SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DELAY MEASUREMENT IN FRONTHAUL NETWORK USING HARDWARE TIMESTAMPING

An Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) includes: an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) configured to transmit radio signals to user equipment; an O-RAN Distributed Unit (O-DU) configured to perform baseband processing; and a fronthaul network, wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are nodes of the fronthaul network, and wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are configured to communicate over the fronthaul network; wherein the O-DU is configured to transmit a one-way delay measurement message to the O-RU on the fronthaul network, wherein the one-way delay measurement message includes a value that is based on a hardware time stamp that was inserted immediately prior to transmission of the one-way delay measurement message; and wherein the O-RU is configured to transmit a response to the one-way delay measurement message to the O-DU, wherein the response includes a second value that is based on a second hardware time stamp generated when the O-RU received the one-way delay measurement message from the fronthaul network.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to measuring delays in a network. More particularly, the disclosure relates to measuring delays in a front haul network using hardware time stamping.

2. Description of the Related Art

A network may include nodes that are interconnected by a variety of network links. The nodes may transmit various data and messages therebetween. In order to meet certain requirements, the time delay for transmitting the data and messages between the different nodes may need to be maintained within certain thresholds. Accordingly, it can be important to accurately measure the time delay in a network.

It should be noted that the above information of the background is merely provided for clear and complete explanation of the disclosure and for easy understanding for those skilled in the art. No inference should be drawn that any of the above information is known to those skilled in the art.

SUMMARY

Currently, there are no deterministic ways of measuring delay in a fronthaul network. According to certain embodiments, an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) comprises: an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) configured to transmit radio signals to user equipment; an O-RAN Distributed Unit (O-DU) configured to perform baseband processing; and a fronthaul network, wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are nodes of the fronthaul network, and wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are configured to communicate over the fronthaul network; wherein the O-DU is configured to transmit a one-way delay measurement message to the O-RU on the fronthaul network, wherein the one-way delay measurement message includes a value that is based on a hardware time stamp that was inserted immediately prior to transmission of the one-way delay measurement message; and wherein the O-RU is configured to transmit a response to the one-way delay measurement message to the O-DU, wherein the response includes a second value that is based on a second hardware time stamp generated when the O-RU received the one-way delay measurement message from the fronthaul network.

According to certain embodiments, a method for one-way delay measurement comprises: generating a one-way delay measurement message comprising a packet at an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU); inserting a time stamp in an application layer of the packet; inserting a hardware time stamp in a transport layer of the packet; transmitting the one-way delay measurement message immediately after inserting the hardware time stamp, from the O-DU to an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) over a fronthaul network; inserting a second hardware time stamp in the packet immediately after receiving the one-way delay measurement message by the O-RU; generating a response message to the one-way delay measurement message by the O-RU, wherein the response message comprises a second packet; inserting a second time stamp and a value into the second packet by the O-RU, wherein the value is a difference between the second time stamp and the second hardware time stamp; and transmitting the response message from the O-RU to the O-DU over the fronthaul network.

According to certain embodiments, a communication system comprises: a node, configured to: generate a message comprising a packet; insert a time stamp in an application layer of the packet; insert a hardware time stamp in a transport layer of the packet; and transmit the message immediately after inserting the hardware time stamp, over a network to a second node; and the second node, wherein the second node is configured to: receive the message from the node over the network; insert a second hardware time stamp in the transport layer of the packet, immediately after receiving the message; generate a response, wherein the response comprises a second packet; insert a second time stamp and a value in the second packet, wherein the value is a difference between the second time stamp and the second hardware time stamp; and transmit the response to the node over the network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides for determinist delay measurement in the fronthaul network, by using hardware time stamps. The fronthaul network can form a part of a wireless communication system.FIG.1Adiscloses a wireless communication system. The fronthaul network can exist between a Radio Access Network (RAN) of base stations that engage in radio communication with user equipment (UE) and a core network. More specifically, as shown inFIG.1B, the base stations of the RAN include two logical entities-a Radio Unit (RU) such as an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Radio Unit (O-RU), and a Distributed Unit (DU), such as an ORAN Distributed Unit (O-DU). The RU/O-RU is the last node that connects to the UE, while the DU/O-DU connects to the core network. The fronthaul network is between the RU/O-RU and the DU/O-DU as disclosed in bothFIG.1BandFIG.2.

The nodes (RU/O-RU and DU/O-DU) of the fronthaul network may operate with very tight transmission and reception windows. Accordingly, it may be important to routinely measure the network delay.FIGS.3A and3Bdisclose a delay measurement procedure. The delay measurement procedure uses compensation values that account for the delays between initiation of the delay measurement and the actual transmission of a one-way delay measurement message, and actual reception of the one-way delay measurement message and detection of the reception.FIG.4shows a packet used to communicate various times, including the compensation values. InFIG.5, the compensation values are based on hardware time stamps that indicate the time that the one-way delay measurement message is transmitted and received on the fronthaul network.FIGS.6and7describe an O-DU and O-RU that are configured to perform the operations described herein.

As the disclosure allows for various changes and numerous examples, particular embodiments will be illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the written description. However, this is not intended to limit the disclosure to particular modes of practice, and it is to be appreciated that all changes, equivalents, and substitutes that do not depart from the spirit and technical scope of the disclosure are encompassed in the disclosure.

In the description of embodiments, certain detailed explanations of related art are omitted when it is deemed that they may unnecessarily obscure the essence of the disclosure. Also, numbers (for example, a first, a second, and the like) used in the description of embodiments are merely identifier codes for distinguishing one element from another.

Also, in the present disclosure, it will be understood that when elements are “connected” or “coupled” to each other, the elements may be directly connected or coupled to each other, but may alternatively be connected or coupled to each other with an intervening element therebetween, unless specified otherwise.

In the present specification, regarding an element represented as a “unit” or a “module”, two or more elements may be combined into one element or one element may be divided into two or more elements according to subdivided functions. In addition, each element described hereinafter may additionally perform some or all of functions performed by another element, in addition to main functions of itself, and some of the main functions of each element may be performed entirely by another component.

Embodiments of the disclosure will now be sequentially described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG.1Ais a block diagram of a communication system100where certain embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced. The communication system100includes user equipment (UE)105, a radio access network (RAN)110of base stations110′, and a core network115.

The UE105may take on a variety of forms, such as a smartphone, a personal computer (PC), a user device, a smartwatch, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a CD/DVD player, an MP3 player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, a video player, a gaming console, a handheld communications device, a workstation, a router, an access point, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the UE105can comprise an Internet of Things (IoT) device. Moreover, in certain embodiments, the UE105may include, for example, a display, power source, a speaker, microphone, memory, buffers, and a radio. Furthermore, the UE105may be capable of communication with a wireless network, such as a 3G, 4G, or 5G NR network.

The UE105engages in radio transmission with a base station110′ of a RAN110. A base station110′ may include, but is not limited to, a node B (NB) as in the LTE, an evolved node B (eNB) as in the LTE-A, a radio network controller (RNC) as in the UMTS, a base station controller (BSC) as in the GSM/GERAN, a new radio evolved node B (NR eNB) as in the NR, a next generation node B (gNB) as in the NR, and any other apparatus capable of controlling radio communication and managing radio resources within a cell. The base station may connect to serve the one or more UEs through a radio interface to the network.

A base station110′ may be configured to provide communication services according to at least one of the following radio access technologies (RATs): Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM, often referred to as 2G), GSM EDGE radio access Network (GERAN), General Packet Radio Service (GRPS), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS, often referred to as 3G) based on basic wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR, often referred to as 5G), and/or LTE-A Pro. However, the scope of the disclosure should not be limited to the above mentioned protocols.

The base station110′ is operable to provide radio coverage to a specific geographical area using a plurality of cells forming the RAN110. The base station110′ supports the operations of the cells. More specifically, each cell (often referred to as a serving cell) provides services to serve one or more UEs within its radio coverage, (e.g., each cell schedules the downlink and optionally uplink resources to at least one UE within its radio coverage for downlink and optionally uplink packet transmissions). The base station110′ can communicate with one or more UEs in the radio communication system through the plurality of cells.

The core network115can be connected to the Internet, provider networks, the landline network, and other networks. The foregoing networks, in turn can facilitate communication with other UE, servers, and landline phones.

Referring toFIG.1B, the base stations110of the RAN110′ can include radio units (RU)111, and distributed units (DU)112. The RUs111can include the front end of a base station that is co-located with the antenna. The RUs111receive uplink signals from, and transmit downlink signals to, the UEs105. The RUs111can include the transceivers where the radio frequency signals are transmitted, received, modulated, demodulated, amplified, and digitized. The RUs111can host the PHY-Low layer.

The DUs112perform real-time baseband processing functions and can be centralized or located near the cell site. The DUs112work with the lowest layers of the protocol stack, such as the Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium Access Control (MAC), and the Physical (PHY) layers. The DUs112consolidate and process inbound traffic from, or process, break out, and distribute traffic to, multiple RUs111. The DUs112are connected to the core network115via a central unit (not shown).

The communication network between the RUs111and the DUs112is referred to as the fronthaul (FH) network, while communication network between the DUs112and the core network115is referred to as the backhaul network.

In certain embodiments, the RAN110can comprise an Open RAN (O-RAN) in accordance with the O-RAN alliance. The O-RAN Alliance was established with the aim of promoting the openness and improving intelligence of wireless access networks (RAN) in the 5G era. Accordingly, the RU111can comprise an O-RU111and the DU112can comprise an O-DU112. In O-RAN, since the function sharing points of the O-RU111and the O-DU112are placed in the physical (PHY) layer, strict timing accuracy is desirable. For this reason, FH delay management is performed, and a transmission window and a reception window are used. Hereinafter, embodiments using O-RAN will be described with the understanding that the disclosure is not limited to O-RAN.

Referring now toFIG.2, there is a block diagram of reference points for delay management in an O-RAN FH network200in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. The FH network200includes an O-DU112and an O-RU111communicating over a FH network200. The FH network200can have any number of intermediate nodes, and switches, and a transmission from the O-DU112to the O-RU111, and vice versa, can include any number of hops. In the O-RAN FH network200, it is desirable to keep transport delays (uplink and downlink delays) within specified upper and lower bounds to honor receive windows of the O-DU112and the O-RU111.

It shall be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the O-RAN FH interface200. For example, certain embodiments may use from a variety of other nodes besides the O-RU111and O-DU112, including, but not limited to, an Enhanced Common Pubic Radio Interface (eCPRI) radio equipment (eRE), or an eCPRI radio equipment control (eREC). Moreover, certain embodiments may use a different network from a FH network200. Moreover, embodiments are described where the FH network200includes a fiber optic network, with the understanding that the disclosure is not limited to a fiber optic network.

On the downlink, the point R1 represents a port where the O-DU112places a packet on the optical fiber. Point R2 represents a port where the O-RU111receives the packet from the optical fiber. Point Ra represents an antenna of the O-RU111that transmits the packet over the air to the UE105. On the uplink, Point R3 represents a port where the O-RU111places a packet on the optical fiber, and point R4 represents a port where the O-DU112receives the packet from the optical fiber. On the downlink, time T12 is the time delay caused by the optical fiber when the packet is transmitted from R1 of O-DU112to R2 of O-RU111. On the uplink, time T34 is the time delay caused by the optical fiber when the packet is transmitted from R3 of the O-RU111to R4 of the O-DU112.

The Common Public Radio Interface: eCPRI Interface Specification V2.0, (now referred to as the “eCPRI Standard”), which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes, defines delay model latency parameters, T1a, T2a, Ta3, and Ta4. On the downlink, parameter T1a measures the total time delay between transmission of the packet from R1 of the O-DU112to transmission by the antenna of the O-RU111(point Ra) over the air. Parameter T2a measures the time delay between reception of the packet at the O-RU111(point R2) and transmission of the packet by the antenna (point Ra) over the air. On the uplink, parameter Ta4 measures the total time delay between reception of a packet from the antenna (point Ra) of the O-RU111to reception of the packet at R1 of the O-DU112. Parameter Ta3 measures the time delay between reception of the packet from the antenna (point Ra) of the O-RU111to transmission of the packet at point R3 of the O-RU111. The eCPRI Standard defines minimum and maximum windows for the delay model latency parameters, T1a, T2a, Ta3, and Ta4, e.g., T1amin, T1amax, T2amin, T2amax, Ta3 min, Ta3max, Ta4 min, and Ta4max.

To ensure compliance with the minimum and maximum windows for the delay model latency parameters, one of the O-RU111and the O-DU112(the sender) can send a one-way delay measurement message to measure the time delay between the sender and the other one of the O-RU111and the O-DU112(the receiver).

FIG.3Ais a block diagram describing one-way delay measurement on the downlink in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. It is once again noted that although the O-RU111and the O-DU112are depicted, the disclosure is not limited to the foregoing and other nodes can be used. At time t1, the O-DU112initiates measurement of T12 by generating a one-way delay measurement message305. The message can comprise a packet that will be described in more detail inFIG.4.

There is a time difference between generation and transmission of the message305at an application layer, and actual placement of the packet on the optical fiber (point R1) of the FH Network200. For example, if the O-DU is virtualized, the delay is introduced by the virtualization layer, network interface card (NIC) processing time, and the Single Root Input/Output Virtualization (SRIOV) function of the NIC. After a delay of tCV1, that is time=t1+tCV1, the message305is transmitted by the FH Network200to the O-RU111. The message305can include the time stamp t1as well a compensation value to compensate for tCV1.

After a time tDelapses, that is, time=t1+tCV1+tD, the O-RU111receives the message305. However, there is another delay, tCV2, at the O-RU111between arrival of the message305and detection of the message305at the application layer at time t2. At time t2, the O-RU111places a time stamp t2in the message. The O-RU111then creates a response message310which contains the receive time stamp t2and a compensation value to compensate for tCV1. The O-RU111transmits the response message to the O-DU112. When the O-DU112receives the response message310, the O-DU112can calculate tDfrom tD=(t2−tCV2)−(t1+tCV1).

FIG.3Bis a block diagram describing one-way delay measurement on the uplink in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. The O-DU112transmits a one-way delay measurement message with a remote request315. At time t1, the O-RU111initiates measurement of T34 by generating a one-way delay measurement message320. The message can comprise a packet that will be described in more detail inFIG.4.

There is a time difference between generation and transmission of the message320at an application layer, and actual placement of the packet on the optical fiber (point R3) of the FH Network200. For example, if the O-RU is virtualized, the delay is introduced by the virtualization layer, and network interface card (NIC) processing time, and the Single Root Input/Output Virtualization (SRIOV) function of the NIC. After a delay of tCV1, that is time=t1+tCV1, the message320is transmitted by the FH Network200to the O-RU111. The message320can include the time stamp t1as well a compensation value to compensate for tCV1.

After a time to elapses, that is, time=t1+tCV1+tD, the O-RU111receives the message320. However, there is another delay, tCV2, at the O-RU111between arrival of the message320and detection of the message at the application layer at time t2. At time t2, the O-RU111places a time stamp t2in the message. The O-RU111then creates a response message325which contains the receive time stamp t2and a compensation value to compensate for tCV1. The O-RU111transmits the response message325to the O-DU112. When the O-DU112receives the response message325, the O-DU112can calculate tDfrom tD=(t2−tCV2)−(t1+tCV1).

FIG.4is a block diagram of a one-way delay measurement message in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The one-way delay measurement message can comprise 20 bytes as well as L dummy bytes. Byte 0 can indicate the measurement identification (ID) to distinguish between other instances of measurements. Messages associated with one one-way delay measurement can use the same measurement ID. For example, messages305and310ofFIG.3Acan each carry the same measurement ID to indicate that messages305and310are messages related to the same instance of one-way delay measurement. Messages315,320and325can carry the same measurement ID to indicate that messages315,320, and325are related to the same instance of one-way delay measurement.

Byte 1 can indicate whether the message is a request, a response, or remote request. For example, byte 1 of message315may have an identifier indicating that the message is a remote request. Byte 1 of messages305and320may include an identifier indicating that the message is a one-way delay measurement message. Byte 1 of messages310and325may include an identifier indicating that the message is a response to a one-way delay measurement message.

Bytes 2-11 can be used to store time stamps. For example, messages305and320can include a value indicating t1in bytes 2-11. Messages310and325can include a value indicating t2in bytes 2-11.

Bytes 12-19 can be used to store the compensation value for tCV1or tCV2. For example, bytes 12-19 in messages305and320can include a compensation value for tCV1. Bytes 12-19 in messages310and325can include a compensation value for tCV2.

It is noted that an empirically determined estimated value can be used for tCV1and tCV2. For example, the empirically determined estimated value can be determined by taking an average over a large testing sample. However, using an estimate is subject to errors, and does result in a real time, deterministic measurement of the FH delay. Moreover, an instantaneous spike in the actual tCV1and tCV2, cannot be accounted for, because tCV1and tCV2would remain constant.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments of the disclosure, the values indicating tCV1and tCV2can be determined based on hardware time stamps that are inserted immediately when the one-way delay measurement message is transmitted on the FH Network200and received from the FH Network200, e.g., at points R1, R2, R3, and R4.

For example, at the O-DU112, a one-way delay measurement message gets time stamped at an L1 layer, e.g., t1inFIG.3A. Additionally, the one-way delay measurement message also gets time stamped (HW Time Stamp1) by hardware, immediately before the packet is placed on the FH Network200, e.g., at point R1. Accordingly, tCV1can be calculated as follows:

The foregoing more accurately represents the time period between initiating measurement of T12, and transmission of the one-way delay measurement message305.

At the O-RU111, the one-way delay measurement message received from the O-DU112gets another hardware time stamp immediately upon reception, e.g., at point R2, as well as the time stamp t2. Accordingly, tCV2can be calculated as follows:

The foregoing more accurately represents the time period between receipt of the one-way delay measurement message305and detection of receipt of the one-way delay measurement message305.

Accordingly, T12, time delay td, continues to be measured by the following equation:

The measurement is deterministic and in real time, and uses dynamic values for tCV1and tCV2. For example, instantaneous changes in respective delays at the O-DU112and the O-RU111would result in changes in the values for tCV1and tCV2. T1a can be measured as follows:

On the uplink side (FIG.3B), at the O-RU111, the one-way delay measurement message320gets time stamped at the time that measurement of T21 is initiated, t1(to avoid confusion, T31is used). The one-way delay measurement message320also gets time stamped (T32) by the hardware immediately before placement on the FH Network200. Accordingly, a new parameter T3-internal-dalayrepresents the internal delay at the O-RU111. The parameter T3-internal-dalayis calculated as follows:

The one-way delay measurement message320can be updated with T3-internal-dalayand T32. For example, the one-way delay measurement message320can include T3-internal-dalayas the compensation value. The hardware time stamp T32can be placed into field T32-network-delay.

When the O-DU112receives the one-way delay measurement message320, the one-way delay measurement message320gets time stamped by the hardware (T41) and time stamped at the L1 layer, e.g., T42.

Accordingly, a parameter T4-internal-delayindicates an internal delay at O-DU112. Parameter T4-internal-delayis calculated as:

The network delay, T34-network-delay=T41

The effective Ta4 parameter can be calculated as:

Referring toFIG.5, there is illustrated a signal flow diagram describing one way delay measurement in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure. At505, at an application level of the O-DU112A, the O-DU112generates a one-way delay measurement message comprising a packet and inserts a time stamp, t1, into an application layer of the packet. At510, the message comprising the packet is sent for transmission via a NIC112N at the O-DU (O-DU NIC). At515, the O-DU NIC112N inserts a hardware time stamp, HW Time Stamp1, into the transport layer of the packet. In certain embodiments, the O-DU NIC112N can insert and/or replace a compensation value tCV1in the application layer of the packet, wherein, tCV1=HW Time Stamp1−t1.

Immediately after inserting the hardware time stamp, at520, the O-DU transmits the one-way delay measurement request to the O-RU111. In this instance, it shall be understood that “immediately” is subsequent within a period of time such that the HW Time Stamp1substantially reflects the time that the O-DU transmits the one-way delay measurement request. When the one-way delay measurement request is received by a NIC at the O-RU111N, the O-RU NIC111N immediately inserts a hardware time stamp HW Time Stamp2into the transport layer of the packet of the one-way delay measurement request at523. In this instance, it shall be understood that “immediately” is subsequent within a period of time such that the HW Time Stamp2substantially reflects the time that the O-RU NIC111N receives the one-way delay measurement request.

At525, the one-way delay measurement request is received at the application level of the O-RU111A. At530, the O-RU111A generates a response message comprising another packet. At535, the O-RU111A inserts a time stamp t2and a compensation value tCV2into the application layer of the another packet. The compensation value tCV2=t2−HW Time Stamp2. At540, the O-RU transmits the response to the O-DU.

At545, the O-DU determines the time delay td, wherein td=tD=(t2−tCV2)−(t1+tCV1).

FIG.6is a block diagram of an O-DU112in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. The O-DU112can function as a baseband processing unit to handle a high PHY layer, and the MAC and RLC layers with network function virtualization (NFV).

The O-DU112includes a transport NIC605, CPU core and memory610, a data plane development kit (DPDK)615, a Single Root Input/Output Virtualization (SRIOV)620, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)/Hardware Accelerator625, an IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) module630, power supply635, a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)640, and a second transport NIC645.

The CPU core and memory610can include one or more processors and store executable instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to perform any of the actions described herein.

The transport NIC605transmits and receives packets from the FH network200. Additionally, the transport NIC605inserts a hardware time stamp into packets that are received or transmitted on the FH Network200.

FIG.7is a block diagram describing an O-RU111in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure. The O-RU111can be an electronic device that includes a processing subsystem720that includes at least one processor724,728, and at least one memory722,726coupled to the at least one processor724,728. The at least one memory722,726stores instructions executable by the at least one processor724,728to perform functions of the O-RU111. The O-RU111also includes local clock circuitry760and radio-frequency transceivers750to communicate with user equipment105via an antenna. The radio frequency transceivers750may include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers which are independently controllable. In certain embodiments, one of the processors724can comprise a digital signal processor724that receives signals from the RF transceiver750. A fronthaul link interface740couples the O-RU111to the FH network200. In certain embodiments, the fronthaul link interface740can include a NIC.

In certain embodiments, the fronthaul link interface740through the NIC inserts a hardware time stamp in packets that are transmitted on the FH network200. For example, the NIC can selectively insert the hardware time stamps in a transport layer of one-way delay measurement messages. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the fronthaul interface740through the NIC can update the compensation value field with a value that is the difference between the hardware time stamp and the time t1.

It will be appreciated that in certain embodiments, uplink and downlink delays may be split and calculated at several layers, but not as a whole. The foregoing gives a deterministic way to isolate a module or layer that is causing excessive delays and remediating the FH network200in more efficient way. Moreover, since existing FH networks are commonly equipped with hardware time stamping capabilities for PTP, it is convenient to extend existing IEEE 1588 time stamping in the NICs for one-way delay measurement messages.

According to certain embodiments, an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN)110comprises: an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU)111configured to transmit radio signals to user equipment; an O-RAN Distributed Unit (O-DU)112configured to perform baseband processing; and a fronthaul network200, wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are nodes of the fronthaul network, and wherein the O-RU and the O-DU are configured to communicate over the fronthaul network; wherein the O-DU is configured to transmit a one-way delay measurement message305to the O-RU on the fronthaul network, wherein the one-way delay measurement message includes a value that is based on a hardware time stamp (HW Time Stamp1) that was inserted immediately prior to transmission of the one-way delay measurement message; and wherein the O-RU is configured to transmit a response (310) to the one-way delay measurement message to the O-DU, wherein the response includes a second value that is based on a second hardware time stamp (HW Time Stamp2) generated when the O-RU received the one-way delay measurement message from the fronthaul network.

According to certain embodiments, the one-way delay measurement message comprises a packet (FIG.4), the packet comprising a compensation value field, and wherein the compensation value field stores the value.

According to certain embodiments, the response comprises a second packet (FIG.4), the second packet comprising a second compensation value field, and wherein the second compensation value field stores the second value.

According to certain embodiments, the O-DU determines a delay, based at least in part on the value in the compensation value field of the packet and the second value in the second compensation value field of the second packet (FIG.5,545).

According to certain embodiments, the O-DU comprises a Network Interface Card (NIC)605interfacing the O-DU with the fronthaul network, and wherein the NIC generates the hardware time stamp (515), and wherein the O-RU comprises a second NIC740interfacing the O-RU with the fronthaul network, and wherein the second NIC generates the second hardware time stamp (523).

According to certain embodiments, a method for one-way delay measurement, comprises: generating a one-way delay measurement message comprising a packet at an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU) (505); inserting a time stamp in an application layer of the packet (505); inserting a hardware time stamp in a transport layer of the packet (515); transmitting the one-way delay measurement message immediately after inserting the hardware time stamp, from the O-DU to an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU) over a fronthaul network (520); inserting a second hardware time stamp in the packet immediately after receiving the one-way delay measurement message by the O-RU (523); generating a response message to the one-way delay measurement message by the O-RU, wherein the response message comprises a second packet (530); inserting a second time stamp and a value into the second packet by the O-RU, wherein the value is a difference between the second time stamp and the second hardware time stamp (535); and transmitting the response message from the O-RU to the O-DU over the fronthaul network (540).

According to certain embodiments, the method further comprises: determining a delay, based at least in part on the time stamp, the hardware time stamp, the second time stamp, and the compensation value (545).

According to certain embodiments, the method further comprises inserting a second value in the packet by the O-DU, wherein the second value is the difference between the hardware time stamp and the time stamp.

According to certain embodiments, inserting the hardware time stamp comprises inserting the hardware time stamp by a Network Interface Card (NIC) that interfaces the O-DU with the fronthaul network (112N); and inserting the second hardware time stamp comprises inserting the second hardware time stamp by a second NIC that interfaces the O-RU with the fronthaul network (111n).

According to certain embodiments, a communication system100comprising: a node112, configured to: generate a message (505) comprising a packet (FIG.4); insert a time stamp t1in an application layer of the packet (505); insert a hardware time stamp HW Time Stamp1in a transport layer of the packet (515); and transmit (520) the message immediately after inserting the hardware time stamp, over a network200to a second node111; and the second node, wherein the second node is configured to: receive the message from the node over the network; insert a second hardware time stamp in the transport layer of the packet, immediately after receiving the message (523); generate a response, wherein the response comprises a second packet (FIG.4) (530); insert a second time stamp t2and a value in the second packet tCV2, wherein the value is a difference between the second time stamp and the second hardware time stamp (535); and transmit the response to the node over the network (540).

According to certain embodiments, the node is further configured to: insert a second value tCV1in a compensation value field in the application layer of the packet (FIG.4), and wherein the second value is a difference between the hardware time stamp and the time stamp.

According to certain embodiments, the node comprises an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Distributed Unit (O-DU)112.

According to certain embodiments, the second node comprises an O-RAN Radio Unit (O-RU)111.

In certain embodiments, the network comprises a fronthaul network200.

According to certain embodiments, the second node is configured to: insert the value in a compensation value field of the second packet.

According to certain embodiments, the second node inserts the second time stamp in an application layer of the second packet and the value in the compensation value field in the application layer of the second packet.

According to certain embodiments, the node is further configured to: receive the response from the second node over the network (540), and determine a delay based at least in part on the second time stamp, the value in the compensation value field of the second packet, the hardware time stamp, and the time stamp (545).

According to certain embodiments, the node comprises a Network Interface Card (NIC)605configured to generate the hardware time stamp.

According to certain embodiments, the second node comprises a second NIC740configured to generate the second hardware time stamp.

According to certain embodiments, the message comprises a one-way delay measurement message.

The above-described embodiments may be stored as a program in a machine-readable storage medium. The machine-readable storage medium may be provided as a non-transitory storage medium. Here, the ‘non-transitory storage medium’ is a tangible device and means that the storage medium does not include a signal (for example, electromagnetic waves), but this term does not distinguish whether data is stored semi-permanently or temporarily in the storage medium. For example, the ‘non-transitory storage medium’ may include a buffer that temporarily stores data.

According to an embodiment, methods according to the various disclosed embodiments of the disclosure may be provided by being included in a computer program product. The computer program product may be traded as a commodity between a seller and a purchaser. The computer program product may be distributed in the form of a machine-readable storage medium (e.g., compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM)), or be distributed online (e.g., download or upload) via an application store (e.g., Play Store™) or directly between two user devices (e.g., smartphones). When distributed online, at least part of the computer program product (e.g., a downloadable app) may be temporarily generated or at least temporarily stored in a machine-readable storage medium, such as a memory of a manufacturer's server, a server of the application store, or a relay server.