Composition and method to improve lubricity in fuels

It has been discovered that compositions which are blends or mixtures including a monomeric fatty acid component can serve as stable lubricity additives in distillate fuels, including gasoline. The compositions may include saturated or unsaturated, monomeric fatty acids having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms; a synthetic monomeric acids having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms; and saturated or unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acids having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms. Where a saturated monomeric fatty acid is used, a hindered and/or tertiary amine may be present as a stabilizer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to lubricity additives for distillate fuels, 
and more particularly relates, in one embodiment to lubricity additives 
for hydrocarbon fuels, where the additives comprise mixtures of monomeric 
and polymeric fatty acids. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
It is well known that in many engines the fuel is the lubricant for the 
fuel system components, such as fuel pumps and injectors. Many studies of 
fuels with poor lubricity have been conducted in an effort to understand 
fuel compositions which have poor lubricity and to correlate lab test 
methods with actual field use. The problem is general to diesel fuels, 
kerosene and gasolines, however, most of the studies have concentrated on 
the first two hydrocarbons. 
Previous work has shown that saturated, monomeric and dimeric, fatty acids 
of from 12 to 54 carbon atoms used individually give excellent performance 
as fuel lubricity aids in diesel fuels. While these materials show 
excellent lubricity properties, they are often difficult to formulate into 
products due to their poor solubility in hydrocarbons and fatty acid 
mixtures. Commercial product TOLAD.RTM. 9103 Fuel Lubricity Aid sold by 
Baker Petrolite Corporation only contains approximately 3.8 weight %, 
stearic acid (a saturated monomeric fatty acid) in a specific and complex 
mixture of unsaturated monomeric and unsaturated oligomeric fatty acids 
and heavy aromatic solvent. It has performance characteristics better than 
products which do not contain the high levels of these saturated acids. 
However, levels of stearic acid higher than 3.8% tend to separate from the 
product on standing which limits their usefulness as additives. Simply 
increasing the stearic acid proportion in TOLAD 9103 Fuel Lubricity Aid 
above about 3.8% results in an unstable product. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide fuel 
lubricity additives which improves lubricity over conventional additives. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide fuel lubricity 
additives which improves lubricity over conventional additives, and are 
stable. 
Another object of the invention is to provide fuel lubricity additives 
which improves lubricity in gasoline, which have not heretofore employed 
lubricity additives. 
In carrying out these and other objects of the invention, there is 
provided, in one form, a composition for improving the lubricity of 
distillate fuels which has 
(a) at least one monomeric fatty acid component which may be either 
a C.sub.12 -C.sub.22 saturated, monomeric fatty acid; 
an C.sub.12 -C.sub.22 unsaturated, monomeric fatty acid; or 
a C.sub.12 -C.sub.40 synthetic monomeric fatty acid; and 
(b) at least one oligomeric fatty acid component which may be either 
a C.sub.24 -C.sub.66 saturated, oligomeric fatty acid; and 
an C.sub.24 -C.sub.66 unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
New compositions have been discovered which are useful as fuel lubricity 
aids, and which may contain, in some embodiments, higher amounts of 
saturated monomeric (e.g. stearic acid) and oligomeric fatty acids. 
Customarily, lubricity aids have been limited to use in diesel fuels used 
in diesel engines having distributors and rotary type fuel injection pumps 
which rely totally on the fuel for lubrication. Gasoline engines, having a 
different design with different requirements have not required lubricity 
aids, but it has been unexpectedly discovered herein that gasolines and 
gasoline engines benefit from the lubricity aids of the invention, which 
would not have been expected due to the different structure and design of 
a gasoline engine. 
The invention relates to lubricity additives for distillate fuels, as 
contrasted with products from resid. In the context of this invention, 
distillate fuels include, but are not necessarily limited to diesel fuel, 
kerosene, gasoline and the like. It will be appreciated that distillate 
fuels include blends of conventional hydrocarbons meant by these terms 
with oxygenates, e.g. alcohols, such as methanol, and other additives or 
blending components presently used in these distillate fuels, such as MTBE 
(methyl-tert-butyl ether) or used in the future. 
Generally, in one embodiment of the invention the composition for improving 
the lubricity of distillate fuels is a mixture or blend of at least one 
monomeric fatty acid component with at least one oligomeric fatty acid 
component, and in another embodiment is a mixture or blend of at least one 
saturated, monomeric fatty acid with an amine. 
The monomeric fatty acid components may be a saturated, monomeric fatty 
acid having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, an unsaturated, monomeric fatty 
acid having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, or a synthetic monomeric fatty 
acid having from 12 to 40 carbon atoms. In one general embodiment of the 
invention, a synthetic monomeric fatty acid is any monomeric fatty acid 
within the given carbon number range that does not occur in nature. In one 
non-limiting embodiment of the invention, a synthetic monomeric fatty acid 
is one that results from the modification of a natural fatty acid by a 
process including, but not limited to, alkylation, hydrogenation, 
arylation, isomerization or combinations of these modifications. In 
another, non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the synthetic monomeric 
fatty acid is formed by dimerizing any of the unsaturated, monomeric fatty 
acids having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms mentioned above, and then 
hydrogenating them. 
Specific examples of suitable saturated, monomeric fatty acids include, but 
are not limited to, lauric acid (dodecanoic acid); myristic acid 
(tetradecanoic acid); palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid); stearic acid 
(octadecanoic acid); and the like. Specific examples of suitable 
unsaturated, monomeric fatty acids include, but are not limited to, oleic 
acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid); tall oil fatty acid (e.g. Westvaco L-5); 
and the like. Specific examples of suitable synthetic, monomeric fatty 
acids include, but are not limited to, Union Camp Century 1105 and the 
like. 
The oligomeric fatty acid components may be a saturated, oligomeric fatty 
acid having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms, or an unsaturated, monomeric fatty 
acid having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms. In one general embodiment of the 
invention, the oligomeric fatty acids may be made by dimerizing or 
trimerizing any of the unsaturated monomeric acids suitable for the 
monomeric fatty acid component described above. 
Specific examples of suitable saturated, oligomeric fatty acids include, 
but are not limited to, dimer acid (Unichema Pripol 1009); and the like. 
Specific examples of suitable unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acids include, 
but are not limited to, dimer acid (e.g. Westvaco DTC-595); trimer acid 
(e.g. Westvaco DTC-195); and the like. 
In one embodiment of the invention it is preferred that the oligomeric 
fatty acid component be a dimer, although trimers are acceptable. In 
another embodiment of the invention, it is preferred that the monomeric 
fatty acid component comprise from about 4 to about 90 weight % of the 
total composition, preferably from about 4 to about 50 wt. % of the total, 
most preferably from about 4 to about 15 or 10 wt. % of the total. Of 
course, in one embodiment of the invention, the monomeric fatty acid 
component is 100% of the total composition of acids. In another embodiment 
of the invention, the lower limit of these ranges is 5 wt. %. 
The stable compositions which have been discovered include, but are not 
necessarily limited to: 
1. Mixtures of at least one pure, saturated, monomeric, fatty acid with at 
least one pure, saturated, oligomeric fatty acid. One specific, 
non-limiting example of this embodiment of the invention includes, but is 
not limited to: 
In Example 169, a 75% of a blend of 65:10 Unichemica PRIPOL.RTM. 1009 
hydrogenated dimer acid/palmitic acid gave a wear scar value of 274 
microns. (Percentages herein should be understood to be weight percentages 
unless otherwise noted. Ratios herein should be understood to be weight 
ratios unless otherwise noted.) 
2. Mixtures of at least one pure, saturated, monomeric, fatty acid with at 
least one pure, unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acid. Specific, non-limiting 
examples of this embodiment of the invention include, but are not limited 
to: 
In Example 170, a 75% blend of 65:10 Westvaco DTC-595/palmitic acid gave a 
wear scar value of 382 microns. 
In Example 171, a 75% blend of 65:10 Westvaco DTC-595/palmitic acid gave a 
wear scar value of 363 microns. 
3. Mixtures of at least one pure, unsaturated, monomeric, fatty acid with 
at least one pure, saturated, oligomeric fatty acid. One specific, 
non-limiting example of this embodiment of the invention includes, but is 
not limited to: 
In Example 165, a 75% of a blend of 50:50 Unichemica PRIPOL.RTM. 1009 
hydrogenated dimer acid/Westvaco L-5 gave a wear scar value of 428 
microns. 
4. Mixtures of at least one pure, unsaturated, monomeric, fatty acid with 
at least one pure, unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acid. One specific, 
non-limiting example of this embodiment of the invention includes, but is 
not limited to: 
In Example 166, a 75% of a blend of 50:50 Westvaco DTC-595/Westvaco L-5 
gave a wear scar value of 496 microns. 
5. Mixtures of at least one pure, saturated, monomeric, fatty acid with an 
amine and, optionally, at least one pure, saturated or unsaturated, 
oligomeric fatty acid. 
Specific, non-limiting examples of this embodiment of the invention 
include, but is not limited to, the following combinations of monomeric 
acid component with amine (without including an oligomeric acid component, 
which should be understood as present): 
In Example 172, a 75% of a blend of 44:31 stearic acid/RohMax Primene 
81R.RTM. gave a wear scar value of 299 microns. 
Pure stearic acid+tri-n-butylamine(aliphatic tertiary amine). 
Pure stearic acid+CS1246.RTM. (heterocyclic amine). 
Pure stearic acid+alkyl pyridine(heterocyclic amine). 
Pure stearic acid+N,N-di-n-butylethylenediamine(polyamine). 
Pure stearic acid+TOMAH E-17-2.RTM. (oxyalkylated amine). 
6. Mixtures of at least one synthetic monomeric acid with at least one 
pure, saturated or unsaturated, oligomeric fatty acid. Specific, 
non-limiting examples of this embodiment of the invention include, but are 
not limited to: 
In Example 167, a 75% of a blend of 50:50 Unichema Pripol 1009/Union Camp 
Century gave a wear scar value of 236 microns. 
In Example 168, a 75% of a blend of 50:50 Westvaco DTC-195/Union Camp 
Century gave a wear scar value of 378 microns. 
A blend of pure isostearic acid with Westvaco 1500, a pure, unsaturated, 
oligomeric fatty acid. 
In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the composition for 
improving the lubricity of distillate fuels of invention excludes mixtures 
of a saturated, monomeric fatty acid having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms 
with an unsaturated, monomeric fatty acid having from 12 to 22 carbon 
atoms. Also excluded would be mixtures of a saturated, oligomeric fatty 
acid having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms with an unsaturated, oligomeric 
fatty acid having from 24 to 66 carbon atoms, in another non-limiting 
embodiment of the invention. 
In a broad embodiment of the invention, the suitable stabilizing amine is 
any inert amine, i.e. an amine which does not react with the acids present 
to form an amide. In another embodiment of the invention, the amine is a 
tertiary amine or an amine where the carbon adjacent the amine nitrogen 
contains no hydrogen atoms (e.g. t-butyl amine). In another embodiment of 
the invention, the amine may be an amine having at least one amine 
functional group selected from the group consisting of primary aliphatic 
amines, secondary aliphatic amines, tertiary aliphatic amines, 
cycloaliphatic amines, heterocyclic amines, aromatic amines (e.g. 
aniline), and oxyalkylated amines. Heterocyclic amines in the context of 
this invention encompass multiple structures which include, but are not 
necessarily limited to, structures such as pyridines, pyrimidines, and 
imidazoles. 
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the ratio of amine to acid is 
near molar equivalent; that is, near stoichiometric. In another embodiment 
of the invention, the ratio of amine to at least one pure, saturated, 
monomeric, fatty acid ranges from about 1 part amine to 9 parts acid to 
about 9 parts amine to 1 part acid, by weight. In another embodiment the 
molar equivalent ratio proportion of amine to saturated monomeric fatty 
acid in the total composition ranges from about 0.1:1 to about 1:1. 
Optionally, the amine/monomer mixture may comprise from 100% to 1% of the 
mixture with the oligomeric fatty acid. The optional amine component in 
approximate stoichiometric equality with the monomer component permits the 
composition to be more stable with higher proportions of monomer. In one 
non-limiting explanation of how the amines impart stability, it is 
believed that the amines prevent the saturated monomeric fatty acids from 
reacting. The optional amine component preferably contains from about 4 to 
about 36 carbon atoms. 
Typically, a solvent is preferably used in the compositions of the 
invention, where the solvent may be aromatic solvents and pure paraffinic 
solvents. Aromatic solvents are particularly preferred. The proportion of 
solvent in the total fuel lubricity aid composition ranges from about 0 to 
50 weight %. The use of a solvent is optional. Specific examples of 
suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, aromatic naphtha; 
kerosene; diesel; gasoline; xylene; toluene; and the like. 
The term "pure" is used in the specification herein to means essentially 
none of another component, as far as such a component is commercially 
available. With respect to a saturated acid, "pure" means essentially no 
unsaturated material is present, and vice versa. For example, "pure" 
commercially available stearic acid is free from oleic acid. When the term 
"only one" is employed, it is meant that the respective one monomeric 
fatty acid component be essentially the only monomeric fatty acid present, 
and the one oligomeric fatty acid component is essentially the only 
oligomeric fatty acid present. In one particularly preferred embodiment of 
the invention, the composition consists of just a single pure monomeric 
fatty acid component, and just a single pure oligomeric fatty acid 
component. It has been unexpectedly discovered that the particularly 
exemplified combinations of a monomeric fatty acid component, and an 
oligomeric fatty acid component give better results than complex mixtures 
of saturated and unsaturated monomeric fatty acids and oligomers, for 
example, TOLAD.RTM. 9103 lubricity aid sold by Baker Petrolite 
Corporation, which is a complex mixture of saturated and unsaturated 
monomeric fatty acids and oligomers having about 3.8%, of a particular 
fatty acid (stearic acid). 
As noted, the compositions of this invention can be used in various 
distillate hydrocarbon fuels in concentrations effective to improve the 
lubricity thereof including, but not necessarily limited to diesel fuel, 
kerosene or gasoline. Concentrations of the above compositions in 
hydrocarbons to improve lubricity thereof range from about 10 to about 400 
ppm, preferably from about 10 to about 200 ppm, and most preferably from 
about 25 to about 100 ppm. 
The invention will be illustrated further with respect to the following 
non-limiting Examples which are to further illuminate the invention only. 
EXAMPLE 1 
A Mixture of a Single Pure, Saturated, Monomeric, Fatty Acid With an 
Aliphatic Amine 
To a 100 cc vessel were charged 28.4 g (0.1 mole) stearic acid and 19.5 g 
(0.1 mole) PRIMENE 81R and mixed to give Sample 1. In one embodiment of 
this invention, this mixture was diluted 30% by weight with Solvent 14 
(aromatic naphtha solvent) This is an example using 100% pure, saturated, 
monomeric, fatty acid with an amine. 
EXAMPLES 2-25 
Samples 2 through 8 were prepared according to Example 1, except that 
proportions of the acids and amines shown Table I were used. Table I 
presents Wear Scar Diameter (WSD) results conducted according to the 
procedure used in the BOTD Test (Ball on Three Disc Test) developed by 
Falex Corporation, for Samples 1-8 as well as some commercial lubricity 
aids such as TOLAD.RTM. 9103 (T-9103). All runs in Table I were at the 
indicated doses in Shell P-50 Diesel--except where the hydrocarbon fuel is 
indicated as Kero (kerosene) or SW-1 (Swedish Class 1 diesel). It can be 
readily seen that Inventive Sample 1 gives one of the lowest WSD results 
of all twenty-four examples. 
In Example 18, Sample 8, the ratio of HOAc to CRO-111 is 7.5 wt. % HOAc to 
92.5 wt. % CRO-111 by weight. Both components were weighed into a bottle 
and shaken. Solubility was complete at ambient temperature. Stability was 
tested by adding 1 drop deionized water to a 2.0 g sample and heating 
overnight. Any solids formed was noted. Sample 8 stayed solids free. 
TABLE I 
______________________________________ 
Comparative WSD Results 
Ex. Sample # Description Dose, ppm 
WSD, mm 
______________________________________ 
2 2 Xylylstearic acid + AEAE 
100 0.3208 
3 3 Xylylstearic acid + DEA 
100 0.2842 
4 4 Ricinoleic acid + AEAE 
100 0.2742 
5 5 Dimer acid (T-9103) + DEA 
100 0.2925 
6 6 Ricinoleic acid + DEA 
100 0.2975 
7 7 Hamposil O + DEA 100 0.2733 
8 Witcamide 5138 200 0.2125 
9 " 100 0.3242 
10 " 25 0.3841 
11 " 25 0.2050 
12 CRO-111 25 0.3258 
13 CRO-290 25 0.4467 
14 CRO-111 (Kero) 25 0.1858 
15 CRO-290 (Kero) 25 0.2658 
16 Hamposil O 100 0.2658 
17 Hamposil C 100 0.3075 
18 8 CRO-111/HOAc 25 0.4792 
19 1 Stearic acid + Primene 91R 
100 0.2650 
20 T-9103 100 0.3192 
21 " " 0.3417 
22 " " 0.2433 
23 T-9103 (SW-1) 50 0.3492 
24 T-9103 (SW-1) 100 0.2733 
25 T-9103 (SW-1) 200 0.2692 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 26-37 
Samples 1 and 9 through 12 were tested at 100 ppm doses in Class 1 Diesel 
according to ASTM-6079 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) at 
60.degree. C. The results are presented in Table II and charted in FIG. 1. 
In this testing the Inventive Sample 1 composition gave the best results 
of any compositions tested. Usually, a level of 450 .mu.m or below is 
considered a "good" WSD value to have for a fuel, although some areas use 
a 460 .mu.m level. 
TABLE II 
______________________________________ 
Wear Scar Testing of Various Lubricity Aids at 100 ppm 
Wear Scar 
Ex. Sample Average (.mu.m) 
Description 
______________________________________ 
26 Blank 600 
27 Blank 620 
28 9 617 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine Diamide 
29 9 614 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine Diamide 
30* 10 611 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine 
31* 10 598 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine 
32 11 593 Xylylstearic Acid/Propane Diamine 
Diamide 
33 11 599 Xylylstearic Acid/Propane Diamine 
Diamide 
34 12 485 CRO-11 + Acetic Acid (92.5/7.5 Parts) 
35 12 488 CRO-11 + Acetic Acid (92.5/7.5 Parts) 
36 1 451 Stearic Acid/Primene 81R Amine 
37 1 447 Stearic Acid/Primene 81R Amine 
______________________________________ 
*Due to the difference in reaction conditions from Examples 28 and 29, 
tetrahydropyrimidines were formed in these Examples. 
EXAMPLES 38-47 
Samples 1 and 9 through 12 were tested at 50 ppm doses in Class 1 Diesel 
according to ASTM-6079 (HFRR). The results are presented in Table III and 
charted in FIG. 2. In this testing the Inventive Sample 1 composition once 
again gave the best results of any compositions tested. 
TABLE III 
______________________________________ 
Wear Scar Testing of Various Lubricity Aids at 50 ppm 
Wear Scar 
Ex. Sample Average (.mu.m) 
Description 
______________________________________ 
26 Blank 600 
27 Blank 620 
38 9 595 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine Diamide 
39 9 599 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine Diamide 
40* 10 615 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine 
41* 10 623 Oleic Acid/Propane Diamine 
42 11 616 Xylylstearic Acid/Propane Diamine 
Diamide 
43 11 607 Xylylstearic Acid/Propane Diamine 
Diamide 
44 12 553 CRO-11 + Acetic Acid (92.5/7.5 Parts) 
45 12 612 CRO-11 + Acetic Acid (92.5/7.5 Parts) 
46 1 545 Stearic Acid/Primene 81R Amine 
47 1 533 Stearic Acid/Primene 81R Amine 
______________________________________ 
*Due to the difference in reaction conditions from Examples 38 and 39, 
tetrahydropyrimidines were formed in these Examples. 
EXAMPLES 48-61 
Sample 13 was tested at various doses in Class 1 Diesel according to 
ASTM-6079 HFRR. The results are presented in Table IV and charted in FIG. 
3. Sample 13 was 92.5% CRO-111 and 7.5% HOAc, % w/w (the same composition 
as Ex. 18, Sample 8, and Ex. 44, Sample 12). 
TABLE IV 
______________________________________ 
Wear Scar Testing of Sample 13 at Various Doses 
Ex. Dose Wear Scar Average (.mu.m) 
______________________________________ 
26 0 600 
27 0 620 
48 50 556 
49 50 612 
50 100 485 
51 100 488 
52 120 447 
53 120 418 
54 140 399 
55 140 438 
56 160 462 
57 160 502 
58 180 480 
59 180 476 
60 200 455 
61 200 423 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 62-75 
Sample 1 was tested at the same various doses in Class 1 Diesel as was 
Sample 13 in Examples 48-61; also according to ASTM-6079 HFRR. The results 
are presented in Table V and charted in FIG. 4. Again, a comparison of the 
results using Sample 1 v. Sample 13 (Tables V v. IV or FIGS. 4 v. 3) 
demonstrate that Sample 1 of this invention consistently gives better 
results at every dosage level. 
TABLE V 
______________________________________ 
Wear Scar Testing of Sample 1 at Various Doses 
Ex. Dose Wear Scar Average (.mu.m) 
______________________________________ 
26 0 600 
27 0 620 
62 50 545 
63 50 533 
64 100 451 
65 100 447 
66 120 431 
67 120 432 
68 140 433 
69 140 404 
70 160 414 
71 160 414 
72 180 410 
73 180 435 
74 200 419 
75 200 415 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 76 
Solubility of Witco Stearic Acids in Pure Solvents 
______________________________________ 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
2.5 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
22.5 g Ethyl Acetate 
10% HYSTRENE 9718 by weight 
______________________________________ 
The components were placed into an empty prescription bottle. At 75.degree. 
F. (24.degree. C., room temperature), the stearic acid did not go into 
solution in the ethyl acetate. The stearic acid settled to the bottom of 
the test jar. Heating the sample to 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) for 15 
minutes caused the stearic acid to be totally dissolved in the ethyl 
acetate. The sample was allowed to cool to room temperature. After 30 
minutes, solids started to form. Overnight at room temperature, the sample 
turned cloudy with suspended particles. 
EXAMPLE 77 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Acetic Acid 
______________________________________ 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
1.25 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
23.75 g Acetic Acid 
5% HYSTRENE 9718 by weight 
______________________________________ 
The components were placed into an empty prescription bottle. At 75.degree. 
F. (24.degree. C., room temperature), the stearic acid would not dissolve 
in the acetic acid. The sample was placed in an 120.degree. F. (49.degree. 
C.) oven for 15 minutes. The sample totally dissolved at 120.degree. F. 
(49.degree. C.). The sample was allowed to cool to room temperature, 
whereupon the stearic acid dropped out. 
EXAMPLE 78 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Valeric Acid (Saturated Monomer in Saturated 
Dimer) 
______________________________________ 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
1.25 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
23.75 g Valeric Acid 
5% HYSTRENE 9718 by weight 
______________________________________ 
Stearic acid (5 wt. %) went into solution in valeric acid at room 
temperature. Additional stearic acid (1.5 g) was added to the mixture to 
make a total of 26.50 g containing 10.37 wt. % stearic acid. The 10 wt. % 
proportion would not blend into valeric acid at room temperature. When the 
sample was placed in 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) oven for 15 minutes, 
the stearic acid went into solution. The sample was allowed to cool to 
room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.). The sample looked clear 
after cooling to room temperature. However after 2 hours at 75.degree. F. 
(24.degree. C.), the sample was frozen solid. More valeric acid (8.4 g) 
was added to the sample. This reduced the stearic acid proportion to 7.8 
wt. %. The sample was heated to 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.); all of the 
stearic acid was soluble in the valeric acid and allowed to cool to room 
temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.). After 24 hours at room 
temperature, the sample was clear. 
EXAMPLE 79 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Unichemica PRIPOL 1009 Dimer Acid 
______________________________________ 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
1.25 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
23.75 g PRIPOL 1009 Dimer Acid (extremely viscous) 
5% HYSTRENE 9718 by weight 
______________________________________ 
The sample was placed in a 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) oven to heat. The 
sample was slow to mix; a few particles were in suspension after 65 
minutes. After 5 minutes in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven, all of 
the stearic acid dissolved into the dimer acid. The sample was allowed to 
cool to room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.) and 1.5 g 
(approximately 5%) more stearic acid was added to make the total 10.37 wt. 
%. The sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven to help 
solubilize the mixture. Upon cooling for an hour, the sample started 
clouding. The sample was reheated to 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) and 
8.5 more grams of the dimer acid was added reducing the stearic acid 
proportion to 7.85 wt. %. 
EXAMPLE 80 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Soybean Oil 
______________________________________ 
1.25 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
+ 23.75 g Soybean oil 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
______________________________________ 
The sample was hazy at room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.). The 
sample was placed in a 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) oven for about 25 
minutes, but the stearic acid did not solubilize. Nor did the stearic acid 
solubilize after the sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) 
oven. 
EXAMPLE 81 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Unichemica PRIPOL 1013 Dimer Acid 
______________________________________ 
25 g Total Sample Wt. 
1.25 g Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
23.75 g PRIPOL 1013 Dimer Acid (extremely viscous) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven to help 
solubilize the stearic acid in the viscous dimer acid. 
EXAMPLE 82 
Solubility of Saturated Monomer (Stearic Acid) in Saturated Ester (Exxate 
1300 Solvent) 
10 wt.% Witco HYSTRENE.RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
90 wt.% Exxate 1300 Solvent 
The sample at room temperature was cloug,20 dy white. The sample was placed 
in a 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) oven to help solubilize the stearic 
acid in the saturated ester, but solubility did not occur after 30 
minutes. The sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven 
and after 15 minutes all of the stearic acid was soluble. The sample was 
taken out of the oven and allowed to cool to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. 
C.). The sample froze at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.) indicating 10% 
stearic acid was not soluble. Additional solvent (5 g) was added which 
adjusted the total stearic acid proportion to 8.0 wt. %, and the sample 
was placed into a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven. The sample was 
allowed to cool and the stearic acid dropped out. 
EXAMPLE 83 
Solubility of Saturated Monomer (Stearic Acid) in Aliphatic Primary Amine 
(Primene 81R) 
______________________________________ 
2 g (10 wt. %) Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
18 g Primene 81R 
______________________________________ 
At room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.), the stearic acid 
dissolved. The stearic acid proportion was increased to 20 wt. % in a 
separate run: 
______________________________________ 
4 g (10 wt. %) Witco HYSTRENE .RTM. 9718 Stearic Acid 
16 g Primene 81R 
______________________________________ 
At room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.), the stearic acid 
dissolved. This sample was allowed to sit at room temperature to see if 
settling occurs, and it did not. The 20 wt. % mixture of stearic acid in 
Primene 81R was tested to see how much (%) will be soluble in Pripol 1009 
dimer acid: 
______________________________________ 
10 g Pripol Dimer Acid 
10 g 20 wt. % stearic acid in Primene 81R 
______________________________________ 
The sample was placed in 120.degree. F. (49.degree. C.) oven, then a 
180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven for 30 minutes. All components blended 
well. The sample was allowed to cool to room temperature (75.degree. F., 
24.degree. C.). 
EXAMPLE 84 
Solubility of Saturated Monomer (Stearic Acid) in Aliphatic Primary Amine 
(Primene 81R) and FAS 150 
The sample was heated to 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven to help 
solubilize it. 
70 wt.% 20 wt.% stearic acid in Primene 81R 
30 wt. % FAS 150 
______________________________________ 
5 g 20 wt. % stearic acid in 80 wt. % Primene 81R 
2 g FAS 150 solvent 
______________________________________ 
The sample was clear yellow and looked good. 
EXAMPLE 85 
Solubility of Saturated Monomer (Stearic Acid) in Aliphatic Primary Amine 
(Primene 81R), FAS 150 and Pripol 1009 
______________________________________ 
28.0 g FAS 150 added first 
38.4 g Primene 81R added second 
9.6 g Stearic acid added third 
24.0 g Pripol 1009 dimer acid added fourth 
100 g Total sample 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). Some heat was 
released. The sample was only stirred and not heated, and was clear yellow 
in color. 
EXAMPLE 86 
Solubility of Saturated Monomer (Stearic Acid) in Aliphatic Primary Amine 
(Primene 81R) 
______________________________________ 
23.2 g Stearic acid (58 wt. %) 
16.8 g Primene 81R (42 wt. %) 
40.0 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). There was still a 
little stearic acid undissolved on bottom of bottle. The sample was placed 
in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven overnight. All of the stearic 
acid dissolved. The sample was allowed to cool to room temperature 
(75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.) and the solutionl was still clear. 
EXAMPLE 87 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Dicyclohexylamine 
______________________________________ 
2 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
18 g Dicyclohexylamine (90 wt. %) 
20 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample did not mix well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.) and was a 
cloudy white paste. When it was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) 
oven, there was a distinct separation into two phases. When the sample was 
shaken, it turned cloudy again. After the sample was allowed to cool to 
75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.), the two liquid phases appeared again and 
eventually the sample turned solid. 
EXAMPLE 88 
Solubility of Oleic Acid in Dimer Acid 
______________________________________ 
10 g Priolene 6933 Oleic acid (50 wt. %) 
10 g Pripol 1009 (50 wt. %) 
20 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.) 
and after 24 hours the sample still looked good. 
EXAMPLE 89 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Tri-N-butylamine 
______________________________________ 
18 g Stearic acid (90 wt. %) 
2 g Tri-n-butylamine (10 wt. %) 
20 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at room temperature (75.degree. F., 24.degree. C.) 
into a clear, water white solution. After 5 days, however, the sample was 
cloudy. 
EXAMPLE 90 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Primene 81R 
______________________________________ 
2 g Stearic acid (67 wt. %) 
1 g Primene 81R (33 wt. %) 
3 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was heated to 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) to help solubilize 
the sample completely. The sample was allowed to cool to 75.degree. F. 
(24.degree. C.). The stearic acid dropped out and turned solid. 
EXAMPLE 91 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Propoxylated Amine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g Propomeen T/12 Propoxylated amine (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was heated to 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) and allowed to cool 
to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). The mixture resulted in a light yellow 
solid. 
EXAMPLE 92 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Octylamine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g Octylamine (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample solubilize easily at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.) and was 
clear, water white. 
EXAMPLE 93 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Heterocyclic Amine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g Amine CS 1246 heterocyclic amine (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was a little hard to solubilized at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. 
C.). The sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven which 
solubilized the stearic acid. After the sample cooled to 75.degree. F. 
(24.degree. C.), it had a clear, water white appearance. 
EXAMPLE 94 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in N,N-Diborylethylene Amine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g N,N-Diborylethylene amine (98%) (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample dissolved at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.) into a clear white 
liquid. 
EXAMPLE 95 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Ethoxylated Alkylamine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid saturated monomer (10 wt. %) 
9 g E-14-5 ethoxylated alkylamine (90 wt. %) sold by Tomah 
Chemical Co. 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was a sticky, white material at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). 
The sample was placed into a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven, and then 
allowed to cool to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.), when it turned into a 
light brown solid. 
EXAMPLE 96 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Ethoxylated Alkylamine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid saturated monomer (10 wt. %) 
9 g E-17-2 ethoxylated alkylamine (90 wt. %) sold by Tomah 
Chemical Co. 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample did not mix well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). The sample 
was placed into a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven, and then allowed to 
cool to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). The sample then had a clear, yellow 
appearance. 
EXAMPLE 97 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Alkyl Pyridine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid saturated monomer (10 wt. %) 
9 g Alkyl pyridine (90 wt. %) sold by Reilly Chemical Co. 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.) and appeared 
solubilized. 
EXAMPLE 98 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Westvaco 1500 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid saturated monomer (10 wt. %) 
9 g Westvaco 1500 unsaturated oligomeric fatty acid (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was placed in a 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.) oven, where it 
mixed well. It was allowed to cool to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.), 
whereupon it turned into a dark brown solid. 
EXAMPLE 99 
Solubility of PRIOLENE 6933 Oleic Acid in Westvaco 1500 
______________________________________ 
10 g PRIOLENE 6933 oleic acid (50 wt. %) 
10 g Westvaco 1500 unsaturated oligomeric fatty acid (50 wt. %) 
20 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). 
EXAMPLE 100 
Solubility of PRIOLENE 6933 Oleic Acid in PRIPOL 1009 Dimer Acid 
______________________________________ 
10 g PRIOLENE 6933 oleic acid (50 wt. %) 
10 g PRIPOL 1009 Dimer Acid (50 wt. %) 
20 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample mixed well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). It was a little 
viscous, but stayed mixed. 
EXAMPLE 101 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in Cyclohexylamine 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g Cyclohexylamine (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample was a cloudy paste at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). It was 
placed in an oven at 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.), whereupon the sample 
mixed well. It was then allowed to cool to 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.), 
and it turned a solid light brown. 
EXAMPLE 102 
Solubility of Stearic Acid in N,N-Dimethylaniline 
______________________________________ 
1 g Stearic acid (10 wt. %) 
9 g N,N-Dimethylaniline (99%) (90 wt. %) 
10 g Total sample (100 wt. %) 
______________________________________ 
The sample did not mix well at 75.degree. F. (24.degree. C.). It was placed 
in an oven at 180.degree. F. (82.degree. C.), and when cooled, the product 
separated and formed light yellow crystals. 
EXAMPLES 103-120 
Solubility of Mixtures of a Synthetic Monomeric Acid With An Oligomeric 
Fatty Acid 
Using MX-Dimer available from Sylva Chemical Co., various samples were 
prepared which contained 30 wt. % Solvent 14, 38.5 wt. % dimer acid, and 
the remaining 31.5 wt. %., containing as much stearic acid as possible, 
cut with isostearic or xylylstearic acid, synthetic monomer acid 
components. The dimer acid is 1.28 times as much as the Solvent 14 amount; 
the dimer acid is 1.22 times as much as the other acid. 
Example 103 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 
20.07 g This mixture was heated until liquid. 
Solvent 14 
15.67 g It was allowed to cool, and it solidified. 
Stearic acid 
16.51 g 
______________________________________ 
Example 104 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 
23.32 g 
Solvent 14 
18.21 g 
Stearic acid 
9.58 g 
Isostearic acid 
9.62 g 
______________________________________ 
This mixture was heated until liquid. It was allowed to cool, and it 
solidified. 
Example 105 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 
12.49 g 
Solvent 14 
9.79 g 
Stearic acid 
5.14 g 
Xylylstearic acid 
5.12 g 
______________________________________ 
This mixture was heated until liquid. It was allowed to cool, and it 
solidified. 
Example 106 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 
16.55 g 
Solvent 14 
12.92 g 
Stearic acid 
3.39 g 
Isostearic add 
10.17 g 
______________________________________ 
This mixture was heated until liquid. It was allowed to cool overnight. 
Some precipitate was observed. 
Example 107 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 14.83 g 38.4 wt. % 
Solvent 14 11.69 g 30.1 wt. % 
Stearic acid 3.06 g 7.9 wt. % 
Xylylstearic acid 
9.19 g 23.6 wt. % 
______________________________________ 
Overnight the mixture stayed clear. Some precipitate formed the next day. 
TABLE VI 
______________________________________ 
Solubility of Mixtures of a Synthetic Monomeric Acid 
with An Oligomeric Fatty Acid 
50 wt. % of 
50 wt. % of 
Ex. material from 
material from 
Observations* 
______________________________________ 
108 Ex. 105 Ex. 107 Rapid precipitate upon cooling - 
solid 
109 Ex. 104 Ex. 106 Precipitate upon cooling - solid 
110 Ex. 104 Ex. 107 Rapid precipitate upon cooling - 
fluid 
111 Ex. 105 Ex. 106 Rapid precipitate upon cooling - 
fluid 
112 Ex. 104 Ex. 105 Rapid precipitate upon cooling - 
solid 
113 Ex. 106 Ex. 107 No precipitate, but one had 
formed two days later. 
______________________________________ 
*When the word "solid" was used, the entire mixture acted as a solid and 
was unpourable. When the word "liquid" was used, although a precipitate 
had formed, the mixture was a pourable fluid mixture. 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 38.5 wt. % 
Solvent 14 30.0 wt. % 
Stearic acid 7.9 wt. % 
Isostearic acid 11.8 wt. % 
Xylylstearic acid 
11.8 wt. % 
EY706 one drop 
______________________________________ 
TABLE VII 
______________________________________ 
Solubility of Mixtures of a Synthetic Monomeric Acid 
with An Oligomeric Fatty Acid 
Additive 
Ex. 2 g of Quantity Additive 
Observations 
______________________________________ 
114 Ex. 103 1 drop EY706 Solid with white chunks 
115 Ex. 104 1 scoop* T-3792 Uniform solid 
116 Ex. 107 1 drop EY706 
117 Ex. 107 1 scoop T-3792 Cloudy 
118 Ex. 106 1 drop EY706 
119 Ex. 106 1 scoop T-3792 Cloudy 
______________________________________ 
*A scoop is defined as a small amount of solid additive on the end of a 
small spatula. 
Composition of Example 120 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 38.5 wt. % 
Solvent 14 30.0 wt. % 
Oleic acid (Pamolyn 100 supplied by Arizona Chemical) 
31.5 wt. % 
______________________________________ 
This composition of Example 122 was liquid and remained liquid. 
Composition of Example 121 
______________________________________ 
Solvent 14 30.0 wt. % 
Xylylstearic acid 
70.0 wt. % 
______________________________________ 
This composition of Example 121 was liquid and remained liquid. 
Composition of Example 122 
______________________________________ 
Dimer acid 38.5 wt. % 
Solvent 14 30.0 wt. % 
Xylylstearic acid 
31.5 wt. % 
______________________________________ 
This composition of Example 122 was liquid and remained liquid. 
EXAMPLES 123-172 
Various other blends and mixtures within the scope of this invention were 
used in Examples 165-172 as contrasted with comparative Examples 123-164 
using various components singly, or various commercial lubricity 
additives, with the results reported in Table VIII. The lubricity 
additives were tested in NARL Blend #1 Fuel (Eastern Canadian Blend). 
Wear Scar data was obtained using ASTM-6079 HFRR. As can be seen in Table 
VIII, the wear scar data obtained using the inventive compositions of 
Examples 165-172 was better than that obtained using conventional 
lubricity additives, or the fatty acid components singly. 
TABLE VIII 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Lubricity Additives in NARL Blend #1 Fuel (Eastern Canadian Blend) 
Av. Friction 
Ex. 
Additive Chemical Name ppm Wear Scar, .mu.m 
Av. Film 
Coefficient 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
123 
Blank -- -- 602 21 0.393 
124 
Akzo Neo-Fat 94-06 
Oleic acid 1000 
233 89 0.106 
125 
Akzo Neo-Fat 94-06 
Oleic acid 100 399 59 0.178 
126 
Westvaco DTC-595 Dimer acid 100 344 73 0.185 
127 
Westvaco M28 Mixed dimer/Rosin acids 
100 359 70 0.176 
128 
M-1849 Tetrapropenyl succinic acid 
100 568 9 0.298 
129 
Westvaco 1500 Dimer acid 100 358 79 0.173 
130 
Arizona FA-2 Tall oil fatty acid 
100 346 69 0.157 
131 
Westvaco Rosin R Rosin acid 100 236 87 0.169 
132 
Aldrich Stearic Acid 
Stearic acid 100 437 65 0.159 
133 
Union Camp Unitol PDT 
Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
100 449 76 0.170 
134 
Union Camp Century MO-5 
Mixed monomer acids 
100 367 71 0.162 
135 
Unichema Pripol 1013 
Distilled dimer acid 
100 324 84 0.170 
136 
Xylylstearic Acid 
Xylylstearic acid 
100 300 84 0.171 
137 
Unichema Pripol 1040 
Trimer acid 100 396 80 0.196 
138 
Westvaco OCD-128 Mixed monomer acids 
100 294 84 0.161 
139 
Unichema Palmitic Acid 
Palmitic acid 100 338 73 0.157 
140 
Westvaco 1550 Dimer acid 100 441 72 0.179 
141 
Union Camp Century D-75 
Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
100 362 78 0.179 
142 
Union Camp Century 1164 
Mixed monomer acids 
100 421 67 0.170 
143 
Unichema Lauric Acid 
Lauric acid 100 397 70 0.161 
144 
Unichema Behenic Acid 
Behenic acid 100 390 74 0.157 
145 
Westvaco DTC-155 Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
100 377 66 0.176 
146 
Westvaco M-15 Mixed dimer/Rosin acids 
100 339 79 0.162 
147 
50% Rosin R Rosin acid in solvent 
200 354 71 0.184 
148 
Unichema Pripol 1009 
Distilled dimer acid 
100 366 70 0.185 
149 
Unichema Pripol 1040 
Trimer acid 100 537 19 0.286 
150 
Westvaco OCD-128 Mixed monomer acids 
100 341 71 0.167 
151 
Unichema Pripol 1013 
Distilled dimer acid 
100 341 73 0.180 
152 
Xylylstearic acid 
Xylylstearic acid 
100 349 60 0.184 
153 
Aldrich Stearic Acid 
Stearic acid 100 385 62 0.156 
154 
CRO-290 Imidazoline salt 
100 451 46 0.214 
155 
25% Westvaco Rosin R 
Rosin acid 400 373 68 0.189 
156 
Unichema Priolene 6900 
Oleic acid 100 363 69 0.169 
157 
Westvaco L-5 Tall oil fatty acid 
100 312 80 0.155 
158 
Westvaco L-1 Tall oil fatty acid 
100 304 79 0.155 
159 
Westvaco DTC-195 Trimer acid 100 315 79 0.185 
160 
CRO-4080 Tall oil fatty acid anhydride ester 
333 376 71 0.199 
161 
Tolad 9103 Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
100 361 67 0.178 
162 
Tolad 9103 Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
50 566 13 0.284 
163 
Tolad 9103 Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
75 320 81 0.179 
164 
Tolad 9103 Mixed monomer/dimer acids 
60 512 32 0.244 
165 
75% 50:50 Pripol 1009/L-5 
Blend 60 428 58 0.205 
166 
75% 50:50 DTC-195/L-5 
Blend 60 496 34 0.231 
167 
75% 50:50 Pripol 1009/Century 1105 
Blend 60 236 88 0.162 
168 
75% 50:50 DTC-195/Century 1105 
Blend 60 378 72 0.192 
169 
75% 65:10 Pripol 1009/Palmitic acid 
Blend 60 274 85 0.163 
170 
75% 65:10 DTC-195/Palmitic acid 
Blend 60 382 66 0.197 
171 
75% 65:10 DTC-595/Palmitic acid 
Blend 60 363 75 0.186 
172 
75% 44:31 Stearic acid/Primene 81R 
Blend 60 299 85 0.163 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with 
reference to specific embodiments thereof, and has been demonstrated as 
effective for improving the lubricity of fuels. However, it will be 
evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without 
departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth 
in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded 
in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. For example, specific 
combinations of monomeric fatty acids and oligomeric fatty acids and 
optional amines falling within the claimed parameters, but not 
specifically identified or tried in a particular composition to improve 
the lubricity of fuels herein, are anticipated to be within the scope of 
this invention. 
It is anticipated that the compositions of this invention will also impart 
to the engines in which they are used as fuel lubricity aids, greater 
horsepower, lower emissions and better fuel economy as a result of less 
friction, whether they are used in diesel or gasoline engines. 
______________________________________ 
GLOSSARY 
______________________________________ 
1500 Dimer acid available from Westvaco. 
AEAE Aminoethylaminoethanol or 2-(2-aminoethyl- 
amino)-ethanol. 
Amine CS 1246 
A heterocyclic amine sold by Angus Chemical 
Co. 
Century 1105 Synthetic, saturated monomer acid available 
from Union Camp. 
Century 1164 Mixed monomer acids available from Union 
Camp. 
Century D-75 Mixed monomer/dimer acids available from 
Union Camp. 
Century MO-5 Mixed monomer acids available from Union 
Camp. 
CRO-111 Fatty acid imidazoline sold by Baker Petrolite. 
CRO-290 Isostearic acid imidazoline sold by Baker 
Petrolite. 
CRO-4080 Tall oil fatty acid anhydride ester sold by Baker 
Petrolite. 
CS1246 .RTM. A heterocyclic amine sold by Angus Chemical 
Company. 
DEA Diethanolamine. 
DTC-155 Mixed monomer/dimer acids available from 
Westvaco. 
DTC-195 Trimer acids available from Westvaco. 
DTC-595 Dimer acid available from Westvaco. 
EXXATE .RTM. 1300 
A saturated ester sold by Exxon Chemical. 
Solvent 
EY702 An ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer sold by 
Quantum Chemical Co. 
FA-2 Tall oil fatty acid available from Arizona 
Chemical. 
FAS .RTM. 150 
A heavy aromatic naphtha supplied by Fina. 
Hamposil C A cocoamine derivative of sarcosine (forming 
an aminoacid) sold by Hampshire Chemical 
Co. 
Hamposil O An oleylamine derivative of sarcosine (forming 
an aminoacid) sold by Hampshire Chemical 
Co. 
HOAc Acetic acid (glacial). 
L-5 Tall oil fatty add sold by Westvaco. 
M-15 Mixed dimer acid/rosin acids available from 
Westvaco. 
M-28 Mixed dimer acid/rosin acids available from 
Westvaco. 
M-1849 Tetrapropenyl succinic acid available from 
Baker Petrolite. 
Neo-Fat 94-06 
Oleic acid available from Akzo. 
OCD-128 Mixed monomer acids available from 
Westvaco. 
PRIMENE 81R .RTM. 
An aliphatic C.sub.12-14 primary amine sold by 
Rohm & Haas. 
PRIOLENE .RTM. 6900 
Oleic acid sold by Unichemica 
PRIOLENE .RTM. 6933 
Oleic acid sold by Unichemica 
PRIPOL .RTM. 1009 
A hydrogenated dimer acid sold by 
Unichemica. 
PRIPOL .RTM. 1013 
Distilled dimer acid sold by Unichemica. 
PRIPOL .RTM. 1040 
Trimer acid sold by Unichemica. 
PROPOMEEN .RTM. T/12 
A propoxylated amine sold by Akzo Chemical 
Rosin R Rosin acid available from Westvaco. 
SW-1 Swedish Class 1 diesel fuel - a test fuel. 
T-3972 TOLAD .RTM. 3792; an ester of an olefin/maleic 
anhydride copolymer sold by Baker Petrolite 
Corporation. 
TOLAD .RTM. 9103 
A commercial lubricity aid sold by Baker 
Petrolite Corporation, which is a complex 
mixtures of saturated and unsaturated 
monomeric fatty acids and oligomers having 
about 3.8% of stearic acid. 
TOMAH E-17-2 .RTM. 
A oxyalkylated amine sold by Tomah Chemical 
Company. 
Unitol PDT Mixed monomer/dimer acids available from 
Union Camp. 
Westvaco 1500 
An unsaturated oligomeric fatty acid sold by 
Westvaco. 
WITCAMIDE .RTM. 5138 
Alkanolamide from oleic acid and 
monoethanolamine. 
______________________________________