Sample injection valve

A sample injection valve using a member having four ports as a fluid system inlet, a sample injection inlet, a fluid system outlet, and a vent. The valve also uses a fluid sample reservoir and includes a controller for simultaneously connecting the fluid system inlet and outlet and interposing the fluid reservoir between the sample injection inlet and the vent. A switch changes the position of the fluid reservoir to one of interposition between the fluid system inlet and the fluid system outlet.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a novel sample injection valve. 
Separations of fluids are inherent in the liquid chromatographic process. 
Modern fluid or liquid chromatographic systems operate under very high 
pressures ie: up to 10,000 psi. Sample injection for the purpose of 
analysis and testing requires valving arrangements to permit loading and 
injection of the sample, as well as flushing of the sample reservoir. 
Past systems of sample injection have involved the use of six port valves 
in conjunction with syringe injectors. The six port valve of the prior art 
usually included a stator and rotor acting in concert to connect or align 
ports thereon. 
Existing six port valves encounter clogging problems due to the presence of 
particulate matter generated by the relative movement of the rotor and 
stator. It is known that the edges of the ports tend to scrape or spall 
valve facing materials and thus create particulate matter which aids in 
the clogging process hereinbefore described. Also, the mated plastic 
surfaces of the stator and rotor tend to deform under the extremely high 
fluid pressures encountered. Such deformation can lead to leakage and/or 
misdirection of carrier fluids. In addition, many prior valve designs 
suffer from having dead volume spaces which result in the obtaining of 
inaccurate results during the down stream analysis of the fluids. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with the present invention a novel and useful injection valve 
is provided which overcomes many of the problems encountered in the prior 
art. 
The valve of the present invention includes a first member having four 
ports. The first port serves as a fluid system inlet, the second port 
serves as the sample injection inlet, the third port serves as the fluid 
system outlet, and the fourth port serves as a vent. The valve also 
includes means for retaining a fluid sample which may be in the form of a 
loop or tube having a preselected volumetric capacity. 
Control means is further provided for simultaneously connecting the first 
and third ports of the first member and the fluid retaining means to the 
second and fourth ports of the first member. In other words, the control 
means connects the fluid system inlet to the fluid system outlet and 
interposes the fluid retaining means between the second and fourth ports. 
This aspect of the invention permits the loading of a sample in the fluid 
retaining means while the pressurized fluid system is isolated therefrom. 
The control means may further embrace a second member having first, 
second, third, and fourth ports, each port being capable of corresponding 
interconnection with the first, second, third, and fourth ports of the 
first member. Again the fluid sample retaining means would be connected 
between the second and fourth ports of the second member. The invention 
further has shunt means for connecting the first and third ports of the 
second member at a point spaced from the interconnection of the 
interconnection of the first and third ports between the first and second 
members. Such shunt means may take the form of providing the second member 
with a first surface adjacent the first member and a second surface in 
sealing engagement with a third member. The second surface of the second 
member would include a groove formed between the first and third ports. 
The sealing engagement between the second surface of the second member and 
the third member forms a fluid channel between the first and second ports 
of the second member. Thus, the fluid flows from the first port of the 
first member to the first port of the second member found on the first 
surface of the second member, to the shunt means. At this point the fluid 
travels through the channel formed between the second surface of the 
second member and a third member to the third port on the second surface 
of the second member. Finally the fluid completes its journey by traveling 
through the third port to the second surface of the second member and from 
there to the third port of the first member. 
As another element of the invention has means for changing the position of 
the fluid retaining means from connection between the second and fourth 
ports of the first member to connection between the first and third ports 
of the first member. This may be accomplished by also including means for 
moving the second member relative to the first member. Such member moving 
means changes the interconnection of the second and fourth ports of the 
second member from interconnection with the second and fourth ports of the 
first member to interconnection with the first and third ports of the 
first member. Thus, the fluid retaining means positions in the fluid 
stream between the fluid system inlet and the fluid system outlet. In the 
case of a liquid chromatography system the fluid retaining means or loop, 
is placed between a high pressure metering pump and a liquid 
chromatography column. 
The invention as described hereinbefore may be deemed to include a rotor 
composed of the second and third members movable with respect to the first 
member which may be deemed a stator. A housing may be provided to support 
the rotor and stator in adjacent disposition. The relative movement 
between the stator and rotor may be easily accomplished by providing 
handle means affixed to the second member and extending to the exterior of 
the housing. In such case the third member would be affixed to the second 
member for concomitant movement therewith. The fluid retaining means may 
take the form of a loop affixed to the exterior of the third member in 
spaced disposition from the heretofore described second surface of the 
second member. 
The relative movement between the first and second members or the rotor and 
stator may be pivotal. In which case, pivot means is provided, including a 
bearing, which will permit accomplishment of the same. 
The relative movement between the first member and the second member may be 
facilitated by providing said second member with a relatively hard first 
portion surrounding a relatively soft second portion. A second portion 
would have self lubricating characteristics and contain the first, second, 
third, and fourth ports thereof. The ports of the second member may be 
constructed to be of uniform cross-sectional dimensions to eliminate any 
dead volumes therewithin. In addition, the invention may further comprise 
means for blocking the second port of the first member simultaneously with 
the activation of the position changing means. Thus, the sample injection 
port is isolated from the vent port of the first member. This provision is 
extremely useful with an auto-sampler which requires the maintaining of 
pressure therein between injection of various samples to the fluid system. 
It may be apparent that a new and useful sample injection valve has been 
described. 
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a sample 
injection valve for a pressurized fluid system which employs only four 
ports employing movable portions. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a sample injection 
valve useful in a pressurized fluid system which reduces wear between the 
stator and rotor and concurrently reduces the possibility of clogging of 
the ports. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a sample injection 
valve useful in pressurized fluid systems which is simpler in construction 
than the prior art valves and is less expensive to construct. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a sample 
injection valve useful in pressurized fluid systems which has a variety of 
sample reservoirs which are easily accessible and interchangeable with 
each other. 
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a sample 
injection valve useful in pressurized fluid systems which is reliable 
under typical high pressure liquid chromatography conditions, including 
compatibility with auto samplers. 
The invention possesses other objects and advantages especially as concerns 
particular features and characteristics thereof, which will become 
apparent as the specification continues.

Various aspects of the present invention will evolve from the following 
detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof which should be 
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
For a better understanding of the invention, references made to the 
following detailed description. 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The invention as a whole is represented in the drawings by reference 
character 10 and includes as one of its elements a first member 12. As 
illustrated on FIG. 1, first member 12 includes first port 14 which serves 
as a fluid system inlet. In the case of a liquid chromatography system 
port 14 would serve as a conduit for the output of a high pressure 
metering pump, not shown. Second port 16 of first member 12 is the sample 
injection inlet. Likewise, third port 18 of first member 12 acts as the 
fluid system outlet which normally feeds into a packed column when 
employed in a liquid chromatography system. Fourth port 20 of first member 
12 functions as a vent to the external atmosphere. Each port of first 
member 12 is similar in construction. Using fourth port 20 of first member 
12 as an example, FIG. 2, it is apparent that one end portion of each port 
includes an internally threaded fitting 22 which tapers into a funnel 
shaped intermediate portion 24 and terminates into an end portion 26, an 
opening of substantially uniform diameter. Opening 26 may be circular in 
cross-sectional configuration and have a diameter of approximately a 
quarter of a millimeter in many high pressure systems. It should be 
apparent that each input to each threaded portion of the ports of first 
member 12 would include corresponding externally threaded fittings for 
engagement thereof, not shown. 
The valve 10 further includes, as one of its elements, control means 30 
which simultaneously connects first port 14 to third port 18 of member 12. 
Control means 30 also connects fluid retaining means 32 to second port 16 
and fourth port 20 of member 12. Fluid retaining means 30 will be more 
fully described as the specification continues. 
Control means 30 may take the form of a rotor 34 which is movable in 
relation to a stator 36 which is essentially member 12. Rotor 34, FIGS. 2, 
3, and 4, may embrace a second member 38 having first port 40, second port 
42, third port 44, and fourth ports 46, which are capable of corresponding 
interconnection with ports 14, 16, 18, and 20 of first member 12, FIG. 1. 
As shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, first port 14 of member 12 connects to 
first port 40 of second member 38. Similarly, ports 16 and 42, 18 and 44, 
and 20 and 46, also interconnect. Such interconnection of the various 
ports is intended to mean fluid interconnection such that the fluids may 
freely pass from one port to the corresponding aligned port. Second member 
also includes shunt means 48 which is located a selected distance from the 
interface between first member 12 and second member 38 at surfaces 50 and 
52 thereof. Shunt means 48 may externalize in a groove 54 on surface 56 of 
second member 38. A third member 58, FIGS. 2 and 3, has a surface 60 which 
sealingly engages surface 56 of second member 38. Thus groove 54 becomes a 
fluid channel between first port 40 and third port 44 of second member 38, 
FIG. 4. 
Second member 38 may be constructed in the form of a relatively hard first 
portion 62 which may be constructed of metals such as, but not limited to 
stainless steel, and a relatively soft second portion 64 which contains 
ports 40, 42, 44, and 46. First portion 62 surroundingly engages second 
portion 64 which is held rigidly in place by pins 66 and 68 emanating from 
third member 58, FIGS. 3 and 4. It should be noted that second member 38 
and third member 58 are rigidly fixed to one another. Inner portion 64 of 
second member 38 may be constructed of Teflon, Kel-f or other materials 
possessing self lubricating characteristics. Thus, surface 52 of second 
member 38 may be formed as part of inner portion 64 and therefore, exhibit 
lubricating properties against relatively hard surface 50 of member 12. 
Fastening means 70 securely holds second member 38 to third member 58. 
The valve 10 also has as one of its elements means 72 for changing the 
position of fluid retaining means 32 from connection between ports 16 and 
20 of first member 12 to connection between ports 14 and 18 of the same. 
Such means may take the form of handle means 74 for moving second member 
38 in relation to first member 12. Such movement would change the position 
of ports 42 and 46 of second member 38 from interconnection with ports 16 
and 20 of first member 12 to interconnection with ports 14 and 18 of first 
member 12. The embodiment illustrated in the drawings depicts this 
movement as being rotary about pivot 76. Bearing 77 aids the rotary motion 
of second member 38 in relation to first member 12. 
Fluid sample retaining means 32 may take the form of third member 58 having 
a first port 78 and a second port 80 being similar in construction to 
fourth port 20 of first member 12, hereinbefore described. As shown in 
FIG. 2, a fluid sample retaining means 32 includes threaded fittings 82 
and 84 located on the terminals of a reservoir 86. Reservoir 86 may take 
the form of a tubular loop which may be selectively sized to hold a 
desired volume of fluid sample. Fluid sample retaining means 32 possesses 
the characteristic of having easily interchangeable reservoirs 86. As 
shown in the drawings, port 78 and 80 of third member 58 interconnect with 
ports 42 and 46 of FIG. 4. 
A housing 88 supports rotor 34 and stator 36 in adjacent disposition. 
Housing 88 is formed from a body 90 which mounts to a portion of first 
member 12 by fastening means 92. Third member 58 includes O-ring 94 for 
sealing engagement to body 90. Clamp 94 including fastening means 96 
encloses the bottom portion of third member 58. Dowell pin 100 moves in a 
restricted manner within slot 98, thus defining the movement of rotor 34. 
In operation, FIGS. 5 and 6, the user connects the fluid inlet and outlet 
to ports 14 and 18 of first member 12, also, a sample injection device, 
not shown, is connected to port 16 of first member 12. Rotor 34 consisting 
of second and third members, 38 and 58, is aligned such that ports 40, 42, 
44, and 46 of second member 38 correspondingly interconnect and align with 
ports 14, 16, 18, and 20 of stator 36. At this point it may be seen that 
the fluid inlet or pump enters port 14, travels through port 40, shunt 48, 
and port 44 to the fluid outlet or column port 18 of first member 12. The 
pressurized fluid system is free to flow in this mode. At the same time, a 
sample may be injected through port 16, into port 42 to fluid sample 
retaining means 32. Unwanted fluids or gasses are forced through port 78, 
46, and 20 to the external atmosphere. Turning to FIG. 6 we see that 
rotation of rotor 34 in the direction of arrow 102 has caused realignment 
and therefore reconnection of the ports. A fluid inlet port 14 now causes 
the fluid sample within the fluid sample retaining means to flow to the 
fluid outlet or column via ports 14, 44, 78, 80, 42, and 18. It may be 
seen also that such rotation brings into play means 104 for blocking port 
16 of stator 36 or first member 12. In other words, ports 40 and 44 
interconnected to shunt means 48 are isolated by face 50 of first member 
12. Means 104 may be used to control the action of auto samplers which can 
be connected to port 16. 
While in the foregoing specification embodiments of the invention have been 
set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete 
disclosure of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary 
skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without 
departing from the spirit and principals of the invention.