Predictive vehicle operating assistance

Described herein are various systems and processes for predictive operating assistance of vehicles. The systems and techniques described herein may be applicable to vehicles such as vehicles operated by a driver, semi-autonomous vehicles, and/or autonomous vehicles. The assistance techniques described herein may be predictive. That is, the techniques allow for the prediction of non-optimal or dangerous operating conditions before the vehicle control is compromised. Accordingly, a warning may be provided and/or operation of the vehicle may be changed based on the predictive assistance determinations. In certain embodiments, the techniques described herein may provide warnings to a driver, may detect faults within the vehicle, may aid in route planning, may detect obstacles proximate to the vehicle, and/or may aid in the operation of the vehicle.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to vehicle operation assistance. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to techniques for assisted operation of vehicles such as semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles.

BACKGROUND

Conventional vehicle piloting aids are reactive. That is, various sensors determine a current operational condition of the vehicle. If the current operational condition of the vehicle indicates that the vehicle is out of control (e.g., various sensor readings indicate a slippage of a tire), remedial measures are then employed to bring the vehicle back under control. Thus, such piloting aids are reactive in nature.

SUMMARY

Provided are various mechanisms and processes for predictive vehicle assistance. The systems and techniques described herein may be applicable to vehicles such as vehicles operated by a driver, semi-autonomous vehicles, and/or autonomous vehicles. Thus, the systems and techniques described herein may aid in a driver's operation of a vehicle and/or aid in the operation of an autonomous vehicle.

Among various embodiments described herein is a vehicle. The vehicle includes a body, an interior disposed within the body and comprising a user interface, a wheel assembly, a speed sensor, configured to sense a rotational speed of the wheel assembly and provide speed sensor data based on the rotational speed, a tire pressure sensor, configured to sense a tire pressure of the wheel assembly and provide tire pressure data, and a controller, communicatively coupled to the speed sensor and the interior. The controller is configured to determine that the vehicle is traveling on a wet surface, receive the speed sensor data, determine a ground speed of the vehicle from the speed sensor data, receive the tire pressure data. determine the tire pressure of the wheel assembly from the tire pressure data, determine a hydroplaning speed based on the tire pressure of the wheel assembly, determine that the ground speed is greater than the hydroplaning speed, and output, based on the determining that the ground speed is greater than the hydroplaning speed, a hydroplane warning with the user interface.

Also described is an autonomous vehicle. The autonomous vehicle includes a body, a wheel assembly, including a wheel and a tire coupled to the wheel, a wheel slip sensor, configured to determine a slip angle of the tire and provide slip angle data, and a controller. The controller may be configured to determine, from the slip angle data, a baseline slip angle of the tire, determine that the baseline slip angle is greater than a threshold slip angle, determine, based on the determining that the baseline slip angle is greater than the threshold slip angle, that an alignment of the wheel assembly is misaligned, and output a warning that the alignment of the wheel assembly is misaligned.

Also described is a non-transitory machine readable medium. The non-transitory machine readable medium is configured to cause a vehicle controller to perform operations that include determining that a vehicle is traveling on a wet surface, receiving speed sensor data from a speed sensor of the vehicle, determining a ground speed of the vehicle from the speed sensor data, receiving tire pressure data from a tires pressure sensor of a wheel assembly of the vehicle, determining the tire pressure of the wheel assembly from the tire pressure data, determining a hydroplaning speed based on the tire pressure of the wheel assembly, determining that the ground speed is greater than the hydroplaning speed, and outputting, based on the determining that the ground speed is greater than the hydroplaning speed, a hydroplane warning with a user interface of the vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

This disclosure describes techniques, methods, systems, apparatus, and computer program products that may be used for vehicle operating assistance. In certain embodiments, the assistance techniques may be predictive. That is, the techniques allow for the prediction of non-optimal or dangerous operating conditions before the vehicle control is compromised (e.g., the vehicle is out of control). Accordingly, a warning may be provided and/or operation of the vehicle may be changed based on the predictive assistance determinations.

The systems and techniques described herein may be applicable to vehicles such as vehicles operated by a driver, semi-autonomous vehicles, and/or autonomous vehicles. Thus, the systems and techniques described herein may aid in a driver's operation of a vehicle and/or aid in the operation of a computer controlled vehicle. In certain embodiments, the techniques described herein may provide warnings to a driver, may detect faults within the vehicle, may aid in route planning, may detect obstacles proximate to the vehicle, and/or may aid in the operation of the vehicle. Variously, the systems and techniques described herein may allow for vehicle operations to be adjusted before dangerous situations are encountered.

FIG. 1illustrates a representation of a vehicle with predictive operating assistance, in accordance with one or more embodiments.FIG. 1illustrates a vehicle100. Vehicle100includes body102and wheel assemblies104A and104B. Body102includes interior130disposed within body102. Interior130may be configured to receive one or more operators (e.g., drivers), passengers, cargo, and/or other items. Interior130may include one or more user interfaces, such as user interface114. User interface114may communicate information to occupants of interior130. In various embodiments, vehicle110may also communicate information by, for example, wirelessly transmitting the information to an electronic device (e.g., a mobile device) through various communications techniques (e.g., Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth®) and/or providing the information through a user interface on an exterior of the vehicle.

Vehicle100includes controller106. Controller106may include one or more memories and one or more single or multi-core processors. The memories include one or more storage media. Such storage may include either or both volatile or nonvolatile storage media and can provide non-transitory storage for computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the operation of the scanning apparatus. The processors may be configured to execute instructions stored within the memories. Such instructions may include the techniques described herein.

Each of wheel assemblies104A and104B includes a wheel and a tire. Tire pressures within the tire of wheel assemblies104A and104B may be sensed by tire pressure sensors108A and108B, respectively. Tire pressure sensors108A and108B may provide tire pressure data to controller106. In various embodiments, tire pressure sensors108A and108B may wirelessly provide tire pressure data to controller106.

Wheel assemblies104A and104B may provide control for vehicle100. Thus, wheel assemblies104A and/or104B may provide acceleration, deceleration, and/or steering control for vehicle100. Characteristics of wheel assemblies104A and104B may be sensed by wheel sensors110A and110B, respectively. Wheel sensors110A and110B may include, in certain embodiments, wheel slip sensors, wheel speed sensors, steering angle sensors, tire temperature sensors, and/or other sensors configured to allow for determination of various operating conditions of vehicle100. Wheel sensors110A and110B, as well as other components of vehicle100, may communicate via wired or wireless communications channel118with controller106. Such wired and/or wireless communications channel118may provide data through various data formats (e.g., CANBUS).

Vehicle100may further include vehicle sensor128. Vehicle sensor128may be configured to sense one or more aspects of the behavior of the vehicle. Vehicle sensor128may include, for example, a yaw sensor, a steering wheel sensor, a brake pedal position sensor, a throttle position sensor, a rainfall sensor, and/or other such sensors configured to determine an attitude of vehicle100and/or operating inputs from an operator of vehicle100. Data from vehicle sensor128may be communicated through communications channel118.

Vehicle100further includes global positioning system (GPS) sensor112. GPS sensor112may be configured to receive positioning data from one or more satellites, such as satellite120. Satellite120may wirelessly provide data122that may include positioning data to GPS sensor112. Positioning data may indicate a global and/or local position of vehicle100. Thus, positioning data may indicate where vehicle100is located. Positioning data may further include data directed to road networks, road conditions, weather conditions, and other such conditions. Thus, positioning data may allow for controller106to determine a route for vehicle100to travel on. The route may include road and/or weather conditions. Warnings may be output and/or operation of vehicle100may be adjusted based on the conditions of the route.

Communications module116may also be included with vehicle100. Communications module116of vehicle100may be a separate module and/or may be integrated within controller106. Communications module116may be configured to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of other devices through various different wireless communications formats (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, 4G, 5G, and other data connections). Communications module116may communicate with various electronic devices such as devices proximate to vehicle100(e.g., within visual sight) as well as devices disposed at longer distances away from vehicle100.

Such devices may include, for example, electronic device124. Electronic device124may, in certain embodiments, be a mobile device. Electronic device124may be carried by a pedestrian, cyclist, worker, or other party. The party may be proximate to vehicle100(e.g., on a sidewalk, along a street, in a parking lot, or in another area proximate to vehicle100). Electronic device124may communicate with communications module116through wireless data126.

Electronic device124may, in certain embodiments, include one or more applications. Such application(s) may be configured to communicate with controller102through wireless data126. The application(s) may indicate to controller106that the user of the mobile device is a pedestrian, cyclist, or another party. Controller106may then identify, from the data communicated by electronic device124, that the user of the mobile device is a pedestrian, cyclist, or another party.

In other embodiments, controller106may determine that communications module116detects the presence of the mobile device (e.g., via passive emissions from the mobile device and/or from hotspots or other electronic data transmissions). In certain such embodiments, controller106may determine that data received from an electronic device is a mobile device and, thus, more likely to be a pedestrian or cyclist, based on identification information. As such, for example, data communicated by the mobile device may identify that it is a mobile device or may identify the make and model of the device. From such data, controller106may determine that electronic device124is a mobile device and, accordingly, determine that electronic device124is possessed by a pedestrian, cyclist, or other such party. In such an embodiment, affirmative confirmation that the user is a pedestrian, cyclist, or other party is not required. Instead, controller106may assume that the user is a pedestrian, cyclist, or other party if electronic device124is determined to be a mobile device. Upon such a determination that the user is a pedestrian, cyclist, or other party, a warning may then accordingly be output to an operator of vehicle100(e.g., via user interface114) or operation of vehicle100may be adjusted by controller106according to the detected presence of the pedestrian, cyclist, or another party.

FIG. 2illustrates a block diagram of a vehicle with predictive operating assistance, in accordance with one or more embodiments.FIG. 2illustrates a block diagram of vehicle100shown inFIG. 1. As such, vehicle100ofFIG. 2includes body102with interior130that includes user interface114. Vehicle100further includes wheel assembly104with tire pressure sensor108and wheel sensor110. Vehicle100further includes vehicle sensor128, GPS sensor, communications module116, and controller106. Data may be communicated between various components of vehicle100via communications channel118. As shown inFIG. 2, in various embodiments, vehicle100may include one or more wheels. In vehicles with a plurality of wheels, the sensors and other components described herein may apply to one or more of the wheels.

FIG. 3illustrates a flow process for predictive operating assistance of a vehicle, in accordance with one or more embodiments. In block302, operational parameters may be received. Such operational parameters may include, for example, information related to aspects of the vehicle, such as properties of the tires of the vehicle on wet pavement, fuel efficiency characteristics of the vehicle, dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, rotational characteristics of the wheel assembly relative to tire pressure (e.g., how many rotations a wheel assembly will cover for a given distance based on a detected amount of tire pressure), and/or other such characteristics. In various embodiments, the operational parameters may be an assumed factor or may be based on testing (e.g., tires may be tested and the parameters may be based on test results for their wet weather performance). The vehicle may include parameters for a plurality of different aspects, as described in the techniques disclosed herein.

In block304, the controller may receive data from one or more sensors of the vehicle. Such sensors may include the sensors described herein and/or other sensors configured to determine one or more aspects of the vehicle. The data from the sensors may be communicated through one or more wired or wireless communications channels. In certain embodiments, examples of sensor data that may be received by the controller includes vehicle speed data, tire pressure data, yaw data, wheel rotation data, steering wheel angle data, throttle position data, brake pedal position data, wheel slip data, weather data, route data, and other such data.

An operating condition of the vehicle may be determined in block306. The operating condition may be determined, at least in part, from the data received in block304. Operating conditions may be any conditions described herein, such as whether a road surface is wet (e.g., from weather data or rainfall sensor), any obstacles to a planned route, the number of rotations of the wheel assembly, and/or any other aspect.

In block308, a predictive control parameter is determined for the vehicle. The predictive control parameter may include, for example, a parameter that the operating condition of the vehicle may be compared against, a target time, a baseline operating condition (e.g., how many rotations of the wheel per mile determined from GPS data), and other parameters.

In block310, an output is determined. The output may be, for example, a visual and/or audio output to be provided by a user interface (e.g., a warning), an adjustment to commands associated with operation of the vehicle, an adjustment to a determined route, or other such outputs. Variously, the output may be provided to an operator of the vehicle, may adjust current operation of the vehicle itself, may adjust future operation of the vehicle, or may be provided to a third party (e.g., a party responsible for maintenance of the vehicle).

FIG. 4illustrates a flow process for predictive autonomous vehicle operation, in accordance with one or more embodiments. In block402, parameters are received. In certain embodiments, such parameters may include, for example, efficiency data for the vehicle (e.g., efficiency at various speeds for the vehicle, or an efficiency curve related to speed), handling dynamics and thresholds of the vehicle (e.g., acceleration, braking, and/or cornering grip limits) in one or more weather conditions (e.g., dry, mist, wet, and other conditions), outer dimensions of the vehicle, and/or other parameters. In various embodiments, the parameters may, generally, be directed to any parameter related to operation of the vehicle.

In block404, data is received from one or more devices and/or sensors of the vehicle. The data may be that described herein. Based on the data, the operating condition of the vehicle may be determined in block406. Thus, for example, vehicle speed, planned route, proximate persons and obstacles, maintenance condition, and/or other aspects of operation of the vehicle may be determined in block406.

In block406, operating conditions may be determined. Operating conditions may be determined from one or more devices and/or sensors of the vehicle. Operating conditions may include current road conditions, weather conditions, traffic conditions, vehicle operating conditions, and/or data from other parties.

Based on the data and/or the operating conditions, operating instructions for the autonomous vehicle may be adjusted in block408. Operating instruction adjustments may be determined by, for example, determining that the vehicle is operating at a speed inappropriate for conditions (e.g., weather conditions) and adjusting the speed of the vehicle, determining that conditions of the vehicle has changed (e.g., changed from factory specifications) and adjusting how the vehicle is operated, determining that route conditions have changed from what was forecasted and changing route instructions (e.g., changing the route, changing speeds along portions of the route, and/or other changes), and/or determining other changes to the operating instructions of the vehicle.

In block410, an output is provided. The output may include changes to the operating instructions of the vehicle, but may also include communications (e.g., visual or audio) provided to an occupant of the vehicle or within the vehicle for observation by another party, data transmitted to an associated electronic device, and/or another such output.

FIG. 5illustrates a flow process for predictive autonomous vehicle route planning, in accordance with one or more embodiments. In block502, data is received as described herein. Data may include route data such as a destination, route conditions, traffic conditions, road closures, and other data related to the planning of routes for an autonomous vehicle. The data may also include parameters for planning of the route (e.g., any route preferences such as avoiding tolls or highways, any vehicle restrictions, and preferences such as fastest route or shortest route).

In block504, based on the data, route conditions are determined. Thus, a route may be determined (e.g., based on preferences contained within the data received in block502). Route planning may be based on route and weather conditions, vehicle conditions, vehicle restrictions, and/or other data stored or received. The route may be optimized based on real time data received, such as current weather conditions.

In block506, route operating instructions may be determined based on the data and the route conditions. The route operating instructions may include, for example, the route (e.g., which streets and highways to travel on), the operating speed of the vehicle along various portions of the route, the sensors that should be active on various portions of the route and the configurations of the sensors (e.g., which direction to point at, which of a plurality of possible modes the sensors should be operated at), whether warnings should be output, and other such instructions.

For example, in a certain embodiments, the controller of the vehicle may determine a route from the data and route conditions received in blocks502and504. The route may be determined based on determining that the route is the fastest possible route, the shortest possible route, the safest possible route (e.g., the route with the least amount of obstacles and/or adverse weather conditions), or another type of route. In certain embodiments, the route may be, for example, a short distance route or a long distance (e.g., cross country) route. Thus, for example, cross-country automated trucks may utilize the disclosures described herein to plan a cross-country delivery route.

The determined route may include a plurality of sections. Each of the plurality of sections may include separate operating instructions. Thus, an example route may include five sections and each of the sections may include different target speeds. Thus, in the first section, because it is determined to be a highway and the weather is clear, the vehicle is instructed to operate at 100% of the speed limit. In the second section, rain is determined to be present. Thus, the vehicle is instructed to be operated 25% below its hydroplaning speed (determined as described here) or the speed limit, whichever is lower.

In the third section, the temperature is determined to be below freezing, but the weather is determined to have been clear for over a week. Based on the weather being clear, the risk of snow and ice on the road is determined to be minimal. As such, the vehicle is instructed to be operated at the speed limit. However, due to the increased risk of possible ice, a stability system of the vehicle is set at a more conservative setting (e.g., more likely to intervene at lower amounts of slip). Furthermore, any multi-mode external facing cameras of the vehicle may be set to an infrared mode (instead of a visual mode). The infrared mode may allow for detection of portions of the road more likely to be iced over (e.g., if the surface temperature is lower) and vehicle speed may be reduced over those sections. In another example, a visual camera may be more sensitive to reflective surfaces on the roadway. Reflections may be more likely to be determined to be ice. If the controller determines that ice is likely to be on the road surface, the operating speed of the vehicle may be reduced and the braking and/or turning points of the vehicle may be adjusted. As such, for examples where the vehicle is autonomous, the braking and turning points may be adjusted to avoid any potential ice spots to increase control of the vehicle.

In the fourth section, the temperature is below freezing and precipitation is determined to be falling. As such, the controller may determine that there is a high likelihood of slippery conditions. Thus, the vehicle may be operated at reduced speeds at slippery surface traction control settings.

In the fifth section, the weather is determined to be clear and warm. However, traffic conditions are determined to be heavy and/or the fifth section is determined to be in an urban area. As such, the vehicle is at a setting for more aggressive pedestrian detection. Thus, the controller may further slow the vehicle if there is a possible obstacle detected on the side of the road. Cameras of the vehicle may also be oriented to more likely detect pedestrians and cyclist (e.g., oriented at a height appropriate for pedestrians and cyclist, such as between 2-4 feet of height). The communications module of the vehicle may also be more sensitive to detecting wireless data from electronic devices disposed proximate the vehicle to better detect data communicated by pedestrians and cyclists and detect them as such.

FIG. 6illustrates a flow process for predictive hydroplaning assistance, in accordance with one or more embodiments.FIG. 6illustrates a technique for proactively determining when a vehicle is operating in a condition where there is a risk of hydroplaning greater than a threshold risk.

In block602, parameters are received as described herein. The parameters may be described herein and may include parameters associated with performance of the vehicle, such as performance in wet conditions. Thus, for example, the wet performance of the tire of the vehicle as a function of tire pressure may be provided. In certain embodiments, the parameters may be determined from, for example, independent testing (e.g., performance characteristics of the tires may be tested). In certain embodiments, the vehicle may include the parameters of the original equipment items, such as tires. In certain such embodiments, if items are changed during the lifetime of the vehicle, the parameters may also be changed (e.g., manually entered or automatically changed as part of the service process through a computer application that determines what changes are being performed on the vehicle). Thus, parameters for replacement parts such as replacement tires may be provided to the vehicle when servicing the vehicle. In embodiments where a parameter is not provided, baseline values may be assumed. Thus, for example, a baseline hydroplaning value of 9, or another baseline value, may be provided in situations where no tire data is provided.

In block604, speed data of the vehicle may be received. The speed data may be data received from one or more speed sensors, GPS sensors, or other sensors of the vehicle. The speed data allows for the determination of a current ground speed of the vehicle.

In block606, the tire pressure data may be received. The tire pressure data may include the current tire pressure of the vehicle. In various situations, the tire pressure of the vehicle may change while the vehicle is operated (e.g., due to changes in temperature, in operation of the vehicle, slow punctures, and other considerations). Thus, the tire pressure data may be current data or may be recently updated data.

Based on the tire pressure data, a hydroplaning speed of the tires of the wheel assembly may be determined. The hydroplaning speed may be a speed at which the tire is determined to have a chance of hydroplaning greater than a threshold chance. The hydroplaning speed may be a calculation based on the tire pressure of the tire of the wheel assembly. The hydroplaning speed may be calculated by, for example, multiplying the current tire pressure by a constant. Thus, for example, the tire pressure, in pounds per square inch, may be multiplied by a constant parameter received in block602to determine the hydroplaning speed, in miles per hour, of the tire.

In certain embodiments, determination of the hydroplaning speed may be based on a determined wetness of the road surface. Thus, for example, one or more sensors, such as visual cameras, of the vehicle may detect a wetness level of the road or rainfall sensors may determine the intensity of rainfall to determine a wetness level. In such an embodiment, the parameter may be a scale that is based on the wetness level. The determined wetness level may result in the selection of a proper parameter for determination of the hydroplaning speed. In such an embodiment, the parameter may result in a lower determined hydroplaning speed if wetness levels are determined to be higher (e.g., the parameter may be a numerical parameter and may decrease in value based on increasing wetness levels).

In certain additional embodiments, the parameter used for determining the hydroplaning speed may also be based on detected tire wear. Thus, tire wear of the vehicle may be determined (e.g., as described herein) and the parameter may be based on the detected wear. The parameters may include, for a range of different tire pressures, different parameter values for use in calculating the hydroplaning speed based on different tire pressure values. As such, higher amounts of tire wear may result in utilizing a parameter that is lower in magnitude than a parameter associated with lower amounts of tire wear. Thus, the hydroplaning speed of tires with higher amounts of wear may be determined to be less than the hydroplaning speed of tires with lower amounts of wear.

As such, the hydroplaning speed may be calculated based on a parameter reflecting the characteristics of the tires and the tire pressure data. In various embodiments, determining the hydroplaning speed and comparing the hydroplaning speed to the current speed of the vehicle may allow for proactive determination of hydroplaning risk, as in block608. Thus, in block608, the hydroplaning speed is compared to the ground speed to determine hydroplaning risk. The ground speed may be determined to be a percentage of the hydroplaning speed (e.g., 50%, 100%, 150%).

Based on the hydroplaning risk determined in block608, operating instructions for the vehicle may be adjusted in block610. Adjustments may include, for example, changing an operating speed of the vehicle (e.g., slowing down based on determining that the speed is within a threshold percentage of the hydroplaning speed or over the hydroplaning speed), changing braking and steering threshold of the vehicle (e.g., the speed versus steering angle of the vehicle to limit the amount of lateral g-forces that the vehicle can generate in a corner), and/or other operating instructions of the vehicle. In certain embodiments, the speed of the vehicle may be adjusted to a certain percentage of the hydroplaning speed (e.g., between 50 to 100% of the hydroplaning speed). In certain embodiments, the adjustment may include a warning (e.g., requesting that the operator slow down the vehicle or that the vehicle is at risk of hydroplaning) to be provided to the operator of the vehicle.

The adjustments may be output in block612. As such, any warnings may be displayed or given by the user interface of the vehicle. Any changes to operation of the vehicle may also be performed (e.g., slowing down an autonomously operated vehicle). Thus, the techniques described herein allow for out of control situations to be determined as likely to happen before they happen, and for operation of the vehicle to be adjusted accordingly to avoid such out of control situations. Thus, safe operation of the vehicle may be performed proactively instead of reactively, as in typical techniques.

FIG. 7illustrates a flow process for tire wear prediction, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The technique ofFIG. 7, as well as any other technique described herein, may be combined with the technique ofFIG. 6and other techniques. Thus, for example, the tire wear of the vehicle may be determined inFIG. 7and the parameters used to determine the hydroplaning speed may be accordingly adjusted based on the tire wear.

In block702, parameters may be received, as described herein. The parameters may include the number of rotations of the wheel assembly per unit distance (e.g., per kilometer or mile) relative to the tire pressure of the tire. The parameter may indicate different amounts of rotation based on tire wear. For example, as a tire wears down, the number of rotations to roll for a given distance will increase. The parameters may reflect that increase.

In block704, speed sensor data from the vehicle may be received. The sensor data may indicate the amount of rotations per unit of time of the wheel assembly. Such rotations per unit time is typically used for determining the ground speed of the vehicle, but, in the technique described herein, is used to determine the wear of the tire. As a tire wears, while the vehicle may determine that the ground speed for a given number of rotations per unit time is unchanged as the number of rotations per unit time is unchanged, the ground speed actually decreases due to the smaller diameter.

In block706, GPS data may be received. The GPS data may indicate a satellite determined speed of the vehicle. Based on the GPS readings, a true ground speed of the vehicle may be determined. Such a true ground speed is determined without being affected by tire wear.

In block708, wear of the tire may be determined. The wear may be determined by comparing the determined speed to the actual GPS speed. Based on that comparison, a percentage error may be determined. The amount of wear of the tire may then be determined by the percentage error. Thus, for example, the parameters may indicate that the vehicle is equipped with 30 inch diameter tires. The comparison may determine a percentage error of 1% between determined and GPS speed. Based on the 1% error, it may be determined that the tire has 0.15 inches of wear, leading to a 0.3 inch smaller diameter tire.

In another embodiment, the GPS speed may be determined and the number of rotations per unit time may be determined from the sensor readings of the vehicle. Based on the GPS speed, the distance per unit time traveled is then determined. The number of rotations per unit time is also determined from the sensor readings. The diameter of the tire is then determined by determining the tire diameter required to cover that distance for the number of rotations per unit time. The determined diameter may be compared to a nominal tire diameter and the wear may be determined based on the difference of the comparison.

In various embodiments, the parameters may also incorporate the current tire pressure of the tire. As tires may deform at different rates at different pressures, the wear may take into account the current tire pressure of the vehicle when determining the amount of wear of the tire.

In block710, a comparison may be made as to whether the wear amount exceeds a threshold wear amount (e.g., 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% or another percentage or value of the new tire diameter, or a fixed amount or percentage of wear since the last adjustment). If the wear amount does not exceed the threshold, the technique may return to block704. If the wear amount does exceed the threshold, the technique may continue to block712. In certain embodiments, block710may be skipped and the determined wear of the tire may be automatically used to adjust operational parameters in block712.

In block712, the operating parameters of the vehicle may be adjusted. Thus, for example, the parameter used to determine the hydroplaning speed may be adjusted if the tire has been determined to have worn. As such, for example, based on the determined wear of the tire, a different set of parameters may be selected that may, for example, result in a lower hydroplaning speed to compensate for the lower amount of tread on the tire. Furthermore, if the wear is past a tire replacement level, a warning or other communications may be determined.

In block714, the adjustment is output. Thus, operation of the vehicle may be adjusted based on the tire. Such operations may include the parameters used to determine the hydroplaning speed of the vehicle, but may also include other operations. For example, if wear is past a performance threshold, the vehicle may be adjusted to operate at a lower maximum deceleration or lateral g-force due to decreased tire grip, to prevent tire skidding in such situations. Additionally, if tire replacement is required, a warning message may be output on the user interface of the vehicle or data may be communicated to various electronic devices (such as the mobile device of the operator or an electronic device of a maintenance entity) to indicate that replacement of the tires is required.

FIG. 8illustrates a flow process for predictive alignment determination, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The technique ofFIG. 8may be utilized by vehicles to determine when an alignment of the vehicle needs adjusting. The techniques described herein may be appropriate for autonomous vehicles as autonomous vehicles are not operated by a driver. In an operator driven vehicle, the operator may receive feedback from the steering wheel, pedals, and other controls. Based on the feel, the operator may determine problems with the vehicle. Thus, for example, steering feedback or vehicle handling may change due to misaligned alignment. However, in an autonomous vehicle, the operator does not operate the controls and, thus, does not have the opportunity to obtain feedback from the controls. The technique ofFIG. 8may detect problems with the vehicle in lieu of feel based problem diagnosis of the vehicle by the operator.

In block802, parameters may be received as described herein. The parameters may include baseline operating parameters such as the baseline alignment specifications of the vehicle, baseline operating specifications such as the slip experienced by each tire, the normal rolling resistance of the vehicle, and other such parameters.

In block804, slip angle data may be received. The slip angle data may be data indicating the slip angle experienced by various wheel assemblies when the vehicle is commanded to be operated in a straight line. Thus, the slip angle data received in block804may be data received during certain operating conditions such as when the vehicle is determined to be on relatively even ground (e.g., with crown of less than 5 degrees) and being commanded to operate in a straight line. The slip angle data may be determined by various sensors such as wheel slip sensors. The wheel slip sensors may be, for example, optical sensors that allows for a determination of a direction of travel of the vehicle relative to the direction of the tire. The wheel assembly and vehicle may include various features to aid in the determination of the slip angle, such as markings or forms (e.g., reflective strips on the inside barrel of the wheel may allow for a determination of the angle of direction that the wheel is pointed towards).

In block806, the slip angle of one or more tires of the wheel assemblies are determined from the slip angle data. The slip angle may be determined relative to the direction of travel of the vehicle body. For example, when the vehicle is determined to be traveling in a straight line, the angle of one or more tires relative to the vehicle body may be determined from the slip angle data. In a certain embodiment, the slip angle may be determined for a given control condition, such as when the vehicle is traveling in a straight line. In another embodiment, the angle of a tire relative to the vehicle body may be compared to the angle of one or more other tires relative to the vehicle body. Such relative angles may also allow for a determination of the current alignment angle of the vehicle.

In block808, a determination is made as to whether the alignment of the vehicle is misaligned or not. In certain embodiments, the slip angle determined in block806is used to determine the current alignment of the vehicle. As the slip angle indicates the current orientation of each wheel assembly, the toe angle of each wheel assembly may correspond or be based on the slip angle. The current alignment is then compared to a baseline alignment. If one or more wheel assemblies deviate from the baseline alignment by an amount greater than a threshold amount, the alignment may be determined to be misaligned and the technique may proceed to block810. Otherwise, the technique may return to block804.

In block810, the operating parameters of the vehicle may be adjusted based on the determination that the alignment is misaligned. For example, the default steering angle for operating the vehicle in a straight line may be changed. In certain embodiments, the vehicle may include a plurality of different motors. Thus, for example, a plurality of wheels of the vehicle may each include different electric motors. In such embodiments, the torque output by the motors may be adjusted to compensate for the misalignment and continue to orient the vehicle in a straight line.

In block812, the operational adjustments may be performed. Furthermore, a warning or message may be output. The warning or message may indicate that the vehicle's alignment is misaligned. The warning or message may be visually or audibly output by the user interface or may be communicated to an electronic device. Thus, for example, the vehicle may wirelessly communicate with an electronic device (e.g., that of the vehicle's operator or that of an organization responsible for maintaining the vehicle) that the alignment of the vehicle should be adjusted.

Any of the techniques described herein may be utilized in operator piloted vehicles and/or automated vehicles. Though the disclosure may reference piloted or automated vehicles for certain techniques, it is appreciated that all of the techniques described herein may apply to one or both of piloted and automated vehicles, regardless of the examples used in the disclosure. The various portions of the techniques described herein may be performed by one or more controllers of the vehicle and/or by other controllers and other components.

While various specific implementations have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in the form and details of the disclosed implementations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. In addition, although various advantages, aspects, and objects have been discussed herein with reference to various implementations, it will be understood that the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by reference to such advantages, aspects, and objects.