Photographic process of producing photographic prints upon instant print film

A photographic process, and the product therefrom, comprising over-exposing color positive transparency film in a camera while focused upon an object to produce a latent image of the object upon the film and then developing the latent image upon the film by emersion in appropriate film development materials sequentially, with the emersion time in the first developer substantially reduced from normal to produce a low contrast actual image on the film; and thereafter, projecting and exposing the actual image on the transparency film onto an instant print film which is being maintained at a temperature at least as high as normal ambient exposure temperature prescribed for the instant print film; and then developing the instant print film according to the prescribed procedure at a temperature at least as high as normal ambient development temperature prescribed for the instant print film.

This invention relates to a process of making photographic pictures and to 
the product resulting from the process. More particularly it relates to 
the process of producing good quality photographic prints upon so-called 
"instant" print film from positive image transparencies. 
"Instant" print film is a term commonly used to represent those 
photographic materials in which a liquid reagent is releasable to permeate 
a photosensitive layer having formed therein, a latent image; in which the 
reagent develops the latent image and gives, as a reaction product, an 
image-forming component; in which the image-forming component is 
translated relative to the material of the developed latent image to form 
in another layer of material an image which is positive of the subject 
matter to which the film was exposed in producing the latent image; in 
which the positive image-forming component is reacted in its relatively 
translated position to give a dye or pigment for forming the positive 
image; in which the transfer image is formed in positive print material 
separate from the photosensitive layer and in which all the materials 
involved in the formation of the latent image, and the positive print 
thereof, are included. 
The photographic process of producing color print images is the subject of 
great variation. Variation in film processing takes place either 
inadvertently through lack of control of the processing or purposely as 
the skill and ingenuity of the processors is applied. Photographers and 
film processors will often vary the process variables to achieve certain, 
specific results of special kinds of color reproduction, high or low 
contrasts, colors which are rich or pastel and colors which vary over a 
large or short tonal scale. However, normally it is the endeavor of the 
photography to produce the most natural and lifelike color print 
reproduction of the actual scene as it appeared to the human eye at the 
time and place that the object was photographed. These normal photographs, 
which come nearest to be like the actual image as seen by the human eye 
and the camera at the same time, are considered to be of the highest 
quality and to be the most sought after by photographers and film 
processors. Pictures and prints carrying these qualities are sought, with 
extremely rich color, normal contrast, and normal tonal scale. 
In addition to the aspects of color reproduction, the photographer has 
other known photographic objectives such as clarity. The best quality is 
produced by sharp focus which relies upon lens quality from the camera 
equipment, and from resolution of the photographic films which are used in 
the photographic process. The subjects of obtaining sharply focused images 
through the use of lenses and the subject of film resolutions are well 
known and well covered in the literature and understood by those skilled 
in the photographic arts. Therefore, they need not be dealt with in any 
depth in this disclosure. 
However, in color photography, photographers have found that the best final 
prints, that is meeting the most desirable qualities as described above, 
can most easily be made on color transparency films whereon the colors are 
produced in their positive image relationship as distinguished from color 
negative films whereon the images are produced in their reversed color 
form. The terms color positive film and color negative film are well known 
terms in the art and those skilled in the art will understand these terms 
as they are used herein. 
Consequently, the professional photographer and the serious amateur most 
often and usually uses color transparency positive image film as the 
medium for his work and photographic activity. 
Color transparency films are developed in many well known processes and the 
manufacturers prescribe normal processing techniques for the development 
of these films. 
Color transparency films usually have finer grain and therefore are capable 
of producing images with better resolution and sharper enlargements which 
is the ultimate medium of the professional photographer and the serious 
amateur. 
Good quality in normally developed color transparencies will provide 
brilliant pictures when projected on a viewing background. Projection is 
used quite frequently as the viewing mode by all groups of photographers. 
In the projected image mode, many important characteristics of these color 
transparency films are brought out and used to their fullest. For 
instance, normal characteristics of a transparency is that it will be 
contrasty and have a normal to short tonal scale. These two features, 
while desirable, when the films are used in the projection mode of 
viewing, are very undesirable in the production of print images on 
photographic printing paper. 
In the past, in order to produce good quality prints from color positive 
transparency images, it has been necessary that a color reversed, 
intermediate film negative be made from which the final positive print can 
be made. Many color prints are made using this intermediate two step 
process because the final print pictures have the potential of having 
sharper images through better resolution than those which are made by the 
more common color negative film process. In the color negative film 
process, the film that is exposed in the camera has a negative image with 
colors reversed from which the color positive print can be made directly. 
However, for reasons beyond the scope of this disclosure, color negative 
films are not capable of strong contrast, brilliant colors, nor of 
producing as sharp in image because of their resolution. 
As stated above, instant films provide a completely integrated process in 
which the latent image is created, developed and printed from materials 
which are provided in a package. In the usual practice, the image of the 
object is focused on the film and the latent image is created by camera 
exposure. Then in a manipulative process of rollers and/or crushed 
packages of chemicals, the film is developed insitu and presented in a 
matter of minutes, fully developed and ready for viewing and use. Because 
instant film is made to receive a positive image, and transparency film 
produces a positive image, the two may be used together as a complete 
photographic process. However, prior to this invention, this combination 
has not received attention because the high contrast and narrow tonal 
range of positive transparency film is not suitably matched to the higher 
contrast and narrower tonal range of instant films which are readily 
available. 
It is an object of this invention to provide a photographic process of 
making positive color prints on instant color films by exposure from the 
positive color transparencies in which variables of the process are 
controlled in new and surprising ways to compensate for the differences in 
contrast and tonal characteristics in the transparency film and the 
instant film to produce excellent quality prints, with high resolution and 
a full range of tonal qualities. It is a further object to provide a 
process of printing from color transparencies to eliminate the immediate 
film step previously required for producing prints from the 
transparencies. 
An object of this invention is to make it convenient and possible to 
photograph using color transparencies with instant print films as a 
substitute for color print paper, which allows one to make color prints in 
a very short time. In addition, in this process, there is no need to use 
messy developing tubes or trays nor to spend time and care with measuring 
and mixing chemicals in the process. Also, there is no need for running 
water. 
Instant print films and particularly those produced and sold as "Polacolor 
2" and "Polacolor ER" by the Polaroid Corporation of Cambridge, Mass., 
have very good color stability and in most instances, better than that 
obtained by the normal color printing process when color printing papers 
are used and developed. Because instant color films are intended primarily 
for the entire color photographic process, i.e., to receive the latent 
image, have it developed, and remain the final print, they are apparently 
manufactured with exceptional quality control and care. Experience has 
shown that they have a high degree of consistency of color balance from 
one box of film to the next of the same emulsion number. 
For the objects stated above, and to provide the advantages sought over 
prior photographic processes and to simplify the production of excellent 
quality photographic prints from color transparencies, this invention 
comprises the process of over-exposing color positive transparency film in 
a camera while focused upon an object to produce a latent image of the 
object upon the film and then developing the latent image upon the film by 
emersion in appropriate film development materials sequentially, with the 
emersion time in the first material substantially reduced from normal to 
produce a low contrast actual image on the film; and thereafter, 
projecting and exposing the actual image on the transparency film onto an 
instant print film; and then developing the instant print film according 
to the prescribed procedure. 
A clearer understanding of the invention will be apparent from the 
following drawing and detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
In the process of making photographic prints according to this invention, 
as shown in FIG. 1, the first step I-A is the exposure of color positive 
transparency film in a camera which has the usual features and apparatus 
for control over the exposure process. For the practice of the process, it 
has been found that the initial exposure of the transparency film must be 
controlled to produce a transparency having lower contrast and broader 
tonal scale. This is accomplished by over-exposing the film during the 
exposure process. One way this can be accomplished is by considering the 
film as having about one-sixteenth or six percent of its normally 
prescribed ASA rating. For example, transparency films with slow or medium 
ASA ratings of perhaps 64-200 should be exposed at about six percent of 
their normal effective ASA rating. To accomplish this, those cameras which 
have a provision for setting the ASA rating of the film can be set to show 
an ASA rating one-sixteenth or six percent of the prescribed rating. This 
will normally result in the aperture being opened three or four F stops 
beyond normal for the light available at the time of exposure of the film 
in the camera. Higher speed transparency films, such as ASA 400, should be 
exposed at about one-eighth or twelve percent of their normal prescribed 
effective ASA rating. 
In the next step I-B in the process, the film is developed in a process in 
which the development time than the film spends in the first developer 
chemical is decreased. 
In the usual color transparency film development process, the exposed film 
is processed by successive sequential immersions in many chemical 
solutions. The first chemical solution is the first developer which 
develops the latent image. This developed image determines the contrast, 
density, tonal range and color of the fully processed color transparency. 
Since only the first developer, not the other solutions, can reduce 
contrast and expand the tonal range; then it is only the length of time in 
the first developer that need be changed. Decreasing the development time 
from what is recommended by the manufacturer will produce a color 
transparency suitable for exposing onto instant print films. 
The rest of the process must be carried out as the manufacturer requires. 
The other chemical solutions are needed to make the image positive, add 
color and make the image permanent. The subject of color transparency film 
development is well known and well covered in literature. It is understood 
by those skilled in the photographic arts. Therefore, it need not be dealt 
with in any depth in this disclosure. 
Referring to CHART X below, a general description is disclosed of the E-6 
process developed and marketed by the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, 
N.Y. It should be noted that this invention requires no understanding of 
the E-6 process, except that the first developer time needs to be 
decreased. 
CHART X 
______________________________________ 
HOW TO PROCESS 
KODAK EKTACHROME FILMS 
USING PROCESS E-6 
GENERAL PROCESSING SPECIFICATIONS 
TEMPER- 
TIME ATURE FUNCTION OF EACH 
SOLUTION (MIN)* OF PROCESSING STEP 
______________________________________ 
First 6 100.4 .+-. 0.5 
Develops a negative image 
Developer 
First Wash 
2 92-102 Acts as a stop bath 
Reversal 2 92-102 Reverses the negative 
Bath image to form a positive 
image 
Normal room lights may be used after one minute in 
reversal bath 
Color 6 100.4 .+-. 1.1 
Adds color to image 
Developer 
Conditioner 
2 92-102 Prepares film for bleach 
Bleach 6 92-102 Converts metallic silver 
grains into silver halides 
for removal by fixer 
Fixer 4 92-102 Makes image permanent 
Final Wash 
4 92-102 Removes Fixer 
Stabilizer 
1/2 Ambient Wetting Agent 
Dry 68-140 
______________________________________ 
*Because of the various types of equipment in which the process E6 is 
used, the times will vary slightly. 
The E-6 process is by far the most widely used process for developing color 
transparencies, and it represents the state-of-the-art for both amateur 
and professional photographers alike. Because of the complexity and need 
for quality control of photographic film development processes, processing 
is done mostly by professional photographic laboratories that offer those 
services most often demanded by the serious amateur and professional 
photographers. 
It should be noted that the E-6 process is not the only process that 
develops color transparencies. Other processes are available and are very 
similar, so that methods disclosed in this invention will apply to other 
processes since all color transparency processes have the same type of 
first developer. 
For slower and medium ASA rated films (64-200), the development time in the 
first developer is reduced about sixty percent. A slight increase in 
agitation may be needed to insure even development. Development time in 
the other development bath and processing remains as normal and as 
prescribed for the type of film being processed. Films that are developed 
in the E-4/E-6 color process will give excellent results when processed 
according to the above. The designations E-4 and E-6 are well known terms 
of photographic art and will be understood by those skilled therein. These 
terms refer to processes developed and marketed by the Eastman Kodak 
Company of Rochester, N.Y. 
With high speed transparency film such as ASA 400, the time in the first 
developer is reduced by fifty percent. Again, with this film, only the 
time in the first developer is changed and reduced from that prescribed by 
the manufacturer and all their steps are carried out as the manufacturer 
recommends. 
Accordingly, using the E-6 process the time in the first developer for 
slower and medium rated films (64-200) is about 2.4 minutes. The time for 
fast films, 400 ASA and higher, is about 3 minutes. 
In the manufacture of photographic materials and equipment the manufacturer 
cannot define exact usage. Recommended normal usage is based upon averages 
and the manufacturer can only recommend effective film speeds and 
developing times. This is because the manufacturer of films cannot control 
irregularities in individual lens, shutters, light meters, and developers 
which can and do deviate from considered averages. 
It is common knowledge among serious amateur and professional photographers 
that exact usage is dependent upon conditions at the time and 
circumstances. It is common practice among photographers to make 
individual tests with specific films to determine exact usage in specific 
situations. For example: to determine the exact working ASA of an 
Ektachrome 64 film, i.e., rated with an effective film speed of 64 by the 
manufacturer, the photographer is advised to make a series of exposures 
based on ASA ratings 40, 50, 64, and 80. The rating giving the best result 
should thereafter be used for that particular film under similar 
conditions--lens, shutter, light meter, developer and printing process, 
not to mention the photographer's personal concept of print quality. Once 
the photographer has completed individual tests, the photographer can 
predict exact usage with his own equipment and procedures. 
This invention is based upon a total re-evaluation of what an exposed and 
developed color transparency should look like. This new and different 
color transparency will have the characteristics which will make it ideal 
for printing onto instant print film. This printing technique differs so 
radically from given norms, that it becomes a new, separate technique. It 
should be noted that the data given in this disclosure are effective film 
speeds, effective developing time and effective developing temperatures, 
which are based on averages. Exact usage will have to be determined with 
individual equipment like any other photographic material or process. 
In Steps I-A and I-B of the process of this invention, any color 
transparency film that responds well to over-exposure and 
under-development can be used. Films that are developed in the E-4-E-6 
color process will give excellent results. A very good film would be, for 
instance, Ectachrome 200, with an effective ASA rating of 200. This is 
manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, N.Y. 
When exposure and development have been carried out according to the 
process of this invention, the transparencies will be very low in contrast 
and appear to be slightly less dense and over-exposed in relationship to 
what is usually considered normal for a transparency. This transparency 
will have very little shadow density and colors will appear to be flat or 
pastel looking. It is important that the transparencies have a short range 
of densities and be low in contrast. 
After the transparency film is dried in a conventional process, prints are 
made on instant print film in accordance with Steps II-C and II-D of the 
process of this invention. Typical instant print films which have been 
used in practicing the process of this invention are "Polacolor 2" and 
"Polacolor ER" which are manufactured by the Polaroid Corporation of 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Because instant print films are characterized by the fact that they are 
developed insitu, the chemicals involved in the process are a part of the 
total film package and special equipment is provided in either the camera 
or the package to release the chemicals after the film has been exposed. 
The advantages of this invention is that the process uses the important 
simplicity inherent in the instant film processing system, so that no 
other processing chemicals containers, or even running water, is involved. 
In process Step II-C, making prints from instant film materials is the same 
as printing on any other direct positive print material, i.e. the exposure 
and manipulative steps are the same. A commercially available enlarger, 
having color printing filters, is used. Enlarging times, F-stops, and 
filtration are achieved by the methods used with the normal, direct 
positive print materials. 
Considering process Steps II, it should be understood that this brings 
together two established processes that until this invention, have been 
considered incompatible. The two established processes that are involved 
are, one, the subject of proper exposure and development of transparency 
films; and two, the subject of making direct color prints from 
transparencies. 
Making direct color positive prints from color transparencies in the 
conventional way involves proper exposure of photographic paper from an 
intermediate negative which will produce a positive image when processed 
by a sequence of chemical solutions. This is a wet and time consuming 
process, as are other previous print making processes from transparencies. 
This invention replaces the photographic paper in the direct positive 
printing process with instant print films, which will produce a direct 
positive print in minutes. The subject of making direct color positive 
prints from transparencies, in the usual prior art way, is well known and 
well covered in literature and understood by those skilled in the 
photographic arts. Therefore, it need not be dealt with in any depth in 
this disclosure. 
Until this invention "instant" print color films have primarily been used 
and designed for use in a camera to yield a positive print in minutes. 
This invention eliminates the camera and uses a conventional color 
enlarger with a positive color transparency, as described in FIG. 1, Steps 
I. 
Proper exposure of the instant print film is important and should be 
carried out as the manufacturer recommends. Instructions about proper 
exposure by the manufacturer will always be directed to exposure in a 
camera and not an enlarger. Since both the camera and enlarger have the 
same exposure controls (F-stops and duration of time) applying these same 
instructions to an enlarger will achieve a proper enlarger exposure. 
Referring to FIG. 2, photographic print making apparatus is shown, having 
an enlarger 11, supported by an arm 12, which is slidingly engaged on a 
stanchion 13 that is connected from a base 14. The enlarger 11 comprises a 
lamphouse 15, with a high intensity electric lightbulb (not shown), a 
filter tray 16, negative carrier 20, bellows 17, and a lens 18. An easel 
or film holder 19, removably rests upon the base 14. 
In the process Steps II-C and II-D, a positive transparency that has been 
exposed and developed in accordance of Steps I-A and I-B of this invention 
is placed in the negative carrier. The image on the transparency is 
focused by means of lens 18 upon the instant print film in the easel 19. 
When the focus is correct and the size of the image has been determined by 
the adjustment of support arm 12 on stanchion 13, the film is exposed by 
the lamp in the lamphouse 15. 
The type of easel and the manipulative steps of positioning the instant 
film beneath the enlarger will be different depending on how the instant 
print film is packaged and made available to the user. 
Instant print films of the "Polacolor 2" or "Polacolor ER" variety are 
designed, packaged and sold for use in film packs or film holders which 
adapt for use in specific cameras. When this film is used to make prints 
from transparencies, the film must also be used in its companion film pack 
or film holder. This is because after exposure, the film must run through 
its specially provided equipment which contains rollers or other devices 
that cause the developing materials to be released onto the film. 
When using instant print film supplied in a film pack the film is exposed 
in the film pack. In total darkness, the loaded film pack becomes an easel 
and after exposure the film pack is inserted into its specially provided 
equipment for processing, which is generally a camera. 
When using "instant" film that has a film holder requirement, it is 
necessary to place the loaded film holder, with the dark slide in place on 
the enlarging easel parallel to the transparency. In total darkness, the 
dark slide is removed, the exposure made, and the dark slide is pushed 
back in over the film. The film can then be processed as designed by the 
manufacturer of the film holder. 
In carrying out Steps II-C and II-D of the process of this invention the 
tonal quality of the instant film must be taken into consideration. Unless 
the instant print film is at a proper temperature to develop the tonal 
quality and color saturation to a maximum, the print quality of a print 
made by the process of the invention will not be optimal, very good, or 
sufficient to meet the objectives of this invention. When using 
transparencies produced in Steps I-A and I-B, the tonal quality and color 
saturation obtainable in Steps II-C and II-D with instant print films will 
be at its optimum degree when the instant print film is maintained at an 
optimum temperature during exposure and processing. While optimum levels 
will depend to some degree upon equipment used (lens, camera, film, 
enlarging equipment) and the specific uses of final prints and the 
photographers personal concept of print quality, most optimum levels of 
tonal quality and color saturation have been found between above 90 and 
100 degrees F. at the time of exposure and processing from a color 
positive transparency in an enlarger. However, it has been found that very 
good final prints can be obtained if the temperature of the instant print 
film is controlled through a minimum which depends upon the 
characteristics of the instant print film being used. 
It has been found when using "Polarcolor 2" the film should be at a 
temperature between 90 degrees F. and 120 degrees F. On the other hand, 
when using "Polarcolor ER" film it has been discovered that the film 
should be maintained at a temperature of between about 75 degrees F. and 
120 degrees F. 
From the practice of this invention, it has been determined that, 
generically speaking, the temperature must be maintained at least above a 
minimum threshold for the particular instant print film in use, such that 
the tonal range will produce at or near maximum color saturation for that 
film. In practice, it has been found that when practicing Step II of this 
invention using "Polarcolor ER" film, Step II can be carried out with film 
that is at ambient room temperature, i.e. about 70-75 degrees F., and very 
good results can be obtained. On the other hand, when practicing Steps II 
of this invention with "Polarcolor 2" film, it is better to maintain the 
film at an elevated temperature of between about 90 degrees F. and 120 
degrees F. Notwithstanding the differences discussed above with respect to 
the various instant print films, it has been found that optimum results 
are obtained when the instant print film is maintained at an elevated 
temperature of between about 90 and 100 degrees F. at the time the 
exposure is made from the transparency in the enlarger. 
In order that this temperature be uniform, it has been found desirable to 
maintain the film, its packaging materials, film holders, and other 
associated materials to the desired temperature for a period of as long as 
1-2 hours before use. These temperature control procedures, while not a 
part of the process, are helpful in assuring that the film is exposed at 
the desired temperature as near as conveniently possible. 
After the exposure is made in Step II-C, the instant print film is 
developed in Step II-D in accordance with the prescribed procedures that 
are made available with the particular film in use. If the film that is 
being used is part of a film pack, after exposure the film pack is 
re-inserted into its specially provided equipment where the required steps 
are carried out that actuate and release the developer materials upon the 
film. For instance, in processing the "Polarcolor" film pack material, the 
edges of the film have tabs which are used to draw the films through 
rollers which crush pods or capsules of development materials and spread 
them across the film to develop the print. The mechanical steps and the 
chemistry of development of instant print films is not a part of this 
invention. Complete understanding is either not required to practice this 
invention or is sufficiently described by the manufacturers of these films 
that this invention can be practiced by those skilled or even only 
semi-skilled in photographic technology. 
In the practice of Step II-D, the development of the instant print film 
should take place at or about the same temperature at which the film is 
exposed in Step II-C. The temperature of the development will normally be 
correct and sufficiently controlled if the film is at the correct 
temperature at the time of exposure in Step II-C, and if the development 
process is carried out immediately following the exposure step described 
above. 
As stated for the exposure Step II-C, it has been found that developing 
temperatures of between about 90 and 100 degrees F. are ideal, although 
good color saturation with minimum contrast increase can also be obtained 
when the development temperatures are maintained between 90-120 degrees F. 
when using "Polarcolor 2" film and the development time is kept at about 
60 seconds. When using "Polarcolor 2" film, temperatures dropping below 90 
degrees F. do not produce the saturated colors most often looked for in a 
photographic print. However, when using "Polarcolor ER" film, the minimum 
development temperature for very good results can be as low as the 70-75 
degree range. It should be generally understood that the temperature 
range, and the actual operating temperature, used in the development Step 
II-D should generally match the temperature being practiced in the 
previous Step II-C. 
Extending the processing time past 60 seconds will produce an unwanted 
increase in the contrast of the final print. When familiarity of these 
effects of temperature and time become apparent, they can be utilized 
creatively to achieve specific ends. As will be further born out by the 
examples listed below, when all of the steps of the process of this 
invention are carried out properly, the final print will show greater 
color saturation than the transparency, making an excellent color print 
comparable to any other printing process. 
EXAMPLE ONE 
An Ektachrome 200 color positive transparency film (manufactured to Eastman 
Kodak Company of Rochester, N.Y.) having an ASA rating of 200 was focused 
on a man (head and shoulders portrait) in daylight. A picture was exposed 
on the film at F-8 at a 30th of a second. This was equivalent to an ASA 
rating of 12 for normal exposure. 
The transparency film was developed in a conventional E-6 process except 
that the film was emersed in the first developer solution about 21/2 
minutes which is about 60% less than normal. A low contrast flat, pastel 
actual image appeared on the film which was processed and fixed in the 
usual procedure and solutions. 
After drying, the transparency film was exposed to a "Polarcolor 2" 
(manufactured by Polaroid Corporation of Cambridge, Mass.) instant print 
film with a conventional color enlarger. The instant film had been 
preheated for about one hour to a temperature of about 100 degrees F. The 
film was exposed for 4 seconds. 
After exposure the instant print film was developed by passing it through 
the rollers provided for its film package and allowing the positive and 
negative sheets to remain in contact for about 60 seconds. At the end of 
60 seconds, the sheets were separated. 
The resulting final print was of greater color saturation than the 
transparency and an excellent color print comparable in quality to that 
from any other color process. 
EXAMPLE TWO 
A photographic print was made as described in Example One except that the 
instant print film was exposed and developed at a temperature of about 90 
degrees F. The resulting final print was very good. 
EXAMPLE THREE 
A photographic print was made as described in Example One except that the 
instant print film was exposed and developed at a temperature of about 120 
degrees F. The resulting final print was very good. 
EXAMPLE FOUR 
A photographic print was made as described in Example One except that the 
instant print film was exposed and developed at a temperature of about 75 
degrees F. The resulting final print was not good quality because the 
color saturation was not as great. 
EXAMPLE FIVE 
An Ektachrome 200 color positive transparency film (manufactured by Eastman 
Kodak Company of Rochester, N.Y.) having an ASA rating of 200 was focused 
on a man (head and shoulders portrait) in daylight. A picture was exposed 
on the film at F-8 at a 30th of a second. This was equivalent to an ASA 
rating of 12 for normal exposure. 
The transparency film was developed in a conventional E-6 process except 
that the film was emersed in the first developer solution about 21/2 
minutes which is about 60% less than normal. A low contrast flat, pastel 
actual image appeared on the film which was processed and fixed in the 
usual procedure and solutions. 
After drying, the transparency film was exposed to a "Polarcolor ER" 
(manufactured by Polaroid Corporation of Cambridge, Mass.) instant print 
film with a conventional color enlarger. The instant film had been allowed 
to reach ambient room temperature of about 72 degrees for about 1 hour. 
The film was exposed for 4 seconds. 
After exposure, the instant print film was developed by passing it through 
the rollers provided with its film package and allowing the positive and 
negative sheets to remain in contact for about 60 seconds. At the end of 
60 seconds the sheets were separated. 
The resulting final print was of greater color saturation than the 
transparency and a very good color print generally comparable in quality 
to that of any other process. 
EXAMPLE SIX 
A photographic print was made as described in Example Five except that the 
instant print film was exposed and developed at a temperature of about 90 
degrees F. The resulting final print was very good. 
EXAMPLE SEVEN 
A photographic print was made as described in Example Five except that the 
instant print was exposed at a temperature of 120 degrees F. The resulting 
final print was very good. 
EXAMPLE EIGHT 
A photographic print was made as described in Example Five except that the 
instant print film was exposed and developed at a temperature of about 65 
degrees F. The resulting print was not good quality because the color 
saturation was not as great. 
EXAMPLE NINE 
A high speed Ektachrome 400 color positive transparency film (manufactured 
by Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, N.Y.) having an effective ASA 
rating of 400 was exposed in a camera while focused on a man (head and 
shoulders portrait) in daylight. A picture was exposed on the film at F-8 
at 125th. This was equivalent to an effective ASA rating of 50 for 
normally prescribed exposure. 
The transparency film was developed in a conventional E-6 process except 
that the film was emersed in the first developer solution about 3 minutes 
which is 50% of normal. A low contrast flat, pastel actual image appeared 
on the film which was processed and fixed in the usual procedure and 
solution. 
After drying, the transparency film was exposed to a "Polarcolor 2" 
(manufactured by Polaroid Corporation of Cambridge, Mass.) instant print 
film in a conventional enlarger. The instant film had been preheated for 
about one hour to a temperature of about 100 degrees F. The film was 
exposed for 4 seconds. 
After exposure, the instant print film was developed by passing it through 
the rollers provided with its film package and allowing the positive and 
negative sheets to remain in contact for about 60 seconds. At the end of 
60 seconds, the print was separated. 
The resulting final print was of greater color saturation than the 
transparency and an excellent color print comparable in quality to that 
from any other color process. 
EXAMPLE TEN 
A high speed Ektachrome 400 color positive transparency film was exposed 
and developed as described in Example Nine. 
After drying, the transparency film was exposed to a "Polarcolor ER" 
instant print film in a conventional enlarger. The instant film had been 
maintained for about 1 hour at a temperature of about 75 degrees F. The 
film was exposed for 4 seconds. 
After exposure, the instant film was developed by passing it through 
rollers provided with its film package and allowing the positive and 
negative sheets to remain in contact for about 60 seconds. At the end of 
60 seconds, the print was separated. 
The resulting print was of greater color saturation than the transparency, 
and a very good final print. 
The CHART Y below shows the relationship of the various exposure parameters 
between the prior art normal effective usage and the practice of this 
invention. 
CHART Y 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASSUME NO CHANGE IN SHUTTER SPEED 
NORMAL NORMAL 
INVENTION 
INVENTION 
CHANGE % OF 
CHANGE % OF 
EFFECTIVE 
F PROCESS PROCESS NORMAL NORMAL AMT. 
ASA STOP ASA F-STOP ASA OF LIGHT 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
50 8 3 2 6% 800% 
100 11 6 2.8 6% 800% 
200 16 12 4 6% 800% 
400 22 50 8 12% 400% 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
When dealing with ASA, fractions, percentages, and amount of actual light, 
it is difficult to relate these to each other over a span of more than a 
few numbers. Example: the relationship of ASA 12 to ASA 200 is that ASA 12 
is 6% of 200. Therefore, ASA 200 requires 1/16 less light than ASA 12 or 
ASA 12 requires 800% more light than ASA 200. 
Cameras, light meters, shutter speeds, F-stops, and ASA are all based on a 
"halving or doubling sequence." The CHART Z below will show the 
intermediate stops between considered normal and invention process. This 
will help to clarify invention process percentages and ASA. 
CHART Z 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASSUME NO CHANGE IN SHUTTER SPEED 
UNITS OF LIGHT 
1 2 4 8 16 
EFFECTIVE 
INTERMEDIATE 
INVENTION 
NORMAL STOPS PROCESS 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASA 50 25 12 6 3 
% OF NORMAL ASA 100% 50% 25% 121/2% 
61/4% 
FRACTION OF NORMAL ASA 
1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 
F-STOP 8 5.6 4 2.8 2 
% INCREASE IN AMOUNT 
0% 100% 
200% 
400% 
800% 
OF LIGHT 
NUMBER OF STOPS IN- 
0 1 2 3 4 
CREASE IN EXPOSURE 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASA 100 50 25 12 6 
% OF NORMAL ASA 100% 50% 25% 121/2% 
61/4% 
FRACTION OF NORMAL ASA 
1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 
F-STOP 11 8 5.6 4 2.8 
% INCREASE IN AMOUNT 
0% 100% 
200% 
400% 
800% 
OF LIGHT 
NUMBER OF STOPS IN- 
0 1 2 3 4 
CREASE IN EXPOSURE 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASA 200 100 50 25 12 
% OF NORMAL ASA 100% 50% 25% 121/2% 
61/4% 
FRACTION OF NORMAL ASA 
1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 
F-STOP 16 11 8 5.6 4 
% INCREASE IN AMOUNT 
0% 100% 
200% 
400% 
800% 
OF LIGHT 
NUMBER OF STOPS IN- 
0 1 2 3 4 
CREASE IN EXPOSURE 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
ASA 400 200 100 50 
% OF NORMAL ASA 100% 50% 25% 121/2% 
FRACTION OF NORMAL ASA 
1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 
F-STOP 22 16 11 8 
% INCREASE IN AMOUNT 
0% 100% 
200% 
400% 
OF LIGHT 
NUMBER OF STOPS IN- 
0 1 2 3 
CREASE IN EXPOSURE 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Instant print films are capable of some development temperature latitude 
with variation in development time. For instance, the normal recommended 
development time is 60 seconds at the preferred development temperature of 
about 75 degrees F. However, if the development time is extended up to 90 
seconds, development of good color saturation can be obtained at lower 
development temperatures such as 65 degrees or 55 degrees F. However, it 
has been found that extending the development time increases the contrast 
and this is undesirable in the achievement of excellent quality or very 
good quality final prints. 
It should be understood that with the generally increasing availability, 
and probably continued availability of instant print film such as 
"Polarcolor ER", the most significant manipulative steps in the practice 
of this invention are those in Step I-A and Step I-B. In practice, when 
using a film such as "Polarcolor ER", Step II-C and Step II-D become 
simply precautions that the temperature of the instant print film does not 
fall below normal ambient operating temperatures by some untoward event. 
Throughout this disclosure and the examples, general well used terms 
describing the practice of photography have been used without detailed 
physical/scientific/technological background definition. It is intended 
that the terms have the usual ordinary meaning that those skilled in 
photographic activity at the level of the use of this invention except and 
understand. This is an invention of primary interest and significance to 
the professional and serious amateur photographer as well as those 
interested in film processing at the commercial level. At these levels, 
the detailed scientific technological understanding of the chemical and 
physics processes by which the invention achieves the results obtained are 
not necessary. 
Typical examples of prior art patents that are related to the subject of 
this invention are U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,543,181, 3,222,167 and 3,692,524. 
These are listed in recognition of the duty of disclosure of related 
subject matter, which may be relevant, under 37 CFR 1.56. 
It is herein understood that although the present invention has been 
specifically disclosed with the preferred embodiments and examples, 
modifications and variations of the concepts herein disclosed may be 
resorted to by those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variations 
are considered to be within the scope of the invention and the appended 
claims.