Distributed switched component audio/video system

An interconnection system for an audio and video component entertainment system includes a single conductor audio bus serially coupled between each of the video and audio components transfers audio signal in a "daisy-chain" manner among the components. The video components are grouped together separately from the audio components along the audio bus and both types of components supply and/or receive audio signals from the bus. A first switch in series with the audio bus separates the audio bus into first and second sections so as to allow simultaneous and independent audio signal transfer among the video and audio components connected to the separated sections of the audio bus. A single conductor video bus serially coupled between each of the video components transfers video signal in a "daisy-chain" manner among the video components. A second switch in series with the video bus separates the video bus into first and second sections so as to allow simultaneous and independent video signal transfer among video components connected to the separated sections of the video bus.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to an audio and/or video component 
interconnection system and more particularly to a signal bus connection 
arrangement for selectively distributing video and/or audio signals among 
the various audio and video components of the system. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Video and audio components allow users to create their own entertainment 
systems and to modify them as they desire. 
One method for interconnection of these various components is to connect 
cables by hand between those components which are presently to be used and 
to manually change the cable connections when it is desired to use other 
components. This method is obviously unsatisfactory due to the manual 
re-arranging of cables required each time it is desired to operate the 
system in a different manner. 
Another approach is to couple each component to a plurality of switches, 
which may be centrally located or distributed. The switches can be 
manually or remotely controlled to route the various signals between 
specific ones of the components to enable the system to operate as 
directed by the user. Although this approach is more satisfactory than the 
first, it requires extensive cable connections to the switches, which are 
unsightly, subject to signal discontinuity, and somewhat complicated, for 
the user to set-up and control. Additionally, the complexity of this type 
of system increases with the addition of future components. 
It is desirable to provide a component interconnection system which is 
relatively easy for the user to set-up and flexible enough to easily allow 
for future expansion by the user with a simple connection for subsequently 
added components. Such a system desirably has a minimum amount of signal 
conductors so as to facilitate relatively simple user set-up and control 
and to enhance system reliability. At the same time, cost should be 
minimized. Finally, a preferred system must have the ability to allow 
several audio and/or video components to operate simultaneously so that a 
user can maximize utilization of his system. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
According to one aspect of the invention, a single signal conductor for 
either a video or audio signal is coupled between signal terminals of 
various components of an entertainment system in a serial manner for 
conducting the signal between the components. This arrangement resembles a 
daisy-chain arrangement in which the components are connected to the 
signal conductor in a distributed manner. A switch is located in series 
with the conductor for separating the conductor into first and second 
segments so as to allow simultaneous and independent signal distribution 
among groups of components connected to the first and second segments.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to FIG. 1, a plurality of video and audio components are shown, 
each component having an associated connection stage for controlling the 
transmisson and/or reception of video and audio signals to or from other 
ones of the video and audio components. More specifically, a TV tuner 10, 
video tape recorder (VTR) 12, video disc player (VDP) 14 and a TV monitor 
16, including a display and internal tuner, are shown as examples of 
typical home video components. An amplifier 18, AM/FM receiver 20, audio 
tape recorder (ATR) 22 and an audio disc player (ADP) 24 are shown as 
examples of typical home audio components. A single cable 26, including 
only three signal conductors or buses and a control conductor or bus, 
serves to couple the video and audio signals between each component so as 
to interconnect the component entertainment system. Cable 26 includes a 
shielded conductor signal bus 28 (of the coaxial cable type) having a 75 
ohm characteristic impedance for distributing a baseband video signal, two 
shielded conductor signal buses 30 and 32 for distributing left and right 
stereophonic audio signals and a digital signal control bus 34 for 
distributing control signals among the various components of the system. 
Although stereophonic audio is not presently telecast, it is believed that 
it will soon become a reality. Thus, stereophonic audio is provided for in 
the present description. 
Each of the video components 10-16 include a respective connection stage 
36-42 for controlling the transmission and/or reception of video and audio 
between the components through the signal buses of cable 26. Each of the 
audio components 18-24 include a respective connection stage 44-50 for 
controlling the transmission and/or reception of audio signals between 
these components through audio signal buses 30 and 32. As indicated by the 
dashed lines enclosing each entertainment component and its associated 
connection stage, each component may have its connection stage 
incorporated within it. 
Video components 10-16 are clustered together and cable 26 connects their 
respective connection stages together in a "daisy-chain" manner (i.e., 
cable 26 is connected from one connection stage to the next in a serial 
fashion). Similarly, audio buses 30 and 32 and control bus 34 interconnect 
a clustered arrangement of audio components 18-24. 
Each of the connection stages includes a logic circuit 52-66, including, 
e.g., a microcomputer and a read-only-memory for storing a control program 
(not shown) which is responsive to the control signals transmitted on bus 
34 for providing further control signals (as indicated by the broad 
arrows) for controlling the selective transmission and/or reception of 
video and/or audio signal between the associated audio or video component 
and cable 26. Additionally, via a remote control connection (not shown) 
between each connection stage and its associated component, the output 
signals control the functional operation of the component. 
As will be described in greater detail later on, logic circuit 58 
associated with the TV monitor 16 serves as a master logic unit for 
controlling the operation of the entire component entertainment system. 
The user may enter commands to the master from, for example, a remote 
control transmitter 68. Transmitter 68 includes a plurality of pushbuttons 
69 for allowing the user to select any component of the entertainment 
system as a source of audio and/or video signals and any of the remaining 
components to receive those audio and/or video signals. In response to a 
received remote control message, the master logic circuit 58 supplies 
digital control signals to the remaining logic circuits associated with 
each of the other audio and/or video components through control bus 34 for 
completing the appropriate transmission and/or receiption path. 
The simplest type of connection stage is one which merely connects a signal 
source to a signal bus of interconnecting cable 26. TV tuner 10 is one 
such signal source and supplies a baseband video signal and stereophonic 
left and right audio signals to signal buses 28, 30 and 32, respectively. 
For that purpose, connection stage 36 includes a video driver amplifier 70 
(described in detail later on with respect to FIG. 2) for supplying the 
video signal to bus 28. Driver 70 is responsive to an output signal of 
logic circuit 52 for providing a low output impedance when supplying a 
video signal to bus 28 or providing a high output impedance (as 
functionally represented by the opened switch connected in series with the 
output of driver 70) when not supplying a video signal to bus 28. The low 
output impedance (i.e., less than 10 ohms) is necessary in order to supply 
sufficient signal level to bus 28. The high impedance (i.e., greater than 
1 k-ohm) is necessary at the output of driver 70 when it is not supplying 
a video signal to bus 28, in order to limit the coupling of video signal 
from bus 28 to ground via driver 70. 
Since the frequency of baseband video signals is substantial, i.e., up to 4 
MHz, proper terminations should be maintained at the ends of the video 
bus. The ends of video bus 28 should be terminated in its characteristic 
impedance in order to minimize video signal reflections wich would 
otherwise manifest themselves as ghosts in the reproduced video. Thus, the 
end of video bus 28 at connection stage 36 is terminated by a 75 ohm 
resistor 72 coupled between the center conductor of bus 28 and ground. The 
other end of video bus 28 is terminated by the video signal driver of 
connection stage 42, which is described in greater detail later on. 
Connection stage 36 also includes selectively conductive switches 74 and 76 
for supplying the left and right stereophonic audio signals from TV tuner 
10 to audio buses 30 and 32, respectively, in response to control signals 
from logic circuit 52. Details of circuitry suitable as audio switches 74 
and 76 is described in detail with respect to FIG. 3. 
In a similar manner, video and audio signals from VTR 12 and VDP 14 are 
supplied to buses 28, 30 and 32 via video drivers 78 and 80 and audio 
switches 81-84 of connection stages 38 and 40, respectively. 
Connection stage 38 also includes a high input impedance video signal 
buffer 85 and two high input impedance audio signal buffers 86 and 87 
connected between signal buses 28, 30 and 32 for supplying video and audio 
signals from these buses to respective record input terminals (not shown) 
of VTR 12. Since these buffers present high impedance to the signal buses, 
the signal level on the bus will remain constant regardless of the 
operating mode of VTR 12. 
Similarly, connection stages 42-50 include audio switches 88-97 for 
supplying left and right stereophonic audio signal to the audio signal 
buses 30 and 32 and connection stages 42, 44 and 48 include high impedance 
audio signal buffers 98-103 for supplying audio signal from buses 30 and 
32 to the TV monitor 16, amplifier 18 and audio tape recorder 22. A 
description of the remainder of the audio switches shown in connection 
stages 42 and 44 will be described later on. 
As previously noted, one end of video bus 28 is terminated in its 
characteristic impedance by a resistor 72 and the other end is terminated 
by a video signal driver in connection stage 42. At control stage 42, 
video signal from the internal tuner portion of monitor 16 is applied to 
bus 28 via a video signal driver 106 having a 75 ohm output impedance 
(represented by resistor 108). Driver 106 is described in greater detail 
with respect to FIG. 2. A switch 110 has a first position in which the 
video signal from the internal TV tuner is supplied to bus 28 via driver 
106. If, however, video signal is to be recovered by monitor 16 from bus 
28, switch 110 is caused (by control signals from logic circuit 58) to be 
in a second position which couples the input of driver 106 to signal 
ground. In this position, driver 106 maintains its 75 ohm output impedance 
and advantageously serves as the characteristic impedance termination for 
this end of video bus 28. A high input impedance video signal buffer 112 
supplies video signal from bus 28 to the display portion of TV monitor 16 
for reproducing the video signal from bus 28. 
The interconnection system described thus far is relatively simple, 
requiring only one signal conductor for distributing video signal among 
the video components and two signal conductors for distributing 
stereophonic audio signal among the audio and video components. This 
provides for the previously noted desirable features of a minimum number 
of signal conductors, and results in a system that is simple to set-up and 
operate and is easily expandable. Although a single conductor is used for 
distributing each of the respective information signals, the system is not 
restricted to distributing only one signal at a time on each of the 
respective buses. That is, the desirable feature of allowing simultaneous 
and independent signal distribution among the components is provided for 
in this system. This is inexpensively accomplished, without the use of a 
matrix switching arrangement by breaking the continuity of the respective 
signal bus into at least two separate segments. 
More specifically, connection stage 40 associated with VDP 14 includes two 
selectively conductive video signal paths which can separate the 
distribution of video signal originating at the TV tuner 10 or VTR 12 from 
the TV monitor 16. A switch 114 functionally represents these selectively 
conductive paths and includes two series connected single-pole, 
single-throw analog video signal switches 114a and 114b for allowing video 
signal from VDP 14 to be distributed to either of the separated portions 
of bus 28. Video signal switches are well known to those skilled in the 
art and can be constructed in a variety of well known ways. 
In operation, the user can operate transmitter 68 to instruct the master 
controller 58 to have VTR 12 record video signal supplied from TV tuner 10 
while, at the same time, video and audio signals from VDP 14 can be sent 
to the TV monitor 16 for simultaneous viewing. However, as previously 
noted, proper termination of the ends of video bus should be maintained at 
all times to minimize signal reflections. When switch 114 is 
non-conductive it breaks the continuity of bus 28 into two separate 
segments, effectively forming two new ends. It is desirable to make 
provision for properly terminating these new ends of video bus 28 when 
switch 114 is non-conductive. To this end, switch 115 is provided for 
coupling bus 28 to ground via a 75 ohm resistor 116 when switch 114a is 
opened and switch 117 is provided for coupling bus 28 to ground via a 75 
ohm resistor 118 when switch 114b is opened. For example, when switch 114a 
is opened and switch 114b is closed in order that TV tuner 10 can supply 
signals to VTR 12 while VDP 14 can supply signal to TV monitor 16, switch 
115 will be closed and switch 117 will be opened. 
The continuity of audio signal buses 30 and 32 may also be broken so as to 
allow simultaneous and independent audio signal distribution among the 
system components in a manner similar to the breaking of continuity of 
video bus 28. For this purpose, connection stage 40 includes series switch 
arrangements 120 and 122, connection stage 42 includes series switch 
arrangements 124 and 126, and connection stage 44 includes series switches 
128 and 130 in buses 30 and 32, respectively, for separating these buses 
into smaller portions which allow independent and simultaneous audio 
signal distribution among components 10 and 12, 14 and 16, 16 and 18, and 
20, 22 and 24 respectively. The construction of selectively conductive 
audio signal control paths suitable for forming series switches 120-130 
are well known to those skilled in the audio signal handling art. 
Connection stage 42 also includes single-pole, double-throw switches 132 
and 134 for coupling audio signal from either of the portions of audio 
buses 30 and 32 separated by switches 124 and 126, to loudspeakers (not 
shown) included in TV monitor 16, via audio signal buffers 98 and 99, 
respectively. 
Finally, connection stage 44 includes selectively conductive signal paths 
functionally respresented by single-pole, single-throw switches 136-141 in 
addition to previously mentioned switches 90 and 91, for controlling the 
coupling of audio signal between either of the portions of buses 30 and 32 
separated by switches 128 and 130, and amplifier 18. Low level audio 
signal may be provided to audio buses 30 and 32 from a source selector 
switch 142 of amplifier 18 which receives audio signal from e.g., a 
further phonograph player (not shown). 
In operation, in response to remote control messages received from 
transmitter 68, master controller 58 provides control signals to each of 
the slave logic units, which in turn control the operation of the 
previously noted switches and drivers and operating functions of their 
associated entertainment component, e.g., such as the power on/off status, 
volume level, channel selection, etc. 
For example, remote control messages can be generated to record a TV 
program, display a stereo video disc with audio amplified by amplifier 18 
and record a broadcast FM program, all at the same time. In this case, 
master controller 58 will instruct the slave logic units, via control bus 
34, to supply control signals which cause the following functions to 
occur. 
1. Turn on the appropriate components, i.e., tuner 10, VTR 12, VDP 14, 
amplifier 18, AM/FM receiver 20 and ATR 22. 
2. Break the continuity of the audio and video buses as follows: 
a. Open switches 114a, 120a and 122a and close switches 114b, 120b and 
122b. 
b. Open switches 124a and 126a and close switches 124b and 126b. 
c. Open switches 128 and 130. 
3. Provide proper termination of the video bus as follows: 
a. Close switch 115, open switch 117 and operate switch 110 so that the 
input of driver 106 is coupled to ground in order that output impedance 
108 of driver 106 serves as a characteristic impedance termination for bus 
28. 
4. Select the appropriate operating condition of each component as follows: 
a. Set TV tuner 10 to the desired TV channel. 
b. Set VTR 12 to the record mode. 
c. Set VDP 14 to the play mode. 
d. Set the desired volume level of amplifier 18. 
e. Set AM/FM receiver 20 to the desired FM station. 
f. Set ATR 22 to the record mode. 
5. Select appropriate signal routing as follows: 
a. Enable video driver 70 to supply video signal to bus 28 and close 
switches 74 and 76 in order that the video and audio signals from TV tuner 
10 can be coupled to the record inputs of VTR 12 via buffers 85, 86 and 87 
of connection stage 38. 
b. Enable video driver 80 and switches 83 and 84 of connection stage 36 to 
supply the video and audio signals from the video disc player 14 to 
interconnecting cable 26 via closed switches 114b, 120b and 122b. The 
video signal will be coupled to the display of TV monitor 26 via buffer 
112 and the audio signals will be coupled to the amplifier 18 via closed 
switches 124a and b, 126a and b, 140, 141 and buffers 100 and 101. 
c. Close switches 92 and 93 of connection stage 46 in order to supply the 
received broadcast FM audio signals to the record inputs of ATR 22 via 
audio buses 30 and 32 and buffers 102 and 103 of connection stage 48. 
The upper portion of FIG. 2 shows an example of circuitry suitable for 
constructing video drivers 70, 78 or 80. As previously noted, the video 
driver must be able to be controlled to selectively provide either a low 
or a high output impedance. 
Each driver includes two series connected pin diodes 210 and 212, the 
junction therebetween connected to video bus 28. The diodes are initially 
reversed biased by the application of -5 volts to the anode of diode 210 
via resistor 214 and +5 volts to the cathode of diode 212 via a resistor 
216. A control transistor 218 receives a signal C at its base which, when 
at a low logic level, causes transistor 218 to conduct and increase the 
potential at the anode of pin diode 210. This causes diode 210 to become 
forward biased and provides current to the emitter of transistor 220, 
allowing it to conduct the video signal applied at its base to the base of 
transistor 222. This causes transistor 222 to become conductive and 
forward biases diode 212, completing the low impedance path for supplying 
video signal to bus 28. Due to the negative feedback provided by the 
conduction of transistor 220 and diode 212, the output impedance of the 
video driver is held low (i.e., less than 10 ohms) and its bandwidth is 
sufficiently wide for passing the baseband video signal (up to 4 MHz). 
When the signal C is at a high logic level, transistor 218 is not 
conductive and the conduction of transistors 220 and 222 is prevented. 
Thus, pin diodes 210 and 212 remain reverse biased and present a high 
impedance to video bus 28. Pin diodes are used for establishing the 
high/low impedance link to bus 28 because of the relatively high impedance 
they present during their reverse bias condition at video signal 
frequencies. 
The lower portion of FIG. 2 illustrates circuitry suitable for constructing 
video buffers 85 and 112 and, video driver 106. The video signal from bus 
28 is applied by emitter follower transistor 230 to the junction of equal 
valued resistors 232 and 234. An opposite conductivity type transistor 236 
clamps the voltage at the collector of transistor 230 to approximately 1 
V.sub.be below 15 volts for stabilizing its operation with respect to 
temperature variations. The signal level at the junction of resistors 232 
and 234 is substantially equal to the signal level at the base of 
transistor 230 due to its emitter follower operation. Since resistors 232 
and 234 are of equal value, the signal level at the junction of resistor 
232 and the base of a transistor 238 is twice the input video signal 
level. Emitter follower transistor 238 provides the output signal. A 75 
ohm resistor 240 provides impedance matching to the video signal input 
terminal of the associated video component. Since the amplifier 
arrangement has a gain of 2, the 50% signal reduction due to the 75 ohm 
output impedance is compensated for. 
When the circuitry of the lower portion of FIG. 2 is used as video driver 
106, the base of transistor 230 is connected to switch 110 of FIG. 1 and 
the 75 ohm resistor 240 corresponds to resistor 108 of FIG. 1. 
The lower portion of FIG. 3 illustrates circuitry suitable for constructing 
the audio buffers of the system and the upper portion of FIG. 3 
illustrates circuitry suitable for constructing the various audio 
switches. The left and right audio buffers comprise respective high input 
impedance FET operational amplifiers 310 and 312, biased for operation as 
unity-gain followers for applying the audio signal from buses 30 and 32 to 
the audio input terminals of the associated audio components. The audio 
switches comprise respective FET transmission gates, such as 314 and 316 
for providing signal paths between the audio output terminals of the 
associated audio component and the buses 30 and 32. Each transmission gate 
is enabled to conduct by the conduction of a control transistor 318 in 
response to the application of a control signal C to its base electrode 
from the logic unit of the associated connection stage. 
Thus, what has been described is an interconnection arrangement for a 
component entertainment system which has a single signal conductor bus for 
each information signal, which connects the individual components in 
"daisy-chain" fashion which allows the information signal to be 
selectively supplied and/or received from the signal buses in a 
distributed manner. This arrangement facilitates user set-up, enhances 
system reliability and provides for expansion for subsequent components in 
a simple manner. The video and audio components of the system are 
clustered together on separate sections of the signal buses and series 
switching elements allow for simultaniety of operation of the separate 
clusters. 
Connections for a modular embodiment of the type of connection stages used 
in the interconnection system shown in FIG. 1, are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. 
FIG. 4 shows a generalized interconnection module 400 which does not 
include provision for breaking the continuity of the signal buses and FIG. 
5 shows a generalized interconnection module 500 which has such 
provisions. 
For interconnecting the modules with cable 26 to form the "daisy-chain", 
each module includes bus input and output coaxial terminals 412-426 and 
512-526. For connection between each module and its associated component, 
component input and output terminals 428-432 and 528-532 are provided. 
Each of modules 400 and 500 include buffers, drivers and switches which are 
constructed and operate in the same manner as correspondingly identified 
elements previously described with respect to FIG. 1. For example, 
connection stage 38 associated with the VTR 12 could be provided by module 
400 including elements identified by the same reference numbers as 
connection stage 38 of FIG. 1. If, however, module 400 was to be used for 
providing a connection stage for an audio only component, such as 
connection stage 48 associated with the audio tape recorder 22, only the 
audio switches and buffers would be used (i.e., video related elements 78, 
85, 28, 418 and 426 would be omitted). 
Module 500 could be used for providing connection stage 40 which is 
associated with the VDP 14 of FIG. 1 and includes provisions for breaking 
the continuity of signal buses 28, 30 and 32. The video portion of module 
500 includes a video driver 540 and video buffer 542 similar to those of 
FIG. 2 and a selectively conductive video signal path, functionally 
represented by series switch 544, for breaking the continuity of video bus 
28 and for applying video signals to buffer 542 from either of the 
separated portions of the bus, such as described with respect to 
connection stage 40. Resistor switch arrangements 546-548 provide proper 
characteristic impedance terminations for the separated portions of bus 28 
when switch 544 is non-conductive, in a manner similar to that described 
with respect to connection stage 40. The audio portion of module 500 is 
substantially similar to connection stage 44 of FIG. 1, as indicated by 
the use of the same reference numbers in these FIGURES. 
Modules 400 and 500 include logic circuits 410 and 510, respectively, which 
correspond in function to the slave logic units shown in FIG. 1. As 
previously noted, control signal generated by the slave logic units are 
also coupled to a remote control input of the associated component via a 
remote control operation line, for remotely controlling the operating 
functions of the associated component. Modules 400 and 500 include 
terminals 450 and 550 for providing connection of the remote control lines 
between the module and the remote control input of its associated 
component. 
Although a particular arrangement of switches has been shown, other 
arrangements are possible within the scope of the present invention. For 
example, although two series connected switches 114a and 114b are shown in 
FIG. 1, for breaking the continuity of video bus 28, it is to be 
understood that a single series switch such as 114a could be used for 
breaking the continuity of video bus 28. 
Additionally, further signal switches could be added to the interconnection 
system for allowing even greater simultaneity of operation. For example, 
with reference to FIG. 1, again two series audio switches 142 and 144 can 
be used to couple together the ends of audio buses 30 and 32 at connection 
stage 36 to the ends at connection stage 50, so as to form a circular bus 
configuration, as indicated by dashed lines 146 and 148 in FIG. 1. These 
and other modifications are considered to be within the scope of the 
following claims.