Window operator with locking worm drive system

An operator for controlling the movement of a window sash relative to a frame, including a base attachable to a frame; a linkage secured to the base and attachable to a window sash to control the movement of the window sash relative to a frame; a rotatable input shaft rotatably secured to the base and driveably engaging the arm, the input shaft having a female drive region formed therein; a drive member; a transmission shaft secured on one end to the drive member and having a male drive region disposable within and mateable with the input shaft female drive region to transfer rotation of the transmission shaft to the input shaft; and means for locking the transmission shaft to one of the base and the input shaft to hold the male drive region in mateable engagement with the female drive region.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Technical Field 
The present invention is directed to a window operator, and in particular, 
to a window operator having a worm and a worm drive system that can be 
selectively locked to the worm. 
2. Background Art 
Window operators having a worm with an integrally formed worm shaft to 
which a handle is permanently or releasably secured are known in the art. 
Such integrally formed worm shafts and associated handles can be seen in 
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,272,837; 4,189,248; and 4,209,266, for example. With the 
worm secured to the window operator, the worm shaft and associated handle 
conventionally extend some distance from the window operator. 
It is also known in the art to secure the above-described window operators 
to a window to form a window assembly which is shipped to the customer who 
then installs the window assembly in his or her home. Because of the 
additional clearance required to accommodate the worm shaft (and sometimes 
the handle) extending from the window operator, these window assemblies 
are expensive to package and to ship. Additionally, the handle and worm 
shaft can end up damaging other windows during installation if the windows 
are not kept spaced from each other a proper distance, in addition to 
damage to the operators themselves. 
It is known in the art to conceal the worm shaft by disposing it in a 
passage in a wall and to remotely drive the worm by a handle via a 
temporary coupling. French Patent No. 2,467,954 discloses a window 
operator having a worm with an integrally formed worm shaft which is 
disposed at one end of a narrow passage which extends through a wall. A 
coupling is provided which extends from the worm shaft to the other end of 
the passage, where a handle may be used to rotate the worm via this 
coupling. 
This window operator system does not address the problems disclosed above 
caused by the worm shaft extending from the window assembly prior to 
installation, such as the expensive shipping and packaging costs involved 
with such assemblies, or the damage to other windows caused during 
installation using such windows assemblies. In addition, the window 
operator system disclosed requires elaborate preparatory work to be 
performed on the wall prior to the installation of the window operator. 
The window operator system also discloses that the window operator be 
secured to the external surface of the building, where it is exposed to 
environmental factors, such as precipitation and extreme temperatures. 
U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,813 also discloses a temporary coupling for a handle 
used in conjunction with a motor-driven window operator which has an 
alternative manual drive to be used to open and close the window. In one 
embodiment of the manual drive, a worm is coupled to a handle in an 
operative position. However, the handle is intended to be only temporarily 
coupled, even in the operative position, so as to not disturb the 
aesthetic appearance of the window. Consequently, the forces generated in 
opening and closing the window using the alternative manual drive can 
cause the male shaft to become separated from the female worm. 
Further, neither French Patent No. 2,467,954 nor U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,813 
address the problems associated with conventional operators, including the 
stresses encountered with an angularly oriented worm (which orientation is 
required for proper operation so that the person does not hurt himself or 
the window when turning the handle by banging his hand against the window) 
and the necessity that the handle as connected to the operator be 
essentially wobble free to provide a reliable and quality feel when being 
turned. 
The present invention is directed toward overcoming one or more of the 
problems discussed above. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In one aspect of the present invention, an operator is provided for 
controlling the movement of a window sash relative to a frame, including a 
base attachable to a frame; a linkage secured to the base and attachable 
to a window sash to control the movement of the window sash relative to a 
frame; a rotatable input shaft rotatably secured to the base and driveably 
engaging the linkage, the input shaft having a female drive region formed 
therein; a drive member; a transmission shaft secured on one end to the 
drive member and having a male drive region disposable within and mateable 
with the input shaft female drive region to transfer rotation of the 
transmission shaft to the input shaft; and means for locking the 
transmission shaft to one of the base and the input shaft to hold the male 
drive region in mateable engagement with the female drive region. 
In a preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, the input 
shaft has a threaded worm-like end which directly driveably engages the 
linkage. 
In another preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, the 
transmission shaft has a support region extending axially from the male 
drive region and the input shaft has a support region which extends 
axially into the input shaft from the female drive region, and the support 
region of the transmission shaft is disposed within the support region of 
the input shaft with the male drive region of the transmission shaft 
disposed in and in mateable engagement with the female drive region of the 
input shaft. 
In yet another preferred form of the present invention, a locking plate is 
secured to one of the base and the input shaft, one of the transmission 
shaft and the locking plate having a groove formed therein, and the other 
of the transmission shaft and the locking plate having a radially 
extending edge depending therefrom, with the radially extending edge 
disposed within the groove to secure the transmission shaft to the base 
with the male drive region in mateable engagement within the female drive 
region. In various preferred aspects of this form of the invention, the 
radially extending edge is defined by a plurality of protrusions disposed 
within the groove to secure the transmission shaft to the base, a snap 
ring is secured to the transmission shaft and defines the radially 
extending edge, and/or the radially extending edge is formed of an 
elastically deformable material. 
In still another preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, 
the base and the input shaft cooperate to define a first space in which 
the locking plate is at least partially disposed to secure the locking 
plate to one of the base and the input shaft. Further, a washer may be at 
least partially disposed in the first space to secure the washer to the 
base and cooperating with the base or the input shaft to define a second 
space in which the locking plate is at least partially disposed to secure 
the locking plate to the base or the input shaft. 
In a further preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, the 
input shaft has a stepped region which defines a third space, the third 
space being at least partially within the second space. The locking plate 
is at least partially disposed in the third space to secure the locking 
plate to the input shaft. In particular, a surface of the stepped region 
may abut a surface of the locking plate to frictionally secure the locking 
plate within the third space. 
In yet another preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, the 
locking plate comprises an oval snap ring with major and minor axes, 
flexible in the direction of the minor axis. The input shaft has a surface 
which defines a recess, the recess being at least partially within the 
first space. The distance between oppositely facing points on the surface 
of the input shaft is less than the length of the major axis of the oval 
snap ring such that the oval snap ring is compressed by the surface of the 
input shaft along the major axis to frictionally secure the oval snap ring 
within the recess with the snap ring disposed in the recess. 
In yet another preferred form of this aspect of the present invention, the 
transmission shaft has a bore which extends axially through the 
transmission shaft, and a fastener is disposed through the bore in the 
transmission shaft and is secured to the input shaft to hold the male 
drive region in mateable engagement within the female drive region. 
In still another preferred form of the present invention, opposite 
transmission shaft ends are secured to the drive member and input shaft 
and oppositely facing radially extending transmission shaft surfaces 
cooperate with radially extending surfaces on the mateable input shaft and 
drive member whereby the spacing between said radially extending 
transmission shaft surfaces are selected to provide a selected spacing of 
the drive member from the input shaft. 
In another aspect of the present invention, an operator for controlling the 
movement of a window sash relative to a frame is provided, including a 
base attachable to a frame and having a first support surface; a cover 
secured to the base and having a second support surface with a hole 
therethrough defining an internal shoulder, the second support surface 
mating with the first support surface; a linkage pivotally secured to the 
base and attachable to a window sash to control the movement of the window 
sash relative to a frame; a rotatable input shaft driveably engaging the 
linkage and having a female drive region and an input shaft shoulder 
formed at a first end thereof, the input shaft disposed with the input 
shaft shoulder adjacent to the internal shoulder at the first end thereof 
and the first and second surfaces supporting a second end thereof; a drive 
member; a transmission shaft secured to the drive member and having a male 
drive region projecting from he drive member and disposable within and 
mateable with the input shaft female drive region to transfer the rotation 
of the transmission shaft to the input shaft; and means for locking the 
transmission shaft to one of the base and the input shaft to hold the male 
drive region in mateable engagement within the female drive region. 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a window operator for 
window assemblies which may be easily, efficiently, compactly, and 
inexpensively stored, shipped, and handled. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a window operator 
for window assemblies which may be stored, shipped, and handled with 
virtually no risk of damaging the window assemblies and/or the attached 
operator. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a window operator 
which can be easily used in conventional installations, and which may be 
adapted for use with a variety of drive members. 
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a window 
operator which may be easily installed and may be easily finally assembled 
on site after installation of the window to a structure. 
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a window 
operator which is inexpensive and yet of discenably high quality, with the 
drive member of the operator being securely attached to the operator and 
being rotatable substantially free of wobble.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Several embodiments of the window operator 40 according to the present 
invention are shown in FIGS. 1-26, with common elements numbered alike. 
Common to all embodiments of the window operator 40 are a base 42 defining 
at least in part a housing 44, a rotatable input shaft 45 with worm or 
worm-like end 46 supported in the housing 44 (which, because of the worm 
or worm-like end 46, is also referred to herein as the worm housing 44), a 
female drive 48 formed in the input shaft 45, a male transmission shaft 50 
mateable with the female drive 48 of the input shaft 45, and a handle 52 
attached to the male transmission shaft 50. Also common to all embodiments 
of the window operator 40 is a locking mechanism operable to secure the 
combination of the male transmission shaft 50 and the handle 52 to the 
operator 40 with the male transmission shaft 50 disposed in the input 
shaft 45 and mating with the female drive 48. 
Details of these common components may, however, vary as described 
hereafter and/or shown in the Figures. Further, it should be understood 
that although a handle 52 is shown with all of the embodiments, any drive 
member may also be advantageously used with the present invention, 
including an electric motor drive suitably connected to the male shaft. 
With reference to the window operator 40, two operational states can be 
defined. In a first operational state, the male transmission shaft 50 is 
not disposed within the female drive 48. In a second operational state, 
the male transmission shaft 50 is disposed within the female drive 48, and 
mates with the female drive 48 such that rotation of the handle 52 is 
transmitted via the male transmission shaft 50 and the female drive 48 to 
the worm 46. Also in the second operational state, the locking mechanism 
secures the male transmission shaft 50 to the window operator 40 or input 
shaft 45 such that the axial forces created when the handle 52 is rotated 
do not cause the male transmission shaft 50 to separate from the female 
drive 48. However, if a sufficiently large axial force, much greater than 
the axial force created by rotating the handle 52, is applied to the 
handle 52 in an axially outward direction, the locking mechanism allows 
the male transmission shaft 50 to be withdrawn from the female drive 48, 
such that the first operational state is achieved. 
Comparing FIGS. 1-16 with FIGS. 17-25, it can be seen that the window 
operator 40 according to the present invention can have with the input 
shaft 45 and worm 46 mounted centrally on the base 42 (FIGS. 1-16), or 
offset from the center of the base 42 (FIGS. 17-25). Similarly, the 
housing 44 may be defined completely by the base 42 (FIGS. 1-16), or the 
housing 44 may be defined in by the base 42 and a cover 56 such that the 
input shaft 45 is supported by surfaces on the base 42 and the cover 56 
(FIGS. 17-25). Additionally, any manner of gear or gear train can be used 
to driveably connect the input shaft 45 to a window sash such that the 
rotation of the input shaft 45 causes the window sash to move between open 
and closed positions with respect to a window frame. For example, known 
operator mechanisms or linkages driveable by a worm, such as single arm 
drives, dual arm drives and dyad drives, may be used with the present 
invention. Additionally a geared, splined or keyed drive may be disposed 
between the female drive 48 and the worm 46. 
A first embodiment of the window operator 40 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The 
base 42 has a housing 44 defined by a cylindrical protrusion 58 formed 
integrally with and extending at an angle from a substantially planar base 
plate 60. The angular extension is well known in the art to be desirable 
to allow the handle 52 to be pivoted by a user without interference by the 
window frame or sash. The base plate 60 has a number of openings 62 formed 
therethrough so that the base plate 60 may be secured to a window sill and 
so that gears may be secured to the base plate 60. 
The angled, cylindrical protrusion 58 has a first, closed end 64 with an 
annular shoulder 66 defining a cylindrical receptacle 68 in which a first 
cylindrical end 70 of the input shaft 45 is disposed. The cylindrical 
receptacle 68 and the first end 70 of the input shaft 45 cooperate to 
limit the axial and radial motion of the first end 70 of the input shaft 
45. 
The angled, cylindrical protrusion 58 also has a second, open end 72 
through which the input shaft 45 is disposed. A thrust washer 74 is also 
disposed through the second, open end 72, and abuts against a shoulder 76 
formed at the second end 78 of the input shaft 45. The second, open end 72 
is deformed, by swaging, for example, to cooperate with the thrust washer 
74 to maintain the worm 46 in a substantially fixed position in the axial 
direction, with the first end 70 of the input shaft 45 disposed within the 
cylindrical receptacle 68. 
The input shaft 45 has three internal stepped regions formed therein: the 
female drive region 48, the support region 80 and the tapped locking 
region 82. The female drive region 48 and the support region 80 are 
separated by a first internal shoulder 84. The support region 80 and the 
tapped locking region 82 are separated by a second internal shoulder 86. 
The male transmission shaft 50 also has four stepped regions formed on the 
surface thereof, two of which are mateable with the internal stepped 
regions of the input shaft 45, and two of which are mateable with internal 
stepped regions of the handle 52. The four stepped regions of the male 
shaft 50 include a first splined region 90 (mateable with the handle 52), 
a second cylindrical spacing region 92 (mateable with the handle 52), a 
third male drive region 94 (mateable with the input shaft 45), and a 
fourth support region 96 (mateable with the input shaft 45). In addition, 
the male transmission shaft 50 has an axial bore 88 formed therethrough. 
In the second operational state, the male drive region 94 mates with the 
internal female drive region 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of 
the male shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the support region 96 
mates with the support region 80 of the input shaft 45. The support 
regions 80, 96 are thought to limit the undesirable wobble, or angular 
deviation, of the shaft 50 when rotated about the axis 98 of the input 
shaft 45. To secure the male shaft 50 within the input shaft 45, a locking 
mechanism is used, including the tapped locking region 82 and a threaded 
fastener 102. In particular, the threaded fastener 102 is disposed through 
the bore 88 of the male shaft 50 and cooperates with the tapped locking 
region 82 of the input shaft 45 to secure the male shaft 50 to the input 
shaft 45 and to the window operator 40. 
Once the threaded fastener 102 has been tightened to secure the male shaft 
50 to the input shaft 45, the handle 52 is secured to the male shaft 50. 
In particular, the handle 52 has a two stepped regions, a splined region 
104 and a spacing region 106, separated by a shoulder 108. The splined 
region 104 mates with the splined region 90 formed on the male shaft 50 
and cooperates with the splined region 90 to transmit rotation of the 
handle 52 to the male shaft 50. Once the splined regions 90, 104 and the 
spacing regions 92, 106 are mated, the handle 52 may be secured to the 
shaft 50 using a set screw or some other suitable means of attachment. 
Thus assembled in the second operational state, the rotation of the handle 
52 causes rotation of the shaft 50 via the cooperation of the splined 
regions 90, 104. Similarly, rotation of the shaft 50 causes rotation of 
the worm 46 via the cooperation of the male drive region 94 of the male 
shaft 50 and the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. The removal 
of the handle 52 and the male shaft 50 and the separation of the male 
drive region 94 from the female drive region 48 is substantially prevented 
by the locking mechanism, in particular, the threaded fastener 102 and the 
tapped locking region 82 of the input shaft 45. 
FIGS. 3-5 show another window operator 40 according to the present 
invention. The base 42 shown in FIGS. 3-5 has the housing 44 defined by a 
angled, cylindrical protrusion 112 formed integrally with a substantially 
planar base plate 114 having openings 116 formed therethrough. 
The angular cylindrical protrusion 112 has a first closed end 118 with an 
annular shoulder 120 defining a cylindrical receptacle 122 in which a 
first cylindrical end 124 of the input shaft 45 is disposed to limit the 
radial and axial motion of the first cylindrical end 124 of the input 
shaft 45. 
A thrust washer 126 is disposed against or abuts a shoulder 128 defined at 
the second end 130 of the input shaft 45. A second, open end 132 of the 
angular cylindrical protrusion 112 is deformed, by swaging, for example, 
to prevent the axial movement of the worm 46 and to secure the first end 
124 of the input shaft 45 within the cylindrical receptacle 122 of the 
housing 44. 
The input shaft 45 has two internal stepped regions formed therein, the 
female drive region 48 and a support region 134. The female drive region 
48 and the support region 134 are separated by an internal shoulder 136. 
The male transmission shaft 50 also has five stepped regions: a splined 
region 138, a cylindrical spacing region 140, a grooved locking region 
142, a male drive region 144, and a support region 146. The splined region 
138 and the spacing region 140 mate with corresponding splined and spacing 
regions 148, 150 formed in the handle 52. The handle 52 is permanenty 
secured to the shaft 50, or alternatively could be releasably secured 
using a set-screw or some other means of attachment, such as a detent 
spring, for example. 
In the second operational state, the male drive section 144 mates with the 
female drive section 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of the male 
shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the support region 146 of the male 
shaft 50 mates with the internal support region 134 of the input shaft 45 
to reduce or eliminate undesirable wobble. 
To secure the male shaft 50 to the window operator 40 with the male shaft 
50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and the male drive region 144 in 
cooperative engagement with the female drive region 48, a locking 
mechanism is provided. The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in 
the form of a snap ring 156 which is an annular washer formed from a 
resilient, elastically deformable material, such as plastic. 
Alternatively, the snap ring 156 could be a C-shaped spring made from a 
resilient, elastically deformable material. The snap ring 156 is loosely 
seated between the input shaft 45 and the thrust washer 126 (see FIG. 5). 
Specifically, the thrust washer 126 is shaped with a central radially 
inwardly depending extension 158 having an axially inwardly facing 
shoulder 160. The inwardly facing shoulder 160 and the shoulder 128 define 
therebetween an annular space 162, in which the snap ring 156 is loosely 
seated. The axially inwardly facing shoulder 160 and the shoulder 128 
limit the axial movement of the snap ring 156, while a radially inwardly 
facing shoulder 164 of the thrust washer 126 limits the radial movement of 
the snap ring 156. Alternatively, the annular space 162 may be defined by 
stepped surfaces of the input shaft 45, rather than the thrust washer 126. 
The locking mechanism also includes the grooved locking region 142 of the 
male shaft 50. In particular, the grooved locking region 142 includes a 
groove 166 defined by an axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 168 and 
an axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 170. The axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 170 is defined by one face of a radially outwardly 
depending extension 172 formed integrally with the male shaft 50. The 
other face of the radially outwardly depending extension 172 defines an 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 174 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the second, open end 132 of the housing 44 and rotated until the 
male drive region 144 partially engages the female drive region 48 and the 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 174 comes in contact with the snap ring 
156. As axial force is applied in the axially inward direction to the male 
shaft 50, the axially inwardly facing shoulder 174 causes a radially 
inwardly extending edge 175 depending from the snap ring 156 to deform, 
and the radially outwardly depending extension 172 to advance into the 
input shaft 45. Once the radially outwardly depending extension 172 has 
advanced such that the groove 166 is aligned with the radially inwardly 
extending edge 175 of the snap ring 156, the radially inwardly extending 
edge 175 of the snap ring 156 elastically returns to its original shape. 
With the radially inwardly extending edge 175 of the snap ring 156 in its 
original shape, the snap ring 156 is axially confined between the axially 
inwardly facing groove shoulder 168 in the axially outward direction and 
the axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 170 in the axially inward 
direction. As a consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured axially relative 
to the input shaft 45 such that the male drive region 144 of the male 
shaft 50 cooperatively engages the female drive region 48. Application of 
axial force on the handle 52 in the axially outward direction may be used 
to detach the handle 52 and shaft 50 from the base 42 and input shaft 45. 
FIGS. 6-8 show another window operator 40 according to the present 
invention. The base 42 shown in FIGS. 6-8 has the housing 44 defined by a 
angled cylindrical protrusion 176 formed integrally with a substantially 
planar base plate 178 having openings 180 formed therethrough. 
The angular cylindrical protrusion 176 has a first closed end 182 with an 
annular shoulder 184 defining a cylindrical receptacle 186 in which a 
first cylindrical end 188 of the input shaft 45 is disposed to limit the 
radial and axial motion of the first cylindrical end 188 of the input 
shaft 45. 
A thrust washer 190 is supported on a shoulder 192 defined at the second 
end 194 of the input shaft 45. A retaining washer 196 is disposed on the 
axially outwardly facing surface 198 of the thrust washer 190. A second, 
open end 200 of the angular cylindrical protrusion 176 is deformed, by 
swaging, for example, to prevent the axial movement of the worm 46 and to 
secure the first end 188 of the input shaft 45 within the cylindrical 
receptacle 186 of the housing 44. 
The input shaft 45 has two internal stepped regions formed therein, the 
female drive region 48 and a support region 202. The female drive region 
48 and the support region 202 are separated by an internal shoulder 204. 
The male transmission shaft 50 also has five stepped regions: a splined 
region 206, a cylindrical spacing region 208, a grooved locking region 
210, a male drive region 212, and a support region 214. The splined region 
206 and the spacing region 208 mate with corresponding splined and spacing 
regions 216, 218 formed in the handle 52. The handle 52 is permanently 
secured to the shaft 50, or alternatively could be releasably secured 
using a set-screw or some other means of attachment, such as a detent 
spring, for example. 
In the second operational state, the male drive section 212 mates with the 
female drive section 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of the male 
shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the support region 214 of the shaft 
50 mates with the internal support region 202 of the input shaft 45 to 
reduce or eliminate undesirable wobble. 
To secure the male shaft 50 to the window operator 40 with the male shaft 
50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and the male drive region 212 in 
cooperative engagement with the female drive region 48, a locking 
mechanism is provided. The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in 
the form of a the thrust washer 190, which is formed from a resilient, 
elastically deformable material, such as plastic. The thrust washer 190 is 
securely disposed between the shoulder 192, the retaining washer 196, and 
the cylindrical protrusion 176 to substantially prevent the axial and 
radial movement of the thrust washer 190. 
The locking mechanism also includes the grooved locking region 210 of the 
male shaft 50. In particular, the grooved locking region 210 includes a 
groove 224 defined by an axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 226 and 
an axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 228. The axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 226 is defined by one face of a radially outwardly 
depending extension 230 formed integrally with the male shaft 50. The 
other face of the radially outwardly depending extension 230 defines an 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 232. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the second, open end 200 of the housing 44 and rotated until the 
male drive region 212 partially engages the female drive region 48 and the 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 232 comes in contact with the thrust 
washer 190. As axial force is applied to the male shaft 50, the axially 
inwardly facing shoulder 232 causes a radially inwardly extending edge 233 
depending from the thrust washer 190 to deform, and the radially outwardly 
depending extension 230 to advance into the worm 46. Once the radially 
outwardly depending extension 230 has advanced such that the groove 224 is 
aligned with the radially inwardly extending edge 233 of the thrust washer 
190, the radially inwardly extending edge 233 of the thrust washer 190 
elastically returns to its original shape. With the radially inwardly 
extending edge 233 of the thrust washer 190 in its original shape, the 
thrust washer 190 is confined by the axially inwardly facing groove 
shoulder 226 in the axially outward direction and the axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 228 in the axially inward direction. As a 
consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured axially relative to the input 
shaft 45 such that the male drive region 212 of the male shaft 50 
cooperatively engages the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. 
Application of axial force in the axially outward direction can be used to 
separate the handle 52 and the shaft 50 from the base 42 and the input 
shaft 45. 
FIGS. 9-11 show a further window operator 40 according to the present 
invention. The base 42 has the housing 44 defined by a angled cylindrical 
protrusion 234 formed integrally with a substantially planar base plate 
236 having openings 238 formed therethrough. 
The angular cylindrical protrusion 234 has a first closed end 240 with a 
cylindrical shoulder 242 defining a cylindrical receptacle 244 in which a 
first cylindrical end 246 of the input shaft 45 is disposed to limit the 
radial and axial motion of the first cylindrical end 246 of the input 
shaft 45. 
A thrust washer 248 is supported on a shoulder 250 defined at the second 
end 252 of the input shaft 45. A second, open end 254 of the angular 
cylindrical protrusion 234 is deformed, by swaging, for example, to 
prevent the axial movement of the worm 46 and to secure the first end 246 
of the input shaft 45 within the cylindrical receptacle 244 of the housing 
44. 
The input shaft 45 has two internal stepped regions formed therein, the 
female drive region 48 and a support region 256. The female drive region 
48 and the support region 256 are separated by an internal shoulder 258. 
The male transmission shaft 50 also has five stepped regions: a splined 
region 260, a cylindrical spacing region 262, a grooved region 264, a male 
drive region 266, and a support region 268. The splined region 260 and the 
spacing region 262 mate with corresponding splined and spacing regions 
270, 272 formed in the handle 52. The handle 52 is permanently secured to 
the shaft 50, or alternatively could be releasably secured using a 
set-screw or some other means of attachment, such as a detent spring, for 
example. 
In the second operational state, the male drive section 266 mates with the 
female drive section 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of the male 
shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the support region 268 of the male 
shaft 50 mates with the internal support region 256 of the input shaft 45 
to reduce or eliminate undesirable wobble. 
To secure the male shaft 50 to the window operator 40 with the male shaft 
50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and the male drive region 266 in 
cooperative engagement with the female drive region 48, a locking 
mechanism is provided. The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in 
the form of snap ring 278 formed from a resilient, elastically deformable 
material. Alternatively, the snap ring 278 can be formed as a C-shaped 
spring. The snap ring 278 is loosely maintained with the grooved region 
264 of the male shaft 50. 
In particular, the grooved locking region 264 includes a groove 280 defined 
by an axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 282 and an axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 284. The snap ring 278 is disposed loosely within 
the groove 280, and the axially inwardly and outwardly facing groove 
shoulders 282, 284 limit the axial movement of the snap ring 278 along the 
male shaft 50. 
The locking mechanism also includes the thrust washer 248, which has an 
inner tapered bore 286 of pentagonal cross-section. The tapered bore 286 
has first and second oppositely sloped regions 288, 290, which meet at 
first and second opposite edges 292, 294 of a central cylindrical surface 
296. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the second, open end 254 of the housing 44 and rotated until the 
male drive region 266 partially engages the female drive region 48 and the 
snap ring 278 comes in contact with the first sloped region 288 of the 
thrust washer 248. As axial force is applied to the male shaft 50, the 
first sloped region 288 causes a radially outwardly extending edge 297 of 
the snap ring 278 to deform radially inwardly. Once the snap ring 278 has 
advanced such that the radially outwardly extending edge 297 of the snap 
ring 278 passes across and around the central cylindrical surface 296, the 
radially outwardly extending edge 297 of the snap ring 278 elastically 
returns to its original shape in the second sloped region 290. With 
radially outwardly extending edge 297 of the snap ring 278 in its original 
shape, the snap ring 278 is confined by the second sloped region 290 in 
the axially outward direction and by the shoulder 250 in the axially 
inward direction. As a consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured axially 
relative to the input shaft 45 such that the male drive region 266 of the 
male shaft 50 cooperatively engages the female drive region 48 of the 
input shaft 45. Application of axial force in the outward axial direction 
to the handle 52 can separate the handle 52 and the male shaft 50 from the 
base 42 and the input shaft 45. 
FIGS. 12-13 show a still further window operator 40 according to the 
present invention. The base 42 shown in FIGS. 12-13 has the housing 44 
defined by a angled cylindrical protrusion 298 formed integrally with a 
substantially planar base plate 300 having openings 302 formed 
therethrough. 
The angular cylindrical protrusion 298 has a first closed end 304 with an 
annular shoulder 306 defining a cylindrical receptacle 308 in which a 
first cylindrical end 310 of the input shaft 45 is disposed to limit the 
radial and axial motion of the first cylindrical end 310 of the input 
shaft 45. 
A worm bearing 312 is supported on a shoulder 314 defined at the second end 
316 of the input shaft 45. A second, open end 318 of the angular 
cylindrical protrusion 298 is deformed, by swaging, for example, to 
prevent the axial movement of the input shaft 45 and to secure the first 
end 310 of the input shaft 45 within the cylindrical receptacle 308 of the 
housing 44. In particular, the worm bearing 312 has an integrally formed, 
radially outwardly depending extension 320 which is formed centrally 
axially with respect to the ends of the worm bearing 312. The open end 318 
is swaged over the radially outwardly depending extension 320 to prevent 
movement of the worm bearing 312 and the worm 46 in the axial direction. 
The input shaft 45 has two internal stepped regions formed therein, the 
female drive region 48 and a tapped locking region 322. The female drive 
region 48 and the tapped locking region 322 are separated by an internal 
shoulder 324. 
The male transmission shaft 50 has three stepped regions, a splined region 
326, a cylindrical spacing region 328, and a male drive region 330, and a 
bore 232 formed axially therethrough. The splined region 326 and the 
spacing region 328 mate with corresponding splined and spacing regions 
334, 336 formed in the handle 52. 
In the second operational state, the male drive section 330 mates with the 
female drive section 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of the male 
shaft 50 to the worm 46. To secure the male shaft 50 to the window 
operator 40 with the male shaft 50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and 
the male drive region 330 in cooperative engagement with the female drive 
region 48, a locking mechanism is provided. 
In particular, the locking mechanism includes a threaded fastener 340 which 
is passed through an opening 342 in the handle 52 and the bore 332 in the 
male shaft 50. The threaded fastener 340 is then fastened to the tapped 
locking region 322 to secure the handle 52 and the male shaft 50 to the 
input shaft 45. The handle 52 and the male shaft 50 can be separated from 
the input shaft 45 by unfastening the threaded fastener 340 from the 
tapped locking region 332. 
FIGS. 14-16 show a still further window operator 40 according to the 
present invention. The base 42 shown in FIGS. 14-16 has the housing 44 
defined by a angled cylindrical protrusion 344 formed integrally with a 
substantially planar base plate 346 having openings 348 formed 
therethrough. 
The angular cylindrical protrusion 344 has a first closed end 350 with an 
annular shoulder 352 defining a cylindrical receptacle 354 in which a 
first cylindrical end 356 of the input shaft 45 is disposed to limit the 
radial and axial motion of the first cylindrical end 356 of the input 
shaft 45. 
A retaining ring 358 having a plurality of radially inwardly depending 
teeth 360 is supported on a shoulder 362 defined at the second end 364 of 
the input shaft 45. A worm bearing 366 is supported on an axially 
outwardly facing surface 368 of the retaining ring 358. A second, open end 
370 of the angular cylindrical protrusion 344 is deformed, by swaging, for 
example, to prevent the axial movement of the worm 46 and to secure the 
first end 356 of the input shaft 45 within the cylindrical receptacle 354 
of the housing 44. In particular, the worm bearing 364 has an integrally 
formed, radially outwardly depending extension 372 which is formed 
centrally axially with respect to the ends of the worm bearing 364. The 
open end 370 is swaged over the radially outwardly depending extension 372 
to prevent movement of the worm bearing 364 and the worm 46 in the axial 
direction. 
The input shaft 45 has the female drive region 48 formed internally 
therein. The male transmission shaft 50 has four stepped regions: a 
splined region 374, a cylindrical spacing region 376, a grooved locking 
region 378, and a male drive region 380. The splined region 374 and the 
spacing region 376 mate with corresponding splined and spacing regions 
382, 384 formed in the handle 52. The handle 52 is secured to the male 
shaft 50 using a set screw 386, or some other convention attachment 
mechanism, such as a detent spring. 
In the second operational state, the male drive section 380 mates with the 
female drive section 48 to transfer angular motion or rotation of the male 
shaft 50 to the worm 46. To secure the male shaft 50 to the window 
operator 40 with the male shaft 50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and 
the male drive region 380 in cooperative engagement with the female drive 
region 48, a locking mechanism is provided. 
The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in the form of the toothed 
retaining ring 358 mentioned previously. The teeth 360 of the retaining 
ring 358 fit within the grooved locking region 378 of the male shaft 50, 
so as to limit the relative axial motion between the shaft male 50 and the 
input shaft 45. In particular, the grooved locking region 378 includes a 
groove 390 defined by an axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 392 and 
an axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 394. The axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 394 is defined by one face of a radially outwardly 
depending extension 396 formed integrally with the male shaft 50. The 
other face of the radially outwardly depending extension 396 defines an 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 398. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the second, open end 370 of the housing 44 and rotated until the 
male drive region 380 partially engages the female drive region 48 and the 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 398 comes in contact with the teeth 360. 
As axial force is applied to the male shaft 50, the axially inwardly 
facing shoulder 398 causes the teeth 360 of the retaining ring 358 to 
deform radially outward, and the radially outwardly depending extension 
396 to advance into the input shaft 45. Once the radially outwardly 
depending extension 396 has advanced such that the groove 390 is aligned 
with the teeth 360 of the retaining ring 358, the teeth 360 of the 
retaining ring 358 elastically return to their original shape. With the 
teeth 360 of the retaining ring 358 in their original shape, the teeth 360 
are confined by the axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 392 in the 
axially outward direction and the axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 
394 in the axially inward direction. As a consequence, the male shaft 50 
is permanently secured axially relative to the worm 46 such that the male 
drive region 380 of the male shaft 50 cooperatively engages the female 
drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. 
FIGS. 17-18 show another window operator according to the present 
invention. The window operator shown in FIGS. 17-18 has the housing 44 
define by an angled tubular surface 400 on the cover 56 and an angled 
tubular worm support surface 402 on the base 42. In particular, the input 
shaft 45 sits with a first cylindrical end 404 supported by the worm 
support surface 402 and a vertically downwardly depending stop 406 
extending from the cover 56. The second end 408 of the input shaft 45 
abuts a thrust washer 410 formed integrally with a retainer 412. The 
thrust washer 410 abuts an interior shoulder 414 of the cover 56, which 
interior shoulder 414 defines an opening 416 which extends through the 
cover 56 and through which the retainer 412 depends. The cooperation of 
the worm support surface 402 and the stop 406 at the first end 404 of the 
input shaft 45 and the thrust washer 410 and the interior shoulder 414 at 
the second end 408 of the input shaft 45 limits the axial motion of the 
worm 46 relative to the cover 56 and the base 42. The tubular support 
surface 400 and the worm tubular support surface 402 also cooperate to 
limit the radial movement of the worm 46. 
The input shaft 45 has the female drive region 48 formed therein. The male 
transmission shaft 50 has four stepped regions: a splined region 418, a 
spacing region 420, a grooved locking region 422, and a male drive region 
424. The splined region 418 and the spacing region 420 mate with the 
corresponding splined and spacing regions 426, 428 of the handle 52. The 
handle 52 is secured to the male shaft 50 using a set screw 430 or other 
suitable attachment mechanism, such as a detent spring. 
In the second operational state, the male drive region 424 mates with the 
female drive region 48 to transfer the angular motion or rotation of the 
male shaft 50 to the worm 46. To secure the male shaft 50 to the window 
operator 40 with the male shaft 50 disposed within the input shaft 45 and 
the male region 424 in cooperative engagement with the female drive region 
48, a locking mechanism is provided. 
The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in the form of the retainer 
412 having a stepped exterior surface 434 which cooperates with the 
internal shoulder 414 of the cover 56 and the second end 408 of the input 
shaft 45 to maintain a substantially fixed axial position relative to the 
cover 56 and the worm 46. The retainer 412 also has a central bore 436 
formed therethrough with a radially inwardly extending edge 438 disposed 
at the axially outwardmost end 440 of the retainer 412. 
The radially inwardly extending edge 438 of the retainer 412 fits within 
the grooved locking region 422 of the male shaft 50, so as to limit axial 
motion between the shaft 50 and the input shaft 45. In particular, the 
grooved locking region 422 includes a groove 442 defined by an axially 
inwardly facing groove shoulder 444 and a radially outwardly extending 
extension 446. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the opening 416 of the cover 56 is rotated until the male drive 
region 424 partially engages the female drive region 48 and the radially 
outwardly extending extension 446 comes in contact with the radially 
inwardly extending edge 438 of the retainer 412. As axial force is applied 
to the male shaft 50, the radially inwardly extending edge 438 deforms 
radially outward and the radially outwardly extending extension 446 
advances axially. With the groove 442 aligned with the radially inwardly 
extending edge 438 of the retainer 412, the radially inwardly extending 
edge 438 returns to its original shape. With the radially inwardly 
extending edge 438 of the retainer 412 in its original shape, the radially 
inwardly extending edge 438 is confined by the axially inwardly facing 
groove shoulder 444 in the axially outward direction and the radially 
outwardly extending extension 446 in the axially inward direction. As a 
consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured relative to the input shaft 45 
such that the male drive region 424 of the male shaft 50 cooperatively 
engaged the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. Application of 
an axially outwardly directed force to the handle 52 can separate the 
handle 52 and the shaft 50 from the input shaft 45, the base 42 and the 
cover 56. 
FIGS. 19-21 show another window operator 40 according to the present 
invention. The window operator 40 shown in FIGS. 19-21 has the housing 44 
defined by an angled tubular surface 448 on the cover 56 and an angled 
tubular worm support surface 450 on the base 42. In particular, the input 
shaft 45 sits with a first cylindrical end 452 supported by the worm 
support surface 450 and a vertically downwardly depending stop 454 
extending from the cover 56. The second end 456 of the input shaft 45 
abuts a thrust washer 458. The thrust washer 458 abuts a snap ring plate 
460, and the snap ring plate 460 is loosely secured to the thrust washer 
458 by a button 462 which fits in an aperture 464 in the thrust washer 
458. The snap ring plate 460 abuts an interior shoulder 466 of the cover 
56, which interior shoulder 466 defines an opening 468 which extends 
through the cover 56. 
The cooperation of the worm support surface 450 and the stop 454 at the 
first end 452 of the input shaft 45 and the thrust washer 458, snap ring 
plate 460, and the interior shoulder 466 at the second end 456 of the 
input shaft 45 limits the axial motion of the worm 46 relative to the 
cover 56 and the base 42. The tubular support surface 448 and the worm 
tubular support surface 450 also cooperate to limit the radial movement of 
the worm 46. 
The input shaft 45 has the female drive region 48 and a support region 470 
formed therein. The male shaft 50 has five stepped regions: a splined 
region 472, a spacing region 474, a grooved locking region 476, a male 
drive region 478, and a support region 480. The splined region 472 and the 
spacing region 474 mate with the corresponding splined and spacing regions 
482, 484 of the handle 52. The handle 52 is permanently secured to the 
male shaft, or alternatively could be releasably secured using a set screw 
or other suitable attachment mechanism, such as a detent spring. 
In the second operational state, the male drive region 478 mates with the 
female drive region 48 to transfer the angular motion or rotation of the 
male shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the support region 480 of the 
shaft 50 mates with the internal support region 470 of the input shaft 45 
to reduce or eliminate undesirable wobble. To secure the male shaft 50 to 
the window operator 40 with the male shaft 50 disposed within the input 
shaft 45 and the male drive region 478 in cooperative engagement with the 
female drive region 48, a locking mechanism is provided. 
The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in the form of the snap ring 
plate 460 which is formed from a resilient, elastically deformable 
material, such as plastic. The locking mechanism also includes the grooved 
locking region 476 of the male shaft 50. In particular, the grooved 
locking region 476 includes a groove 488 defined by an axially inwardly 
facing groove shoulder 490 and an axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 
492. The axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 492 is defined by one 
face of a radially outwardly depending extension 494 formed integrally 
with the male shaft 50. The other face of the radially outwardly depending 
extension 494 defines an axially inwardly facing shoulder 496. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the opening 468 in the cover 56 and rotated until the male drive 
region 478 partially engages the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 
45 and the axially inwardly facing shoulder 496 comes in contact with the 
snap ring plate 460. As axial force is applied to the male shaft 50, the 
axially inwardly facing shoulder 496 causes a radially inwardly extending 
edge 497 of the snap ring plate 460 to deform, and the radially outwardly 
depending extension 494 to advance into the input shaft 45. Once the 
radially outwardly depending extension 494 has advanced such that the 
groove 488 is aligned with the radially inwardly extending edge 497 of the 
snap ring plate 460, the radially inwardly extending edge 497 of the snap 
ring plate 460 elastically returns to its original shape. With the 
radially inwardly extending edge 497 of the snap ring plate 460 in its 
original shape, the snap ring plate 460 is confined by the axially 
inwardly facing groove shoulder 490 in the axially outward direction and 
the axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 492 in the axially inward 
direction. As a consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured axially relative 
to the input shaft 45 such that the male drive region 478 of the male 
shaft 50 cooperatively engages the female drive region 48 of the input 
shaft 45. Application of axial force on the handle 52 in the axially 
outward direction may be applied to detach the handle 52 and shaft 50 from 
the base 42 and input shaft 45. 
FIGS. 22-25 show a most preferred window operator 40 according to the 
present invention. The window operator 40 shown in FIGS. 22-25 has the 
housing 44 defined by an angled tubular surface 500 on the cover 56 and an 
angled tubular worm support surface 502 on the base 42. In particular, the 
input shaft 45 sits with a first cylindrical end 504 supported by the worm 
support surface 502 and a vertically downwardly depending stop 506 
extending from the cover 56. The second end 508 of the input shaft 45 
abuts a thrust washer 510. The thrust washer 510, in turn, abuts an 
interior shoulder 512 of the cover 56, which interior shoulder 512 defines 
an opening 514 which extends through the cover 56. 
The cooperation of the worm support surface 502 and the stop 506 at the 
first end 504 of the input shaft 45 and the thrust washer 510 and the 
interior shoulder 512 at the second end 508 of the input shaft 45 limits 
the axial motion of the worm 46 relative to the cover 56 and the base 42. 
The tubular support surface 500 and the tubular worm support surface 502 
also cooperate to limit the radial movement of the worm 46. 
A snap ring 516 is seated in a stepped region 518 of the second end 508 of 
the input shaft 45. The snap ring 516 abuts an interior surface 520 of the 
thrust washer 510 and an outwardly facing surface 522 of the stepped 
region 518 of the input shaft 45 so as to be maintained between the two 
surfaces 520, 522. Further, the snap ring 516 has an ellipsoidal shape 
(FIG. 25) with a major axis 524 and a minor axis 525. The snap ring 516 is 
compressed along the major axis 524 by a radially inwardly facing surface 
526 of the stepped region 518 of the input shaft 45 when the snap ring 516 
is disposed within the stepped region 518 because the diameter of the 
surface 526, which is cylindrical in nature, is less than the length of 
the major axis of the snap ring 516. The flexure of the snap ring 516 
causes the snap ring 516 to be frictionally secured within the stepped 
region 518 of the input shaft 45 so as to maintain the snap ring 516 and 
input shaft 45 together for assembly purposes, for example. 
The input shaft 45 has the female drive region 48 and a support region 528 
formed therein. The male transmission shaft 50 has six stepped regions: a 
first support region 529, a splined region 530, a spacing region 532, a 
locking region 534, a male drive region 536, and a second support region 
538. The first support region 529 and the splined region 530 mate with 
corresponding shaft support and splined regions 540, 542 of the handle 52. 
The handle 52 is permanently secured to the male shaft, or alternatively 
could be releasably secured using a set screw or other suitable attachment 
mechanism, such as a detent spring. 
In the second operational state, the male drive region 536 mates with the 
female drive region 48 to transfer the angular motion or rotation of the 
male shaft 50 to the worm 46. Additionally, the second support region 538 
of the shaft 50 mates with the internal shaft support region 528 of the 
input shaft 45 to reduce or eliminate undesirable wobble. To secure the 
male shaft 50 to the window operator 40 with the male shaft 50 disposed 
within the input shaft 45 and the male drive region 536 in cooperative 
engagement with the female drive region 48, a locking mechanism is 
provided. 
The locking mechanism includes a locking plate in the form of the snap ring 
516 which is formed from a resilient, elastically deformable material, 
such as plastic. The locking mechanism also includes the locking region 
534 of the male shaft 50. In particular, the locking region 534 includes a 
groove 544 defined by an axially inwardly facing groove shoulder 546 and 
an axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 548. The axially inwardly 
facing groove shoulder 546 is defined by one face of a radially outwardly 
depending extension 550 formed integrally with the male shaft 50. The 
axially outwardly facing groove shoulder 548 is defined by a surface of 
the male drive region 536. Particularly, where the male drive region 536 
has a splined or toothed section 552, as shown, the axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 548 is defined by an end of the splines or teeth. 
To achieve the second operational state, the male shaft 50 is disposed 
through the opening 514 in the cover 56 until an axially inwardly facing 
shoulder 554 of the drive region 536 comes in contact with the snap ring 
516. As axial force is applied to the male shaft 50, the axially inwardly 
facing shoulder 554 causes a radially inwardly extending edge 556 of the 
snap ring 516 to deform, and the male drive region 536 to advance into the 
input shaft 45. Once the male drive region 536 has advanced such that the 
groove 544 is aligned with the radially inwardly extending edge 556 of the 
snap ring 516, the radially inwardly extending edge 556 of the snap ring 
516 elastically returns to its previous elliptical shape. With the to 
radially inwardly extending edge 556 of the snap ring 516 in its previous 
shape, opposed sides of the snap ring 516 (on the minor axis of the 
elliptical shape) are confined by the axially inwardly facing groove 
shoulder 546 in the axially outward direction and the axially outwardly 
facing groove shoulder 548 in the axially inward direction. As a 
consequence, the male shaft 50 is secured axially relative to the input 
shaft 45 such that the male drive region 536 of the male shaft 50 
cooperatively engages the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. 
The taper of shoulder 548 will, however, allow the handle 52 and shaft 50 
to be detached from the base 42 and input shaft 45 by application of a 
force in the axially outward direction. 
It will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that any of the 
window operators 40 discussed herein would have an operating arm 
associated therewith, the worm 46 driveably engaging the operating arm 
with the operator 40 in the second operational state, so as to control the 
movement of a window sash relative to a window frame. In FIG. 17, for 
example, an operating arm 558 is shown, which arm 558 has a first geared 
end 560 which engages the worm 46. The arm 558 is pivotally secured to a 
post (not shown) which depends from the cover 56 and fits into an opening 
562 in the base 42. The arm 558 is spaced from the cover 56 by a bushing 
(not shown). While the single arm 558 with a geared end 560 is shown in 
FIG. 17, alternatively the worm 46 may mesh with one or more gears, which 
gears may be secured to one or more arms, such as in the window operator 
shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,837 or still other driveable connections for 
controlling operation of a window sash. 
As shown in FIG. 26, a window assembly 564 may be formed by securing the 
base 42 of the window operator 40, such as the window operator 40 shown in 
FIGS. 17-18, to a sill 566 of a frame 568 using a suitable fastening 
means, such as threaded fasteners or screws, through suitable openings 
provided in the base 42 (such as openings 570 shown in the FIGS. 17-18 
embodiment). An end 571 of the arm 558 is secured to a rail 572 of a 
window sash 574. As shown in FIG. 26, the operator 40 is in the first 
operational state, i.e., the handle 52 and the shaft 50 are not disposed 
within the female drive region 48 of the input shaft 45. In this first 
operational state, no portion of the window operator 40 extends beyond the 
edge 576 of the sill 566. 
The window operator according to the present invention thus presents no 
protruding shaft or handle which would make packaging and shipping window 
assemblies using the window operator difficult or expensive. Additionally, 
the step of attaching the shaft and handle to the window operator can be 
deferred during installation until the window assembly is actually secured 
to a building. This prevents the windows from being damaged by the 
protruding shafts and handles of other window assemblies, and also allows 
the window assemblies to be stacked more closely to conserve space on the 
work site during installation. Further, by deferring the step of 
installing the shaft and handle until after the window assembly is 
installed, damage to the window operator during the installation of the 
window assembly or installation of the window operator to the window is 
reduced or avoided altogether. Still further, by providing selected 
dimensions for the male shaft, and particularly a selected spacing between 
oppositely facing radially extending shaft surfaces as shown with the 
described embodiments, a precise spacing may be provided between the 
handle and the base/housing so as to ensure a proper look (without a large 
gap between the housing and handle base) while also ensuring proper 
operation (without the handle rubbing against the housing during 
operation). 
Still other aspects, objects and advantages of the present invention can be 
obtained from a study of the specification, the drawings and the appended 
claims.