Insect repellent and attractant compositions and methods for using same

Described is (i) a method of repelling Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae) or Aedes aegyptae for a finite period of time from a three-dimensional space inhabitable by Musca domnestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae) or Aedes aegyptae consisting essentially of the step of exposing a three-dimensional space to an effective Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae) or Aedes aegyptae-repelling concentration and quantity of a geraniol-containing composition consisting essentially of 50-100% of geraniol with the remainder of the composition being a compound selected from the group consisting of citronellol and nerol and (ii) a method of attracting Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae) or Aedes aegyptae using lavender absolute, benzoin, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, jasmine absolute, racemic borneol, d-limonene and/or dihydrolinalool. The attractants taken alone or in combination find utility primarily as bait enhancers for acute toxins and/or trapping devices. The above-stated attractants and repellents are described to be useful as such or contained in a polymer which can be a biodegradable polymer such as compositions containing a major proportion of poly(epsilon caprolactone) homopolymers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to the use of geraniol-containing compositions 
consisting essentially of from 50-100% by weight of geraniol having the 
structure: 
##STR1## 
with the remainder of the composition being a compound selected from the 
group consisting of citronellol having the structure: 
##STR2## 
and nerol having the structure: 
##STR3## 
as repellents against house flies (Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) 
and mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
This invention also relates to the use of the compounds: 
lavender absolute; 
bezoin having the structure: 
##STR4## 
dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate having the structure: 
##STR5## 
jasmine absolute; racemic borneol having the structure: 
##STR6## 
d-limonene having the structure: 
##STR7## 
and dihydrolinalool having the structure: 
##STR8## 
taken alone or taken together as attractants for house flies (Musca 
domnestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
This invention also relates to the use of such compounds and compositions 
of matter in insect repellents, soaps, insect traps and the like wherein, 
the compositions of matter are used as such or in combination in control 
release systems with polymers such as biodegradable polymers. 
Unsaturated alcohols including 1-octen-4-ol and 1-nonen-3-ol are known with 
respect to controlling insects and 1-octen-4-ol and 1-nonen-3-ol are 
disclosed to be so useful in repelling Musca domestica 
L.(Diptera:Muscidae) and Aedes aegyptae in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,367 issued 
on Aug. 16, 1988 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,711 issued on Jun. 2, 1992. 
Several unsaturated alcohols have been found to attract insects and others 
have been found to repel such insects. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 4,152,442 
issued on May 1, 1979 sets forth 6-nonen-1-ol in a composition of matter 
used as an attractant for the male Mediterranean fruit fly. 
Chem.Abstracts, Volume 103, No. 71086p concerns the synthesis of 
(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol land its acetate as pheromone components of the 
Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta). This is an abstract of the 
article in Acta Chem. Scan. Ser. B, 1985, B39(4), pages 267-72. U.S. Pat. 
No. 4,364,931 issued on Dec. 21, 1982 discloses the use of 
9(Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate in attracting male white-line dart moths. 
Chem.Abstracts, Volume 80, 1974, at No. 117098f discloses the use of 
trans-6-nonen-1-ol acetate as an ovipositional attractant and stimulant of 
the melon fly. U.S. Pat. No. No. 2,254,665 issued on Sep. 1, 1941, on the 
other hand, discloses the use of aliphatic alcohols having from 10 to 14 
carbon atoms to repel insects. Examples of the aliphatic alcohols of U.S. 
Pat. No. No. 2,254,665 are all saturated alcohols, to wit: 
dodecyl alcohol; 
octyl alcohol; 
hexadecyl alcohol; 
tetradecyl alcohol; and 
undecyl alcohol. 
U.S. Pat. No. 2,254,665 fails to disclose the use of unsaturated alcohols 
in insect repellent compositions. 
Chem.Abstracts, Volume 74, 1974, at No. 99419f discloses various nonenyl 
acetates as attractants for female melon flies (abstract of J.Med.Chem. 
1971, 14(3), pages 236-9) including trans-2-nonen-1-yl acetate. 
On the other hand, Beroza, Materials Evaluated As Insecticides, Repellents 
and Chemosterilants at Orlando and Gainesville, Fla., 1952-1964. 
Agriculture Handbook No. 340, published by The Agricultural Research 
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, August, 1967 discloses the 
following items 5443-5452 as insect repellents (on a scale of 1-10) as 
follows: 
Item 5443-3-phenyl-2-octen-1-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from cloth 
at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5444-2,6-dimethyl-4-octen-3-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5445-3,6-dimethyl-5-octen-3-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5446-3-6-dimethyl-5-octen-3-ol acetate repels the yellow fever 
mosquito from cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5447-2,7-dimethyl-5-octen-4-ol acetate repels the yellow fever 
mosquito from cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5448-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "2" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5449-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol carbanilate repels the yellow fever 
mosquito from cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5450-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-2-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5451-3,6-dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "1" on a scale of 1-10. 
Item 5452-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol repels the yellow fever mosquito from 
cloth at a level of "2" on a scale of 1-10. 
Beroza, Agriculture Handbook No. 340 at Item 7977 indicates that undecyl 
alcohol acetate has insect repelling properties as follows: 
Yellow fever mosquito: "1" on a scale of 1-10 
Tick at a level of "2" on a scale of 1-10. 
European Published Patent Application 478,846 (abstracted at 
Chem.Abstracts, Volume 116:250531v discloses the use of borneol as an 
"environmentally friendly" ant repellent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,081 issued 
Sep. 27, 1988 and corresponding European Application 275,085 discloses as 
an example of a contact insect repellent against cockroaches and other 
crawling insects, citronellol, geraniol, nerol and butyl hydroxy anisole 
and mixtures thereof (column 2, lines 31-39). Chem.Abstracts, Volume 
105:204742q discloses that compounds from the leaves of bay (Laurus 
nobilis L. ) are useful repellents for Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and 
these compounds include, inter alia, geraniol when present at 50 ppm. 
Chem.Abstracts, Volume 113:110945w (abstract of Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 
02/67202) discloses that, inter alia, linalool. geraniol, citronellol and 
nerol are repellent when incorporated into porous inorganic microcapsules 
against cockroaches, slugs, ants, etc. Chem.Abstracts, Volume 104:30390k 
discloses the repellency against house flies of citronellol. 
However, attractancy of geraniol towards certain insect genuses is 
disclosed in "Handbook of Insect Pheromones and Sex Attractants", Mayer, 
et al, CRC Press, 1991 at pages 708, 709, 866 and 867. 
Biodegradable polymers containing insect repellents including polymers 
containing at least a major proportion of poly(epsilon caprolactone) 
homopolymers are disclosed by Munteanu, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,467 
issued on Jan. 29, 1985, U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,613 issued on Sep. 4, 1984 
and U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,764 issued on Oct. 22, 1985. 
Referring back to Beroza, Materials Evaluated As Insecticides, Repellents 
And Chemosterilants at Orlando and Gainesville, Fla., 1952-1964 (cited, 
supra) Beroza discloses that the compound having the structure: 
##STR9## 
taken in admixture with the compound having the structure: 
##STR10## 
have repellency against the yellow fever mosquito on cloth at a level of 
"2" on a scale of 1-10. 
PCT Application 91/15118 published on Oct. 17, 1991 (Beldock, et al) 
alleges the use of a mixture of geraniol in combination with terpineol, 
citronella and rhodenol extract as repellent against ticks and biting 
flies including mosquitoes and black flies. It is alleged in PCT 
Application 91/15118 that the composition of matter TREO.RTM. containing: 
0.06% terpineol; 
0.05% citronella; 
0.08% rhodenol extract; and 
0.06% geraniol 
is such a useful insect repellent composition. 
Prior art published prior to the invention followed by reduction to 
practice of the invention of the instant patent application does not teach 
applicants' invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to the use of geraniol-containing compositions which 
contain 50-100% by weight geraniol having the structure: 
##STR24## 
and the remainder of the composition being a compound selected from the 
group consisting of citronellol having the structure: 
##STR25## 
and nerol having the structure: 
##STR26## 
as insect repellents against house flies (Musca domestica 
L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
This invention also relates to the use of one or more of the materials: 
Lavender absolute, Benzoin having the structure: 
##STR27## 
Dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate having the structure: 
##STR28## 
Jasmine absolute; Racemic borneol having the structure: 
##STR29## 
d-limonene having the structure: 
##STR30## 
and/or Dihydro linalool having the structure: 
##STR31## 
as attractants for house flies (Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) and 
mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
Our invention also relates to the use of the foregoing insect repellent 
compositions in personal soap compositions, for example, the insect 
repellent soap composition described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,496 issued on 
Nov. 17, 1987, the specification for which is incorporated by reference 
herein. Thus, in applying the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,496 to our 
invention, a topical insect repellent soap composition and a method of 
protection using such a composition is described where the insect 
repellent soap composition comprises: 
(i) from 63.0 up to 99.5% by weight of a soap mixture containing from 4.1 
to 7% by weight of a soap of caprylic acid, from 3.8 to 7% of a soap of 
capric acid, from 32.1 to 45% of a soap of lauric acid, from 12 to 17.5% 
by weight of a soap of myristic acid, from 5.0 up to 10% by weight of a 
soap of palmitic acid, from 1.6% to 3% by weight of a soap of stearic 
acid, from 3.5 to 5% by weight of a soap of oleic acid and from 0.9 to 5% 
by weight of a soap of linoleic acid; 
(ii) from 0.1 up to 2% by weight of C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 is straight chain 
fatty acids. 
(iii) from 10 up to 30% by weight of one of the geraniol-containing 
compositions of our invention as set forth, supra, and 
(iv) from 0.2 up to 5% by weight of an effective residual insecticide as 
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,496. 
Other insect repellent soaps can be produced by adding a 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention to one or more of the 
compositions described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,909 issued on 
Jun. 12, 1984 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,010 the specifications for which are 
incorporated by reference herein. Described in said U.S. Pat. No. 
4,453,909 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,010 is a process for making a tablet of 
saop containing a perfume containing core, hollow or solid fabricated from 
a hard plastic material either thermosetting or thermoplastic. The soap 
from the resulting composite tablet is useable until the core is washed 
clean and contains functional ingredients, e g., the repellents described, 
supra, and optionally, aromatizing agent until the core is washed clean. 
This obviates the wastage of soap which normally occurs as a conventional 
soap tablet becomes very thin on use and at the same time gives rise to a 
continuously functional ingredient containing soap, (e.g., repellent and 
optionally aromatizing agent) tablet. Thus, this invention also relates to 
detergent bars having a plastic core containing a geraniol-containing 
composition and optionally, a perfume. More particularly, this invention 
relates to detergent bars intended for conventional toilet soap uses 
either as hand soaps or bath or shower soaps which are elastic or 
inelastic in nature but which contain a solid plastic core containing 
insect repellent and optionally perfume giving them unique properties 
which alleviate wastage thereof and causes the environment surrounding the 
soap on use thereof to be both insect repellent and optionally aromatized 
in an aesthetically pleasing manner. 
Yet another aspect of our invention relates to the use of the 
geraniol-containing repellents of our invention taken further in 
combination with N-(methyl toluyl)-methyl piperidines defined according to 
the structure: 
##STR32## 
as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,463,855 issued on Aug. 26, 1969, the 
specification for which is incorporated by reference herein. The compounds 
defined according to the structure: 
##STR33## 
include: N-(meta-toluyl)-2-methylpiperidine; 
N-(meta-toluyl)-3-methylpiperidine; and 
N-(meta-toluyl)-4-methylpiperidine. 
The proportions of compounds defined according to the structure: 
##STR34## 
to the geraniol-containing composition described, supra, are between about 
1 part N-(meta-toluyl) methylpiperidine:99 parts geraniol-containing 
composition of our invention down to 99 parts geraniol-containing 
composition of our invention:1 part N-(meta-toluyl)-methylpiperidines. 
In addition, the compositions useful in repelling insects of our invention 
can also contain 1-nonen-3-ol described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. Nos. 
4,693,890 and 4,759,228 issued on Jul. 26, 1988, the specifications for 
which are incorporated by reference herein. The ratio of 
1-nonen-3-ol:geraniol-containing composition of our invention useful in 
repellent compositions may vary from about 1 part 1-nonen-3-ol:99 parts 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention down to 99 parts 
1-nonen-3-ol:1 part geraniol-containing composition of our invention. 
In addition to the soap fabrication, another aspect of our invention 
relates to the formation of repelling articles containing the 
geraniol-containing compositions of our invention, that is, articles 
useful for repelling house flies (Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) or 
mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae) in combination with compatible polymers which 
may or may not be biodegradable (for example, high density polyethylene or 
low density polyethylene, or biodegradable polymers such as biodegradable 
thermoplastic polyurethanes as disclosed in Japan Kokki Tokyo Koho 
92/13710 (abstracted at Chem.Abstracts Volume 116:236374q), biodegradable 
ethylene polymers having ester linkages in the main chain such as that 
disclosed by Japan Kokki Tokyo Koho 92/50224 (abstracted at Chem.Abstracts 
Volume 116:236397z), biodegradable ethylene polymers disclosed by Japan 
Kokki Tokyo Koho 92/50225 (abstracted at Chem.Abstracts Volume 
116:126398a) and poly(epsilon caprolactone) homopolymers and compositions 
containing same as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,496,467; 4,469,613 and 
4,548,764 the specifications for which are incorporated herein by 
reference). Thus, another aspect of our invention provides a process for 
forming geraniol composition containing polymeric particles such as foamed 
polymeric pellets which include a relatively high concentration of the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention as defined, supra. 
Thus, another aspect of our invention relates to the formation of 
geraniol-containing composition polymeric pellets by means of introduction 
into a single or twin screw extruder, in series, a thermoplastic polymer 
followed by the geraniol-containing composition of our invention which is 
compatible with the thermoplastic polymer, in turn, (optionally) followed 
by introduction of gaseous blowing agent or blowing agent which will 
produce a gas which is inert to the polymer and to the geraniol-containing 
composition previously introduced into the extruder. 
The advantages of using a foamed polymeric particle are multiple, to wit: 
improved handling; 
greater retention of the geraniol-containing composition when not in use; 
greater length of time during which the release of the geraniol-containing 
composition of our invention from the polymer is at "steady state" or "0 
order". 
The nature of the extruder utilized in the process of our invention to form 
the geraniol-containing composition-containing polymer particles of our 
invention may be either single screw or double screw. Thus, the types of 
extruder that can be used are disclosed at pages 246-267 and 332-349 of 
the Modern Plastics Encylopedia, 1982-1983, published by the McGraw-Hill 
Publishing Company, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference 
herein. More specifically, examples of extruders which are useable in 
carrying out one of the processes of our invention (with modification for 
introduction of the geraniol-containing compositions of our invention) 
downstream from the introduction of the polymer and with further 
modification that the gaseous blowing agent is introduced still further 
downstream from the point of introduction of the geraniol-containing 
composition of our invention are as follows: 
1. The Welex "Super Twinch" 3.5" extruder manufactured by Welex 
Incorporated, 850 Jolly Road, Blue Bell, Pa. 19422; 
2 Krauss-Maffei twin screw extruder manufactured by the Krauss-Maffei 
Corporation/Extruder Division, 3629 West 30th Street South, Wichita, Kans. 
67277; 
3. Modified Sterling model 4000 and 5000 series extruder manufactured by 
Sterling Extruder Corporation of 901 Durham Avenue, South Plainfield, 
N.J.; 
4. CRT ("Counter-Rotating Tangential"), Twin Screw Extruder manufactured by 
Welding Engineers, Inc. of King of Prussia, Pa. 19406; 
5. The Leistritz Twin Screw Dispersion Compounder manufactured by the 
American Leistritz Extruder Corporation of 198 U.S. Route 206 South, 
Somerville, N. J. 08876; 
6. The ZSK Twin Screw Co-Rotating Extruder manufactured by the Werner & 
Pfleiderer Corporation of 663 East Crescent Avenue, Ramsey, N. J. 07446; 
7. The Farrel Extruder manufactured by Farrel Connecticut Division, Emhart 
Machinery Group, Ansonia, Conn. 06401; 
8. The MPC/V Baker Perkins Twin Screw Extruder manufactured by the Baker 
Perkins Inc. Chemical Machinery Division of Saginaw, Mich. 48601; and 
9. The Berstorff single screw, twin screw, or foam extrusion equipment 
manufactured by Berstorff Corporation, P.O. Box 240357, 8200-A Arrowing 
Blvd., Charlotte, N.C. 28224. 
In producing the geraniol-containing composition-containing polymer 
particles of our invention, various polymers may be utilized, for example, 
low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, the 
co-polymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, and polyvinyl chloride. More 
specifically, the polymers used in the practice of our invention may be 
co-polymers of ethylene and a polar vinyl monomer selected from (a) vinyl 
acetate; (b) ethyl acrylate; (c) methyl acrylate; (d) butyl acrylate and 
(e) acrylic acid including the hydrolyzed co-polymer of ethylene and vinyl 
acetate. Preferred co-polymers are ethylene/vinyl acetate with about 9 to 
60% vinyl acetate and ethylene/ethyl acrylate with about 6 to 18% ethyl 
acrylate. 
Resins of the type disclosed for use as co-polymers are commerically 
available in the molding powder form; for example, ethylene vinyl acetate 
co-polymers are marketed by the E. I. duPont Nemours Company under the 
tradename "ELVAX.RTM. and by the Arco Polymer Division under the trademark 
"DYLAND.RTM. and by the Exxon Corporation of Linden, N.J. under the 
trademark "DEXXON.RTM.. Ethylene/ethyl acrylate co-polymers are marketed 
by Union Carbide Corporation under the trademark "EEA RESIN.RTM.. 
The polymer is added to the single screw or twin screw extruder at a feed 
rate in the range of from about 80 up to about 300 pounds per hour while 
maintaining the temperature of the screw extruder between about 
160.degree. C. and about 240.degree. C. If the polymer or co-polymer 
powder is added to the extruder at a reference "barrel segment", then the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention is added to the extruder 
under pressure downstream from the retention point of the polymer at one 
or more of "barrel segments" (S-2, S-3, S-5, S-6, S-7, S-8 or 
S-9)(referring to FIG. 9 briefly described, supra, and described in 
detail, infra). 
The proportion of geraniol-containing composition (taken further together 
with other insect repelling materials, if desired) to resin can vary from 
small but effective amounts on the order of about 1% of the weight of the 
resin body up about 45% by weight of the resin body. In general, it is 
preferred to use between about 5% up to about 30% based on the weight of 
the resin body of insect repellent composition of our invention. This is 
an optimum amount balancing the proportion of the insect repellent 
composition of our invention against the time period over which the 
article emits the insect repellent composition and against the tendency of 
the components of the insect repellent composition to oil out either 
individually or in combination. This "oiling out" is specifically avoided 
as a result of the use of the foaming agent discussed, infra. 
Various polymers are useful in the practice of our invention. Specific 
examples of polymers useful in the practice of our invention are as 
follows: 
(a) DYLAN.RTM. brand of low density polyethylene DYLAN.RTM. is a trademark 
owned by the Atlantic Richfield Company of Los Angeles, Calif.; 
(b) DYLITE.RTM. of expandable polystyrene composition, DYLITE.RTM. is a 
trademark of Atlantic Richfield Company of Los Angeles, Calif.; 
(c) SUPER DYLAN.RTM. is a trademark of the Atlantic Richfield Company of 
Los Angeles, Calif.; 
(d) Blended polyethylene and carbon black as specifically taught in U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,369,267 issued on Jan. 18, 1983, the specification for which is 
incorporated by reference herein; 
(e) Polystyrene as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. No. 4,369,227 issued on Jan. 
18, 1983, the specification for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(f) Polyene/alpha-olefin as exemplified and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,369,291, the specification for which is incorporated by reference 
herein; 
(g) Poly-alpha-olefins as exemplified in Canadian Pat. No. 1,137,069 issued 
on Dec. 7, 1982, the specification for which is incorporated by reference 
herein; 
(h) Polymeric compositions as disclosed in Canadian Letters Patent No. 
1,137,068 issued on Dec. 7, 1982, the specification for which is 
incorporated by reference herein; 
(i) Poly-alpha-olefins disclosed in Canadian Letters Patent No. 1,137,067, 
the specification for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(j) Polyolefins described in Canadian Letters Patent No. 1,137,066, the 
specification for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(k) Polyethylene oxides as disclosed in Canadian Letters Patent No. 
1,137,065 issued on Dec. 7, 1982, the specification for which is 
incorporated by reference herein; 
(l) Olefin polymers and co-polymers as disclosed in Canadian Letters Patent 
No. 1,139,737, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference 
herein. Canadian Letters Patent No. 1,139,737 was issued on Jan. 18, 1983; 
(m) Polyolefins disclosed in Canadian Letters Patent No. 1,139,738, the 
disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Canadian Letters 
Patent No. 1,139,738 was issued on Jan. 18, 1983; 
(n) Chlorinated PVC as disclosed in Polymer 1982, 23 (7, Suppl.), 1051-6 
abstracted at Chem.Abstracts Volume 97:14550y, 1982; 
(o) Polyepsilon caprolactone co-polymers made by means of alcohol initiated 
polymerization as disclosed in J.Polym.Sci.Polym.Chem.Ed. 1982, 20(2), 
pages 319-26, abstracted at Chem.Abstracts, Volume 96:123625x, 1982; 
(p) Styrene acrylonitrile co-polymers as disclosed in Diss. Abstracts Int. 
B, 1982, 42(8), 3346 and abstracted at Chem.Abstractss Volume 96:143770n, 
(1982); 
(q) Co-polymers of epsilon caprolactone with 1,4-butane diol as disclosed 
at Kauch Rezine, 1982, (2), 8-9, abstracted at Chem.Abstracts Volume 
96:182506g (1982); 
(r) Polyesters as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,010, the specification 
for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(s) Chlorinated polyethylene as disclosed by Belorgey, et al, 
J.Polym.Sci.Plym.Ed. 1982, 20(2), 191-203; 
(t) Plasticized polyepsilon caprolactone co-polymers containing dimethyl 
phthalate plasticizers as set forth in Japanese Patent No. J81/147844, 
abstracted at Chem. Abstracts Volume 96:69984y (1982), the specification 
for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(u) Maleic anhydride modified adducts of polyepsilson caprolactone polyols 
and ethylenically unsaturated monomer as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,137,279 issued on Jan. 30, 1979, the specification for which is 
incorporated by reference herein; 
(v) Polyurethane polymers having lactone backbones as disclosed in U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,156,067 issued on May 22, 1979, the disclosure of which is 
incorporated by reference herein; 
(w) Polyurethane polyether resins wherein the resin is obtained by reacting 
a polyfunctional lactone with a long chain polyalkylene diol and a 
urethane precursor as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,550 issued on Mar. 
10, 1981, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein; and 
(x) Resins having polyurethane backbones as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 
3,975,350 issued on Aug. 17, 1976, the disclosure of which is incorporated 
by reference herein. 
Examples of poly(epsilon caprolactone) homopolymers as set forth, for 
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,467 are those having the structures: 
##STR35## 
and 
##STR36## 
wherein n represents an integer of from about 500 up to about 1200 with 
the proviso that the average "n" varies from about 600 up to about 800. 
Downstream from the addition point of the geraniol-containing composition 
of our invention taken alone or taken together with other insect repellent 
agents and fragrance materials, optionally, the gaseous or liquid 
containing blowing agent may be added (e.g., at "barrel segments" (S-5, 
S-6, S-7, S-8, S-9 or S-10) using the polymer addition "barrel segment" as 
a refrence "barrel segment" S-1. Examples of the gaseous blowing agents 
are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in 
proportions of from 1 up to 99% by volume nitrogen and from 99 down to 1% 
by volume carbon dioxide, helium, mixtures of helium and nitrogen, 
mixtures of helium and carbon dioxide and other gases which are inert at 
the temperature and pressure of the polymer at the time of the extrusion 
operation. Thus, gas containing oxygen or other reactive gases, e.g., 
hydrogen, should be avoided. The pressure of the gas blowing agent being 
added to the extruder at the point of addition may vary from about 80 to 
about 150 psig. Higher pressures may be used without adversely affecting 
the usefulness of the foamed insect repellent composition-containing 
particle. 
The feed rate range of insect repellent composition-containing but not 
limited to the geraniol-containing compositions of our invention, may be 
between about 0.5% up to about 45% by weight of the polymer. 
The dies of the extruder may create rod, sheet, film or ribbon. The 
resulting product may then, if desired, be pelletized to form insect 
repellent composition-containing polymer particles or the ribbon may be 
used "as is" as an insect repellent-containing polymeric article of 
manufacture itself. 
In addition to the optional gaseous blowing agents (which are necessarily 
"inert" gases), blowing agents may be added at the same point on the 
extruder which will create gaseous voids in the insect 
repellent-containing polymer articles of our invention and these "blowing 
agents" are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art. Examples 
of such non-gaseous containing materials which yield gases on admixture 
with the polymer in the extruder but which are still insert to the insect 
repellent (or attractant as the case may be) are as follows: 
(i) Under high pressure, ethylene, methane, propane, butane, propylene, 
methyl chloride, methyl bromide, vinyl chloride and methylene dichloride 
as more specifically described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,387,730, the 
specification for which is incorporated by reference herein; 
(ii) Ordinarily liquid material such as n-pentane, isopentane, 
cyclopentane, hexane and petroleum ether fractions or halogen hydrocarbons 
such as CFCl.sub.3, CF.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, CH.sub.3 Cl, CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 
separately or in admixture with one another as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 
3,758,425, column 4, line 1-5, the specification for which is incorporated 
by reference herein; 
(iii) Dichlorotetrafluoromethane, tetramethylmethane, 
monochlorodifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoro-methane, and 
dichlorotetrafluoromethane as described in U.S. Pat. No. Nos. 2,948,664 
and 2,948,665 issued on Aug. 9, 1990, the specification for which is 
incorporated by reference herein; and 
(iv) Azo bis(formamide), diazoaminobenzene: N,N-dinitrosopentamethylene 
tetramine; N,N-dimethyl, N,N-dinitrosoterephthalamide; 
p,p'-oxy-bia(-benzen sulfonyl semicarbazide); aza bis-(isobutyronitrile) 
p,p'-oxy-bis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide); p,p'-diphenyl-bis(sulfonyl 
hydrazide); benzene-sulfonyl hydrazide; m-benzene-bis(sulfonyl hydrazide) 
as more specifically described in U.S. Pat. No. No. 3,298,975 issued on 
Jan. 17, 1967, the specification for which is incorporated by reference 
herein. 
The resulting extruded (and, if desired, pelletized) material may then be, 
for example, injection molded to form a useful article. Such injection 
molding can be carried out in accordance with the procedure as set forth 
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,268,636 issued on Aug. 23, 1966, the specification for 
which is incorporated by reference herein. 
In addition, our invention relates to candle body materials which on use 
are both insect repellent and perfuming which contain the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention and, if desired, other 
insect repellent materials including, for example, at least one of the 
compounds having the structure: 
##STR37## 
in order to repel house flies (Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) 
and/or mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
The house fly and mosquito-repellent-perfuming compositions which form part 
of the candle body materials are within the following specifications: 
(I) from 5 up to 100% by weight of an efficacious perfuming/insect 
repellent composition containing the geraniol-containing composition of 
our invention; and 
(II) from 0 up to 95% by weight of a standard perfuming substance 
(non-insect repellent or insect repellent) which may include but is not 
limited to: 
1-nonen-3-ol; 
1-octen-4-ol; 
alpha-damascone; 
beta-damascone; 
delta-damascone; 
trans,trans delta-damascone; 
methyl jasmonate; 
dihydromethyl jasmonate; 
the schiff base of vanillin and methyl anthranilate; 
the schiff base of ethyl vanillin and methyl anthranilate; 
vanillin; and 
ethyl vanillin. 
The foregoing formula may require a solubilizing agent, e.g., the methyl 
ester of dihydroabietic acid (commerical name: HERCOLYN D.RTM.), benzyl 
benzoate, isopropyl myristate and/or C.sub.12 -C.sub.14 isoparaffin 
hydrocarbons. 
The candle base composition can be standard paraffin wax, or it can be 
transparent or pastel shaded as more particularly described in U.S. Pat. 
No. 3,615,289 issued on Oct. 26, 1971 (the disclosure of which is 
incorporated by reference herein) and wherein the candle body comprises as 
the basic components a mixture of: 
(i) a thermoplastic polyamide resin formed from linoleic acid polymerized 
with a polyamine compound; 
(ii) an alkanol amide or alkanol amine; and 
(iii) a stearic acid compound. 
The weight ratio of candle body:insect repellent/perfumant substance or our 
invention may vary from about 0.8% up to about 10% with a range of from 
about 0.8% up to about 2.0% being preferred when no non-insect repelling 
perfume oil is used in conjunction with the geraniol-containing 
composition of our invention; and with a range of from about 1.5% up to 
about 10% by weight of the overall composition being preferred when a 
non-insect repelling perfume oil is used in conjunction with the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention. 
Specifically, the polyamide may be a "VERSAMID.RTM. resin which is a 
thermoplastic condensation product of polymerized linoleic acid with 
various polyamine compounds such as ethylene diamine, ethylene triamine 
and the like. Specific "VERSAMID.RTM. compounds are "VERSAMID.RTM. 900", 
"VERSAMID.RTM. 930", "VERSAMID.RTM. 940", "VERSAMID.RTM. 948", 
"VERSAMID.RTM.950" and "VERSAMID.RTM. 1635". These compounds are products 
of the Henkel Chemical Corporation of Minneapolis, Minn. 
Another substance required in the clear candle composition consists of 
about 20-55% by weight of an alkanol amine or alkanol amide prepared by 
the reaction of a fatty acide ester and amine whereby the ester and the 
amine are in substantially equal proportions, for example, compounds such 
as BARLOL.RTM. 12C2 (manufactured by the Baroid Chemical Company) a 
monoalkyl diethanolamine having 8 to 18% carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. 
A third component of the clear plastic candle composition comprises one or 
more stearic acid esters or a mixture of stearic acid esters and stearic 
acid. These esters include such compounds as isopropyl isostearate, butyl 
stearate and hexadecyl stearate. These stearic acid compounds serve as 
stabilizing agents which permit the ready incorporation of the insect 
repellent/perfumant compositions of our invention up to a level of 
approximately 5% (total proportion of perfume oil-insect repellent 
composition). They are carriers for the perfumant/insect repellent and may 
be used in a proportion of between 1 and 50% by weight of the composition 
although the preferable range is between 20 to 30%. In this connection it 
is possible to use up to about 10% by weight of a perfumant/insect 
repellent if part of the formula is replaced by the material "NEVEX.RTM. 
100", a product which is a coumarin-in-dene copolymer resin of very little 
unsaturation manufactured by the Neville Chemical Company. 
Rather than being a crystalline paraffin wax the candle base of our 
invention may be an oil gel that has as its base a light mineral oil, an 
inexpensive natural oil or a combination of such oils which oil gel has a 
non-greasy surface and feel and sufficient rigidity to be self-supporting 
at room temperature. Such a gel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,705 
issued on Feb. 29, 1972, the disclosure of which is incorporated by 
reference herein. Such compositions of matter include: 
(a) from about 35% up to about 85% by weight of an oil which is normally 
liquid at room temperature chosen from the group consisting of light 
mineral oils and natural oils having iodine values substantially within 
the range of 40-135; 
(b) from about 7% up to about 40% by weight of a long chain polyamide 
having a molecular weight substantially within the range of 6000-9000 and 
a softening point substantially within the range of 18.degree. 
C.-48.degree. C.; and 
(c) from about 7% up to about 30% of an alcohol selected from the group 
consisting of 8 to 12 carbon primary alcohols. 
Similarly, when used in insect traps, the attractants of our composition 
can be used in the same polymers as the repellents. Thus, for example, our 
invention contemplates one or a combination of the attractants (at a level 
of from about 1% up to about 45% by weight of the polymer composition): 
lavender absolute; 
benzoin having the structure: 
##STR38## 
dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate having the structure: 
##STR39## 
jasmine absolute; racemic borneol having the structure: 
##STR40## 
d-limonene having the structure: 
##STR41## 
dihydro linalool having the structure: 
##STR42## 
imbedded in the interstices of a microporous polymer which may be one of 
the polymers as set forth, supra. 
Furthermore, the insect attractant-containing polymers of our invention may 
be insect attractant-containing biodegradable polymers as set forth, 
supra. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
The data set forth in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B, 8A and 
8B were determined using the olfactometer of FIG. 10 and the insect trap 
of FIG. 21. Referring to the olfactometer of FIG. 10, said olfactometer is 
described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,711 issued on Jun. 2, 1992, the 
specification for which is incorporated by reference herein. 
Referring to FIG. 10, air supply source 3634 provides air to mixing station 
3636 wherein the air is mixed with treatment agent from treatment agent 
source 3635 (source of, for example, the repellent a 50-100% 
geraniol-containing composition or the attractant, lavender absolute). The 
resulting mixture passes through tube 3636g and enters the apparatus 
through the side portals. The entry is through a spacer plate and above 
base plate 3625. The entry of the air-treatment agent is in a direction 
parallel to the surface of base plate 3625. Thus, the base plate 3625 is 
separated from spacer plate 3629 for the air-treatment agent (e.g., the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention). 
Air exits through line 3633a using exhaust fan 3633. The air exit is 
indicated by reference numeral 3537. 
Simultaneously, with the supplying of air and treatment agent from mixing 
station 3636, light is supplied from beneath the enclosed insect feeding 
and/or stimulating means through *light guides 3652, from light source 
3551 which is powered by electric power supply 3550 marketed by RADIO 
SHACK.RTM. Division of Tandy Corporation of Fort Worth, Tex. 76102 under 
the trademark ARCHER.RTM., Catalog No. 276-228 ("1.0 mm optical plastic 
fiber length 5 meter"). An example of light source 3551 is KRATOS 
Monochromatic Illuminator GM 100 Miniature VIS-IR Grating Monochromator 
(Model No. GM 100-1, GM 100-2, GM 100-3 or GM 100-4) as manufactured by 
KRATOS Analytical Instruments Corporation, 170 Williams Drive, Ramsey, 
N.J. 07446. Another light supply source is the KRATOS GM 200 Double 
Grating Monochromator. Another example of a useful light source is the 
KRATOS GM 252 High Intensity Grating Monochromator. The base plate 3625 is 
also separated from the spacer plate 3629 for the light guides 3652 
whereby the light guides 3652 are held in place in the base plate 3625 
whereby the light (or other forms of radiation) is directed in a direction 
perpendicular to the electrical sensor element 3610. Air supply source 
from location 3634 and treatment agent from location 3635 is mixed at 
mixing station 3636 whereupon treatment agent and air in admixture is 
passed through lines 3636a and 3636g through portals located in the spacer 
element 3628 in a direction along a directional vector parallel to the 
electrical sensing element 3610 held in place by holders 3610a and 3610b. 
The electrical sensing elements are located directly below the 
horizontally positioned insect feeding and/or stimulating microporous 
substantially planar lamina 3670 which is held in place by ring 3660 
located on spacer plate 3629 spaced from the base plate 3625 by spacer 
ring 3628. It should be noted that the spacer plate 3629, spacer ring 3628 
and base plate 3625 enclose the entire "enclosed insect feeding and/or 
stimulating means" which have controlled limited access to the external 
environment surrounding the apparatus and in which the insects to be 
tested, e.g., mosquitoes or house flies are placed. 
The insect attractant quantitative detecting means made up of wires 3699 
(the entire grid being denoted using reference numeral 3610) is located 
immediately beneath the porous membrane 3670, the outer surface of which 
contains a feeding stimulant composition or stimulant composition for 
insects (for example, agar). Immersed in the feeding stimulate composition 
or stimulant composition for insects (e.g., agar) is electrode 3679 
connected to wire 3619 which connects with either wire 3619a or 3619b 
which is connected to the grid wires 3699 (which make up the insect 
attractant quantitative detecting means located immediately below lamina 
3670). 
As stated, supra, the sensor causes an electrical impulse caused by the 
pressure of the insects landing to proceed through wires 3619a and 3619b 
to an electrically biased differential amplifier 3639 (using electrical 
power supply 3539) also connected to wire 3619c which is connected to the 
electrode 3679 which is immersed in the feeding stimulant composition or 
stimulant for the insect and then to a multi-channel A.C. converter 3523. 
Converter 3523 is associated with program tape storage 3524, printer 3520 
and data link to digital computer 3521. Differential amplifer 3639 is 
connected in series to electrical bias for psuedo host 3669 which in turn 
is connected to wire 3619 which in turn is connected to the electrode 3679 
immersed in the insect stimulant composition located on the surface of 
porous lamina 3670. 
Referring to the testing apparatus, the semiochemical field trap 1000 for 
blood feeding arthopods, field trap 1000 is located in a three-space with 
axes perpendicular to one another. The semiochemical field trap 1000 is 
shown in perspective view in FIG. 21 comprising: 
(1) an upright vertically disposed housing; 
(2) extending outwardly from the housing a plurality of horizontally 
disposed hollow housings 116a and 116b which have contained therein insect 
sticky traps; 
(3) air 138 and/or carbon dioxide supply means 134, 136 for supplying air 
and/or carbon dioxide into the vertical hollow housing and then through 
the plurality of horizontally disposed hollow housings 116a and 116b; and 
(4) at least one power supply means for energizing radiation means located 
on the vertical hollow housing whereby on engagement of the power supply 
means with the radiation means and operation of the air 138 and/or carbon 
dioxide supply means 134, 136, arthropods in the vicinity of the trap are 
attracted by the activated radiation means and the gas emanating from the 
horizontally disposed hollow housing 116a to a location so close to the 
trap 1000 that in the event that an attracting semiochemical located in 
the housings 116a and 116b is detected by at least one of the arthropods, 
at least one of the arthropods will enter the inner void of the 
horizontally disposed hollow housings 116a and 116b counter current the 
gas stream emanating therefrom and remain permanently entrapped therein. 
The semiochemical field trap 1000 of FIG. 21 is disclosed in detail in 
Application for U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 887,138 filed on May 22, 1992, the 
specification for which is incorporated by reference herein. 
FIG. 1 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a rectangular 
mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative attractiveness or 
repellency of air, lavender absolute and a mixture containing 61.49 mole 
percent geraniol, 13.98 mole percent nerol and 24.53 mole percent 
citronellol with respect to attractiveness or repellency of Aedes 
aegyptae. The graph indicated by reference numeral 101 is for air. The 
graph indicated by reference numeral 103 is for lavender absolute. The 
graph indicated by reference numeral 105 is for the mixture containing 
61.49 mole percent geraniol, 13.98 mole percent nerol and 24.53 mole 
percent citronellol. The "X" axis along which the particular materials are 
measured insofar as their attractiveness or repellency is concerned is 
indicated by reference numeral 107. The number of insects collected per 
interval is indicated on the "y" axis and the "y" axis is indicated by 
reference numeral 100. The results are tabulated in Table I as follows: 
TABLE I 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph 
Tested No. Insects Collected per Interval 
______________________________________ 
Geraniol/Nerol/ 
105 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 
Citronellol 
Mixture 
Air 101 0 34 62 47 38 160 70 
Lavender 103 0 2 92 211 13 0 1 
Absolute 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 2 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a rectangular 
mode for the "x" and "y" axes) showing the relative attractiveness or 
repellency of benzoin and a mixture containing 61.49 mole percent 
geraniol, 13.98 mole percent nerol and 24.53 mole percent citronellol with 
reference to attractiveness or repellency for Aedes aegyptae. The graph 
indicated by reference numeral 201 is the graph for the mixture of 
geraniol, nerol and citronellol. The graph indicated by reference numeral 
203 is the graph for benzoin. The results are tabulated in Table II, as 
follows: 
TABLE II 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph 
Tested No. Insects Collected per Interval 
______________________________________ 
Benzoin 203 0 88 445 501 92 166 304 
Mixture of 
201 0 10 29 13 21 37 9 
Geraniol, 
Nerol and 
Citronellol 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 3 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a rectangular 
mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative attractiveness or 
repellency of the materials: 
Tridecene nitrile; 
Air; 
Jasmine absolute; 
Dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate; 
Mixture of 81.28% mole percent geraniol and 18.72 mole percent mixture of 
nerol and citronellol (mole ratio of citronellol:nerol being 1.78). 
The test data is for Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae)(the house fly). 
The graph indicated by reference numeral 307 is the graph for the 
geraniol-nerol-citronellol mixture. The graph indicated by reference 
numeral 305 is for the dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate. The graph 
indicated by reference numeral 303 is for jasmine absolute. The graph 
indicated by reference numeral 302 is for air. The graph indicated by 
reference numeral 300 is for tridecene nitrile. The results are tabulated 
in Table III as follows: 
TABLE III 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph 
Tested No. Insects Collected per Interval 
______________________________________ 
Mixture of 
307 0 2 16 4 10 0 4 
Geraniol, 
Nerol and 
Citronellol 
Dimethyl 
305 0 44 20 14 58 13 15 
benzyl 
carbinyl 
acetate 
Jasmine 303 0 16 187 23 16 23 16 
absolute 
Air 302 0 4 11 5 5 5 385 
Tridecene 0 10 23 8 1 10 2 
nitrile 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 4 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a rectangular 
mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative attractiveness or 
repellency of air and a mixture of 61.49 mole percent geraniol, 13.98 mole 
percent nerol and 24.53 mole percent citronellol. The data is with respect 
to attractancy or repellency against Aedes aegyptae. The graph indicated 
by reference numeral 401 is for air. The graph indicated by reference 
numeral 400 is for the geraniol-nerol-citronellol mixture. The results are 
tabulated in Table IV as follows: 
TABLE IV 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Tested Graph 
Interval 
No. Insects Collected per Two Hr. 
______________________________________ 
Geraniol- 
400 0 4 1 4 4 2 20 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Mixture 
Air 401 0 157 148 293 278 246 329 
______________________________________ 
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness and repellency of air, d-limonene, a mixture containing 
61.49 mole percent geraniol, 13.98 mole percent nerol and 24.53 mole 
percent citronellol, and borneol (racemic). The graphs indicated by 
reference numerals 502a, 502b and 502c respectively on FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c 
are for d-limonene. The graphs indicated by reference numerals 501a, 501b 
and 501c are for the geraniol-nerol-citronellol mixtures. The graphs 
indicated by reference numerals 500a, 500b and 500c are for borneol 
(racemic). The graphs indicated by reference numerals 503b and 503c are 
for air. The results are tabulated in Tables V(A), V(B) and V(C) as 
follows: 
TABLE V(A) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (10 Minute 
Tested No. Intervals Totallinq One Hour) 
______________________________________ 
D-limonene 
502a 0 26 324 102 510 146 5 
Geraniol- 
501a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Mixture 
Borneol 500a 0 133 87 238 167 232 191 
(Racemic) 
Data for Aedes aegyptae. 
______________________________________ 
TABLE V(B) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (One Hour 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling Six Hours) 
______________________________________ 
D-limonene 
502b 0 5 113 155 117 167 128 
Air 503b 0 4 34 46 116 156 184 
Mixture of 
501b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Geraniol, 
Nerol and 
Citronellol 
Borneol 
(Racemic) 
500b 0 191 165 184 214 171 233 
Insects tested for: Aedes aegyptae. 
______________________________________ 
TABLE V(C) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (Two Hour 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling Twelve Hours) 
______________________________________ 
D-limonene 
502c 0 128 130 169 70 109 128 
Air 503c 0 184 73 91 93 80 34 
Mixture of 
501c 0 0 2 8 6 1 1 
Geraniol, 
Nerol and 
Citronellol 
Borneol 500c 0 233 247 155 175 139 202 
(Racemic) 
Insects 
Tested For: Aedes aegyptae. 
______________________________________ 
FIGS. 6A and 6B are series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness and repellency for Aedes aegyptaeof air and a mixture 
containing 61.49 mole percent geraniol, 13.98 mole percent nerol and 24.53 
mole percent citronellol. The graphs indicated by reference numerals 603a 
and 603b are for air. The graphs indicated by reference numerals 601a and 
601b are for the geraniol-nerol-citronellol mixtures. The results are 
tabulated in Tables VI(A) and VI(B) as follows: 
TABLE VI(A) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (Ten Minute 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling One Hour) 
______________________________________ 
Air 603a 0 230 382 381 268 374 456 
Geraniol- 
601a 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Composition 
______________________________________ 
TABLE VI(B) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Hour Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (One 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling Six Hours) 
______________________________________ 
Air 603b 0 456 269 246 371 316 287 
Geraniol- 
601a 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Composition 
______________________________________ 
FIGS. 7A and 7B are series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness or repellency for Aedes aegyptaeof the following materials: 
air and the mixture containing 61.49 mole percent geraniol, 13.98 mole 
percent nerol and 24.53 mole percent citronellol. The graphs indicated by 
reference numerals 703a and 703b are for air. The graphs indicated by 
reference numerals 701a and 701b are for the geraniol-nerol-citronellol 
mixture. 
The results are tabulated in Tables VII(A) and VII(B) below: 
TABLE VII(A) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (Ten Minute 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling One Hour) 
______________________________________ 
Air 703a 0 84 404 303 24 323 550 
Geraniol- 
701a 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Composition 
______________________________________ 
TABLE VII(B) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Hour Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (One 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling Six Hours) 
______________________________________ 
Air 703b 0 550 254 324 360 370 281 
Geraniol- 
701b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Nerol- 
Citronellol 
Mixture 
______________________________________ 
FIGS. 8A and 8B are a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness or repellency for Aedes aegyptae for the following 
materials: air, dihydrolinalool, TREO.RTM. (trademark of Primavera 
Products, Inc. of Northvale, N.J.) and benzaldehyde. 
The graphs indicated by reference numerals 83a and 83b are for air. The 
graphs indicated by reference numerals 82a and 82b are for 
dihydrolinalool. The graphs indicated by reference numerals 81a and 81b 
are for TREO.RTM.. The graphs indicated by reference numerals 80a and 80b 
are for benzaldehyde. The results are tabulated in Tables VIII(A) and 
VIII(B) as follows: 
TABLE VIII(A) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (Ten Minute 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling One Hour) 
______________________________________ 
Air 83a 0 309 355 194 249 104 97 
Dihydro- 82a 0 308 347 343 162 225 192 
linalool 
TREO .RTM. 
81a 0 372 332 463 317 314 231 
Benzaldehyde 
80a 0 148 103 215 164 194 269 
______________________________________ 
TABLE VIII(B) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Hour Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (One 
Tested No. Intervals Totalling Six Hours) 
______________________________________ 
Air 83b 0 218 161 200 194 158 233 
Dihydro- 82b 0 263 332 290 228 312 287 
linalool 
TREO .RTM. 
81b 0 338 365 374 313 280 230 
Benzaldehyde 
80b 0 182 152 78 103 48 184 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 22 is the GC mass spectrum for the TREO.RTM. product tested as shown 
in Tables VIII(A) and VIII(B) and in FIGS. 8A and 8B. (Conditions: 50 
meter.times.0.32 mm FS-OV-1 column programmed at 50-225.degree. C. at 
2.degree. C. per minute). The peak indicated by reference numeral 2117 is 
for cis-hexenyl acetate having the structure: 
##STR43## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2115 is the peak for d-limomene 
having the structure: 
##STR44## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2101 is for phenylethyl alcohol 
having the structure: 
##STR45## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2100 is for linalool having the 
structure: 
##STR46## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2116 is for benzyl acetate having 
the structure: 
##STR47## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2103 is for alpha-terpineol having 
the structure: 
##STR48## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2102 is for citronellol having the 
structure: 
##STR49## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2104 is for geraniol having the 
structure: 
##STR50## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2105 is for cyclamal having the 
structure: 
##STR51## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2107 is for butylated hydroxy 
anisole having the structure: 
##STR52## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2106 is the peak for lilial having 
the structure: 
##STR53## 
The peaks indicated by reference numerals 2110 and 2108 are for the 
TREO.RTM. base. The peak indicated by reference numeral 2112 is for 
UVINOL.RTM. M40 having the structure: 
##STR54## 
The peak indicated by reference numeral 2114 is for 4methoxy-2-ethylhexyl 
cinnamate having the structure: 
##STR55## 
A preferred embodiment of our invention comprises an ellipsoidally-shaped 
detergent tablet 830 containing a solid plastic core 832 which can be 
fabricated from, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, a 
biodegradable polymer such as poly(epsilon caprolactone) or any polymer 
capable of having therein microvoids from which an insect repelling 
substance, e.g., one of the geraniol-containing compositions of our 
invention will be controllably transported from the plastic core into and 
through the soap cake over a reasonable period of time during the use of 
the soap cake. Such polymers can be microporous polymers, such as those 
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,498 issued on Jan. 27, 1981, the 
specification for which is incorporated herein by reference. Surrounding 
the central plastic core containing insect repellent 832, is detergent 
830' which is in the solid phase at ambient conditions, e.g., room 
temperature and atmospheric pressure. Examples of workable detergents 830' 
are "elastic" detergents such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,181,632 issued on Jan. 1, 1980, the disclosure of which is incorporated 
herein by reference, or "transparent" soaps such as those set forth in 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,293 issued on Aug. 21, 1979, the disclosure of which 
is incorporated herein by reference. Other examples of the detergent 830' 
useful in our invention are those set forth as "variegated soaps" in 
Canadian Letters Patent No. 1,101,165 issued on May 19, 1981. 
On use of the soap tablet 830 or detergent bar, the insect repellent agent 
originally located in plastic core 832 is transported at a steady state 
from core 832 through core surface 831 through the detergent 830' and 
finally through the surface of the detergent bar at, for example, 833, 
834, 835 and 836. 
The detergent bar or tablet 830 of our invention may be of any geometric 
shape, for example, a rectangular parallelepiped tablet as is shown in 
FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 containing solid plastic core 839. The insect 
repellent located in solid plastic core 839 on use of the detergent bar 
passes through at steady state, surface 837 of FIG. 16, detergent 838 and 
finally surface 839 at, for example, locations 840, 841, 842 and 843. The 
environment surrounding the detergent bar on use thereof is then treated 
with the insect repellent at 843, 844 and 845, for example. Optionally, 
aromatizing agent can also be contained in the detergent bar (if desired) 
and so the environment surrounding the detergent bar on use thereof would 
also be aesthetically aromatized at 843, 844 and 845, for example if the 
geraniol-containing composition of our invention is insufficient for such 
aromatization. In certain instances such geraniol-containing compositions 
are indeed sufficient for such aromatization. 
As is shown in FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 the plastic core of the detergent tablet 
830 may have a single finite void at its center 851 (of FIGS. 19 and 20) 
in which the insect repellent agent and optionally any additional 
aromatizing agents are contained. The plastic core is a shell 848 having 
outer surface 852 (shown in FIGS. 19 and 20). The insect repellent agent 
(and optionally any additional aromatizing agent) contained in the void in 
the plastic core permeates through shell 848, past surfce 852 at a steady 
state, through the detergent 847 and to the environment at, for example, 
856, 857 858 and 859. 
In addition to the insect repellent contained in the core, e.g., core 839 
or core void the core can also contain other materials for therapeutic 
use, for example, bacteriastats, deodorizing agents and the like which are 
compatible with the geraniol-containing compositions of our invention. In 
the alternative, the plastic core of the detergent tablet of FIGS. 18, 19 
and 20 may have an empty single finite void at its center 851 with the 
insect repellent contained in the shell 848. 
At the end of the use of the detergent tablet, the hollow core or the solid 
core can be used as an insect imparting and aroma imparting or air 
freshener household article. In addition, depending on the ratio of the 
volume of the void 851, to the solid part of the detergent table of FIGS. 
18, 19 and 20, the detergent tablet of FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 can be so 
fabricated that it will float on the surface of the liquid in which it is 
being used and this physical attribute has certain obvious advantages. 
FIG. 23 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness or repellency of various compositions of matter for 
mosquitoes (Aedes aegyptae). 
The graphs are based on experiments run for a total of one hour with six 
intervals of ten minutes each. The peak indicated by reference numeral 
2305 is for air. The peak indicated by reference numeral 2307 is for the 
mixture containing 61.54 mole percent geraniol, 24.5 mole percent 
citronellol and 13.98 mole percent nerol. 
The graph indicated by reference numeral 2303 is for the mixture containing 
98.95 mole percent geraniol and 1.05 mole percent nerol. 
The graph indicated by reference numeral 2301 is for the mixture containing 
81.8 mole percent geraniol, 11.66 mole percent citronellol and 6.53 mole 
percent nerol. Table X(A) below sets forth the results in tabulated form: 
TABLE IX(A) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (Ten 
Tested No. Minute Intervals Totalling One Hour) 
______________________________________ 
Air 2305 0 1 34 1 8 2 0 
Mixture of 
2307 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 
61.54 mole 
percent 
geraniol, 
24.5 mole 
percent 
citronellol 
and 13.98 
mole percent 
nerol. 
Mixture 2303 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 
98.95 mole 
percent 
geraniol 
and 1.05 
mole 
percent 
nerol. 
Mixture of 
2301 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 
81.8 mole 
percent 
geraniol, 
11.66 mole 
percent 
citronellol 
and 6.53 
mole percent 
nerol. 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 24 is a series of graphs depicted in three-dimensions (in a 
rectangular mode for the "X" and "Y" axes) showing the relative 
attractiveness or repellency of various compositions of matter for 
mosquiotes (Aedes aegyptae). The graphs are based on experiments run for a 
total of six hours with six intervals of one hour each. The results are 
tabulated in Table IX(B) below. The graph indicated by reference numeral 
2405 is for air. The graph indicated by reference numeral 2407 is for a 
mixture of 61.54 mole percent geraniol, 24.5 mole percent citronellol and 
13.98 mole percent nerol. The graph indicated by reference numeral 2403 is 
for a mixture of 98.95 mole percent geraniol and 1.05 mole percent nerol. 
The graph indicated by reference numeral 2401 is for a mixture of 81.8 
mole percent geraniol, 11.66 mole percent citronellol and 6.53 mole 
percent nerol. 
TABLE IX(B) 
______________________________________ 
Composition 
Graph Insects Collected Per Interval (One Hour 
Tested No. Each For A Total Of Six Hours) 
______________________________________ 
Air 2405 0 0 28 36 105 45 60 
Mixture 2407 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
containing 
61.54 mole 
percent 
geraniol, 
24.5 mole 
percent 
citronellol 
and 13.98 
mole percent 
nerol. 
Mixture of 
2403 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 
98.95 mole 
percent 
geraniol, 
and 1.05 
mole percent 
nerol. 
Mixture of 
2401 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
81.8 mole 
percent 
geraniol, 
11.66 mole 
percent 
citronellol 
and 6.53 
mole percent 
nerol. 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLE I 
The transparent candle base mixture is produced by intimately admixing the 
following ingredients: 
______________________________________ 
Ingredients Parts by Weight 
______________________________________ 
VERSAMID .RTM. 1635 
34.0 
Barlol 12C2 51.0 
Butyl Stearate 3.5 
NEVEX .RTM. 100 5.0 
SPAN .RTM. 1.5 
Isopropyl Isostearate 
4.0 
Isopropyl Myristate 
4.0 
______________________________________ 
The foregoing mixture is placed in an autoclave and intimately admixed with 
a perfuming-insect repellent composition containing 95% by weight of 
geraniol and 5% by weight nerol of the total candle base composition. 
The autoclave is sealed and heated to 180.degree. C. under 15 atmospheres 
pressure and maintained with vigorous shaking for a period of five hours. 
At the end of the five hour period, the autoclave is depressurized (being 
under a nitrogen pressure atmosphere) and the autoclave is opened and the 
contents are then poured into cylindrical candle molds 4" in height and 2" 
in diameter containing 0.125" wicks. The resulting candles have 
efficacious mosquito and house fly repellencies and have aesthetically 
pleasing aromas on use. 
The candles are effective in preventing house flies and mosquitoes from 
entering a room in which two candles have been burning for 15 minutes, the 
said room having dimensions of 6'.times.15'.times.15' and having a 
3'.times.3' open portal adjacent to fly and mosquito-infested region in 
the month of August, 11988 in the temperate zone of Highlands, N.J. 
adjacent Raritan Bay. 
EXAMPLE II 
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of candles which are 
designated as "A", "B" and "C" in repelling house flies (Musca domestica 
L.(Diptera:Muscidae)). 
Candle "A" contained 95% Paraffin Wax and 5% of 100% geraniol. 
Candle "B" contained 90% Paraffin Wax and 10% citronellol oil. 
Candle "C" contained only Paraffin Wax. 
The candles are allowed to burn for 20 minutes and the number of house 
flies and mosquitoes repelled is recorded for the next 60 minutes with the 
following equipment and procedure: 
Materials 
Test Chamber 
The evaluation was conducted in a 28.3 cubic meter chamber with airing 
ports. A screened cage measuring 15 cm.times.15 cm.times.47.5 cm was 
attached inside an upper airing port, and a screened repellency 
observation cage measuring 15 cm.times.15 cm.times.32.5 cm was attached 
outside the upper airing port. The two cages were held together by a 
Masonite plate which fit firmly in the airing port. A 4-cm hole located in 
the center of each Masonite plate provided an escape for the test insects. 
A barrier was used to close the hole. 
Attractant 
A caged mouse was used as an attractant and was placed inside the chamber 
in the larger section of the repellency cage. 
Test Insect 
Adult House Flies (Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae)) are Test Insects. 
Procedure 
For each replicate, 75 to 100 adult house flies were removed from the 
rearing cage by means of a vacuum aspirator, and transferred by carbon 
dioxide anesthesia to the inner cage containing the mouse. The assembled 
cage was placed in one of the upper ventilation ports of the chamber. For 
each experimental situation the test insects were transferred to a clean 
cage containing the mouse. A house fly candle was placed centrally on the 
chamber floor and burned for 20 minutes before initiating the repellency 
counts. The maximum period for the repellency counts was 60 minutes. The 
first repellency count was made at 10 minutes after the burning ended, and 
subsequent counts were taken at 5-minute intervals thereafter. The number 
of house flies repelled were those escaping to the outside cage. For the 
control, counts were made in a similar manner, but no candle was burned. 
The same three candles were used for all four replicates. Between 
replicates the chamber was exhausted, the Kraft paper * flooring for the 
chamber was replaced, and the two screened repellency cages were submerged 
in hot detergent water, rinsed and dried. 
Results 
The overall average percent of house flies repelled for each candle for 60 
minutes was as follows: 
Candle "A"--94% 
Candle "B"--53% 
Candle "C"--16%.