Electrostatic copying apparatus

A primary corona charging unit (13) applies a uniform electrostatic charge to a photoconductive drum (12) prior to radiation of the drum (12) with a light image of an original document (26) to form an electrostatic image. The electrostatic image is developed and transferred to a copy sheet (31) by use of a corona transfer charger (14) and separation charger (16). An A.C. corona discharger (17) discharges the drum (12) prior to recharging by the primary charger (13). The primary charger (13) is de-energized prior to the end of a copying operation to prevent charging of non-image areas of the drum (12). The copying operation is terminated by stopping rotation of the drum (12) and simultaneously de-energizing all of the other corona chargers (14), (16), (17). At the beginning of a copying operation, the corona chargers (14), (16), (17) are energized simultaneously with starting rotation of the drum (12). The primary charger (13) is not energized until sufficient time has elapsed for the leading edge of a portion of the drum (12) charged by all of the other chargers (14), (16), (17) to reach the primary charger (13).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to an improved electrostatic copying machine 
or apparatus. In such an apparatus a primary corona charging unit applies 
a uniform electrostatic charge to a rotating photoconductive drum, belt or 
the like. A light image of an original document is radiated onto the drum 
to produce an electrostatic image through localized photoconduction. A 
developing unit applies toner to develop the electrostatic image into a 
toner image. The toner image is transferred and fixed to a copy sheet to 
provide a permanent copy. A transfer corona charger urges transfer of the 
toner image from the drum to the copy sheet whereas a separation corona 
charger facilitates separation of the copy sheet from the drum. A 
discharge corona charger typically energized with alternating voltage 
discharges the drum prior to recharging by the primary charger. 
A problem has existed in such an apparatus in that the density of a first 
copy is lower than the density of subsequent copies. It has been 
determined that this problem is due to the fact that the electrostatic 
charge on the surface of the drum varies at different locations due to the 
status of the various corona chargers at the time the apparatus was 
de-energized at the termination of a previous copying operation. 
Various means have been proposed to overcome this problem. One such 
expedient has been to increase the A.C. potential applied to the 
discharging corona charger. While this has succeeded in reducing the 
difference between the densities of the first and subsequent copies, it 
has introduced another problem in that a space charge of the same polarity 
as the primary charge injected from a conductive substrate or core of the 
drum into a photoconductive layer thereof is formed at the interface of 
the core and photoconductive layer. This space charge layer has a very 
detrimental effect on the image quality. Such a high A.C. potential is 
accompanied by a substantial increase in electrical power consumption and 
increases the electrical shock hazzard. 
Another expedient has been to illuminate the drum with light in addition to 
or instead of applying the A.C. corona discharge. This prior art method, 
while somewhat reducing the difference in density between the first copy 
and subsequent copies does not completely eliminate said difference and 
accelerates the fatigue of the photoconductive drum. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An electrostatic copying apparatus embodying the present invention includes 
a photoconductive member, primary charging means and secondary charging 
means operatively disposed adjacent to the photoconductive member, the 
secondary charging means being disposed downstream of the primary charging 
means in a direction of movement of the photoconductive member, and is 
characterized by comprising: 
control means for, at a beginning of a copying operation, energizing the 
secondary charging means and subsequently energizing the primary charging 
means after a sufficient period of time has elapsed for a leading edge of 
a portion of the photoconductive member charged by the secondary charging 
means to reach the primary charging means. 
In accordance with the present invention, a primary corona charging unit 
applies a uniform electrostatic charge to a photoconductive drum prior to 
radiation of the drum with a light image of an original document to form 
an electrostatic image. The electrostatic image is developed and 
transferred to a copy sheet by means of a corona transfer charger and the 
copy sheet is separated from the drum by means of a separation charger. An 
A.C. corona discharger discharges the drum prior to recharging by the 
primary charger. The primary charger is de-energized prior to the end of a 
copying operation to prevent charging of non-image areas of the drum. The 
copying operation is terminated by stopping rotation of the drum and 
simultaneously de-energizing all of the other corona chargers. At the 
beginning of a copying operation, all corona chargers except the primary 
charger are energized simultaneously with starting rotation of the drum. 
The primary charger is not energized until sufficient time has elapsed for 
the leading edge of a portion of the drum charged by all of the other 
chargers to reach the primary charger. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic 
copying apparatus comprising means for ensuring that the density of a 
first copy will be the same as a density of subsequent copies. 
It is another object of the present invention to achieve the above said 
object without recourse to means which introduce other problems. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved 
electrostatic copying apparatus which utilizes a novel arrangement for 
timing the operation of corona charging units to ensure uniform copy 
density. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic 
copying apparatus which may be manufactured economically and easily on a 
commercial production basis compared to the prior art. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a generally 
improved electrostatic copying apparatus. 
Other objects, together with the foregoing, are attained in the embodiment 
described in the following description and illustrated in the accompanying 
drawing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
While the electrostatic copying apparatus of the present invention is 
susceptible of numerous physical embodiments, depending upon the 
environment and requirements of use, substantial numbers of the herein 
shown and described embodiment have been made, tested and used, and all 
have performed in an eminently satisfactory manner. 
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawing, an electrostatic copying apparatus 
11 comprises a photoconductive drum 12 which is rotated counterclockwise 
at constant speed. A primary corona charging unit 13 applies a uniform 
positive electrostatic charge to the drum 12 prior to radiation with a 
light image of an original document (not shown) to form an electrostatic 
image. Located downstream of the charging unit 13 is a secondary charging 
means comprising a transfer charging unit 14, a separation charging unit 
16 and a discharging unit 17, each of which comprises a corona charger. 
The transfer charging unit 14 applies a uniform positive electrostatic 
charge to the back of a copy sheet to urge toner image transfer from the 
drum 12 to the copy sheet, although not illustrated. The separation 
charging unit 16 applies an A.C. electrostatic charge to the copy sheet to 
facilitate separation thereof from the drum 12. The A.C. charge applied by 
the unit 16 is superimposed on a positive D.C. charge of small magnitude 
to prevent disruption of the toner image on the copy sheet during the 
separation operation. The discharging unit 17 applies an A.C. 
electrostatic charge to discharge or neutralize the drum 12 prior to 
another copying operation. 
In the prior art, at the end of a copying operation the unit 13 is 
de-energized around the time the imaging operation ends to prevent 
charging of non-image areas of the drum 12. The units 14, 16 and 17 remain 
energized until the copy sheet is completely discharged from the apparatus 
11, and are de-energized simultaneously with stopping rotation of the drum 
12. At the time the drum 12 is stopped, an area A has been discharged by 
the unit 17 whereas an area B has been discharged by the unit 17 and also 
charged by the units 14 and 16. The electrostatic potential is higher 
(positive) in the area B than in the area A. 
The area A has an electrostatic potential close to zero. However, the area 
B has been charged by both of the chargers 14 and 16 and has a positive 
potential. This positive potential decreases as a non-trivial function of 
time after the apparatus 11 is shut down and eventually approaches zero. 
Thus, if all of the units 13, 14, 16 and 17 are energized simultaneously 
as the drum 12 begins to rotate at the beginning of the next copying 
operation, after one operation by the units 17 and 13, the electrostatic 
potential in the area B will be lower than in the area A. As a result, the 
density of the first copy will be lower than the density of the second 
copy. This is because the potential in the area B, prior to operation by 
the unit 17, is low due to charge dissipation with time. The area A is 
charged by the units 14 and 16 prior to operation by the unit 17 and will 
therefore have a higher positive charge. However, the density of all 
copies following the first copy will be the same because all portions of 
the drum 12 are charged by the units 14 and 16 prior to discharging by the 
unit 17. The basic reason for this phenomenon is that the charges applied 
by the units 13, 14, and 16 are cumulative and cannot be completely 
dissipated by the unit 17. 
It is known to overcome this undesirable uneven potential distribution by 
de-energizing the units 14 and 16 when the copy sheet is completely 
discharged and to maintain the drum 12 in rotation while energizing the 
unit 17 until the entire surface of the drum 12 has been discharged by the 
unit 17. 
Where this expedient is resorted to, it has generally been practiced to 
energize the unit 17 simultaneously with starting rotation of the drum 12 
at the beginning of a copying operation and energizing the unit 13 shortly 
thereafter in order to reduce the operating time. The units 14 and 16 are 
not energized until the copy sheet approaches the drum 12 for transfer. 
Thus, for the first copy, the portion of the drum 12 on which an 
electrostatic image was formed was charged only by the units 17 and 13. 
Since this portion of the drum 12 was not charged by the units 14 and 16, 
the electrostatic image potential is relatively low as illustrated in FIG. 
2, measured after radiation with the light image. A portion L was 
discharged by the unit 17. A portion M corresponds to a dark image area. A 
portion N corresponds to a light image area. It will be understood that 
the unit 13 is energized only long enough to charge a portion of the drum 
12 which is to be radiated with the light image. This prevents charging of 
non-image areas which would cause overloading of a developing unit and 
cleaning unit. The units 14 and 16 are energized when the copy sheet 
approaches the drum 12. 
For the next and subsequent copies, a portion of the drum 12 charged by the 
units 14 and 16 has had time to reach the units 17 and 13 when the unit 13 
is energized for making the next copy. Although the discharging unit 17 
removes most of the charge on the drum 12 with A.C. corona discharge, a 
certain amount of the charge applied by the units 13, 14 and 16 remains. 
Thus, a potential in an area O is higher than the corresponding potential 
in the portion or area L for the second and first copies respectively. As 
a result, the potential in dark image area P for the second copy is higher 
by an amount .DELTA.V than the corresponding potential in the area M for 
the first copy. A potential in an area Q corresponding to a light 
background area in the second copy is also higher than the potential in 
the area N for the first copy. Typically, the voltage difference .DELTA.V 
ranges from 20 V to 150 V. As a result, the density of the first copy is 
lower than the density of the second and subsequent copies. 
Even if the units 14 and 16 are energized simultaneously with the unit 17, 
low copy density of the first copy will still be present if the unit 13 is 
energized within a period of time T1 which is shorter than a period of 
time T2 required for the leading edge of the portion of the drum 12 
charged by the units 14 and 16 to reach the unit 17. This is illustrated 
in FIG. 3 which shows that the maximum possible drum potential is not 
reached until the time period T2 elapses. There is a difference in 
potential equal to V1 between the portion of drum 12 which was not charged 
by the units 14 and 16 and the portion of the drum 12 which was charged by 
the units 14 and 16 in addition to the units 17 and 13. 
It is also noteworthy that the potential on a photoconductive drum depends 
also on the polarity of applied charge. For example, for a drum having an 
aluminum substrate or core and a photoconductive layer of amorphous 
selenium and amorphous seleniumtellurium, the potential resulting from a 
positive corona discharge is 5-10 times larger than the potential 
resulting from a negative corona discharge with the same voltage applied 
to the corona charger. 
FIG. 4 illustrates the prior art expedient of increasing the power applied 
to the unit 17. The horizontal axis corresponds to the current flow 
through the photoconductive layer of the drum whereas the vertical axis 
corresponds to the potential difference V1 shown in FIG. 3. The current 
must be increased from around 140 microamperes to about 190 microamperes 
to reduce the potential difference V1 below 60 V. This is about the level 
which may be attained using light radiation. However, these expedients are 
undesirable for the reasons described above. 
Referring now to FIG. 5, an electrostatic copying apparatus embodying the 
present invention is designated as 21 and comprises a rotary 
photoconductive drum 22 which is driven counterclockwise at constant 
speed. The drum 22 comprises a conductive core or substrate 22a on which 
is formed a photoconductive layer 22b. The core 22a is typically made of 
aluminum whereas the layer 22b is a selenium based photoconductor. 
However, the layer 22b may be selected from materials such as cadmium 
sulfide, zinc oxide or an organic photoconductor. It is also possible to 
use a three-layer photoconductive material having an outer insulative 
layer. The present invention may also be practiced using a polarity 
inversion or NP process. The drum 22 is typically 120 mm in diameter and 
rotated at a surface speed of 210 mm per second. 
The charging units 13, 14 16 and 17 are illustrated and perform the same 
functions described with reference to FIG. 1. However, the rotation of the 
drum 22 and the energization of the units 13, 14, 16 and 17 are controlled 
by a control unit 23 in a novel and unique manner as will become 
understood from further description. 
After uniform charging by the unit 13, an imaging means symbolized by a 
converging lens 24 focusses a light image of an original document 26 onto 
the drum 22 to form an electrostatic image through localized 
photoconduction. A developing unit 27 applies a powdered toner to the drum 
22 to develop the electrostatic image into a toner image. A feed roller 28 
and register rollers 29 feed a top copy sheet 31 from a stack into contact 
with the drum 22 at the same surface speed thereas. The timing of the 
sheet feed is such that the leading edge of the sheet 31 aligns with the 
leading edge of the toner image on the drum 22. The toner image is 
transferred from the drum 22 to the copy sheet 31 by means of the transfer 
charging unit 14. The charge applied by the separation charging unit 16 
causes the copy sheet 31 to be separated from the drum 22. A conveyor 32 
carries the copy sheet 31 from the drum 22 to fixing rollers 33 which fix 
the toner image to the copy sheet 31. A cleaning unit 34 removes residual 
toner from the drum 22 for recycling. The discharging unit 17 discharges 
the drum 22 prior to primary charging by the unit 13 in the manner 
described above. 
FIG. 6 illustrates the operations of the discharging unit 17, primary 
charging unit 13, transfer charging unit 14 and separation charging unit 
16 starting at the beginning of a copying operation. It will be assumed 
that it is desired to make a plurality of copies of either the same 
document or different documents. However, the operation is the same where 
it is desired to make only one copy. 
In response to closing of a print switch (not shown), the control unit 23 
causes the drum 22 to start rotation and causes the units 14, 16 and 17 to 
be energized simultaneously. After a time period T1 which is equal or 
greater than T2 has elapsed, the control unit 23 causes the primary 
charging unit 13 to be energized. Where T2 is 0.9 sec., T1 will typically 
be equal to T2+0.35 seconds or T1=1.25 sec. The unit 13 is energized only 
for a period T3 which is sufficient for a portion of the drum 22 on which 
the light image is radiated onto the drum 22 to be charged. Light image 
radiation is delayed by a length of time required for the leading edge of 
the charged portion of the drum 22 to reach an imaging position 36. At the 
end of the copying operation, after the desired number of copies are made, 
the control unit 23 causes the drum 22 to stop rotating and simultaneously 
causes the units 14, 16 and 17 to be deenergized. This results in the 
potential distribution illustrated in FIG. 1. 
For the next copying operation, rotation of the drum 22 and energization of 
the units 14, 16 and 17 are begun simultaneously. However, the unit 13 is 
not energized until the time period T1 has elapsed. The time period T2, 
which is shorter than T1, is the length of time required for the leading 
(counterclockwise) edge of the portion or area A to reach the primary 
charging unit 13. Thus, all portions of the drum 22 which are charged by 
the unit 13 have been previously charged by the secondary charging means 
which consists of the units 17, 14 and 16. Thus, there will be no 
reduction of electrostatic charge potential and resulting image density 
for the first copy and all copies will have the same density. 
The key point of the present invention is to delay energizing the primary 
charging unit 13 and thereafter the imaging exposure for the first copy 
until the leading edge of a portion of the drum 22 charged by all units of 
the secondary charging means reaches the primary charging unit 13. Various 
modifications are possible for those skilled in the art within the scope 
of the present disclosure. For example, the discharging unit 17 may be 
replaced by a lamp which functions to alter the charge on the drum 22 
through photoconductive dissipation. The secondary charging means may 
comprise units other than the units 14, 16 and 17, for example, a cleaning 
charging unit disposed between the cleaning unit 34 and the separation 
charging unit 16, a corona charging unit disposed between the developing 
unit 27 and the transfer charging unit 14 to effectively attract or adhere 
the toner particles to the drum surface and the like. The present 
invention is of course applicable to wet process electrostatic copying as 
well as dry process copying. 
In summary, it will be seen that the present invention overcomes the 
drawbacks of the prior art without introducing new problems such as 
undesirable space charge layers and accelerated drum fatigue. Since it is 
not necessary to energize the discharging unit 17 and drive the drum 22 
after the copying operation is finished, the copying speed is maximized 
and unnecessary power consumption is eliminated. Various modifications in 
addition to those specifically recited above will become possible for 
those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present 
disclosure without departing from the scope thereof.