Integrated system for the extraction of heavy ash, conversion thereof into light ash and reduction of unburnt matter

The present invention is about a process for treating all the ashes produced by a coal dust boiler (1), able to reduce the total unburnt matter content, to increase the combustion efficiency of the boiler (1), and to have the light ashes as the only waste arising from the coal combustion. In particular, said process provides for the extraction of the heavy ashes (4) from the boiler bottom (23), the ashes coming from the hoppers of the economizers (5) and the fraction of light ash richer of unburnt matter coming from the filters (11) used to collect the dust from the flue gas; said ashes are mixed in a silo (15), proportioned and transferred in one or more feeders (17) of the coal mills (18), and reintroduced in the boiler (1) after being mixed with the coal through the burners (2).

The thermoelectric power plants using coal as a fuel have often the problem to discharge the ashes obtained as a coal combustion by-product. The possibility to use the volatile ashes as a concrete additive often allows to transform the discharge costs into an economic benefit, on condition to comply with the severe quality rules imposed by concrete manufacturers. The most important parameters which restrict the ash reuse in concrete manufacture are the unburnt matter percentage, which has to be lower than 5%, and the granulometry. In the steam production boilers provided with the new combustion systems for obtaining the nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction it is more and more difficult to limit the unburnt matter percentage in the ash produced by the coal combustion, either for the heavy or the light ash.

At present, in the plant engineering field, the volatile and heavy ashes, and the ashes coming from the economizer hoppers, are handled by independent conveyance and stockage assemblies, with consequent useless increases of investment and management costs. Furthermore, the light ashes collected in the hoppers of the last electrofilter sections, although not being so much in mass percentage, have a considerable unburnt matter content (20%÷30%) which contributes to increase the unburnt matter average quantity of all the light ashes.

Concerning the heavy ashes extraction, with reference to the European Patent No. 0 471 055 B1, the traditional system for the heavy ashes dry extraction provides for the ash to be extracted from the bottom of the boiler and then cooled, ground and subsequently sent to the dedicated stockage silos or mixed with the light ashes. In the cited traditional system, to obtain a heavy ash size compatible with the light ones, dedicated grinding mills are used. However, this operation involves a considerable wear of the grinding mechanisms and a considerable energy consumption, and furthermore the final product characteristics are similar but not identical to that of the light ashes, due to the difficulty to obtain a sufficiently fine size.

To recover the energy from the unburnt matter, particularly rich in heavy ashes, a further improvement has been obtained in a lignite power plant, where the dry extracted heavy ash only, after being cooled and ground, is mechanically conveyed to the fuel storage silos upon humidification. The problem related to this application is in the fact that the lignite mills, of hammer type, provides for a rather coarse size of the exiting ash particles with the consequence that, when the heavy ashes are conveyed to the boiler, a small percentage only of said ashes has a sufficient fine size in order to be conveyed by the flue gas together with the light ashes. This involves an increase of the flow rate of the heavy ashes extracted from the boiler bottom, but without influence on the unburnt matter content of the light ashes.

Therefore, the present invention has the double purpose to reduce the content of unburnt matter in the light ashes and to convert the heavy ashes of the economizers into light ashes, sending all these ashes, together with the fraction of volatile ash richer of unburnt matter, to the coal mills and from there to the boiler through the fuel burners.

The light ashes collected in the last hoppers of the electrofilters11, in the hoppers of the air-flue gas exchanger10, in the hoppers of the economizers5and the heavy ashes4are conveyed by a single pneumatic transportation assembly19to a cyclone15, the conveying air, together with the fraction of thinner ash, is sent to the boiler1preferably in the hottest area above the burners, while the heavier fraction, proportioned and mixed with the fuel in the coal feeders, is ground by the coal mills and injected in the boiler through the burners.

All the ashes, when sent to the boiler together with the coal dust, undergo a heating process at temperatures of 1500÷1600° C. At these temperatures, the combustion processes are activated, considerably reducing the final content of unburnt matter. Furthermore, the so powdered ash, having a very fine granulometric distribution, is such to be conveyed by the combustion flue gas, with a minimum increase of the standard flow rate of the heavy ash to be extracted from the boiler bottom. Thus, with the present invention, in case of installation on existing dry extraction plants, it is not required to adjust the flow rate of the existing machines.

It should be pointed out that the same reference numbers in the different Figures indicate the same or equivalent parts.

The present invention is related to a dry extraction and conveyance system of all the ashes produced in a coal dust boiler1, and to the recirculation of said ashes in the boiler.

The light ashes collected by the hoppers of the last section11, or the last two sections11, of the electrofilter20are pneumatically conveyed to a separator cyclone15. In the cyclone15, the ashes with heavier fraction precipitate toward the bottom, while the lighter fractions are sucked from the top of the cyclone through a tube14directly connected to the boiler1, which is under vacuum. A check valve13is placed on the tube which connects the boiler1to the cyclone15, said valve allowing the conveying air to be sucked from the boiler1and avoiding the hot flue gas of the combustion chamber to be returned to the cyclone15in case of a pressure increment in the combustion chamber. Said check valve13is required for safety reasons, since the ash present in the cyclone15has a considerable quantity of unburnt matter which could catch fire in presence of hot combustion gases.

Any ash collected by the hopper of the air exchanger22is transferred, by the same light ash pneumatic conveyor, to the same separator cyclone15.

The ashes coming from the hoppers of the economizers5are discharged instead by gravity in the extractor3of the heavy ash system.

The heavy ashes are extracted from the boiler bottom23through an extraction system consisting of a hopper4, which connects the boiler1to the closed metal conveyor3able to extract the heavy ash and to convey and cool it in countercurrent thanks to inlet holes for the air sucked by the boiler1vacuum, through proper openings obtained on the machine6; downstream the extractor3, the heavy ash undergo the size reduction in two subsequent grinding stages, thanks to a grinder7followed by another grinder or mill8. The first grinding stage7serves for reducing the ash size to be transported with a vacuum or pressure pneumatic conveyor19. The pneumatic conveyor assembly19is the same for all the ash transportations. In this way, the heavy ash too is conveyed to the separation cyclone15as it happens for the other ashes.

The heavy ashes, if coarsely ground, can also be transported to the cyclone15by a mechanic conveyor27, being mixed in said cyclone15with the light ashes delivered with the pneumatic means19(seeFIG. 3).

The separation cyclone15, as well as having the function of a separator between ash and air, has also the function of storage silo. Each cyclone can feed one or more proportioning devices16, which serve to set the ash delivery as a function of the coal delivery entering the coal mills18. In this way, the ash delivery is mixed with the coal24present in the feeder17of the mill18, in order to always obtain a constant ratio.

The mixing with coal of all the treated ash, that is light ash11, ash coming from the air heaters10, ash coming from the economizers5and heavy ash4, in the feeders17, directly upstream the pulverizing mills18, allows an optimal ash distribution in the fuel. In this way, it is sufficient a single feeding point for the ash to distribute it in the coal, without having to feed it in each single burner2. In fact, it is known in the state of the art that each mill can feed several burners at the same time, typically three to five. Furthermore, this solution of feeding the ash directly in the coal feeder17assures a distribution of the thermal load quantity, due to the combustion of the coal contained in the ash, for each burner.

The total ash distribution to all the mill feeders allows to reduce as well the wear of the mill grinding elements, since the total ash delivery is split by the number of feeders17.

The recirculation of the light ash in the mills18involves a slight wear increase of the mill18grinding elements, since the light ash, being already very fine, is rapidly transported by the mill's air in very short times. The coarsest percentage only of the light and heavy ashes undergo pulverization in the coal mills18.

In case the unburnt matter content of the light ashes is very low, and thus not being convenient the recirculation in the boiler, the plant configuration is that shown inFIG. 2. In this case, the recirculated ash is only that coming from the boiler bottom23and the economizers5. All the ashes are pneumatically or mechanically transported to the ash separation and storage cyclone15.

InFIG. 4, the extraction of the ash from the cyclone15, connected to the boiler1through the aeration conduit14, is performed with a scraper chain conveyor25, and said ash is transported to storage silos26, one for each feeder of the coal mill18. For each storage silo26a proportioning device16is provided, to set the ash delivery. The ash weighed in this way by the proportioning device16is mixed with the coal in the mill18during the grinding process.