Roller cam follower bearing shaft retention

A cam follower roller bearing shaft is restrained against lateral motion in shaft support bores of the follower body by plugging the bore ends with retainer plugs in or adjacent the ends of the bores. Soft metal or plastic bearing materials may be pressed or molded in the bore ends or in recesses in the follower body at the ends of the bores. Other forms of mechanical retention are disclosed. A fixture for pressing in plugs cut from plastic strips is also disclosed. Applications of the plugs in roller valve lifters, roller finger followers and rocker arm roller followers are disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention relates to roller cam followers for engines including, for 
example, roller rocker arms, roller finger followers and roller valve 
lifters for engines including hydraulic valve lifters. In particular, the 
invention relates to means and methods for retaining a roller bearing 
shaft against axial movement in a follower body. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
It is known in the art relating to roller cam followers, such as roller 
hydraulic valve lifters and finger followers to provide a steel roller 
bearing shaft supporting a cam follower roller and retained in laterally 
spaced shaft bores in a follower body. To prevent lateral motion of the 
shaft, it may be selectively hardened to maintain the ends soft enough to 
be deformed by a riveting tool which locks the shaft in position in the 
follower body shaft bores. This assembly method requires care to provide 
adequate upset of the shaft ends to retain the shaft without causing 
distortion of the mating body or arm support structure. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides improved means and methods for retaining a 
roller cam follower shaft against lateral motion in a body without 
requiring selective hardening or being subject to deformation of the body 
during manufacturing. This is accomplished by providing retainer plugs 
which mount in the follower body in or adjacent the ends of the shaft 
bores so as to lock the roller shaft in its lateral position. 
In an engine valve lifter, the retainer plugs may be made of soft or 
hardened metal or bearing type plastic, such as nylon, and may be mounted 
in recesses provided in the outer sides of the body or directly in the 
ends of the bores themselves. The retainer plugs may be pressed directly 
into the ends of the shaft bores or into recesses around the bores. 
Plastic or soft metal retainers are preferred for mounting in recesses in 
the body walls wherein the exteriors of the retainer plugs are shaped to 
match the cylindrical outer surface of the lifter body and to bear 
directly against an associated lifter gallery bore in which the valve 
lifter is reciprocably mounted. Special assembly machinery may be provided 
to punch retainer plugs directly out of a plastic strip and force them 
into the lifter recesses. Optionally, the retainer plugs may extend 
axially above the shaft bores toward the valve actuating end of the lifter 
so as to increase the length of bearing of the retainer plugs in the 
lifter gallery bore. This will assist in holding the plugs, and thus the 
shaft, in place when the lifter is on the cam base circle and the shaft 
openings extend at least partially out of the lifter gallery bore. 
In a roller finger follower or a rocker arm roller follower, metal or 
plastic plugs may be similarly used to block the ends of the roller shaft 
bores and retain the shaft against lateral motion therein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring first to FIGS. 1-3 of the drawings in detail, numeral 10 
generally indicates a portion of an internal combustion engine having a 
lifter gallery 12 forming part of an engine cylinder block and having a 
plurality of cylindrical bores 14. A roller hydraulic valve lifter 16 is 
reciprocably received in each of the bores and engages a cam 18 of a 
camshaft for reciprocably actuating the valve lifter to open and close an 
engine valve, not shown. 
The valve lifter 16 includes a first cylindrical end 20 adapted to engage a 
push rod or other means for connection of the lifter with an engine valve, 
not shown. The lifter 16 also includes a second cylindrical end 22 
defining an internal pocket 24 in which a follower roller 26 is received. 
Roller 26 rides on needle roller bearings 28 which roll on a transverse 
shaft 30 having a surface of hardened steel. Other forms of bearings could 
be used if desired. The shaft 30 extends transversely between opposite 
sides 32 of the lifter body which are separated by the pocket 24. Opposite 
ends of the shaft 30 are received in transversely aligned shaft bores 34 
formed in the sides 32. 
In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, the shaft 30 is 
retained in the bores 34 and prevented from moving axially therein by soft 
or hardened metal plugs 36 which are pressed into the bores 34 and held in 
place by an interference fit. The plugs 36 are recessed within the sides 
32 of the lifter body so that they do not engage the bore 14 of the lifter 
gallery. Alternatively, plugs made of soft metal or plastic could extend 
to the outer diameter of the lifter body and be machined or otherwise 
shaped thereto so that they can slide against the lifter gallery bore 14 
without causing excessive wear or scoring therein. 
In operation, the follower roller 26 follows the profile of the rotating 
cam 18, causing the valve lifter 16 to reciprocate vertically within the 
bore 14 in order to open and close the associated engine valve, not shown. 
The metal plugs 36 maintain the roller bearing shaft 30 in position, thus 
preventing it from sliding laterally along its axis into engagement with 
the lifter gallery bore. Note that the location of the shaft 30 along the 
axis of the lifter is such that the shaft bores may be partially or wholly 
below the lower end of the lifter gallery bore 14 during all or part of 
the valve operation cycle. Because the shaft 30 is retained in the bores 
34 by the pressed in plugs 36, the shaft 30 itself may be fully hardened 
without the requirement for maintaining soft ends for deformation as in 
the prior art embodiment. 
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5 of the drawings, there is shown an 
alternative embodiment of the invention wherein like reference numerals 
indicate like parts. In this embodiment a roller hydraulic valve lifter 
137 is received in the lifter gallery bore 14 for reciprocation therein as 
before. Valve lifter 137 includes a follower roller 26, omitted in FIG. 5, 
which is rotatably supported on a fully hardened roller bearing shaft 30 
received in shaft bores 34 in the sides 138 of the lifter body. At the 
ends of the shaft 30, enlarged recesses 139 are provided, opening to the 
outer surface of the lifter body. The recesses are circular and offset 
upwardly from the axes of the shaft 30 and bores 34 so that the recesses 
139 extend further above the shaft than below. The recesses are filled by 
plugs 140 of suitable plastic bearing material, such as nylon or the like, 
which may be pressed into the recesses 139. Alternatively, the plugs 140 
would be molded in place. The outer surfaces 142 of the plugs are 
preferably curved arcuately to align with the cylindrical surface of the 
lower or second end 22 of the lifter body so that the plugs and their 
associated recesses 139 are thinner at their peripheral outer edges than 
at their centers, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 5. 
The purpose of offsetting the recesses 139 and the location of the 
associated plastic plugs 140 is to extend a greater surface area of the 
plugs up into the lifter gallery bores so that the plugs are positively 
retained in place by engagement with the bores at all times during 
operation of the lifter in its reciprocating motion. 
FIGS. 6-8 illustrate features of a fixture 244 and associated punch strip 
246 for use in pressing plugs, such as plastic plugs 140, into the 
recesses 139 of an associated valve lifter 116. Fixture 244 includes a 
body 248 having a bore 250 for receiving a partially assembled hydraulic 
valve lifter 116. Punches 252 extend through lateral openings in the body 
248 which intersect vertical grooves 254 formed along either side of the 
bore 250. In the grooves are received the plastic punch strips 246 which 
have preconfigured arcuate outer surfaces and flat inner surfaces. The 
grooves 254 are located on diametrically opposite sides of the bore 250. 
In operation, a partially assembled valve lifter 116 is inserted into the 
bore 250 with its roller shaft recesses 139 aligned with the grooves 254 
and punches 252. Plastic punch strips 246 are located in the grooves with 
their lower ends adjacent the plug recesses 139 of the lifter. The punches 
252 are then actuated inward, punching a disc of plastic material out of 
each punch strip 246 and pressing it into the adjacent recess of the valve 
lifter to finish the assembly process and retain the roller shaft 30 in 
the lifter. The curved outer surface of the plastic material as preformed 
in the punch strip 246 aligns with the outer surface of the lifter lower 
end 22 without the need for further machining, although such machining 
could be provided if desired. 
FIGS. 9 and 10 disclose another embodiment of retainer plugs and mounting 
in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment retainer plugs 356 
are made with an oval shaped periphery 357 and a cylindrical outer surface 
358 formed about an axes parallel with the long dimension of the oval. A 
slot 360 is formed in the central outer surface of each retainer plug for 
receiving a screwdriver or similar tool. The associated valve lifter 362 
is provided with formed recesses 364 located adjacent roller shaft bores 
as before. The recesses have oval shaped outer openings 366 with circular 
lower portions 368 of a diameter sufficient to receive the long axes of 
the oval plugs 356. These circular lower portions 368 are formed by 
undercutting the outer openings leaving overhanging lips 370 along the 
narrow upper and lower portions of the outer openings 366. 
In use, the preformed retainer plugs 356 are inserted into the outer 
openings 366 with the long sides of their oval configuration in a 
horizontal position. Once in the recesses 364, the retainer plugs 356 are 
rotated by a screwdriver or other tool in the slot 360, turning the plugs 
90 degrees so that the edges of the long portions of the oval are slid 
under the lips 370 and the retainer plugs 356 are then held in position 
with their long sides vertical, the edges of these sides being locked in 
place by the lips 370 of the outer openings 366. 
FIGS. 11-15 illustrate yet another embodiment of the invention wherein a 
roller hydraulic valve lifter 472, carrying a roller 26 on a shaft 30 
seated in shaft bores 34, is provided with recesses 474 in the form of 
broached flats, machined into the outer surface of the lifter body 
adjacent the shaft bores 34. The recesses 474 are generally rectangular 
and extend substantially above the shaft bores 34 radially with respect to 
the shaft axis. 
Within the recesses 474, there are located retainer plugs 476 (only one 
shown) formed from pre-machined punch strips 478. As shown in FIGS. 13 and 
14, punch strips 478 have preformed arcuate outer surfaces 480 and flat 
inner surfaces 482 from which, near their lower ends, extend circular 
protrusions 484 sized to be received within the shaft bores 34. The punch 
strips 478 are also characterized by a radially extending portion 
substantially complementary with the recesses 474. 
In assembly, the retainer plugs 476 may be installed by separation from 
punch strips in the manner described with respect to the embodiment of 
FIGS. 6-8. The retainer plugs have their protrusions 484 pressed into the 
ends of the shaft bores 34 while the flat inner surfaces 482 are seated 
against the broached flats on the sides of the lifter body and the arcuate 
outer surfaces 480 are aligned with the cylindrical outer surface at the 
lower ends of the lifter body. 
FIG. 16 illustrates still another alternative embodiment which differs from 
that of FIGS. 11-15 only in that counterbores 586 are formed at the outer 
ends of the shaft bores 34 and the retainer plugs 588 are provided with 
circular protrusions 590 that are large enough to fit within the 
counterbores 586. 
In another alternative embodiment not shown, the broached flats forming 
recesses 474 are replaced by grooves spot faced into the sides of the 
lower end of the lifter. 
Referring now to FIGS. 17-19, there is shown a roller finger follower for 
use in engine valve gear and generally indicated by numeral 692. Finger 
follower 692 also includes shaft retention means according to the 
invention and is shown as exemplary of various other forms of roller 
followers to which the retainer plugs of the present invention may be 
applied. These could also include, for example, engine valve rocker arms 
having a roller follower. 
Finger follower 692 includes a channel shaped body 693 formed with a pivot 
recess 694 at one end and an actuating pad 696 at the other end. Recess 
694 is engageable with a pivot or the plunger of a stationary hydraulic 
lash adjuster in an engine cylinder head, not shown. Pad 696 is engageable 
with a valve stem, not shown, for opening the valve when the follower is 
actuated. A cam follower roller 26 is carried on needle roller bearings 28 
movable on a hardened shaft 30 supported in bores 697 through sides 698 of 
the body 693. Lateral movement of the shaft 30 in the openings 697 is 
prevented by metal plugs 36 pressed into the bores 697 as discussed in 
connection with the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3. Other forms of plugs in 
accordance with the invention could be substituted for the metal plugs if 
desired. 
While the invention has been described by reference to certain preferred 
embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes could be made 
within the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts described. 
Accordingly it is intended that the invention not be limited to the 
disclosed embodiments, but that it have the full scope permitted by the 
language of the following claims.