Dental surgery apparatus capable of supplying three separate fluids to connected instruments

In dental surgery apparatus, provided with the usual compressed air and water circuits supplying power and spray to drills and other instruments, use is made of a reservoir from which to dispense physiological saline into a pipeline connecting with the main water supply circuit; upstream of the resulting connection, the respective lines carrying saline and spray water are controlled by a 3-way, 2-position valve that permits of alternating from one source of liquid to the other as required.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to dental surgery apparatus provided with 
means by which instruments, connected to the apparatus, can be supplied 
with at least three distinct fluids, for example air and water, and in 
addition, a physiological, medical or other similar solution. 
During the course of a session of dental treatment, the practitioner will 
often invest the treatment area with air and/or water, though only in the 
preparatory stages prior to commencing any surgical operation, or when 
inspecting the oral cavity. During surgery proper, either the practitioner 
or an assistant will flood the affected area with a physiological liquid 
in such a way as to cleanse tissue isotonically of any accumulating 
debris; the liquid most widely used is a 0.9% sterile solution of sodium 
chloride in distilled water. 
The use of a physiological solution in surgery is essential at the present 
time in view of the fact that the water supplied to the instrument 
circuits is drawn directly from the local domestic main; notwithstanding 
the water from a typical domestic supply may be potable, it will be 
neither sterile nor physiological, and given that the area to be flooded 
is in effect an open wound, cannot be used without the risk of infection. 
Conventionally, these physiological solutions are dispensed by means of an 
independent auxiliary instrument, whereas the basic surgery instruments 
(turbine and micro drive drills, chip blower etc.) are embodied with air 
and water circuits only, as discernible from numerous patent 
specifications pertinent to the art field in question, for example U.S. 
Pat. No. Re. 28,390. 
Observing the drawings that accompany the U.S. patent specification in 
question, it will be seen that there are two parallel passages running 
through the handpiece of each instrument and terminating at its projecting 
end; these passages are connected with respective supplies of air and 
water, and converge substantially on the point of an attachment or bit 
fitted to the handpiece. Whilst the illustration in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 
28,390 refers only to the turbine drill, the design of the handpiece 
remains substantially the same for the micro and the chip blower also, at 
least as far as the air and water supply passages are concerned. 
Given the manner in which the various instrument handpieces available to 
the dentist are structured, as described above, and considering the 
frequency with which the physiological solution is applied, the need for a 
chairside assistant to be constantly in attendance is readily 
understandable; in effect, the absence of the assistant, even if moving 
away but momentarily to perform another task, dictates necessarily that 
the dentist discard the instrument currently in use, take up the tube from 
which the physiological solution is dispensed so as to flood the treatment 
area, replace the tube, and then take up the instrument required for 
continuation of the treatment. 
Such a situation tends to prolong the duration of surgery, thus causing 
unease to patients by reason of their being kept in an essentially 
uncomfortable posture, and produces a certain disenchantment deriving from 
the laboriousness of the procedure. At the same time, the speed gained by 
enlisting the services of an assistant can be offset by a lack of 
first-time accuracy, resulting in the necessity for repeated applications 
of the solution. 
Accordingly, the object of the invention is to embody dental surgery 
apparatus in such a way that a physiological solution can be supplied to 
the instruments attached to such apparatus, accurately and without delay, 
at any given moment. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The stated object is realized with dental surgery apparatus according to 
the present invention. Such apparatus is of the type provided with fluid 
circuits from which air and water are directed to a plurality of 
permanently connected instruments, a reservoir containing a supply of 
physiological or medical, healing or other similar solution, and a 
relative fluid line connecting the reservoir to the water supply circuit. 
The apparatus disclosed also features three-way directional control over 
the water supply circuit and solution reservoir line at points upstream of 
their mutual junction, which can be switched to keep either one of the two 
fluid sources open at any given time. 
One of the advantages afforded by the apparatus disclosed is that of 
simplicity in construction, gained by a convenient integration of the 
solution line and its switchable control facility into the existing fluid 
circuits of conventional apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
With reference to FIG. 1, apparatus according to the invention consists in 
a plurality of dental surgery instruments 1 (drills, chip blower, etc.) 
connected in conventional manner to circuits denoted 8 and 16 through 
which air and water are supplied to the relative handpieces. 
Certain of these instruments 1, for example the turbine drill, connect with 
two air circuits (power and spray), whereas other instruments such as the 
chip blower 10, connect only with the spray air circuit 16. 
It will be observed that the main water circuit 8 presents a first branch 9 
from which a line 6a is taken to the chip blower 10, and further branches 
denoted 11 from which relative lines 6b are taken off to the remaining 
instruments 1. Conventionally, on-off means 7 are installed between the 
first and second branches 9 and 11, as in FIG. 1; such means 7 are 
pedal-controlled for the most part and operated directly by the user of 
the apparatus, generally in conjunction with similar means 7a controlling 
the air circuit 16. 
With the exception of the water line 6a to the chip blower 10, the lines 6b 
branching to each of the various instruments 1 are controlled by relative 
on-off means 5b which open at the moment when the instrument is taken up 
for use; more exactly, such means take the form of solenoid valves 5b 
located in the instrument holder T of the apparatus, which excite only 
when the handpieces are removed from the holder and therefore remain 
closed as long as the relative instrument is not in use. In the case of 
the chip blower 10, on the other hand, on-off means 5a are embodied 
typically as mechanically operated valves located downstream of the 
handpiece and manipulated by the user. 
Thus, with the exception of the chip blower 10, each instrument 1 comprises 
two different sets of on-off means 5b and 7 controlling the relative fluid 
circuits, of which the means 5b located farthest downstream along the flow 
direction are activated automatically on taking up the handpiece, and the 
means 7 upstream activated manually, or in effect, by depressing a pedal. 
Apparatus according to the present invention is provided with a reservoir 2 
containing a supply of physiological, medical, healing or other solution 
dispensed by way of a relative supply line 3 into the main water circuit 
8. 
The solution pipeline 3 and water supply circuit 8 are governed jointly by 
means 4, interlocked to a suitable control medium, that permit of blocking 
either one of the two sources at any given time. Operation of the means 4 
in question corresponds exactly to that of a two-position three-way 
directional valve, and will be described shortly. Typically, the reservoir 
2 takes the form of a compressible container 17 embodied in waterproof 
material, which is filled with the physiological solution 18 and 
accommodated internally of a rigid or pressurizable container 19. The 
interior of the compressible container 17 connects with the supply line 3 
in a fluid-tight fit, whereas the pressure container 19 is hermetically 
sealed in such a way as to create a chamber 20, entirely encompassing the 
compressible container 17 and in receipt of compressed air from a remote 
source 21. 
Thus, a rise in pressure within the chamber 20 will compress the inner 
container 17, which in turn collapses and forces physiological solution 18 
into the one available route of escape, i.e. the supply line 3. 
Alternatively, the compressible container 17 might be omitted, in which 
case the solution 18 would be invested directly by the compressed air and 
forced into the supply line 3. 
It will be observed from FIG. 1 that the solution line 3 connects with the 
water circuit 8 at a point upstream of the first branch 9. 
With apparatus according to the present invention, it suffices to operate 
the directional valve 4 to connect the downstream part of the water 
circuit 8 either with the solution line 3 or with the section of the 
circuit 8 lying upstream of the valve 4; switching the valve 4 to the 
reservoir position, the chip blower 10 or a selected instrument 1 will be 
supplied with solution 18 in place of water, whereupon switching back 
again restores the water supply. 
With the exception of the three-way directional valve 4, the operation of 
apparatus according to the invention is essentially no different to that 
of conventional surgery apparatus; considerable advantage is thus gained 
by users, especially as regards familiarization with the workings of the 
newer arrangement. 
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the chip blower 10 is also an 
instrument of the type enabled for operation by a solenoid valve 5a 
mounted to the holder T; accordingly, the water and air circuits 8 and 16 
for all instruments are controlled by the pedal-operated valves 7 and 7a, 
and the junction of the solution line 3, directional valve 4 and water 
circuit 8 occurs upstream of the branch 9, but in this case downstream of 
the relative pedal valve 7. Provision might be made also for a branch 12 
in the air circuit 16, between the relative pedal valve 7a and the chip 
blower 10, from which to run a line 13 for operation of the reservoir 2. 
In a preferred version of this embodiment, the line 13 in question will be 
provided with on-off means 14 interlocked to the three-way direction valve 
4 in such a way as to assume the `on` state whenever the line 3 from the 
reservoir is activated. 
Operation of this embodiment remains substantially the same as in the case 
of the embodiment of FIG. 1, with the sole difference that the reservoir 2 
will be charged with pressure only at the moment when the solution 18 is 
required; in effect, operating the three-way valve 4 to connect the 
reservoir 2, the interlocked on-off means 14 will in turn direct 
compressed air to the chamber 20 when the relative air circuit 16 is 
activated. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the solution dispensing line 3 presents a 
plurality of branches equivalent in number to the number of instruments 1 
to be supplied with the physiological solution 18; each such branch 
connects with the single water line 6 to a respective instrument 1 at a 
point downstream of the on-off means 5 (5 V solenoid valve) by which the 
line is controlled. 
Needless to say, the number of three-way valves 4 will be equal to the 
number of branches, and on-off means 15 (likewise solenoid valves) will 
also be provided on the solution lines 3a branching to the different 
instruments 1. Such means 15 operate in the manner of the valves denoted 
5, i.e. whenever the handpiece is taken up for use; in short, the 
three-way valves 4 and the solenoid valves 15 are installed in the holder 
T. The reservoir 2 can be pressurized by air taken from the instrument 
supply circuit 16, as in the embodiment of FIG. 2. 
In this particular embodiment, the user has only to activate the three-way 
valve 4 corresponding to a given instrument 1 in order to activate the 
flow of solution 18, leaving the water or solution lines to the remaining 
instruments undisturbed.