In one embodiment, a data processing method comprises obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a first light wavelength corresponding to a green light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a second light wavelength corresponding to a red light wavelength, one or more of the first light sources and one or more of the second light sources being co-located; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to techniques for using one set of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals to improve a heart rate measurement that has been determined based upon a second set of PPG signals.

BACKGROUND

A photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor may be utilized to detect the volumetric change in blood vessels. A PPG sensor usually consists of a light source, typically a light-emitting diode (LED), and a light-sensitive sensor, typically a photodiode. Blood which passes between the light source and sensor will modulate a characteristics of the tissue along the light path between the two, resulting in a detectible deviation in the current produced by the photodiode. From this signal and applying various algorithms, a heart rate estimate can be determined.

Typical PPG technologies rely on emitting a single wavelength of green, red or infra-red (IR) light from an LED. Many wearable PPG devices use green light, as with green light the hemoglobin absorption of light is up to 20 times greater at green wavelengths than at IR wavelengths. However, red or IR light devices may be more efficient and use less power, and photodiodes tuned to these wavelengths may be more responsive. PPG technology suffers from severely reduced accuracy when the user is performing high-motion activities or certain activities which contort the wrist and thus affect the dynamics of blood flow within the wrist. The received light is modulated by these movements at an order of magnitude much greater than the desired cardiac signal. Low signal quality in PPG signals also can be caused by characteristics of the local area that is sensed. For instance, signal quality can vary greatly even if a wrist-worn PPG sensor is moved only a few millimeters up or down the wrist or signal quality can also vary due to variations in the wavelength being emitted. In addition, during motion, certain orientations of wrist-worn PPG devices are subject to more motion and, therefore, greater degradation of the PPG signal due to such motion.

SUMMARY

The appended claims may serve as a summary of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Embodiments are described according to the following outline:1. GENERAL OVERVIEW2. EXAMPLE MONITORING DEVICE2.1 FIRST EXAMPLE ARRANGEMENT OF LIGHT SOURCES2.2 OTHER EXAMPLE ARRANGEMENTS OF LIGHT SOURCES3. EXAMPLE HEART RATE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES4. IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE—HARDWARE OVERVIEW

1. General Overview

In one embodiment, a data processing method comprises obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a first light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a second light wavelength; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

In an embodiment, a data processing method comprises obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a first light wavelength corresponding to a green light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a second light wavelength corresponding to a red light wavelength, one or more of the first light sources and one or more of the second light sources being co-located; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

In another embodiment, an activity monitoring apparatus comprises one or more processors; a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the one or more processors and storing one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed using the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform: obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a first light wavelength corresponding to a green light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a second light wavelength corresponding to a red light wavelength, one or more of the first light sources and one or more of the second light sources being co-located; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

In yet another embodiment, a data processing method comprises obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a green light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a red light wavelength or an infrared wavelength; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals, the generating comprising: identifying motion signals in the one or more second PPG signals; removing corresponding motion signals from the first PPG signals to generate modified first PPG signals; and generating the estimated heart rate value based on the modified first PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

In still another embodiment, an activity monitoring apparatus comprises one or more processors; a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the one or more processors and storing one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed using the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform: obtaining one or more first photoplethysmography (PPG) signals based on one or more first light sources that are configured to emit light having a green light wavelength; obtaining one or more second PPG signals based on one or more second light sources that are configured to emit light having a red light wavelength or an infrared wavelength; generating an estimated heart rate value based on one or more of the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals, the generating comprising: identifying motion signals in the one or more second PPG signals; removing corresponding motion signals from the first PPG signals to generate modified first PPG signals; and generating the estimated heart rate value based on the modified first PPG signals; and causing the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface on a client device.

Various other aspects and features of different embodiments will become apparent from the description, drawings and claims.

For purposes of this disclosure, the term “light path” is used to describe the probabilistic path of photons from one location to another, typically from the light emitter to the light detector. Photons emitted by the light emitter will follow many different paths to the detector. For simplicity and clarity, the path that results from the optical power-weighted average of all the possible paths is described simply as the “light path” in some embodiments. In some alternative embodiments, “light path” refers to the path along which most of the photons travel.

2. Example Monitoring Device

Embodiments provide PPG-based devices that are configured to use a first light source to detect a cardiac signal and a second light source to improve the signal quality obtained from the first light source, especially during high-motion activities. The specific number, arrangement and position of the light sources, and detectors that detect light emitted by the light sources, may vary in different embodiments as further described herein.

2.1 First Example Arrangement of Light Sources

FIG. 1Aillustrates a monitoring device worn by a user, in accordance with one example.FIG. 1Billustrates an example hardware architecture of the monitoring device ofFIG. 1Aand/orFIG. 2and showing a first example arrangement of light sources and a detector. For purposes of illustrating a clear example,FIG. 1Aand other aspects of this disclosure describe a monitoring device that is configured for wearing on the wrist, but other embodiments may be implemented using monitoring devices that are wearable in other anatomical locations such as the ear, head, fingertips, ankle, neck, upper arm, torso, leg and/or forehead (such that light sources of the monitoring devices are configured to be aligned adjacent to blood vessels of a human, as described in more detail).

The arrangement ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B, andFIG. 2, implement a first strategy for improving heart rate estimates based upon PPG signals, using co-located emitters of multiple wavelengths of light that have different rates of absorption, reflectance, and/or scattering in response to interaction with hemoglobin, or different rates of absorption, reflectance, and/or scattering in response to interaction with melanin. As described further in other sections herein, first PPG signals obtained from first light sources using a first light wavelength, and second PPG signals obtained from second light sources using a second light wavelength, can be used to identify motion and cardiac components of the PPG signals. The first and second PPG signals and second PPG signals may be obtained simultaneously (e.g., where the first light sources and second light sources are simultaneously active). In these embodiments the first PPG signals could be any wavelength that has been determined or known to have a relatively greater cardiac component, and the second PPG signals could be any wavelength that has been determined or known to have a relatively greater motion component. In one embodiment, the first PPG signals are obtained from a green light source and the second PPG signals are obtained from a red or infrared light source. Furthermore, the multiple wavelengths of light also have different melanin responses, which can result in a difference of signal quality for the two wavelengths. Recognizing these components can facilitate a process in which, for example, motion components indicated in a second signal are removed from a first signal, thereby causing the first signal to more accurately represent cardiac activity of the user. However, the first strategy is merely one example and other strategies are possible, as now described.

A second strategy, which can be used in conjunction with the first, is to use multiple emitters of the same wavelength at different locations such that light paths are different from each of the different emitters to a given detector. Thus a first light wavelength from a first light source may correspond to a second light wavelength from a second light source, and the first light sources and the second light sources are at different locations having different light paths with respect to one or more detectors. “Light path,” in some embodiments, may refer to an approximated vector having an origin at a center of a light source and terminating anywhere in the surface area of a detector, and representing an approximate path of light from source to detector. The second strategy may be combined with the first strategy, such that the second light wavelength may be different from the first light wavelength, and the first light sources and the second light sources may be at different locations having different light paths with respect to one or more detectors.

A third strategy, which can be used in conjunction with the first and/or second, or both the first and second, is to use a plurality of discrete detectors such that the light paths from the emitters are different at each detector location. In this strategy, at least one of the first PPG signals or at least one of the second PPG signals may be obtained using a first detector, at least one of the first PPG signals or at least one of the second PPG signals may be obtained using a second detector, and the first detector and the second detector are located at different locations having different light paths with respect to one or more of the first light sources and with respect to one or more of the second light sources.

The PPG signals corresponding to these multiple paths and/or multiple wavelengths are then compared using a quality metric such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the highest quality can be selected to be used for estimating heart rate.

In one embodiment, two light sources emit at two different wavelengths, and the two light sources are spatially located as close as possible. For example, in the arrangement ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B, andFIG. 2, the light sources are co-located. The term “co-located,” in this disclosure, means positioned with minimal distance between the lights sources (e.g., of different wavelengths), so that the detector senses light emitted by the different light sources that interacts with the same tissue or approximately the same tissue. In some embodiments, co-location may refer to emitters that are located within a predetermined distance of each other. In some embodiments, the predetermined distance is less than 1 mm, and in some embodiments, the predetermined distance is within the range of 0.3 mm-0.9 mm.

In one implementation, two discrete LED emitters are co-located or assembled close to one another. In another implementation, both a green light source and red light source may be in the same light source package, which may comprise the same lens and/or the same die. Another implementation uses one or more red-green-blue (RGB) LEDs containing these three dies (red, green, and blue) in the same package. Another implementation uses one or more red-green-infrared LEDs containing these three dies (red, green, and infrared) in the same package. Using different light sources that are co-located allows the detector106to sense close to the same light path for each wavelength of light.

In one embodiment, independent control of all light sources is provided. In other embodiments, several light sources are controlled together as a gang or bank; for example, all green light sources are controlled in one bank and all red light sources are controlled in another bank. A benefit of independent control of each light source, or independent readout from each of multiple detectors (e.g., obtaining independent signals based on the same or different light wavelengths from each of multiple detectors), is that a multiple light path approach may be used to improve the HR estimation, as discussed further in other sections herein.

In an embodiment, a monitoring device100comprises one or more light sources102(e.g., one or more pairs of light sources102), one or more additional light sources104(e.g., one or more pairs of additional light sources104), and one or more detectors106. In some embodiments, additional light sources104may be omitted, and each light source102(or each light source in a pair of the light sources102) may use a different light wavelength, as discussed further herein. For purposes of illustrating a clear example,FIG. 1Adepicts light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106in an enlarged form, and in practical embodiments, these elements may be implemented using miniature components that are smaller than shown inFIG. 1A. In practice, the light sources102and additional light sources104are positioned to permit the detector106to detect reflected light that is emitted from the light sources toward the skin and therefore the light sources and detector may be closely located on a miniature substrate within a housing, band or other protective elements of the monitoring device100.

As seen inFIG. 1B, the monitoring device100may further comprise a central processing unit (CPU)110coupled to a memory112, display114, bus116, one or more input/output (I/O) devices120, and a wireless networking interface124. Display114and/or I/O devices120may be omitted in certain embodiments. Display114may comprise a liquid crystal display, light-emitting diode display, touchscreen, or other electronic digital display device that a CPU can drive. Display114may be programmed or configured to display data, such as time, heart rate, and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels of a user. In an embodiment, the monitoring device100is a wristband and the display114is configured such that the display faces away from the outside of a user's wrist when the user wears the monitoring device. In other embodiments, the display114may be omitted and data detected by the monitoring device100may be transmitted using the wireless networking interface124via near-field communication (NFC), BLUETOOTH, WiFi, or other suitable wireless communication protocols to a host computer500for analysis, display and/or reporting.

I/O devices120may include, for example, motion sensors, vibration devices, lights, loudspeakers or sound devices, microphones, or other analog or digital input or output devices. Memory112may comprise RAM, ROM, FLASH memory or other digital data storage, and may include a control program118comprising sequences of instructions which when loaded from the memory and executed using the CPU110cause the CPU to perform the functions that are described herein. The light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106may be coupled to bus116directly or indirectly using driver circuitry by which the CPU may drive the light sources and obtain signals from the detectors.

The host computer500may be coupled to the wireless networking interface124via one or more networks128, which may include one or more local area networks, wide area networks, and/or internetworks using any of terrestrial or satellite links. In some embodiments, host computer500executes control programs and/or application programs that are configured to perform some of the functions described herein including but not limited to the processes described herein with respect toFIG. 3,FIG. 4A, andFIG. 4B.

Bus116may be coupled to light sources102and detector106in any of several arrangements or geometries as further described herein. In one example arrangement, the light sources102comprise a first pair of light sources G1, R1and a second pair of light sources G2, R2. Each pair may comprise a first light source associated with a first light wavelength and a second light source associated with a second, different wavelength. For example, G1, G2may comprise light sources that use the same first wavelength, and R1, R2may use a second, different wavelength. In one arrangement, G1, G2emit light in a green visible light wavelength and R1, R2emit light in a red visible light wavelength. Light sources using other wavelengths such as infrared may be used in other arrangements, in place of either G1, G2or R1, R2.

Referring again toFIG. 1A, for purposes of illustrating a clear example,FIG. 1Adepicts six pairs of light sources102, two additional light sources104, and one detector106, but in other embodiments the monitoring device100may contain any number of light sources102(e.g., pairs of light sources102), additional light sources104, and detectors106. In an embodiment, light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106are configured to be aligned proximate to a user's skin when monitoring device100is worn. “Proximate” may mean any of slightly separated from, near, adjacent to, or in direct contact with, but direct contact is not required. For example, inFIG. 1A, monitoring device100is worn on the wrist of a user such that light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106are adjacent to the inner wrist of the user. The positioning of the monitoring device100as shown inFIG. 1Ais provided merely as an example, and other embodiments may use alternative positioning. For example, the device may be positioned where light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106are oriented on the outer wrist rather than the inner wrist. The monitoring device100may be formed with perimeter dimensions of different sizes that cause the light sources102, additional light sources104, and detectors106to be in contact with the skin, or separated from the skin.

FIG. 2illustrates a schematic perspective view of a monitoring device in one embodiment. As an example,FIG. 2has the arrangement of light sources and detector ofFIG. 1B. In this embodiment, monitoring device100comprises a wrist band in which light sources102and detector106are mounted on or within an underside of monitoring device100. Monitoring device100may include a fastening means to attach monitoring device to a portion of a user's body and the specific form of the fastening means is not critical. The fastening means may be a strap that is passed through a receiving portion of the strap and fastened with hook and/or loop fasteners. Other fastening means may include clips, latches, hook-and-loop fasteners such as VELCRO, clasps, ties, and/or adhesives. The fastening means may be located on any side of monitoring device100such that the fastening device does not interfere with movement or activity.

In an embodiment, the monitoring device100may comprise a processor, memory, user interface, wireless transceiver, one or more environmental sensors, and one or more biometric sensors other than the detector106. For example, embodiments may be implemented using a monitoring device of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,832 of Fitbit, Inc., San Francisco, California, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. In other words, the monitoring device of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,832 could be modified based upon the additional disclosure herein to result in a working activity monitoring apparatus capable of performing the functions that are described herein. Therefore, the present disclosure presumes that the reader knows and understands U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,832, and this disclosure is directed to persons having a level of skill sufficient to modify or adapt the monitoring device of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,832 based upon the additional disclosure herein to result in a working activity monitoring apparatus capable of performing the functions that are described herein.

In various embodiments, the light sources102comprise electronic semiconductor light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or produce light using any of filaments, phosphors, or laser. The first light sources and the second light sources may comprise two LED emitters that are co-located, either in separate packages or dies or in a single package or die.

In any of the embodiments herein, the detector106may comprise any of a photodiode, phototransistor, charge-coupled device (CCD), thermopile detector, or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. The detector106may comprise multiple detector elements, as further described herein. One or more of the detectors may comprise a bandpass filter circuit.

In an embodiment, each pair of light sources102includes a red light source denoted R1, R2and a green light source denoted G1, G2. The light sources R1, R2may emit light with peak wavelengths typically in the range of 550 nm to 940 nm. For example, in various embodiments a particular red light source may emit light with a peak wavelength of 560 nm.

In an embodiment, light sources G1, G2may be configured to emit light with wavelengths in the range of 495 nm to 570 nm. For example, a particular green light source may emit light with a wavelength of 528 nm.

In some embodiments, R1, R2may comprise infrared light sources that may emit light with peak wavelengths in the range of 750 nm to 1700 nm. By way of example and not limitation, a particular infrared light source may emit light with a peak wavelength of 730 nm, 760 nm, 850 nm, 870 nm, or 940 nm. Commercial light sources such as LEDs tend to provide output at about 20 nm intervals with a center wavelength tolerance of +/−10 nm from the manufacturer's specified wavelength and thus one possible range of useful peak wavelengths for the light sources is 550 nm to 950 nm.

In an embodiment, the light sources102are mounted in positions that are spaced apart along a substrate. In an embodiment, the light sources102may be laterally aligned on a substrate with detectors106. For example,FIG. 1AandFIG. 2depict two pairs of light sources102on either side of detector106. Pairs of light sources on one side of a detector106may be equally spaced from detectors106as corresponding pairs on an opposite side of the detector. Additionally and/or alternatively, pairs of light sources may be equally spaced from each other. For example, on one side of detector106, a first pair of light sources R1, G1may be placed 1 mm from the detectors and a second pair of light sources R2, G2may be placed 1 mm from the first light sources. Other pairs with similar spacing may be used.

The spacing of the light sources may be measured from the side of the light source or the center of the light source. For example, the light sources may be configured such that the center of each light source of a first pair of light sources is 2 mm from the edge of detector106and the center of each light source of a second pair of light sources is 2 mm from the center of a corresponding light source in the first pair of light sources. The particular magnitude of the spacing may depend on a number of factors and this disclosure does not limit the embodiments to any particular spacing. For example, spacing in a range of 1 mm (or less) to 10 mm would be workable in various embodiments.

The orientation of the light sources on either side of detector106may be the same. For example, in the orientation depicted inFIG. 2, each pair of light sources may comprise a top light source comprising a green LED and a bottom light source comprising a red LED. In other embodiments, light sources on either side of detector106may have opposite orientations. Additionally and/or alternatively, light sources on one side of detector106may have different orientations. For example, a first pair of light sources on one side of detector106may comprise a top light source comprising a red LED and a second pair of light sources on the other side of detector106may comprise a top light source comprising a green LED.

Further, in some embodiments, one or more of the light sources102may comprise a single LED package that emits multiple wavelengths, such as green, red and/or infrared wavelengths, at the same location with respect to multiple detectors. Such LEDs may include multiple semiconductor elements that are fabricated using a single die in a single packages, and thereforeFIG. 1,FIG. 2are not intended to imply that separate components in separate packages are required.

Detector106is one or more sensors that is/are adapted to detect wavelengths of light emitted from light sources102. A particular light source102combined with a particular detector106may comprise a sensor such as a PPG sensor. A first PPG sensor and a second PPG sensor can share components, such as the same light sources and/or detectors, or have different components and thus the term “PPG sensor” is used for simplicity of description although actual embodiments may use multiple components in implementing a PPG sensor. Detector106, in an embodiment, may comprise one or more detectors for detecting each different wavelength of light that is used by the light sources. For example, a first detector may be configured to detect light with a wavelength of 560 nm, a second detector may be configured to detect light with a wavelength of 940 nm, and a third detector may be configured to detect light with a wavelength of 528 nm. Examples include photodiodes fabricated from semiconductor materials and having optical filters that admit only light of a particular wavelength or range of wavelengths.

In other embodiments, detector106comprises one or more detectors configured to detect multiple wavelengths of light. For example, a single detector may be configured to tune to different frequencies based on data received from an electrical digital microprocessor coupled to detectors106. In another way, the single detector may include multiple active areas where each active area is sensitive to a given range of wavelengths. In an embodiment, a single detector is configured to detect light with wavelengths in the red and infrared frequencies and a second detector is configured to detect light with wavelengths in the green frequencies. Further, each of the light sources102and additional light sources104may use any of one or more different wavelengths of light as previously described.

In an embodiment, detectors106are mounted in a housing with one or more filters that are configured to filter out wavelengths of light other than wavelengths emitted by light sources102. For example, a first portion of the housing may be covered with a filter which removes ambient light other than light in wavelengths emitted by light sources102. For example, signals from light sources102may be received at detector106through an ambient light filter that filters out an ambient light source that generates an ambient light with a wavelength that is different from the wavelength that is detected by the detector.

2.2 Other Example Arrangements of Light Sources

FIG. 1Cillustrates a portion ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1Bhaving a second example arrangement of light sources and a detector.FIG. 1Dillustrates a portion ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1Bhaving a third example arrangement of light sources and a detector.FIG. 1Eillustrates a portion ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1Bhaving a fourth example arrangement of light sources and a detector comprising a plurality of discrete detectors.FIG. 1Fillustrates a portion ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1Bhaving a fifth example arrangement of light sources and a detector comprising a plurality of discrete detectors.

Referring first toFIG. 1C, in one embodiment, a light-combiner or a diffusive layer150is provided over each pair of light sources G1, R1and G2, R2. Layer150to combine and/or diffuse light emitted from different light sources, such as G1, R1, to reduce the dependence of the sensed signal upon a distance or position of the detector106with respect to the light sources G1, R1and/or G2, R2.

As seen inFIG. 1D, in an embodiment, one or more multiple-die light source packages M1, M2may be used, each of which includes two or more light sources using two or more different wavelengths in the same package. For example, each of M1, M2may comprise RGB LEDs. As another example, each of M1, M2may comprise red-green-infrared LEDs that emit red, green, and/or infrared light. In this arrangement, the spacing between different wavelength sources may be smaller than in the other arrangements previously described.

Referring now toFIG. 1E, in one embodiment, the detector comprises a plurality of detectors106A,106B,106C,106D within a detector region. Each of the detectors106A,106B,106C,106D forms a different light path with respect to light sources in multiple-die light source packages M1, M2. The arrangement ofFIG. 1Ealso may be used with separate light sources R1, G1, R2, G2, as seen inFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B, and/or with a diffusion layer as seen inFIG. 1C.

Referring now toFIG. 1F, in an embodiment, a light source cluster160comprises a green spectrum light source G1, and a red spectrum light source R1. In an embodiment, the light sources G1, R1are physically positioned between a first red-green spectrum light detector162A and a second red-green spectrum light detector162B. In one embodiment, the use of green and red light emission and detection in the arrangement ofFIG. 1Fhas been found to be useful for heart rate detection. Dies for light sources G1, R1are, in one embodiment, positioned as close as possible to one another and may be in a single module. Furthermore, inFIG. 1F, the first detector162A is separated from a center axis164of alignment of light sources G1, R1by a first distance DA. In an embodiment, the second detector162B is separated from the center axis164by a second distance DB, which is equal to DA. Therefore, light paths between light sources G1, R1and detectors162A,162B are the same.

In some embodiments, the light source cluster160is centered overall between detectors162A,162B, but a die in which the light sources G1, R1are formed may be off center in the package, so that G1and/or R1are slightly closer to one detector than the other. Typically relatively little offset results, where offset is a fraction of the actual beam width that reaches the skin of the user after spreading out along the Z-axis height of the light source and housing.

Optionally, in another embodiment, an infrared light source I1is positioned near the other light sources G1, R1; the proximity of I1to G1, R1facilitates manufacturing all of I1, G1, R1as light-emitting diodes having a common anode connection. The infrared light source I1is separated from at least one of the detectors162A,162B by a greater distance than the other detector. An additional detector166for infrared and red light may be positioned near the light source cluster160and away from the other detectors, in a position that will detect reflected light from at least detectors I1, R1. Therefore, in this embodiment a path between the light source I1and its detector is different than paths between light sources R1, G1and corresponding detectors; in the geometry shown inFIG. 1Fthe paths are effectively perpendicular. These optional elements may provide signals that are useful to assist with CO2measurements. Furthermore, an infrared signal from I1also may be used to detect when the apparatus is removed from the body, and the apparatus may be programmed, in response to removal, to turn off the PPG module to conserve power since heart rate measurements cannot be made when the apparatus is not on a wrist or other body element. Off-body detection based on the IR signal, in this manner, may be performed alone or in combination with capacitive detection to indicate loss of skin contact.

FIG. 6Ais a perspective view of a sixth example arrangement of light sources and a plurality of discrete detectors.FIG. 6Bis a top plan view of the arrangement ofFIG. 6Ashowing locations of pins to electrically couple the arrangement to other devices.FIG. 6Cillustrates example pin assignments of the pins ofFIG. 6B.

Referring first toFIG. 6A, in an embodiment, a light detection device602comprises a light source cluster604having green, red, and infrared light sources as further described in connection withFIG. 6B. Device602further comprises a plurality of detectors PD1, PD2, PD3arranged in a linear row with at least one detector PD1adjacent to a first side of the light source cluster604and the other detectors PD2, PD3adjacent to a different, second side of the light source cluster.

FromFIG. 6Bit may be seen that the light source cluster604comprises green, infrared, and red light-emitting diodes, as viewed from left to right inFIG. 6B. The LEDs are structured with a common anode connection. Three (3) photodiode detectors for red light, infrared light and green light are positioned linearly in alignment with one another and the detectors for red light and infrared light are positioned closest to the light source cluster. In the nomenclature ofFIG. 6B, PD1and PD2are photodiodes configured for red light and green light detection, and PD3is a photodiode for red light and infrared light detection. For all of PD1, PD2, PD3, the frequency spectrum that is detected by each of them may be controlled by selection of an appropriate filter that is affixed over the photodiode semiconductor detection structures that comprise PD1, PD2, PD3. For example, in an embodiment, PD1and PD2may be configured with filters that attenuate most red light but pass some at a frequency on a border of the red spectrum, and pass all green light due to its typically weaker amplitude of reflection. Furthermore, in some embodiments PD3detects all light frequencies and post-detection firmware or software filters are used to extract IR spectrum components and/or red spectrum components from the raw signal.FIG. 6Cidentifies pin numbers of electrical connection pins, pin names, and functions of the pin locations, in which pin numbers inFIG. 6Ccorrespond to reference numerals that are superimposed over device locations inFIG. 6B.

In any of these embodiments, either independent control of all light sources may be provided, or several light sources are controlled together as a gang or bank; for example, all green light sources are controlled in one bank and all red light sources are controlled in another bank.

The configurations described in connection withFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B,FIG. 1C,FIG. 1D,FIG. 1E,FIG. 1F,FIG. 2are merely exemplary, and it is understood that other configurations are possible. For example, whileFIG. 1BandFIG. 2shows a pair of emitters R1, G1to the left of the detector106and another pair of emitters R2, G2to the right of the detector106, in some embodiments, a pair of emitters R1, G1may be positioned on one side of the detector106(e.g., to the left of the detector106) and no emitters may be positioned on the other side of the detector. As another example, in some embodiments, two detectors106A and106B may be positioned such that one detector is on either side of a pair of light sources102(such as a co-located pair of LEDs comprising one green LED and one red or infrared LED). As another example, in some embodiments, two detectors106A and106B may be positioned such that one detector is on either side of a single multiple-die light source package (e.g., a single red, and green, and infrared LED).

As described above, a light path represents an approximate path of light from a given source (or emitter) to a given detector. Thus, for example, if there are multiple emitters of the same or different wavelength such as R1, R2, G1, G2, etc., and multiple detectors such as detector106A, detector106B, etc., then distinct light paths exist between each of the multiple emitters and each of the multiple detectors, such as a light path from R1to detector106A, a light path from R2to detector106A, a light path from R1to detector106B, a light path from R2to detector106B, a light path from G1to detector106A, and so on. Moreover, in the case of a multiple-die LED (seeFIG. 1D), each of the individual light sources in the single multiple-die LED (e.g., red, green, and infrared light sources) may be considered different emitters for the purposes of defining an emitter-detector light path. Thus, consistent with the embodiments described herein, PPG signals associated with any of the aforementioned light paths may be selectively obtained and utilized for estimating heart rate. For example, the PPG signals corresponding to any of multiple paths and/or multiple wavelengths may be compared using a quality metric such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the highest quality can be selected to be used for estimating heart rate.

3. Example Heart Rate Estimation Techniques

Certain flow diagrams are presented herein to illustrate various methods that may be performed by example embodiments. The flow diagrams illustrate example algorithms that may be programmed, using any suitable programming environment or language, to create machine code capable of execution by a CPU or microcontroller of the monitoring device100. In other words, the flow diagrams, together with the written description in this document, are disclosures of algorithms for aspects of the claimed subject matter, presented at the same level of detail that is normally used for communication of this subject matter among skilled persons in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Various embodiments may be coded using assembly, C, OBJECTIVE-C, C++, JAVA, or other human-readable languages and then compiled, assembled, or otherwise transformed into machine code that can be loaded into ROM, EPROM, or other recordable memory of the activity monitoring apparatus that is coupled to the CPU or microcontroller and then then executed by the CPU or microcontroller.

For purposes of illustrating a clear example, this disclosure may describe the methods with reference to the devices/components shown in other figures, such asFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B,FIG. 1C,FIG. 1D,FIG. 1E, andFIG. 2. However, other embodiments may be implemented using data from other sources and computers or apparatus other than those shown in the aforementioned figures.

In an embodiment, PPG signals obtained from light sources having multiple wavelengths may be processed to filter or reject signal components that are associated with motion of the user, using a computer program to identify the motion component of the signal and remove it from the composite signal, leaving the cardiac component as a remainder or final signal.

FIG. 3illustrates an example method of generating an estimated heart rate using a plurality of PPG signals. At block302, the method obtains first PPG signals based on first light sources that emit light having a first wavelength. The first PPG signals may be obtained from the detectors based upon light sources operating at any of the frequencies that have been described above. For example, by executing instructions stored in memory112(FIG. 1B) as control program118, CPU110signals driver122to activate light sources G1, G2, which produce light directed toward blood vessels which is reflected to detector106. The detector106produces a responsive signal to bus116that is gated to CPU110via driver122and then stored in a register of the CPU or in memory112. The first PPG signals may be represented in any suitable form capable of being processed by a processor, such as the analog signals or digital data sampled from the analog components and stored in computer memory. In an example, the first PPG signals may correspond to green light previously emitted by a light source (or light sources) after the emitted light has interacted with a user's skin, when the monitoring device is worn, and the first PPG signals may include a motion component.

At block304, the method obtains second PPG signals based on second light sources that emit length having a second wavelength. For example, in a manner similar to that described above for block302, the CPU110drives light sources R1, R2and obtains second PPG signals from the detector106based upon those light sources. Again, the second set of PPG signals may be represented in any suitable form capable of being processed by a processor, such as the analog signals or digital data sampled from the analog components and stored in computer memory. In an example, the second PPG signals are obtained from different ranges of wavelengths emitted from the light source than the first PPG signals. For example, the second PPG signals may be obtained from red and/or infrared light sources.

Since the methods ofFIG. 3, as well asFIG. 4A,FIG. 4Bas described below, may be used with any of the embodiments previously described, obtaining signals at block302,304may include obtaining one or more of the first PPG signals using the first light sources, or one or more of the second PPG signals using the second light sources, through a diffusion layer or using any of the arrangements ofFIG. 1C,FIG. 1D, andFIG. 1E.

At block306, the method generates an estimated heart rate value based on the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals. Various techniques for generating the heart rate value may be used, as detailed herein for other embodiments. For example, template matching based on a template previously created and stored from a high-quality PPG signal can be used to provide filter coefficients for a matched filter to maximize signal to noise, or an adaptive filter may be used that tunes a band-pass in real-time based upon heartbeat data derived from the PPG datasets, usually based upon green light sources. Once a heart rate estimate is obtained, signals, data values or data points that are available or apparent in the second PPG signals may be used to modify or improve the first PPG signals so that the resulting modified or improved first PPG signals can be transformed into an estimated heart rate value more accurately.

At block308, the method causes the estimated heart rate value to be displayed via a user interface of a client device. For example, CPU110drives display114to display the resulting heart rate value. In other embodiments, the method may be programmed to cause uploading the estimated heart rate value to host computer500for further processing, display or reporting.

In various implementations ofFIG. 3, multiple detectors or detector regions may be used. For example, the method ofFIG. 3may further comprise obtaining the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals using a plurality of discrete detectors each adapted to detect light from different light sources. For example, the method ofFIG. 3may further comprise obtaining the first PPG signals and the second PPG signals using a plurality of discrete detectors each adapted to detect light from different ones of a first green light source (e.g., G1) of a set of green light sources (e.g., first light sources G1, G2), a second green light source (e.g., G2) of the set of green light sources (e.g., first light sources G1, G2), a first red light source (e.g., R1) of a set of red light sources (e.g., second light sources R1, R2), and a second red light source (e.g., R2) of the set of red light sources (e.g., second light sources R1, R2). In some embodiments, the detectors are all the same, but in other embodiments, different detectors are adapted to detect light of different wavelengths, etc.

In one embodiment, a heart rate estimation process recognizes that green light responds much more to oxy-hemoglobin than red light, and therefore PPG signals from green light have a higher cardiac component relative to the motion signal than PPG signals from red light.FIG. 4Aillustrates an example method of generating an estimated heart rate using a multi-wavelength PPG sensor that receives a first signal and a second signal. Block402represents a start operation or initialization. At block404, a set of estimator-detector instructions operate on a second signal and generate an output indicating whether, in the second signal, a motion component is relatively high or a cardiac component is relatively high. In an embodiment, green and red light sources are used wherein the first signal corresponds to a green signal and the second signal corresponds to a red signal, and the method uses metrics derived from the red signal to determine if a majority of the red signal is composed of cardiac signal or motion signal.

If a majority of the second signal is composed of a cardiac signal, then no correction is performed and only the first signal, which could be based upon a green light source, is used for heart rate estimation as seen at block406.

If, however, a majority of the second signal is a motion signal, then at block408a correction is performed using any of several approaches. In one embodiment, the method determines an approximate scaling and translation factor between the red and green signals for given windows of time, and then subtracts the transformed red signal from the green signal. In another embodiment, an optimal linear transform is applied to the red signal before subtracting from the green signal such that it removes all components of motion present in the green signal and leaves only the cardiac components. Other techniques that can be used include, but are not limited to, independent component analysis (ICA) and other forms of blind source separation. The heart rate estimation can then be performed using the modified green signal from which the motion signal has been removed. In some embodiments, a first signal (e.g., green signal) may be modified based on a second signal (e.g., a red signal) as described in connection with operation408, without first performing operations404and406(e.g., without determining if the majority of the second signal is composed of a motion signal or a cardiac signal).

In another embodiment, detecting a cardiac component of a PPG signal and detecting a motion component of a PPG signal can be performed based upon signals obtained via different light paths rather than different wavelengths. This embodiment recognizes the discovery that signals obtained via different light paths between light source and detector may have different motion characteristics. For example, signals from a first light path may be known to be more sensitive to cardiac signal or otherwise have a relatively higher cardiac component (in comparison to a motion component), while signals from a second light path may be more sensitive to motion or otherwise have a relatively higher motion component (in comparison to a cardiac component). With such data, the method may use the first light path to sense the cardiac component of a signal and the second, different light path to sense the motion component. Then the techniques otherwise described herein (e.g., seeFIG. 4A) may be used to correct or transform the first signal based on the second signal. As a non-limiting example, the second light path may be one where the detector is further away from the emitter in comparison to the first light path. In these embodiments, the light sources that are used to obtain signals via a first light path and a second light path may use the same frequency of light.

In other embodiments, each light source can be individually controlled, or each detector can be individually read out when multiple detectors are used, and such embodiment can collect PPG sensor data along several different light paths. For example, in the arrangement ofFIG. 1B, if the control program118alternately drives activating on the R1, G1separately from R2, G2, then the detector106can capture two sets of data, namely one for a first light path that is left of the detector and one for a second light path that is right of the detector. The control program118can use both sets of data to achieve a more accurate HR estimation. In an embodiment, one such program estimates the signal quality of data obtained on each of the first light path and the second light path and selects to use the higher-quality path for the HR estimation.

FIG. 4Billustrates an example method of generating an estimated heart rate using a multi-position PPG sensor. In other embodiments, more than two channels of PPG sensor data may be used, up to as many light paths as are sensed by the physical hardware.

In the approach ofFIG. 4B, an intermediate heart rate estimation is made using signals or data obtained from each the two channels. As seen at block420and block422, after starting at block402, the method determines a heart rate estimate using the first PPG signal and also determines a separate heart rate estimate using the second PPG signal. In an embodiment, each of blocks420,422produces as output an estimate of the heart rate, for example, in beats-per-minute (BPM) and a confidence value (also referred to herein as a quality metric). In an embodiment, the confidence value is an estimate of the signal quality of the corresponding channel.

At block424, the method selects between the multiple heart rate estimates. In one embodiment, block424comprises selecting one estimate, among those obtained via blocks420,422, that has the highest associated confidence value. In an embodiment, the method may use hysteresis logic that prevents jumping between signals of two different channels within a short time window, for example, if the confidence values of both are within a specified tolerance value.

In an embodiment, the method may also comprise logic that uses additional context data about the user to bias the selection of heart rate estimate between the two channels, In any ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4B, the methods may include determining that a user is exercising, and using that determination to influence operation of the methods, such as favoring a signal from either block420or block422that has a higher heart rate estimate in BPM when the user is known to be exercising. Determining that the user is exercising may occur, for example, using input from an accelerometer that forms part of the apparatus ofFIG. 1A,FIG. 1B,FIG. 2, and/or using explicit input indicating that the user is currently exercising (or has just completed exercising, or is about to commence exercising, etc.), that the user has specified using an input device. Or, the system may infer that the user is sleeping, for example based upon accelerometer data, and may select the lower heart rate value in that situation. In one embodiment, the methods may further comprise obtaining motion data from a motion sensor that is proximate to the first light sources and the second light sources; determining that the motion data indicates that a user is performing exercise; in response to determining that the motion data indicates that a user is performing exercise, selecting a higher heart rate value from among the first preliminary estimated heart rate value and the second preliminary estimated heart rate value for use in generating the heart rate value.

Further, in some embodiments, the method may process both the confidence metric and data indicating an exercise state together. For example, in one embodiment, if it is determined that the user is exercising (e.g., if motion sensor data indicates that the user is exercising), then the method may select the highest heart rate estimate if the confidence values of the two estimates are comparable (e.g., if the difference between the two confidence values is less than a predetermined threshold), but the method may also select the lower heart rate estimate if it has a much higher confidence value than the confidence value of the higher HR estimate (e.g., if the difference between the two confidence values is greater than a predetermined threshold).

Thus, in some embodiments, the confidence value may itself be adjusted based on whether the user is exercising. For example, if it is determined the user is exercising, then the confidence value of the higher heart rate estimate may be boosted by a predetermined amount, multiplier, weighting factor, etc. Or, the confidence value of the lower heart rate estimate is decreased in a similar way. Then the method may proceed to select the heart rate estimate with the highest ultimate confidence metric.

At block426, in one embodiment, a filtering step is used to smooth the selected estimated heart rate value. Filtering can be performed to improve accuracy, or to present a better user experience, or for both.

The approach ofFIG. 4Beffectively permits the quality of signals to affect selection and use of the signals. More generally,FIG. 4Bcomprises a method of determining a first quality metric based on the first PPG signals, and a second quality metric based on the second PPG signals; comparing the first quality metric to the second quality metric and selecting either the first quality metric or the second quality metric as a greater quality metric; and generating the estimated heart rate value based on one of the first PPG signals or the second PPG signals that corresponds to the greater quality metric. In one implementation, the quality metric may be a confidence value associated with the signal. Thus, in the method, determining the first quality metric may comprise determining a first confidence value associated with the first PPG signals, the first confidence value indicating a quality of a first preliminary estimated heart rate value generated based on the first PPG signals, and determining the second quality metric comprises determining a second confidence value associated with the second PPG signals, the second confidence value indicating a quality of a second preliminary estimated heart rate value generated based on the second PPG signals. In some alternative embodiments, the quality metric described herein can be determined based on the ratio of cardiac signal magnitude to non-cardiac (e.g., noise) signal magnitude.

In some embodiments, a magnitude of a heart rate or other quality metrics can be used. For example, the method can comprise obtaining motion data from a motion sensor that is proximate to the first light sources and the second light sources, and determining that the motion data indicates that a user is performing exercise. Then, in response to determining that the motion data indicates that a user is performing exercise, the method can select a higher heart rate value from among the first preliminary estimated heart rate value and the second preliminary estimated heart rate value for use in generating the heart rate value.

In one feature of this approach, a method (e.g., the method ofFIG. 4B) can include selectively activating one or more of the first light sources and one or more of the second light sources at different times.

Using these approaches, extra information gathered from one PPG signal may be used to improve the accuracy of estimating a heart rate value from another PPG signal, especially when the user is exercising or performing high-motion activities. Further, the PPG signals may be processed with more robustness to motion, and therefore the monitoring device100may be designed or engineered to accommodate less strict inactivity requirements as a basis for obtaining a useful heart rate value. For example, the monitoring device may be, in some cases, capable of accommodating a less snug attachment to the body, and/or the monitoring device may, in some cases, be capable of accommodating greater levels of exercise or other activity that otherwise would interfere with obtaining accurate heart rate values using the monitoring device when mounted on the body.

In various embodiments, the methods ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4Bmay be performed by one or more of: firmware operating on the monitoring device or a secondary device, such as a mobile device paired to the monitoring device, a server, host computer500, and the like. For example, the monitoring device may execute operations relating to generating the PPG signals which are uploaded or otherwise communicated to a server that performs operations for removing the motion components and creating a final heart rate estimate value. Alternatively, the monitoring device may execute operations relating to generating the PPG signals and removing the motion components to produce a final heart rate estimate value local to the monitoring device100. In this case, the final heart rate estimate may be uploaded or otherwise communicated to a server such as host computer500that performs other operations using the value.

While various examples herein describe obtaining first PPG signals based on first light sources (e.g., green light sources) and obtaining second PPG signals based on second light sources (e.g., red or IR light sources), a monitoring device may apply the techniques described herein to obtain PPG signals from more than two types of light sources for the purposes of generating an estimated heart rate value. For example, in some embodiments, a monitoring device may obtain first PPG signals based on first light sources (e.g., green light sources), obtain second PPG signals based on second light sources (e.g., red light sources), and also obtain third PPG signals based on third light sources (e.g., IR light sources) that are configured to emit light having a third light wavelength, and generate an estimated heart rate value based on data obtained from any one or more of the first, second, and third PPG signals.

In some embodiments, the monitoring device described herein may switch between obtaining PPG signals from different wavelengths based on the user's skin pigmentation in order to generate a more accurate heart rate estimate. For example, since red wavelengths are less attenuated by melanin, it is possible that a better qualify heart rate signal can be obtained via the red channel from users with high melanin content in their skin. In some embodiments, a monitoring device may determine the skin pigmentation of the user based on an imaging sensor or ambient light detector included in the monitoring device, or based on explicit user input (e.g., indicating skin tone) received via the monitoring device or an input device connected to the monitoring device. Accordingly, if the CPU110or control program118described herein determines that the skin pigmentation of the user satisfies one or more rules or conditions (e.g., if the user's skin pigmentation can be classified as a specific skin pigmentation having a high melanin content), then the CPU110or control program118may selectively obtain PPG signals based on red light sources for the purposes of determining heart rate, consistent with the techniques described herein.

In an embodiment, the use of multiple light sources or other emitters in configurations that are spaced differently with respect to the detector permits the monitoring device100to control the effective detector-light source spacing to optimize for signal strength under various user skin conditions, by activating different pairs of light sources. As the detector-light source spacing increases, for example, a light path between the light source and detector samples tissue content over a longer and deeper path, thereby improving signal strength. For example, users who exhibit periods of time of low perfusion, due to conditions such as cooling of the skin, may benefit from increasing the light source-detector spacing automatically under program control, by activating the red light sources that are farther away from the detector. The same effect can be obtained using a single emitter and a plurality of detectors.

Additionally or alternatively, the process ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4Bmay receive input from biometric sensors or environmental sensors indicating an ambient temperature or a skin temperature of the wearer of the activity monitoring apparatus. Based on changes in temperature values received from these sensors, the process may energize or de-energize different pairs of light sources. In this embodiment, the process ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4Bmay include: activating only a first pair of two or more pairs of red light sources and green light sources, and deactivating all other pairs; receiving, from the one or more detectors, a first red PPG signal and a first green PPG signal from only the first pair of the two or more pairs of red light sources and green light sources; receiving an ambient temperature signal from an ambient temperature sensor that is located proximate to the two or more first pairs; determining that the ambient temperature signal is less than a stored minimum temperature signal; based on the determining, activating a second pair of the two or more pairs of red light sources and green light sources, receiving from the one or more detectors a second red PPG signal and a second green PPG signal associated with the second pair, forming a combined red PPG signal using the first red PPG signal and the second red PPG signal, and forming a combined green PPG signal using the first green PPG signal and the second green PPG signal.

The processes ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4Balso may include a feedback loop and other test operations that result in selectively energizing or de-energizing different pairs of red and green light sources of the monitoring device100as ambient conditions change. For example, the processes ofFIG. 3,FIG. 4A,FIG. 4Bmay be implemented as part of a continuous loop that is active whenever the monitoring device100is powered on, and may include operations to de-energize the second pair of light sources when signals received from the first pair of light sources are determined to be greater than the stored minimum signal value. Further, the process as a whole may be repeated for any one or more pairs of the light sources, so that the process results in energizing three or more pairs of light sources at any one time. In this manner, over time, different combinations of pairs may be energized or de-energized dynamically in response to changing ambient conditions, changing skin temperature, movement of the monitoring device100on the body of the user, or other conditions that result in changes in the strength of signals from the light sources.

Computer system500further includes a read only memory (ROM)508or other static storage device coupled to bus502for storing static information and instructions for processor504. A storage device510, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or solid-state drive is provided and coupled to bus502for storing information and instructions.