System for taking transverse measurements

A system can take transverse measurements of an elongated workpiece. The tem has a base for holding the workpiece oriented in an axial direction. A carriage mounted on the base can move axially. This carriage has a linear measurement device for providing a linear signal signifying the axial position of the carriage. An ultrasonic assembly is mounted on the carriage, and includes a nozzle for projecting a stream of liquid against the workpiece. This ultrasonic assembly also has an ultrasonic transducer for transmitting an ultrasonic wave into the stream and for detecting an ultrasonic wave returning in the stream. This ultrasonic transducer has a transducer terminal for exchanging signals signifying the occurrence of ultrasonic waves transmitted into and returning from the stream. A control device is coupled to the transducer terminal for (a) exchanging signals with the ultrasonic transducer, (b) initiating transmission of an ultrasonic wave into the stream, and (c) receiving a signal signifying the return of ultrasonic waves in the stream. This control device can provide a sense signal signifying the operation of the ultrasonic assembly. The system also has a signal processor coupled to the carriage and the control device for providing in response to the linear signal and the sense signal, an evaluation signal signifying the straightness of the workpiece.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to measurement systems and, in particular, to 
systems for taking transverse measurements with an ultrasonic wave in a 
liquid stream. 
2. Description of Related Art 
Commercially available "squirters" employ a nozzle for projecting a liquid 
stream against the surface of a unit to be measured. The squirter includes 
an ultra-ultrasonic transducer working with ultrasonic frequencies in the 
order of megahertz, for examples Commercially available pulser/receivers 
can establish the carrier frequency and modulation of the ultrasonic wave 
in the stream. Such external equipment can control the squirter and 
provide instrumentation for measuring the timing between the initiating 
pulse and the echoes. The ultrasonic wave may be pulse modulated so that 
the return time of echos indicates the distance to a surface or 
discontinuity within the unit being measured. For example, an ultrasonic 
wave impinging perpendicularly an a flat plate will return an echo for 
both the front and back surfaces of the plate. 
The manufacture of gun barrels is an exacting art wherein extreme care 
should be taken to ensure the straightness of the barrel. Lack of 
straightness can affect the accuracy of the gun. During manufacture, 
especially while the gun barrel is being machined on the inside diameter, 
it is important to know the concentricity of the outside surface to the 
inside diameter or bore of the tube, as well as the straightness of the 
bore. Evidence shows the effectiveness or lethality of the gun barrel is 
affected by bore straightness. 
Straightness is checked at various stages of manufacturing; if necessary, 
the tube is taken to a press where it is straightened by three point 
bending. This process may need to be repeated several times and in 
different planes. 
In the manufacture of a gun barrel, a rough forging initially receives 
autofrettage and thermal treatment and then it is placed in a 
straightening press. Before using the straightening press, the amount and 
the direction of the required straightening must be determined. 
Straightness has been measured in various ways. 
A conventional method is to place a string from one end of the barrel to 
the other. A "mouse" is used to measure any bowing or cresting of the 
barrel. Equivalently, the string can be replaced with a laser beam and the 
bowing and cresting observed similarly. Such measurements are impossible 
when the barrel is being machined, and therefore the tube has to be placed 
on an appropriate stand. 
In one known technique a laser is mounted on a cylindrical plug that is 
passed through the gun barrel. Variations in the exit angle of the beam 
are measured as a function of axial barrel position. This process has 
inherent limits in that slight cocking of the plug carrying the laser can 
adversely affect the measurement. Furthermore, such a measurement can only 
be performed with a stationary barrel. 
Another optical method involves the use of a laser to measure the distance 
via interferometry, or the use of an optical intensity sensor. With the 
latter, light is reflected off the tube surface and the sensor measures 
the intensity received, which is also distant dependent. 
The "mouse" technique uses an electromagnetic device to produce a magnetic 
field that is coupled across an air gap to the metal of the workpiece. In 
this case, the workpiece can be rotated and the spacing between the 
workpiece and the electromagnetic device will change to change the 
impedance of the electro-magnetic device. This impedance change can be 
measured electrically and correlated to the magnetic gap, thereby 
measuring distance. None of these systems, however, are appropriate for 
measuring during machining the displacement of the inside wall of a hollow 
piece such as a gun tube. 
A classical method of measuring the surface of a gun barrel is to use a 
mechanical probe having a dial. This probe can be passed along the outside 
and inside surface of the gun to measure concentricity. With this 
technique, however, the probe is not readable when inside the gun tube 
during machining. 
Another disadvantage with such measurement systems is that the gun barrel, 
which may be seventeen or more feet long, must have its straightness 
checked in a separate fixture. Thus the gun barrel must be removed from 
one of the stages where the actual manufacturing process is occurring and 
carried to a fixture just to measure straightness. 
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved measurement device that can 
check straightness in a simple and effective manner without unnecessary 
transportation of a workpiece. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In accordance with the illustrative embodiments demonstrating features and 
advantages of the present invention, there is provided a system for taking 
transverse measurements of an elongated workpiece. The system includes a 
base for holding the workpiece oriented in an axial direction. A carriage 
mounted at the base can impart axial motion. This carriage has a linear 
means for providing a linear signal signifying the axial position of the 
carriage. The system also includes an ultrasonic assembly mounted on the 
carriage. The ultrasonic assembly has a stream means for projecting a 
stream of liquid against the workpiece, as well as an ultrasonic 
transducer means for transmitting an ultrasonic wave into the stream and 
detecting an ultrasonic wave returning in the stream. This ultrasonic 
transducer means has a transducer terminal for exchanging signals 
signifying the occurrence of ultrasonic waves transmitted into and 
returning from the stream. Also included is a control means coupled to the 
transducer terminal for: (a) exchanging signals with the ultrasonic 
transducer means, (b) initiating transmission of an ultrasonic wave into 
the stream, and (c) receiving a signal signifying return of ultrasonic 
waves in the stream. This control means can provide a sense signal 
signifying the operation of the ultrasonic assembly. The system also 
includes a signal processing means coupled to the carriage and the control 
means for providing in response to the linear signal and the sense signal, 
an evaluation signal signifying the dimensioning of the workpiece. 
In accordance with a related method of the same invention, transverse 
measurements are taken of an elongated workpiece. The method includes the 
step of holding the workpiece oriented in an axial direction. Another step 
is projecting a stream of liquid against the workpiece. The method also 
includes the step of transmitting an ultrasonic wave into the stream and 
detecting an ultrasonic wave returning in said stream. Another step is 
displacing the stream axially. Another step is evaluating the dimensioning 
of the workpiece by examining along the axis of the workpiece, variations 
of echoes in the ultrasonic wave. 
By employing apparatus and methods of the foregoing type, improved 
measurements can be taken of an elongated workpiece. By employing such 
apparatus or equipment, preferably, a computerized ultrasonic squirter 
system can display wall thickness variations, alignment of the center axis 
of the gun tube with the rotational axis of the machining lathe and gun 
tube straightness. All of these measurements can be obtained in real time 
without interfering with the machining or boring of the gun tube. 
In the preferred embodiment, an elongated workpiece is mounted in a base 
and is rotated substantially about the axis of the workpiece. A squirter 
is mounted on a carriage to move axially. The squirter preferably projects 
a stream radially against the outside surface of the workpiece. Echoes 
from ultrasonic waves induced in the stream enable measurement of the 
relative position of the outside the workpiece and its internal bore. 
By rotating the workpiece, the echolocation pattern indicates the relative 
position of the outside and inside surface of a workpiece such as a gun 
barrel, as a function of axial and radial position. This information can 
be processed by various control devices and displayed by a computer. For 
example, the computer can produce a display showing the transverse 
silhouette of the barrel, illustrating its offset from the ideal center. 
Alternatively, an axial plot of displacement from true straightness can be 
displayed. In still other embodiments, the computer can determine whether 
the straightness or other dimensions have gone beyond tolerance, so that a 
warning is given, the process is stopped and/or shaping tools can be 
adjusted.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Referring to FIG. 1, that system is measuring a workpiece 10, illustrated 
herein as a gun barrel having essentially a cylindrical outside and inside 
surface, although frustro-conical and other shapes are contemplated. For 
example, a solid shaft or other elongated workpiece can be subjected to 
measurement. Workpiece 10 is shown having a coaxial bore that is not 
straight and follows an exaggerated curved axis 16. Base 12 is shown 
having a pair of opposing mandrels 12A and 12B designed to fit onto 
workpiece 10 and turn it on a predetermined axis of rotation 14. Base 12 
can be structured much like a lathe, although in some embodiments a simple 
fixture can be used and no rotation imparted at all. 
Stanchions 18A and 18B are supporting a carriage, illustrated herein as a 
lead screw 20. Lead screw 20 supports a carrier 22, that incorporates a 
nut that rides on lead screw 20. The nut is fixedly attached to be on 
carrier 22. Lead screw 20 can be turned by a motor (not shown) or 
manually, to move carrier 22 axially, that is, in a direction parallel to 
axis 14. 
The rotation of lead screw 20 is measured by a linear means 24, shown 
herein as a carriage shaft encoder. Shaft encoder 24 can be any one of 
various commercially available encoders. Encoder 24 can provide a pulse at 
regular, angular increments as well as a specialized pulse on another line 
when the shaft completes 360 degrees of rotation. The output of encoder 24 
is provided on line Zl. A similar base shaft encoder 26 is shown 
mechanically coupled to mandrel 12A to provide a digital signal on 
terminal P1, also indicating the angular rotation of workpiece 10 within 
base 12. 
An ultrasonic assembly 28 is shown mounted on carrier 22 to move axially 
therewith. The ultrasonic assembly 28 is shown projecting radially against 
the outside surface of workpiece 10 a stream 30 of cutting fluid, water, 
or other liquid. The pump and nozzle (not shown) within or associated with 
assembly 28 that creates stream 30 is herein referred to as a stream 
means. Ultrasonic assembly 28 also includes an ultrasonic transducer means 
for generating an ultrasonic wave of about, but not necessarily, 5 MHz 
which propagates along stream 30 and reflects back at various interface in 
workpiece 10 to produce echoes. 
Assembly 28 is commercially available and is often called a "squirter." For 
example, a type HAX600 squirter can be purchased from the Harrisonic unit 
of Staveley Sensors, Inc. of East Hartford, Conn. Similar squirters can be 
purchased from other suppliers such as Panametrics, Inc. of Waltham, Mass. 
Assembly 28 is a relatively compact unit typically in a package 4 inches 
long and one inch in diameter. The output of ultrasonic assembly 28 is 
identified as transducer terminal Q. The squirter can be specified by 
identifying its carrier frequency (in this example, 5 MHz) and focal 
length. The focal length is nominally the depth to which the echoes 
penetrate. For example, in the example of FIG. 1 echoes can be reflected 
from the outside surface of workpiece 10 as well as the inside surface of 
the axial bore. Thus in the example of FIG. 1, the focal length would be 
the length of the stream 30 (X.sub.0) plus the thickness (X.sub.1) of the 
wall of workpiece 10. However a flat or unfocussed transducer can also be 
used. 
Assembly 28 has the capacity to provide a stream 1/4 inch in diameter, but 
basically the stream dimensions are sufficient to provide a continuous, 
steady stream with sufficient capacity to carry the energy of the 
ultrasonic waves propagating therethrough. Preferably, the stream falls 
vertically to minimize the pressure demanded from the pump of assembly 28. 
The pump supplying stream 30 can be an external pump (not shown) with 
sufficient capacity and pressure to produce a steady stream that does not 
have bubbles or pump-induced vibrations. 
In other embodiments where the workpiece 10 is not rotated, the ultrasonic 
assembly 28 can be mounted on an orbiting carriage (not shown) to orbit 
axis 14 and make circumferentially spaced measurements. 
In the example of FIG. 1, workpiece 10 is shown with a highly exaggerated 
deflection between straight axis 14 and bore axis 16. In most practical 
situations such bending would make the workpiece unsalvageable. 
Nevertheless, this exaggeration is shown for illustrative purposes. 
Workpiece 10 is shaped by an axially moveable means 31, shown herein as a 
cutting tool working the outside surface of workpiece 10. Tool 31 is 
connected to a mechanism 39 that can move tool 31 axially (or radially) 
with respect to the workpiece. In this embodiment, the axial and radial 
motion of tool 31 can be controlled by feedback signals applied along 
lines F1 and F2, respectively. 
As described hereinafter, the deviation from straightness can be sensed by 
the measurement equipment to cause tool 31 to reshape the workpiece and 
thereby in effect to straighten it. Cutting tool 3 1 moves along axis 14 
of the lathe 12 while the gun barrel 10 is rotating. Adjustment of tool 31 
is, intended to encompass all useful adjustments. For example, the 
principal cutting parameters which affect results are the depth of the 
cutting and both the angular and linear speeds of the lathe. Usually both 
speeds are constant during a single pass and are varied for the following 
one, but it is also possible to modify the cutting parameters after each 
measurement. 
Referring to FIG. 2, a signal processing means 32 is shown herein as a desk 
top computer such as a Hewlett Packard, type 382 basic controller, 
although general purpose computers and other types of mini- and 
micro-processors can be employed instead. Processor 32 is shown connected 
through a bus 34 to an input/output device 36. In this embodiment, various 
digital to analog and analog to digital converters can be employed to 
receive asynchronous digital or analog signals and convert them into 
signals that are conveyed synchronously along bus 34. In this embodiment, 
the input/output device 36 employs a data acquisition board for receiving 
such data. An additional board, a GP-IB type board, employs standard 
communications protocols. Input/output device 36 is shown exchanging data 
with lines Z1, P1 and F, previously illustrated in FIG. 1. 
Input/output device 36 is also shown receiving inputs from a control means, 
which, in this embodiment, is a commercially available pulser/receiver 38, 
for example, a pulser/receiver type MBS8000 from Matec Corporation of 
Hopkington, Mass. The particular model selected will depend upon the 
nature of the signals produced by the above mentioned squirter as well as 
the desired accuracy of measurement. Other manufacturers of suitable 
pulser/receivers include Panametrics Inc. of Waltham, Mass. The digital 
output of unit 38 is applied to input/output device 36 and indicates the 
return time of various echoes sensed by unit 38. 
Pulser/receiver 38 is shown connecting through previously mentioned line Q 
(to ultrasonic assembly 28 of FIG. 1). Accordingly, unit 38 can establish 
the carrier frequency and the modulation thereof. In this embodiment, the 
carrier is set at 5 MHz and the modulation is pulse amplitude modulation, 
although pulse frequency, pulse phase shift, and other forms of modulation 
could be used instead. The pulse repetition rate is set at 10 kHz. 
Essentially, the carrier frequency and pulse repetition rate is selected 
to ensure adequate accuracy of the measurement and to avoid an 
interference between returning echoes and new initiating pulses. Pulse 
width is, suitably, 100 microseconds. The sound wave can also be generated 
using a pulsed generator; in this case a high voltage short pulse is 
applied to the transducer. 
A discriminator 40 cooperates with unit 38. Discriminator 40 receives 
pulses detected by unit 38 and reacts to crossing of a threshold that is 
approximately 80% of the average peak of the pulses. In one embodiment 
unit 48 is a type 584 CF, constant fraction discriminator manufactured by 
EG & G Ortec, of Oakridge, Tenn., although other discriminators can be 
employed instead. When a pulse exceeds this threshold, discriminator 40 
supplies a signal to counter 42. Counter 42 may be a Hewlett Packard type 
5370B universal time interval counter. Counter 42 measures the time 
intervals between ultrasonic echoes. These intervals are compared with 
measurements from standards of known thickness and thus transformed into 
spatial measurements. Counter 42 thereby produces a count that is set by 
the time between pulses from discriminator 40. The count thus accumulated 
by counter 42 is supplied as an input to input/output device 36. 
Processor 32 is connected to a display means 44, preferably a conventional 
CRT. Also connected to processor 32 is a keyboard 46 to be used in the 
usual fashion. Connected to processor 32 through bus 34 is memory 48. 
Memory 48 can include various types of memory including: volatile random 
access memory, nonvolatile read only memory, disk memory (hard and soft), 
tape drives, CD ROM's, and various other types of memory sources. 
Processor 32 is programed by virtue of software residing in memory 48. The 
operation of such software will be described hereinafter. 
To facilitate an understanding of the principles associated with the 
foregoing apparatus, its operation will be briefly described in connection 
with the fabrication of a gun barrel, although the principles equally 
apply to workpieces of different types and shapes. 
A roughly forged, cast or machined workpiece such as a gun barrel 10 has 
the general shape of a hollow cylinder with a coaxial bore. After initial 
shaping such as forging, the gun barrel can be subjected to well known 
processes such as autofrettage and thermal treatment before being measured 
for straightness. The device can then be mounted between the mandrels 12A 
and 12B of base 12 to be machined and initially measured for straightness. 
Base 12 can rotate workpiece 10 much like a lathe. 
It is important to note that the machining of the outside diameter of the 
gun barrel can be performed simultaneously with the straightness 
measurement. This is a significant savings in the amount of handling. 
Ordinarily, the barrel would be machined and then removed to a separate 
measuring station, a considerable effort for a seventeen foot barrel. 
Instead, measurements can be made during the machining process with the 
added advantage of providing an opportunity to adjust the machining 
process to account for bowing or other defects in the gun barrel. 
An operator can use keyboard 46 (FIG. 2) to command the beginning of the 
process. Commands thus applied along bus 34 are received by processor 32, 
which initiates a program contained in memory 48. In step S2 (FIG. 3) of 
the program the process is started. In this situation, commands are 
forward along lines Q to ultrasonic assembly 28 to set its various 
operating parameters. Similarly, various state variables are set in 
pulser/receiver 38 (FIG. 2) and counter 42. Consequently, ultrasonic 
assembly 28 will operate with the various operating parameters described 
above. 
Next in step S4, conditions are established for bringing various mechanisms 
to their starting positions. This can either be a signal telling the 
operator to manually reposition the unit or a control signal can be sent 
to a servomotor (not shown) to turn lead screw 20 and bring carrier 22 to 
one side, for example, to the left in FIG. 1. This motion is equivalent to 
reducing variable Z (FIG. 1) to a reference value. 
The resulting motion of carrier 22 along lead screw 20 is measured by shaft 
encoder 24, which produces a signal along line Z1 that is recorded by 
processor 32. Verification that carrier 22 has reached its start position 
can be obtained from the operator giving keyboard confirmation or by limit 
switches (not shown). 
Also, the need to start rotation of workpiece 10 can be announced through 
display 44 and a motor circuit can be closed either manually or through a 
relay (not shown) automatically operated through input/output device 36, 
to begin rotation of workpiece 10. As workpiece 10 rotates, shaft encoder 
26 supplies angular rotation data along line PI to input/output device 36. 
In step S6 (FIG. 3) processor 32 reads data from input/output device 36, 
namely, the signals provided along lines Zl and P1. This data is an 
indication of the axial position Z (FIG. 1) of carrier 22 and ultrasonic 
assembly 28 as well as the angular rotation of workpiece 10. 
Next in step S8 processor 32 measures the data provided by pulser/receiver 
38 and counter 42. As noted before, these devices provide essentially 
timing information indicating the timing of pulses reflected from the 
outside and inside surface of workpiece 10. Essentially, the first 
returning pulse has a timing corresponding to dimension X.sub.0. The 
second returning pulse has a timing corresponding to the dimension X.sub.0 
plus X.sub.1. For thin walls, the resonance frequency method can be used 
instead. 
Then, in step S10 processor 32 determines whether workpiece 10 has 
completed a full revolution. This full revolution can be determined by 
counting the pulses from encoder 26 (FIG. 1) or by awaiting an indexing 
mark from the encoder produced once per revolution. If a complete 
revolution has not occurred steps S6 and S8 are repeated. In this way, the 
computer assembles a number of data sets, each consisting of angular 
information, radial information and axial position. 
Once a full turn is completed, control passes to step S12, wherein 
processor 32 calculates variable S. 
Variable S is graphically illustrated in FIG. 4, the two dimensional plot 
of the position of the inside surface of workpiece 10. The origin of the 
plot of FIG. 4 coincides with the axis of rotation 14 of FIG. 1. Dimension 
Y corresponds to the spacing between axis 14 and the inside surface of 
workpiece 10. 
Since the axis 14 is at a constant spacing from ultrasonic assembly 28 the 
following X.sub.0 +X.sub.1 +Y is constant. Thus Y is simply obtained by 
subtracting X.sub.0 and X.sub.1 from a constant. Since each Y is obtained 
in set of data including the angular position P workpiece 10, Y is easily 
plotted to show the locus L, of the inside surface. Effectively, the 
center of the locus of Y is bore axis 16. 
Using well understood analysis techniques, computer 32 can determine the 
displacement S between axes 14 and 16. For example, the processor can try 
hypothetical circles with the data set to find a match that is within a 
predetermined tolerance. Locus L should be compared to the ideal locus I, 
an ideally straight gun tube wherein the center of the bore coincides with 
the axis of rotation. While the locus L of the inside surface of workpiece 
10 is shown, the same analysis could be provided for the outside surface 
of the workpiece. 
The thus calculated displacement values are stored along with its 
corresponding axial position in step S12. Thereafter in step S14 the 
magnitude of displacement is analyzed. If necessary, the shaping of 
workpiece 10 can be affected. Accordingly, processor 32 can issue an 
adjustment signal along data line F from input/output device 36. This 
signal can be a command for a servo-motor (not shown) to adjust cutting 
tool 31 so that the tool can shape the workpiece appropriately. In extreme 
cases, the shaping process can be stopped. 
Thereafter in step S16 processor 32 evaluates the variable Z. If the end of 
the workpiece 10 has not been reached, steps S4-S14 are repeated, thereby 
assembling a new set of radial measurements as a function of angular 
position at another axial position. 
Eventually, the end of the gun tube will be reached as determined by 
measuring the rotations indicated by encoder 24 (FIG. 1). At that time, in 
step S18, computer processor 32 will inquire whether the process is 
finished. The manufacturing operation may require a repeat of the process, 
for example, multiple passes of a cutting tool where much material must be 
machined from a barrel. Otherwise, step S20 is executed. 
In step S20, the displacement variable S described before in connection 
with FIG. 4 can be plotted as shown in FIG. 5 as a function P of axial 
displacement Z. As shown in FIG. 5, the tolerance limits T1 and T2 can be 
shown on a CRT display 44 (FIG. 2) and against plot P of the variable S. 
The deviation of the workpiece shows that tolerance T1 is exceeded near 
the center of the workpiece. Once this plot is displayed the process ends 
at step S22. 
An advantage herein is that subsequent straightening step can be avoided 
should the measurements made above show that the gun barrel is within 
tolerance. If residual bowing that could not be corrected by the machining 
itself persists, this bowing can be corrected in a press. Since the nature 
of the bowing of the workpiece has already been determined, the gun barrel 
can then be brought directly to a straightening press of a conventional 
design. Knowing the position and the angular orientation of the bowing, 
the barrel can be properly positioned in the straightening press to impart 
a compensating bend. 
Thereafter the outer surface of the gun barrel can be machined again and 
its straightness again checked as described above, before placing the 
barrel again in a straightening press. The inside of the barrel can then 
be bored to make the bore concentric. The boring can be performed 
simultaneously with the measurement process just described. Afterward the 
gun tube may be swaged and thermally treated and its straightness again 
determined in the manner described. 
Several more rounds of machining and straightening can now be performed 
before subjecting the barrel to a final straightness check using perhaps 
an alternate, but highly accurate technique, such as a laser measurement. 
Thereafter the barrel can be finished, honed and rifled in the usual 
fashion. 
It is to be appreciated that various modifications may be implemented with 
respect to the above described preferred embodiments. While the machining 
of a gun barrel was described in other embodiments a shaft or other 
elongated workpiece can be checked for straightness. The present equipment 
can be used to measure the straightness of any hollow or solid shaft as a 
jet engine rotor or generator shaft, statically or dynamically while being 
machined. Furthermore some of the programing steps can be supplemented, 
condensed, eliminated or reordered depending upon the application. Also 
depending upon the desired accuracy, the pulser/receiver can be of various 
types and the discriminator and counter can be eliminated in instances 
where high accuracy is unnecessary. A constant fraction discriminator is 
necessary for applications requiring resolutions of better than 100th of 
an inch. Furthermore, the angular position of the workpiece and the linear 
position of the squirter can be determined with various alternate 
measurement devices. Additionally, the display provided by the computer 
can be augmented to show relations between the outside diameter and the 
inside diameter as a function of circumferential position or axial 
position and may be displayed as a table, bar chart, or otherwise. 
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are 
possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood 
that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be 
practiced otherwise than as specifically described.