Methods and articles for treatment of rectal prolapse

Improved methods and devices for treatment of rectal prolapse are provided. A suturing console for suturing the rectal fascia at, to, or about the sacral vertebral fascia is disclosed. A method of repairing prolapsed rectum via a vaginal incision or perineal incision is also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to urogenital and gastroenteric surgery.

2. Description of the Related Art

Rectal prolapse, in its most common form, is a condition in which the rectum, the most distal portion of the colon, protrudes from the anus. In fact, three different clinical entities are often called rectal prolapse. These include full-thickness rectal prolapse, mucosal prolapse, and internal prolapse (also known as internal intussusception). The treatment of each is different.

Full thickness prolapse is the most commonly recognized type of rectal prolapse, in which the full thickness of the rectal wall protrudes through the anus. In mucosal prolapse, only the rectal mucosa protrudes. Internal intussusception is a similar condition, but the prolapsed tissue does not extend beyond the anus.

Rectal prolapse is considered uncommon, but the true incidence is not known due to underreporting. Eighty to ninety percent of patients are women, and peaks in occurrence are seen in the fourth and seventh decades of life. Certain genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, such as cystic fibrosis, have been seen to result in increased incidence of rectal prolapse in children.

As a condition predominately affecting women, rectal prolapse is often concurrent with prolapse of other pelvic floor organs. The etiology is not clear. Chronic straining during defecation, hereditary factors, and stresses due to childbirth have been implicated, as have the normal changes in the strength of pelvic and anal sphincter muscles seen with aging, neurological disease, and previous gastrointestinal or urogenital surgery. Long-standing hemorrhoidal disease is also thought to lead to certain types of rectal prolapse.

Clinically, a rectal prolapse begins as a mass protruding from the anus only after a bowel movement which retracts when the patient stands. If the disease progresses, it eventually reaches a point where it protrudes in other situations, such as sneezing and walking, and reaches a point where it does not spontaneously retract. At this point, the patient may manually replace the mass. Eventually, the mass may continue prolapsing immediately after replacement. The rectum may become incarcerated, or ulcerated, and it may be painful. Incontinence is seen due to interruption of the normal function of the anal sphincter. In addition, the exposed mucosa of the rectum constantly secretes mucous. Bleeding is commonly seen. Trauma and strangulation of the protruded mass are possible.

Rectal prolapse is generally diagnosed by physical examination. Barium studies may be indicated, as may sigmoidoscopy, to assess the rectum for additional lesions, such as tumors or ulcers.

In young patients, conservative treatment with stool softeners and suppositories. However, in adults, these medical treatments are not generally effective, and surgery is indicated.

Full thickness prolapse is treated surgically. One common surgical technique is a sigmoid resection and rectopexy. In this procedure, a portion of the colon is removed, and the remaining portion of the rectum is anchored to the sacrum.

Various options are available for the rectopexy. The Ripstein procedure incorporates the use of a nonabsorbable material, such as a Marlex mesh, to augment the fixation to the presacral fascia. The mesh stimulates scarring that serves to hold the rectum in place. A similar process using suture instead of a mesh material is also known.

This procedure involves an abdominal surgical approach, and can be performed via laparatomy or laparoscopy. Compared to other surgical options, abdominal procedures have a lower recurrence rate, but higher morbidity. Further, abdominal approaches result in scarring from the healing of abdominal incisions.

Other surgical procedures are known, including perineal approaches. Several alternatives are available, including perineal protectomy. Also known as the Altemeier Procedure, the surgeon removes the prolapsed portion of the rectum via an incision in the protruding rectum. Other perineal methods include anal encirclement, which is essentially only palliative due to complications such as chronic constipation. The Delorme mucosal sleeve resection is a perineal approach often used for small prolapses. Compared to the abdominal approach, perineal approaches have higher recurrences, but lower morbidity.

Presently available methods of treatment are not without problems. The recurrence rate for anterior resection without sacral fixation is about 7-9%, with a morbidity rate of 15-29%.

For a rectopexy without resection, the recurrence rates range from 2-10%, with morbidity rates of 3-29%. Unfortunately, continence is only improved in 50-70% of patients, and constipation may actually worsen.

When a resection is combined with a rectopexy, the recurrence rate is reduced to about 3-4%. Morbidity ranges from 4-23%. Constipation improves in 60-80% of patients, and continence improves in 35-60% of patients.

Perineal approaches have recurrence rates up to 50%, with low morbidity. Incontinence and constipation improve in about 50% of patients.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,057 discloses an applicator and method for a perineal approach for treating hemorrhoids and concurrent mucosal membrane rectal prolapses. The method comprises applying compression sutures or staples to trap the tissue to be excised distal to the anus, with subsequent excision of the prolapsed tissue or hemorrhoid. Such treatment is less likely to be effective for larger prolapses.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,888 discloses a method and apparatus for treating rectal prolapse, the method comprising the step of constricting the opening of the anus by applying sutures around the opening. The sutures are applied using a finger-guided surgical instrument with an ejectable substantially semi-circular needle. Unfortunately, this type of treatment would appear to suffer all the problems of using anal encirclement, including chronic constipation problems.

There remains a need for safe and effective methods of treating rectal prolapse.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes surgical instruments and implantable articles for treating rectal or pelvic muscle prolapse.

The usual methods for surgically treating rectal prolapse involve either perineal approaches or abdominal approaches. The disclosed method, however, allows for the replacement of the prolapsed rectum into its normal anatomic position without the need for abdominal incisions. Instead, the posterior fascia of the rectum is sutured to the fascia of the sacrum and coccyx via a posterior vaginal incision (in females) or via a perineal incision (in males). No abdominal incision is required, with no scarring.

Another aspect of the present invention is specially adapted instrumentation to facilitate the disclosed method of treating rectal prolapse.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views. The following description is meant to be illustrative only, and not limiting other embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of this description.

As currently commonly practiced, a rectal prolapse, illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, is repaired by attaching the rectum to or about or near the sacrum, as shown inFIG. 3. Other methods include resecting the exposed mass, as shown inFIG. 4.

The present method is an adaptation of the procedures wherein the rectum is attached to the sacrum and coccyx. In an embodiment of the invention, the patient is placed in a modified dorsal lithotomy position with hips flexed and legs elevated in stirrups. Vaginal retraction may be required. A posterior vaginal incision is made, transversely across the vaginal apex, to create access to the peritoneal cavity. (A perineal incision is made in the male patient). The surgeon or an assistant then inserts his finger into the rectum to feel the sacrum and coccyx. After identifying these landmarks, a needle3is passed through the vaginal (or perineal) incision and between the rectum20and the sacrum21and coccyx22, as shown inFIG. 5. Sutures attaching the posterior rectal fascia to sacral fascia between the first and second sacral vertebrae, between the second and third sacral vertebrae, and between the fourth and fifth sacral vertebrae are installed.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method of correcting prolapsed rectum is effected by using a specially designed suturing console1. Embodiments of the suturing console are shown inFIGS. 6 and 7. As can be seen from the Figures, the suturing console comprises a large modified needle3. The large modified needle3of the suturing console1may preferably be blunt and can be of any shape, including curved or straight, as desired for the efficiency of the procedure. The suturing console1includes within the modified needle3a suture7with an attached sharp suturing needle8. The end of the suture is situated near the needle tip, with an outer spring6situated to prevent perforation of the bowel while allowing suturing of the fascia by the sharp suturing needle8, which is attached to the distal end of the suture7. The sharp suturing needle8is preferable spring-like, to facilitate placement of sutures. Troughs9may be located in the protective outer spring6to allow for suturing with the sharp suturing needle8and attached suture7. In a preferred embodiment, the suturing console1is placed in the proper location such that the sutures7may be installed. Upon placement in the proper location for attachment, the needle3with suture7is activated, and sutures7are installed by the spring-like needle3with its tip rotating through the sacral21and rectal fascia20, with the spring-like needle3extending through the troughs9located in the protective outer spring6. Upon proper placement, the end of the suture7is held in place, the outer spring6is retracted, and the suture7is cut and tied to secure the attachment of the sacral21and rectal fascia20. This process is repeated twice more to allow for additional suture attachment points. Upon completion of the suturing process, the outer spring6and needle3are retracted into the suturing console1and the console1is removed through the vaginal incision.

In a preferred embodiment, the suturing console1comprises a mechanism that allows for the activation of the sharp spring-like suture needle8via controls4on the handle2of the suturing console1, such as buttons or similar controls.

In another embodiment of the present suturing console1, the suturing console1comprises a rectal tool10that has a tip14, as shown inFIGS. 8 and 9. The tool10is placed such that the tip14touches both the rectal20and sacral fascia21. This allows for better surgical understanding of the precise location of the sutures7. In such a preferred embodiment, the protective outer spring6is not required. In a preferred embodiment, the tool10comprises a handle11and an attached tubular or housing structure12shaped and sized as appropriate for urogenital surgery. The tubular or housing portion12encloses a suture7with an attached sharp spring-like suture needle13. The handle11may comprise some mechanism, for control of the activation of the enclosed needle13and suture7. Upon proper placement, the spring-like needle13extends from the tip of the tubular or housing portion12of the rectal tool10, and the needle13rotates through the rectal20and sacral fascia21. Upon proper placement, the end of the suture7is held in place, the needle13is retracted into the tubular or housing portion12, the tubular or housing portion12is retracted, and the suture7is cut and tied to secure the attachment of the sacral21and rectal fascia20. This process is may be repeated as determined by the surgeon, in order to allow for additional suture attachment points and increased stability. Upon completion of each suture placement, the spring-like needle13is retracted into the rectal tool10. Repetition of the process on a contralateral side of a patient may be desired, and is within the scope of the present invention. Following completion of the suturing process, the tool10is removed through the vaginal (or perineal) incision.

In an embodiment of the above-described method, the suture knots15are tied by any method known to the surgeon. Before tying a knot15in the first suture7, the suture7is held in place by a clamp or hemostat17to allow for retraction of the spring-like needle13, which further allows for retraction of the suturing console1or rectal tool10to place the next suture7, as shown inFIG. 9. In an alternative embodiment of the described devices and method, a removable anchor18attached to suture7rests on the end of the spring-like needle13, as shown inFIG. 10. Upon placement in a patient, the anchor eliminates the necessity for holding the suture in place, as it will engage the suture with the tissue of the patient sufficient to allow for retraction of the spring-like needle, leaving such suture in place.

In a related embodiment, the suturing tool described herein can be used for other pelvic and prolapse repairs and in connection with hysterectomies and the like.

In a preferred embodiment of the present method, a rubber device19shaped in the natural geometry of the rectum, as shown inFIG. 11, is inserted in the prolapsed rectum20to assist in the replacement of the prolapsed mass into its normal anatomic position to allow suturing. This device may be of any shape and size as required to return the rectum to its proper orientation and to allow the fascia of the rectum20and sacral vertebrae21to be in close proximity.