading data from the memory cell.

As described above, the relationship between the operation times is expressed as time tread<time tset<time treset. The relationship between the voltages in the operations is expressed as write voltage Vset>erase voltage Vreset>read voltage Vread. However, these are just illustrative and the above relationships can be changed suitably as needed, depending on the material of the variable resistive element33.

1-5. Planar and Sectional Configurations of Reference Example

InFIG. 5, a sectional configuration of the memory cell array MA of the reference example will be explained. As shown inFIG. 5, a sectional structure of the memory cell array of the reference example is such that a conductive layer302and an insulating layer303are stacked vertically (in a z direction). The sectional structure includes a resistance change layer304sandwiched between each conductive layer302and a conductive layer305acting as an opposite electrode.

In this way, since the conductive layer305is common to a plurality of memory cells stacked one on top of another, a plurality of conductive paths passing through the resistance change layer304are formed as described above. For example, a conductive path333encircled by a broken line inFIG. 5is formed diagonally and shared with a cell in a layer next above the present one.

1-6. Planar and Sectional Configurations

FIGS. 6 and 7show a planar structure and a sectional structure of the memory cell array MA of the first embodiment, respectively.FIG. 7shows a sectional structure taken along line VII-VII ofFIG. 6.

As shown inFIGS. 6 and 7, a region in which a two-terminal element is to be formed is columnar. In the region, a plurality of unit memory cells MCs isolated by resistance change layers304are arranged. For example, in a unit memory cell MC encircled by a broken line inFIG. 6, a region where a two-terminal element is to be formed is columnar. As shown inFIG. 7, each memory cell MC is composed of a resistance change layer304sandwiched between an opposite electrode305acting as a bit line (BL) and a conductive layer302acting as a word line (WL). The resistance change layer304formed by current flowing in the opposite electrode305(BL) and conductive layer302(WL) makes a variable resistive element33of the memory cell MC.

As shown inFIG. 7, a plurality of memory cells are formed by stacking a plurality of conductive layers302(WLs) and a plurality of insulating films303one on top of another on an interlayer insulating film301formed above the semiconductor substrate (Si-sub)100. The opposite electrode305and resistance change layer304are arranged so as to pass through the stacked conductive layers302(WLs) and insulating layers303and reach the interlayer insulating film301. For example, a unit memory cell MC encircled by a broken line inFIG. 7is composed of a resistance change layer304sandwiched between the opposite electrode305(BL) and conductive layer302(WL).

The opposite electrode305(BL) is connected electrically to the peripheral region23via a contact plug310provided in the interlayer insulating film301.

In the peripheral region23, interconnection layers121,122arranged in the interlayer insulating film120, a transistor TR, and others are arranged. The interconnection layers121,122electrically connect the contact plug310to the current path of the transistor TR. The transistor TR comprises a gate insulating film111provided on the semiconductor substrate100, a gate electrode112provided on the gate insulating film, and a spacer113arranged along the sidewall of the gate electrode112.

As described above, the conductive layer302in the semiconductor memory device of the first embodiment is located medial to the insulating film303with respect to the cell end in the x direction.

With the above configuration, since the conductive layer302of the first embodiment is recessed with respect to the insulating layer303, the conductive path formation region is limited. That is, the face of the conductive layer302on the opposite electrode305side is retreated from the face of the insulating layer303on the opposite electrode305side by, for example, almost the film thickness of the resistance change layer304. Therefore, the conductive layer302and two insulating layers303arranged on the top face and bottom face of the conductive layer303form a concave part. The resistance change layer304is formed on the face of the insulating layer303on the opposite electrode305side and in the concave part, with the result that the film thickness of the resistance change layer304located between the resistance change layer304in the concave part and the resistance change layer304in contact with the face of the insulating layer303on the opposite electrode305side is thinner than the film thickness of the remaining parts.

The opposite electrode305is formed so as to be in contact with the resistance change layer304touching the side of the insulating layer303and with the resistance change layer304formed in the concave part. Therefore, the opposite electrode305includes a convex part corresponding to the concave part.

With the configuration of the first embodiment, the distance from the face of the conductive layer302on the opposite electrode305side to the opposite electrode305corresponding to the side of the insulating layer303is longer than the reference example shown inFIG. 5. Therefore, a diagonal conductive path as shown in the reference example can be prevented from being formed. Accordingly, even if the insulating layer303is made thinner, mutual interference of memory cells adjacent to each other vertically is less and therefore cells can be made miniaturized.

2. Manufacturing Method

Next, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device of the first embodiment will be explained.

Although not shown, a peripheral circuit23including the peripheral region for driving a memory cell array MA is formed on the semiconductor substrate100.

Then, as shown inFIG. 8, an interlayer insulating film701is formed on the substrate (not shown)100on which the peripheral circuit23for driving the memory cell array MA has been formed. Then, a stacked structure of a conductive layer702and an insulating layer703is formed using, for example, a CVD method. The stacked structure is composed of a repetition of two or more layers of conductive layers and insulating layers. For the sake of simplicity,FIG. 8shows a case where three layers of conductive layers are stacked. The film thickness of the conductive layer702is set to, for example, about 10 nm and the film thickness of the insulating layer703is set to about 20 nm.

To keep leak current between an upper and a lower interconnection low and prevent interference of memory cells adjacent to each other vertically, it is desirable that the film thickness of the insulating layer703should be, for example, about 5 nm or more. The interlayer insulating film701is, for example, a silicon oxide film. The conductive layer702is made of metal, such as W, TiN, or WN, metal nitride, or conductive silicon (e.g., doped silicon).

Next, as shown inFIG. 9, the insulating layer703and conductive layer702are etched to the surface of the interlayer insulating film701using, for example, lithographic techniques and dry etching techniques, thereby forming trenches714.

An insulating film704is formed all over the surface including the formed trenches714. The insulating film704, which is, for example, a silicon oxide film, is formed by a CVD method or a coating method. Thereafter, the insulating film704is planarized using CMP techniques or the like, thereby filling the trenches714with the interlayer insulating film704.

Next, as shown inFIG. 10, holes720are made in the interlayer insulating film on the trenches714and the parts of the adjacent insulating layers703at intervals using lithographic techniques and dry etching techniques. The holes720are made by etching so as to reach the top of the interlayer insulating film701. On the cross section of each hole, a conductive layer and an interlayer insulating film are exposed alternately.

FIG. 11Ais a sectional view of a hole720part (cell part) taken along line B1-B1′ ofFIG. 10.FIG. 11Bis a sectional view of a non-hole part taken along line C1-C1′ ofFIG. 10. As shown inFIG. 11A, in the cell part, a conductive layer702and an insulating layer703are exposed alternately in the hole720.

Next, as shown inFIG. 12, the side of the conductive layer702exposed in the hole720of the cell part is retreated in the x direction with respect to the side of the insulating layer703.

When the conductive layer702is a metallic material in this process, wet etching is done with a mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide and water, enabling the conductive layer702to be retreated inward with respect to the insulating layer703composed of a silicon oxide film.

The etching method is not limited to this. A method of using a wet solution for etching a metal or a method of performing chemical etching in a vapor-phase atmosphere, such as chlorine-base gas, can be used.

When the conductive layer702is a doped silicon film, wet etching is done with a mixed solution of nitric-acid-series chemical solution and water, enabling the conductive layer702to be retreated inward with respect to the insulating layer703composed of a silicon oxide film.

It is more desirable that a width d702by which the conductive layer702is retreated should be greater than the film thickness d704of a resistance change layer704, such as a metal oxide film, to be formed in the next step (d702>d704). This is because it goes without saying that, even if the conductive layer702is thinner than the resistance change layer704, it give effects and because, when the retreat width d702is greater than the film thickness d704of the resistance change layer704, the conductive layer702can be isolated from an opposite electrode705described later more reliably from the physical standpoint.

Then, as shown inFIG. 13, a metal oxide layer making a resistance change layer704is formed using a CVD method. To make the resistance change layer704smoother, it is preferable to use an Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method. Since a film is formed while material gases are being supplied alternately in the ALD method, the resistance change layer is easily influenced by the surface state. The metal film surface is particularly active and therefore molecules are liable to break down, making the film forming speed faster. In contrast, since the interlayer insulating film is an inactive silicon oxide film, it has the property of being slow in film forming speed. Setting deposition conditions under which the property develops enables a resistive film to be selectively deposited only on the side of the metal conductive layer702making a WL interconnection, enabling a space in the hole to be secured.

For example, when the metal oxide is a hafnium oxide, tetrakis (ethyl methyl amino) hafnium is used as hafnium material and ozone, H2O, or the like is used as an oxidizer. The substrate is placed in a processing chamber in a reduced-pressure atmosphere (of, for example, about 20 Pa) and heated to about 400° C. In this situation, tetrakis (ethyl methyl amino) hafnium is supplied for a short time, causing molecules to be adsorbed onto the conductive layer702. The extra material not adsorbed is discharged by a nitrogen purge. Then, H2O is supplied as an oxidizer and caused to react with the hafnium material, thereby forming a hafnium oxide film. The extra H2O not reacted is discharged by a subsequent nitrogen purge. Since the film thickness per cycle is determined by the amount of hafnium material adsorbed, the above process is repeated until a desired film thickness has been reached. By changing a heating temperature of the wafer, specifically, by lowering the temperature until the hafnium material can be adsorbed only onto the conductive metal, a film can be selectively formed only on the conductive layer702without being deposited on the interlayer insulating film703.

In this way, after a resistance change layer704has been formed on the side of the conductive layer702earlier than the interlayer insulating film703, a resistance change layer704is formed on the side of the interlayer insulating film703.

Next, as shown inFIG. 14, the resistance change layer704at the bottom of the hole is removed by anisotropic etching. Then, using a CVD method, a conductive layer705is formed in the hole, thereby forming an opposite electrode705to the conductive layer702.

The resistance change layer704at the bottom of the hole is removed to electrically connect a contact hole partially made in the interlayer insulating film701to the opposite electrode705.

By the above manufacturing steps, the conductive layer702and conductive layer705are arranged so as to sandwich the resistance change layer704between them, thereby forming a memory cell array of two-terminal resistance change elements.

3. Operational Advantage

A semiconductor memory device of the first embodiment and a method of manufacturing the same produce at least the following effect in item (1) described below.

(1) It is possible to provide a semiconductor memory device capable of forming a conductive path more stably and a method of manufacturing the same.

As described above, the conductive layer302in the semiconductor memory device of the first embodiment inFIG. 7is arranged medial to the insulating layer303with respect to the cell end in the x direction. Therefore, the conductive layer302is recessed with respect to the insulating layer303and therefore a conductive path formation region is limited within the recessed part. Accordingly, even if the insulating layer303is formed into a thin film, mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically is less, making the conductive path of the memory cell more stable. In other words, the conductive path can be formed homogeneously in all the memory cells. Therefore, stable element characteristics can be obtained.

In the case of the reference example shown inFIG. 5, a plurality of conductive paths have been formed in the resistance change layer304sandwiched between the conductive layer302and conductive layer305and conductive paths have interfered with one another between different memory cells. Therefore, the configuration of the reference example is disadvantageous to miniaturization. In addition, the configuration of the reference example tends to permit the element characteristics to vary and operations to become unstable.

Second Embodiment

Next, a semiconductor memory device according to a second embodiment and a method of manufacturing the same will be explained. In the explanation below, a detailed explanation of what overlaps with the first embodiment will be omitted.

As shown inFIG. 15, an interlayer insulating film301is formed on a substrate (not shown) on which a peripheral circuit23that drives a memory cell array has been formed. On the interlayer insulating film301, a plurality of conductive layers302and a plurality of insulating layers303are stacked repeatedly.

Furthermore, in the second embodiment, the side of the conductive layer302in a hole is arranged so as to be retreated more in an x direction than the side of the insulating layer303, with the side of the insulating layer303being inclined upward in the hole (in a z direction). In other words, the side of the insulating layer303is inclined so as to have a convex shape facing toward the bottom of the hole.

As described above, forming the insulating layer303into a convex shape facing downward enables the conductive path formation region of a resistive layer304to be limited in a part perpendicular to the side of the conductive layer302. Therefore, mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically can be reduced and therefore memory cells can be miniaturized.

In a method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to the second embodiment, first, a stacked structure of a conductive layer702and an insulating layer703is formed using the same manufacturing steps as in the first embodiment.

Next, holes are made in the stacked structure using the same manufacturing step as in the first embodiment. Then, the conductive layer702is retreated medial to the insulating layer703in an x direction with respect to the cell end using the same manufacturing steps described above.

Next, as shown inFIG. 16, the end of the insulating layer703exposed in the hole is irradiated with argon ions or the like to perform ion-beam etching, thereby etching the end of the insulating layer703to form a vertically asymmetric structure whose side looks upward in the hole and whose lower part projects more than its upper part. Although the top end of the insulating layer703has been etched inFIG. 16, the end of the insulating layer703may be irradiated with ions in place of argon ions and the etching shape of the end of the insulating layer703may be controlled into an inverse tapered shape.

The remaining manufacturing steps are virtually the same as in the first embodiment and therefore a detailed explanation of them will be omitted.

The semiconductor memory device of the second embodiment and the method of manufacturing the same produce at least the same effect as that of item (1).

In addition, according to the second embodiment, the conductive layer302is arranged medial to the insulating layer303in the x direction with respect to the cell end and the insulating layer303has a convex shape facing downward in the z direction.

As described above, the insulating layer303is configured to have a convex shape facing downward, enabling the conductive path formation region of the resistive layer304to be limited further. Therefore, the second embodiment has the greater advantage that mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically can be reduced and memory cells can be miniaturized.

Third Embodiment

Next, a semiconductor memory device according to a third embodiment and a method of manufacturing the same will be explained. In the explanation below, a detailed explanation of what overlaps with the first embodiment will be omitted.

As shown inFIG. 17, an interlayer insulating film301is formed on a substrate (not shown) on which a peripheral circuit23that drives a memory cell array has been formed. On the interlayer insulating301, a plurality of conductive layers302and a plurality of insulating layers303are stacked repeatedly. The conductive layer302is arranged so as to be retreated medial to the insulating layer303with respect to the cell end and the side of the conductive layer302is configured to have a convex shape. Specifically, the side of the conductive layer302is formed into almost a hemisphere shape.

Because the side of the conductive layer302has a convex shape as described above, a conductive path can be concentrated at the convex part of the conductive layer302. Therefore, the conductive path formation region can be limited further, enabling mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically to be reduced and memory cells to be miniaturized.

In a method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to the third embodiment, first, a stacked structure of a conductive layer702and an insulating layer703is formed as in the first embodiment. Next, a hole is made in the stacked structure. Then, the conductive layer702exposed in the hole is retreated in an x direction with respect to the insulating layer703.

Next, as shown inFIG. 18, the side of the conductive layer702is heat treated in an oxidation atmosphere by, for example, a thermal oxidation method. This causes a metal oxide layer to grow on the side of the conductive layer702. Specifically, the metal oxide layer grows from the side of the conductive layer702toward the inside of the hole (in the x direction), forming a convex shape320.

In this step, a part of the conductive layer702is oxidized to a resistance change layer704, enabling the resistance change layer704to be formed only in a region in contact with the conductive layer702. Since oxidizing species are supplied, centering on a metallic conductive layer with a greater solid angle, oxidation progresses easily.

As a result, the convex shape320composed of a metal oxide formed on the side of the conductive layer702causes a conductive path to be formed easily near the center of the convex shape320. In addition, since a metal oxide layer320makes a resistance change layer304, a metal oxide layer320can be formed by a CVD method or an ALD method to adjust electrical characteristics.

For example, when the conductive layer702is a silicon film, a pure metal, such as nickel or titanium, is formed by a CVD method and then heat treated, causing the doped silicon film to react with the single metal to form metallic silicide, which enables a convex shape320made of metallic silicide to be formed on the side of the conductive layer702. The formation of metallic silicide involves cubical expansion. Metal is supplied more in a part closer to the center of the conductive layer702, making the reaction progress further and decreasing the effects of stress, which permits the volume to expand easily. As a result, the metallic silicide film takes a convex shape and a conductive path is formed near the center of the convex shape, depending on the shape of the metallic silicide film.

The metallic silicide film may be oxidized further to form a resistance change layer704. Alternatively, a film of a resistance change layer704is further formed so as to be in contact with the metallic silicide film. It goes without saying that both shape control of the insulating layer703and shape control of the conductive layer702may be performed.

The remaining manufacturing steps are basically the same as in the first embodiment and therefore a detailed explanation of them will be omitted.

The semiconductor memory device of the third embodiment and the method of manufacturing the same produce at least the same effect as that of item (1).

In addition, the conductive layer302of the third embodiment is arranged medial to the insulating layer303with respect to the cell end and its side is configured to have a convex shape320. Forming the side of the conductive layer302into a convex shape320enables a conductive path to concentrate in the central part of the convex shape320, enabling the conductive path formation region to be limited further. Therefore, mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically can be reduced, enabling cells to be miniaturized.

Fourth Embodiment

Next, a semiconductor memory device according to a fourth embodiment and a method of manufacturing the same will be explained. In the explanation below, a detailed explanation of what overlaps with the first embodiment will be omitted.

As shown inFIG. 19, in the semiconductor memory device of the fourth embodiment, an interlayer insulating film301is formed on a substrate (not shown) on which a peripheral circuit23that drives a memory cell array has been formed. On the interlayer insulating301, a plurality of conductive layers302and a plurality of insulating layers303are stacked repeatedly, thereby forming a stacked structure. In the stacked structure, a hole is made. The side of each conductive layer302in the hole is arranged medial to the side of the insulating layer303with respect to the cell end. The side of the conductive layer302has a convex shape320as in the third embodiment. In addition, the side of the insulating layer303is inclined upward in the hole (in a z direction) and configured to have a convex shape facing toward the bottom of the hole.

The manufacturing method is basically the same as in each of the above embodiments and therefore a detail explanation will be omitted.

The semiconductor memory device of the fourth embodiment and the method of manufacturing the same produce at least the same effect as that of item (1).

In addition, with the fourth embodiment, a plurality of conductive layers302and a plurality of insulating layers303are stacked repeatedly. The conductive layer302is arranged so as to be retreated medial to the insulating layer303with respect to the cell end. The side of the conductive layer302has a convex shape320and the side of the insulating layer303has a convex shape facing downward in a z direction. Therefore, the conductive path formation region can be limited further, enabling mutual interference of cells adjacent to each other vertically to be reduced. Accordingly, cells can be miniaturized.

Fifth Embodiment

Next, a semiconductor memory device according to a fifth embodiment and a method of manufacturing the same will be explained. In the explanation below, a detailed explanation of what overlaps with the first embodiment will be omitted.

As shown inFIG. 20, in the semiconductor memory device of the fifth embodiment, an interlayer insulating film301is formed on a substrate (not shown) on which a peripheral circuit23that drives a memory cell array has been formed. A conductive layer302and a resistance change layer304are arranged so as to be retreated medial to an insulating layer303in an x direction with respect to the cell end. The resistance change layer304is formed only on the side of a conductive layer302in a concave part configured by two insulating layers303adjacent to each other vertically and the side of the conductive layer302. In other words, the resistance change layer304is arranged only in the concave part medial to the insulating layer303in the x direction with respect to the cell end. An opposite electrode305is brought into direct contact with the side of the insulating layer303and with the resistance change layer304in the concave part. That is, the opposite electrode305has a convex part corresponding to the concave part. Therefore, the convex part of the conductive layer305(BL) is arranged medial to the insulating layer303in the x direction with respect to the cell end.

The manufacturing method is basically the same as in each of the above embodiments and therefore a detail explanation will be omitted.

The semiconductor memory device of the fifth embodiment and the method of manufacturing the same produce at least the same effect as that of item (1).

In addition, with the fifth embodiment, the conductive layer302and resistance change layer304are arranged so as to be retreated medial to the insulating layer303in the x direction with respect to the cell end. The resistance change layer304is formed only in a region in contact with the side of the conductive layer302in the concave part. Moreover, the conductive layer305(BL) is arranged medial to the insulating layer303in the x direction with respect to the cell end. Therefore, the conductive path formation region can be limited more than when the resistance change layer304makes contact with both the conductive layer302and insulating layer303. Accordingly, cells can be miniaturized.

It goes without saying that, even if the configuration of the fifth embodiment is applied to the first to fourth embodiments, this can produce synergistic effects without canceling out each other's effects.