Fuel cell

A fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a fuel delivery system distributing fuel to an anode side of the MEA, and a flow distributor delivering an oxidizer to a cathode side of the MEA. The flow distributor includes at least one serpentine channel through which the oxidizer is delivered to the cathode side of the MEA. Each portion of the serpentine channel delivers oxidizer to a portion of the cathode side of the MEA in contact, directly or through a porous diffuser, with the channel portion. The channel portion transfers water with the portion of the MEA in contact with the channel portion and also transfers water between adjacent channel portions via a water-permeable, gas impermeable material that defines at least a portion of the channel.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs).

FIG. 1is a diagram illustrating a typical PEFC. InFIG. 1, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)150is sandwiched between a fuel delivery system120and an oxidizer delivery system180. The MEA150includes a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)155, an anode catalyst layer154on an anode surface of the PEM155, an anode diffusion layer153covering the anode catalyst layer154, a cathode catalyst layer156on a cathode surface of the PEM155, and a cathode diffusion layer157covering the cathode catalyst layer156.

The PEM is a proton-permeable, electrically non-conductive membrane that allows protons to travel through the PEM from the anode to the cathode while preventing electrons from passing through the PEM. An example of a PEM typically used in fuel cells is a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane such as sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer membranes available as Nation® plastic membrane from E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. The anode catalyst layer154includes a catalyst such as platinum for increasing the anode reaction rate. The anode diffusion layer153is typically a porous electrical conductor such as carbon paper or cloth that conducts electrons generated by the anode reaction from the anode catalyst layer154to an external load while allowing transport of anode reaction reactants and products between the anode catalyst layer154and fuel delivery system120. The cathode catalyst layer156includes a catalyst such as platinum for increasing the cathode reaction rate. The cathode diffusion layer157is typically a porous electrical conductor such as carbon paper or cloth that conducts electrons from the external load to the cathode catalyst layer156while allowing transport of cathode reaction reactants and products between the cathode catalyst layer156and the oxidizer delivery system.

Fuel delivery system120delivers fuel123to the anode catalyst layer154and removes reaction products127, if any, from the anode. Fuel delivery system120may include a flow distributor that distributes the fuel evenly over the anode side of the MEA, a reformer when methanol is the fuel, a humidifier to control water content at the anode, and valves and pumps to control the flow of materials into and out of the anode. Typically, the reformer, humidifier, and pumps are housed external to the fuel cell but contribute to the overall portability of the fuel cell, in a hydrogen fuel cell, where the fuel is hydrogen, no reaction products are produced at the anode side. When the fuel is methanol, the methanol can either be converted to hydrogen using a reformer or can be applied directly to the anode. When a reformer is used, water must be supplied to the methanol and carbon dioxide removed from the reaction products. The reformer and its associated water management system adds bulk to the overall fuel cell and reduces the portability of the fuel cell. When methanol is fed directly to the anode, the fuel cell is called a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and water must be supplied with the methanol to the anode catalyst layer at the anode. If sufficient water is not provided at the anode, the methanol may be incompletely oxidized to form reaction products such as formaldehyde or formic acid. The incomplete oxidation of the fuel reduces the energy generated by the fuel cell and decreases the efficiency of the fuel cell.

Oxidizer delivery system180delivers oxidizer183to the cathode catalyst layer156and removes reaction products187from the cathode. Oxidizer183is generally oxygen and may be conveniently provided as air although pure oxygen or enriched air may be used as the oxidizer183. Protons from the anode recombine with the oxidizer at the cathode to produce water as a cathode reaction product187. The water produced at the cathode may be supplied to the fuel delivery system in a DMFC. If water removal from the cathode is inefficient, cathode catalyst flooding may occur where excess liquid water coats the catalyst particles and reduces the ionization of the oxidizer at the cathode. If too much water is removed from the cathode, the PEM may dry out and reduce the conductivity of protons through the PEM. Oxidizer delivery system may include a flow distributor that distributes the oxidizer over a cathode surface of the MEA, a humidifier, a water reservoir, and pumps, blowers, and valves to control the material flows to and from the cathode. Typically, the humidifier, reservoir, pumps, and valves are housed external to the fuel cell but contribute to the overall hulk of the fuel cell.

The use of external pumps, humidifiers, and reservoirs detract from the portability advantage of a DMFC. Therefore, there remains a need for DMFC systems having reduced numbers of external components for increased portability.

SUMMARY

A fuel cell Includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a fuel delivery system distributing fuel to an anode side of the MEA, and a flow distributor delivering an oxidizer to a cathode side of the MEA. The flow distributor Includes at least one serpentine channel through which the oxidizer is delivered to the cathode side of the MEA. Each portion of the serpentine channel delivers oxidizer to a portion of the cathode side of the MEA in contact, directly or through a porous diffuses with the channel portion. The channel portion transfers water with the portion of the MEA in contact with the channel portion and also transfers water between adjacent channel portions via a water-permeable, gas impermeable material that defines at least a portion of the channel.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fuel cell comprising: a membrane electrode assembly having an anode side and a cathode side; a fuel delivery system distributing fuel to the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly; and a flow distributor delivering an oxidizer to the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly and internally humidifying the oxidizer. In one aspect, the flow distributor further comprises: a channel wall layer; and a channel backing layer, the channel backing layer and channel wall layer coacting with the membrane electrode assembly to form a flow channel, the flow channel providing a path for oxidizer delivery to the membrane electrode assembly. In another aspect, the flow channel follows a serpentine path over a surface of the membrane electrode assembly, in another aspect, a first portion of the flow channel is infernally humidified by transfer of water between the first portion of the flow channel and a second portion of the flow channel the second portion of the flow channel adjacent to the first portion of the flow channel in another aspect, the second portion of the flow channel Is correctively coupled to the first portion of the flow channel in another aspect, water is transferred between the first portion of the flow channel and the adjacent second portion of the flow channel through the channel wall layer. In another aspect, the channel wall layer comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material. In another aspect, the gas-impermeable, water-permeable material is electrically conductive, in another aspect, water is transferred between the first portion of the flow channel and the adjacent second portion of the flow channel through the channel backing layer. In another aspect, the channel wall layer comprises an electrical conductor, in another aspect, the channel backing layer comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material. In another aspect, the gas-impermeable, water-permeable material is electrically conductive. In another aspect, the flow distributor further comprises: a porous current collector layer in contact with the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly; a channel wall layer; and a channel backing layer, the channel backing layer and channel wall layer coacting with the current collector layer to form a flow channel, the flow channel transporting oxidizer to the membrane electrode assembly through the porous current collector layer.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fuel cell comprising: a membrane electrode assembly; a fuel delivery system configured to deliver fuel to an anode side of the membrane electrode assembly; a flow distributor having at least one flow channel the flow channel having a first channel portion and a second channel portion, the first and second channel portions providing oxidizer to a cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly and transferring water between the first channel portion and the second channel portion. In one aspect, water is transferred between the first channel portion and the second channel portion through a wall structure between the first channel portion and the second channel portion. In a further aspect, the wall structure comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material. In another aspect, water is transferred between the first channel portion and the second channel portion through a channel backing layer, in further aspect, the channel backing layer comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of distributing water over a cathode side of a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell comprising: providing a fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel delivery system distributing fuel to an anode side of a membrane electrode assembly, and a flow distributor having at least one flow channel characterized by a flow channel boundary, a first portion of the flow channel boundary shared by a portion of the flow channel and a portion of the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly, a second portion of the flow channel boundary shared by a second portion of the flow channel and a water-permeable material; transferring water between the flow channel and the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly through the first portion of the flow channel boundary; and transferring water between the flow channel and an adjacent flow channel through the water-permeable material. In one aspect, the method further comprises pumping an oxidizer through the flow channel, the oxidizer flow convectively transporting water transferred from the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly through the first portion of the flow channel boundary.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

InFIG. 2, methanol is introduced into an anode plenum volume215enclosed by plenum housing210and anode current collector212. The anode current collector212may be a porous electrical conductor that electrically conducts electrons from an MEA250to an external load and may also provide mechanical support for the electrical connection to the external load. The methanol fuel diffuses from the plenum volume215, through the porous anode current collector212before reaching an anode surface of an MEA250. Anode current collector212may be a bi-continuous structure having a first continuous phase comprising an electrical conductor and a second continuous phase allowing transport of fuel from anode plenum volume215to the MEA250. The second continuous phase may be voids or spaces occupied by gas. Examples of bi-continuous anode current collectors include a perforated metal plate, a porous metal foam, and an expanded metal mesh. The metal is preferably a corrosion resistant metal such as, for example, titanium and stainless steel. The metal phase of the bi-continuous anode current collector provides an electrical conduction path and connection point for electrons created at the anode to leave the fuel cell toward a connected load. The void spaces in the metal plate or foam or mesh provide a path for diffusion of fuel to the MEA250. AlthoughFIG. 2illustrates a configuration where the anode current collector and plenum housing are distinct structures, alternative embodiments include configurations where the anode current collector and plenum housing are a same component.

The plenum housing210includes a through passage allowing transport of methanol from a fuel source, not shown, to the plenum volume215. A fuel source of high concentration (greater than 90%) liquid methanol is preferred for portability although lower concentrations of liquid methanol may be used. In some embodiments, a flow resistance may be placed between the liquid fuel source and the plenum volume215to limit the rate at which methanol enters the plenum volume215without the use of an external pump. Examples of a flow resistance include polymer membranes such as silicone and polyurethane. In some embodiments, liquid methanol from the fuel source may be routed through a heated passage in the plenum housing210to vaporize the liquid methanol before it reaches the plenum volume, in some embodiments, one end of a wick may be placed in a liquid fuel source and the other end of the wick located within the plenum volume215thereby transporting fuel from the fuel source to the plenum volume via capillary action without the use of an external pump.

Plenum housing210includes an exhaust passage, not shown, through the plenum housing to exhaust reaction products such as carbon dioxide from an anode reaction. The exhaust passage may include a pressure relief valve that opens when pressure in the plenum volume exceeds ambient pressure by a predetermined value. The predetermined value may be selected, for example, to prevent damage to the MEA or to maintain a desired reaction rate range.

InFIG. 2, a flow distributor280distributes the oxidizer to the cathode surface of the MEA. In addition to distributing the oxidizer to the cathode surface, flow distributor280also distributes reaction product water over the cathode surface to keep the MEA hydrated and to provide water to the anode for the anode reaction. Typically, the humidity of the inlet oxidizer flow is controlled by a humidifier located external to flow distributor280. The external humidifier, however, adds bulk to the overall fuel cell system and reduces the portability of the fuel cell system. The external humidifier humidities the inlet oxidizer flow from an external water reservoir. The outlet flow stream exiting the flow distributor generally has a higher humidity than the inlet oxidizer flow from water produced in the cathode reaction. Water in the exiting flow may be recovered and stored in the external reservoir. In contrast, the exemplar flow distributor280shown inFIG. 2eliminates the need for an external humidifier by incorporating a water mass exchanger internal to the flow distributor.

Flow distributor280includes a housing288, one or more wall structures282that in combination with housing288and MEA250, creates or defines a boundary surface of one or more flow channels285providing a flow path distributing oxidizer to the cathode side of MEA250. The one or more flow channels are characterized by the boundary surface. A portion of the boundary surface provides an Interface between the flow channel285and the MEA250. Another portion of the boundary surface provides an interface between the flow channel285and wall structure282. Another portion of the boundary surface provides an interface between the flow channel285and housing288. InFIG. 2, wall structure282preferably comprises a water-permeable, electrically-conductive material such as, for example, a bi-continuous metal matrix composite having a continuous metal matrix phase and a continuous water-permeable polymer phase. Examples of water-permeable polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate. The water-permeable walls enable water transfer between the flow channels285sharing a common wall282thereby distributing water laterally to the oxidizer flow direction.

Housing288may be an electrically-conductive material that, together with the electrically-conductive walls282, provides an electrical path for transport of electrons from an external load to the cathode. In some embodiments, housing288and walls282may be the same material enabling the manufacture of a single-piece flow distributor via mold casting or milling. In some embodiments, an electrically-conductive, porous current collector may be placed between the MEA250and the flow distributor280to provide a connection to an external load and to provide electrons for the cathode-side reaction combining the electrons, oxidizer, and protons diffusing through the MEA from the anode to form water. The porosity and pore size of the porous current collector may be selected to maintain a low electrical resistance while allowing sufficient mass transfer of oxidizer and water between the cathode catalyst layer of the MEA and the flow channel. Examples of porous current collector materials include acid-resistant sintered powder metals such as stainless steel and titanium, sintered graphite, expanded metal mesh, and metal foam. When a separate current collector is used, the flow distributor may be electrically non-conductive.

FIG. 3shows a plan view of a flow distributor having an Internal humidifier. A single serpentine flow channel285is defined by one or more walls282and has an inlet312and outlet314, inlet312or outlet314provides connection to a fluid mover such as a pump, a compressor, or a blower. The fluid mover may be located downstream of the outlet314and configured to draw the oxidizer flow through flow channel285or may be located upstream of the inlet to push the oxidizer flow through flow channel285. For illustrative purposes, the direction of flow is indicated by arrows but is not limited to the indicated direction. Wall282preferably comprises a gas-impermeable material such that the oxidizer flow is substantially confined along the flow channel285. A gas mass transfer rate through the wail may include gaseous diffusion through the wall and gas convective transport when the wall is porous and a pressure difference exists between the adjacent channel portions. As used herein, a material is gas-impermeable when gaseous mass flux through the wall is less than 15% of the mass flux through the flow channel285.

InFIG. 3, the serpentine flow channel285is arranged such that inlet portion315of channel285is adjacent to outlet portion317of channel285. As used herein, a first portion of a channel is adjacent to a second portion of a channel when a single wall portion separates the two channel portions and there are no other channel portions or wall portions between the first and second channel portions. The second portion of the channel may be part of the same channel as the first portion of the channel or may be part of a second channel.

Without being limiting, it is assumed that the humidity difference between the inlet portion and the outlet portion creates a large driving force for water mass transfer from the relatively high humidity outlet portion of channel285to a relatively low humidity inlet portion of channel285through wall282. The large driving force increases the humidity of the inlet oxidizer flow in the inlet portion315and decreases the loss of water from the portion of the MEA underlying the inlet portion315of channel285.

The serpentine channel pattern and the locations of the inlet and outlet shown inFIG. 3are not intended to be limiting and other patterns and locations may be employed that are within the scope of the present invention. For example. InFIG. 4a,the inlet412and outlet414of channel485are diagonally opposite of each other and inlet channel portion415is not adjacent to outlet channel portion417.FIG. 4billustrates another example of a serpentine channel pattern where two channels450460are used to internally humidify the oxidizer flow and where the locations of the inlet452462and outlet454464for the two channels are located along the side of the flow distributor. A portion of a flow channel is convectively coupled to another portion of the flow channel when both portions are part of the same flow channel. Conversely, a portion of a flow channel is convectively isolated from another portion of a flow channel when each portion belongs to a different flow channel. For example, portion461is convectively coupled to portion463but is convectively isolated from portion451. Similarly, portion451is convectively coupled to portion453but is convectively isolated from portion463.FIG. 4cillustrates another example of a serpentine channel pattern where two channels480490have inlets482492and outlets484494along a side of the fuel cell and include channel portions having flow parallel to an adjacent channel portion.

The serpentine channel patterns shown inFIGS. 3,4a,4b,and4cillustrate some of a wide variety of channel patterns but are not intended to be limited to the shown patterns. The channel pattern may be selected to balance one or more competing criteria such as, for example, MEA area coverage, channel head loss, channel leakage, and humidity differences between adjacent channels. For example, a channel pattern may be selected such that the average humidity difference between adjacent channels is large in order to promote water transfer between adjacent channels.

FIG. 4dIllustrates another example of a channel pattern where a serpentine path is replaced by multiple straight channels.FIG. 4dillustrates a portion of the flow distributor having a straight-through flow channels435,437. Adjacent channels437are adjacent to flow channel435and share a common wall430with flow channel435. The oxidizer flow direction in flow channels435,437are indicated by arrow421and show a counter-flow configuration. Arrows437Indicate the expected directions of water transport between adjacent channels. Referring toFIG. 4d,oxidizer flowing into channel435is expected to have a lower humidity than the humidity of the exiting oxidizer flow In the adjacent channels425. The humidity difference between adjacent channels creates a driving force for water mass transfer in the direction indicated by arrows437. As the oxidizer in channel435flows toward an exit port, the humidity difference between adjacent channels decreases as the oxidizer in channel435accumulates cathode reaction product water from the underlying MEA and water from the adjacent channels until the humidity of channel435becomes greater than the humidity of the adjacent channel425, at which point the direction of water mass transfer reverses and water is transported from channel435to the adjacent channels425.

InFIG. 5, an electrically conductive flow distributor520may perform a function of a current collector by providing an electrically conductive path for electrons from a load to the cathode surface of MEA250. Flow distributor520includes a channel wall layer540, and a channel backing layer including a water-permeable layer550, and a structural support layer590.

In the configuration shown inFIG. 5, where the flow distributor520and channel wail layer540provide the electrical conduction path to the cathode surface of the MEA250, the water permeable layer550may be an electrical insulator. Behind the water permeable layer550, a structural support layer590may provide structural support for the water permeable layer550. The structural support layer590may be an electrical insulator.

One or more flow channels525are defined by a wall542of the channel wall layer540, the cathode surface of the MEA250, and by a water permeable layer550. A channel boundary surface contains a flow channel volume. A portion of the channel boundary is shared between the flow channel and the cathode catalyst layer of the MEA250. Another portion of the channel boundary Is shared between the flow channel and one or more walls542of the channel wall layer540. Another portion of the channel boundary is shared between the flow channel and the water-permeable layer550. InFIG. 5, water in flow channel525may be transported through a portion of a channel boundary shared by the flow channel525and water permeable layer550. Water may be transported through the water-permeable layer550to an adjacent flow channel as illustrated by double-headed arrow535. A double-headed arrow535is used to indicate that the water transfer can be in either direction and generally depends on the humidity difference between the adjacent channels. The adjacent flow channel may be a downstream or upstream portion of the same serpentine flow channel as flow channel525or may be a portion of a different serpentine flow channel. The transfer of water between adjacent flow channels allows for another mass transfer mechanism beyond the convective mass flow within the flow channel and may enhance a more uniform distribution of water over the cathode side of the MEA250.

The water-permeable layer550of channel backing layer preferably comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material. Examples of gas-impermeable, water-permeable materials include, without being limiting, microcellulose PVA, sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer such as Nation® copolymer available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del., microporous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene such as Lateral-Flo® membranes available from Porex Corporation of Fairburn, Ga., or microporous, silica-filled polyethylene available as Teslin® sheet from PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. of Strongsville, Ohio,

FIG. 6is a sectional view illustrating another example of a flow distributor620enabling internal humidification of the oxidizer flow. A porous current collector layer630provides an electrically conductive path to the cathode surface of the MEA while allowing mass transfer of the oxidizer from flow channel625to the cathode surface of the MEA250and allowing mass transfer of water between flow channel625and the cathode surface of the MEA250. The direction of water transfer between flow channel625and cathode surface is expected to be related to the difference in the chemical potential of water in flow channel625and the chemical potential of water over the portion of the cathode surface directly under or adjacent to the flow channel. When, for example, the humidify in flow channel is high and the underlying portion of MEA is only partially hydrated due, for example, to depletion of water caused by the anode reaction, the direction of water transfer is expected to be from the flow channel to the underlying MEA. Conversely, if the MEA is fully hydrated, the direction of water transfer may be from the MEA to the flow channel in order to remove the water generated by the cathode reaction.

The porosity and pore size of the porous current collector630may be selected to maintain a low cathode electrical resistance while allowing sufficient mass transfer of oxidizer and water between the cathode catalyst layer of MEA250and the flow channel626to maintain a desired cathode reaction rate and/or keep the MEA250hydrated and/or maintain a desired anode reaction rate. Examples of porous materials include corrosion resistant sintered powder metals such as stainless steel and titanium, sintered graphite, flexible graphite sheet material, expanded metal mesh, and metal foam.

Flow channel625is defined by porous current collector layer630, channel wail layer650, and channel backing layer690. Channel wall layer650is preferably comprised of a water-permeable, gas impermeable material and may be electrically insulating. Channel backing layer690is preferably comprised of a water-impermeable and gas impermeable material and may be electrically insulating.

InFIG. 6, a flow channel boundary surface contains the flow channel volume. A portion of the flow channel boundary Is shared between the flow channel625and the porous current collector layer630. Another portion of the flow channel boundary is shared between the flow channel625and the channel backing layer690. Another portion of the flow channel boundary is shared between the flow channel625and the water-permeable channel wall layer650. Water In channel625may be transported through the portion of the flow channel boundary shared by the water-permeable channel wall layer650, through the water-permeable intervening wall652to the adjacent flow channel. Double-headed arrow635illustrates the transfer of water between adjacent flow channels through the water-permeable channel wall layer650. A double-headed arrow635is used to indicate that the water transfer can be in either direction and generally depends on the humidity difference between the adjacent channels. The adjacent flow channel may be a downstream or upstream portion of the same serpentine flow channel as flow channel625or may be a portion of a different serpentine flow channel. The transfer of water between adjacent flow channels allows for another mass transfer mechanism beyond the convective mass flow within the flow channel and may enhance a more uniform distribution of water over the cathode side of the MEA250.

Channel wall layer650preferably comprises a gas-Impermeable, water-permeable material. Examples of gas-impermeable, water-permeable materials Include, without being limiting, microcellulose PVA, sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer such as Nafion® copolymer available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del., microporous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene such as Lateral-Flo® membranes available from Porex Corporation of Fairburn, Ga., or microporous, silica-filled polyethylene available as Teslin® sheet from PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. of Strongsville, Ohio.

FIG. 7is a sectional view illustrating another configuration of a flow distributor720enabling Internal humidification of the oxidizer flow. Flow distributor720includes an electrically conductive channel wall layer730, and a channel backing layer including an exchange layer750, and a structural support layer690. The electrically conducive channel wall layer730provides a path to the cathode catalyst layer of the MEA250and forms, in combination with MEA250and exchange layer750, one or more flow channels725. The exchange layer750extends into the flow channels725to cover the wall surfaces of the channel wall layer730exposed to the flow channel. The exchange layer750preferably comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable but not necessarily an electrically conductive material. Channel wall layer730may be solid or porous and comprises a corrosion-resistant, electrically conductive material such as, for example, stainless steel, titanium, graphite or electrically conductive polymers.

A portion of a flow channel boundary enclosing flow channel725is shared between the flow channel725and MEA250and another portion of the flow channel boundary is shared between flow channel725and exchange layer735. Water may be transported through the portion of channel boundary shared by the flow channel and exchange layer, through the exchange layer, to the adjacent flow channel as indicated by double-head arrow735. Double-headed arrow735is used to indicate that the water transfer can be in either direction and generally depends on the humidity difference between the adjacent channels. The adjacent flow channel may be a downstream or upstream portion of the same serpentine flow channel as flow channel725or may be a portion of a different serpentine flow channel. The transfer of water between adjacent flow channels allows for another mass transfer mechanism beyond the convective mass flow within the flow channel and may enhance a more uniform distribution of water over the cathode side of the MEA250.

Water may also be transported within the portion of the exchange layer covering the walls732of the channel wall layer730along each flow channel in a direction into or out of the plane ofFIG. 7. Transport along the flow channel may be by diffusion within the exchange material.

Exchange layer750comprises a gas-impermeable, water-permeable material. Examples of gas-impermeable, water-permeable materials include, without being limiting, microcellulose PVA, sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer such as Nafion® copolymer available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del., microporous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene such as Lateral-Flo® membranes available from Porex Corporation of Fairburn, Ga., or microporous, silica-filled polyethylene available as Teslin® sheet from PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. of Strongsville, Ohio.

FIG. 8illustrates another configuration of a flow distributor820enabling internal humidification of the oxidizer flow. Flow distributor820includes channel backing layer890, and channel wall layer840that in combination with MEA250create one or more flow channels825that transport oxidizer over the surface of MEA250while exchanging water between the flow channels825and the MEA250and between adjacent flow channels, inFIG. 8, channel wall layer840comprises a portion of channel wall842, the remaining portion of channel wall842defined by channel backing layer The exchange of water between adjacent flow channels occurs through the water-permeable, gas-impermeable wall material842as Indicated by double-headed arrow835. InFIG. 8, the water-permeable, gas-impermeable channel wall layer840is electrically conductive to provide a path for electrons between a connected load and the cathode surface. Examples of water-permeable, gas-impermeable, electrically conductive materials Include a bi-continuous metal matrix composite having a continuous metal matrix and a continuous water permeable polymer phase. Examples of water permeable polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate. The water-impermeable channel backing layer890is preferably an electrical conductor but may be an insulator.

FIG. 9illustrates another configuration of a flow distributor920enabling internal humidification of the oxidizer flow. Flow distributor920includes a channel wall layer940and a channel backing layer990. Flow channels925are formed from the combination of channel wall layer940and MEA250. Channel backing layer990may provide structural support for channel wall layer940. Channel wall layer940preferably comprises an electrically-conductive, gas-impermeable, water-permeable material such as, for example, a bi-continuous metal matrix composite having a continuous metal matrix and a continuous water-permeable polymer phase. Examples of water permeable polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate.

InFIG. 9, a portion921of a flow channel boundary enclosing flow channel925is shared between flow channel925and MEA250and another portion927of flow channel boundary is shared between flow channel925and channel wall layer940. Water may be transported through the portion of channel boundary shared by the flow channel925and a wall portion942of the channel wall layer940, through wall portion942, to the adjacent flow channel, as indicated by double-headed arrow935. Water may also be transported between flow channel925and a portion of the channel wall layer940opposite the MEA250, through the channel wall layer940, to the adjacent flow channel, as indicated by double-headed arrow937. Double-headed arrows935,937are used to Indicate that the water transfer can be in either direction and generally depends on the humidity difference between the adjacent channels. The adjacent flow channel may be a downstream or upstream portion of the same serpentine flow channel as flow channel925or may be a portion of a different serpentine flow channel. The transfer of water between adjacent flow channels allows for another mass transfer mechanism beyond the convective mass flow within the flow channel and may enhance a more uniform distribution of water over the cathode side of the MEA250.

FIG. 10illustrates another configuration of a flow distributor1020enabling internal humidification of the oxidizer flow. InFIG. 10, flow distributor housing1090forms a water and gas barrier containing the oxidizer flow. Oxidizer is flowed through a porous material1055that can transport both oxidizer and water. A serpentine flow path is defined by walls1050comprising a water-permeable, gas-impermeable material that channels the oxidizer flow through the porous material filling the channel and along the serpentine path. Water exchange occurs between adjacent channels through the wall separating the adjacent channels as indicated inFIG. 10by double-headed arrow1035.

The porosity and pore size of the porous flow channel1055may be selected to reduce extra pump head that may be required to pump the oxidizer through the flow distributor1020. In some embodiments, porous flow channel1055may also provide an electrically conductive path to MEA250for electrons from a connected load. In such instances, porous flow channel1055preferably comprises an electrically conductive material having a porosity and pore size sufficient to maintain a low cathode electrical resistance while allowing sufficient mass transfer of oxidizer and water between the cathode catalyst layer of the MEA and the flow channel625. Examples of porous channel materials include corrosion resistant sintered powder metals such as stainless steel and titanium, sintered graphite, expanded metal mesh, and metal foam.

FIG. 11illustrates a configuration of a flow distributor enabling external humidification of the oxidizer flow. InFIG. 11, inlet oxidizer flow1101is directed through one or more external flow channels1185defined by external housing1180, one or more external walls1182, and a water exchange membrane1150. Inlet oxidizer flow1101is humidified by transfer of water from cathode flow channels1125through the water exchange membrane1150to the adjacent external flow channel1185. The humidified oxidizer flow exiting the external flow channel1185is directed to internal flow channel1126as indicated by arrow1103. Internal flow channel1125may include one or more serpentine flow paths. Internal flow channel1125is created from a combination of the water exchange membrane1150, the MEA250, and one or more cathode walls1122of cathode1120. As the humidified oxidizer flows through the internal flow channel, the oxidizer flow transfers water to an adjacent external flow channel1185through the water exchange membrane1150as illustrated by double-headed arrow1135and also transfers water between the internal flow channel1125and the underlying MEA250that depends on the humidity of the internal flow channel and the water chemical potential of the underlying MEA250. The configuration illustrated inFIG. 11is termed external humidification because at least one external channel1185of the humidifier does not transfer water between the oxidizer in a portion of the external channel with a portion of the MEA250, instead, the oxidizer flow is directed to the internal flow channel1125where the water exchange between the oxidizer flow stream and the MEA250occur as indicated by double-headed arrow1115.

Conversely, the configurations inFIGS. 5-10show illustrative examples of internal humidification where water is exchanged between adjacent flow channels where the flow channels deliver oxidizer to a portion of the MEA250underlying each respective channel and also exchange water between the flow channels through a portion of the channel boundary shared by the flow channel and a water-permeable, gas-impermeable material.

Having thus described at least illustrative embodiments of the invention, various modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended as limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.