Method and apparatus for testing and measuring for porosity and anomalies of materials using electron beams

The porosity and integrity of a nonconductive material is determined using electron beams and electronic instrumentation. The electric corona discharge from holes in the nonconductive material is detected and analyzed in order to determine the presence of viral and sub-viral sized voids or holes, as well as other material anomalies such as blisters and bubbles.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. 
No. 60/002,693 filed Aug. 23, 1995. 
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the on-line, 
real-time, non-destructive porosity and anomaly testing and measuring of 
nonconductive materials, including a protective barrier material, such as 
a condom, a glove, encapsulation, packaging, or filtration media for the 
detection of viral and sub-viral sized apertures, voids, holes, blisters, 
contaminants, stress fractures, overlapped material, formulation defects 
and other anomalies, and more particularly to an electronic measuring 
method and apparatus which utilizes electron beams and electronic 
instrumentation to measure electronic corona discharge from the holes and 
anomalies in the nonconductive material. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
There is much concern among world health organizations and regulatory 
agencies regarding the quality of nonconductive materials, including 
protective barrier materials or products, such as condoms or gloves. The 
concern is due to the fact that disease-causing viruses such as the AIDS 
virus and the hepatitis B virus can pass through small holes or voids 
present in these materials or goods, thus infecting the user with the 
virus. These holes or voids may be formed during the manufacturing of the 
nonconductive materials or pursuant to anomalies present in the 
nonconductive materials. Accordingly, the present invention has been 
developed for the testing and measuring of the porosity and anomalies of 
these nonconductive materials. In particular, the present invention has 
been developed for the on-line, real-time, non-destructive, non-contact, 
non-abrasive, dry testing and measuring of nonconductive materials, 
including thin film protective barrier materials, for voids, holes, or 
anomalies having a diameter of as little as one nanometer. Moreover, the 
present invention can detect anomalies in the material such as 
contamination, blisters, bubbles, uncatalyzed or unblended resin, low 
density material (e.g., weak molecular crosslinking strength), high 
density material, overlapping material, stress fractures, formulation 
defects, and other structural and non-void anomalies in the material. 
Products and materials used to screen viral-size viruses must have their 
porosity and anomaly presence determined in order to insure that no holes 
are present or may be formed by anomalies which would permit the passage 
of a virus. These viruses may be as small as twenty nanometers in 
diameter. Goods and materials that may act as viral barriers include 
condoms, medical grade gloves, thin film membranes, filtration media, 
materials used in electronic applications, gowns and aprons used in the 
medical field and operating room environments. Goods and materials that 
may act as filter media include medical and scientific membranes, fiber 
and cloth-like filled devices, and microporous analytical and diagnostic 
membranes, as well as various polymer combinations. 
One primary test for determining the porosity of nonconductive thin film 
materials is the water or electrical hydraulic test. Using this test, the 
product or material to be tested, such as a condom, is placed on a 
tube-shaped electrode or mandrel and is submersed in a water bath or 
electrolyte solution. An electrical potential is applied between the 
mandrel and the water solution. If there is a void of material in the 
condom, the water will pass from the charged container water bath to the 
electrode, causing a short circuit. A current reading will be displayed on 
a connected ammeter indicating that a defective void exists in the 
material, and this material is rejected. However, this test can only 
determine if there is a sizable hole in the material. It cannot reveal the 
presence of an anomaly, such as a blister or a bubble, in the material 
because the blister or the bubble will not break in the water test, thus 
not permitting the water to pass from the water bath to the ground 
However, a blister or bubble could very easily break in the use of the 
condom and thus the condom would fail during use. Therefore, this test 
would not find the defect in the condom. Another drawback of the water 
test is that only holes of about fifty microns or greater will be 
detected, due to the surface tension of the water. It has been proposed to 
add soap or alcohol to the water in order to decrease the surface tension. 
However, even with a lower surface tension, this test will not detect 
viral size holes. 
A second primary test which is used to determine the porosity of materials 
is called a dry test or a spark test. This method involves an electrically 
charged brush, charged with 1300 to 1500 volts A.C., 60 Hz. The brush is 
conductive and it brushes against the mandrel which the material (e.g., 
the condom) is placed on. Both the brush and the mandrel rotate. When 
there is a large void, about 50 to 100 microns, the voltage from the brush 
will spark through as a straight forward, very thick spark. Because it is 
a strong discharge, it creates large holes. This method is destructive 
because the brush touches and breaks the condom. Furthermore, a very 
strong current flows which can destroy the condom. 
A third test is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,799 entitled METHOD AND 
APATUS FOR TESTING A PROTECTIVE BARRIER MATERIAL FOR PINHOLES AND TEAR 
STRENGTH and issued to Beard et al. This test is basically a water test 
that is conducted at different frequencies, not just D.C. or 60 Hz. This 
method permits the discovery of holes, bubbles and blisters in the 
material being tested. This is a capacitive test in which distance, 
environment and thickness of the product are critical to the repeatability 
and calibration of the test It is an integral measurement, meaning it 
measures relatively large areas as one "gray" measurement. It is also a 
wet tester. One of the inherent problems with wet testing is that after 
the material has been wet then it must be dried, and usually dried with 
hot air. The hot air, containing ozone, weakens the latex material and 
thus increases or enhances the number of voids that might be present in 
the final product. 
In addition, the above tests are used in conjunction with more extensive 
destructive test methods to statistically sample lots of the finished 
product. Laboratory testing has shown that in a given finished production 
lot, some products have small and large holes, while in another given lot, 
there may be few, if any, defective product. Thus, more accurate and 
reliable process testing of each manufactured product is needed. 
The foregoing illustrates the limitations known to exist in present 
porosity testing methods and apparatuses. Thus, it is apparent that it 
would be advantageous to provide an alternative porosity testing method 
and apparatus s which will non-destructively detect viral size voids, 
blisters, bubbles, and other anomalies on the production line in 
fluctuating environments and in real-time for nonconductive materials. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention provides a method and apparatus of non-destructive 
testing using a corona beam and the Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect. Viral 
and subviral apertures or voids of material, as well as anomalies such as 
bubbles and blisters, are detected in the present invention through the 
use of a corona beam. 
Corona beam formation is disclosed in a text by lovine, "Kirlian 
Photography" (TAB Books, 1994), which is incorporated herein by reference. 
The problems of the prior art are overcome by the present invention. These 
problems include the operation of the brush in the dry test and the 
necessity of drying the material in the wet test. Furthermore, subviral 
size and viral size holes can be found down to about 1 to 10 nanometers, 
as opposed to the prior art which detects holes only as small as about 50 
microns. Finally, the present invention can detect bubbles and blisters 
and other abnormalities and anomalies in the material. This testing is 
performed dry, absolutely non-destructively in real-time, on-line, in 
fluctuating environments, with non-contact.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
In general terms, the porosity or presence of anomalies of a nonconductive 
material is determined by using an electron sensor in an open atmosphere 
under a fluid cover gas, or a flow of a cover gas. The cover gas is 
directed on the material and, if there is a small aperture, hole or 
anomaly in the material, a change in the electric discharge or "corona" 
(also known as an electron beam, an electrostatic corona or a corona 
discharge) occurs, which is measured by the sensor. The electron sensor 
comprises an electrode and a sensing mechanism which records electrons 
that are sent through the hole or anomaly in the nonconductive material. 
The occurrence of this change in discharge is due to the below-described 
Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect (sometimes referred to herein as "the 
Aperture Effect"). 
It should be noted that anomalies in the material include, but are not 
limited to, contamination, blisters, bubbles, uncatalyzed or unblended 
resin, low density material (e.g., weak molecular crosslinking strength), 
high density material, overlapping material, stress fractures, formulation 
defects, and other structural and non-void anomalies in the material. 
It should be noted that the diameter of the anode tip in the electron 
sensor, the quality of the plating material (e.g., barium, platinum, gold, 
silver), and the heating of the anode and cathode tips are factors that 
relate to the quality and length of the electric discharge (i.e., the 
corona beam) that is detected. Other important factors are the dielectric 
quality of the material being tested, the type of defect that is being 
detected, and the operating parameters of the testing equipment, such as 
the frequency, the amplitude, the waveshape and the voltage. The proper 
combination of these factors leads to the ability to detect subnanometer 
size apertures, holes or anomalies in the material being tested. 
The Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect is based on the point-to-point effect, 
a known effect, which is described in a text by Moore, "Electrostatics" 
(Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1968), which is incorporated herein by 
reference. The Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect is shown by the use of a 
smooth, rounded grounded cathode (i.e., approximately cylindrical) in 
proximity to a tip of an anode (a point). Very few electrons (or corona) 
are discharged if the voltage is low enough. But when the cathode is 
masked with a dielectric material containing a very small void of material 
(or hole or anomaly), an electrical point is masked out on the grounded 
cathode. A point-to-point effect would be created and electrons would flow 
from the cathode through the hole or anomaly in the dielectric material to 
the anode tip without increasing the applied voltage. This flow of 
electrons is detected as a change in the electric discharge. 
A cover gas is also important in achieving the Griebel-Gormley Aperture 
Effect. Typical cover gases include nitrogen, noncombustible gases, noble 
gases, and dehydrated air. The results vary with the particular cover gas 
used. It makes a dramatic difference whether nitrogen is used as opposed 
to air or neon or other noble gases. The flow rate and gas pressure are 
also important factors; the higher the gas pressure, the more gas flows 
and the beam lengthens. As the pressure increases, the gas becomes more 
dense, and the electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode become 
slower moving. For example, with a pressure of about 1 atmosphere in a 
cover gas of air, the electrons will move at about 1/10 the speed of 
light. If the pressure is increased, the speed will decrease. 
It should also be noted that the beam may move and wander in the cover gas 
environment. The beam is self-seeking within the focus of the fluid cover 
gas. Thus, the beam moves in the area of the material bounded by the fluid 
cover gas in order to locate a properly sized aperture or anomaly. 
It should also be noted that the sensor may be positioned using an 
automatic positioning device such as a servo motor, a stepper motor or a 
programmable positioning robot. 
Other important factors in the creation of the Griebel-Gormley Aperture 
Effect are the supply voltage, the frequency of the pulsed D.C., and the 
distance from the cathode to the anode. Moreover, the distance between the 
cathode and the material being tested is an important factor in obtaining 
the Aperture Effect. If the material being tested is too far from the 
cathode, the Aperture Effect will be lost. 
Referring to FIG. 1(a), there is shown a nonconductive material 1 which is 
being tested for a hole, an aperture or an anomaly. This material 1 may 
be, for example, a piece of latex used in condoms or medical grade gloves. 
A very small hole, on the order of 200 nanometers, is shown in the center 
of the material 1. It should be noted that the following analysis is also 
applicable for the testing of a material for the presence of an anomaly 
instead of a hole. Electrons flow from the ground 7 (the cathode) towards 
the anode 2 as a corona beam 6. This corona beam 6 is formed because of 
the small aperture in the material 1. The ground 7 may be a smooth, 
rounded material or model, such as a metallic object (e.g., a plate or a 
roller) or a metal mandrel. Normally, a negligible amount of electric 
discharge would flow from the ground 7. However, the point 5, which is at 
the tip of the anode 2, responds to the aperture in the material 1 as if 
the aperture were another point. This in turn gives rise to a 
point-to-point effect. When there is a point-to-point contact present, an 
increase in the corona discharge flow occurs. We call this effect the 
Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect. Due to the presence of a very small void, 
or anomaly, a strong field of electrons is generated. This does not occur 
when a point comes in contact with a smooth, rounded conductive model, 
such as the metal mandrel, plate or roller. 
A fluid cover gas 4 is directed to flow through a housing 3 which encases 
the anode 2 and to flow toward a surface of the nonconductive material. 
This cover gas 4 amplifies the Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect by 
eliminating the ambient electron flow and attenuating the beam. The cover 
gas 4 may be nitrogen, a noncombustible gas, or a noble gas such as xenon, 
krypton, neon, and argon. The cover gas 4 may also be dehydrated air which 
works well for certain materials. The air is dehydrated to eliminate the 
presence of any humidity fluctuations. 
FIGS. 1(b)-1(d) contain similar elements as have been described above with 
respect to FIG. 1(a). These elements are labeled identically and their 
description is omitted for brevity. 
Referring to FIG. 1(b), there is shown the same elements of FIG. 1(a) 
except the material 1 has no hole or aperture in it. The material 1 is a 
good dielectric material (an insulator) that prevents electrons from 
flowing. Thus, there is a negligible flow of electrons from the ground 7. 
As a result, there is no Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect because there is 
only one point (the point 5) and thus no point-to-point effect may occur. 
Referring to FIG. 1(c), there is shown the material 1 with a very large 
void in it. This void may be from 2 millimeters to 10 millimeters in 
diameter. Due to the size of the void, there is no point-to-point effect 
present because the material 1 does not create a small enough window to 
cover up the ground 7 (the cathode) in order to create a point cathode. 
Thus, there is no measurable change in the flow of electrons from the 
ground 7. 
Thus, based on FIGS. 1(a) and 1(c), an inverse relationship exists between 
the strength of the electric discharge and the size of the void of the 
nonconductive material. As the void size increases, the strength of the 
electric discharge decreases. 
Referring to FIG. 1(d), no dielectric material 1 is present. Thus, because 
the ground 7 is smooth and rounded, no point-to-point effect is present 
between the ground 7 and the tip 5 of the anode 2. There is a negligible 
flow of electrons. 
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a condom 14 placed on a mandrel 10 
which acts as the grounded cathode. The porosity of the condom is to be 
determined. The mandrel 10 is mounted on an automatic positioning device 
such as a robot, a stepper motor or servo motor 12 which spins the mandrel 
10. 
The housing 15 contains the fluid cover gas 16 as its flow is directed over 
any electron beam. The tip 11 of the anode 13 attracts electrons. However, 
in this exemplary circuit, a negligible amount of electrons are flowing 
because the condom does not contain a small void. There is no 
Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect. This is similar to the situation 
described above with respect to FIG. 1(b). Note that the housing 15 has an 
inner diameter of about 4 mm and the anode 13 has a diameter of about 1 
mm. 
The electronic measurement instrumentation and circuitry is as follows. The 
anode 13 is connected to a coil 17. An ammeter 18 measures the flow of 
current in the coil 17. A large resistor 19 and a high voltage pulsed DC 
power supply 20 are connected in series to the coil 17. This circuitry is 
desirable to detect a hole in the material being tested. Other electronic 
measurement instrumentation and circuitry, discussed in detail below with 
respect to FIG. 13, is preferred to detect the presence of an anomaly. The 
circuitry of FIG. 13 is preferably adapted for use in FIGS. 2-12(c) to 
test for the presence of anomalies rather than holes. 
FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 contain similar elements as have been described above 
with respect to FIG. 2. These elements are labeled identically and their 
description is omitted for brevity. 
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a similar exemplary circuit as shown in 
FIG. 2, except that the condom 14 has a very small hole 22 in it. This 
small hole 22 would create the Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect because a 
point-to-point situation would be formed. This would create an increase in 
the flow of electrons from the mandrel 10 (the grounded cathode) to the 
tip 11 of the anode 13. The increased electron flow would be detected by 
the coil 17 and displayed on the ammeter 18. The cover gas 16 assists the 
electron beam in being conveyed from the mandrel 10 to the anode 13. Here, 
a desirable cover gas is dehydrated nitrogen gas, a very consistent gas 
that does not require recalibration each time it is used. Furthermore, 
nitrogen gas has the advantage of not creating any ozone, which may be 
created by the corona discharge in an oxygen atmosphere to affect the 
condom 14 which may be harmed if made of latex. 
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a similar exemplary circuit as shown in 
FIG. 2, except that the condom 14 has a very large void 23 in it. The void 
23 is so large that a point-to-point effect may not be created. Thus, the 
Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect disappears. The voltage, or potential, 
applied to anode 13 is not sufficient to draw an appreciable amount of 
electrons out of the grounded cathode mandrel 10. As a result, there is a 
negligible electron flow from the mandrel 10 to the tip 11 of the anode 
13. The ammeter 18 would not produce an output because the coil 17 would 
not detect any current. 
The size of the void 23 relative to the size of the tip 11 of the anode 13 
is critical. If, for example, the anode tip 11 is 3000 times smaller than 
the size of the hole 23, the Aperture Effect will not be obtained. The 
achievement of the Aperture Effect is dependent, among other factors, such 
as frequency, amplitude and waveshape, described above, on the relative 
sizes of the void 23 and the anode tip 11 diameter. If that relation is 
not close, the Aperture Effect will not result. 
FIGS. 5-7 contain similar elements as have been described above with 
respect to FIG. 2. These elements are labeled identically and their 
description is omitted for brevity. 
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a housing or a capsule 35 containing a 
filtration material 31. The filtration material 31 may be any type of an 
insulating (nonconductive) dielectric material used to filter out viral 
size particles. The filtration material 31 contacts the inner manifold 32 
of the chamber. The capsule 35 is open on both ends. The filtration 
material is situated between the cathode 30, which is a flow of a noble 
gas that is being flushed into the capsule 35, and an anode 36. The anode 
36 is slowly inserted into the inner section of the inner manifold 32 of 
the chamber, opposite to the cathode 30. 
The product being tested in FIG. 5 is an encapsulated filter which may be 
used for filtering viruses out of the air for intravenous bags or for any 
other application where either the fluid or the air must be free of viral 
size particles. There is no metallic model or mandrel acting as a grounded 
cathode. Instead, an electrically charged conductive or neutral fluid acts 
as the grounded cathode 30 (a "gaseous ground") to create the flow of 
electrons to the anode 36, and to indicate the existence of a small hole 
26 in the filtration material 31. Thus, this is similar to the effect 
described in FIG. 1(a). The electrically charged conductive or neutral 
fluid may be a noble gas, an alkaline gas, an acidic gas, a heated gas, or 
a conductive liquid. The electrically charged conductive or neutral fluid 
is flushed into the capsule 35 prior to flowing, or drawing, the electron 
beam, and may be flushed into the capsule 35 while the beam is being 
drawn. 
In FIG. 5, electrons 38 are created by the cathode 30 charging the cover 
gas 39 which is being flushed into the capsule 35. Some of the electrons 
38 flow through a small aperture or hole 26 in the filtration material 31 
creating an electron flow 37. This electron flow 37 is attracted to the 
tip 33 of the anode 36 and gives rise to the Griebel-Gormley Aperture 
Effect. By measuring the electron flow 37, the size of the hole 26 may be 
determined. 
It should be noted that the principle of the electrically charged 
conductive or neutral fluid ground which acts as a "gaseous ground" is 
based on Joseph Thomson's discovery of the conduction of electricity 
through gases, as described in a text by Thomson, "The Discharge of 
Electricity Through Gases" (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898), which is 
incorporated herein by reference. 
As the anode 36 is being inserted, it rotates and moves in and out. This 
motion is used, in conjunction with the directed flow of the cover gas 39, 
to detect a hole 26 in the filtration material 31. The detection of a hole 
26 gives rise to the Aperture Effect. 
It should be noted that the capsule as well as the sensor may be positioned 
using an automatic positioning device such as a servo motor, a stepper 
motor or a programmable positioning robot. 
The construction of the anode 36 is as follows. The outside of the anode 36 
consists of an insulating material such as nylon. The center of the anode 
36 is a conductor which has the tip 33 angled to one side on it. 
Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a filtration material or membrane 49 in 
which each half of the chamber comprising the filtering product has a 
different modified atmosphere and may have different pressures. The 
membrane 49 is secured in the chamber or capsule such that the chamber is 
partitioned into two separate regions This differs from FIG. 5 in that 
FIG. 5 had one modified atmosphere (containing the cathode 30) and one 
open atmosphere (containing the anode 36). 
In FIG. 6, cathode 48 is charging one modified atmosphere; i.e., charging 
one type of fluid as opposed to another fluid being on the opposite side 
of the filtration membrane 49. Because of an aperture or a hole 52 in the 
filtration membrane 49, the Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect occurs from 
the charged fluid 47 to a fluidic medium 42 on the anode side. Anode 43 
receives the electron flow 45 which is being monitored and measured. 
On the cathode side of the filtration membrane 49, the fluid flows through 
the manifold 40 into the open chamber 41 and out of the outer housing 53. 
On the anode side of the filtration membrane 49, a different fluid 42 
flows through the manifold 44 into the open chamber 54 and out of the 
outer housing 55. 
Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a capsule 35 containing a filtration 
material 31. This arrangement is similar to that shown in FIG. 5 and 
elements that have been described above with respect to FIG. 5 are labeled 
identically and their description is omitted. In FIG. 7, there is no 
abnormal hole in the filtration material 31. As a result, a baseline 
electron flow is generated by the cathode 30 and attracted to the tip 33 
of the anode 36. Thus, no Aperture Effect is obtained, as described above 
with reference to FIG. 1(b). This filter would pass the porosity test 
because no hole or void is present beyond the prescribed baseline 
parameters. 
The tip 33 of the anode 36 is pointed in a direction that is perpendicular 
to the surface of the inner manifold 32 of the chamber in order to create 
the point used to measure the flow of electrons if the Aperture Effect is 
present. 
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus 
used to determine the porosity of a material by detection of the 
Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect. We note that the present invention is 
performed in an open, non-chambered atmosphere. A nonconductive material, 
such as a latex condom 62, is placed on a model or mandrel 61 which is 
positioned by an automatic positioning device. Here, the mandrel 61 is 
rotated by a servo motor 60. In this embodiment, one sensor which is 
comprised of elements 64-68 is shown. A fluid cover gas 63 is also 
present. 
The condom 62 rotates and the sensor elements 64 and 65 move up and down. 
In this manner, by the combined movements of the condom 62 and the sensor 
elements 64 and 65, a matrix is created and the entire surface area of the 
condom 62 has its porosity determined. 
The operator may determine how quickly the mandrel 61 rotates and how 
quickly the sensor elements 64 and 65 move. As a result, the condom 62 may 
have its porosity determined as quickly or as slowly as the operator 
chooses. A typical porosity determination of an entire condom may be made 
in approximately one second or less. 
The sensor elements 64 and 65 are an anode 64 and an antenna 65, 
respectively. The antenna 65 is a transformer with one open-ended side of 
the coil. The remaining sensor elements 66-68 are as follows: an ammeter 
66, which in this embodiment would be a nanoammeter, a resistor 67 which 
is used to limit the current, and a high voltage connection 68. 
The ammeter 66 shows proportionally the flow of current through the 
resistor 67 to the anode 64. The galvanic separation in the antenna 65 is 
where the current is detected. This current detection is done inductively 
as there is no actual connection between the two coils. It is very similar 
to a transformer but the detection coil is open to one side, which makes 
it an antenna very similar to those used in radio receivers. The ammeter 
66 is grounded on one side in order to cause a current flow through the 
meter which will proportionately show the flow through the resistor 67 to 
the anode 64. 
The above-described sensor at no time makes contact with the surface of the 
condom. It is a totally dry, non-destructive, non-interference method of 
testing the condom for holes, voids or anomalies. It is also a 
non-invasive method of testing. The speed of testing allows for several 
advantages over prior art. The condom can be tested in real-time, on-line 
without interfering with the manufacturing process, and the testing may be 
performed simultaneously with the manufacturing process. A much more 
thorough coverage of the surface area is obtained and each condom may be 
tested several times within a normal allotment of manufacturing line speed 
to a more precise degree of subviral porosity. The on-line, in real-time 
aspects of this testing method are critical because it is extremely cost 
effective and economical when the material that is being tested does not 
require rehandling. If there is a direct correlation between the sensing 
on-line after it is molded and a performance rate, then the quality of the 
end product would only have to be statistically sampled in order to prove 
efficacy for the market place. 
FIGS. 9, 11 and 13 contain similar elements as have been described above 
with respect to FIG. 8. These elements are labeled identically and their 
description is omitted for brevity. 
Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a further embodiment of the present 
invention with specific electronic measurement instrumentation. This 
embodiment is similar to the embodiment described above with reference to 
FIG. 8, however the measurement instrumentation differs. 
A power supply 70 feeds current to a positive anode 71 which is connected 
to a high resistance resistor 72. The power supply 70 is a high voltage 
power supply which can range from 100 volts to 100 megavolts, with a 
preferred range of 1 to 500 kilovolts, pulsed D.C. at 0 to 95 GHz, or D.C. 
or A.C. The resistor 72 has a resistance from 1 kiloohm to 1000 teraohms. 
A preferred operating set of parameters is 32 kilovolts, 16 kHz D.C. 
pulsed, 30 gigaohms, and a nitrogen cover gas flow of 0.3 Lpm. The current 
flowing through the resistor 72 then flows through a galvanically 
separated coil or antenna 74. An amplifier 78 detects the current and is 
connected to an output oscilloscope 82. This integrated circuit is a 
millivolt amplifier that has a millivolt input and has a output of 0 to 3 
volts D.C. The oscilloscope 82 shows the relative amount of electrons that 
are flowing from the positive anode 71 through the resistor 72 through the 
primary coil 74 to the tip 84 of the anode 64. 
In this embodiment, a gaseous or vacuum predischarge distance could be used 
as the resistor 72. Such a resistor includes, for example, a cylinder 
filled with a gas or an evacuated cylinder. 
In FIG. 9, a small hole 87 is present in the condom 62, and thus a corona 
beam 86 is generated. 
The current as it leaves the power supply 70 is very strong and is 
dangerous. The resistor 72 reduces the current to the order of nanoamps. 
This reduction in current is necessary in order to detect a small change 
in current flow through the coil 74, which occurs during the presence of 
the Griebel-Gormley Aperture Effect. If resistor 72 were removed from the 
circuit, it would be difficult to detect a change in current flow through 
the coil 74 because a lot of stray electric fields would be generated by 
the strong field leaving the power supply 70 and destroy the material 
being tested. The material could be destroyed by an electrical avalanche 
that creates detrimental sparks. 
Referring to FIG. 10(a), there is shown an exemplary waveform present on 
the oscilloscope 82 of FIG. 9 when either no hole or a large hole in the 
material is detected by the sensor of FIG. 9. 
Referring to FIG. 10(b), there is shown an exemplary waveform present on 
the oscilloscope 82 of FIG. 9 when a small hole is detected in the 
material by the sensor of FIG. 9. 
Referring to FIG. 11, there is shown a further exemplary embodiment of the 
present invention. This embodiment comprises an array of multiple sensors; 
here, 22 sensors are represented. Each of the anodes 64 is connected to 
the sensor circuitry, elements 65-68. The servo motor 60 turns the mandrel 
61 on which the condom 62 is placed. However, there is no vertical motion 
of the anodes 64 and antennae 65 over the condom. 
The operator of this embodiment can be notified of the detection of a hole 
in several different ways. One way is to attach an oscilloscope to each 
particular sensor circuitry, as is described above with reference to FIG. 
9. However, this method would be cumbersome as it would require many 
oscilloscopes. A preferred method of notifying the operator of the 
detection of a hole in the condom is attaching detection amplifiers to a 
high speed latch circuit. Whenever there is increased flow of electrons in 
the sensing device, the latch latches under this very quickly, on the 
order of less than 10 nanoseconds, and remains latched. The machine 
operator knows which sensing device was triggered and therefore has found 
a defect in that sensing area. The machine operator then stops the machine 
and removes the defective condom, and resets the sensors so that all the 
latches are open again and the next condom may be tested. This is an 
inexpensive method of testing a material such as a condom for a hole or 
void, but it has the disadvantage of not being able to detect blisters or 
is bubbles in the material. 
Referring to FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b), there is shown a further exemplary 
embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment may be used to detect 
the presence of holes or voids in a nonconductive barrier glove, such as a 
latex or rubber glove of the type used in the medical field. The glove to 
be tested is placed on a male mandrel (not shown). The male mandrel 
closely matches the dimensions of the glove to be tested. The remainder of 
the testing station includes a female mold of the glove that contains the 
individual sensors and circuitry for detecting any holes or voids in the 
material being tested. 
FIG. 12(a) shows an inside view of the female glove mold. FIG. 12(b) shows 
an outside view of the female glove mold. In this application, there is a 
large number of sensors 120, on the order of up to 300 or possibly more. 
These sensors 120 penetrate the female mold as shown in FIG. 12(a), 
terminating with anode points 125 in the interior of the female mold. 
These anode points 125 permit the electron beam to interact with the glove 
being tested. 
The sensors 120 move over the male mandrel containing the glove and 
encapsulate it for a short period of time. During this encapsulation, a 
static measurement occurs (i.e., no movement or rotation of the male 
mandrel and glove). Each one of the sensors 120 in the female mold takes a 
reading and determines whether the glove is acceptable or not acceptable. 
If the glove passes inspection, it is sent to a packaging station. 
Referring to FIG. 12(c), there is shown a further exemplary embodiment of 
the present invention. This embodiment, like that shown in FIGS. 12(a) and 
12(b), is also used to detect the presence of holes or voids in a latex or 
rubber glove of the type used in the medical field. The glove to be tested 
is placed on a male mandrel 130 and positioned using an automatic 
positioning device such as a stepper motor, a servo motor or a 
programmable robot. Here, the mandrel 130 is rotated by a servo motor 135. 
The male mandrel 130 closely matches the dimensions of the glove to be 
tested. The remainder of the testing station includes an articulating 
robotic arm 140 that positions itself around the male mandrel 130. The 
robotic arm 140 contains a sensor 145 and circuitry for detecting any 
holes or voids in the material being tested. 
The robotic arm 140 moves the sensor 145 up and down, and left and right 
over the glove being tested, as the glove is rotated by the servo motor 
135. The sensor 145 takes a reading at each point of the glove being 
tested and determines whether the glove is acceptable or not acceptable. 
If the glove passes inspection, it is sent to a packaging station. 
It should be noted that the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) 
is more expensive than the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 12(c). However, 
the embodiment in FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) is able to test a glove in a few 
seconds, whereas the embodiment in FIG. 12(c) takes about 1 minute to test 
a glove. It is desirable to use the quicker embodiment in a production 
process. 
FIG. 13 contains similar elements as have been described above with respect 
to FIG. 9. These elements are labeled identically and their description is 
omitted for brevity. 
Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown a further exemplary embodiment of the 
present invention which contains the measurement instrumentation desirable 
to detect an anomaly 88 existing in a nonconductive material. An anomaly 
includes blisters, bubbles, uncured areas, material differentiations 
including the presence of foreign materials, inconsistency in production 
process and anything that is not calibrated to a standard. An anomaly may 
lead to failure of the material during use. 
It should be noted that the below described detection circuitry can be 
adapted for use with the monitoring embodiments in FIGS. 2-12(c). 
Accordingly, the embodiments in FIGS. 2-12(c) can be used to detect the 
presence of anomalies, as well as holes, in a material. 
In this embodiment, a signal analyzer 100 (a Hewlett Packard Signal 
Analyzer Model 89410A is shown) analyzes the changes in frequencies and 
harmonics. The pulsed power supply 70 provides a working frequency on the 
order of 0 to 95 GHz or D.C. or A.C. However, as soon as a corona beam 86 
starts to flow, indicating the presence of a material anomaly, there is a 
disturbance in the field. This disturbance ranges up to the gigahertz 
frequency level. Many harmonics and overtones are formed, as well as many 
constructive and destructive interference between the frequencies. These 
frequencies, harmonics and overtones are analyzed with the signal analyzer 
100. 
The output of the signal analyzer 100 is sent into a fast analog/digital 
interface (not shown) that is connected to a computer 104 containing data 
acquisition software 102. The computer 104 stores the data in a data 
storage unit 106. 
The software 102 analyzes the signal and compares it to various 
predetermined parameters. After this comparison is made, the software 102 
either accepts the material as containing no harmful anomalies or rejects 
the material as containing at least one of the above-listed material 
anomalies. 
The software 102 sends the "accept" or "reject" decision through the 
computer 104 to a digital/analog converter and amplifier 108 where the 
analog signal is amplified to a level that drives a control solenoid 110 
which sends the material on for either packaging or disposal. 
It is preferable to perform multiple readings, each reading at a different 
power supply frequency, and, using the data acquisition software 102, 
compare the results of the readings. Comparison of readings performed at 
different frequencies decreases resonance and feedback problems inherent 
in one individual reading. 
The actual power or energy that is used to test the material in the present 
invention is much smaller (about 3000-4000 times smaller) than what is 
necessary to damage the material being tested (e.g., latex, urethane, 
etc.). For example, a latex condom or glove is exposed to about 5 
nanowatt-hours of energy. It would take several thousand times this 
quantity of watt-hours to damage or burn the material, thus rendering the 
material defective. 
It should be noted that the anode and cathode can be reversed in the 
aforementioned exemplary embodiments without any deterioration in the 
quality of the testing and measuring of the nonconductive material. Thus, 
for example, the mandrel (which was described in the above embodiments as 
a cathode) may be used as the anode while the tip that was used as to 
attract electrons may be used as the cathode to expel electrons. However, 
a cathodic corona is more destructive than an anodic corona. 
Another embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 14. 
The anode side of this embodiment is similar to that shown in FIG. 1(a) in 
that it has a gas 215 introduced into a housing 217 enclosing an anode 
220. The anode 220 ends in a point 210 at a jet 225 at an end of the 
housing 217. In this embodiment, a coarse dielectric screen 200, such as 
nylon, replaces the smooth, rounded conductive model, such as the metal 
mandrel, used in the previously described embodiments. A barrier material 
205 to be tested is placed on top of the nylon screen 200. On the cathode 
side, instead of having a flat ground underneath it, a grounded point 230 
is placed underneath the screen 200. The point 230 extends between a jet 
235 out of the cathode housing 237. The point 230 does not contact the 
screen 200. The screen 200 is approximately in the center of the two 
points 210 and 230. However, the screen 200 can be placed against the 
cathode. The points 210 and 230 are preferably about onehalf inch apart, 
but this distance can vary. A gas 240 is introduced in the housing 237 on 
the cathode side. Thus, gas, preferably nitrogen or a noble gas, flows 
from both the anode side as well as the cathode side. An improved effect 
is obtained when noble gases instead of nitrogen are used. This embodiment 
permits the detection of holes below 2 nm, on the order of about 5 
angstroms. This is considered molecular diffusion. 
Molecular diffusion is the transfer of mass between adjacent layers of 
fluid in laminar flow. With respect to the present invention, the corona 
beam flows electrons through a solid material that is being tested. At 
areas in the solid material where the molecular cross-linking is weaker 
than other areas, the electrons will pass through more easily. The portion 
of the material where the electrons pass through more easily reveals the 
portion of the material that is more permeable to molecules, i.e., that 
are more susceptible to molecular diffusion. This is considered to be 
another type of anomaly. 
It should be noted that a vacuum, rather than a gas flow, can be used on 
the cathode side. The vacuum allows the electrons to flow with greater 
ease and assists the barrier material 205 in remaining fixed on the nylon 
screen 200. 
The cathode can be heated. This facilitates the movement of electrons with 
greater ease through the anomalies of the material that is being tested. 
Also, an improvement in signal to noise ratio is created. 
FIGS. 15(a), 15(b), 16, and 17 contain similar elements as have been 
described above with respect to FIG. 14. These elements are labeled 
identically and their description is omitted for brevity. 
A field strength and angle attenuator ring can be implemented underneath 
the nylon screen in the embodiment shown in FIG. 14. An exemplary 
embodiment of the present invention which includes a field strength and 
angle attenuator ring 238 is shown in FIGS. 15(a) and 15(b). The ring 238 
surrounds the jet 235 and is conductive and grounded. The ring 238 can be 
placed anywhere on the cathode, either near the tip, as shown in FIG. 
15(b), or far down the cathode shaft, as shown in FIG. 15(a). 
The field strength and angle attenuator ring 238 spreads the field 
intensity around the point 230 on the cathode. In other words, the ring 
238 lowers the field intensity and the intensity of the discharge. This is 
important when using a very thin, easily destructible material such as the 
nylon screen 200 and the test material. The lowered field intensity also 
results in a more restricted area in which an anomaly can be detected. 
Thus, the ring 238 causes the electrons to focus into a tighter area. This 
facilitates the detection of nanometer-and sub-nanometer-anomalies. The 
ring 238 results in a greater focus of electrons and more of a focal point 
as the ring 238 gets closer to the end of the cathode tip. 
Another embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 16. 
In this embodiment, a very large resistor 250 is used as a focusing 
resistor between the power supply 260 and the sensor point 210. A resistor 
in the range of 1 kiloohm to 1000 teraohms is used. A preferred resistance 
range is 30 to 90 gigaohms. The focusing resistor adjusts the tightness, 
or width, of the electron beam. Moreover, 32 kV of filtered D.C., no 
frequency, is used as the power supply 260. A preferred operating set of 
parameters is 32 kilovolts, D.C., 90 gigaohms, and a nitrogen cover gas 
flow of 1.0 Lpm. As the voltage is increased, smaller material anomalies 
can be detected because with an increased voltage, the focusing resistor 
250 can be increased. This enables the discharge to be a very narrow beam 
of electrons. This technique may be used with a grounded metal plate as 
well as the nylon screen 200 shown. 
When an anomaly is detected, the voltage resonates at a frequency, 
waveshape and amplitude that is determinative of the size and kind of 
anomaly. The higher the voltage that is used, the smaller the hole that 
can be detected. However, this increased voltage becomes more destructive. 
The large resistor 250 restricts the flow of electrons but does not reduce 
the voltage. The voltage on the tip 210 of the sensor remains the same. 
Thus, the energy is kept very low, thereby reducing the destructiveness of 
the beam. A power supply of 300 kV can be used with a focusing resistor in 
the high gigaohms range to detect even smaller anomalies. 
Due to the high voltages, the beam length increases to the order of about 
six inches. This is important in a filter housing in which a long flexible 
length is desired to test every crevice, for example, in a fan-folded 
material. It is also useful for measuring gloves and other structures with 
complex geometries. With a 500 kV power supply, a noble gas, and a 2 
teraohm focusing resistor, the beam length can be increased up to 10 
inches. These high voltages are desirably insulated from each other. 
Another embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 17. 
A high voltage anode 265 is used as the power supply. A material 205 which 
is being tested for the presence of anomalies is placed on an anomaly-free 
dielectric film 270. As the material 205 is being tested, a capacitance 
builds up and the electrons in the anomalies of the material 205 begin to 
resonate. The capacitance discharges through the dielectric film 270. No 
anomalies are created in the dielectric film 270, but the Aperture Effect 
is still present and detectable. This embodiment is desirable because the 
fabrication of some barrier materials, such as rubber gloves or condoms, 
employs two dipping applications. If the first application produces an 
anomaly-free material, the second application of the material can still be 
tested using this exemplary embodiment. Thus, both dipping applications 
can be tested to detect the presence of an anomaly, such as a hole, 
blister, or spongy area. 
Depending on the frequency, amplitude and waveshape of the signal, it can 
be determined whether the anomaly is a hole or another type of structural 
anomaly such as a blister. 
FIG. 18 contains similar elements as have been described above with respect 
to FIGS. 16 and 17. These elements are labeled identically and their 
description is omitted for brevity. 
Another embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 18. 
A dielectric bag 305 is being tested for the presence of an aperture 315. 
The dielectric bag 305 contains a conductive content 310. The dielectric 
bag is placed on a grounded conductive plate 320 having a rounded edge 322 
to form a capacitive connection 325 between ground and the conductive 
content 310. Electrons 330 are drawn from the conductive content 310 of 
the dielectric bag 305 through an aperture 315 in the dielectric bag 305. 
These electrons are sensed at the sensor point 210 of the anode. Thus, an 
aperture in a dielectric bag is detected. 
Although illustrated and described herein with reference to certain 
specific embodiments, the present invention is nevertheless not intended 
to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be 
made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the 
claims and without departing from the spirit of the invention.