Detection of electromagnetic fields as a determinant of an event

Method and apparatus for detecting or analyzing chemical reactions, such as an enzyme reaction, and other events in which electron translation is accompanied by photon emission utilizing a magnetometer probe to detect a change in electromagnetic field strength as a characterization of the event. The event may be of unknown cause and a recorded time course of the change in electromagnetic field strength may be compared with known events to determine the cause of the unknown cause event.

FIELD OF INVENTION 
The present invention relates to the detection of electromagnetic fields 
produced by certain events, such as chemical reaction, as well as for a 
device for maintaining the generation of such electromagnetic fields. 
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
The motion of electrons within a single isolated atom or molecule generates 
electromagnetic fields which can be detected external to the boundaries of 
the atom or molecule. The magnitude and frequency of such external fields 
depends mainly upon the following factors: 
(i) the angular momentum of the electron as it spins on its axis (=electron 
spin angular momentum), 
(ii) the angular momentum of the electron as it moves in quasicircular 
orbital paths around the nucleus (=electron orbital momentum), 
(iii) the quantized energy states of the electron orbital paths and angular 
spin velocities, 
(iv) intraatomic and intramolecular interactions between electron motions 
as governed by Lenz's law, 
(v) rate of individual transitions between quantized energy states and the 
frequency of transitional events, 
(vi) interactions between electron orbital and spin angular moments and 
nuclear magnetic moments, and 
(vii) intensity, frequency and direction of externally imposed magnetic 
fields. 
The electromagnetic fields generated by electron motion within atoms or 
molecules are accompanied by the simultaneous emission of photons whose 
energies are characteristic of the frequencies of the associated 
atomically- or molecularly-generated external magnetic fields. The range 
of atomic and molecular electromagnetic frequencies extends from microwave 
to ultraviolet energies. 
SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
As described in more detail below, the present invention utilizes, among 
several related and exploitable phenomena, the electromagnetic 
consequences of chemical interactions between molecules, and between 
molecules and atoms, to characterize types of reactions and identify the 
reactant chemicals by (i) direct magnetometric detection of magnetic 
fields external to the reactants and by (ii) magnetometric detection of 
magnetic domain configurations that are set up both by microwave photons 
and by propagating microwave electromagnetic fields in substances which 
surround the reactants and which behave as transducers of high frequency 
atomic/molecular magnetic field oscillations into magnetic domain 
fluctuations at much lower frequencies, e.g. 0 to 10.sup.4 hertz (Hz). 
The transducing substances can be in gaseous, liquid or solid phases and 
are weakly ferromagnetic over at least some range of imposed microwave 
energies. Transducing substances which are strongly ferromagnetic by 
virtue of iterative metallic crystal ionic bonds exhibit the 
transduction-necessary weak ferromagnetism mode as a surface phenomenon of 
only several atoms thickness, consistent with the observed ability of thin 
films of reactant systems to increase the sensitivity and reproducibility 
of the device provided herein. 
Similar frequency conversion mechanisms inherent in ferromagnetic, weakly 
ferromagnetic and paramagnetic micro- and nanostructures and systems (e.g. 
atoms, molecules, nano- and microcavities and stereosurfaces, nano-, 
micro- and ultrafine wires), are utilized to enable detection, by 
conventional magnetometry, of chemically- and intraatomically-generated 
electromagnetic and quantum (photon) phenomena. Utilizing the same 
energy-transduction and magnetometry technology, quantum particulate and 
propagating high-frequency electromagnetic emissions released during 
radioactive decay are exploited to detect and measure gamma and beta (+) 
and (-) emission from weak radioactive sources. 
The invention, therefore, represents a universal detector of circulating 
electronic currents in all forms of matter whose dimensions may range from 
macroscopic to ultrananoscopic and of translation and quantum mechanical 
axial spin of electrons in all such matter. The present invention thus 
constitutes a practical, reliable, transducer of the magnetic intra- and 
extra-atomic consequences of interactions between electron movement and 
propagating electromagnetic fields over an extremely wide range of field 
strengths and frequencies. 
The present invention does not require any technically-generated external 
magnetic fields, either steady or time-variant, but includes simple 
high-permeability ferromagnetic shielding as a means to reduce the 
ubiquitous geomagnetic field and its inherent fluctuations. The same 
shielding serves, over a wide range of frequencies, to reduce the effects 
of stray magnetic fields of non-geomagnetic origin and is also an 
important component of the frequency-changing transduction mechanism 
whereby electromagnetic energies originating at atomic frequencies promote 
the formation of ferromagnetic or quasiferromagnetic domains detectable by 
conventional magnetometry. 
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a 
method of detection of an event in which electron translation is 
accompanied by photon emission, which comprises detecting a change in 
electromagnetic field strength caused by the event. Such event may 
comprise a chemical reaction, a molecular interaction and/or a change of 
state of matter. 
Such event may be of known cause and a time course of the change in 
electromagnetic field strength, i.e. the changes in electromagnetic field 
strength over time, may be recorded as a characterization of the event. 
Alternatively, the event may be of unknown cause. A time course of the 
change of electromagnetic field strength is recorded and compared with 
predetermined time courses of known events in which electron translation 
is accompanied by photon emission to determine the cause of the unknown 
cause event. 
One specific application of the procedure of the invention is to determine 
the electromagnetic consequences of enzyme reactions by detection and 
measurement of changes in the electromagnetic field strength at 
temperatures which are optimum for the enzyme reaction of interest. 
The recordal of the change of electromagnetic field strength may be 
effected in any convenient manner which permits the characteristic time 
course of the event to be provided and, if desired, compared with known 
prior-recorded time courses. Such analysis may be effected by FAST FOURIER 
TRANSFORM (FFT) procedures and may be enhanced, augmented and/or assisted 
by other forms of signal analysis, such as pattern recognition and/or wave 
trend forecasting. 
The change in electromagnetic field strength caused by the event may be 
detected in any desired manner. As described in more detail herein, the 
detection may be made by a magnetometer probe capable of generating an 
electrical signal in response to an electromagnetic field with the 
electrical signal being of a strength proportional to the strength of the 
electromagnetic field and the recording of the change in electromagnetic 
field strength then is made by recording the time course of the electrical 
signal produced by the magnetometer.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
No net magnetic field at low (e.g. 0 to &lt;10.sup.4 Hz) frequency can be 
recorded, except for very short intervals, from macroscopic aggregates of 
atoms or molecules at rest. This is because the magnetic moments of the 
individual atoms or molecules in such a aggregates will on average find 
orientations whose resultant external magnetic field intensities are for 
all practical purposes zero. Only by the imposition of an external 
coercive agency can a macroscopic system in any state of matter including 
crystalline lattice structures generate detectable net slowly-varying 
external magnetic fields on other than a stochastic basis. The external 
coercive agency must be capable of aligning the magnetic moments of a 
plurality of the atoms or molecules in the aggregate. Past technology and 
geo/cosmological natural circumstance has relied upon the application of 
external magnetic or electric fields, electromagnetic radiation (including 
light) or extremes of heat (at times coupled with mechanical forces) to 
provide the coercive energy necessary for magnetic alignment. 
The present invention is novel and unique in that the quantum dynamic 
electronic events which accompany chemical reactions are exploited to 
synchronize the events described in factors (i) through and including 
(vii) discussed above. The synchronization is initially temporal and will 
occur in any state of matter or medium in which the chemical reaction(s) 
occur(s). The temporal synchrony quickly leads to spatial alignment of 
atomic or molecular moments, since the electric and magnetic forces 
generated by the chemical reaction will interact complexly to reduce and 
maintain the total free energy of the aggregate to and at a minimum. In 
this sense, the initial and the maintained synchrony of chemical 
reaction-driven atomic electronic events substitutes for the ordered 
interatomic geometrical constraints and interactions which occur in the 
solid crystalline state of matter and which give rise to magnetization in 
ferromagnetic substances. Such interatomic or intermolecular ordering, 
which we designate as "chemical reaction-induced magnetosynchrony" or 
CRIM, can give rise to the equivalent of enormous applied fields in the 
material aggregate, e.g. in magnetized iron a submicroscopic domain of 
10.sup.15 atoms can have interatomic alignments equivalent to an applied 
field of 10.sup.3 -T-cm.sup.-1 (ref. Ha49--The identification and a list 
of the references appears at the end of the disclosure). In many chemical 
reactions, the largest single contribution that will be made by CRIM is 
the quantized change in electron spin state, since the gyromagnetic ratio, 
g (ratio of electron spin angular momentum to electron orbital momentum), 
for ferromagnetic substances is characteristic of the spinning electron 
(ref. Ha49). In this regard, the present invention, while applicable to 
all categories of chemical reactions and molecular interactions, is 
especially useful for the detection and analysis of those reactions 
associated with changes in spin states (quantized energy levels for 
electrons in different orbits and orbitals) of one or more of the 
reactants. This detector band analysis is of particular relevance in 
evaluating the characteristics of enzyme reactions, since many 
enzyme-substrate interactions can be largely or totally characterized by 
reaction-driven electron spin phenomena, mainly those of enzyme-substrate 
interaction-initiated transitions in electron spin state. The present 
invention discerns such phenomena in the reaction vessel provided herein 
via simple magnetometery, which requires no application of an external 
magnetic field and no high-frequency exposure or specialized 
high-frequency detection system. The present invention does not require 
low-temperature cryogenic environment for its operation and can be 
utilized at noncritical laboratory temperatures, usually ranging from 
about 15.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C., with even greater latitude 
where desired. 
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated therein a schematic 
representation of a device for detection of chemical reactions and other 
molecular interactions, including changes in state of matter. As seen 
therein, the device includes a reaction vessel 10, which may be equipped 
with a stirrer 12. 
The reaction vessel 10 is equipped with a water jacket 14 to maintain a 
desired temperature. A magnetometer probe 16 is positioned in the reaction 
vessel. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the magnetometer 
probe is a semiconductor Hall-effect generator. The water jacket 14 
provide temperature regulation of the magnetosensitive area of the 
magnetometer probe 16. 
In the specific equipment used to generate the magnetometer charts of FIGS. 
2 to 23, the magnetometer probe 16 uses a semiconductor Hall-effect 
generator with a circular magnetosensitive area of 16 sq. mm. The reaction 
tube 10 consists of a 20 mm length of borosilicate glass tubing of 4 mm 
i.d. and is fixed to the magnetosensitive area. 
The reaction vessel 10 may be dimensioned to accommodate any desired volume 
of liquid. In the specific device described above, solution volumes up to 
1000 .mu.L may be added to the reaction tube 10 and volumes as low as 1.0 
.mu.L can be analyzed when presented to the probe or a thin film 
sandwiched between two thin plastic discs of slightly less than 4 mm in 
diameter, or other dimension depending on the dimension of the 
magnetosensitive area of the magnetometer probe. 
The use of a thin-film reaction system as just described is highly 
convenient and yields magnetometer responses that are accurate and rapidly 
analyzed. Samples and ongoing chemical reactions and interactions can be 
analyzed according to the invention also when placed in proximity to the 
magnetosensitive area of the magnetometer probe, even when the location of 
the sample is outside the water jacket 14. 
The magnetometer probe 16 is connected to a magnetometer amplifier and 
control box 18. For a Hall-effect magnetometer probe, the control box 18 
may house a standard Hall-effect amplifier and control system. The control 
box 18 is connected to a chart recorder 20 or other convenient manner of 
recording the output from the magnetometer probe. 
In the specific experiments detailed herein, the standard Hall-effect 
amplifier and control system was set to have a maximum working range of 
sensitivity of 200 microgauss full-scale for display on a laboratory chart 
recorder. The working output of the magnetometer system was read out on a 
graph of time vs. magnetic field strength in microgauss (see FIGS. 2 to 
23). 
Since differing molecular interactions can be expected to produce 
characteristic time vs. field strength relationships, a FAST FOURIER 
TRANSFORM (FFT)-assisted spectral analysis of the unprocessed magnetometer 
output signal may provide information concerning the nature of the 
molecular interaction(s) proceeding in the reaction vessel, even long 
before the reaction kinetics have reached equilibrium. The spectral 
analysis provides a signature frequency spectrum to specific chemical 
interactions. 
The generation of specific frequency spectra in accordance with this aspect 
of the present invention, enables the identity of an unknown reaction to 
be determined rapidly and accurately. In Table 1 below, there is listed 
specific various types of chemical reactions which are amenable to 
identification by such signature spectra, as well as specific applications 
of this aspect of the invention in studies on biological, biochemical and 
biomedical phenomena. 
The use of a superconducting quantum-interference detector (SQUID) probe 
can provide signal-to-noise ratios many orders of magnitude greater than 
the Hall-effect magnetometer probe described here and may be employed in 
place thereof. Each improvement in signal-to-noise permits the measurement 
of chemical interactions with progressively smaller reaction volumes. Thus 
with the attachment of a SQUID magnetometer probe our invention would be 
able to analyze chemical reactions in microscopic volumes or at great 
distances from the reacting substances. The latter facility would permit 
the present invention to be used to detect, identify and non-invasively 
analyze, in real time, specific chemical reactions ongoing in the interior 
of the living body, e.g. in humans. Increases in signal-to-noise ratios 
and smaller reaction volumes also decrease analysis times, since the FFT 
virtual-filtering routines have less noise to remove. As a component of 
the present invention, therefore, a SQUID magnetometer probe provides a 
non-invasive, rapid, nonconfining method of diagnosing metabolic disease 
states from without the human body. 
Use of a SQUID magnetometer probe in the present invention permits also the 
detection of electromagnetic fields generated in the microwave ranges 
during chemical reactions. This in turn permits the present invention to 
detect and analyze chemical events, taking place in reaction vessels or in 
the living body, whose activity and specific chemical nature is 
characterized by microwave radiation in specific regions of the microwave 
spectrum. 
The addition of a simple static or slowly-varying magnetic field generator 
to the device in conjunction with a SQUID magnetometer permits the present 
invention to function, under certain conditions, as an electron spin 
resonance (ESR) spectrometer and thereby discern molecular structure 
without requiring the chemical sample to be submitted to microwave 
radiation. One condition where this would obtain is during a chemical 
reaction involving known or unknown molecular entities. This result is 
achieved because the waveform of microwave signals from a 
chemically-reacting molecule in a magnetic field changes with imposed 
magnetic field strength in unique fashion for individual molecules. Such 
application of the invention can with convenience be further enhanced by 
attaching to the magnetometer probe a semiconductor Peltier-effect 
thermoelectric cooler, with appropriate electronic control system. This 
facility permits the analysis of chemical structure at cryogenic 
temperatures, a circumstance which reduces the rotation of protons around 
single bonds in the molecule of interest, thereby permitting more accurate 
representation and resolution of molecular conformation. The extension of 
the invention to provide a nuclear magnetic resonance facility involves 
merely the addition of the necessary magnetic field coil(s) and control 
system to the magnetometer probe. 
The practical shortest analysis time for the generation of a specific 
frequency spectrum from a given procedure is approximately ten times the 
period of the lowest frequency present in the frequency bandwidth chosen 
for analysis. With the small volumes and reactant concentrations necessary 
for achieving results using the present invention, this lower limit may 
approach no more than about one to two minutes. Spectral or other modes of 
analysis, for example, pattern recognition and waveform trend forecasting, 
can be accomplished with a user-programmable digital computer which stores 
the unprocessed signal, the analyzed result and experimental notations on 
magnetic media. Outputs of all stored modes can be displayed, as chosen, 
on the computer screen. These outputs can then be compared by visual and 
statistical means with response patterns previously obtained from known 
reactions under controlled conditions or derived from theory. Thus, 
general and specialized libraries of spectral and response pattern data 
can be built up as the invention is utilized in an individual laboratory 
or can be compiled from variegated laboratories in several different areas 
of investigation. An expert system would be available to assist the 
investigator with the interpretation of results. 
DESCRIPTION OF FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INVENTION 
This patent application is concerned with all applications of the 
principles described herein, for the detection or analysis of chemical 
reactions, molecular interactions, radioactivity and changes in state of 
matter, including the formation of plasmas, polymers, spin glasses (ref. 
Vi77), liquid crystals and phase transitions in gases, liquids, solids 
(ref. Si82) and colloids constituted from all states of matter. 
The present invention, in addition to the specific uses described above, is 
useful for, the detection and measurement of: 
(i) Free radicals, in solution or in gaseous, liquid, sol or gel colloid 
suspension, whether stationary or in motion relative to the magnetometer 
probe. 
(ii) All chemical entities with unpaired electrons or with asymmetric 
nuclear magnetic momentum, whether stationary or in motion relative to the 
magnetometer probe. 
(iii) Chemical reactions, especially those in enzymatic pathways, within 
the living body, by means of a magnetometer probe attachment of suitable 
shape, size, and adequate sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, whether 
the reaction and molecular interactions under intended observation are the 
result of ongoing bodily activities in health or disease or are stimulated 
to CRIM magnetosynchrony by the administration of exogenous substances 
such as specific substrates for chosen enzyme systems or by the 
application of electromagnetic energy such as bioluminescence either 
coherent or noncoherent, coherent light, such as laser energy, 
electromagnetic fields at any frequency or by ultrasonic, thermal or 
mechanical energy. 
(iv) Chemical reactions and molecular interactions observed in vitro in 
tissues excised ethically from plants, insects, animals, patients and 
their controls, in order to distinguish healthy from diseased tissue and 
under experimental conditions as described above. 
(v) Industrial effluent gases, liquids, solids and suspensions, whether 
colloidal, quasi-colloidal or crudely macroscopic systems. 
(vi) Magnetic field patterns to be used in seeking fossil fuels, whether 
gaseous, liquid or solid; underground water and its variant 
solute-modified constitutions; underground pollutants, especially those 
hazardous to underground workers, the hazards to include coal dust, 
explosive gases and toxic gases; specific rock formations indicating 
species of ore, fault lines and tectonic formations and hazards, solid or 
liquid pollutant substances in soil, groundwater and aquifers. 
(vii) Electromagnetic field patterns predictive of impending earthquakes. 
(viii) Chemical reactions and molecular interactions in oceans, rivers, 
lakes and reservoirs where analysis or detection of the chemical reactions 
can yield information concerning ongoing or incipient environmental 
pollution hazards. 
(ix) Chemical reactions and molecular interactions in soil, where analysis 
or detection of the chemical reactions can yield information concerning 
the ongoing biochemical activity of soil organisms and concerning ongoing 
or incipient environmental pollution hazards. 
(x) Chemical reactions in industrial processes where on-line information in 
real time is desired concerning the kinetics and phases of continuous 
chemical reactions in the ongoing batch or bulk process with the object of 
automating and regulating the process for optimal productivity and 
quality. In reactions of all kinds, the ability of the invention to detect 
and identify intermediates in the total reaction process, in laboratory 
micro-, bench-top and industrial-scale batches. The present invention, 
being particularly useful for monitoring the reaction rates and kinetics 
of polymerization reactions since the formation of polymerizing bond 
structures generates molecular magnetic domains similar to those found in 
magnetized mineral and ferrite substances, may also be used for detection 
and monitoring of polymerization processes. 
(xi) Incipient and ongoing ice formation in shipping ports, on rivers and 
in lakes, on highways, roads and rail lines, on surface vehicles, 
especially on windscreens and windows and on wings, ailerons, cowling, 
wheel fittings and other ice hazard-sensitive areas of aircraft and 
spacecraft. 
(xii) The electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which accompanies the detonation of a 
nuclear device, either fission or fusion type and, by means of the FFT 
spectral analysis facility of this invention, analysis of the isotopes 
involved in the fission and/or fusion events. 
(xiii) Application of the present invention for measuring or monitoring any 
of the chemical reactions/interactions, electromagnetic energies, atomic 
or nuclear events mentioned in the foregoing that can be monitored from 
locations technically remote from the magnetosensitive region of the 
magnetometer probe. 
EXAMPLES 
The device illustrated in FIG. 1 has been employed in the generation of 
charts depicting the time course of various reactions carried out in the 
reaction vessel 10 and these charts are shown in FIGS. 2 to 23. The 
specific reactions and conditions are outlined in the Figures using 
certain abbreviations and are tabulated in Table 3 below. Examples of some 
biochemical pathways identified by the device of FIG. 1 and shown in 
certain of the FIGS. 2 to 23 are detailed in Table 2 below while specific 
identification of the experiments depicted by FIGS. 2 to 23 is shown in 
Table 4 below. 
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides a novel 
method of detecting or analyzing an event, such as a chemical reaction, 
molecular interaction and/or change of state of matter by detecting a 
change in electromagnetic field strength. Modifications are possible 
within the scope of this invention. 
REFERENCES 
(Ha49) Harnwell, G. P. (1949). Principles of Electricity and 
Electromagnetism. McGraw-Hill, New York. 
(Si82) Sinai, Ya G. (1982). Theory of Phase Transitions: Rigorous Results, 
Pergamon Press, Oxford. 
(Vi77) Villain, J. (1977). J. Phys. C10: 
TABLE 1 
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Some Applications of Signature 
Spectra and Pattern Analysis 
______________________________________ 
A. Enzyme reactions 
1. Sequential addition of substrates 
2. Mixtures of substrates 
3. Optimization of conditions: Co-factors, ions, metals 
4. Spectra from cells and tissues 
B. Molecular interactions 
1. Ligand/receptor 
2. Antigen/antibody 
3. Substrate/enzyme 
C. Tissue/cell profiles 
1. Basal conditions or in response to added ligand 
2. Normal vs. disease 
3. Specific frequency spectrum signature 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Examples of some biochemical pathways that 
the inventors have identified by use of 
the device described in this document 
Metabolized 
Non-NADPH- by *pig 
dependent rat liver liver 
Substrate microsomes 
chromatin 
______________________________________ 
histidine + ++ 
histidinol + + 
histamine + + 
adenosine + + 
ornithine ++ + 
NADPH-dependent 
aminopyrine + - 
aniline + - 
putrescine + + 
testosterone - + 
estradiol - - 
progesterone + - 
cortisol + - 
amitryptyline + + 
fluoxetine + + 
______________________________________ 
Legend: 
"+" = Pathway response readily apparent. 
"++" = Strong pathway response. 
"-" = No response; no evidence for pathway. 
* Most of these observations and virtually all in the chromatin are 
original to our laboratories and can be done with our device, in its 
present state of development, in a total of no more than 10 
experimenterhours. Currently available stateof-the-art analytical systems 
would likely require a minimum of 2500 experimenterhours to accomplish th 
same results. 
TABLE 3 
______________________________________ 
Abbreviations on Figures 
(Numbers in parentheses indicate vol in .mu.l concentrations of 
stock solutions added) 
AD = adenosine (0.2 mM) 
AN = aniline (0.2 mM) 
AP = aminopyrine (0.2 mM) 
B = 0.1 M TRIS-PO.sub.4 buffer 
CHROM = chromatin from pig liver nuclei (I mg protein/ml) 
CORT = cortisol (I .mu.M) 
EST = .beta.-estradiol (1 .mu.M) 
GBT = glass bottom tube 
HA = histamine (0.2 mM) 
HD = histidine (0.2 mM) 
HOL = histidinol (0.2 mM) 
NADPH = reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 
(0.5 mM) 
ORN = ornithine (0.2 mM) 
PBT = probe is bottom of tube 
PGT = flat-bottom glass tube on probe 
PL = phospholipid substrate 
PLase = bee venom phospholipase 
PLN = pig liver nuclei (1 mg protein/ml) 
PROG = progesterone (1 .mu.M) 
PU = putrescine (0.2 mM) 
Regen = NADPH regeneration system: glucose-6-phosphate, 
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP 
RLM = rat liver microsomes (1 mg protein/ml) 
TEST = testosterone (1 .mu.M) 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 4 
______________________________________ 
Legends to Figures 
______________________________________ 
FIG. 2 
PBT(50)B, 10 CHROM.Response. to HD 
FIG. 3 
PGT 100 CHROM (700)B. Response to HD 
FIG. 4 
RLM. Response to AP. No further change in slope with 
AD 
FIG. 5 
CHROM. Response to TEST in presence of NADPH. 
FIG. 6 
RLM. Response to ORN in presence of NADPH 
FIG. 7 
RLM + N. Two responses to HD, short latency in both. 
FIG. 8 
RLM. Slight response to ORN. Enhanced slope with HD. 
PU(10) N(10) response seen at end of record. 
FIG. 9 
RLM + N. Response to AN 
FIG. 10 
RLM. No response to ORN (unusual). No response to N. 
Response to PU. 
FIG. 11 
CHROM. Response to ORN 
FIG. 12 
Phospholipid/Buffer. Addition of PLase ("50 enzyme", 
on record) generates response 
FIG. 13 
CHROM. Response to Regen 
FIG. 14 
PL/Buffer. Response to purified bee venom PLase 
FIG. 15 
PLN. Response to HD 
FIG. 16 
CHROM. No response to fluoxetine (0.2 mil; "prozac", 
on record) until NADPH added 
FIG. 17 
RLM. Response to HOL ("H`ol" on record) 
FIG. 18 
RLM + N. Response to AP. Increased slope with PUTR 
FIG. 19 
PLN. No response to PUTR until NADPH added 
FIG. 20 
Non-active sample is 1500 .mu.L ORN buffer as thin film. 
E180K (on.record) is P450 isoenzyme, 10.sup.-16 M (estimated 
as 0.1% of total protein), thin film. 
FIG. 21 
Thin film suspension of rat liver whole cells. Same 
50 cells each trial. Control responses are from 
culture medium 
FIG. 22 
.sup.125 I(NaI), ca 10.sup.5 DPM 
FIG. 23 
Tritium (uniformly labelled 3H-histamine), ca. 22 .times. 10.sup.3 
DPM 
______________________________________ 
Calibrations: 
Unless otherwise stated, vertical deflection. of one major division 
(accented lines parallel to long axis of record) represents approximately 
50 microgauss at the magnetosensitive region of the Halleffect 
magnetometer probe In FIGS. 20 to 23, all samples were remote from 
probereaction vessel assembly; calibrations both represent 50 microgauss 
at magnetometer probe Halleffect region.