Integrated circuit on a monocoque suspension

A head suspension assembly (HSA) for positioning a floating head assembly over selected tracks on the surface of a rotating data storage device, said head suspension assembly comprising a first surface, a proximal end region, a gimbal region acting as a gimbal flexure, and a head assembly with electric terminals attached to the gimbal region. The HSA also includes a spring region adjacent the proximal end region and a monocoque region located in between the gimbal region and the spring region. The monocoque region is a hollow shell having a closed plane figure cross sectional profile and includes a ceiling region and a floor region separated and spaced from each other, and an aperture that traverses both the ceiling region and the floor region. An integrated circuit having a plurality of control pins and a plurality of read-write pins fits into the aperture. A first set of electrical conductors connects the head terminals to the read-write pins and a second set of electrical conductors connects the control pins to exit terminal means for electrically coupling the second set of conductors to circuitry outside of the head suspension assembly.

CROSS-REFERENCES 
The following application is related to a co-pending application entitled 
MONOCOQUE SUSPENSION by the same applicant. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The speed and capacity of today's computers requires storage systems that 
are capable of almost instantaneously retrieving and storing voluminous 
amounts of information. The preferred medium for achieving this objective 
is rotating data storage devices that store the information on disk files 
in dynamic storage devices or rigid disk drives. Disk files consist of one 
or more rotatable disks on which data is written concentrically and at 
extremely high densities. Each one of the thin concentric circles where 
data is stored is called a track. When the data storage device is in 
operation, an extremely sensitive transducer reads and writes information 
to and from selected tracks. 
The transducer is usually attached to an air bearing slider which glides on 
a cushion of air nanometers away from the surface of the rapidly spinning 
disk. The transducer and air bearing slider assembly is also known as a 
"ehead" or head assembly. 
A head suspension, which in turn may be attached to and moved by an 
actuator arm, is the spring element that supports the head. Head 
suspension refers to either a suspension with a head attached or a 
suspension designed to hold a head. A suspension (or suspension assembly) 
usually includes a load beam element, having carefully loaded spring 
regions and rigid regions, and a gimbal spring to hold the head level over 
the surface of the disk. 
The carefully balanced combination of a suspension, a head, and other 
suspension related elements is known as a head suspension assembly (HSA). 
A multi-disk system will consist of several disks rotating in parallel to 
each other, with heads positioned both over the top and over the bottom 
surface of each disk by HSAs and actuator arms that resemble those of a 
turntable. The whole assembly moves in and out very quickly over the disk 
to access information. 
The average time required to get the head to a track is called average seek 
time (typically less than 10 milliseconds). The average time required for 
data to reach the head from any given point on the track as the disk turns 
is called latency time (typically less than 6 milliseconds). Average 
access time is the combination of the average seek and latency times. Long 
access times result in significant delays due to the large number of data 
transfers required by today's systems. Therefore average access time is a 
crucial factor in marketing and operating a disk file system. 
The closer the head can fly to the surface of the disk, the more densely 
can information be packed on its surface. Today's disk drives strive to 
reach head clearances close to 100 nanometers=0.1 micrometers (a human 
hair is 100 micrometers thick). Greater data densities allow for greater 
storage and smaller size. But the head must not touch the disk ("crash"), 
as the friction caused by the high rotational speed of the disk may damage 
the surface of the disk, thus destroying the data stored on it, as well as 
the head itself. 
Constantly maintaining the desired head clearance is not an easy task as, 
when measured in nanometers, the surface of the disk is not flat and the 
head has to glide level and in parallel to the disk's contours. To 
compound the problem, the suspension which supports the head experiences 
extreme stresses as the actuator arm moves it rapidly from one concentric 
circle of data to the next. A suspension must be extremely stiff and rigid 
to withstand the shear forces of stop and go movement with minimum 
deflection. Stiffness measures the property of a material to resist 
deflection by the inertial loads involved in accelerations and 
decelerations. The suspension must also resist vibration after movement, 
as this delays the precise positioning of the head required for reading 
and writing closely packed data. Motion vibrations and excessive momentum 
cause the head to "overshoot" the intended thin track of data and take 
unacceptably long times to settle, thus causing errors and increasing the 
average access time. As momentum is directly related to mass, a heavy 
(large mass) head suspension assembly will increase momentum and average 
access times. The suspension must also account for thermal expansion and 
surface vibration due to external forces. 
Since the revolutions per minute (RPM) of the disk are constant, the 
velocities of the surface of the disk and of the air stream increase as 
the head moves away from the center of the disk. Therefore, as the 
suspension moves from the inside track to the higher linear velocity 
outside tracks of the disk, it must resist changes in overall elevation. 
To hold the head at a controlled height the suspension must balance the 
pressure over the head to compensate the variable opposite lift of the 
changing air stream on the slider. 
While being moved, the suspension must not twist (torque), or one corner of 
the head will be too close and the other too far from the disk surface. 
Yet, when flying over a single track, the suspension must be compliant to 
some pitch about a first axis and some roll about a second axis orthogonal 
to the first, in order to adjust the flight of the head over the contours 
of the disk. Thus, a flexible gimbal area which allows the head to remain 
level relative to the surface of the disk, even while a rigid region of 
the load beam experiences changes in inclination due to elevation changes, 
is desired. Yet, construction of this area must be as efficient as 
possible. Forming processes that change the topology of the suspension's 
surface to achieve gimbal flexibility add complexity to the manufacturing 
process. 
The suspension and the head also must be very light and have a low mass to 
reduce inertial momentum during each positioning movement. A large mass 
would result in sluggish head movement, overshoot problems, crashes, 
errors, and long access time. The farther this added mass is from the 
center of rotation of the HSA, the more the suspension acts as a lever 
that magnifies its effect. This is compounded in more complex systems that 
consist of many suspensions moving in unison. Small reductions in the mass 
of each suspension also permit significant reduced power to the actuator 
assemblies having multiple suspensions. This results in reduced power 
consumption and reduced heat buildup. 
During normal reading and writing operations a multitude of electrical 
signals must travel back and forth from the head. These signals encode the 
bits (ones and zeroes) of information just retrieved by the transducer or 
the new information to be stored to the disk. Today's systems write and 
read millions of bits in a matter of seconds. 
To assure reliable and efficient systems, data transmission must be fast, 
yet very accurate. Letters and words are recognized by their respective 
bit sequences. An error in the transmission of one bit of information will 
result in an unidentifiable or mistaken sequence. Wrong sequences 
translate to wrong letters and eventually to garbled information and 
instructions. 
Conductors must carry the bits back and forth between the head and the IC. 
Two of the factors likely to alter the precision of electrical data are 
parasitic capacitances and series resistances in these conductors. Both 
capacitance and resistance increase in a directly proportional 
relationship to the length of the conductor relaying the electrical 
signal. The weaker the signal, the more susceptible it is to these 
influences, leading to transmission errors. 
In disk drives, the most troublesome signal conduction path occurs between 
the head and the IC. To be properly decoded and amplified, signals sensed 
by a head transducer must be relayed to the processing and amplifying 
circuitry. But the read signals travelling this path are relatively weak. 
Therefore, they are very susceptible to electrical distortion due to the 
thermal noise of the conductor resistance and to the low pass resonant 
circuit formed from the parasitic capacitance of the conductors and the 
inductance of the transducer coil. Even the seemingly short path between 
the head and circuitry located past the actuator arm may contain enough 
parasitic capacitance and resistance to significantly distort the signals 
and limit the data rate. 
A solution to this problem is to shorten the distance between the head and 
the integrated circuit containing the processing and amplifying circuitry 
(commonly called the read/write chip). The shorter the conductor path the 
better the electrical purity of the signal. Some disk drive systems place 
an integrated circuit (IC) that performs the necessary functions on the 
rigid actuator arm. 
The use of the actuator arm has the advantages of offering an ample stable 
rigid surface on which to place an IC and make all the necessary 
connections. The ICs required to drive the heads demand a large number of 
input, output, voltage, ground, and control signals. ICs are fragile, so 
it is preferable to place them on a rigid stable surface. 
However, the path between the actuator arm and the head is still relatively 
long. Placing the IC even closer would further reduce the distorting 
influences. But this requires a flat rigid surface with enough room to 
place the IC and to route and connect the plurality of conductors (usually 
ten or more) required to relay signals to and from the IC. This surface 
must be flat and strong enough to shield the IC from twisting or bending 
to prevent breakage of the fragile ICs. To provide undesired thermal 
expansion, it also must provide a way to dissipate the heat generated by 
the electronic components in the IC. 
The placement of the IC and the conductors must not affect the spring and 
load characteristics of the suspension. Added mass, especially near the 
head, greatly increases the inertial momentum and places great strain on 
the suspension. Also, not only do conductors require space, but they also 
have a stiffening effect on spring areas of the load beam and especially 
on the gimbal, which is usually the most flexible part of the suspension. 
Optimally, the electrical conductors and the IC must be securely attached 
in order to reduce movement and vibration which causes fluctuating input 
and output impedances. They must exhibit low profiles, in order to fit in 
today's compact disk drives, and must have reliable and easy-to-use 
connection points. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention reduces the distance between the head and amplifying 
and processing integrated circuitry by placing the IC directly on the 
suspension. In order to do so, it discloses a novel monocoque HSA 
structure that offers a flat and extremely rigid monocoque region. This 
monocoque suspension is low in mass, yet extremely strong and able to 
withstand increased momentum and torque forces. The monocoque region 
includes a well-ventilated cavity specially suited to securely contain and 
protect the IC and its terminals. The monocoque suspension also requires 
minimal surface processing, leaving a flat unformed surface on which to 
run electrical conductors. The absence of alterations to the surface 
topology eliminates additional steps in the manufacturing process. The IC 
on this monocoque suspension is easy to mount and to service. 
A head suspension assembly (HSA) positions a floating head assembly over 
selected tracks on the surface of a rotating data storage device. 
Interconnect systems on a HSA electrically couple the head to processing 
and amplifying circuitry. The present invention discloses a head 
suspension assembly comprising a first surface, a proximal end region, and 
a gimbal region placed at a distal end. It further includes a head 
assembly attached to the distal end region, a spring region adjacent the 
proximal end region, and a monocoque region located in between the distal 
region and the spring region. 
The monocoque region is a hollow shell having a closed plane figure cross 
sectional profile. It includes a stiffener ceiling region and a floor 
region separated and spaced from each other. The monocoque region has 
middle aligned apertures, one traversing the stiffener region and one the 
floor region, shaped to receive and ventilate an integrated circuit (IC). 
A processing and amplifying IC, commonly called a read/write chip, may be 
substantially encased in between the two apertures. The operation of the 
IC is controlled by the inputs it receives at its various control pins 
(which include voltage and ground pins). The IC also includes a plurality 
of read-write pins, that receive and send input and output signals to the 
head assembly. 
A first set of electrical conductors runs directly on a surface of the 
monocoque suspension and connects electrical terminals on the head to the 
read-write pins on the IC. Likewise, a second set of electrical conductors 
connects the control pins on the IC to exit terminal means for 
electrically coupling the second set of conductors to circuitry outside of 
the head suspension assembly. Although the monocoque structure allows 
enough space for almost any conductor known in the art, a preferred 
interconnect system uses strip conductors that resemble those of a printed 
circuit. To facilitate connection to circuitry outside the HSA, the HSA 
may include exit terminal tabs placed at edges of the proximal end region. 
The monocoque region can consist of one or more pieces. Methods known in 
the industry, such as welds, adhesive, or crimping, can attach the pieces 
together. The shell itself can include concave surfaces joined by soft 
round angles, planar surfaces joined by sharp radial breaks, or 
combinations of both rounded and planar surfaces. The pieces can be made 
of metal, alloy, ceramics, plastics or other substances with high 
stiffness to weight ratios. Lips and flanges can extend at any junction to 
facilitate assembly and attachment. U-shaped or electro-polished lift 
surfaces may be added at sharp edges. 
A preferred embodiment of this suspension can be fabricated with stainless 
steel that is thinner than that of ordinary load beams. The thinner 
material allows for bending at spring regions without necessitating any 
surface material removal. 
None or minimal etching or material removal is necessary to fabricate the 
monocoque suspension, so the surface of the suspension remains flat and 
smooth. This allows electrical conductors that resemble printed circuits 
to run the length of a face of the suspension. Flex circuits and other 
suitable conductors also can be used. The conductors can be deposited 
directly on the surface of non-conductive suspensions, be individually 
electrically isolated, or rest on an added dielectric insulating coating. 
Additionally, a partial groove on selected areas of the load beam and 
gimbal region can receive the conductors and/or the insulating coating.

DESCRIPTION 
The present invention is an improved suspension for positioning a floating 
read-write head assembly over selected tracks on the surface of a rotating 
data storage device. It includes a stiffening monocoque shell and a more 
efficient construction. This allows for a more precise, stiffer, lighter, 
and more efficiently manufactured head suspension assembly. Additionally, 
the absence of a need for additional processing, leaves on the suspension 
a smooth, flat surface ideal for placing electrical conductors. 
A monocoque shell is a structure in which the outer skin carries all or a 
major part of the stresses. A cross sectional cut along a plane 
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a monocoque shell results in a 
closed plane figure such as an ellipse or a polygon. This stress bearing 
structure puts material at the optimal points and spreads the loads. 
Monocoque shells have been successfully applied in aircraft and race car 
construction where extraordinary rigidity and stiffness is required, but 
reduced weight is needed for optimal performance. Since the stiffness of a 
beam increases in proportion to the third power of the thickness of the 
cross-section of the beam, the added thickness of a closed figure 
monocoque shell cross-section can increase stiffness by orders of 
magnitude in comparison to traditional planar beams. The fact that the 
shell is hollow and that it can be fabricated with relatively thin walls 
further results in reduced mass. 
Typical suspensions (or suspension assemblies) include an elongated load 
beam, usually consisting of regions that are reinforced, prestressed, 
bent, or etched according to the need for rigidity or flexibility, a base 
plate at one end for mounting the load beam to an actuator arm, and a 
gimballing flexure at the other end for maintaining the head level near 
the surface of the disk. The combination of all the suspension elements 
and the head form part of a head suspension assembly (HSA). A HSA also 
includes conductors for transmitting electrical impulses to and from the 
head. 
To accommodate a fragile IC and its additional mass, a suspension must be 
extremely stiff. Since stiffness increases in proportion to the third 
power of thickness, common methods for increasing the rigidity of a HSA 
include bonding additional layers of stiffening material or using a 
thicker material. Both methods require changes of the surface topology of 
those portions of the load beam which require flexibility by etching, 
bending or prestressing the material. 
Suspensions made of thick materials are heavy and often require extensive 
surface processing. But neither wires nor thin and fragile insulating 
layers and electrical conductors readily transit through hinges, 
depressions, or raised reinforced areas. Suspension surfaces that have 
sharp edges or irregular surface topologies may chafe the outside 
insulator on wires or even sever electrical conductors, causing short 
circuits or opens and making the conductors unreliable. Conductors placed 
on the outer surface of bend regions may also fracture as the bend regions 
flex. Furthermore, processes required to change the surface topology of 
the spring areas increase production time and reduce the cost 
effectiveness of suspension assembly manufacturing. 
FIG. 1 shows a perspective exploded view of a HSA 10 according to the 
present invention. FIG. 2 shows the top view of a first surface assembled 
version of the same HSA 10 of FIG. 1. HSA 10 includes a load beam 12 
having a proximal end region 14, a distal end region 15 (shaped as a 
gimbal region 16), and a spring region 17. HSA 10 also includes a head 
assembly 18, an integrated circuit 20, and a stiffened and rigid monocoque 
region 30. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, thanks to the thinner materials that the 
monocoque construction allows, the gimbal flexure (the gimbal region 16) 
is part of the same structural element as the load beam 12 and is located 
at the distal end region 15 of the load beam 12. It is constructed for 
supporting the read-write head assembly 18, shown in FIGS. 1 and 5, for 
gimballed motion relative to the surface of the data storage device (not 
shown). Shaping the distal end portion 15 of the load beam 12 as a gimbal 
region eliminates the need to attach a separate gimbal region structure 
and simplifies construction. A separate gimbal region may still be used in 
other embodiments. 
Another detail shown in FIG. 1 is how the proximal end portion 14 can be 
shaped as necessary for attachment to an actuator arm (arm not shown), or, 
alternatively, for attachment directly to an actuator system in FIG. 2. 
The spring region 17 is adjacent to this proximal end portion 14 and in 
between the proximal end portion 14 and the rigid monocoque region 30. 
Spring region 17 provides needed vertical compliance for the load beam 12. 
The monocoque region 30 is located between the distal end region 15 and the 
spring region 17. As shown in its cross-sectional cut shown in FIG. 4, the 
monocoque region 30 is a hollow shell having a closed plane figure cross 
sectional profile. It includes a ceiling region 32 separated and spaced 
from a floor region 34 and covers or encases an inner chamber between the 
two. The whole monocoque region 30 can be a unitary part of the load beam 
12 or be formed by separate pieces. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, a 
monocoque shell 31 attaches to the load beam 12 to form the monocoque 
region 30. The monocoque shell 31 is a separate sheet material element 
formed to fit in an abutting complementary relationship over the load 
beam's floor region 34. 
The monocoque shell 31 can be attached by welds 60, which can be seen in 
FIG. 2, to the top surface of load beam 12 to form the monocoque region 
30. The two elements can also be crimped or adhesively bonded together. 
Lightening holes 56, such as those shown in FIG. 1 and 2, can be made in 
selected reduced stress bearing areas to further lighten the HSA 10 
without appreciably reducing its stiffness. The same holes 56 or 
additional ones can perform as alignment and tooling holes. 
FIG. 4 shows the closed figure cross-sectional profile of the monocoque 
region 30 at line 4--4 and how the monocoque shell 31 may mount onto the 
load beam 12 to form the monocoque region 30. The monocoque structure has 
excellent longitudinal stiffness and torsional stiffness due to the high 
cross section stiffness obtained from the separation distance of the 
ceiling region 32 and the floor region 34. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, 
the monocoque shell has side walls 36 projecting from the ceiling region 
32, the walls separating the ceiling region 32 from the floor region 34. A 
step lip 37 extends from the edge of the side walls 36 to facilitate 
attachment. The step lip 37 includes a first bend step 38 extending 
generally outwardly and generally perpendicularly from the side flanges 
and a second bend step 39 extending generally away and perpendicularly 
from the first bend. As the edges of the thin shell are razor-sharp, the 
step lip 37 may finish in an electro-polished or U-bend lift surface 40 
extending in a 180 degree soft radial break away from the second bend step 
39. 
The increased structural stiffness created by the design of the monocoque 
region 30 allows for thinner material to be used to construct the load 
beam 12, gimbal region 16, and the monocoque shell 31. In this embodiment, 
the load beam 12 is a wedge-shaped stainless steel sheet.apprxeq.30 
micrometers thick. The thickness of the material in a typical load beam 
is.apprxeq.65 micrometers. A separation distance in this embodiment 
between the ceiling region 32 and the floor region 34 of only 250 
micrometers results in an overall thickness for the monocoque region 30 of 
310 micrometers. This yields an increase in stiffness in the magnitude 
of.apprxeq.(310/65).sup.3 .apprxeq.108:1 ratio over previous HSAs. That is 
a hundred-fold increase in stiffness, without any significant increase in 
mass. 
The thickness of the material in typical load beams often necessitated that 
the thickness of the spring regions be reduced by additional processes or 
that thinner gimbal regions be added in order to obtain the desired 
flexibility. However, in the version depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, the 
uncommonly thin load beam material allows for the construction of spring 
regions where material removal is not necessary. In this specific 
suspension format, the monocoque shell 31 tapers down towards its distal 
end and the thin distal end portion 15 of the load beam 12 can be shaped 
as a rectangular tongue to naturally provide part of a gimballing spring 
region for attachment to the read-write head assembly 18. The distal end 
region 15 could be shaped differently to adjust to other gimbal designs or 
a separate gimbal might be added. 
Thanks to the monocoque region very few areas may need additional 
reinforcement. Supporting base plate 42, more clearly seen in FIGS. 1 and 
5, is an example of possible added support for the proximal end portion 
14. The surface dimensions of the supporting base plate 42 are normally 
congruent with the surface dimensions of the proximal end portion 14, to 
assure a perfect fit. Welds 62, seen in FIGS. 2 and 9, join the proximal 
end portion 14 to the supporting base plate 42. If additional vertical 
compliance is needed, spring region apertures 64, seen in FIGS. 1-3, or 
reduced thickness areas can be incorporated into the spring region 17. 
The IC 20 used in the embodiments in FIGS. 1-3 is VTC's VM 711420 xA 
removed from its plastic casing (the packaged version number is VM 711420 
POJ). It measures 1.96.times.2.26.times.0.38 mm. As shown in FIG. 8, it 
includes a plurality of control pins 22 (including voltage and ground 
pins) and a plurality of read-write pins 21 (the pins that relay the 
read-write operations of the transducer). A first set 23 of electrical 
conductors connect electrical head terminals 25 on the head assembly 18 to 
the read-write pins 21. A second set 24 of electrical conductors connects 
the control pins 22 to exit terminal means 70, shown in FIG. 9, that 
electrically couple the second set 24 of conductors to circuitry outside 
of the HSA 10. 
To help place and ventilate the surfaces of the IC 20, the monocoque region 
30 has a ceiling aperture 50 traversing the stiffener ceiling region 32 
and a floor aperture 51 traversing the floor region 34. The apertures are 
shaped to receive the IC 20 and encase it generally inside the hollow of 
the monocoque region 30. These apertures are only possible due to the 
monocoque region's unprecedented stiffness. Similar apertures on 
traditional load beams could seriously weaken their structural strength. A 
version without a ceiling aperture, and therefore even better structural 
stiffness, also is possible. If no apertures are desired, the entire 
suspension also can be designed to serve as a heat sink to funnel away the 
heat generated by the IC 20. 
The apertures are aligned directly atop each other and are shaped to 
receive the IC 20 and encase it in the hollow chamber inside of the 
monocoque region 30. In a preferred embodiment, the ceiling aperture 50 
has a shape that is similar to the shape of the IC 20, but is 0.50 to 0.25 
millimeters smaller than the chip 20 at each edge. This creates an overlap 
edge 53 all around the ceiling aperture 50. 
In turn, the floor aperture 51 is larger than the IC 20 and overlaps 
ceiling aperture 50. IC 20 can be inserted into the monocoque cavity of a 
finished suspension through floor aperture 51. It then can be centered 
against the ceiling aperture 50 and attached at its edges to the overlap 
edge 53. Although in a preferred low profile monocoque HSA embodiment the 
VTC IC may slightly protrude, the space inside the monocoque region 30 is 
large enough to totally encase a custom IC and all of the connections to 
its pins. The conductors can be attached to the IC pins by traditional 
wire bonding. The aperture 50 allows the IC 20 to use the disk below as a 
fan to dissipate heat and ventilate the surface of the IC 20. Also it 
allows addition of the IC 20 to be one of the last steps of manufacture of 
the HSA 10, thus eliminating possible thermal damage during welding or 
fractures caused by stress while fitting different parts. 
The apertures 50 and 51 can adjust to fit different IC 20 designs. FIGS. 6 
and 7 use a different streamlined elongated IC design that allows further 
reduction on the length of the first set 23 of conductors between the head 
terminals 25 and the read/write pins 21. Custom made ICs could be placed 
at the very tip of the distal end of the monocoque region 30 to further 
reduce the conductor length. 
In the embodiments shown, the load beam 12 and gimbal region 16 are 
essentially planar and have two faces or sides. The use of a raised shell 
region only partially disturbs the profile of one face (second surface) of 
the load beam 12. The stiffness of the monocoque region 30 and the use of 
thinner materials that do not require additional surface processing leaves 
a first surface 13 of the suspension, shown in FIG. 2, with an essentially 
smooth and flat surface topology. The first surface 13 includes a flat 
surface along the load beam 12 and a flat surface along the gimbal region 
16. Taking advantage of the relatively smooth and flat first surface 13, 
the first and second set of electrical conductors extend longitudinally 
over at least a portion of the length of the first surface 13. The 
conductors can be connected directly to pins already on the IC 20. The 
length, number, and position of the conductors may change according to the 
signal transmission needs of a given IC 20 and head assembly 18. Since 
there is so little surface processing, conductors could also run on 
portions of the second surface of the load beam 12. 
The exit terminal means 70 include at least one electrical terminal tab 80, 
better seen in FIGS. 1 and 9, that extend outwardly from sides of the 
proximal end portion 14 of the load beam 12 to facilitate connection to 
circuitry outside of the suspension 10. These terminal tabs 80 include a 
proximal end portion of the second set 24 of electrical conductors, side 
wings 84, and an axis of bend 86 generally parallel to the sides of the 
proximal end portion 14. The side wings 84 extend outwardly in the same 
plane as the load beam 12 from a side of the proximal end portion 14 of 
the load beam 12. The second set 24 of conductors spreads into a wider 
contact pad ends 88 at the edge of the terminal tab 80. 
The axis of bend 86 is parallel to the edge of the proximal end portion 14. 
Along the axis of bend, the side wings may bend up to 90 degrees for 
easier connection. In order to reduce the tension and stress on the 
conductors at the bend, the second set 24 of conductors traverses the axis 
of bend 86 at an acute angle. A smaller angle between the conductors and 
the axis of bend 86 results on a reduced stress on the outer fibers of the 
conductors. The same angled layout may be used when conductors traverse a 
spring region 17 or gimbal region 16. 
The HSAs shown in the drawings all include exit terminal means 70 that 
include two terminal tabs 80, each located at one side of the proximal end 
portion 14. At least half of the second set 24 of conductors ends at one 
terminal tab and the rest end at the other. 
If welds 60 and 62 are used to assemble the HSA 10, the electrical 
conductors are spaced from the weld pattern to prevent thermal damage. The 
conductors can be printed circuit conductors, flex circuit conductors, or 
other reliable conductors. They can be formed directly on a surface of the 
load beam 12 using known methods such as vapor deposition or 
photolithography. Another method is for the conductors to be made of a 
conductive material laid down in long strips atop a thin insulating 
coating 72 which electrically isolates the conductors from the load beam 
12. An adhesive may double as an insulating coating 72 and as a bonding 
means. A layered structure of a metal load beam, a dielectric layer, and a 
conductor layer is also possible. 
For non-conductive suspensions or for independently electrically insulated 
conductors, the insulating coating 72 would not be necessary. In the 
present 300 series stainless steel embodiment, the insulating coating 72 
consists of polyamide resin.apprxeq.6.35 micrometers thick. The 
combination dielectric adhesive and an anodized aluminum load beam and/or 
monocoque shell also could be used. The conductive material is 
copper.apprxeq.6.35 micrometers thick and.apprxeq.50 micrometers wide. 
Other materials with good conductivity, such as copper alloys, can also be 
used. The conductors are spaced.apprxeq.50 micrometers apart from each 
other. Other similar materials commonly used in the industry of varying 
thicknesses and widths also could have been used for both the insulating 
coating 72 and the conductors. 
In order to solve potential problems caused by conductor mechanical yield 
stress in the spring regions due to the sandwich construction of the load 
beam 12, insulating coating 72, and conductors, a groove 74, shown by FIG. 
10, can be manufactured or etched on selected surfaces of the HSA 10 to 
receive the insulating coating 72 and/or the conductors. Critical 
flexibility areas on which grooves 74 may be placed are the surface of the 
spring region 17 of the load beam 12 and the surface of the gimbal region 
16. The grooves 74 also may run the whole length of the conductors on the 
HSA 10. Laying the conductors in the partial groove 74 reduces the 
distance from the outer fibers of the conductors to a neutral axis of bend 
of the spring regions. This reduces the stress effects on the conductors 
and the rigidity the additional elements add to the spring regions. 
In the depicted embodiments the monocoque shell 31 is made preferably of 30 
micrometer thick stainless steel. It attaches by six weld points 60 to the 
floor region 34 of the load beam 12. The monocoque shell 31 also can be 
adhesively bonded or crimped to the load beam 12 or can be molded of the 
same piece of material than the load beam 12. For still other embodiments, 
the monocoque shell 31 and the load beam 12 can be made of different 
materials. Preferred materials are those with an elastic modulus and a 
density similar to those of stainless steel. In order to satisfactorily 
flex at the spring regions, the material for the load beam 12 element must 
be formable to set the load that balances the slider's air bearing 
pressure. But it must also have a high yield strength to prevent plastic 
deformation during normal operation. In contrast, the monocoque shell 31 
experiences minimal flexure, so an anisotropic material, such as alumina 
ceramics, can be used, as well as isotropic materials such as metals, 
alloys, or graphite fibers. 
The shape of the monocoque region 30 may vary in different versions of the 
present invention. It can be more rounded, with softer angles. It can have 
shell side walls with longitudinally extended flanges attached to 
longitudinally extending load beam flanges which project away from the 
floor region 34. In yet another embodiment (not shown), the monocoque 
shell 31 and the load beam 12 could be one single piece. The load beam 12 
can either be casted directly with a monocoque region 30, or a monocoque 
region 30 can be formed by bending a side flap from the load beam 12 over 
the floor region 34 to form the monocoque shell 31 and then securing the 
edges of the flap to the edges of the load beam 12. 
Basic Parameters of a Method for Manufacturing the Invention 
The HSA 10 may be made by the following process: 
First, form a load beam 12 of a substantially planar and resilient 
material. A preferred load beam 12 is wedge shaped and has a proximal end 
portion 14 and a distal end portion 15. It also has a smooth first surface 
13 and a second surface. The proximal end portion 14 may be shaped for 
attachment to an actuator arm for systems that so require it. The distal 
end region may be shaped as a gimbal region 16 for supporting a head 
assembly 18 for gimballed motion relative to the surface of the data 
storage device. The load beam 12 also has a spring region 17 adjacent the 
proximal end portion 14 and a rigid floor region 34 between the spring 
region 17 and the gimbal region 16. The rigid floor region 34 will include 
a floor aperture 51 shaped to receive the IC 20. 
The next step is to shape a monocoque shell 31, preferably out of a thin 
sheet of material. In this monocoque shell 31, side wall regions 36 
support a flat ceiling region 32. The ceiling region 32 includes a ceiling 
aperture 50, that may have a similar but smaller shape than that of IC 20, 
and thus create an overlap edge 53. 
We then proceed to attach the monocoque shell 31 over the floor region 34 
of the second surface of the load beam 12, whereby the monocoque shell 31 
and the load beam 12 form a stiffened monocoque region 30 encasing an 
inner chamber between the load beam 12 and the monocoque shell 31. The 
floor aperture 51 is aligned with the ceiling aperture 50. 
An amplifying and/or processing IC 20 is provided and its edges are 
attached, usually by an adhesive, through floor aperture 51 to the 
overlapping edges 53 of the ceiling aperture 50. The IC has a plurality of 
control pins 22 and a plurality of read-write pins 21. Next, a head 
assembly 18, including electric terminals 25, is provided. It couples to 
the distal end portion 15. As the head may swivel or pivot with respect to 
the gimbal, the word "couples" is used to better describe this mechanical 
interaction. 
The next manufacturing step involves connecting a first set 23 of 
electrical conductors between the head terminals 25 to the read-write pins 
21. Finally, a second set 24 of electrical conductors is connected between 
the control pins 22 to exit terminal means 70 for electrically coupling 
the second set of conductors to circuitry outside of the head suspension 
assembly. The conductors usually run on the smooth first surface 13. 
Connections between the conductors and the pins can be accomplished by 
wire bonding. 
The HSA 10 of the present invention offers stiffness that is orders of 
magnitude greater than that of the prior art, without any significant 
increase in mass. In fact, the described suspension have lower mass (and 
therefore weigh less), be easier and more efficient to manufacture, and 
reduce expensive etching and tooling. The rigidity of the HSA and the 
absence of surface topology processing leaves an optimal flat, smooth, and 
unmarred surface for placing the sets of electrical conductors for 
connection with the IC 20 inside the monocoque region 30. This 
significantly reduces the IC to head conductor length and therefore 
dramatically improves signal transmission by diminishing parasitic 
capacitances and resistances. 
Although the present invention has been described with reference to 
preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that 
changes may be made in the form and detail without departing from the 
spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims which follow.