Continual planning and metareasoning for controlling an autonomous vehicle

Systems and methods for autonomous vehicle control are disclosed herein. According to some implementations, a method includes a scenario-specific operation control evaluation module (SSOCEM) based on a route of the vehicle. The SSOCEM includes a preferred model and one or more fallback models that respectively determine candidate vehicle control actions. The method includes instantiating a SSOCEM instance based on the SSOCEM. The SSOCEM determines a candidate vehicle control action by determining an approximate amount of time needed to determine a solution to the preferred model and determining an approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached. When the approximate amount of time needed to determine the solution is less than the approximate amount of time to reach the upcoming scenario, the candidate vehicle control action is determined based on the preferred model; otherwise, the candidate vehicle control action is determined based on a fallback model.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a 371 national stage of International Application Serial No. PCT/US2017/059057, filed Oct. 30, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to autonomous vehicle operational management and autonomous driving. In particular, the disclosure relates to controlling an autonomous vehicle using continual planning and metareasoning.

BACKGROUND

A vehicle, such as an autonomous vehicle, may traverse a portion of a vehicle transportation network (e.g., a road). Traversing the portion of the vehicle transportation network may include generating or capturing, such as by a sensor of the vehicle, data, such as sensor data representing an operational environment, or a portion thereof, of the vehicle. One issue that arises in the control of autonomous vehicles is the availability of computational resources.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are aspects, features, elements, implementations, and embodiments of autonomous vehicle operational management.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, a method for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network is disclosed. The method includes traversing, by an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle transportation network. Traversing the vehicle transportation network includes determining, by one or more processors, a route of the autonomous vehicle with respect to the vehicle transportation network and determining, by the one or more processors, a scenario-specific operation control evaluation module based on the route of the autonomous vehicle and a location of the autonomous vehicle with respect to an upcoming scenario to be encountered in the vehicle transportation network. The scenario-specific operation control evaluation module includes a preferred model and one or more fallback models that respectively output candidate vehicle control actions based on an operational environment of the autonomous vehicle. Traversing the vehicle transportation network includes instantiating, by the one or more processors, a scenario-specific operational control evaluation module instance based on the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module. Traversing the vehicle transportation network includes determining, by the one or more processors, a candidate vehicle control action. The scenario-specific operational control evaluation module instance determines the candidate vehicle control action by: determining an approximate amount of time needed to determine a solution to the preferred model based on the location of the autonomous vehicle with respect to a scenario location of the upcoming scenario and determining an approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached by the autonomous vehicle. When the approximate amount of time needed to determine the solution is less than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model. When the approximate amount of time needed to determine the solution exceeds the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, determining the candidate vehicle control action based on a fallback model of the one or more fallback models. Traversing the vehicle transportation network further includes traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network based on the candidate vehicle control action.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure determining the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module includes determining a plurality of upcoming scenarios based on the route, and for each respective upcoming scenario of the plurality of upcoming scenarios, determining a ranking score of the respective upcoming scenario based on a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the respective upcoming scenario and a criticality value of the upcoming scenario, Each respective upcoming scenario has a scenario type attributed to the respective upcoming scenario. Determining the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module further includes ranking the plurality of upcoming scenarios based on the respective ranking scores thereof, and selecting a scenario-specific operation control evaluation module corresponding to a highest ranked upcoming scenario.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, traversing the vehicle transportation network includes receiving, by the one or more processors, sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle and detecting, by the one or more processors, an unexpected upcoming scenario based on the received sensor data. Traversing the vehicle transportation network further includes determining, by the one or more processors, an additional ranking score of the unexpected upcoming scenario based on a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the unexpected upcoming scenario and a criticality value of the unexpected upcoming scenario, and reranking, by the one or more processors, the plurality of upcoming scenarios with the unexpected upcoming scenario based on the additional ranking score and the respective ranking scores of the plurality of upcoming scenarios. According to some implementations of the present disclosure, reranking the plurality of upcoming scenarios with the unexpected upcoming scenario includes recalculating the respective ranking scores of each of the plurality of upcoming scenarios.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model comprises: solving the preferred model based on a scenario type of the upcoming scenario. Furthermore, while solving the model, determining the candidate vehicle control action includes monitoring an available amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario, determining a degree of convergence of the preferred model, determining whether to use a partial solution to the preferred model or a full solution to the preferred model based on the available amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario and the degree of convergence. Furthermore, in some scenarios determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model further comprises receiving sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle and inputting the sensor data into the partial solution to the preferred model, wherein the partial solution to the preferred model outputs the candidate vehicle control action based on the partial solution and the sensor data. In some scenarios, determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model further comprises receiving sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle, inputting the sensor data into the full solution to the preferred model, wherein the full solution to the preferred model outputs the candidate vehicle control action based on the full solution and the sensor data, and storing the full solution to the preferred model in memory.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, traversing the vehicle transportation network includes determining, by the one or more processors, a type of the upcoming scenario, determining, by the one or more processors, whether a full solution to the preferred model corresponding to the type of the upcoming scenario is stored in memory, and when the full solution to the preferred model corresponding to the type of the upcoming scenario is stored in memory, determining, by the one or more processors, the candidate vehicle control action based on the full solution to the preferred model.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the preferred model is a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process model and the one or more fallback models include a Markov Decision Process model.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network based on the candidate vehicle control action includes selecting the candidate vehicle control action as a vehicle control action, determining one or more commands to one or more vehicle systems based on the vehicle control action, and issuing the one or more commands to the one or more vehicle systems.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, an autonomous vehicle is disclosed. The autonomous vehicle includes a memory storing a plurality of scenario-specific operational control evaluation modules. Each scenario-specific operational control evaluation module is configured to handle a different respective upcoming scenario and including a preferred model and one or more fallback models. Each of the preferred model and the one or more fallback models respectively output candidate vehicle actions based on an operational environment of the autonomous vehicle. The autonomous vehicle further includes one or more processors that execute computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the one or more processors to determine a route of the autonomous vehicle with respect to a vehicle transportation network and determine a scenario-specific operation control evaluation module from the plurality of scenario-specific operational control evaluation modules based on the route of the autonomous vehicle and a location of the autonomous vehicle with respect to an upcoming scenario to be encountered in the vehicle transportation network. The computer-readable instructions further cause the one or more processors to instantiate a scenario-specific operational control evaluation module instance based on the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module and determine a candidate vehicle control action. The scenario-specific operational control evaluation module instance determines the candidate vehicle control action by determining an approximate amount of time needed to determine a solution to the preferred model based on the location of the autonomous vehicle with respect to a scenario location of the upcoming scenario and determining an approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached by the autonomous vehicle. When the approximate amount of time needed to determine the solution is less than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, the candidate vehicle control action is determined based on the preferred model. When the approximate amount of time needed to determine the solution exceeds the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, the candidate vehicle control action is determined based on a fallback model of the one or more fallback models. The computer-readable instructions further cause the one or more processors to control one or more vehicle systems to traverse a portion of the vehicle transportation network based on the candidate vehicle control action.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure determining the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module includes determining a plurality of upcoming scenarios based on the route, and for each respective upcoming scenario of the plurality of upcoming scenarios, determining a ranking score of the respective upcoming scenario based on a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the respective upcoming scenario and a criticality value of the upcoming scenario, Each respective upcoming scenario has a scenario type attributed to the respective upcoming scenario. Determining the scenario-specific operation control evaluation module further includes ranking the plurality of upcoming scenarios based on the respective ranking scores thereof, and selecting a scenario-specific operation control evaluation module corresponding to a highest ranked upcoming scenario.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the computer-readable instructions further cause the one or more processors to receive sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle, detect an unexpected upcoming scenario based on the received sensor data, determine an additional ranking score of the unexpected upcoming scenario based on a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the unexpected upcoming scenario and a criticality value of the unexpected upcoming scenario, and rerank the plurality of upcoming scenarios with the unexpected upcoming scenario based on the additional ranking score and the respective ranking scores of the plurality of upcoming scenarios. Reranking the plurality of upcoming scenarios with the unexpected upcoming scenario may include recalculating the respective ranking scores of each of the plurality of upcoming scenarios.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model comprises solving the preferred model based on a scenario type of the upcoming scenario. Furthermore, while solving the preferred model, determining the vehicle control action includes monitoring an available amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario, determining a degree of convergence of the preferred model, and determining whether to use a partial solution to the preferred model or a full solution to the preferred model based on the available amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario and the degree of convergence. In some scenarios determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model further comprises receiving sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle and inputting the sensor data into the partial solution to the preferred model, wherein the partial solution to the preferred model outputs the candidate vehicle control action based on the partial solution and the sensor data. In some scenarios determining the candidate vehicle control action based on the preferred model further comprises receiving sensor data from one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle, inputting the sensor data into the full solution to the preferred model, wherein the full solution to the preferred model outputs the candidate vehicle control action based on the full solution and the sensor data, and storing the full solution to the preferred model in memory.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the computer-readable instructions further cause the one or more processors to determine a type of the upcoming scenario, determine whether a full solution to the preferred model corresponding to the type of the upcoming scenario is stored in memory, and when the full solution to the preferred model corresponding to the type of the upcoming scenario is stored in memory, determine the candidate vehicle control action based on the full solution to the preferred model.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, the preferred model is a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process model and the one or more fallback models include a Markov Decision Process model.

According to some implementations of the present disclosure, controlling one or more systems to traverse a portion of the vehicle transportation network based on the candidate vehicle control action includes selecting the candidate vehicle control action as a vehicle control action, determining one or more commands to one or more vehicle systems based on the vehicle control action, and issuing the one or more commands to the vehicle system.

Variations in these and other aspects, features, elements, implementations, and embodiments of the methods, apparatus, procedures, and algorithms disclosed herein are described in further detail hereafter. One issue that arises in the control of autonomous vehicles is the availability of computational resources.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A vehicle, such as an autonomous vehicle, or a semi-autonomous vehicle, may traverse a portion of a vehicle transportation network (e.g., a road). The vehicle may include one or more sensors and traversing the vehicle transportation network may include the sensors generating or capturing sensor data, such as sensor data corresponding to an operational environment of the vehicle, or a portion thereof. For example, the sensor data may include information corresponding to one or more external objects, such as pedestrians, remote vehicles, other objects within the vehicle operational environment, vehicle transportation network geometry, or a combination thereof.

The autonomous vehicle may include an autonomous vehicle operational management system, which may include one or more operational environment monitors that may process operational environment information, such as the sensor data, for the autonomous vehicle. The operational environment monitors may include a blocking monitor that may determine probability of availability information for portions of the vehicle transportation network spatiotemporally proximate to the autonomous vehicle.

The autonomous vehicle operational management system may include an autonomous vehicle operational management controller which may detect one or more operational scenarios, such as pedestrian scenarios, intersection scenarios, lane change scenarios, or any other vehicle operational scenario or combination of vehicle operational scenarios, corresponding to the external objects.

The autonomous vehicle operational management system may include one or more scenario-specific operational control evaluation modules (SSOCEM). Each scenario-specific operational control evaluation module may include a preferred model (e.g., a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) model), and one or more fallback models (e.g., a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model and/or expert logic). The preferred model and the one or more fallback models are configured to handle a specific scenario. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller may instantiate respective instances of the SSOCEMs in response to detecting the corresponding operational scenarios.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller may receive candidate vehicle control actions from respective instantiated SSOCEM instances, may identify a vehicle control action from the candidate vehicle control actions, and may control the autonomous vehicle to traverse a portion of the vehicle transportation network according to the identified vehicle control action.

One issue that arises is that the computational resources available to the autonomous vehicle are limited. Further compounding this issue is that in some implementations, the preferred model, and even some fallback models may need to be solved as the vehicle encounters different scenarios. Solving a model may take a number of seconds or minutes depending on the complexity of the scenario. Thus, in some implementations, the autonomous vehicle is configured to identify upcoming scenarios based on a route of a vehicle. The autonomous vehicle may rank the upcoming scenarios based on the respective distances between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenarios, as well as the criticality of each upcoming scenario. The autonomous vehicle may deploy SSOCEMs corresponding to the rankings of the upcoming scenarios, thereby efficiently scheduling the deployment of the SSOCEMs. Furthermore, once deployed, an instance of an SSOCEM may determine if it has adequate time to solve the preferred model or whether the SSOCEM should rely on a fallback model to determine the candidate vehicle control action. When the SSOCEM chooses to solve the preferred model, the SSOCEM may monitor the progress of the solution, so as to determine whether to continue solving the preferred model, to use a partial solution to the preferred model to determine the candidate vehicle control action, or to rely on a fallback model to determine the candidate vehicle control action. When the SSOCEM determines a full solution to the preferred model, the SSOCEM may use the full solution to determine a candidate vehicle control action and then may store the full solution in the memory of the autonomous vehicle. In this way, future instances of the SSOCEM may use the full solution to the model without straining the computational resources of the autonomous vehicle.

Although described herein with reference to an autonomous vehicle, the methods and apparatus described herein may be implemented in any vehicle capable of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation. Although described with reference to a vehicle transportation network, the method and apparatus described herein may include the autonomous vehicle operating in any area navigable by the vehicle.

FIG. 1is a diagram of an example of a vehicle in which the aspects, features, and elements disclosed herein may be implemented. In the embodiment shown, a vehicle1000includes various vehicle systems, including a chassis1100, a powertrain1200, a controller1300, and wheels1400. Although the vehicle1000is shown as including four wheels1400for simplicity, any other propulsion device or devices, such as a propeller or tread, may be used. InFIG. 1, the lines interconnecting elements, such as the powertrain1200, the controller1300, and the wheels1400, indicate that information, such as data or control signals, power, such as electrical power or torque, or both information and power, may be communicated between the respective elements. For example, the controller1300may receive power from the powertrain1200and may communicate with the powertrain1200, the wheels1400, or both, to control the vehicle1000, which may include accelerating, decelerating, steering, or otherwise controlling the vehicle1000.

The powertrain1200shown by example inFIG. 1includes a power source1210, a transmission1220, a steering unit1230, and an actuator1240. Any other element or combination of elements of a powertrain, such as a suspension, a drive shaft, axles, or an exhaust system may also be included. Although shown separately, the wheels1400may be included in the powertrain1200.

The power source1210includes an engine, a battery, or a combination thereof. The power source1210may be any device or combination of devices operative to provide energy, such as electrical energy, thermal energy, or kinetic energy. In an example, the power source1210includes an engine, such as an internal combustion engine, an electric motor, or a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, and is operative to provide kinetic energy as a motive force to one or more of the wheels1400. Alternatively or additionally, the power source1210includes a potential energy unit, such as one or more dry cell batteries, such as nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion); solar cells; fuel cells; or any other device capable of providing energy.

The transmission1220receives energy, such as kinetic energy, from the power source1210, and transmits the energy to the wheels1400to provide a motive force. The transmission1220may be controlled by the controller1300, the actuator1240, or both. The steering unit1230may be controlled by the controller1300, the actuator1240, or both and controls the wheels1400to steer the vehicle. The actuator1240may receive signals from the controller1300and actuate or control the power source1210, the transmission1220, the steering unit1230, or any combination thereof to operate the vehicle1000.

In the illustrated embodiment, the controller1300includes a location unit1310, an electronic communication unit1320, a processor1330, a memory1340, a user interface1350, a sensor1360, and an electronic communication interface1370. Fewer of these elements may exist as part of the controller1300. Although shown as a single unit, any one or more elements of the controller1300may be integrated into any number of separate physical units. For example, the user interface1350and the processor1330may be integrated in a first physical unit and the memory1340may be integrated in a second physical unit. Although not shown inFIG. 1, the controller1300may include a power source, such as a battery. Although shown as separate elements, the location unit1310, the electronic communication unit1320, the processor1330, the memory1340, the user interface1350, the sensor1360, the electronic communication interface1370, or any combination thereof may be integrated in one or more electronic units, circuits, or chips.

The processor1330may include any device or combination of devices capable of manipulating or processing a signal or other information now-existing or hereafter developed, including optical processors, quantum processors, molecular processors, or a combination thereof. For example, the processor1330may include one or more special purpose processors, one or more digital signal processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more microcontrollers, one or more integrated circuits, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits, one or more Field Programmable Gate Array, one or more programmable logic arrays, one or more programmable logic controllers, one or more state machines, or any combination thereof. The processor1330is operatively coupled with one or more of the location unit1310, the memory1340, the electronic communication interface1370, the electronic communication unit1320, the user interface1350, the sensor1360, and the powertrain1200. For example, the processor may be operatively coupled with the memory1340via a communication bus1380.

The memory1340includes any tangible non-transitory computer-usable or computer-readable medium, capable of, for example, containing, storing, communicating, or transporting machine readable instructions, or any information associated therewith, for use by or in connection with any processor, such as the processor1330. The memory1340may be, for example, one or more solid state drives, one or more memory cards, one or more removable media, one or more read-only memories, one or more random access memories, one or more disks, including a hard disk, a floppy disk, an optical disk, a magnetic or optical card, or any type of non-transitory media suitable for storing electronic information, or any combination thereof. For example, a memory may be one or more read only memories (ROM), one or more random access memories (RAM), one or more registers, low power double data rate (LPDDR) memories, one or more cache memories, one or more semiconductor memory devices, one or more magnetic media, one or more optical media, one or more magneto-optical media, or any combination thereof.

The communication interface1370may be a wireless antenna, as shown, a wired communication port, an optical communication port, or any other wired or wireless unit capable of interfacing with a wired or wireless electronic communication medium1500. AlthoughFIG. 1shows the communication interface1370communicating via a single communication link, a communication interface may be configured to communicate via multiple communication links. AlthoughFIG. 1shows a single communication interface1370, a vehicle may include any number of communication interfaces.

The communication unit1320is configured to transmit or receive signals via a wired or wireless electronic communication medium1500, such as via the communication interface1370. Although not explicitly shown inFIG. 1, the communication unit1320may be configured to transmit, receive, or both via any wired or wireless communication medium, such as radio frequency (RF), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, fiber optic, wireline, or a combination thereof. AlthoughFIG. 1shows a single communication unit1320and a single communication interface1370, any number of communication units and any number of communication interfaces may be used. In some embodiments, the communication unit1320includes a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) unit, an on-board unit (OBU), or a combination thereof.

The location unit1310may determine geolocation information, such as longitude, latitude, elevation, direction of travel, or speed, of the vehicle1000. In an example, the location unit1310includes a GPS unit, such as a Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) enabled National Marine-Electronics Association (NMEA) unit, a radio triangulation unit, or a combination thereof. The location unit1310can be used to obtain information that represents, for example, a current heading of the vehicle1000, a current position of the vehicle1000in two or three dimensions, a current angular orientation of the vehicle1000, or a combination thereof.

The user interface1350includes any unit capable of interfacing with a person, such as a virtual or physical keypad, a touchpad, a display, a touch display, a heads-up display, a virtual display, an augmented reality display, a haptic display, a feature tracking device, such as an eye-tracking device, a speaker, a microphone, a video camera, a sensor, a printer, or any combination thereof. The user interface1350may be operatively coupled with the processor1330, as shown, or with any other element of the controller1300. Although shown as a single unit, the user interface1350may include one or more physical units. For example, the user interface1350may include both an audio interface for performing audio communication with a person and a touch display for performing visual and touch-based communication with the person. The user interface1350may include multiple displays, such as multiple physically separate units, multiple defined portions within a single physical unit, or a combination thereof.

The sensors1360are operable to provide information that may be used to control the vehicle. The sensors1360may be an array of sensors. The sensors1360may provide information regarding current operating characteristics of the vehicle1000, including vehicle operational information. The sensors1360can include, for example, a speed sensor, acceleration sensors, a steering angle sensor, traction-related sensors, braking-related sensors, steering wheel position sensors, eye tracking sensors, seating position sensors, or any sensor, or combination of sensors, that are operable to report information regarding some aspect of the current dynamic situation of the vehicle1000.

The sensors1360include one or more sensors1360that are operable to obtain information regarding the physical environment surrounding the vehicle1000, such as operational environment information. For example, one or more sensors may detect road geometry, such as lane lines, and obstacles, such as fixed obstacles, vehicles, and pedestrians. The sensors1360can be or include one or more video cameras, laser-sensing systems, infrared-sensing systems, acoustic-sensing systems, or any other suitable type of on-vehicle environmental sensing device, or combination of devices, now known or later developed. In some embodiments, the sensors1360and the location unit1310are combined.

Although not shown separately, the vehicle1000may include a trajectory controller. For example, the controller1300may include the trajectory controller. The trajectory controller may be operable to obtain information describing a current state of the vehicle1000and a route planned for the vehicle1000, and, based on this information, to determine and optimize a trajectory for the vehicle1000. In some embodiments, the trajectory controller may output signals operable to control the vehicle1000such that the vehicle1000follows the trajectory that is determined by the trajectory controller. For example, the output of the trajectory controller can be an optimized trajectory that may be supplied to the powertrain1200, the wheels1400, or both. In some embodiments, the optimized trajectory can be control inputs such as a set of steering angles, with each steering angle corresponding to a point in time or a position. In some embodiments, the optimized trajectory can be one or more paths, lines, curves, or a combination thereof.

One or more of the wheels1400may be a steered wheel that is pivoted to a steering angle under control of the steering unit1230, a propelled wheel that is torqued to propel the vehicle1000under control of the transmission1220, or a steered and propelled wheel that may steer and propel the vehicle1000.

Although not shown inFIG. 1, a vehicle may include additional units or elements not shown inFIG. 1, such as an enclosure, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a speaker, or any combination thereof.

The vehicle1000may be an autonomous vehicle that is controlled autonomously, without direct human intervention, to traverse a portion of a vehicle transportation network. Although not shown separately inFIG. 1, an autonomous vehicle may include an autonomous vehicle control unit that performs autonomous vehicle routing, navigation, and control. The autonomous vehicle control unit may be integrated with another unit of the vehicle. For example, the controller1300may include the autonomous vehicle control unit.

When present, the autonomous vehicle control unit may control or operate the vehicle1000to traverse a portion of the vehicle transportation network in accordance with current vehicle operation parameters. The autonomous vehicle control unit may control or operate the vehicle1000to perform a defined operation or maneuver, such as parking the vehicle. The autonomous vehicle control unit may generate a route of travel from an origin, such as a current location of the vehicle1000, to a destination based on vehicle information, environment information, vehicle transportation network information representing the vehicle transportation network, or a combination thereof, and may control or operate the vehicle1000to traverse the vehicle transportation network in accordance with the route. For example, the autonomous vehicle control unit may output the route of travel to the trajectory controller to operate the vehicle1000to travel from the origin to the destination using the generated route.

FIG. 2is a diagram of an example of a portion of a vehicle transportation and communication system in which the aspects, features, and elements disclosed herein may be implemented. The vehicle transportation and communication system2000may include one or more vehicles2100/2110, such as the vehicle1000shown inFIG. 1, which travels via one or more portions of the vehicle transportation network2200, and communicates via one or more electronic communication networks2300. Although not explicitly shown inFIG. 2, a vehicle may traverse an off-road area.

The electronic communication network2300may be, for example, a multiple access system that provides for communication, such as voice communication, data communication, video communication, messaging communication, or a combination thereof, between the vehicle2100/2110and one or more communication devices2400. For example, a vehicle2100/2110may receive information, such as information representing the vehicle transportation network2200, from a communication device2400via the network2300.

In some embodiments, a vehicle2100/2110may communicate via a wired communication link (not shown), a wireless communication link2310/2320/2370, or a combination of any number of wired or wireless communication links. As shown, a vehicle2100/2110communicates via a terrestrial wireless communication link2310, via a non-terrestrial wireless communication link2320, or via a combination thereof. The terrestrial wireless communication link2310may include an Ethernet link, a serial link, a Bluetooth link, an infrared (IR) link, an ultraviolet (UV) link, or any link capable of providing for electronic communication.

A vehicle2100/2110may communicate with another vehicle2100/2110. For example, a host, or subject, vehicle (HV)2100may receive one or more automated inter-vehicle messages, such as a basic safety message (BSM), from a remote, or target, vehicle (RV)2110, via a direct communication link2370, or via a network2300. The remote vehicle2110may broadcast the message to host vehicles within a defined broadcast range, such as 300 meters. In some embodiments, the host vehicle2100may receive a message via a third party, such as a signal repeater (not shown) or another remote vehicle (not shown). A vehicle2100/2110may transmit one or more automated inter-vehicle messages periodically, based on, for example, a defined interval, such as 100 milliseconds.

Automated inter-vehicle messages may include vehicle identification information, geospatial state information, such as longitude, latitude, or elevation information, geospatial location accuracy information, kinematic state information, such as vehicle acceleration information, yaw rate information, speed information, vehicle heading information, braking system status information, throttle information, steering wheel angle information, or vehicle routing information, or vehicle operating state information, such as vehicle size information, headlight state information, turn signal information, wiper status information, transmission information, or any other information, or combination of information, relevant to the transmitting vehicle state. For example, transmission state information may indicate whether the transmission of the transmitting vehicle is in a neutral state, a parked state, a forward state, or a reverse state.

The vehicle2100may communicate with the communications network2300via an access point2330. The access point2330, which may include a computing device, is configured to communicate with a vehicle2100, with a communication network2300, with one or more communication devices2400, or with a combination thereof via wired or wireless communication links2310/2340. For example, the access point2330may be a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an enhanced Node-B (eNode-B), a Home Node-B (HNode-B), a wireless router, a wired router, a hub, a relay, a switch, or any similar wired or wireless device. Although shown as a single unit here, an access point may include any number of interconnected elements.

The vehicle2100may communicate with the communications network2300via a satellite2350, or other non-terrestrial communication device. The satellite2350, which may include a computing device, is configured to communicate with a vehicle2100, with a communication network2300, with one or more communication devices2400, or with a combination thereof via one or more communication links2320/2360. Although shown as a single unit here, a satellite may include any number of interconnected elements.

An electronic communication network2300is any type of network configured to provide for voice, data, or any other type of electronic communication. For example, the electronic communication network2300may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a virtual private network (VPN), a mobile or cellular telephone network, the Internet, or any other electronic communication system. The electronic communication network2300uses a communication protocol, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), the user datagram protocol (UDP), the internet protocol (IP), the real-time transport protocol (RTP) the HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP), or a combination thereof. Although shown as a single unit here, an electronic communication network may include any number of interconnected elements.

The vehicle2100may identify a portion or condition of the vehicle transportation network2200. For example, the vehicle includes at least one on-vehicle sensor2105, like the sensors1360shown inFIG. 1, which may be or include a speed sensor, a wheel speed sensor, a camera, a gyroscope, an optical sensor, a laser sensor, a radar sensor, a sonic sensor, or any other sensor or device or combination thereof capable of determining or identifying a portion or condition of the vehicle transportation network2200. The sensor data may include lane line data, remote vehicle location data, or both.

The vehicle2100may traverse a portion or portions of the vehicle transportation network2200using information communicated via the network2300, such as information representing the vehicle transportation network2200, information identified by one or more on-vehicle sensors2105, or a combination thereof.

AlthoughFIG. 2shows one vehicle transportation network2200, one electronic communication network2300, and one communication device2400, for simplicity, any number of networks or communication devices may be used. The vehicle transportation and communication system2000may include devices, units, or elements not shown inFIG. 2. Although the vehicle2100is shown as a single unit, a vehicle may include any number of interconnected elements.

Although the vehicle2100is shown communicating with the communication device2400via the network2300, the vehicle2100may communicate with the communication device2400via any number of direct or indirect communication links. For example, the vehicle2100may communicate with the communication device2400via a direct communication link, such as a Bluetooth communication link.

FIG. 3is a diagram of a portion of a vehicle transportation network in accordance with this disclosure. A vehicle transportation network3000may include one or more unnavigable areas3100, such as a building, one or more partially navigable areas, such as parking area3200, one or more navigable areas, such as roads3300/3400, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, an autonomous vehicle, such as the vehicle1000shown inFIG. 1, one of the vehicles2100/2110shown inFIG. 2, a semi-autonomous vehicle, or any other vehicle implementing autonomous driving, may traverse a portion or portions of the vehicle transportation network3000.

The vehicle transportation network3000may include one or more interchanges3210between one or more navigable, or partially navigable, areas3200/3300/3400. For example, the portion of the vehicle transportation network300shown inFIG. 3includes an interchange3210between the parking area3200and road3400. A portion of the vehicle transportation network3000, such as a road3300/3400, may include one or more lanes3320/3340/3360/3420/3440and may be associated with one or more directions of travel, which are indicated by arrows inFIG. 3.

A vehicle transportation network, or a portion thereof, such as the portion of the vehicle transportation network3000shown inFIG. 3, may be represented as vehicle transportation network information. For example, vehicle transportation network information may be expressed as a hierarchy of elements, such as markup language elements, which may be stored in a database or file. For simplicity, the figures herein depict vehicle transportation network information representing portions of a vehicle transportation network as diagrams or maps; however, vehicle transportation network information may be expressed in any computer-usable form capable of representing a vehicle transportation network, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the vehicle transportation network information may include vehicle transportation network control information, such as direction of travel information, speed limit information, toll information, grade information, such as inclination or angle information, surface material information, aesthetic information, a number of lanes, known hazards, or a combination thereof.

The vehicle transportation network may be associated with, or may include, a pedestrian transportation network. For example,FIG. 3includes a portion3600of a pedestrian transportation network, which may be a pedestrian walkway. Although not shown separately inFIG. 3, a pedestrian navigable area, such as a pedestrian crosswalk, may correspond with a navigable area, or a partially navigable area, of a vehicle transportation network.

In some embodiments, a portion, or a combination of portions, of the vehicle transportation network may be identified as a point of interest or a destination. For example, the vehicle transportation network information may identify a building, such as the unnavigable area3100, and the adjacent partially navigable parking area3200as a point of interest, a vehicle may identify the point of interest as a destination, and the vehicle may travel from an origin to the destination by traversing the vehicle transportation network. Although the parking area3200associated with the unnavigable area3100is shown as adjacent to the unnavigable area3100inFIG. 3, a destination may include, for example, a building and a parking area that is physically or geospatially non-adjacent to the building.

Traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network may proceed from a topological location estimate of the vehicle to a destination. The destination may be a discrete uniquely identifiable geolocation. For example, the vehicle transportation network may include a defined location, such as a street address, a postal address, a vehicle transportation network address, a GPS address, or a combination thereof for the destination. A destination may be associated with one or more entrances, such as the entrance3500shown inFIG. 3.

A destination may be associated with one or more docking locations, such as the docking location3700shown inFIG. 3. A docking location3700may be a designated or undesignated location or area in proximity to a destination at which a vehicle may stop, stand, or park such that docking operations, such as passenger loading or unloading, may be performed. The vehicle transportation network information may include docking location information, such as information identifying a geolocation of the docking location3700. Although not shown separately inFIG. 3, docking location information may identify a type of docking operation associated with a docking location3700. For example, a destination may be associated with a first docking location for passenger loading and a second docking location for passenger unloading.

FIG. 4is a diagram of an example of an autonomous vehicle operational management system4000in accordance with embodiments of this disclosure. The autonomous vehicle operational management system4000may be implemented in an autonomous vehicle, such as the vehicle1000shown inFIG. 1, one of the vehicles2100/2110shown inFIG. 2, a semi-autonomous vehicle, or any other vehicle implementing autonomous driving.

An autonomous vehicle may traverse a vehicle transportation network, or a portion thereof, which may include traversing distinct vehicle operational scenarios. A distinct vehicle operational scenario (or “scenario”) may include any distinctly identifiable set of operative conditions that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle within a defined spatiotemporal area, or operational environment, of the autonomous vehicle. For example, a distinct vehicle operational scenario may be based on a number or cardinality of roads, road segments, or lanes that the autonomous vehicle may traverse within a defined spatiotemporal distance. In another example, a distinct vehicle operational scenario may be based on one or more traffic control devices that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle within a defined spatiotemporal area, or operational environment, of the autonomous vehicle. In another example, a distinct vehicle operational scenario may be based on one or more identifiable rules, regulations, or laws that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle within a defined spatiotemporal area, or operational environment, of the autonomous vehicle. In another example, a distinct vehicle operational scenario may be based on one or more identifiable external objects that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle within a defined spatiotemporal area, or operational environment, of the autonomous vehicle.

Examples of distinct vehicle operational scenarios including a distinct vehicle operational scenario wherein the autonomous vehicle is traversing an intersection; a distinct vehicle operational scenario wherein a pedestrian is crossing, or approaching, the expected path of the autonomous vehicle; and a distinct vehicle operational scenario wherein the autonomous vehicle is changing lanes.

For simplicity and clarity, similar vehicle operational scenarios may be described herein with reference to vehicle operational scenario types or classes. A type or class of a vehicle operation scenario may refer to a particular pattern or set of patterns of the scenario. For example, vehicle operational scenarios including pedestrians may be referred to herein as pedestrian scenarios referring to the types or classes of vehicle operational scenarios that include pedestrians. As an example, a first pedestrian vehicle operational scenario may include a pedestrian crossing a road at a crosswalk and as second pedestrian vehicle operational scenario may include a pedestrian crossing a road by jaywalking. Although pedestrian vehicle operational scenarios, intersection vehicle operational scenarios, and lane change vehicle operational scenarios are described herein, any other vehicle operational scenario or vehicle operational scenario type may be used.

Aspects of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle may be represented within respective distinct vehicle operational scenarios. For example, the relative orientation, trajectory, expected path, of external objects may be represented within respective distinct vehicle operational scenarios. In another example, the relative geometry of the vehicle transportation network may be represented within respective distinct vehicle operational scenarios.

As an example, a first distinct vehicle operational scenario may correspond to a pedestrian crossing a road at a crosswalk, and a relative orientation and expected path of the pedestrian, such as crossing from left to right for crossing from right to left, may be represented within the first distinct vehicle operational scenario. A second distinct vehicle operational scenario may correspond to a pedestrian crossing a road by jaywalking, and a relative orientation and expected path of the pedestrian, such as crossing from left to right for crossing from right to left, may be represented within the second distinct vehicle operational scenario.

An autonomous vehicle may traverse multiple distinct vehicle operational scenarios within an operational environment, which may be aspects of a compound vehicle operational scenario. For example, a pedestrian may approach the expected path for the autonomous vehicle traversing an intersection.

The autonomous vehicle operational management system4000may operate or control the autonomous vehicle to traverse the distinct vehicle operational scenarios subject to defined constraints, such as safety constraints, legal constraints, physical constraints, user acceptability constraints, or any other constraint or combination of constraints that may be defined or derived for the operation of the autonomous vehicle.

Controlling the autonomous vehicle to traverse the distinct vehicle operational scenarios may include identifying or detecting the distinct vehicle operational scenarios, identifying candidate vehicle control actions based on the distinct vehicle operational scenarios, controlling the autonomous vehicle to traverse a portion of the vehicle transportation network in accordance with one or more of the candidate vehicle control actions, or a combination thereof.

A vehicle control action may indicate a vehicle control operation or maneuver, such as accelerating, decelerating, turning, stopping, or any other vehicle operation or combination of vehicle operations that may be performed by the autonomous vehicle in conjunction with traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, or another unit of the autonomous vehicle, may control the autonomous vehicle to traverse the vehicle transportation network, or a portion thereof, in accordance with a vehicle control action. Examples of vehicle control actions include a ‘stop’ vehicle control action, an ‘advance’ vehicle control action (e.g., the autonomous vehicle moves a short distance slowly), an ‘accelerate’ vehicle control action, a ‘decelerate’ vehicle control action, a ‘maintain’ vehicle control action (e.g., the autonomous vehicle maintains its speed), a ‘turn’ vehicle control action (which may include an angle of a turn), or any other standard vehicle operations. A vehicle control action may be a compound vehicle control action, which may include a sequence, combination, or both of vehicle control actions. For example, an ‘advance’ vehicle control action may indicate a ‘stop’ vehicle control action, a subsequent ‘accelerate’ vehicle control action associated with a defined acceleration rate, and a subsequent ‘stop’ vehicle control action associated with a defined deceleration rate, such that controlling the autonomous vehicle in accordance with the ‘advance’ vehicle control action includes controlling the autonomous vehicle to slowly inch forward a short distance, such as a few inches or a foot.

The autonomous vehicle operational management system4000may include an autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, operational environment monitors4300, scenario-specific operation control evaluation modules4400(“SSOCEM”), or a combination thereof.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may receive, identify, or otherwise access, operational environment information representing an operational environment for the autonomous vehicle, such as a current operational environment or an expected operational environment, or one or more aspects thereof. The operational environment of the autonomous vehicle may include a distinctly identifiable set of operative conditions that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle within a defined spatiotemporal area of the autonomous vehicle. For example, the operational environment information may include vehicle information for the autonomous vehicle, such as information indicating a geospatial location of the autonomous vehicle, information correlating the geospatial location of the autonomous vehicle to information representing the vehicle transportation network, a route of the autonomous vehicle, a speed of the autonomous vehicle, an acceleration state of the autonomous vehicle, passenger information of the autonomous vehicle, or any other information about the autonomous vehicle or the operation of the autonomous vehicle. In another example, the operational environment information may include information representing the vehicle transportation network proximate to the autonomous vehicle, such as within a defined spatial distance (e.g., 300 meters) of the autonomous vehicle, information indicating the geometry of one or more aspects of the vehicle transportation network, information indicating a condition, such as a surface condition, of the vehicle transportation network, or any combination thereof. In another example, the operational environment information may include information representing external objects within the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, such as information representing pedestrians, non-human animals, non-motorized transportation devices, such as bicycles or skateboards, motorized transportation devices, such as remote vehicles, or any other external object or entity that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may monitor the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, or defined aspects thereof. Monitoring the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle may include identifying and tracking external objects, identifying distinct vehicle operational scenarios, or a combination thereof. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify and track external objects with the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle. Identifying and tracking the external objects may include identifying spatiotemporal locations of respective external objects, which may be relative to the autonomous vehicle, identifying one or more expected paths for respective external objects, which may include identifying a speed, a trajectory, or both, for an external object. For simplicity and clarity, descriptions of locations, expected locations, paths, expected paths, and the like herein may omit express indications that the corresponding locations and paths refer to geospatial and temporal components; however, unless expressly indicated herein, or otherwise unambiguously clear from context, the locations, expected locations, paths, expected paths, and the like described herein may include geospatial components, temporal components, or both.

The operational environment monitors4300may include a pedestrian operational environment monitor4310(pedestrian monitor), an intersection operational environment monitor4320(intersection monitor), a lane change operational environment monitor4330(lane change monitor), or a combination thereof. An operational environment monitor4340is shown using broken lines to indicate that the autonomous vehicle operational management system4000may include any number of operational environment monitors4300.

One or more distinct vehicle operational scenarios may be monitored by a respective operational environment monitor4300. For example, the pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may monitor operational environment information corresponding to multiple pedestrian vehicle operational scenarios, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may monitor operational environment information corresponding to multiple intersection vehicle operational scenarios, and the lane change operational environment monitor4330may monitor operational environment information corresponding to multiple lane change vehicle operational scenarios. An operational environment monitor4300may receive, or otherwise access, operational environment information, such as operational environment information generated or captured by one or more sensors of the autonomous vehicle, vehicle transportation network information, vehicle transportation network geometry information, or a combination thereof. For example, the pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may receive, or otherwise access, information, such as sensor data, which may indicate, correspond to, or may otherwise be associated with, one or more pedestrians in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle.

An operational environment monitor4300may associate the operational environment information, or a portion thereof, with the operational environment, or an aspect thereof, such as with an external object, such as a pedestrian, a remote vehicle, or the like. An operational environment monitor4300may generate, or otherwise identify, information representing one or more aspects of the operational environment, such as with an external object, such as a pedestrian, a remote vehicle, or an aspect of the vehicle transportation network geometry, which may include filtering, abstracting, or otherwise processing the operational environment information. An operational environment monitor4300may output the information representing the one or more aspects of the operational environment to, or for access by, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, such by storing the information representing the one or more aspects of the operational environment in a memory, such as the memory1340shown inFIG. 1, of the autonomous vehicle accessible by the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, sending the information representing the one or more aspects of the operational environment to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, or a combination thereof. An operational environment monitor4300may output the information representing the one or more aspects of the operational environment to one or more elements of the autonomous vehicle operational management system4000, such as the blocking monitor4200.

The pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may correlate, associate, or otherwise process the operational environment information to identify, track, or predict actions of one or more pedestrians. For example, the pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may receive information, such as sensor data, from one or more sensors, which may correspond to one or more pedestrians. The pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may associate the sensor data with one or more identified pedestrians, which may include may identifying a direction of travel, a path, such as an expected path, a current or expected velocity, a current or expected acceleration rate, or a combination thereof for one or more of the respective identified pedestrians, and the pedestrian operational environment monitor4310may output the identified, associated, or generated pedestrian information to, or for access by, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100.

In another example, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may correlate, associate, or otherwise process the operational environment information to identify, track, or predict actions of one or more remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, to identify an intersection, or an aspect thereof, in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, to identify vehicle transportation network geometry, or a combination thereof. For example, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may receive information, such as sensor data, from one or more sensors, which may correspond to one or more remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, the intersection, or one or more aspects thereof, in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, the vehicle transportation network geometry, or a combination thereof, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may associate the sensor data with one or more identified remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, the intersection, or one or more aspects thereof, in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, the vehicle transportation network geometry, or a combination thereof, which may include may identifying a current or expected direction of travel, a path, such as an expected path, a current or expected velocity, a current or expected acceleration rate, or a combination thereof for one or more of the respective identified remote vehicles, and the intersection operational environment monitor4320may output the identified, associated, or generated intersection information to, or for access by, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100.

In another example, lane change operational environment monitor4330may correlate, associate, or otherwise process the operational environment information to identify, track, or predict actions of one or more remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, such as information indicating a slow or stationary remote vehicle along the expected path of the autonomous vehicle, to identify one or more aspects of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, such as vehicle transportation network geometry in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, or a combination thereof geospatially corresponding to a current or expected lane change operation. For example, the lane change operational environment monitor4330may receive information, such as sensor data, from one or more sensors, which may correspond to one or more remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, one or more aspects of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle or a combination thereof geospatially corresponding to a current or expected lane change operation, the lane change operational environment monitor4330may associate the sensor data with one or more identified remote vehicles in the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, one or more aspects of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle or a combination thereof geospatially corresponding to a current or expected lane change operation, which may include may identifying a current or expected direction of travel, a path, such as an expected path, a current or expected velocity, a current or expected acceleration rate, or a combination thereof for one or more of the respective identified remote vehicles, and the lane change operational environment monitor4330may output the identified, associated, or generated lane change information to, or for access by, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify one or more distinct vehicle operational scenarios based on one or more aspects of the operational environment represented by the operational environment information. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify a distinct vehicle operational scenario in response to identifying, or based on, the operational environment information indicated by one or more of the operational environment monitors4300.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify multiple distinct vehicle operational scenarios based on one or more aspects of the operational environment represented by the operational environment information. For example, the operational environment information may include information representing a pedestrian approaching an intersection along an expected path for the autonomous vehicle, and the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify a pedestrian vehicle operational scenario, an intersection vehicle operational scenario, or both.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may instantiate respective instances of one or more of the SSOCEMs4400based on one or more aspects of the operational environment represented by the operational environment information. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may instantiate the instance of the SSOCEM4400in response to identifying an upcoming scenario. An upcoming scenario may be a distinct vehicle operational scenario that the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines that the autonomous vehicle is likely to encounter if it continues in its path. Upcoming scenarios may be expected (e.g., can be determined from the route of the autonomous vehicle) or unexpected. An unexpected upcoming scenario may be a scenario that can be detected by the sensors of the vehicle and cannot be determined without sensor data.

A SSOCEM4400, once instantiated, can receive operational environment information, including sensor data, to determine and output a candidate vehicle control action. A candidate vehicle control action is a vehicle control action that is identified by the particular SSOCEM4400as the likely optimal action for the vehicle to perform to handle a particular scenario. For instance, a SSOCEM4400configured to handle intersections (e.g., an intersection SSOCEM4420) may output a “proceed” candidate vehicle control action that suggests proceeding through an intersection. At the same time, a SSOCEM4400for handling lane changes (e.g., the lane change SSOCEM4430) may output a “turn left” candidate vehicle control action indicating that the autonomous vehicle should merge left by two degrees. In some implementations, each SSOCEM4400outputs a confidence score indicating a degree of confidence in the candidate vehicle control action determined by the SSOCEM4400. For instance, a confidence score greater than 0.95 may indicate a very high confidence in the candidate vehicle control action, while a confidence score less than 0.5 may indicate a relatively low degree of confidence in the candidate vehicle control action.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100receives the candidate vehicle control actions and determines a vehicle control action based on the received candidate vehicle control actions. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100utilizes hardcoded logic to determine the vehicle control action. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may select the candidate vehicle control action having the highest confidence score. In other implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may select the candidate vehicle control action that is the least likely to result in a collision. In other implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may generate a compound action based on two or more non-conflicting candidate vehicle control actions (e.g., compounding “proceed” and “turn left by two degrees” to result in an vehicle control action that causes the vehicle to veer left and proceed through an intersection). In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may utilize a machine learning algorithm to determine a vehicle control action based on two or more differing candidate vehicle control actions.

A SSOCEM4400may include two or more models that are configured to determine one or more vehicle control actions for handling a scenario given a set of inputs. The two or more models may include a preferred model4500and one or more fallback models4600. Models may include, but are not limited to, Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) models, Markov Decision Process (MDP) models, Classical Planning models, Partially Observable Stochastic Game (POSG) models, Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) models, Reinforcement Learning (RL) models, artificial neural networks, hardcoded expert logic, or any other suitable types of models. Examples of different types of models are provided below. Each SSOCEM4400may further include computer-executable instructions for determining whether to utilize the preferred model4500or to utilize one of the one or more fallback models4600. In some implementations, the preferred models4500may provide a more robust framework, but may take seconds or minutes to solve. Thus, the fallback models provide a reliable, but less computationally expensive alternative to the preferred model. Each SSOCEM includes computer-executable instructions that define a manner by which the models operate and a manner by which the models are utilized. Furthermore, in some implementations, each SSOCEM4400includes instructions that are used to determine whether to use a partially solved model (discussed further below), rather than waiting for the SSOCEM4400to fully solve a preferred model4500.

In some implementations, a SSOCEM4400determines a solution to the preferred model given the type of the scenario that an instance of the SSOCEM4400is to handle. For example, in the case that the preferred model is a POMDP, an instantiated SSOCEM4400solves the model to determine a set of all possible states and state transitions given a type of scenario. A model may be considered fully solved when the model converges. A POMDP is defined by a tuple <S, A, Ω, T, O, R>, where S is the set of possible states, A is a set of possible actions, and Ω is a set of observations. T: S×A×S→[0, 1] describes how the environmental states change dynamically with respect to the actions taken by the autonomous vehicle. O: A×S×Ω→[0, 1] describes how observations are stochastically produced by new environment states once an action has been taken by the autonomous vehicle. R is the reward function, which may be defined as a unit cost for all states, except the goal state. Given the definition of a POMDP, the SSOCEM solves the POMDP by constructing a policy that maximizes an objective function. The objective function combines partial rewards (at each step) over multiple steps. At each step, the SSOCEM determines whether a state transition, which may be a transition from one state to another state resulting from an action, results in a reward or a penalty. This determination (i.e., reward or penalty) may be used to update the objective function (e.g., decrement the objective function in the case of a penalty and increment the objective function in the case of reward). Thus, as the SSOCEM4400iterates through all the possible state transitions while updating the objective function at each step. At each step (or every nth step), the SSOCEM4400can determine whether the objective function is increasing, decreasing, or remaining relatively flat. After observing little or no change in the objective function over multiple steps, the SSOCEM4400determines that the solution to the POMDP has converged.

By fully solving the POMDP, the SSOCEM4400is configured to receive operational environment information, including sensor data received from the sensors of the autonomous vehicle, and to determine a candidate vehicle control action based on the fully solved model. Candidate vehicle control actions determined by a fully solved model have a higher degree of reliability. One issue that may arise, however, is that fully solving a model is a computationally expensive process that increases the demand on the processor(s) of the autonomous vehicle, as well as, an increased amount of time.

As there may be multiple SSOCEMs4400operating concurrently, and the autonomous vehicle may be approaching a particular scenario that requires action, there are instances where the SSOCEM4400cannot fully solve a model before the particular scenario is encountered. Thus, the SSOCEMs4400may be configured to determine whether to use a fallback model4600or to solve the preferred model4500. Initially, the SSOCEM4400determines whether the preferred model4500has been solved for the particular type of a scenario previously (e.g., is a solution to the preferred model4500for a particular type of scenario stored in the memory of the autonomous vehicle). If the SSOCEM4400determines that the preferred model4500has been solved for the type of scenario, the SSOCEM4400utilizes the preferred model4500. If the SSOCEM4400determines that the preferred model4500has not yet been solved for the type of the upcoming scenario, the preferred model4500determines whether to solve and utilize the preferred model4500or to utilize a fallback model4600. In some implementations, the SSOCEM4400determines an approximate amount of time until the SSOCEM4400needs to determine a candidate vehicle control action (e.g., an approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario) and an approximate amount of time required to solve the model for the particular scenario. In some implementations, the SSOCEM4400may include metadata that indicates approximate times to solve the preferred model4500hardcoded therein. Alternatively, the SSOCEM4400may include a lookup table that relates scenario types to the amount of time needed to solve a model given the respective scenario type. If the approximate amount of time required to solve the preferred model is greater than the approximate amount of time until the SSOCEM4400needs to provide a candidate vehicle control action, the SSOCEM4400determines to use the fallback model4600. If the approximate amount of time required to solve the preferred model4500is less than the approximate amount of time until the SSOCEM4400needs to provide a candidate vehicle control action, the SSOCEM4400determines to solve the preferred model4500and to utilize the solution to the preferred model to determine the candidate vehicle control action. The amount of time until the SSOCEM4400needs to provide a candidate vehicle control action may be the approximate amount of time until the vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario. The approximate amount of time to solve a preferred model4500may be an approximation of the amount of time needed to fully solve the preferred model, or an approximation of the amount of time needed to partially solve the model.

For example, the models defined in an intersection SSOCEM4420may be configured to handle any type of intersection (e.g., three way stop, four way stop with stop signs, a four way stop sign with traffic lights, a six way stop, a four way stop with a blinking light, etc.). For each type of intersection-specific scenario, the intersection SSOCEM4420must either solve the preferred model4500(e.g., a POMDP) or may utilize a less complex model (e.g., an MPD or hard-coded instructions). In operation, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may identify an upcoming scenario (i.e., an intersection) to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100and a type of the scenario. In response to the determination, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may instantiate an instance of an intersection SSOCEM4420. The instance of the intersection SSOCEM4420determines whether the autonomous vehicle has a solution to the preferred model for the particular type of a scenario (e.g., a solution to the POMDP for handling a four way stop with stop signs). If so, the intersection SSOCEM4420can select the previous solution to the model for the particular type. If, however, the intersection SSOCEM4420determines that there are no solutions to the preferred model4500for the particular type of scenario, then the intersection SSOCEM4420determines whether to solve and utilize the preferred model4500or to utilize on the fallback model4600based on the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the intersection and the approximate amount of time that the intersection SSOCEM4420needs to at least partially solve the preferred model4500. If the intersection SSOCEM4420determines that the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the intersection is greater than the approximate amount of time needed to solve the preferred model, the intersection SSOCEM4420begins solving the preferred model4500and utilizes the solution to the preferred model4500to determine the candidate vehicle control action. If the intersection SSOCEM4420determines that the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the intersection is less than the approximate amount of time needed to solve the preferred model, the intersection SSOCEM4420utilizes a fallback model4600to determine the candidate vehicle control action. For example, the intersection SSOCEM4420may utilize the MDP or hardcoded expert logic to determine the candidate vehicle control action. To determine the candidate vehicle control action, the intersection SSOCEM4420obtains operational environment information, including sensor data obtained from the vehicle sensors, and inputs the operational environment information into the model (i.e., the solution to the preferred model4500or the fallback models). The model then outputs the candidate vehicle control action, which is output to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100.

When an SSOCEM4400determines that the SSOCEM4400has sufficient time to solve the preferred model4500, the SSOCEM4400may begin solving the preferred model4500. In doing so, the SSOCEM4400may perform a number of iterations until the preferred model4500converges on a solution. During the solving of the preferred model4500, the SSOCEM4400may monitor the progress of the solution. The progress of the solution may be measured by a degree of convergence of the solution to the preferred model4500. At each nth iteration or when the autonomous vehicle approaches the upcoming scenario (e.g., within a certain distance threshold), the SSOCEM4400may determine the degree of convergence of the solution to the preferred model4500. For example, at each iteration, the SSOCEM4400may compute an expected value for the current solution. The expected value of the current solution may be a measure of how desirable the current solution is in terms of an expected future reward if the SSOCEM follows this solution. After each (or nth) iteration, the SSOCEM4400can compute a difference between the previous expected value and the current expected value to determine whether the solution is improving. The SSOCEM4400may implement a function that computes a maximal number of iterations until the difference between the previous and current value is less than a threshold (when the model is said to have converged). The difference between the values indicates the degree of convergence, as well as an approximate number of iterations until the solution converges. If the solution to the preferred model4500has not fully converged, the SSOCEM4400determines a degree of convergence of the solution, an approximate amount of time (which may be measured in expected iterations) until the model converges, and an approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario. Based on these factors, the SSOCEM4400can determine whether to wait until the solution fully converges, whether to utilize a partial solution to the preferred model, or to rely on a fallback model. If the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario is greater than the approximate amount of time until the solution fully converges, the SSOCEM4400continues to solve the preferred model4500. If the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario is less than the approximate amount of time until the solution fully converges, the SSOCEM4400determines whether to use a partial solution to preferred model4500or to rely on the fallback model4600. If the degree of convergence of the solution is greater than a threshold (e.g., >80% converged), the SSOCEM4400may determine to use the partial solution to the preferred model to determine the candidate vehicle control action. If the degree of convergence of the solution is less than the threshold, the SSOCEM4400may utilize a fallback model4600(e.g., an MDP or hardcoded expert logic) to determine the candidate vehicle control action.

In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100(or a SSOCEM4400) is configured to store a solution to a preferred model4500in the memory of the autonomous vehicle upon a respective SSOCEM4400determining a full solution to the preferred model4500for a particular type of scenario. In these implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100(or a SSOCEM4400) may determine that a respective SSOCEM4400determined a full solution to a preferred model4500for a particular type of a scenario. In some implementations, the stored solution to a preferred model4500may be indexed by a scenario key (e.g., an intersection) and a type key that defines the specific type of a scenario (e.g., six-way intersection). In this way, in subsequent iterations, when the autonomous vehicle identifies an upcoming scenario that is of the same type or is substantially similar to the situation type solved by the SSOCEM4400, another instance of the SSOCEM4400may utilize the solution to the preferred model4500. As a result, processing resources may be conserved, and the autonomous vehicle may rely on a more robust model (e.g., a POMDP).

Once the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines that a scenario has been handled, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may uninstantiate an instance of a SSOCEM4400. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may identify a distinct set of operative conditions as indicating a distinct vehicle operational scenario for the autonomous vehicle, instantiate an instance of a SSOCEM4400for the distinct vehicle operational scenario, monitor the operative conditions, subsequently determine that one or more of the operative conditions has expired, or has a probability of affecting the operation of the autonomous vehicle below a defined threshold, and the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may uninstantiate the instance of the SSOCEM4400.

As was previously mentioned, computational resources in an autonomous vehicle are limited. Thus, in some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100is configured to identify SSOCEMs4400configured to handle upcoming scenarios and to schedule the instantiation of the identified SSOCEMs440based on a distance to the upcoming scenarios, a criticality of the upcoming scenarios, and other suitable factors. In doing so, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100is able to efficiently manage the instantiation of SSOCEMs4400, which reduces the burden on the computational resources of the autonomous vehicle.

In operation, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100obtains a route of the autonomous vehicle. For example, a user may enter a destination for the autonomous vehicle. In response to the user entry of a destination, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100(or another component) may obtain a route of the autonomous vehicle beginning at a current location of the autonomous vehicle. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may provide the route to the various operational environment monitors4300. For example, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may scan the route to determine any intersections that are to be encountered along the route of the autonomous vehicle. For each intersection, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may identify the intersection relative to the route and/or the current location of the autonomous vehicle, and may also identify any additional features of the intersection. For example, the additional features may include whether there are traffic lights, whether there are stop signs, which lanes have a right of way, how many streets intersect, the direction of traffic at the intersection, etc. Similarly, the lane change operational environment monitor4330may identify locations along the route where there are lane merges (e.g., a merging of two or more lanes). For each identified lane merge, the lane change operational environment monitor4330may identify additional features of the lane merge, including identifying the lane that is ending, how many lanes leading up to the lane merge, and how many lanes remain after the lane merge. The foregoing are examples that are not meant to limit the scope of the disclosure. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may communicate with other operational environment monitors4300that receive the route and identify upcoming scenarios on the route.

The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100receives various upcoming scenarios from the operational environment monitors4300and the locations of the upcoming scenarios. For each upcoming scenario, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario. Furthermore, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may, for each identified upcoming scenario, identify a SSOCEM4400that is configured to handle the identified upcoming scenario. Each identified SSOCEM4400may include a criticality value that indicates a degree of criticality of the scenario handled by the respective SSOCEM4400. For each upcoming scenario, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine a ranking score of the upcoming scenario based on the distance between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario and the criticality of the upcoming scenario. For instance, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may implement a function that receives the criticality value and the distance between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario and outputs a ranking score based on these values. The function may be any suitable function, including a weighted function. The function may receive additional parameters as well, such as the average time to solve the preferred model4500defined in the SSOCEM4400.

Upon determining the ranking score of each upcoming scenario, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100ranks each upcoming scenario based on the ranking score and the ranking score of the other upcoming scenarios. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may then begin instantiating SSOCEMs4400based on the ranked upcoming scenarios. For instance, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may instantiate the SSOCEMs4400corresponding to the n-highest ranked upcoming scenarios (e.g., the three-highest ranked upcoming scenarios). Upon instantiating the SSOCEMs4400, the SSOCEMs4400may determine whether to solve the preferred model4500or to rely on one of the one or more fallback models4600, as was described above.

As the autonomous vehicle traverses the vehicle transportation network, the autonomous vehicle will encounter unexpected scenarios. For example, the autonomous vehicle may encounter a pedestrian that is about to jaywalk or another vehicle driving in front of the autonomous vehicle. The operational environment monitors4300are configured to identify upcoming scenarios, including unexpected scenarios. Each time a monitor identifies an unexpected scenario, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may recalculate the ranking score of all of the upcoming scenarios that have not been dealt with. Put another way, each time a new upcoming scenario is identified by one of the operational environment monitors4300, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine the distance between the autonomous vehicle and each respective upcoming scenario. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may then determine the ranking score of each respective upcoming scenario based on the distance between the autonomous vehicle and the respective upcoming scenario, the criticality of the upcoming scenario, and any other suitable factors. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may then re-rank the upcoming scenarios based on the determined ranking scores of the respective upcoming scenarios. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100then determines which SSOCEMs4400to instantiate based on the reranked upcoming scenarios. In this way, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100can schedule the deployment of SSOCEMs4400corresponding to unexpected upcoming scenarios as the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100becomes aware of the unexpected upcoming scenarios. Once selected for instantiation, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may instantiate an SSOCEM4400for an unexpected upcoming scenario in the manner described above. Once instantiated, an instance of the SSOCEM4400receives operational environment information, including sensor data, and determines a candidate vehicle control action based on the operational environment information.

In some implementations, each SSOCEM4400may be configured to self-monitor for one or more error conditions. For example, if the SSOCEM4400cannot load or operate on the preferred model4500, the SSOCEM4400may identify an error condition. In the case of an error condition, the SSOCEM4400may include hardcoded instructions that are intended to reduce the likelihood of a collision. For example, the SSOCEM4400may output a candidate vehicle control action that instructs the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100to relinquish control to the driver or to pull over to the side of the road and stop the autonomous vehicle.

FIG. 5illustrates an example set of operations of a method5000for controlling an autonomous vehicle. The method5000ofFIG. 5is described with respect to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100. The method5000may, however, be executed by any other suitable component.

At5110, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines the route of the autonomous vehicle. The route of the autonomous vehicle may be determined in response to a user entering a destination. In response to the destination, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100(or another vehicle component) may determine the route by, for example, loading one or more maps stored in the memory of the autonomous vehicle and charting a route based on the destination and current location of the autonomous vehicle. Alternatively, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100(or another vehicle component) may determine the route by transmitting the destination and current location of the autonomous vehicle to a remote server via a communication network. The route may indicate the segments of the vehicle transportation network (e.g., the roads) that the autonomous vehicle will traverse and may further include metadata corresponding to the route. Examples of metadata of the route may include intersections, directions of traffic at the intersections, the amount of lanes at each route segment, and other suitable information.

At5120, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines upcoming scenarios on the route. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may pass the route to one or more of the operational environment monitors4300. Each operational environment monitor4300may analyze the route to detect any potential upcoming scenarios on the route. For instance, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may parse the route to determine all the possible intersections. For each intersection, the intersection operational environment monitor4320may identify a type of intersection. For example, the intersection monitor4320may determine the number of roads intersecting, the right of way (if any), whether there are stop signs or traffic signals, and whether there is a crosswalk at the intersection. Each operational environment monitor4300may output zero or more upcoming scenarios to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100. Each upcoming scenario may include a geolocation of the upcoming scenario and a type of the upcoming scenario. In some implementations, the type of the upcoming scenario may include one or more data fields that define the features of the upcoming scenario.

At5130, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100ranks the upcoming scenarios based on the route. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may receive upcoming scenarios from one or more of the operational environment monitors4300. Initially, the operational environment monitors may identify upcoming scenarios that are expected along the route (e.g., known intersections, reported hazards, known lane merges, known pedestrian cross walks, etc.). Each upcoming scenario may include a geospatial location of the upcoming scenario and a type of the upcoming scenario. The type of the scenario may define one or more features of the upcoming scenario. The upcoming scenario may also have a criticality value associated therewith. The criticality value may indicate a degree of importance of the particular type of upcoming scenario. For example, an intersection of two main roads may have a greater criticality value than an intersection where road on which the autonomous vehicle is traveling has the right of way. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines a ranking score for each upcoming scenario. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine a ranking score of an upcoming scenario based on the distance between the current location of the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario and the criticality value associated with the upcoming scenario. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may use a weighted function, a lookup table, or a machine learned model to determine the ranking score of an upcoming scenario. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines the ranking score of each upcoming scenario, and then may rank the upcoming scenarios based on their respective ranking scores. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may form a queue of upcoming scenarios based on the rankings of the upcoming scenarios, where the highest ranked upcoming scenarios are located at or near the head of the queue (e.g., the most critical and/or nearest upcoming scenarios).

At5140, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100selects one or more SSOCEMs to instantiate based on the rankings of the respective upcoming scenarios. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100selects the one or more highest ranked upcoming scenarios. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine the amount of computational resources that are currently available to determine how many upcoming scenarios to select from the queue of upcoming scenarios. Based on the amount of computational resources that are available to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100selects one or more upcoming scenarios from the queue of upcoming scenarios.

At5150, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100instantiates one or more SSOCEMs based on the selected upcoming scenario. For each selected upcoming scenario, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100instantiates a respective SSOCEM. In instantiating the SSOCEM, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may pass the geolocation of the upcoming scenario, the current location of the vehicle, and a type of the upcoming scenario to the instance of the SSOCEM. The operation of an SSOCEM is described in greater detail with respect toFIG. 6.

At5160, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100receives a candidate vehicle control action from one or more SSOCEMs. As each SSOCEM may be configured to handle a specific scenario, different SSOCEMs may provide different candidate vehicle control actions. For instance, a first SSOCEM may output a candidate vehicle control action to stop the autonomous vehicle, while a second SSOCEM may output a candidate vehicle control action to decelerate the autonomous vehicle.

At5170, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines and executes a vehicle control action. The autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may utilize any suitable techniques to determine a vehicle control action based on one or more candidate vehicle control actions. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may implement hard-coded instructions to determine a vehicle control action. For instance, in some implementations, each candidate vehicle control action may have a confidence score associated therewith. In some of these implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may be configured to select the candidate vehicle control action having the highest confidence score. In some implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may select the candidate vehicle control action that is the least likely to cause a collision. In other implementations, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may utilize a machine learned model to select the vehicle control action from a set of candidate vehicle control actions. Once selected, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may execute the vehicle control action. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may determine one or more commands for one or more of the vehicle systems (e.g., the chassis system, braking system, steering system, and/or propulsion systems) to perform. Once determined, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may issue the determined commands to the respective vehicle systems.

At5180, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may uninstantiate the instance(s) of the SSOCEM(s). Once a particular scenario is handled (e.g., the vehicle has passed the scenario), the autonomous vehicle operational management controller may uninstantiate any instances of SSOCEMs that were instantiated to handle the scenario. In this way, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may free up computational resources that may be used to handle upcoming scenarios. As can be appreciated from the foregoing disclosure, by ranking the upcoming scenarios and instantiating respective SSOCEMs based on the rankings, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100is able to efficiently allocate computational resources of the autonomous vehicle. This may result in the autonomous vehicle being able to handle an increased amount of situations.

At5190, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100determines whether there are any unexpected scenarios detected. While shown as occurring after operation5180, operation5190may be a background process that is continuously executing. Detecting an unexpected scenario may include receiving operational environment data, including sensor data from the sensors of the vehicle system, and providing the operational environment data to the various operational environment monitors of the autonomous vehicle. If an operational environment monitor detects an unexpected upcoming scenario (e.g., a pedestrian, another vehicle, a non-human object, or the like), the operational environment monitor may output a notification of the unexpected upcoming scenario and a type of the unexpected upcoming scenario. In this case, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may rerank the upcoming scenarios, as shown at5130, whereby the unexpected upcoming scenario is included in the rankings. Reranking the upcoming scenarios may include recalculating the ranking scores for each of the previously ranked upcoming scenarios based on the current location of the vehicle, as well as calculating a ranking score for the unexpected upcoming scenario. If the operational environment monitors do not detect any unexpected upcoming scenarios, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller4100may continue to select SSOCEMs based on the rankings of the upcoming scenarios, as shown at5140.

FIG. 6illustrates a set of operations of a method6000that are performed by an instance of a SSOCEM for determining a candidate vehicle action. For example, the method6000may be performed by the instances of the SSOCEMs ofFIG. 4. While described with respect to the SSOCEMs ofFIG. 4, the method may be performed by other SSOCEMs or analogous components.

At6100, an instance of an SSOCEM receive a type of an upcoming scenario. The type of the upcoming scenario may define one or more features of the upcoming scenario. For example, a pedestrian-SSOCEM may receive a type of the pedestrian scenario describing whether a pedestrian is a jaywalker or crossing at a cross walk, a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the pedestrian, a trajectory of the pedestrian, and/or any other suitable features. In another example, an intersection SSOCEM may receive a type of an intersection scenario describing how many roads are intersecting, whether the intersection includes traffic lights or stop signs, whether the autonomous vehicle has a right of way, whether the autonomous vehicle can turn left or right, and/or any other suitable features. It should be understood that the type of intersection may be described in any other suitable manner. Furthermore, the features provided in the foregoing examples are examples of features, and not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

At6110, the SSOCEM determines whether there is a solution to the preferred model for the type of the upcoming scenario stored in the memory of the autonomous vehicle. Put another way, the instance of the SSOCEM determines whether the autonomous vehicle has previously encountered a scenario of the same type (e.g., a substantially similar scenario) and full solution to the preferred model to handle the previously encountered scenario. In some implementations, the full solution to the preferred model is a full solution to a POMDP. If there is a full solution to the preferred model stored in memory, the SSOCEM retrieves the solution from the memory of the autonomous vehicle and determines a candidate vehicle control action based on the stored solution, as shown at6120. In determining the candidate vehicle control action, the SSOCEM may receive operational environment information, including sensor data received from the vehicle sensors, and may input the operational environment information into the full solution to the preferred model. In response, the preferred model outputs a candidate vehicle control action. In some implementations, the preferred model may output one or more candidate vehicle control actions, and a respective confidence score for each of the one or more candidate vehicle control actions. In these implementations, the SSOCEM may select the candidate vehicle control action having the highest confidence score. The SSOCEM may output the candidate vehicle control action to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller.

If the SSOCEM determines that there is no solution to the preferred model for the type of the upcoming scenario, the SSOCEM determines an approximate amount of time needed to solve the preferred model (as shown at6130), and determines an approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached (as shown at6140). In some implementations, the amount of time needed to solve the model is stored as metadata with the SSOCEM. In other implementations, the SSOCEM may include a lookup table that relates types of scenarios to approximate solving times of models. In these implementations, the SSOCEM may look up the approximate solving time in the lookup table based on the type of the upcoming scenario. The SSOCEM may determine the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached based on a distance between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario, the velocity of the vehicle, and the expected velocity of the autonomous vehicle as it traverses the portion of the vehicle transportation network between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario.

At6150, the SSOCEM determines whether the approximate amount of time needed to solve the model is greater than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached. If the approximate amount of time needed to solve the model is greater than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached the SSOCEM determines the candidate vehicle control action based on a fallback model. In some implementations, the fallback models include a MDP and/or hardcoded expert logic. In the case that the fallback models include an MDP, the SSOCEM may still need to solve the MDP. Solving the MDP is much less complex than solving a POMDP, thereby reducing the amount of time to obtain a solution. Similarly, hard coded expert logic may define one or more vehicle control actions that are meant to reduce the likelihood of a collision. For example, the hardcoded expert logic may instruct the autonomous vehicle to pull over and relinquish control to the driver of the vehicle. In determining the candidate vehicle control action, the SSOCEM may receive operational environment information, including sensor data received from the vehicle sensors, and may input the operational environment information into a fallback model. In response, the fallback model outputs a candidate vehicle control action. The SSOCEM may output the candidate vehicle action to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller.

If the approximate amount of time needed to solve the model is less than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, the SSOCEM begins solving the preferred model, as shown at6170. DEFINE SOLVING THE MODEL.

At6180, the SSOCEM determines whether the solution to the preferred model is fully converged. If the solution to the preferred model is fully converged, the SSOCEM determines the candidate vehicle control action based on the full solution to the preferred model and stores the full solution to the preferred in the memory of the autonomous vehicle, as shown at6190. As previously discussed, determining the candidate vehicle control action includes receiving operational environment information, including sensor data received from the vehicle sensors, and inputting the operational environment information into the full solution to the preferred model. In response, the preferred model outputs a candidate vehicle control action. The SSOCEM may output the candidate vehicle control action to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller. Furthermore, the SSOCEM may store the full solution to the preferred model in the memory of the autonomous vehicle. The SSOCEM may indicate the type of scenario to which the solution corresponds and/or the features describing the scenario to which the solutions corresponds. In this way, the stored solution may be used to handle a scenario by another instance of the SSOCEM in the future.

In determining the candidate vehicle based on a partially solved model, the SSOCEM may receive operational environment information, including sensor data received from the vehicle sensors, and may input the operational environment information into the partial solution to the preferred model. In response, the partially solved model outputs a candidate vehicle control action. The SSOCEM may output the candidate vehicle action to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller.

In determining the candidate vehicle control action based on a fallback model, the SSOCEM may receive operational environment information, including sensor data received from the vehicle sensors, and may input the operational environment information into a fallback model. In response, the fallback model outputs a candidate vehicle control action. The SSOCEM may output the candidate vehicle action to the autonomous vehicle operational management controller.

If the solution to the preferred model has not fully converged at6180, the SSOCEM determines whether the SSOCEM has enough time to fully solve the preferred model, as shown at6200. The SSOCEM may determine the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario and the approximate amount of time needed to fully solve the model. The SSOCEM may determine the approximate amount of time until the autonomous vehicle reaches the upcoming scenario based on the distance between the autonomous vehicle and the upcoming scenario and the current velocity of the autonomous vehicle. The SSOCEM may determine the approximate amount of time needed to fully solve the model based on a degree of convergence of the solution. If the approximate amount of time to fully solve the preferred model is less than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, then the SSOCEM continues to solve the preferred model. If, however, the approximate amount of time to solve the preferred model is greater than the approximate amount of time until the upcoming scenario is reached, the SSOCEM determines whether to rely on a fallback model or to rely on a partial solution to the preferred model. Thus, at6210the SSOCEM determines whether the degree of convergence of the solution to the preferred model is greater than a threshold (e.g., >80%). If the degree of convergence is greater than the threshold, the SSOCEM determines the candidate vehicle control action based on the partially solved model, as shown at6220. If the degree of convergence is less than the threshold, the SSOCEM determines the candidate vehicle control action based on a fallback model, as shown at6230.

The methods ofFIG. 5andFIG. 6are provided for example. The methods may include additional and/or alternative operations. For example, the autonomous vehicle operational management controller or each SSOCEM may be configured to self-monitor for one or more error conditions. For example, if the SSOCEM cannot load or operate on the preferred model, the SSOCEM may identify an error condition. In the case of an error condition, the SSOCEM may rely on hardcoded logic that is intended to reduce the likelihood of a collision.

Additional Model Discussion

A MDP may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario using a set of states, a set of actions, a set of state transition probabilities, a reward function, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, modeling a distinct vehicle operational scenario may include using a discount factor, which may adjust, or discount, the output of the reward function applied to subsequent temporal periods.

The set of states may include a current state of the MDP model, one or more possible subsequent states of the MDP model, or a combination thereof. A state may represent an identified condition, which may be an expected condition, of respective defined aspects, such as external objects and traffic control devices, of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle that may probabilistically affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle at a discrete temporal location. For example, a remote vehicle operating in the proximity of the autonomous vehicle may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle and may be represented in a MDP model, which may include representing an identified or expected geospatial location of the remote vehicle, an identified or expected path, heading, or both of the remote vehicle, an identified or expected velocity of the remote vehicle, an identified or expected acceleration or deceleration rate of the remote vehicle, or a combination thereof corresponding to the respected temporal location. At instantiation, the current state of the MDP model may correspond to a contemporaneous state or condition of the operating environment. A respective set of states may be defined for each distinct vehicle operational scenario.

Although any number or cardinality of states may be used, the number or cardinality of states included in a model may be limited to a defined maximum number of states, such as 300 states. For example, a model may include the300most probable states for a corresponding scenario.

The set of actions may include vehicle control actions available to the MDP model at each state in the set of states. A respective set of actions may be defined for each distinct vehicle operational scenario.

The set of state transition probabilities may probabilistically represent potential or expected changes to the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle, as represented by the states, responsive to the actions. For example, a state transition probability may indicate a probability that the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle corresponds to a respective state at a respective temporal location immediately subsequent to a current temporal location corresponding to a current state in response to traversing the vehicle transportation network by the autonomous vehicle from the current state in accordance with a respective action.

The set of state transition probabilities may be identified based on the operational environment information. For example, the operational environment information may indicate an area type, such as urban or rural, a time of day, an ambient light level, weather conditions, traffic conditions, which may include expected traffic conditions, such as rush hour conditions, event-related traffic congestion, or holiday related driver behavior conditions, road conditions, jurisdictional conditions, such as country, state, or municipality conditions, or any other condition or combination of conditions that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle.

Examples of state transition probabilities associated with a pedestrian vehicle operational scenario may include a defined probability of a pedestrian jaywalking, which may be based on a geospatial distance between the pedestrian and the respective road segment; a defined probability of a pedestrian stopping in an intersection; a defined probability of a pedestrian crossing at a crosswalk; a defined probability of a pedestrian yielding to the autonomous vehicle at a crosswalk; any other probability associated with a pedestrian vehicle operational scenario.

Examples of state transition probabilities associated with an intersection vehicle operational scenario may include a defined probability of a remote vehicle arriving at an intersection; a defined probability of a remote vehicle cutting-off the autonomous vehicle; a defined probability of a remote vehicle traversing an intersection immediately subsequent to, and in close proximity to, a second remote vehicle traversing the intersection, such as in the absence of a right-of-way (piggybacking); a defined probability of a remote vehicle stopping, adjacent to the intersection, in accordance with a traffic control device, regulation, or other indication of right-of-way, prior to traversing the intersection; a defined probability of a remote vehicle traversing the intersection; a defined probability of a remote vehicle diverging from an expected path proximal to the intersection; a defined probability of a remote vehicle diverging from an expected right-of-way priority; any other probability associated with a an intersection vehicle operational scenario.

Examples of state transition probabilities associated with a lane change vehicle operational scenario may include a defined probability of a remote vehicle changing velocity, such as a defined probability of a remote vehicle behind the autonomous vehicle increasing velocity or a defined probability of a remote vehicle in front of the autonomous vehicle decreasing velocity; a defined probability of a remote vehicle in front of the autonomous vehicle changing lanes; a defined probability of a remote vehicle proximate to the autonomous vehicle changing speed to allow the autonomous vehicle to merge into a lane; or any other probabilities associated with a lane change vehicle operational scenario.

The reward function may determine a respective positive or negative (cost) value that may be accrued for each combination of state and action, which may represent an expected value of the autonomous vehicle traversing the vehicle transportation network from the corresponding state in accordance with the corresponding vehicle control action to the subsequent state.

The reward function may be identified based on the operational environment information. For example, the operational environment information may indicate an area type, such as urban or rural, a time of day, an ambient light level, weather conditions, traffic conditions, which may include expected traffic conditions, such as rush hour conditions, event-related traffic congestion, or holiday related driver behavior conditions, road conditions, jurisdictional conditions, such as country, state, or municipality conditions, or any other condition or combination of conditions that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle.

A Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) model may be similar to a Markov Decision Process model, except that a POMDP model may include modeling uncertain states. A POMDP model may include modeling confidence, sensor trustworthiness, distraction, noise, uncertainty, such as sensor uncertainty, or the like. A POMDP model may utilize more computational resources and may more accurately model the distinct vehicle operational scenario than a MDP model.

A POMDP model may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario using a set of states, a set of states, a set of actions, a set of state transition probabilities, a reward function, a set of observations, a set of conditional observation probabilities, or a combination thereof. The set of states, the set of actions, the set of state transition probabilities, and the reward function may be similar to those described above with respect to the MDP model.

The set of observations may include observations corresponding to respective states. An observation may provide information about the attributes of a respective state. An observation may correspond with a respective temporal location. An observation may include operational environment information, such as sensor data. An observation may include expected or predicted operational environment information.

For example, a POMDP model may include an autonomous vehicle at a first geospatial location and first temporal location corresponding to a first state, the model may indicate that the autonomous vehicle may identify and perform, or attempt to perform, a vehicle control action to traverse the vehicle transportation network from the first geospatial location to a second geospatial location at a second temporal location immediately subsequent to the first temporal location, and the set of observations corresponding to the second temporal location may include the operational environment information that may be identified corresponding to the second temporal location, such as geospatial location information for the autonomous vehicle, geospatial location information for one or more external objects, probabilities of availability, expected path information, or the like.

The set of conditional observation probabilities may include probabilities of making respective observations based on the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle. For example, an autonomous vehicle may approach an intersection by traversing a first road, contemporaneously, a remote vehicle may approach the intersection by traversing a second road, the autonomous vehicle may identify and evaluate operational environment information, such as sensor data, corresponding to the intersection, which may include operational environment information corresponding to the remote vehicle. In some embodiments, the operational environment information may be inaccurate, incomplete, or erroneous. In a MDP model, the autonomous vehicle may non-probabilistically identify the remote vehicle, which may include identifying a location of the remote vehicle, an expected path for the remote vehicle, or the like, and the identified information, such as the identified location of the remote vehicle, based on inaccurate operational environment information, may be inaccurate or erroneous. In a POMDP model the autonomous vehicle may identify information probabilistically identifying the remote vehicle, which may include probabilistically identifying location information for the remote vehicle, such as location information indicating that the remote vehicle may be proximate to the intersection. The conditional observation probability corresponding to observing, or probabilistically identifying, the location of the remote vehicle may represent the probability that the identified operational environment information accurately represents the location of the remote vehicle.

The set of conditional observation probabilities may be identified based on the operational environment information. For example, the operational environment information may indicate an area type, such as urban or rural, a time of day, an ambient light level, weather conditions, traffic conditions, which may include expected traffic conditions, such as rush hour conditions, event-related traffic congestion, or holiday related driver behavior conditions, road conditions, jurisdictional conditions, such as country, state, or municipality conditions, or any other condition or combination of conditions that may affect the operation of the autonomous vehicle.

A Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) model, which may be a multi-agent model may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario. A Dec-POMDP model may be similar to a POMDP model except that a POMDP model may model the autonomous vehicle and a subset, such as one, of external objects and Dec-POMDP model may model the autonomous vehicle and the set of external objects.

A Classical Planning (CP) model, which may be a single-agent model, may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario based on a defined input state, which may indicate respective non-probabilistic states of the elements of the operational environment of the autonomous vehicle for the distinct vehicle operational scenario modeled by the SSOCEMs4400. In a CP model, one or more aspects, such as geospatial location, of modeled elements, such as external objects, associated with a temporal location may differ from the corresponding aspects associated with another temporal location, such as an immediately subsequent temporal location, non-probabilistically, such as by a defined, or fixed, amount. For example, at a first temporal location, a remote vehicle may have a first geospatial location, and, at an immediately subsequent second temporal location the remote vehicle may have a second geospatial location that differs from the first geospatial location by a defined geospatial distance, such as a defined number of meters, along an expected path for the remote vehicle.

A Partially Observable Stochastic Game (POSG) model, which may be a multi-agent model, may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario. A POSG model may be similar to a Dec-POMDP except that the Dec-POMDP model may include a reward function for the autonomous vehicle and the POSG model may include the reward function for the autonomous vehicle and a respective reward function for each external object.

In some implementations, a preferred or fallback model may be a Reinforcement Learning (RL) model, which may be a learning model, and which may model a distinct vehicle operational scenario. A RL model may be similar to a MDP model or a PPOMDP model except that defined state transition probabilities, observation probabilities, reward function, or any combination thereof, may be omitted from the model.

A RL model may be a model-based RL model, which may include generating state transition probabilities, observation probabilities, a reward function, or any combination thereof based on one or more modeled or observed events.

In a RL model, the model may evaluate one or more events or interactions, which may be simulated events, such as traversing an intersection, traversing a vehicle transportation network near a pedestrian, or changing lanes, and may generate, or modify, a corresponding model, or a solution thereof, in response to the respective event. For example, the autonomous vehicle may traverse an intersection using a RL model. The RL model may indicate a candidate vehicle control action for traversing the intersection. The autonomous vehicle may traverse the intersection using the candidate vehicle control action as the vehicle control action for a temporal location. The autonomous vehicle may determine a result of traversing the intersection using the candidate vehicle control action, and may update the model based on the result.

In an example, at a first temporal location a remote vehicle may be stationary at an intersection with a prohibited right-of-way indication, such as a red light, the RL model may indicate a ‘proceed’ candidate vehicle control action for the first temporal location, the RL model may include a probability of identifying operational environment information at a subsequent temporal location, subsequent to traversing the vehicle transportation network in accordance with the identified candidate vehicle control action, indicating that a geospatial location of the remote vehicle corresponding to the first temporal location differs from a geospatial location of the remote vehicle corresponding to the second temporal location is low, such as 0/100. The autonomous vehicle may traverse the vehicle transportation network in accordance with the identified candidate vehicle control action, may subsequently determine that the geospatial location of the remote vehicle corresponding to the first temporal location differs from the geospatial location of the remote vehicle corresponding to the second temporal location, and may modify, or update, the probability accordingly incorporate the identified event, such as to 1/101.

In another example, the RL model may indicate a defined positive expected reward for traversing the vehicle transportation network from a first temporal location to a second temporal location in accordance with an identified vehicle control action and in accordance with identified operational environment information, which may be probabilistic. The autonomous vehicle may traverse the vehicle transportation network in accordance with the identified vehicle control action. The autonomous vehicle may determine, based on subsequently identified operational environment information, which may be probabilistic, that the operational environment information corresponding to the second temporal location is substantially similar to the operational environment information identified corresponding to the first temporal location, which may indicate a cost, such as in time, of traversing the vehicle transportation network in accordance with the identified vehicle control action, and the RL model may reduce the corresponding expected reward.

As used herein, the terminology “computer” or “computing device” includes any unit, or combination of units, capable of performing any method, or any portion or portions thereof, disclosed herein.

As used herein, the terminology “processor” indicates one or more processors, such as one or more special purpose processors, one or more digital signal processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more microcontrollers, one or more application processors, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits, one or more Application Specific Standard Products; one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays, any other type or combination of integrated circuits, one or more state machines, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the terminology “memory” indicates any computer-usable or computer-readable medium or device that can tangibly contain, store, communicate, or transport any signal or information that may be used by or in connection with any processor. For example, a memory may be one or more read only memories (ROM), one or more random access memories (RAM), one or more registers, low power double data rate (LPDDR) memories, one or more cache memories, one or more semiconductor memory devices, one or more magnetic media, one or more optical media, one or more magneto-optical media, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the terminology “example”, “embodiment”, “implementation”, “aspect”, “feature”, or “element” indicates serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Unless expressly indicated, any example, embodiment, implementation, aspect, feature, or element is independent of each other example, embodiment, implementation, aspect, feature, or element and may be used in combination with any other example, embodiment, implementation, aspect, feature, or element.

As used herein, the terminology “determine” and “identify”, or any variations thereof, includes selecting, ascertaining, computing, looking up, receiving, determining, establishing, obtaining, or otherwise identifying or determining in any manner whatsoever using one or more of the devices shown and described herein.

The above-described aspects, examples, and implementations have been described in order to allow easy understanding of the disclosure are not limiting. On the contrary, the disclosure covers various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structure as is permitted under the law.