A plurality of bulges is molded into the heel portion or metatarsal portion of the bottom member of a shoe, the bulges respectively defining cavities. At least one restricted passageway is molded into the portion between the cavities. A sealing member is attached to the outer member by adhesive, whereby air at atmospheric pressure is permanently located in the space jointly defined by the passageway and the cavities.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,577,417, assigned to the same assignee as the present 
application, discloses a sole-and-heel structure having a premolded bulge 
under-the heel region, a premolded bulge under the metatarsal region and a 
passageway between the two bulges. Air in the cavities defined by the two 
bulges moves back and forth in the passageway. 
The present invention involves premolded bulges in the heel portion only 
which bulges are connected by one or more passageways, or premolded bulges 
in the metatarsal portion only connected by one or more passageways, or 
passageway connected premolded bulges in both the heel portion and in the 
metatarsal portion, but without passageways between the bulges in the two 
portions. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In summary, there is provided a molded, one-piece resilient outer member 
having a heel portion and/or a metatarsal portion, the outer member having 
interior and exterior surfaces and having a construction to be highly wear 
resistant to enable said exterior surface to contact a support surface 
during use, a plurality of bulges molded into one of the portions and 
projecting from the exterior surface, the bulges respectively defining 
cavities opening at the interior surface, the bulges projecting from the 
exterior surface without the application of any elevated fluid pressure in 
the cavities, at least one restricted passageway molded into-the outer 
member between the cavities and opening to the interior surface, a sealing 
member having a shape that matches the shape of the outer member, the 
sealing member being impermeable to air and having a sealing surface, and 
adhesive means between the sealing surface and the interior surface for 
hermetically attaching the sealing member to the outer member, whereby air 
at atmospheric pressure is permanently located in the space jointly 
defined by the passageway and the cavities, there being no passageways 
between the cavities and the other portion. 
The invention consists of certain novel features and a combination of parts 
hereinafter fully described, illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and 
particularly pointed out in the appended claims, it being understood that 
various changes in the details may be made without departing from the 
spirit, or sacrificing any of the advantages of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a sheet of shock absorbing 
material 10 includes a flat or planar configured base sheet 12 overlaid by 
a top sheet 14 of resilient or elastic material deformed upwardly at 
regular intervals to define upwardly extending but downwardly open 
relatively large bubbles or bulges 16 forming cavities 17, and adjacent 
smaller bubbles or bulges 18 forming cavities 19, the two being joined 
together by a communicating passageway 20. The upper sheet 14 is glued or 
otherwise bonded to the lower base sheet 12 so as to close the cavities 
and form the relatively large cavities 17 in bulges 16 and the relatively 
small cavities 19 in smaller bulges 18. The cavities 17 and 19 of each 
large/small pair are intercommunicated by a passageway 20 which is closed 
on the lower side by the base 12. The cavity pairs are organized and 
oriented to achieve high density over the upper surface area of the pad. 
Although the cavity sizes are depicted in FIG. 1 as large compared to the 
thickness of the sheet, it is to be understood that, depending on the 
intended application, the "large" cavities can range from small fractions 
of an inch in diameter to several inches in diameter. The dimensions of 
the smaller cavities would be scaled proportionally smaller. Similarly, 
the thickness of the sheet or sheets 12, 14 can, range from extremely thin 
membrane thicknesses to large thicknesses of several inches or more. 
Referring now to FIG. 2a, which is a partial cross-sectional view taken 
along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1, it will be observed that if the pad is laid 
upon a planar supporting surface 22 and a compressive force F.sub.C is 
applied to the top of the pad by means a planar member 24, the larger 
bulges will be engaged and will initially resiliently resist the 
compression. However, as they are compressed, as depicted in FIG. 2b, the 
air or other fluid contained within the bulges 16 will be forced through 
passageways 20 into the smaller cavities 19 causing the bulges 18 to 
expand and rise up to be engaged by the surface 24. This is to say that as 
bulges 16 are collapsed they exert an upwardly directed resisting force 
F.sub.R1 upon the surface 22. At this point, further downward movement of 
the member 24 will cause both bulges 16 and 18 to be resiliently 
collapsed, as depicted in FIG. 2c, with a second resisting force F.sub.R2 
being additionally exerted by the bulge 18 of each pair. It will thus be 
noted that the resilient resistance to compression is nonlinear and in 
fact tends to operate in step-like fashion as the sheet is compressed. 
That is, during the initial stage of compression the resisting force 
F.sub.R1 is generated as the fluid within cavity 17 is compressed and as 
the smaller cavity 19 is expanded upwardly; during the second stage of 
compression, the two bulges 16 and 18 are simultaneously compressed and 
jointly exert a total resisting force F.sub.RT =F.sub.R1 +F.sub.R2, as the 
pad is driven to maximum compression as illustrated in FIG. 2c. 
A plan view of a unit comprising a large bulge 16 and a small bulge 18 is 
illustrated in FIG. 2d. 
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken through an alternative embodiment is 
depicted wherein the bottom layer of material 30, instead of being planar, 
is deformed to include downwardly extending bulges 34 and 36 in 
mirror-image correspondence to the bulges 38 and 40 of upper sheet 32 such 
that a greater volume of fluid may be contained within the respective 
cavities 44 and 46. At least one of the sheets is provided with 
passageways 42 for communicatively coupling the cavities 44 and 46. 
In this configuration, as the larger bulges are collapsed by engagement 
between two members 48 and 50, the smaller bulges expand both upwardly and 
downwardly to engage the compressing surfaces and provide increased 
resilient resistance to compression. Whereas, the larger bulges 34 and 38 
in the upper and lower sheets are generally hemispherical in 
configuration, the smaller bulges 36 and 40 are configured more pill-box 
in shape so to provide surfaces 52 and 54 which will readily expand 
upwardly and downwardly when subjected to increased internal pressure as 
would result from compression of the larger bulges 34, 38. 
The smaller cavity 46 need not extend outwardly on both sides of the planes 
of the sheets 30 and 32. In some application it may be desirable that the 
small cavities distend in only one direction. 
In FIG. 4, a plurality of larger central bulges 60 are each surrounded by 
an array of smaller satellite bulges 62 joined thereto by passageways 64. 
The large bulge/small bulge combinations, typically formed along the lines 
described above, are alternately rotated so as to provide a uniform 
distribution and high density of cavities across the surface of the 
material 66 forming the pad. In addition, for some applications it may be 
appropriate to add holes through the sheet material, as shown by the 
dotted circles 68, to allow air or liquid to pass through the pad from one 
side to the other. 
In FIG. 5, two sheets of molded compressible material 70 and 72 are joined 
at 73 to form a substantially flat outer-surfaced pad. The large and small 
cavities 74 and 76, and the communicating passageways 73 are molded into 
the adjacent surfaces of the sheets 78 and 80, and small open cavities 77 
and 79 are formed in the outer surfaces above the smaller cavities in 
order to allow such cavities to herniate outwardly to meet and engage the 
compressing surfaces. 
FIG. 6 depicts a cross-section similar to that of FIG. 3 and includes the 
addition of an opening 90 in one of the walls forming the small cavity 92 
which, via passageway 94, is in communication with a larger cavity 96. In 
operation, compression of cavity 96 would force air out of passageway 94 
and, assuming the materials forming the layers 97 and 98 are sufficiently 
resilient, removal of the compressive force would allow the materials to 
return to their undeformed state and cause the expelled air to return 
through the opening 90. By judicious selection of the size of the hole or 
holes 90, a throttling function can be effected to modify the damping rate 
of the shock-absorbing action. Holes 99 may be included to allow air or 
liquid to pass through the pad formed by the sheets 97 and 98. 
FIGS. 7 and 8 depict embodiments particularly suited for footwear 
applications. As illustrated, a plurality of the "pumping units" 140 and 
142 of the type shown in FIGS. 1-6 are strategically positioned in the 
heel and metatarsal positions of the outer sole 144 of a shoe 146 to 
provide superior shock absorption. The large and small bulges act as studs 
adding to shoe traction while at the same time cushioning the forces 
applied to the shoe wearer's heel and the balls of his or her feet. 
In FIG. 9, a plurality of pumping units is provided in the heel and 
metatarsal portions of a shoe. In the heel, two multiple small units 150 
are provided. The larger bulges 152 are disposed on each side of the 
longitudinal centerline of the shoe and the smaller bulges 154 are 
arranged around the outer perimeter of the heel. These units will, in 
addition to their shock-absorbing function, serve to provide lateral 
stability to the heel. The metatarsal units 156 have their large bulges 
158 positioned directly under the ball of the foot. The smaller bulges 160 
are positioned rearwardly of the bulges 158 so as to provide a forward 
lift as they are inflated. Those skilled in the shoe art will readily 
appreciate that various combinations and arrays of the pumping units of 
the present invention can be used in footwear to add stability and to 
correct supination and pronation problems. 
The multi-cavitied configurations depicted in the drawing and described 
hereinabove form small pumping mechanisms which actively resist the 
collapse or compression of the sheet or other shaped material in which 
they are formed. The basic principle of the miniature pumps is that air or 
other fluid trapped in the larger ball-shaped cavities, which in most 
embodiments protrude from the plane of the sheet, when compressed, will 
pass the compressed fluid through a narrow passageway to a smaller cavity 
which then expands to meet a compressing surface and add its resisting 
force to counter the compressing action. By way of example, should a 
weight be dropped upon a pad of the type depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, there 
will be a decelerating effect at a first rate as the weight compresses the 
larger cavities, forcing fluid into the smaller cavities which expand, 
rising to meet the weight. As the weight meets the expanded smaller 
cavities, and tends to compress them along with the larger cavities, the 
weight will be caused to decelerate at a second rate, etc. Accordingly, 
the functionality of the present invention differs materially from prior 
art resilient pads, bubble packs and the like. 
Turning to FIG. 10, there is depicted a shoe 230 having a conventional 
upper portion or last 231 and a so-called mid-sole 232 which is generally 
of wedge shape, whereby the shoe 230 is referred to as being of the 
"wedge-type." The sole 232 has a downwardly facing surface 233. 
Referring also to FIGS. 11 and 12, a sole-and-heel structure 235 is affixed 
to mid-sole 232. Structure 235 comprises a generally flat, thin, elongated 
outer member 240, the member 240 being of one-piece, molded construction, 
preferably rubber. In an operative embodiment, the member had a thickness 
of 0.125 inch. It is essential that member 240 be highly wear resistant, 
since it is subject to constant engagement with the pavement. A preferred 
composition is made by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company under its brand name 
INDY 500. 
Member 240 has a sole portion 241 located under the sole of one's foot and 
a heel portion 242 located under the person's heel. Outer member 240 has a 
substantially planar interior surface 243 and an exterior surface 244 
which contacts the pavement. First and second bulges 245 and 246 are 
molded into heel portion 242 and project downwardly from exterior surface 
244. Bulges 245 and 246 respectively define cavities 245a and 246a opening 
to interior surface 243. In a preferred embodiment, the cavity 245a is 
larger than cavity 246a. A restricted passageway 247 is molded into outer 
member 240, between cavities 245a and 246a and opening to interior surface 
243. Between surface 243 of outer member 240 and surface 233 of mid-sole 
232 is adhesive 248. Outer member 240 and mid-sole 232 are thus attached, 
and cavities 245a and 246a are hermetically sealed, whereby air at 
atmospheric pressure is permanently located in the space jointly defined 
by cavities 245a and 246a and passageway 247. 
In use, bulges 245 and 246 engage the pavement as the wearer of shoe 230 is 
standing. Air in cavities 245a and 246a provide a cushioning effect. In 
walking and jogging, bulge 245 comes in contact with the pavement first, 
causing air in cavity 245a to be compressed and forced through passageway 
247 into cavity 246a. As heel portion 242 lifts off the pavement, air 
returns to cavity 245a to give a lifting effect. 
In a preferred embodiment, surface 244 has a tread such as is used in 
athletic shoes. Although a wedge type shoe is depicted, a structure in 
which the forward part of the heel structure is substantially vertical can 
be formed. 
In this embodiment, there are two heel bulges and a passageway between the 
two. 
The basic concept is that air is used first to cushion, then to control the 
motion of the foot while walking, running or standing. A relatively large 
amount of air is moved into a smaller volume through a restricted 
passageway 247. Passageway 247 reduces the speed at which air moves out of 
main cavity 245a, thus providing cushioning. The fact that air moves from 
a large cavity to a small cavity 246a also provides support in the area of 
cavity 246a. 
It is important that the small cavity 246a be pressurized from a larger air 
cavity 245a so that when the weight is moved by virtue of the foot being 
lifted for stepping, air will flow back into the larger cavity 245a in 
order to be ready for the next foot strike. 
Large cavity 245a is for cushioning. The smaller front cavity 246a is on 
the medial side of the foot and will help reduce pronation, that is, the 
rolling of the foot to the inside. 
In walking, bulge 245 strikes first, giving a cushion to the strike. Then, 
air is forced through passageway 247 to inner bulge 246, which prevents 
the foot from turning inward. The air further cushions the heel and 
returns outer bulge 245 as the weight is shifted forward and eventually 
lifted preparing the outer bulge 245 for the next strike. 
Instead of heel portion being part of a heel-and-sole structure, a separate 
heel portion can be provided. 
Because the cavity 245a is larger than cavity 246a, cavity 246a is over 
inflated, which then forces the air back to the cavity 245a at a faster 
rate. This gives the heel a slight lift during walking. Air will be forced 
to bulge 245 and provide a slight lift to the heel as the weight rotates 
forward. Cavities 245a and 246a are basically fixed in size; they do not 
expand any significant amount. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 13, heel bulge 266 has a generally rounded shape 
and is surrounded by a toroid-shaped bulge 265 with a passageway 267 
between the bulges. In this embodiment as in the rest of the embodiments, 
each bulge is defined by a similarly shaped cavity. Air moves back and 
forth between the two cavities by way of passageway 267. The embodiments 
in each of FIGS. 14 to 16 have two bulges in the heel portion joined by a 
passageway. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 17 there are four elongated bulges 271 to 274 
joined by three passageways 275 to 277 as shown. Air moves back and forth 
among the cavities defined by these bulges by way of such passageways. 
FIG. 18 depicts a similar construction, but of different orientation. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 19, a larger bulge 281 is located between two 
smaller bulges 282 and 283. Passageway 284 connects the cavities defined 
by bulges 281 and 283. Passageway 285 connects the cavities defined by 
bulges 281 and 282. Preferably the volume of air in the cavity defined by 
bulge 281 is approximately the volume of combined air in the cavities 
defined by bulges 282 and 283. 
In the embodiment of FIG. 20, seven small cavities extend from one large 
central cavity by way of seven passageways. The embodiments of FIGS. 21, 
22 and 24 are similar to the embodiment of FIG. 19 in that there is one 
large cavity and two smaller cavities, all under the heel connected by way 
of a pair of passageways. In the embodiment of FIG. 23, there are three 
bulges of generally the same size. 
In the embodiments of FIGS. 25, 26 and 28 a pair of cavities has a pair of 
bulges joined by a passageway. In the embodiment of FIG. 27, two smaller 
bulges are connected by passageways to a larger more rearwardly located 
bulge. 
Referring to FIGS. 29 and 30, the sole-and-heel structure depicted therein 
comprise a generally flat, thin, elongated outer member 340 of one-piece, 
molded construction, preferably rubber, like member 240. 
Member 340 has a metatarsal portion 341 located under the metatarsal region 
of the wearer's foot and a heel portion 342 located under the person's 
heel. Outer member 340 has a substantially planar interior surface 343 and 
an exterior surface 344 which contacts the pavement. First and second 
bulges 345 and 346 are molded into metatarsal portion 341 and project 
downwardly from exterior surface 344. Bulges 345 and 346 respectively 
define cavities 345a and 346a opening to interior surface 343. A 
restricted passageway 347 is molded into outer member 340, between 
cavities 345a and 346a and opening to interior surface 343. A member (not 
shown) like member 232 is attached to surface 343 by adhesive so that 
cavities 345a and 346a are hermetically sealed, whereby air at atmospheric 
pressure is permanently located in the space jointly defined by cavities 
345a and 346a and passageway 347. 
In use, bulges 345 and 346 engage the pavement as the wearer of shoe 330 is 
standing. Air in cavities in 345a and 346a provide a cushioning effect. In 
walking and running, bulge 345 comes in contact with the pavement, causing 
air in cavity 345a to be compressed and forced through passageway 347 into 
cavity 346a. As metatarsal portion 341 lifts off the pavement, air returns 
to cavity 345a to give a lifting effect. 
The design of FIGS. 29, 30 is used mainly in sports or for people with 
metatarsal problems. The bulges are placed to absorb the shock of impact 
on the metatarsal bulge from jumping or playing tennis, for example, 
wherein the person is more on his or her toes. The center bulge 345 
absorbs the initial shock, forces the air through passageway 347 into the 
outer bulge 346. The air bulge 346 is compressed and acts to stabilize the 
foot while it is on its metatarsal and also acts as a cushion. Then, when 
the weight is lifted air is forced back into the center larger bulge 345 
because it has been compressed into that outer horse shoe-shaped bulge 
346. 
In a preferred embodiment, surface 344 has a tread such as is used in 
athletic shoes. 
The above-described embodiments are particularly desirable in a woman's 
high-heel shoe, in which a pad could be used on the heel portion and/or a 
pad could be used on the metatarsal portion. 
Yet another embodiment is depicted in FIGS. 32-33. In this embodiment, 
there is depicted an outer member having bulges 365, 366 and associated 
cavities 365a, 366a under metatarsal portion 361 (like that depicted in 
FIGS. 29 and 30). It also has a pair of bulges 375, 376 and associated 
cavities 375a, 376a under heel portion 362 (like that depicted in FIG. 
28). The cavities 375a, 376a in the heel portion are joined by a 
passageway 377 and the cavities 365a, 366a in the metatarsal portion are 
joined by a passageway 367, but there is no passageway between the 
cavities of the metatarsal portion and the heel portion. 
What has been described therefore is an improved heel and sole structure 
wherein there are a plurality of bulges connected by a passageway in the 
heel portion or in the sole portion or in both portions, but with no 
passageways connecting the portions.