Digital micromirror shutter device

There is disclosed a device that consists of a micro-mechanical switch consisting of an electrode, a gap between the electrode and an individually deflectable element, which has a vertical shutter attached to its underside. When the electrode is addressed the movement of the deflectable element causes the shutter to raise or lower. Such a device can be used in switching. One embodiment of such a use in waveguides is disclosed along with the method of manufacture.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention deals with a structure substantially similar to deformable 
mirror devices (DMDs), and more specifically with a device that has 
individually deflectable elements. 
2. Background of the Invention 
Digital micromirror devices also known as deformable mirror devices, (DMDs) 
normally consist of a reflective surface suspended over an array or series 
of electrodes. In some instances, the reflective surface is a thin film 
membrane. The type of DMDs of concern are another kind, the type where the 
reflective surface is divided up into individually controllable mirrors, 
each separate from the others. 
These DMDs are normally manufactured by forming an array of electrodes on a 
substrate, covering the array of electrodes with a polymer spacer, 
covering the spacer with metal, which is patterned to form access holes 
and to form the individual mirrors and hinges, then etching out the spacer 
layer, leaving portions of the spacer to support the mirror metal. In some 
DMD structures, all of the spacer layer is removed and metal posts are 
used to support the mirrors. The resultant individual mirrors consist of 
an addressing electrode, at least one support post, and a mirror suspended 
over an air gap over the electrode. 
Some of the configurations of these devices are the cantilever beam, the 
torsion beam and the flexure beam. The cantilever beam DMD has a mirror 
supported on one of its sides. The mirror is attached to the support by a 
single thin hinge allowing freedom of movement. When the electrode 
underneath the air gap is electrically addressed, the mirror is 
electrostatically attracted to the electrode and deflects downwards on its 
hinge. The torsion beam DMD is attached by two hinges that are on opposite 
sides of the mirror. This type of DMD typically has two address 
electrodes. When one of the electrodes is addressed, the mirror is 
electrostatically attracted to that electrode, causing the mirror to tip 
to the side on which the addressed electrode is located, torquing about a 
center beam defined by the two hinges. The flexure beam DMD has four 
hinges, one on each of four sides. When the single electrode, located 
directly under the flexure beam, is addressed, the mirror deflects in a 
piston-like motion. 
The applications of these devices cover many areas such as printers, 
display systems, switching networks and many others. The structure of the 
DMD device has many possible applications as a switch or controller. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Objects and advantages will be obvious, and will in part appear hereinafter 
and will be accomplished by the present invention which provides a 
structure for raising or lowering a metal shutter. The structure consists 
of a substrate, an electrode, and a metal element, which may be 
reflective, suspended over the electrode above an air gap. The metal 
element has a vertical structure attached thereto. When the electrode is 
addressed, the metal element deflects causing the attached vertical 
structure to move with the metal element. 
The device is manufactured as follows. An electrode is formed on a 
substrate. The wafer is coated with an organic polymer spacer. The spacer 
is patterned and covered with metal. The metal is patterned and etched to 
form hinges and movable metal elements, which include the vertically 
attached structures. The wafer is then divided and the spacer level 
removed to allow the metal elements to move over air gaps.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The basic DMD structure can be altered for many purposes. Because of its 
ease of deflection, it is particularly adaptable to act as a controllable 
shutter device, with a vertical structure attached to the underside or top 
of the metal element that moves as the metal element moves. A few 
modifications must be made to the manufacture process of the DMD in order 
to form this vertical structure called a shutter. 
The process flow is shown in FIG. 1. In step 10, the determination must be 
made if the shutter device is to be used in waveguides, since these 
require different initial steps in manufacture. If the answer is no, the 
process moves through path 12 to step 14. In step 14, electrodes are 
formed on the substrate, which may be silicon or gallium arsenide. The 
electrodes can be formed in many ways, one of which is to deposit, pattern 
and etch a metal layer. Other ways include forming the electrode in 
polysilicon, and diffusing or implanting an electrode. After the 
electrodes are formed, the process flows to step 16 in which the wafer is 
coated with a polymer spacer layer. As part of this step, and depending on 
the device type, the polymer can be patterned such that when metal is 
deposited upon it, support posts and the shutter will be formed. The next 
step, 18, is when the metal elements, hinges, and shutters are formed by 
depositing a metal layer, patterning and etching. The first layer of metal 
is a thin layer for the hinges. This layer also fills the vias to form the 
posts, if posts are to be used, and the partial vias for the shutters. The 
thin metal layer is then covered with silicon dioxide which is patterned 
to cover the hinges. A thicker metal layer is then laid down and masked 
with silicon dioxide to form the metal elements. Finally, the entire 
structure is etched and the thick metal is removed everywhere but where 
the second mask has been left to define the metal elements. The thin metal 
is also removed everywhere but underneath the thick metal where it 
remains, and where the hinges were masked. The shutter can be oriented 
many different ways with respect to the metal element beam. Some of these 
orientations are perpendicular, diagonal, off-center, and on-center. A few 
of these many orientations will be discussed later. If this device is 
using vias, the hinge/beam metal fills them, forming support posts. In 
step 20 the wafer is divided into individual devices, possible by sawing 
the wafer. After the wafer is divided, the polymer spacer is removed in 
step 22. If the structure with metal supports is desired, all of the 
polymer spacer is removed. If vias were not patterned, a portion of the 
polymer spacer is left to support the metal elements. This allows the 
metal elements to move freely over the air gap that separates them from 
their electrodes. Finally, in step 23 the devices are packaged. The 
resultant device is a monolithic, as opposed to hybrid, structure. 
The alternate path that can be taken is path 24. This is if the shutter 
devices are to be used in waveguides. The process then moves from step 10 
through path 24 to step 26. In step 26 a lower layer for the waveguide is 
formed on the substrate. In step 28, the waveguide core is formed, 
followed by step 30 when the upper layer is formed. The upper waveguide 
layers are patterned and a gap is etched through the waveguide core. The 
process then continues to step 14 and flows as described above. The only 
difference is between the two resultant structures: the first structure 
has a DMD with a shutter hanging from it over an electrode on a substrate; 
the second structure has a DMD with a shutter hanging from it over an 
electrode such that the shutter will enter the waveguide gap when the 
electrode is addressed. 
FIG. 2a shows a top view of a torsion beam shutter device. Metal element 32 
is suspended over address electrodes 38a and 38b by hinges 36a and 36b. 
The hinges 36a and 36b are in turn supported by posts 34a and 34b, 
respectively. The metal shutter 40 is shown in this instance hanging over 
a gap 44 in a waveguide 42. The side view of this device is shown in FIG. 
2b. The metal element 32 is unaddressed in this state, with the shutter 40 
hanging over the waveguide gap 44. When the addressing electrode 38b, 
which is hidden in FIG. 2b by the waveguide 42, is addressed the metal 
element deflects towards the electrode, lowering shutter 40 into the 
waveguide gap 44, shown in FIG. 2c. This interrupts any light transmission 
through the waveguide gap and the device acts as an ON/OFF switch. 
Alternately, the DMD shutter could be fabricated such that the shutter is 
within the waveguide gap, or OFF, in the unaddressed state. In this case 
when the electrode on the opposite side of the metal element from the 
shutter, 38a, is addressed and the metal element tips the other way, it 
would lift the shutter out of the waveguide gap, thus allowing light 
transmission to occur across the gap, or ON, in the addressed state. 
Additionally, the device could be operated in an analog fashion. The 
distance of shutter deflection can be controlled by the amount of voltage 
applied to the address electrode. In this manner, the shutter could be 
partially lowered, to limit the amount of transmitted light in an analog 
fashion, to any level from full transmission to total cut-off. The is 
method is in difference to the previous addressing method where 
transmission attenuation was digital, i.e. only full-on or cut-off. 
An alternate embodiment of the torsion beam shutter device is shown in FIG. 
3a. In this configuration, the axis of the hinges 36a and 36b runs 
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide 42. The shutter 44 also runs 
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide 42, but still hangs over the 
gap 44. The top view in FIG. 3b shows the location of the addressing 
electrode 38b. Similar to the above discussed configuration, when the 
electrode 38b is addressed, the shutter tips from the unaddressed ON 
state, into the waveguide 42 and fills the gap 44, blocking light 
transmission, the OFF state. 
FIG. 4a shows a flexure beam shutter device. The metal element 32 is 
suspended diagonally over the gap and supported by four hinges. The top 
view 4b shows that the shutter 40 is in the center of the metal element 
32. The shutter 40 hangs perpendicular to the gap 44 in the waveguide 42. 
Note that there is only one addressing electrode 38, which resides under a 
majority of the metal element area. When the electrode 38 is addressed, 
the metal element moves down on its hinges 46a, 46b, 46c, and 46d. This 
causes the shutter 40 to enter the gap 44 as in the previous devices. 
Another embodiment is the cantilever beam shutter device, shown in FIG. 5a. 
The hinge 36 supports only on one side of the metal element 32. The 
electrode is similar to that of the flexure beam, in that it resides under 
a majority of the metal element area. FIG. 5b shows the side view of the 
device. Again, the cantilever beam shutter devices perform as the other 
devices previously described. 
A cross-section taken through the middle of the torsion beam 
shutter/waveguide device from FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c, is shown in FIG. 6. 
Layer 48 is the lower layer formed on the substrate. The waveguide core 50 
is on top of the lower layer. Upper layer 52 rests on the core. Address 
electrodes 38a and 38b are shown in this embodiment on the layer 52. 
Alternately, the electrodes could be placed elsewhere, as long as they are 
adjacent the metal elements and can cause them to deflect. Shutter 40 
hangs down from metal element 42 into gap 44. The distance across the gap 
54 can be patterned to any size desired. In one specific embodiment, the 
gap is 1 .mu.m wide. The core layer 52 consists of a 0.25 .mu.m thick 
layer of Si.sub.3 N.sub.4, sandwiched between to 2.5 .mu.m thick layers of 
SiO.sub.2. Another possible structure could have the shutter oriented on 
top of the element instead of hanging underneath it. This embodiment could 
be adapted to any of the above discussed devices. This alternative 
structure is shown in the torsion beam embodiment in FIG. 7a. The movable 
metal element has the shutter structure 40 on the top of it. In this 
embodiment, the axis of waveguide 42 is to the side of the metal element 
structure. When electrode 38a is electrically addressed, the metal element 
deflects towards it, lowering the shutter 40 into the gap 44. As discusses 
above, this device could also be operated in an analog fashion, wherein 
the distance of deflection, hence, the amount of light passing through is 
controlled by the amount of voltage applied. 
A process flow for the shutter device with the shutter mounted on the top 
surface of the device is shown in FIG. 7b. The flow is the substantially 
the same as in FIG. 1, except in three of the main flow steps. In FIG. 7b, 
the first difference occurs in step 56, where the spacer is coated onto 
the wafer. The spacer could be patterned with vias for posts if desired, 
as in FIG. 1. The partial vias for the shutter can be eliminated. The 
shutter does not hang from below the metal element in this embodiment. The 
next difference is in step 58, at which time the hinges and elements are 
formed. In FIG. 1, the hinges, elements and shutters could have been 
formed by laying down a thin metal layer, masking it, laying down a thick 
metal layer, masking it, and etching all of the metal. This process is 
similar except that the first layer will not be filling a partial via for 
the shutter as in FIG. 1. Additionally, the final etch of the metal layers 
is not accomplished in this step. Step 60 could be added to the process 
from FIG. 1. This step is necessary because the shutter has not been 
formed yet. The metal layers formed in step 58 consist of thin metal, a 
mask, thick metal and another mask. No etching has been done yet. In step 
60, another layer of metal could be deposited and masked to form the 
shutters. Then all three layers of metal and masks could be etched, 
leaving three layers at the shutter, two layers at the metal element, and 
one layer at the hinge. The thickness of each layer can be varied to 
arrive at the optimal structure. 
The applications of this structure as a switch go beyond that in 
waveguides. It would be possible to use this type of device in many other 
applications as well. The switching speed and compactness of this 
structure make it superior over many micromechanical switches currently 
available. 
Thus, although there has been described to this point a particular 
embodiment for a DMD shutter device, it is not intended that such specific 
references be considered as limitations upon the scope of this invention 
except in-so-far as set forth in the following claims.