Rate control for multi-channel communication systems

Various methods and systems for determining reverse-link data rates in a multi-user communication system are disclosed. For example, an apparatus for controlling a data rate of at least a first UE in a multi-user communication system is disclosed. The apparatus may include a channel estimation device configured to determine channel estimates for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, a demodulation device configured to determine a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using the plurality of different channels estimates, and a data rate determining device configured to determine a first reverse-link data rate for the first UE using the first SNR.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to wireless communication. More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods and systems for determining reverse-link data rates and scheduling in a multi-user wireless network.

An orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) communication system effectively partitions an overall system bandwidth into multiple (NF) sub-carriers, which may also be referred to as frequency sub-channels, tones, or frequency bins. For an OFDM system, the data to be transmitted (i.e., the information bits) may be first encoded with a particular coding scheme to generate coded bits, and the coded bits can be further grouped into multi-bit symbols that are then mapped to modulation symbols. Each modulation symbol corresponds to a point in a signal constellation defined by a particular modulation scheme (e.g., M-PSK or M-QAM) used for data transmission. At each time interval that may be dependent on the bandwidth of each frequency sub-carrier, a modulation symbol may be transmitted on each of the NFfrequency sub-carrier. OFDM may be used to combat inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading, which is characterized by different amounts of attenuation across the system bandwidth.

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system can employ multiple (NT) transmit antennas and multiple (NR) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the NTtransmit and NRreceive antennas may be decomposed into NSindependent channels, with NS≦min {NT,NR}. Each of the NSindependent channels may be referred to as a “spatial subchannel” of the MIMO channel and corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system may likely provide improved performance (e.g., increased transmission capacity) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.

For a MIMO system that employs OFDM (i.e., a MIMO-OFDM system), NFfrequency sub-carrier are available on each of the NSspatial sub-channels for data transmission. Each frequency sub-carrier of each spatial sub-channel may be referred to as a transmission channel. Thus, NF·NStransmission channels are available for data transmission between the NTtransmit antennas and NRreceive antennas.

For a MIMO-OFDM systems the NFfrequency sub-channels of each spatial sub-channel may experience different channel conditions (e.g., different fading and multi-path effects), and may achieve different signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios (SNRs). Each transmitted modulated symbol may be affected by the response of the transmission channel on which the symbol was transmitted. Depending on the multi-path profile of the communication channel between the transmitter and receiver, the frequency response may vary wisely throughout the system bandwidth for each spatial sub-channel, and may further vary widely among the spatial sub-channels.

For a multi-path channel with a frequency response that is not flat, the information rate (i.e., the number of information bits per modulation symbol) that may be reliably transmitted on each transmission channel may be different from transmission channel to transmission channel. If the modulation symbols for a particular data packet are transmitted over multiple transmission channels, and if the response of these transmission channels varies widely, then these modulation symbols may be received with a wide range of SNRs. The SNR would then vary correspondingly across the entire received packet, which may then make it difficult to determine the proper rate for the data packet.

Since different transmitters and receivers may experience different (and possibly widely varying) channel conditions, it may be impractical to transmit data at the same transmit power and/or data rate to all receivers. Fixing these transmission parameters would likely result in a waste of transmit power, the use of sub-optimal data rates, and/or unreliable communication for various receivers, all of which leads to an undesirable decrease in system capacity.

The above discussion describes various problems with rate determination for reverse-link scheduling of any users. Unfortunately, in the case of MIMO communication systems, further difficulties arise with the simultaneous transmission of multiple streams from multiple antennas of multiple users.

Still further, the channel conditions may vary over time due to a wide variety of reasons. As a results the supported data rates for the transmission channels may also vary over time. Thus, the different transmission capabilities of the communication channels for different receivers, plus the multi-path and time-variant nature of these communication channels, and larger degrees of freedom in assigning different power and rates from different transmit antennas make it challenging to efficiently transmit data in a MIMO system.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, an apparatus for controlling a data rate of at least a first UE in a multi-user communication system includes a channel estimation device configured to determine channel estimates for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, a demodulation device configured to determine a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using the plurality of different channels estimates, and a data rate determining device configured to determine a first reverse-link data rate for the first UE using the first SNR.

In another embodiment, an apparatus for controlling a data rate of at least a first UE in a multi-user communication system includes a processing circuit coupled to a memory. The processing circuit is configured to determine a channel estimate for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, determine a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using the plurality of different channels estimates, and determine a first reverse-link data rate using the first SNR.

In still another embodiment, an apparatus for controlling a data rate of at least a first UE in a multi-user communication system includes a channel estimation means for determining a channel estimate for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, a demodulation means for determining a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using, the plurality of different channels estimates, and a determining means for determining a first reverse-link data rate using the first SNR.

In yet another embodiment, a method for controlling a data rate of at least a first UE in a multi-user communication system includes determining a channel estimate for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, determining a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using the plurality of different channels estimates, and determining determine a first reverse-link data rate using the first SNR.

In still yet another embodiment, an apparatus for scheduling data rates for a plurality of UEs includes a means for power controlling respective reference signals from the UEs, and a means for determining a reverse-link data rate for the respective UEs using the pilot signal.

In still another embodiment, a computer-readable memory device contains a plurality of computer-based instructions. The computer-based memory includes first code for determining a channel estimate for a plurality of different reverse-link signals to produce a plurality of channel estimates, second code for determining a first signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio for the first UE using the plurality of different channels estimates, and third code for determining a first reverse-link data rate using the first SNR.

As discussed above, different transmitters and receivers may experience different (and possibly widely varying) channel conditions, and thus it may be impractical to transmit data at the same transmit power and/or data rate to all receivers. Since fixing these transmission parameters would likely lead to an undesirable decrease in system capacity, it can be advantageous to determine the optimal transmission power levels and data rates for each transmitter when possible.

While the following discussion is directed to an MIMO-OFDM communication system by way of example, it should be appreciated to those skilled in the relevant arts that the following discussion may also apply to SIMO-OFDM, single-carrier FDM (SC-FDM), CDMA, SDMA, and other communication standards as will be discussed below.

Referring toFIG. 1, an exemplary multiple access wireless communication system100according to one aspect is illustrated. As shown inFIG. 1, the multiple access wireless communication system100includes multiple cells102,104and106. In the aspect ofFIG. 1, each cell102,104, and106may include a Node B150that includes multiple sectors. The multiple sectors may be formed by groups of antennas with each antenna group responsible for communication with UEs in a portion of the cell. In cell102, antenna groups112,114, and116each correspond to a different sector. In cell104antenna groups118,120, and122each correspond to a different sector. In cell106antenna groups124,126, and128each correspond to a different sector.

Note that each exemplary cell102,104and106may include several UEs which are in communication with one or more sectors of each Node B. For example, UE130and UE132are in communication Node B142, UE134and UE136are in communication with Node B144, and UE138and UE140are in communication with Node B146.

As used herein, transmissions from a Node B to a UE are referred to as “forward-link”, while transmissions from a UE to a Node B are referred to as “reverse-link.”

In operation, several UEs may be in MIMO communication where multiple antennas in an antenna group communicate with multiple antennas of a UE. Multiple information streams may be transmitted between the Node B and UE in that mode. Other UEs may be communicating such that multiple streams are transmitted between each antenna group and multiple UEs. In such instances, the streams may be altered by several techniques to address users in different spatial locations, without interfering with the other UEs. One such approach of this type is referred to Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Continuing, various MIMO schemes that allow multiple users to transmit over a given bandwidth and time resource can be regarded as an SDMA scheme. A more complex form of SDMA can use a form of transmit precoding so that the users who are simultaneous scheduled over the same bandwidth and time resource experience low inter-stream interferences at their individual receivers. A third type of SDMA is to use a densely-spaced transmit antenna array which can generate multiple beams that geographically divide a sector into multiple sub-sectors. Note that UEs in sub-sectors that are spatially far apart can be simultaneously scheduled without causing a high interference with one other. Other types of SDMA may also be utilized.

During operation, each UE may be assigned a transmission/reverse-link rate and reception/forward-link rate, either by the UE or by a related Node B. In general, users in SDMA or multi-user (MU) MIMO mode are assigned different rates, potentially using different algorithms, than users in single user SIMO mode.

A different reverse-link multiple antenna mode is single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple streams are transmitted from multiple antennas from the same UE. Further, SU-MIMO UEs may be viewed as a special case of MU-MIMO UEs. For users with high enough geometry, SU-MIMO can provide high peak rate. Further, the capacity of SU-MIMO also scales linearly with the minimum number of transmit and receive antennas, thus fully utilize the resources in the system.

One of the design challenges associate with UL-MIMO schemes is rate determination. In a SIMO system, a Node B knows exactly how much rate should be assigned to each UE based on its reference power level (i.e., the power of a pilot signal generated by the UE that is sensed by the Node B if a pilot signal is used as a reference signal), power amplifier (PA) headroom, and the loading of other cells. In other words, the data rate available to a UE has a one-to-one mapping with the power spectrum density (PSD) ratio of the UE's transmission stream to the UE's reference signal. This PSD ratio is herein referred to as a transmit-stream-to-reference-signal (“TS/RS”) ratio. Note that an example of a TS/RS includes a T2P ratio, which may be used to denote a traffic-to-pilot power ratio for a SC-FDM, CDMA or SDMA reverse-link.

Unfortunately, in MU-MIMO-based or SU-MIMO-based operations, the Node B can not determine the optimal transmission rates that can be supported by each UE based on a simple TS/RS to rate mapping. In fact, a direct mapping would likely lead to overestimates of the assigned data rates. This, in turn, may result in suboptimal scheduling operation. Therefore, improved approaches to reverse-link transmission are desirable.

FIG. 2depicts a simplified OFDM wireless communication system200. As shown inFIG. 2, the communication system includes a first UE210having a first antenna212, a second UE220having a second antenna222, a third UE230having a third antenna232, and a Node B250having a base antenna array252. While the various UE antennas212,222and232are depicted as single devices, it should be appreciated that each UE210,220and230may incorporate any number of antennas as may be desired.

As the communication system200is OFDM based, the traffic data may be transmitted on a number of separate frequency sub-carriers (e.g., 128 frequencies) while the pilot signal may be provided on every Nth (e.g., 6th) sub-carrier. However, the particular number and configuration of traffic and pilot carriers is not particularly critical to the disclosed methods and systems, and thus may vary greatly in different embodiments.

In operation, each UE210,220and230can broadcast traffic and pilot signals to the Node B250. In turn, the Node B can provide control information to each UE210,220and230to control the power level of the traffic and pilot signals of each UE210,220and230, as well as provide scheduling information to enable a given UE210,220and230to transmit at certain times. The pilot signal may be sent continuously in each symbol period. It will be appreciated that the pilot signals alternatively may be time division multiplexed (TDM), SC-FDM, OFDM, CDMA, and so on. The pilot signal can be used as a reference signal for reverse-link power control. In certain embodiments, the reference signal may be provided by some other channels, such as CQI channel. In such a case, the reference signal may include forward-link channel information, e.g. a CQI report generated by the UE.

The Node B250can receive and convert the streams of transmitted wireless data and pilot/reference signals from the UEs210,220and230into analog signals, which may be monitored for power levels or any other indicator of channel quality. In turn, the analog signals may be used to generate power control and scheduling commands for the UEs210,220and230. Note that in various embodiments a pilot/reference signal may be transmitted and/or power-controlled from only one antenna of each UE.

For a UE with a single antenna communicating with the Node B250(which has multiple antennas), the reference/pilot signal (either pilot or a control signal such as CQI channel) may be closed-loop power controlled to the desired level to provide a reference for traffic channel power control. Generally, reverse-link traffic transmissions may be power controlled to the maximum allowed power spectral density (PSD) while maintaining a tolerable inter-cell interference level. The traffic channel PSD can be specified as a “ΔP” while the reference/pilot power level can be specified as “P0.” Thus, the TS/RS of this configuration may be signified as “ΔP/P0.”

Thus, once the PSD is determined, the data rate can be selected according to the traffic channel SNR. Accordingly, in this case there is a one-to-one mapping between the traffic channel PSD and the data rate.

On the other hand, for reverse-link MIMO operations, the traffic channel PSD and scheduled rate maybe decoupled. The rate selection in a system that assigns UEs to SU-MIMO or SDMA operation may be closely related to reference signal and power control, but still have some essential difference from those of SIMO operation. In certain aspects, the factors that are utilized for rate control include, but are not limited to: (1) the power of the reference/pilot signal transmitted from the UE, which is usually power controlled; (2) power control for the UE; (3) layer, i.e., the number of spatial streams being transmitted; (4) type of the receiver used at the Node B; and (5) different channels from any transmit-receive antenna pair.

Note that for MIMO operations, there may be multiple choices for the reference/pilot signal including: (A) from one antenna, (B) from all antennas simultaneously, or (C) from alternating antennas. Although over the long term, the channel statistical properties should be the same for different antennas, the realizations of the various available channels can be quite different due to fading. In addition, for instances where both external and internal antennas are made available (e.g., for a typical mobile device), antenna gains can be substantially different for the different antennas.

One solution can be to provide a power controlled reference signal, such as a channel quality information signal, using only the UE's primary antenna. One can then obtain the channel differences through the special design of a request channel, or through a more general broadband pilot design. This way, a given Node B can derive equivalent reference signal levels from all transmit antennas of the UE, yet maintain a relatively small overhead.

Once the reference/pilot power levels are determined, the delta PSD for a traffic channel can be determined based on loading on neighboring sectors, power amplifier headroom, path differential between serving cell and other cells, etc. Note that there may be differences in the determination of PSD for SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO. If multiple streams are transmitted from the same UE, then the total power of all streams should satisfy certain requirements that reflect the total PA headroom for that UE.

On the other hand, if all streams are transmitted from different UEs, then its PSD should satisfy that UE's PA headroom.

For sub-band scheduling, where users are scheduled on subsets of the entire number of sub-carriers, the users may be first grouped into various sub-bands based on a broadband pilot (e.g. pilot, or some other signaling channels such as request channel REQCH or CQICH). Within each sub-band, a device/scheduler can choose the users/layers to maximize the spatial separation while maintaining other QOS requirements. The spatial separation can be based on the channel estimates from either the broadband pilot or by a special request channel design.

Continuing, the received signal Y(k) for each UE antenna can be described by Eq. (1) below:

Y⁡(k)=∑i=1Ns⁢⁢Hi⁡(k)⁢Xi⁡(k)⁢Pi+N⁡(k)(1)
where k is the index of a frequency tone in the selected sub-band, Piis the transmitted power from the i-th stream and Hiis the vector frequency response of the channel for Nrantennas of the Node B. In some aspects, Hi(k) may be obtained from a broadband pilot or from a request channel. The transmitted power Pimay be determined from the reference signal level and ΔP in a scheduled sub-band.

The following notation will be utilized:(i) Nu=number of scheduled users;(ii) Ns=number of scheduled streams from these Nu users;(iii) Nr=number of receive antennas at the Node B; and(iv) Nt=number of the transmit antennas at the UE.

Continuing toFIG. 3, details of the Node B250ofFIG. 2are depicted. As shown inFIG. 3, the Node B250includes an analog front-end310, a power measurement device312, a channel estimation device314, a demodulation (“demod”) device316, a rate determining device318, a power control device320and a scheduling device322.

While details of the architecture of the Node B250are not shown, it should be appreciated that any known or later-developed architecture may be used as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

For example, in various embodiments, the various components310-322can take the form of separate electronic components coupled together via a single or a series of separate busses. Still further, in other embodiments, one or more of the various components310-322can take form of processors or even separate servers coupled together via one or more networks. Additionally, it should be appreciated that each of components310-322advantageously can be realized using multiple computing devices employed in a cooperative fashion.

It also should be appreciated that some of the above-listed components310-322can take the form of software/firmware structures and routines residing in a memory to be executed or worked upon by a controller, or even software/firmware routines or structures residing in separate memories in separate servers/computers being operated upon by different controllers.

In operation as streams of data traffic and pilot signals are received by the antenna array252, the analog front-end310can accept the received streams, condition the streams and provide the conditioned streams to the power measurement device312.

In turn, the power measurement device312may make various power measurements and determinations for each channel based on the data traffic and pilot signals provided by a UE. In various OFDM-based embodiments, the power measurement device312may measure each OFDM sub-carrier, determine the overall received power of each of the reverse-link channel signal, measure the pilot/reference sub-carriers, determine the PSD of the reverse-link channel signals, and determine of the ΔP/P0 for each channel.

In various embodiments the Node B may provide the PSD and ΔP/P0 determinations to the respective UEs using forward-link communication whereupon the various UEs may each determine and send information regarding a desired PSD that the UE desires (i.e., has made a determination that it would be advantageous) to use.

Next, the estimation device314may estimate the transmission channel for each OFDM sub-carrier of each reverse-link stream.

Once the various channel estimates H(k) are determined, the demodulation device316can determine the SNR of each OFDM sub-carrier.

In situations where the demodulation device316employs a minimum-means-square-error (MMSE) algorithm, MMSE weights for the jthOFDM stream may be given by Eq. (2):

Continuing, assuming that the channel estimates H(k) are made available by the channel estimation device314, the demodulation device316may calculate the SNR for each frequency/sub-carrier according to Eq. (3) below:

Using the SNRs are provided by the demodulation device316, an appropriate data rate may be then determined by the rate determining device318(typically by using a look-up table) while taking into account other considerations, such as a UE's PA overhead, the UE's existing or desired PSD, other sources of interference and so on.

As discussed above, a prominent problem with conventional data rate estimation approaches is the direct mapping between the data rate and the TS/RS ratio. This is true for SIMO transmission, but the rates are no longer valid for reverse link MIMO operations. The present approach alleviates this problem as the data rates produced by the rate determining device318are far better coupled to an SNR even in instances of reverse-link MIMO is complicated by simultaneous transmission of multiple reverse-link streams from different antennas. The exact rates are determined based on the knowledge of the receiver data processing architecture (such as MMSE or MMSE-SIC receiver).

Returning toFIG. 3, in embodiments where the demodulation device316a MMSE successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) algorithm, the order of cancellation should be determined. One solution is to sort the reverse-link sub-carriers according to the total received power (see Eq. (4) below) of each UE antenna, which as discussed above may be calculated by the power measurement device312.

For MMSE-SIC operations, it may be desirable to sort the UE's in a descending order of power, such that the strongest signals are canceled first. Note, however, that the particular MMSE-SIC ordering scheme can vary from embodiment to embodiment.

For MMSE-SIC-base receiver processing, the SNR for each stream after cancellation may be calculated by the demodulation device316using Eq. (5) below:

SNRj⁡(k)=⁢Pj⁢HiH⁡(k)⁢⁢{∑i=j+1Ns⁢⁢Hi⁡(k)⁢HiH⁡(k)⁢Pi+Rnn}-1⁢Hj⁡(k)(5)
which assumes perfect cancellation of interfering streams and white noise.

The supported data rate for the jthuser/stream can be then calculated by the rate determining device318based on the effective SNR, which may essentially the geometric mean from the SNR at different tones.

If perfect cancellation is assumed, then the last decoded user (the one with the lowest signal strength/PSD) does not suffer interference from all previously decoded UEs. It's data rate will in fact follow the same one-to-one mapping in the SIMO case. That is, the data rate for the last decoded UE may be determined as a function of the UE's transmit power, which can typically be controlled by a Node B. On the other hand, the early decoded users will have a data rate reduction due to the interference from the other streams.

It should be noted that such perfect cancellation may not always be assumed, and that other approaches accounting for more PA headroom should be provided.

Returning toFIG. 3, once the various SNRs and data rates for the various UEs is determined, the power control device318can assign an appropriate transmit power to the UEs, and the Node B250may provide such information to the respective UEs via a forward-link communication.

Additionally, the scheduling device322, using the information provided by the rate determining device318, as well as the ΔP/P0 information derived by the channel estimation device312, can schedule the various UEs to transmit at the appropriate frequencies and time slots that may likely optimize overall reverse-link transmission of the UEs.

For the descriptions above concerning the demodulation device316, it should be appreciated that there is no requirement that the SNR calculations of the present methods and systems be associated with any form of ongoing data demodulation. However, as SNR determination is traditionally accomplished in demodulators, for the present description the term “demodulation device” (and its derivatives) shall apply to any device capable of performing SNR determination regardless of whether or not its calculations are also used for other purposes.

FIG. 4is a flowchart outlining and exemplary process for determining reverse-link data rates in a multi-user communication system. While the steps ofFIG. 4are depicted in a particular order, it should be appreciated that various steps may vary in order from embodiment to embodiment, undergo alterations or possibly be eliminated in part as may be apparent to those skilled in the art.

The process starts in step402where a Node B can send control signals in forward-link so as to control the power levels of those UEs in communication with the Node B. In various embodiments, such control may extend to data traffic and pilot/reference signals transmitted by each UE. Next, in step404, the various UEs can send their respective data traffic streams and pilot/reference signals to the Node B using the power levels provided in step402As discussed above, a pilot/reference signal may carry CQI information, other forward-link communication information, status information regarding the respective UE, and so on. Control continues to step406.

In step406, various power measurements and determinations may be made for each channel based on the data traffic and pilot signal of step404including power measurement of each OFDM sub-carrier determination of overall received power of each of the reverse-link channel signal, measurement of the pilot/reference sub-carriers, determination of the PSD of the reverse-link channel signals, and determination of the ΔP/P0 for each channel. Next, in step408, the PSD and ΔP/P0 determinations of step406may be provided to, the respective UEs using forward-link communications. Then, in step410, one or more of the various UEs may each determine and send information regarding a desired PSD that the UE desires to use. Control continues to step412.

In step412a channel estimate for each reverse-link sub-carrier of each reverse-link stream may be determined. Next, in step414, the SNR for each reverse-link sub-carrier may be determined using Eq. (3) above (for MMSE detection) or Eq. (5) (for MMSE-SIC). As discussed above, the MIMO receiver processing may be accomplished using any number of approaches, including MMSE detection and MMSE-SIC detection. When MMSE-SIC is used, an order of cancellation may be determined using reverse-link signal strength per sub-carrier or using overall channel power as determined by Eq. (4), or otherwise determined using any number of known or later-developed approaches. Control continues to step416.

In step416, an appropriate data rate for each UE may be determined based on the SNR values of step410, as well as by using other criteria typically used in a like process, such as PA overhead of a UE, the PSD of a channel measured, a desired PSD of a UE, inter-cell interference, and so on. Note that for OFDM systems, data rate determination may involve determining viable data rates for different frequency sub-bands, determining data rates for different antennas of a single UE, and determining data rates for different UEs. Control continues to step418.

In step418, the Node B can determine a reverse-link schedule for the various UEs based on the data rates of step412, QoS of the UEs, PSDs and other pertinent information. Accordingly, the reverse-link traffic from the UEs may be optimized. Control jumps back to step402where the process may repeat as needed.

As mentioned above, while the discussion above is directed to an MIMO-OFDM communication system by way of example, it should be appreciated to those skilled in the relevant arts that the following discussion may also apply to SIMO-OFDM, single-carrier FDM (SC-FDM), CDMA, SDMA, and various other known and later developed communication standards. For communication standards where the PSD and ΔP/P0 of a reverse-link stream do not apply, these quantities may need to be replaced with signal power and target-to-pilot (T2P) ratio, respectfully.

The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units used for channel estimation may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. With software, implementation can be through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory unit and executed by the processors1390and1350.