Microwave processing equipment

Novel microwave processing equipment includes a silicon single crystal containing neutral {110} planar four vacancies, a cooling mechanism for holding the silicon single crystal to a low temperature, a light pumping mechanism for irradiating light to the silicon single crystal, a magnetic field applying device for applying a static magnetic field to the silicon single crystal, an orientation holding mechanism for holding the silicon single crystal to a specific orientation with respect to the static magnetic field, an electromagnetic wave inputting mechanism for supplying an input electromagnetic wave to the silicon single crystal, and an electromagnetic wave outputting mechanism for extracting an output electromagnetic wave from the silicon single crystal. The input electromagnetic wave supplied in the silicon single crystal by the electromagnetic wave inputting mechanism is amplified by the stimulated emission produced in the silicon single crystal and passes through the electromagnetic wave outputting mechanism to be outputted to the outside. A microwave amplifier with narrow band width capable of amplifying the electromagnetic wave in the microwave range with low noise is thus obtained.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to microwave processing equipment for 
amplifying or attenuating microwaves and more particularly to microwave 
processing equipment being suitable to amplify weak electromagnetic waves 
in the microwave range. 
In the prior art, in order to amplify electromagnetic wave in the microwave 
range, an electron tubes such as a klystron or a traveling wave tube, and 
semiconductor elements such as a Gunn diode or an impact avalanche and 
transit time diode, have been used. These electron tubes and semiconductor 
elements are explained, for example, in Eitaro Abe, "Microwave Technology" 
(published by Tokyo University shuppankai, Tokyo, 1979) at pp. 127-135. 
Among the above-mentioned devices, the electron tubes are applicable to 
microwave amplifications for broad frequency ranges, but there are 
problems in that they are large in size and weak to impact force, and high 
voltage and cooling water must be supplied. Moreover, and their life is 
short and their performance varies with the passage of time. On the other 
hand, the semiconductor elements have superior characteristics in handling 
due to their small size and their ability to operate at lower voltages in 
comparison to the electron tubes, but have difficulties in their limited 
frequency range, high price and lack of reliability at present, because 
the history of development of the semiconductor elements is short in 
comparison to that of the electron tubes. 
Further, in any of these electron tubes and semiconductor elements, since a 
massive flow of electrons is controlled and amplification is carried out, 
there is an elementary problem where the flow is accompanied by the 
generation of noise. This problem becomes particularly serious when 
microwaves to be amplified are very weak. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide microwave 
processing equipment which can amplify electromagnetic waves in the 
microwave region with low noise, and is especially suitable for 
amplification of weak microwaves. 
In the present invention, in order to attain the above object, the 
microwave processing equipment is constituted by a solid state maser 
material having a state being composed of at least three spin sub-states, 
a cooling means for holding the solid state maser material to a low 
temperature, a pumping means for changing a population distribution of the 
spin sub-states of the solid state maser material from distribution of a 
thermal equilibrium state, a magnetic field applying means for applying a 
static magnetic field to the solid state maser material, an 
electromagnetic wave inputting means for supplying an input 
electromagnetic wave to the solid state maser material, and an 
electromagnetic wave outputting means for extracting an output 
electromagnetic wave from the solid state maser material. 
A silicon single crystal containing neutral {110} planar four vacancies can 
be used as a solid state maser material having a state being composed of 
at least three spin sub-states as above described. Also the pumping means 
for changing the population distribution of the spin sub-states of the 
above-mentioned solid state maser material from distribution of the 
thermal equilibrium state may be a light pumping means for irradiating 
light to the solid state maser material. 
That is, the microwave processing equipment according to the present 
invention is constituted more specifically by a silicon single crystal 
containing neutral {110} planar four vacancies, a cooling means for 
holding the silicon single crystal at a low temperature, a light pumping 
means for irradiating light to the silicon single crystal, a magnetic 
field applying means for applying a static magnetic field to the silicon 
single crystal, an orientation maintaining means for maintaining the 
silicon single crystal in a specific orientation with respect to the 
static magnetic field, an electromagnetic wave inputting means for 
supplying an electromagnetic wave to the silicon single crystal, and an 
electromagnetic wave outputting means for extracting the electromagnetic 
wave from the silicon single crystal. Further, when the solid state maser 
material is a silicon single crystal containing neutral {110} planar four 
vacancies, the wavelength of light irradiated to the silicon single 
crystal by the light pumping means is preferably within a range between 
0.6 .mu.m and 2.0 .mu.m, and is more preferably selected near 1.3 .mu.m. 
The neutral {110} planar four vacancies can be easily formed in the silicon 
single crystal, by irradiating high energy electron beams, fast neutron 
beams, ion beams or the like to the silicon single crystal, and the 
neutral {110} planar four vacancies having been formed exist stably under 
the temperature of 180.degree. C. or less and are not moved or 
annihilated. Two unpaired electrons exist in the neutral {110} planar four 
vacancies, and show paramagnetism for spin multiplicity 1 (triplet). 
When the silicon single crystal is kept at a low temperature by the cooling 
means and light is irradiated thereto by the light pumping means, 
population inversion is produced in Zeeman sublevels within the 
paramagnetic electron state of the neutral {110} planar four vacancies. 
When the strength of the static magnetic field and the orientation of the 
silicon single crystal with respect to the static magnetic field are 
adjusted so that the energy difference between the Zeeman sublevels with 
the population inversion being produced therein is coincident with the 
photon energy of the input electromagnetic wave supplied to the silicon 
single crystal by the electromagnetic wave inputting means, the input 
electromagnetic wave supplied to the silicon single crystal by the 
electromagnetic inputting means is amplified by the stimulated emission 
accompanying with the transition between the Zeeman sublevels with the 
population inversion produced therein--, and passes through the 
electromagnetic wave outputting means and is outputted to the outside. 
That is, the microwave processing equipment due to the present invention is 
a sort of solid state maser (MASER; Microwave Amplification by Stimulated 
Emission of Radiation). For a signal amplifier using the maser action, for 
example, a method of amplifying the weak time-varying, current using the 
abrupt voltage gradient characteristics of the maser action has been 
proposed as indicated in Japanese patent application Laid-Open No. 
108782/1983. On the contrary, in the present invention, the weak microwave 
is amplified using the silicon single crystal containing the neutral {110} 
planar four vacancies, as a maser medium. 
As the stimulated emission or absorption constituting the principle of the 
present invention is not accompanied by the massive flow of electrons, it 
essentially produces no noise. Therefore, the microwave processing 
equipment due to the present invention includes an amplifier with 
essentially low noise in comparison to the electron tube or the 
semiconductor element as above described. Further, in the solid state 
maser material (silicon single crystal containing neutral 110) planar four 
vacancies) which is a fundamental part of the microwave processing 
equipment according to the present invention, particle migration such as 
the massive flow of electrons is not caused at all during the operation. 
Therefore, since the microwave processing equipment according to the 
present invention is not limited by the life depending on the operation 
time, it is capable of highly reliable operation for a long time. 
The foregoing and other objects and features of the present invention, as 
well as the effects obtained accompanying therewith will become apparent 
successively in the following description of embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail referring 
to the accompanying drawings as follows. 
FIG. 1 schematically shows a constitution of a first embodiment of 
microwave processing equipment constructed according to the teachings of 
the present invention. In FIG. 1, a silicon single crystal 1 containing 
neutral {110} planar four vacancies is held by an orientation holding 
device 2, and is cooled to a constant temperature below 20K by a helium 
gas flow 4 being controlled at a prescribed temperature within a cooling 
device 3. Here, the helium gas flow 4 can be obtained by vaporizing liquid 
helium supplied from a liquid helium container 5 in a helium gas 
generating and controlling device 7. Moreover, the temperature of the 
silicon single crystal 1 may be set to an arbitrary temperature in a 
temperature range from less than 20K to room temperature, if necessary. 
Also the neutral {110} planar four vacancies are produced within the 
silicon single crystal 1 by irradiating high energy electron rays having 
an energy of 1 MeV or more, fast neutron rays, ion beams having a total 
dose amount of 1.times.10.sup.14 /cm.sup.2 or less or the like, to the 
silicon single crystal 1 at a temperature of 180.degree. C. or less. 
The silicon single crystal 1 is situated to a position in a microwave 
cavity resonator 6 where the microwave magnetic field amplitude is large. 
The microwave cavity resonator 6 is coupled electromagnetically with a 
waveguide 12 through a coupling hole 13. The waveguide 12 is coupled with 
an input waveguide 15 and an output waveguide 16 through a circulator 14. 
Input microwave 17 is introduced through the input waveguide 15, the 
circulator 14, the waveguide 12 and the coupling hole 13 into the 
microwave cavity resonator 6. Then microwave within the microwave cavity 
resonator 6 passes through the coupling hole 13, the waveguide 12, the 
circulator 14 and the output waveguide 16 and is outputted as output 
microwave 18 to the outside. 
Also light 10 having a wavelength near 1.3 .mu.m can be irradiated to the 
silicon single crystal 1 by a light irradiation device 8. Intensity of the 
light 10 being irradiated to the silicon single crystal 1 can be varied 
continuously within a range from the maximum output light intensity of the 
light irradiation device 8 to 0 irradiation by a light control device 9 
which constitutes a light pumping means. 
Further, a static magnetic field B having high homogeneity (inhomogeneity 
below 0.01%) is applied to the silicon single crystal 1 by a magnetic 
field applying device 11. An electromagnet or a permanent magnet may be 
used as the magnetic field applying device 11. When either magnet is used, 
the intensity of the static magnetic field B applied to the silicon single 
crystal 1 can be varied continuously. Here, illustration is omitted 
regarding the mechanism for varying the intensity of the static magnetic 
field B. 
Next, the operation principle for the equipment of the embodiment will be 
described. 
First, orientation the direction of the silicon single crystal 1 is 
controlled by the orientation holding device 2 so that the direction of 
the static magnetic field B being applied by the magnetic field applying 
device 11 can be rotated in the (110) plane of the silicon single crystal 
1, and the direction of the static magnetic field in the {110} plane shall 
be expressed by the inclination angle .theta. from the &lt;100&gt;axis. 
When the inclination angle .theta. is made 0.degree., that is, when the 
direction of the static magnetic field is held in parallel to the 
&lt;100&gt;axis, the intensity of the static magnetic field B is varied slowly, 
and the intensity variation of the output microwave in this case is shown 
in FIG. 2(A), (B). In FIG. 2(A), (B), the abscissa indicates the intensity 
of the static magnetic field B being applied, and the ordinate indicates 
the ratio (O/I) of the intensity of the output microwave being applied to 
the intensity of the input microwave. 
FIG. 2(A) shows the case that the light 10 is irradiated at a temperature 
of 10K, and FIG. 2(B) shows the case that the light 10 is not irradiated 
at the temperature remaining at 10K. Here, the intensity of the output 
microwave is varied at four points (a, b, c and d respectively) on the 
abscissa indicating the intensity of the staticmagnetic field B, because 
among the three Zeeman sublevels in the paramagnetic electron state of the 
spin multiplicity 1 (triplet) of the neutral ({110} planar four vacancies, 
the energy difference between two sublevels adjacent to each other is 
coincident with the photon energy of the input microwave in the static 
magnetic field at each of these points, and, paramagnetic resonance takes 
place. Each of the neutral {110} planar four vacancies indicates 
paramagnetic resonance in two intensity values of the magnetic field 
because each vacancy is a triplet having a spin multiplicity of 1, as 
mentioned above. However, since the neutral {110} planar four vacancies 
distributed in the silicon single crystal 1 can take two inequivalent 
orientations for the static magnetic field when the direction of the 
static magnetic field is in parallel to the {110} axis, it follows that 
the paramagnetic resonance can be observed in all four values of the 
static magnetic field intensity. When the frequency .andgate. of the input 
microwave is near 10 GHz (.times.band), the intensity variation of the 
output microwave caused by the paramagnetic resonance appears over a width 
of several mT (milli Tesla) when the static magnetic field intensity B is 
near 0.35 T (Tesla). When the frequency .omega. (GHz) of the input 
microwave is varied, the static magnetic field intensity B(T) must be 
adjusted according to an approximate relation of B=0.35 .times..omega.. 
When the light 10 is irradiated as shown in FIG. 2(A), the output microwave 
is amplified while the static magnetic field intensity B is at the points 
a, c, and the output microwave is attenuated while the field intensity B 
is at the points b, d. On the contrary, when the light 10 is not 
irradiated as shown in FIG. 2(B), the output microwave is attenuated at 
each of the points a, b, c and d. The reason why such difference occurs 
depending on whether the light irradiation exists or not, may be explained 
as follows. 
When the light is not irradiated, the thermal equilibrium is established 
within the three Zeeman sublevels, and the occupation number becomes less 
at the Zeeman sublevel of higher energy. Therefore in this case, 
absorption of microwave photons due to paramagnetic resonance exceeds 
emission of an microwave photons due to the stimulated emission, and the 
output microwave is attenuated in comparison with the input microwave by 
the amount corresponding to the difference between the absorption and the 
emission. Such absorption of the microwave photon can be widely observed 
when thermal equilibrium is established in the Zeeman sublevel 
(paramagnetic resonance absorption). In the case that the electrical 
resistivity of the silicon single crystal 1 at room temperature is 
sufficiently high, even if the silicon single crystal 1 is set to room 
temperature, similar results to the case where the light is not irradiated 
at 10K as shown in FIG. 2(B) can be obtained. 
On the other hand, when the light is irradiated, the distribution of the 
occupation number for these three Zeeman sublevels deviates from that at 
thermal equilibrium. Therefore, in the combination of the two sublevels 
among the three Zeeman sublevels, the occupation number for the sublevels 
at the higher energy may become larger than the occupation number for the 
sublevels at the lower energy (spin alignment). In this case, the 
stimulated emission of the microwave photon due to the paramagnetic 
resonance exceeds the absorption of the microwave photons and the output 
microwave is amplified in comparison with the input microwave by the 
amount corresponding to the difference therebetween (points a, c in FIG. 
2(A)). At the same time, the amount of the paramagnetic resonance 
absorption also varies due to the deviation of the distribution of the 
occupation number from the distribution at the thermal equilibrium (the 
difference between the points b, d in FIG. 2(A) and the points b, d in 
FIG. 2(B)). 
In the present invention, amplification of the microwave is carried out 
using the stimulated emission at the Zeeman sublevels of the neutral {110} 
planar four vacancies as mentioned above. That is, the microwave 
processing equipment due to the present invention is a sort of solid state 
maser. 
The above-mentioned amplification function depends on the static magnetic 
field intensity B and the orientation of the silicon single crystal 1 with 
respect to the direction of the static magnetic field. As shown in FIGS. 
2(A), 2(B), when the inclination angle .theta. indicating the direction of 
the static magnetic field is 0.degree., that is, when the direction of the 
static magnetic field is in parallel to the &lt;100&gt; axis, the amplification 
function can be obtained when the static magnetic field intensity B 
coincides with the point a or the point c in the figure. FIG. 2(C) shows 
the variation of the static magnetic field intensity (curves shown by 
solid line) where the amplification function for the variation of the 
inclination angle .theta. with respect to one of the &lt;110&gt;axes of the 
static magnetic field B can be obtained, and the variation of the static 
magnetic field (curves shown by dotted line) where the attenuation 
function takes place, when the direction of the static magnetic field B is 
rotated in the {110} plane of the silicon single crystal 1. 
In FIG. 2(C), efficient amplification can be realized when the static 
magnetic field intensity B and the inclination angle .theta. are selected 
so that the curves shown by solid lines cross each other. This condition 
is met at each of the points a, c, e, f, g, h, i, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r 
and s in FIG. 2(C). However, among these points, the point k and the point 
s are very close to points where the attenuation function takes place. 
Accordingly, such a point is not very suitable to be used for 
amplification. Also in the conditioned points a, c, e, f, g, h, i where 
the direction of the static magnetic field becomes parallel to any of the 
&lt;100&gt;, &lt;111&gt;, &lt;110&gt;axes among the crystal axes of the silicon single 
crystal, adjustment of the direction of the static magnetic field is easy 
and therefore these points can be easily used. Further the conditioned 
points c, e, i, j are relatively remote from other amplification 
conditioned points, and therefore are effective when an input microwave 
having a desired frequency is to be amplified selectively. Also where the 
curves shown by solid lines cross each other, as there are differences in 
the amplification efficiency (refer to the points a, c in FIG. 2(A)), high 
amplification efficiency can be obtained if the conditioned points, e.g., 
points c, e in FIG. 2(C) are selected. 
The amplification action of the amplifiers according to the present 
invention as previously explained is very sensitive to the static magnetic 
field intensity and the orientation of the silicon single crystal 1 with 
respect to the static magnetic field. For example, when the orientation of 
the silicon single crystal 1 with respect to the static magnetic field is 
fixed, the amplification function will disappear if the static magnetic 
field intensity deviates by 0.03% from the conditional value (center 
value) where the amplification function can be obtained. On the contrary, 
the dynamic range for amplification with respect to the frequency of the 
input microwave is very small. Therefore the amplifier due to the present 
invention has very low noise, and is suitable especially for amplification 
when the input microwave is very weak. Also the microwave processing 
equipment according to the present invention has both the advantage of 
having a narrow band width and the advantage of the center frequency being 
continuously variable, because it is easy to change the frequency of the 
microwave to be amplified by changing the static magnetic field intensity 
or the orientation of the silicon single crystal 1 as mentioned already. 
Next, a procedure in the case of actually amplifying the input microwave 
will be described. 
When no significant noise components or unnecessary frequency components 
are contained in the input microwave 17, first, the direction of the 
static magnetic field is adjusted to some extent by the orientation 
holding device 2. The static magnetic field intensity B is varied while 
the intensity of the output microwave 18 is monitored, and the static 
magnetic field intensity is fixed at the position where the output 
microwave intensity becomes maximum. Then, the direction of the static 
magnetic field is adjusted finely by the orientation holding device 2 
again to the direction where the output microwave intensity becomes 
maximum. Then, if necessary, the fine adjustment for the intensity and the 
direction of the static magnetic field is repeated until the output 
microwave intensity becomes maximum. 
On the other hand, when noise components or unnecessary frequency 
components are contained abundantly in the input microwave 17, using the 
standard signal source having only a specific frequency component to be 
amplified, the direction of the static magnetic field is adjusted in 
advance according to the above procedure so that only the specific 
frequency component can be amplified. Then, the intensity and the 
direction of the static magnetic field are finely adjusted while the 
intensity of the output microwave 18 is monitored, and the conditional 
point is found where the output microwave intensity becomes maximum. 
When the frequency of the input microwave 17 to be amplified is always 
constant, the above-mentioned procedures are unnecessary excepting that 
fine adjustment is carried out more or less according to necessity. 
Moreover, especially when the adjustment using the standard signal source 
is frequently carried out, the work efficiency is good if the high 
resistance part having an electrical resistivity that is not less than 100 
.OMEGA. cm is used as the silicon single crystal 1. This is because the 
fundamental adjustment can be carried out at room temperature, as the 
paramagnetic resonance absorption similar to the case at the extremely low 
temperature (refer to FIG. 2(B)) can be observed at room temperature, if 
the high resistance part is used as the silicon single crystal 1. 
As described already, in order to carry out microwave amplification by the 
microwave processing equipment according to the present invention, the 
silicon single crystal 1 must be cooled to the extremely low temperature. 
FIG. 3 shows the relation between the efficiency of the microwave 
amplification (O/I) and the temperature T(K) of the silicon single crystal 
1. As is clearly seen from FIG. 3, microwave amplification occurs at 
temperatures below 20K, and especially the maximum amplification 
efficiency is obtained at the temperature range between 5K and 10K. The 
temperature characteristics are related to the case where the frequency 
for the microwave to be amplified is found near 10 GHz, that is, in the 
so-called X band. When the frequency of the microwave to be amplified is 
lower than this, the microwave amplification function takes place at a 
temperature that is ever lower than the above temperature. Contrarily, 
when the frequency of the microwave to be amplified is higher than the 
above frequency, the amplification function can be carried out even at a 
temperature higher than 20K as above described. 
In addition to the above-mentioned cooling, the light irradiation is also a 
necessary condition for the microwave amplification. FIG. 4 shows the 
relation between the efficiency of the microwave amplification (0/I) and 
the light intensity to be irradiated to the silicon single crystal 1. As 
is clear from FIG. 4, when the irradiated light intensity is strong to 
some extent, the amplification function can be obtained, and when the 
irradiated light intensity is weak, the output microwave is attenuated 
with reference to the input microwave. Variation of gain from the 
amplification to the attenuation is continuous and smooth with reference 
to the variation of the irradiated light intensity. In the embodiment 
shown in FIG. 1, as the intensity of the light 10 to be irradiated to the 
silicon single crystal 1 can be varied continuously, the gain can be 
varied continuously in the range from attenuation to amplification. That 
is, the equipment in FIG. 1 becomes a narrow band amplifier when the 
irradiated light intensity is sufficiently strong. Contrarily, when the 
irradiated light intensity is made sufficiently weak or the light is not 
at all irradiated, the equipment becomes a band elimination filter having 
very abrupt characteristics. When the equipment is used either as the 
amplifier or as the filter, the noise is very small and becomes constant. 
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described using 
FIG. 5. 
In FIG. 5, a silicon single crystal 1 containing neutral {110} planar four 
vacancies is held by an orientation holding device 2, and is cooled to a 
constant temperature below 20K by a temperature control device 19 within a 
cooling device 3 filled with liquid helium 20. Of course, the temperature 
of the silicon single crystal 1 can be set to arbitrary temperatures in 
the range from less than 20K to room temperature according to necessity. 
The silicon single crystal 1 is located within a waveguide 21 penetrating 
the inside of the cooling device 3. A thermal insulation part 22 is 
provided between a part of the waveguide 21 entering the inside of the 
cooling device 3 and a part thereof extending to the outside. Input 
microwave 17 passes through the waveguide 21, and is supplied to the 
silicon single crystal 1. The microwave from the silicon single crystal 1 
passes through the waveguide 21, and is outputted as output microwave 18. 
Light 10 having wavelength near 1.3 .mu.m can be irradiated to the silicon 
single crystal 1 by a light irradiation device 8. Here, the intensity of 
the light 10 being irradiated to the silicon single crystal 1 can be 
continuously varied in the range upto the maximum allowable output 
intensity of the light irradiation device 8 by the light control device 9. 
Further, static magnetic field B having high homogeneity (varying rate not 
more than 0.01%) is applied to the silicon single crystal 1 by a magnetic 
field applying device 11. An electromagnet or a permanent magnet may be 
used as the magnetic field applying device 11. When either magnet is used, 
the intensity of the static magnetic field to be applied to the silicon 
single crystal 1 can be continuously varied, but illustration of a 
mechanism therefor shall be omitted here. 
The microwave processing equipment according to this embodiment operates 
similarly to the equipment of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Since the 
equipment in this embodiment is not provided with a microwave cavity 
resonator, efficiency of the microwave amplification tends to lower in 
comparison with the equipment shown in FIG. 1, but the equipment 
constitution is simple and the handling of the equipment easy. 
Next, a third embodiment according to the present invention will be 
described using FIG. 6. 
This embodiment concerns a concrete constitution of parts of the silicon 
single crystal 1 and the light irradiation device 8. In FIG. 6, the 
silicon single crystal 1 and the light irradiation device 8 are composed 
of a solid state light emitting device such as a light-emitting diode, a 
semiconductor laser or the like, and are fixed on the same substrate 23 as 
one body. Electrical current to the light irradiation device 8 is adjusted 
so as to irradiate the light 10 with a prescribed intensity onto the 
silicon single crystal 1. The electrical current flows through a current 
lead 24 from the light control device 9, which is not shown in FIG. 6. 
Thus, the silicon single crystal 1 and the light irradiation device 8 are 
made one body, so that not only can the equipment be made of small size, 
but also the operability of the equipment and reliability of its operation 
are improved. 
As means for cooling the silicon single crystal 1, a device similar to 
either of those illustrated in FIG. 1 or FIG. 5 may be used, but the 
substrate 23 as a whole may instead be cooled by an electronic cooling 
means utilizing the Peltier effect. Using such an electronic cooling 
means, the manipulation and the maintenance of the equipment are 
simplified significantly in comparison with the cooling means using the 
liquid helium 20. 
Next, a fourth embodiment according to the present invention will be 
described using FIG. 7. 
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a part of the output electromagnetic 
wave is extracted from the output waveguide 16 and is subjected to the 
phase and amplitude adjustment by a phase shifter 25 and an attenuator 26, 
and then the processed electromagnetic wave is fed back to the side of the 
input waveguide 15 by a feedback circuit 27. That is, a part of the 
electromagnetic wave is supplied again (positive feedback) to the 
amplifier 28 which has the constitution indicated in either of FIG. 1, 
FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, to thereby raise the amplification rate. Here, the 
order for the phase shifter 25 and the attenuator 26 in the feedback 
circuit 27 may be the reverse to that indicated in the figure. This 
embodiment is superior to the embodiments shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 5 and FIG. 
6 from the view point of gain and signal/noise ratio by providing the 
feedback circuit 27. 
Next, a fifth embodiment according to the present invention will be 
described using FIG. 8. 
In this embodiment, amplification is carried out by combining a plurality 
(n pieces) of amplifiers 29 having constitutions indicated in either of 
FIG. 1, FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. The way of combining is that, for n 
amplifiers (hereinafter, an amplifier (1), an amplifier (2), . . . , an 
amplifier (n)), the output waveguide 16 of the amplifier (i)[i=1, 2, . . . 
, n-11] is connected to the input waveguide 15 of the amplifier (i+1). 
Then, the input electromagnetic wave 17 is supplied from the input 
waveguide 15 of the amplifier (1), and the output electromagnetic wave 18 
is extracted from the output waveguide 16 of the amplifier (n). 
As the amplifier according to the present invention has low noise in 
comparison with other amplifiers in the prior art, the multistage 
amplifier constitution is particularly effective in order to improve the 
amplification rate. 
The maser action used in the present invention is a phenomenon which occurs 
in the system where a spin level having a spin multiplicity of 1 or more 
(that is, a level having spin sublevels not less than 3) is provided, and 
the inversion distribution can be realized between the spin sublevels by 
the disclosed light pumping means or the like. In general, the spin 
sublevels are split even in a zero magnetic field because of the 
spin-orbit interaction, the spin-spin interaction or the like. Therefore, 
if a microwave has a frequency corresponding to the energy for splitting 
width between sublevels where inversion distribution has been realized, 
amplification is possible according to the same principle as that of the 
present invention, even if the static magnetic field is not applied from 
the outside (maser amplification in a zero magnetic field). However, 
regarding the maser amplification in the zero magnetic field, as the 
frequencies of the microwave capable of being amplified are extremely 
limited, utilization of this as an amplifier is not practical. 
In the microwave processing equipment according to the present invention, 
since the stimulated emission is used as the principle for amplification, 
the equipment has low noise in comparison with the amplifier carrying out 
the amplification by controlling the massive flow of electrons, such as a 
prior art electron tube or semiconductor element as above described. 
Therefore, a even weak microwave can be amplified with a high signal/noise 
ratio. 
Further, as the microwave amplifier according to the present invention has 
a very narrow band width, and the center frequency of the amplification 
band width can be easily changed by the adjustment of the intensity of the 
static magnetic field or the orientation of the silicon single crystal, 
amplification having a high Q value can be carried out as regards the 
microwave having a desired frequency. 
In the silicon single crystal which is a fundamental part of the microwave 
processing equipment according to the present invention, movement of 
materials such as the massive flow of electrons does not at all occur 
during the operation. Therefore, as the life is not limited depending on 
its operating time, the reliability can be maintained for a long time. 
Then, furthermore, the intensity of the output microwave can be adjusted 
continuously with reference to the intensity of the input microwave in the 
range from attenuation to amplification by varying the intensity of light 
irradiated to the silicon single crystal. That is, the microwave 
processing equipment according to the present invention can be used as 
both a microwave amplifier with a narrow band width and a band elimination 
filter having abrupt characteristics, without changing its equipment 
constitution.