Apparatus for applying a fluid under hydrostatic pressure to a moving web of material

An apparatus for applying a fluid to a moving carrier strip includes a distributor and a plurality of individual flow channels which together form a multi-jet nozzle. The individual flow channels in the form of capillary tubes are arranged at right angles to the distributor axis at equal distances along a longitudinal line parallel to the distributor axis. The capillary tubes protrude into an internal chamber of the distributor and the capillary tube located at each end of the longitudinal line protrudes further into the interior of the distributor than the other capillary tubes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a process for applying a fluid to a moving 
web of material and to apparatus for performing this process, having a 
distributor for the fluid. 
The fluid can be a liquid or a gas. In particular, in addition to 
homogeneous coatings, the process allows uniform wetting or rinsing of 
rapidly moving webs of material by means of liquids of any kind, such as, 
for example, water, acid, alkalis or solutions whose ingredients are 
caused to interact with the surface of the web of material. The web of 
material is in general a carrier strip, for example, an aluminum strip. 
The use of the present process is particularly advantageous in the 
production and further processing of offset printing plates. For example, 
the aluminum carrier material for the production of offset printing 
plates, after degreasing which is carried out with a pickling liquor, is 
rinsed very uniformly with water in order to avoid pickling spots. 
Moreover, the carrier material is rinsed in further process steps with 
surface-active solutions, surface-active ingredients being applied to the 
surface of the web of material via the wetting of the carrier material. 
Furthermore, the pretreated carrier material is coated with 
light-sensitive substances, which are applied in the form of a 
solvent-containing wet film to the carrier surface, and the solvents are 
then evaporated, so that the light-sensitive substances alone remain. 
Uniform wetting is also important in the development of exposed offset 
printing plates, which are contacted with developer solution in 
development apparatuses. 
Rinsing and/or wetting steps can be carried out in various ways, for 
example, by means of spray bars which are arranged transversely to the web 
of material and are equipped with specially designed spray nozzles for 
distributing the rinsing liquid. The number and shape of the spray nozzles 
per unit width depends here on the magnitude of the spray volume stream to 
be applied, the spray liquid being atomized by the nozzle pressure for 
fine distribution and/or being fanned out across the width of the web of 
material by a special design of the nozzles. This method is intended to 
achieve simultaneously continuous wetting of the web of material across 
the width and a rinsing action. 
A disadvantage of spray bars is that, during the atomization, undesirable 
aerosols are formed, particularly when acid- or alkali-treated webs are 
rinsed. Furthermore, it is a disadvantage of spray bars that the desired 
uniform distribution across the width of the web of material can be 
achieved only within a narrowly limited volume stream range for the 
rinsing liquid. Uniform rinsing is therefore frequently not ensured in the 
case of variable speeds of the web of material. In addition, the 
superposition of the spray cones of the adjacent nozzles leads to 
undesired fluctuations in the thickness of the liquid film applied, which 
fluctuations can cause non-uniform chemical reactions. 
In coating technology, processes are applied in which slot dies or film 
coaters produce a liquid film via a short liquid bridge or a free-falling 
curtain which coats and/or wets the moving web of material without 
contact. In the case of liquids with low film thickness or with high 
surface tensions, however, the film curtain frequently tends to have flow 
instabilities and tears due to constriction and drop formation across the 
width. The undesirable consequence thereof is unwetted areas on the moving 
web of material. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process and 
apparatus for uniform application of a fluid, in particular a liquid, to a 
moving web of material, which ensures splash-free coating, wetting or 
rinsing of the surface of the web of material, by avoiding formation of 
aerosols. 
In accomplishing the foregoing objects, there is provided according to the 
present invention a process for applying a fluid to a moving web of 
material comprising applying a plurality of discrete individual fluid 
streams to the moving web along a line transverse to the running direction 
of the moving web, the individual streams, upon striking the moving web, 
each coating a predetermined web width, wherein the distance between the 
individual streams is selected such that fluid bridges form on the moving 
web between the individual coated web widths to produce a fluid film 
covering substantially the entire coating width of the moving web and 
having a substantially uniform thickness. 
There also is provided according to the present invention a process for 
applying a fluid to a moving web of material, comprising the steps of: (a) 
introducing the fluid into a distributor positioned above the moving web; 
(b) passing the fluid from the distributor into a plurality of individual 
flow channels to form individual fluid streams, each flow channel having 
an outflow orifice; (c) depositing the individual fluid streams onto the 
moving web, the individual streams each coating a predetermined web width; 
and (d) forming fluid bridges on the moving web between the individual 
coated web widths. 
Preferably the frictional pressure drop in the fluid flowing along the 
distributor is smaller than the frictional pressure drop in the individual 
fluid streams flowing along the individual flow channels. Moreover, the 
frictional pressure drop along the individual flow channels preferably is 
greater than the maximum hydrostatic differential pressure established 
between the fluid in the distributor and the fluid cross-sections at the 
outflow orifices of the individual flow channels. 
According to the present invention, there is provided further an apparatus 
for applying a fluid to a moving web of material, comprising a distributor 
for the fluid positioned above the moving web and a plurality of 
individual flow channels contiguous to the distributor, wherein the 
individual flow channels are arranged at right angles to the distributor 
axis at equal distances along a longitudinal line parallel to the 
distributor axis. 
According to a first embodiment of the present apparatus, the individual 
flow channel comprises a capillary tube which is inserted into a bore 
formed in the wall of the distributor along the above-mentioned 
longitudinal line. In a second embodiment, there is included a slot die 
which is connected to the distributor via an elongated rectangular 
channel, wherein the individual flow channel comprises a capillary tube 
projected into the channel through a perforated outflow strip which seals 
the underside of the slot die. In a third embodiment, there is included a 
square-shaped outflow body of solid material adjoining a side wall of the 
distributor, wherein the individual flow channels comprise mutually 
parallel perforations formed in the outflow body. In a fourth embodiment, 
the individual flow channels comprise a plurality of parallel bores formed 
in the wall of the distributor arranged along a longitudinal line. In a 
fifth embodiment, there is included a pair of mobile pistons as the end 
faces of the distributor and means for adjusting laterally the positions 
of the pistons within the tubular distributor. In a sixth embodiment, the 
distributor comprises a first half which has a smooth boundary surface, a 
second half which has a boundary surface provided with fluted grooves 
which form the individual flow channels, and means for joining together 
said first and second halves. 
Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will 
become apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodiments 
that follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
According to the present process, the fluid stream to be applied to the 
moving web of material is passed transversely to the running direction of 
the web of material by means of the distributor and divided into a 
multiplicity of individual fluid streams which flow side-by-side onto the 
web of material and which, upon striking the web of material, each wet a 
predetermined web width, the distance between the individual volume 
streams being selected such that fluid bridges, which converge to give a 
uniformly thick fluid film which covers the entire coating width of the 
web of material, form between the coated web widths. 
In a further development of the present process, the frictional pressure 
drop of the fluid flowing transversely to the running direction of the web 
of material is selected such that it is substantially smaller than the 
frictional pressure drop in the individual fluid streams. Advantageously, 
the frictional pressure drop along the individual fluid streams is greater 
than the maximum hydrostatic differential pressure established between the 
fluid flowing transversely to the running direction and an outflow 
cross-section of the individual fluid streams. 
In an embodiment of the present process, the individual fluid streams are 
adjusted to turbulent flow conditions which, on striking the moving web of 
material, lead to rinsing in addition to uniform coverage with the fluid. 
In the process according to the present invention, the fluid is introduced 
into a distributor arranged transversely to the running direction of the 
web of material and forced fine distribution of the individual fluid 
streams is then obtained by means of a multiplicity of individual flow 
channels arranged along the distributor axis. The total fluid stream is 
divided over the width of the web of material into a multiplicity of 
individual fluid streams which each supply a defined web width with fluid. 
According to the present invention, an apparatus for applying a fluid to a 
moving web of material includes a multi-jet nozzle comprising a 
distributor and a plurality of individual flow channels, wherein the 
individual flow channels are arranged in equal mutual distances along a 
longitudinal line or a slot parallel to the distributor axis and at right 
angles to the distributor axis. 
In one embodiment, the individual flow channels comprise capillary tubes of 
a length 1, an internal diameter D.sub.i of about 0.2 to 3.0 mm and an 
external diameter D.sub.a of about 1.0 to 5.0 mm, wherein the capillary 
tubes are inserted into bores in the distributor wall along the 
longitudinal line via a snap fit or solder. 
In a further embodiment of the present apparatus, the multi-jet nozzle 
comprises a tubular distributor and a slot die which is connected to the 
distributor via an elongated rectangular channel, wherein the individual 
flow channels in the form of capillary tubes protrude into the channel of 
the slot die through a perforated outflow strip which seals the underside 
of the slot die. 
In another embodiment, the multi-jet nozzle comprises a hollow, cubic 
distributor and a square-shaped outflow body of solid material with 
mutually parallel perforations as individual flow channels, wherein the 
outflow body adjoins a side wall of the distributor, the side wall having 
wall bores flush with the individual flow channels. 
The multi-jet nozzle can also consist of only a tubular distributor in 
whose outer surface individual flow channels in the form of mutually 
parallel bores are arranged as a row of holes along a longitudinal line. 
In an additional embodiment, the multi-jet nozzle comprises a hollow, 
tubular distributor having mobile pistons as the end faces, the pistons 
carrying, in circumferential annular grooves, sealing rings which are in 
sealing contact with the inner wall of the distributor, and furthermore 
the pistons being laterally adjustable in the distributor by means of 
spindles. 
In a further embodiment, the multi-jet nozzle comprises a two-part 
distributor, the two halves of the distributor are held together by a 
screwed joint and one half has a smooth boundary surface, whereas the 
other half possesses a boundary surface provided with fluted grooves which 
form individual flow channels for the individual fluid streams. 
If turbulent flow conditions are established in the individual flow 
channels, the individual liquid jets striking the moving surface of the 
web of material additionally achieve a rinsing action in that region. 
If a very small distance between the web of material and the outflow 
orifice of the individual flow channels and laminar flow conditions in the 
individual flow channels are established, a closed laminar film curtain 
can be obtained immediately since, due to the effect of the surface 
tension of the liquid, the liquid jets form bridges between the channels 
immediately after emerging from adjacent individual flow channels. 
The simplest design of an individual flow channel represents a capillary 
tube of circular cross-section. However, any other cross-section can also 
be chosen, it being advantageous, when setting a laminar channel flow, 
when the tubes form, with their outflow orifices, a comb-like 
configuration and the tubes protrude from the distributor tube by a 
defined length. This ensures that the individual stream flows in the form 
of free-falling liquid jets that do not partially contract even in the 
case of relatively large distances of the multi-jet nozzle from the web of 
material and cause a flow instability. To obtain a turbulent outflow, 
however, a drilled row of holes in the shell material of the distributor 
or an additional perforated outflow strip can be used as the arrangement 
for individual flow channels, in which case the perforations in the walls 
of the distributor or in the outflow strip must have a sufficient length. 
With the present invention, the advantage is achieved that, particularly in 
the case of large safety distances between the application equipment and 
the moving web of material, the liquid can be applied very uniformly and 
free of aerosols. If laminar flow conditions are established in the 
individual flow channels, the individual volume streams or the liquid 
outlet jets can be applied completely without splashes to the moving web 
of material, the liquid jets converging on the moving web of material and 
forming a closed liquid film as a result of a suitable choice of the 
channel division across the width. This step corresponds to uniform 
wetting or homogeneous coating of the surface of the moving web of 
material. 
A further advantage of the present invention results from the fact that, 
due to the selection of a defined distribution of the length of the 
individual flow channels over the width of the web of material, a variable 
outlet velocity and thus also variable, but predetermined film thicknesses 
or a defined rinsing action can be achieved. 
FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows, in a perspective view, a multi-jet nozzle 1 
having a tubular distributor 2 which is supplied, via an inlet branch 3, 
with liquid which flows in the direction of the arrow A. The tubular 
distributor 2 has an internal chamber 39, shown in FIG. 2, into which the 
liquid flows. The horizontal inlet branch 3 is, for example, aligned with 
the distributor axis 9 and is fitted to one of the end faces 10 of the 
distributor 2. Of course, the inlet branch can also be aligned 
perpendicular to the distributor axis 9 and can extend in the middle at a 
right angle to a longitudinal line of the circumferential distributor 
surface or can be arranged at another point along the longitudinal line. 
Individual flow channels 4.sub.i for the liquid are defined by capillary 
tubes, which are inserted into the circumferential surface of the 
distributor 2 and are arranged along a longitudinal line of the 
distributor 2. The liquid flows vertically downwards through the 
individual flow channels 4.sub.i by flow deflection and onto a carrier 
strip 5 moving past horizontally in the direction of the arrow C at a 
distance y from the outlet orifices or the outlet cross-sections of the 
individual flow channels. From the outlet orifices of the individual flow 
channels 4.sub.i, the individual liquid streams or liquid jets 6 flow onto 
the surface of the carrier strip 5. As the individual liquid streams 6 
strike the moving web of material, liquid bridges 7 form between the 
liquid streams 6 and produce a closed liquid film 8 on the carrier strip 
5. 
The frictional pressure drop of the fluid or liquid flow along the 
distributor is substantially smaller than the frictional pressure drop of 
the individual flow streams 6 along the individual flow channels 4.sub.i. 
In addition, the frictional pressure drop along the individual flow 
channels is greater than the maximum hydrostatic differential pressure 
established between the chamber of the distributor and the individual 
outflow orifices or outflow cross-sections of the individual flow 
channels. As a result, there is uniform flow in the individual fluid 
streams and self-filling of the distributor chamber. 
FIG. 2 shows a perspective view, partially broken open, of the multi-jet 
nozzle 1 according to FIG. 1. The internal chamber 39 of the tubular 
distributor 2 has a diameter D and a width B. The individual flow channels 
4.sub.i or capillary tubes protruding into the interior of the tubular 
distributor 2 have a length 1 and protrude from the circumferential 
surface 11 of the distributor by a distance z. The circumferential surface 
11 of the distributor 2 is perforated along a longitudinal line 13, drawn 
in dashes, at a pitch t, and the capillary tubes having an external 
diameter D.sub.a of about 1.0 to 5.0 mm and an internal diameter D.sub.i 
of about 0.2 to 3.0 mm are snap fit, soldered or stuck into bores 12, thus 
formed, of the distributor having a wall thickness s. 
FIG. 3 shows, in axial section I--I of FIG. 2, a preferred arrangement of 
the capillary tubes. In this embodiment, the two capillary tubes 4.sub.l 
and 4.sub.n located at the outside ends of the tubular distributor 2 
protrude by a distance x of between about 6 and 12 mm further into the 
interior of the distributor than the other capillary tubes, so that 
automatic venting of the multi-jet nozzle 1 is obtained at these points, 
since the upper orifices of the two capillary tubes 4.sub.l and 4.sub.n 
protrude from a liquid level a' established in the distributor 2. 
The section II--II shows the detailed arrangement of the capillary tubes in 
the circumferential surface 11 of the distributor 2, for example by means 
of snap-fitting. 
The distance y of the outflow orifices of the two outer individual flow 
channels 4.sub.l and 4.sub.n from the web of material in the form of a 
carrier strip 5 is, for example, about 9 to 17 mm, whereas the distance y 
from the carrier strip 5 to the outflow orifices of the other individual 
flow channels of substantially equal length is only about 3 to 5 mm. 
The pitch t of the individual flow channels 4.sub.i is from about 1.5 to 7 
mm, preferably about 5 to 7 mm. 
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a partially cut-away second embodiment 
of the multi-jet nozzle 1 according to the present invention, having a 
slot die 23 and individual flow channels 4.sub.i in the form of capillary 
tubes, inserted therein, the index i meaning any particular capillary tube 
between 1 and the total number n. The capillary tubes of this embodiment 
are sealed at the underside of the slot die 23 by a perforated outflow 
strip 14 against an elongated rectangular channel 15 of the slot die 23. 
The slot die 23 has a cubic shape and extends on the underside of the 
tubular distributor 2 over the width B. 
FIG. 5 shows a section III--III transversely to the axis of the multi-jet 
nozzle in FIG. 4. The capillary tubes project from the underside of the 
outflow strip 14 and extend in the channel 15 of the slot die 23 to within 
about 6 to 8 mm of the connection orifice of the distributor 2. 
In place of the capillary tubes inserted into the slot die 23, one slot 
half of the slot die can be provided on one side with flow channels in 
such a way that grooves or flutes are milled in at a defined pitch t and 
the other slot half can be provided with a smooth boundary surface. A 
channel system of individual flow channels is formed upon assembly of the 
two slot halves, without an additional gap. This design is shown in the 
drawing in FIG. 10. 
The individual flow channels 4.sub.i project in the manner of a comb from 
the outflow strip 14. If the distance of the outflow orifices of the 
individual flow channels 4.sub.i from the carrier strip (not shown) is 
kept small, for example of the order of magnitude of about 1 to 5 mm, the 
emerging individual fluid streams should preferably have a laminar flow 
pattern. In place of the capillary tubes, perforations can be made in the 
outflow strip 14, in which case the outflow strip 14 must then have a 
corresponding wall thickness. In such an embodiment, turbulent flow 
conditions arise preferentially in the individual fluid streams, and these 
are applied in the case of relatively large distances between the outflow 
orifice of the individual flow channels and the carrier strip. 
FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of the present 
invention wherein the multi-jet nozzle 1 includes a hollow, cubic 
distributor 16, whose side wall 24 contains wall bores 18 along a 
longitudinal line 26. A square-shaped outflow body 17 of solid material is 
attached to the side wall 24 and includes perforations or individual flow 
channels 19 which are flush with the wall bores 18. The wall bores 18 
together with the individual flow channels 19 of the outflow body form the 
flow channels for broad constant metering of the liquid. In this case, the 
arrangement of the outflow tubes can also be aligned parallel to the 
running direction of the carrier material, so that the outflow jets or 
streams strike the web of material in the form of a parabola. 
FIG. 7 shows the section along the line IV--IV in the third embodiment and 
clearly shows that the distributor is cubic and hollow, while the outflow 
body consists of solid material in which the individual flow channels 19 
are arranged flush with the wall bores 18 in the side wall 24 of the 
distributor 16. 
A fourth embodiment of the multi-jet nozzle 1 according to the present 
invention is shown in section in FIG. 8. This embodiment consists of a 
tubular distributor 2, in whose outer surface 20 individual flow channels 
21, which are formed, for example, as a row of holes of mutually parallel 
bores, are present along the longitudinal line. This embodiment is 
preferably used for homogeneous coatings at very small distances between 
the multi-jet nozzle 1 and the moving web 5 of material. In this case, 
liquid jets flowing out of the individual flow channels 2 immediately form 
coherent liquid bridges in the wetting gap and a closed film curtain as is 
indicated in FIG. 8. The closed film curtain leads to a uniform, coherent 
film coating on the carrier strip 5. 
FIG. 9 shows, in longitudinal section, a fifth embodiment of the present 
invention wherein the multi-jet nozzle 1 has a continuously adjustable 
coating or rinsing width B. In this embodiment, the liquid flows into the 
middle of a tubular distributor 22 via an inlet branch 38 into the 
distributor chamber, through individual flow channels 4.sub.i, which are 
provided in the form of capillary tubes located opposite the inlet branch, 
and onto the carrier strip 5 which is to be treated. The distributor 22 is 
designed, for example, as a circular-symmetrical tube with a honed and 
tempered inner wall 29 and is closed on both sides by displaceable pistons 
25, 25 which carry sealing rings 27 in circumferential grooves 28. The 
annular grooves 28 are located adjacent the inner wall 29, against which 
the sealing rings 27, for example O-rings, bear. 
The pistons 25 are laterally displaceable by means of spindles 30. Any 
desired coating width B on the carrier strip 5 can be set by positioning 
of the pistons 25. The capillary tubes end flush with the inner wall 29 of 
the distributor 22 and project on the outside of the distributor wall. 
FIG. 10 shows a view of a sixth embodiment according to the present 
invention which includes a multi-jet nozzle 31 which consists of a 
two-part distributor 37. The two halves 33, 34 of the distributor of the 
multi-jet nozzle 31 are held together without a gap by a screwed joint 32. 
The liquid flows through an inlet branch 36 in the direction of the arrow 
A into the interior of the multi-jet nozzle 31. It can be seen from the 
section V--V in FIG. 10 that one half 33 has a smooth boundary surface, 
whereas the other half 34 possesses a boundary surface provided with 
fluted grooves which form a multiplicity of individual flow channels 35 
for the outlet of the liquid from the multi-jet nozzle 31 onto the carrier 
strip 5. The inlet branch 36 is fitted at a right angle to the distributor 
axis and laterally to the grooved half 34.