Method of and apparatus for testing visual functions of human eyes

A computerized perimeter is utilized to examine the field of vision of a subject's eye while the eye is located at or at least close to a predetermined position in which the optical axis of the eye is maintained in or at least close to a predetermined orientation. The eye is presented with a sequence of stimuli which issue from a radiation source and are transmitted, as a rule only once, to each of a plurality of computer-selected locations in the area of the optical of the eye at the predetermined position. The value (the intensity and/or the size) of each stimulus is increased until the eye discerns the presented stimulus and the subject reacts as a result of discernment of the presented stimulus. Subjective and/or objective signals are generated by the subject in response to detection of stimuli, i.e., each such signal can be said to denote that value of a stimulus which is sufficiently high to ensure discernment of the stimulus by the eye. Such signals are transmitted to the computer and the computer utilizes the signals to terminate the presentation of a stimulus in response to reception of the corresponding signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED CASE 
The apparatus for the practice of my improved method is somewhat similar to 
those which are described and shown in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 
5,046,835 granted Sep. 10, 1991 to Ernst Billeter et al. for "Apparatus 
for testing visual functions of human eyes". The disclosure of the patent 
to Billeter et al. is incorporated herein by reference. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to improvements in methods of and apparatus for 
testing visual functions of human eyes, and more particularly to 
improvements in methods of and apparatus which employ perimeters. 
Perimetric examination of a subject's eye involves the determination of 
sharpness of visual perception on the retina. To this end, and as 
disclosed in the patent to Billeter et al., the eye to be examined is 
maintained in a predetermined position and the permeter presents to the 
eye a plurality of stimuli at a plurality of selected locations in the 
area of the optical axis of the eye to be examined. The various locations 
can constitute a raster in a plane which is normal to the optical axis of 
the eye. The perimeter presents to the eye stimuli of predetermined value 
(intensity), and the patient acknowledges the detection or discernment of 
a stimulus by actuating a knob or a like device. The test is thereupon 
repeated with a sequence of stimuli having different values; such stimuli 
can be presented to the eye at each of the predetermined locations which 
were selected for the first test or at a selected number of such 
predetermined locations. The second test is followed by a third test which 
presents to the eye stimuli having a third value, and so forth. The 
testing operation is terminated when the perimeter or the person in charge 
ascertains (either empirically or by calculation) a series of threshold 
values of stimuli which are discerned by the eye of the subject at the 
selected locations in the aforementioned plane that crosses the optical 
axis of the eye. 
A drawback of the aforedescribed conventional methods and apparatus is that 
the completion of each test takes up a substantial amount of time. 
Moreover, the examination is tiresome to the subject because the subject 
must cause the initiation of each and every signal to indicate whether or 
not a stimulus of a particular value has been perceived by the eye under 
test. The reliability of a subject's reaction decreases as the testing 
operation proceeds so that the final results of the examination are often 
misleading. 
In order to shorten successive tests or stages of a complete examination 
and to thus enhance the accuracy of the examination, it is already known 
to correct previously gathered and stored information pertaining to the 
perception of stimuli at some or all of the aforediscussed locations in 
the area of the optical axis of the eye which is being tested. The 
correction involves modifying the previously obtained threshold values in 
dependency on the more recently ascertained threshold values and storing 
the thus modified threshold values of stimuli for utilization in the 
course of a later examination of the same eye. Such examination at a later 
time can include presenting to the eye stimuli of a value corresponding to 
the previously ascertained and stored threshold values for some or all of 
the locations. It has been found that such improved method also exhibits a 
number of drawbacks, particularly as concerns the duration of an 
examination. Thus, it is still necessary to present a plurality of stimuli 
having different values at least to a plurality of different locations in 
the area of the optical axis of the eye which is being tested. The new 
threshold value for each test location must be ascertained by bracketing 
in a number of successive stages comprising visible and invisible stimuli 
which prolongs the examination and is tiresome to the subject in addition 
to adversely influencing the accuracy of the tests. The just outlined 
method involves applying to each of several different portions of the 
retina a plurality of stimuli in order to ascertain a stimulus just below 
the limit of perception and a stimulus just above such limit. These 
stimuli are thereupon averaged to ascertain the median value or another 
mathematical function of the two stimuli. Such procedure is called 
bracketing the sought-after average value of stimuli for a particular part 
of the retina, i.e., bracketing renders is possible to ascertain, in 
accordance with heretofore known methods, a series of stimuli--each for a 
different part of the retina--each of which is somewhere between a still 
imperceptible stimulus and a barely perceptible stimulus. 
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
An object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved method of 
examining the field of vision of a subject's eye within an interval of 
time which is a small or minute fraction of the intervals which elapse for 
carrying out heretofore known methods. 
Another object of the invention is to provide a method which is less 
strenuous to the subject than a conventional method and which renders it 
possible to carry out the examination with a heretofore unknown degree of 
accuracy. 
A further object of the invention is to provide a method which need not 
involve an examination in a plurality of successive stages. 
An additional object of the invention is to provide a method which renders 
it possible to avoid subjective determination of perception of a stimulus 
by the subject. 
Still another object of the invention is to provide a method which can be 
carried out by resorting to relatively simple and compact apparatus. 
A further object of the invention is to provide a method which involves or 
can involve a single presentation of a stimulus to each of a large or 
small number of various locations in the area of the optical axis of the 
eye of a subject. 
Another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved 
apparatus for the practice of the above outlined method. 
An additional object of the invention is to provide the apparatus with 
novel and improved means for initiating the generation of signals denoting 
detection of stimuli by the eye of a subject. 
A further object of the invention is to provide the apparatus with novel 
and improved means for varying the value of stimuli which are being 
presented to the eye of a patient or another subject. 
Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which can employ 
numerous component parts of heretofore known apparatus. 
A further object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved 
computerized perimeter. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
One feature of the present invention resides in the provision of a method 
of examining the field of vision of a subject's eye with a 
computer-controlled perimeter. The improved method comprises the steps of 
locating the eye to be examined in the perimeter at (or at least close to) 
a predetermined position in which the optical axis of the eye is 
maintained in (or at least close to) a predetermined orientation, 
presenting to the eye in such position a sequence of stimuli from a source 
of radiation and--as a rule--only once at each of a plurality of 
computer-selected locations in the area of the optical axis of the eye, 
increasing the value of each stimulus until the eye discerns the presented 
stimulus and the subject reacts in one or more ways as a result of 
discernment or detection of the presented stimulus, generating signals 
denoting that value of each stimulus which is sufficiently high to ensure 
that the stimulus is discerned by the eye, transmitting such signals to 
the computer, and terminating the presentation of stimuli in response to 
transmission of corresponding signals to the computer. 
The step of increasing the value of each stimulus can include continuously 
increasing the value or increasing the value in a plurality of steps or 
stages. Furthermore, the step of increasing the value of each stimulus can 
include increasing the intensity of radiation from the source and/or 
increasing the size (area) of each stimulus. 
The step of generating signals can include subjective generation of signals 
by the subject, e.g., actuation by the subject of a signal generating knob 
or an analogous device upon discernment or detection of a stimulus. 
Alternatively, the step of generating signals can include objective 
generation of signals by the subject. For example, such objective 
generation can include monitoring the pupil of the eye at the 
aforementioned position and generating signals in response to those 
changes of the pupil which are indicative of discernment or detection of 
stimuli by the eye. The monitoring step can include observing the eye at 
the predetermined location with a CCD camera which is sensitive to 
infrared light. If desired, objective generation of signals by the subject 
can include monitoring a part of the subject other than the eye at the 
predetermined position to ascertain changes of voltage as a result of 
increasing value of stimuli, and generating signals in response to 
detection of voltages which are indicative of discernment or detection of 
the respective stimuli by the eye at the predetermined position. The 
monitoring can include monitoring the brain of the subject for changes of 
brain waves. 
Another feature of the invention resides in the provision of an apparatus 
(preferably in the form of an automatic perimeter) for examining the field 
of vision of a subject's eye. The apparatus comprises a perimeter having 
means for locating the eye at (or at least close to) a predetermined 
position in which the optical axis of the eye is maintained in (or at 
least close to) a predetermined orientation, a source of radiation, and 
means--including a computer--for presenting to the eye at the 
predetermined position from the radiation source a sequence of stimuli of 
increasing value, as a rule only once at each of a plurality of 
computer-selected locations in the area of the optical axis of the eye at 
the predetermined position whereby the eye discerns or detects a stimulus 
of a particular value. The apparatus further comprises means for 
transmitting to the computer signals to terminate the presentation of a 
stimulus in response to detection of such stimulus by the eye at the 
predetermined position. 
The means for presenting stimuli can include means for presenting stimuli 
of continuously increasing value or means for presenting stimuli of a 
value which increases in a plurality of stages or steps. 
The signal transmitting means can include subject-operated signal 
transmitting means, e.g., a knob which is actuated by the subject in 
response to detection of a stimulus. Alternatively, the signal 
transmitting means can include objective signal transmitting means such as 
a camera which scans the pupil of the eye in the predetermined position 
and transmits to the computer a signal when the change of the pupil is 
indicative of detection of a stimulus, or a sensor which can generate 
signals in response to detection of voltages in a particular part of the 
subject (e.g., a sensor which monitors the brain waves of the subject). 
The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention 
are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The improved method 
itself, however, together with additional features and advantages thereof, 
will be best understood upon perusal of the following detailed description 
of certain presently preferred specific embodiments with reference to the 
accompanying drawing.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The apparatus which is shown in FIG. 1 constitutes an automatic perimeter. 
The actual perimeter 1 of this apparatus is connected with a computer 2 
having an internal memory (not shown) and being connected with an optional 
external memory 3 for storage of information pertaining to a sequence (1 
to n) of tests. 
The perimeter 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 and comprises means 
(e.g., including a chin rest 37) for properly positioning a patient's or 
another subject's eye 10 for testing its visual functions. The connection 
between the perimeter 1 and the computer 2 serves for transmission of 
control signals from the computer and for transmission of signals denoting 
a subject's reaction to the computer. The eye 10 occupying the 
predetermined position of FIG. 2 is presented with stimuli of increasing 
value in an area surrounding the optical axis 9 of the lens of the eye 10. 
The information relating to a series of tests and being stored in the 
internal memory of the computer 2 and/or in the external memory 3 can 
pertain to ascertained threshold values of local sensitivity of different 
portions of the eye to the presented stimuli. The reference character 4 
denotes in FIG. 1 a keyboard which can be said to constitute a source of 
control signals to be transmitted to the eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. 
An output of the computer 2 is connected with a printer 5 which serves to 
record the received numerical and/or graphical information, i.e., the 
printer 5 can record the information which is stored in the internal 
memory and/or in the external memory 3 of the computer 2. A monitor 6 is 
provided with a screen which displays information that can be evaluated to 
ascertain whether or not the optical axis of the lens of the eye 10 in the 
position of FIG. 2 coincides with the axis of an eyepiece 8 of the 
perimeter 1. The monitor 6 can establish communication between the eyes of 
the observer (person in charge) and the computer 2 via perimeter 1. 
The combination of perimeter 1 and computer 2 generates for each test 
location (such test location is determined by the just mentioned 
combination) a stimulus the value of which increases continuously for each 
test location, or its value increases stepwise or in stages at timely 
spaced intervals. Thus, each stimulus can be said to constitute a ramp 
type (substantially linearly increasing) stimulus. The lowermost value of 
each stimulus is slightly below the threshold level, and its standard 
value is corrected in dependency on the age of the patient to be presented 
to the subject with an increasing light quantity until the stimulus is 
perceived by the eye 10. The quantity of light for each stimulus can be 
increased in the form of varying (increasing) intensity or in the form of 
a varying (increasing) size or area of the respective stimulus. This is 
determined by the computer 2. 
The subject can react and transmit corresponding signals to the computer 2 
in one or more different ways, e.g., by actuating a knob 7 which is 
connected to the corresponding input of the computer 2 and is shown in 
FIGS. 1 and 2. The computer 2 can transmit corresponding signals to the 
perimeter 1. Such subjective indication of detection or discernment of a 
stimulus by the subject herself or himself is known, for example, from the 
aforementioned commonly owned patent to Billeter et al. Thus, transmission 
of a recognition signal to the computer 2 awaits manual actuation of the 
knob 7. Alternatively, the knob 7 can be actuated when the subject fails 
to discern a stimulus; thus absence of a signal from the knob 7 then 
constitutes a signal denoting detection of a stimulus. 
In addition to or in lieu of transmission of recognition signals via knob 
7, the computer 2 can receive such recognition signals in an objective 
(automatic) manner as a result of a change of the pupil at the instant of 
subjective detection of a stimulus by the eye 10 of a subject. This is 
shown at 34 in FIGS. 1 and 2, i.e., the apparatus comprises an infrared 
light sensitive CCD camera which is trained upon the eye 10 and transmits 
to the computer 2 a signal as soon as the pupil changes as a result of 
detection of a stimulus by the eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. 
Thirdly, the apparatus can be equipped with a sensor 36 which is designed 
to detect the development and/or changes of a potential resulting from 
detection or discernment of a stimulus by the eye 10. For example, the 
sensor 36 can be properly connected to the head of a subject to register 
changes of brain waves and/or changes of potential which are caused by 
another part or organ of a subject's body as a result of detection of a 
stimulus by the eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. 
The heretofore described method and apparatus exhibit a number of important 
advantages. Thus, the tests can be completed within a small fraction 
(e.g., one-fifth) of the interval which is required for testing in 
accordance with heretofore known methods not involving the application of 
stimuli having a progressively or otherwise increasing value. Transmission 
of signals from the device including the camera 34 and/or the sensor 36 
entails an objective determination that the subject has detected a 
stimulus, namely a determination which cannot be influenced (e.g., faked) 
by the subject because the devices 34, 36 can transmit signals which 
emanate from the subject but whose generation cannot be improperly 
influenced by the person undergoing a test. The method can be utilized for 
perimetric examination of the eyes of retarded, juvenile, senile and/or 
otherwise handicapped subjects. The tests are more reliable than those 
which are carried out in accordance with heretofore known methods. 
FIG. 2 shows the details of a presently preferred apparatus which can be 
utilized for the practice of the above outlined improved method. Many 
constituents of this apparatus are similar to or identical with those 
shown in FIG. 2 of the patent to Billeter et al. as well as in the 
corresponding published European patent application No. 0 363 610. 
The eyepiece 8 of the perimeter 1 which is shown in FIG. 2 has an optical 
axis which coincides with the optical axis 9 of the lens of a properly 
positioned and oriented eye 10 to be examined. The eyepiece 8 includes 
optical elements 12 and a field lens 18. The optical elements 12 are 
focussed upon a real image plane 11 (indicated by a dot-dash line) which 
is shown to be flat but can be slightly curved in actual practice, and the 
optical elements 12 are ground and/or otherwise finished so that they 
convert divergent beams of radiation which propagates itself beyond a 
selected point of the plane 11 into parallel rays and direct the parallel 
rays toward the eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. It can be said that, 
with reference to the plane 11 of the real images of stimuli, the eyepiece 
8 constitutes a magnifying lens system. An advantage of optical elements 
12 and of parallel rays which propagate themselves from the elements 12 
toward the eye 10 is that the eye can be shifted, within certain limits, 
transversely of the optical axis 9 without affecting the sharpness of 
stimuli and/or without preventing the subject from perceiving (or not 
perceiving at all) those stimuli which would have been perceived by an eye 
occupying the prescribed or optimal position shown in FIG. 2 and/or those 
stimuli whose geometrical position was improperly perceived by the eye. 
The perimeter 1 further comprises a radiation source 13, preferably one or 
more light emitting diodes, which is connected to an output 14 of, and the 
radiation intensity of which can be regulated by, the computer 2. An 
advantage of a radiation source 13 which comprises one or more light 
emitting diodes is that the intensity of emitted radiation can be 
regulated without any delay. Moreover, one or more standard light emitting 
diodes can be readily replaced with one or more diodes for emission of 
colored light if the apparatus of FIG. 2 comprises means for carrying out 
color perimetric examinations. However, it is equally within the purview 
of the invention to provide a radiation source 13 which employs one or 
more halogen lamps or a source of laser beams. 
The size of the aperture in a diaphragm 15 which is installed in front of 
the radiation source 13 determines the size or area and the shape of 
stimuli which are transmitted toward one or more collector lenses 16, 
i.e., toward a means for transmitting real images of stimuli into the 
plane 11. The aperture of the diaphragm 15 permits the passage of a beam 
of coherent light, and this diaphragm is located in the focal plane 19 
(indicated by a phantom line) of the collector lenses 16. The diaphragm 15 
is preferably adjustable, i.e., the size of its aperture can be varied in 
response to signals which are transmitted by a further output 14a of the 
computer 2. 
The adjustability of the radiation source 13 as well as of the diaphragm 15 
in response to signals from the computer 2 constitutes a desirable feature 
of the improved method, i.e., the value (intensity and/or size) of each 
stimulus can be increased in stages or steps or continuously (gradually). 
As mentioned above, the plane 19 of the adjustable diaphragm 15 coincides 
with the focal plane of the collector lenses 16 which serve to transmit 
the real images of stimuli into the plane 11. The optical axis 17 of the 
collector lenses 16 is parallel with or coincides with the optical axis 9 
of the eye 10 (in the position of FIG. 2) and the eyepiece 8. The enlarged 
real intermediate images of stimuli in the plane 11 are perceived by the 
eye 10 through the eyepiece 8 which includes the optical elements 12 and 
the field lens 18. 
The radiation source 13 and the diaphragm 15 are movable, preferably as a 
unit, at right angles to the optical axes 9 and 17 by a 
computer-controlled drive 21. This renders it possible to shift the 
stimuli in the plane 19 to any one of a number of accurately determined 
locations (the exact coordinates of such locations are determined by the 
computer 2 via drive 21) so that the stimuli can be transmitted within the 
range of the collector lenses 16 in an area 20. The drive 21 further 
serves to shift the lenses 16 together with the diaphragm 15 and together 
with the radiation source 13. To this end, the parts 13, 15, 16 can be 
grouped into an assembly 22 (indicated by phantom lines) to be moved at 
right angles to the axis 17 in response to signals from the computer 2 to 
the drive 21. The latter can shift the entire assembly 22 as a unit to any 
one of a large number of locations to thereby shift the stimuli in the 
plane 19 of the diaphragm 15 in response to signals from the computer 2. 
Due to movability of the collector lenses 16, it is possible to select 
their diameters and hence the magnitude of the apex angle 23 of the cone 
of radiation which issues from the aperture of the diaphragm 15. 
Furthermore, it is possible to install the lenses 16 at a short distance 
from the plane 19 of the diaphragm 15. The apex angle 23 preferably equals 
or at least approximates the angle 23a enclosed by two divergent radiation 
beams which are made parallel by the optical elements 12 of the eyepiece 
8. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 23 equals or approximates 
20.degree.; the magnitude of this angle determines the deviation tolerance 
of an eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. 
In order to uniformly illuminate the entire observable area or field around 
the optical axis 9 in front of the eye 10, the perimeter 1 further 
comprises a partially transmitting mirror 24 which is inclined toward the 
plane 11 and crosses the optical axis 17. The mirror 17 transmits light 
which issues from the radiation source 13 and passes first through the 
aperture of the diaphragm 15 and thereupon through the collector lenses 
16. At the same time, the mirror 24 directs light from a light source 25 
toward the field lens 18 of the eyepiece 8. In order to further enhance 
the uniformity of illumination of the area or field around the optical 
axis 9, the perimeter 1 comprises a disc-shaped or otherwise configurated 
diffusor 26 which is installed between the light source 25 and the mirror 
24. A collector lens 27 (e.g., a Fresnel lens) can be installed between 
the diffusor 26 and the mirror 24. The diffusor 26 can serve as a color 
filter if the apparatus of FIG. 2 is used for color perimetry. 
In order to facilitate orientation of the eye 10 relative to the eyepiece 
8, the perimeter 1 further comprises means for providing a brightly 
illuminated reference point or fixation mark. Such means includes a partly 
transmitting mirror 28 which crosses the axis 9 and is installed between 
the plane 11 and the optical elements 12 to transmit light which passes 
through the field lens 18 of the eyepiece 8 as well as to deflect light 
which is emitted from a further source 31. The mirror 28 directs such 
deflected light toward the eye 10 in the position of FIG. 2. The point of 
intersection of the mirror 28 by the axis 9 is further intersected by the 
common optical axis 29 of two optical elements 30 (e.g., lenses) in the 
path of propagation of light from the source 31 toward the mirror 28. The 
axis of the light source 31 coincides with the optical axis 29, and the 
means for presenting a reference point or fixation mark further comprises 
an apertured diaphragm 32 which is installed between the source 31 and the 
optical elements 30. The diaphragm 32 determines the area or size and the 
shape of the reference point. 
A partially transmitting mirror 33 is installed between the optical 
elements 30 and the mirror 28 to cross the optical axis 29. The mirror 33 
transmits visible light but reflects infrared light toward the infrared 
light sensitive CCD camera 34. The latter renders it possible to observe 
the eye 10 in the course of an examination. One, two or more sources 35 of 
infrared light are provided to illuminate the eye 10 in the course of an 
examination. The eye 10 does not discern the light which is emitted by the 
source or sources 35 but such radiation enables the camera to permit 
"secret" visual observation of the eye 10 in the course of a perimetric 
examination. The camera 34 is designed to transmit to the computer 2 
signals constituting or imitating the image of the pupil of the eye 10 in 
the position of FIG. 2. This enables the computer 2 to ascertain that the 
subject who is being examined has detected or perceived a stimulus because 
the pupil has been altered as a result of such detection. Thus, and as 
already mentioned above, the computer 2 can receive (from the camera 34) 
objective signals in addition to or in lieu of signals which are 
transmitted in response to actuation of the patient-controlled knob 7. 
FIG. 2 further shows the sensor 36 which serves to monitor the brain waves 
or changes of potential in another part or organ of the patient's body in 
order to ensure that the computer 2 can receive objective signals in 
addition to or in lieu of those transmitted by the knob 7. The sensor 36 
transmits a signal when the patient perceives a stimulus, i.e., the mode 
of operation of the sensor 36 is analogous to that of the camera 34. 
The collector lenses 16 and the field lens 18 can be omitted if the 
radiation source 13 and the diaphragm 15 are moved so close to the 
eyepiece 8 that the plane 19 of the diaphragm 15 coincides with the plane 
11. This can be realized by placing a screen (not shown) into the plane 
11. If such screen is placed into the plane 11 to present stimuli to the 
eye 10 while the eye assumes the position of FIG. 2, the stimuli can be 
selected in such a way that they are darker than the surroundings. 
In either of the above described embodiments, the distance of the eye 10 
from the plane 11 of real images of the stimuli is less than the sharp 
visual range or distance. 
An important advantage of the improved method and apparatus is that the 
examination can be completed within a minute fraction of the heretofore 
required time. This is due to the fact that the tests need not be 
repeated, i.e., once the computer 2 has selected a particular location, 
the perimeter 1 presents to the eye a stimulus whose value increases until 
the stimulus is detected or discerned by the eye and such detection is 
signalled to the computer 2 via knob 7 and/or camera 34 and/or sensor 36. 
If desired, particularly for the purposes of reviewing the correctness of 
the examination, the person in charge may wish to carry out a second set 
of tests by presenting the eye 10 with stimuli of different value at some 
or all of the previously selected locations. 
The exact manner in which the computer 2 can control the size of the 
aperture of the diaphragm 15 and/or the intensity of radiation issuing 
from the source 13 is well known and need not be described here. 
The apparatus can be equipped only with the knob 7 or an equivalent device. 
However, it is often preferred to additionally equip the apparatus with 
the camera 34 and/or with the sensor 36 in order to ensure predictable 
transmission of signals to the computer 2 when the subject is incapable of 
actuating or is unwilling to actuate the knob 7. 
The information pertaining to the locations of application of successive 
stimuli in the area of the optical axis can be stored in the internal 
memory of the computer 2 and/or in the external memory 3. 
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of 
the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, 
readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, 
from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential 
characteristics of the generic and specific aspects of my contribution to 
the art and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be 
comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the appended 
claims.