Method and apparatus for charging battery

A battery charging method includes: charging a battery based on a charging profile; and in response to a charging termination event occurring, terminating the charging of the battery, wherein the charging profile is determined using weight information derived based on battery characteristic information and a basic charging profile.

This application claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(a) of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0124945 filed on Oct. 19, 2018, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The following description relates to a method and apparatus to charge a battery.

2. Description of Related Art

Various battery charging methods exist. For example, a constant current-constant voltage (CCCV) based charging method may charge a battery with a constant current until a certain voltage is reached, and charge the battery with a constant voltage until a preset low current is reached. For another example, a varying current decay (VCD) based charging method may charge a battery with a high current in a low state of charge (SOC), and charge the battery by gradually reducing the current when the SOC of the battery reaches a certain SOC.

SUMMARY

In one general aspect, a battery charging method includes: charging a battery based on a charging profile; and in response to a charging termination event occurring, terminating the charging of the battery, wherein the charging profile is determined using weight information derived based on battery characteristic information and a basic charging profile.

The battery characteristic information may include a value associated with an ion diffusivity in a reference battery based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery.

The battery characteristic information may be determined using a ratio between a change in quantity of electric charge of the reference battery and a change in voltage of the reference battery. The change in the quantity of electric charge of the reference battery and the change in the voltage of the reference battery may be based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery.

The battery characteristic information may correspond to dQ/dV based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery, wherein dQ is a change in quantity of electric charge and dV is a change in voltage of the reference battery.

The weight information may be derived using dQ/dV values in an SOC interval of the dQ/dV, and a modulation rate.

The battery characteristic information may be determined using a ratio between a difference in an open-circuit voltage (OCV), based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery, and an overpotential of the reference battery.

The battery characteristic information may correspond to (dES/dET)2based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery, wherein dET is a change in voltage while a current is being applied, and dES is a difference between an open-circuit voltage (OCV) before the current is applied and an OCV after the current is applied.

The weight information may be derived using (dES/dET)2values in an SOC interval of the (dES/dET)2, and a modulation rate.

The weight information may be derived using characteristic values in a state of charge (SOC) interval of the battery characteristic information.

The charging profile may be modulated from the basic charging profile based on the weight information.

The terminating of the charging of the battery may include terminating the charging of the battery, in response to a voltage of the battery reaching a threshold voltage.

The terminating of the charging of the battery may include charging the battery with a constant voltage, in response to a voltage of the battery reaching a threshold voltage, and terminating the charging of the battery, in response to a current of the battery reaching a termination current while the battery is being charged with the constant voltage.

In another general aspect, a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method described above.

In another general aspect, a battery charging method includes: determining battery characteristic information of a battery based on input information; deriving weight information based on the determined battery characteristic information; and determining a charging profile based on the derived weight information and a basic charging profile, wherein the determined charging profile is configured to be implemented to charge the battery.

The battery characteristic information may include a value associated with an ion diffusivity in the battery based on a state of charge (SOC) of the battery.

The determining of the battery characteristic information may include determining the battery characteristic information using a ratio between a change in quantity of electric charge of the battery and a change in voltage of the battery. The change in the quantity of electric charge of the battery and the change in the voltage of the battery may be based on a state of charge (SOC) of the battery.

The determining of the battery characteristic information may include determining state of charge-based (SOC-based) dQ/dV to be the battery characteristic information, wherein dQ is a change in quantity of electric charge and dV is a change in voltage.

The deriving of the weight information may include deriving the weight information based on dQ/dV values in an SOC interval of the SOC-based dQ/dV, and a modulation rate.

The determining of the battery characteristic information may include determining the battery characteristic information using a ratio between a difference in an open-circuit voltage (OCV), based on a state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and an overpotential.

The determining of the battery characteristic information may include determining state of charge-based (SOC-based) (dES/dET)2to be the battery characteristic information, wherein dET is a change in voltage while a current is being applied, and dES is a difference between an open-circuit voltage (OCV) before the current is applied and an OCV after the current is applied.

The deriving of the weight information may include deriving the weight information using (dES/dET)2values in an SOC interval of the SOC-based (dES/dET)2, and a modulation rate.

The deriving of the weight information may include deriving the weight information using characteristic values in a state of charge (SOC) interval of the battery characteristic information.

The battery charging method may further include: deriving different weight information by adjusting a modulation rate.

The determining of the charging profile may include modulating the basic charging profile based on the derived weight information.

The battery charging method may further include: charging the battery based on the determined charging profile.

In another general aspect, a battery charging apparatus includes: a memory configured to store a charging profile; and a charger configured to charge a battery based on the charging profile, and terminate the charging of the battery in response to a charging termination event occurring, wherein the charging profile is determined using weight information derived based on battery characteristic information and a basic charging profile.

The basic charging profile may be a charging profile in which a charging current changes stepwise based on a state of charge (SOC) of the reference battery.

The basic charging profile may be a constant current-constant voltage (CCCV) based charging profile.

The charging profile may be determined by applying the weight information to the basic charging profile.

The weight information may include weight information for each of modulation rates. The charging profile may be determined by multiplying the basic charging profile and the weight information for each of the modulation rates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Throughout the specification, when an element, such as a layer, region, or substrate, is described as being “on,” “connected to,” “coupled to,” or “adjacent to” another element, it may be directly “on,” “connected to,” “coupled to,” or “adjacent to” the other element, or there may be one or more other elements intervening therebetween. When an element is described as being “between” other elements, it may be directly “between” the other elements, or there may be one or more additional elements intervening therebetween. In contrast, when an element is described as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, or as being “directly between” other elements, there can be no additional elements intervening therebetween.

FIGS. 1 through 3are diagrams illustrating an example of a battery charging system100.

Referring toFIG. 1, the battery charging system100may include a battery charging apparatus110and a battery120.

The battery120may be a battery cell, a battery module, or a battery pack.

The battery charging apparatus110may charge the battery120based on a charging profile. The charging profile may be determined based on a basic charging profile and weight information. An example of the charging profile is illustrated inFIG. 2. Referring toFIG. 2, a charging profile210is determined by applying weight information to a multistep basic charging profile220. The multistep basic charging profile220may be a basic charging profile in which a charging current changes stepwise. Another example of the charging profile is illustrated inFIG. 3. Referring toFIG. 3, a charging profile310is determined by applying weight information to a constant current-constant voltage (CCCV) based basic charging profile320. A manner by which the charging profile is determined will be described later in detail with reference toFIGS. 4 through 13.

The battery charging apparatus110may terminate the charging of the battery120when a charging termination event occurs while the battery120is being charged based on the charging profile. For example, the battery charging apparatus110may terminate the charging of the battery120, in response to a voltage of the battery120reaching a threshold voltage. The threshold value may be, for example, 4 volts (V) to 4.2V. For another example the battery charging apparatus110may charge the battery120with a constant voltage, in response to a voltage of the battery120reaching the threshold voltage. In this example, when a current of the battery120reaches a termination current, for example, 0.05 current rates (C-rate) while the battery120is being charged with the constant voltage, the battery charging apparatus110may terminate the charging of the battery120.

In an example, the battery charging apparatus110may charge the battery120based on the charging profile, and thus reduce a charging time used for the charging and improve a life characteristic, for example, a lifespan, of the battery120.

FIG. 4is a diagram illustrating an example of a battery charging profile generating apparatus400.

Referring toFIG. 4, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may include a characteristic estimator410, a weight deriver420, and a modulator430.

The characteristic estimator410determines or estimates battery characteristic information based on input information. The battery characteristic information may be, for example, information associated with characteristics of materials in a battery cell based on a state of charge (SOC). In describing that the information associated with the characteristics of materials in the battery cell are “based on a state of charge (SOC),” it is meant that such information is determined in correspondence with various SOCs of the battery. The battery cell may be the battery120ofFIG. 1, or a reference battery of a same type as that of the battery120. For example, the battery characteristic information may include a characteristic value of an ion, for example, a lithium ion, in the battery cell for each SOC. The characteristic value may be a value associated with an ion diffusivity in the battery cell, and may include, for example, either one or both of dQ/dV and (dES/dET)2. The characteristic estimator410will be described further with reference toFIGS. 5 through 8B.

The weight deriver420derives weight information based on the determined battery characteristic information. For example, the weight deriver420may derive the weight information using some characteristic values of the battery characteristic information and a modulation rate. The weight deriver420will be described further with reference toFIGS. 9 through 10B.

The modulator430determines a charging profile based on the derived weight information and a basic charging profile. For example, the modulator430may determine the charging profile by applying the weight information to the basic charging profile. That is, the modulator430may determine the charging profile by modulating the basic charging profile based on the weight information. The modulator430will be described further with reference toFIGS. 11 through 13.

FIGS. 5 through 8Bare diagrams illustrating an example of a characteristic estimator410of the battery charging profile generating apparatus400.

Referring toFIG. 5, the characteristic estimator410determines or estimates battery characteristic information based on input information. The input information may be, for example, charging information or discharging information of a battery cell, or electrochemical measurement information of the battery cell.

In an example, the characteristic estimator410may determine or estimate the battery characteristic information based on the charging information or the discharging information of the battery cell. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 6A, the characteristic estimator410derives relationship information610associated with a relationship between a quantity Q of electric charge of the battery cell and a voltage V of the battery cell, based on the charging information or the discharging information of the battery cell, determine a ratio between a change dQ in the quantity Q of electric charge based on an SOC and a change dV in the voltage V based on an SOC using the derived relationship information610, and determine the battery characteristic information using the determined ratio. For example, the characteristic estimator410may determine such SOC-based dQ/dV information or an absolute value of the dQ/dV information to be the battery characteristic information. This battery characteristic information may also be referred to as dQ/dV based battery characteristic information.

FIG. 6Billustrates dQ/dV information620corresponding to battery characteristic information. Table 1 indicates characteristic values of the dQ/dV information620based on an SOC.

A characteristic value dQ/dV for each SOC may be associated with an ion diffusivity in the entire battery cell for each SOC, which will be described hereinafter with reference toFIGS. 7A and 7B.

Referring toFIGS. 7A and 7B, an ion diffusivity of each electrode of the battery cell based on an SOC may be inversely changed as compared to an absolute value of dQ/dV of each electrode for each SOC. For example, when an absolute value of dQ/dV is large at an SOC, an ion diffusion coefficient may be small in the SOC. In this example, V is a voltage of the battery cell and Q is a quantity of electric charge or a capacity of the battery cell.

When applying, to the entire battery cell, such a tendency that the diffusivity in each electrode changes in a reverse direction to the change in absolute value of dQ/dV of each electrode, the change in the ion diffusivity in the entire battery cell may be estimated to be opposite to the change in absolute value of dQ/dV of the battery cell. That is, when applying, to the entire battery cell, a relationship between the diffusivity of each electrode for each SOC and the dQ/dV of each electrode for each SOC, the ion diffusivity in the entire battery cell for each SOC may be associated with the dQ/dV of the battery cell for each SOC.

In another example, the characteristic estimator410may determine or estimate the battery characteristic information based on the electrochemical measurement information of the battery cell for each SOC. The electrochemical information may include, for example, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurement information, but is not limited thereto. The GITT measurement information for each SOC may include dESand dETof the battery cell for each SOC. For example,FIG. 8Aillustrates GITT measurement information810of a battery cell at an SOC of k.

As illustrated inFIG. 8A, the GITT measurement information810includes dES_kand dET_k, in which dES_kis a difference between an open-circuit voltage (OCV) before a current pulse is applied and an OCV after the current pulse is applied, and dET_kis a change in voltage while the current pulse is being applied. That is, dES_kis a difference in OCV, or ΔOCV, and dET_kis an overpotential. The characteristic estimator410may determine a characteristic value at an SOC of k based on a ratio between dES_kand dET_k. For example, the characteristic estimator410may determine (dES_k/dET_k)2to be the characteristic value at the SOC of k. The battery cell may be charged until an SOC of the battery cell becomes k+1, and the characteristic estimator410may determine (dES_k+1/dET_k+1)2to be a characteristic value at the SOC of k+1. Through the foregoing method, the characteristic estimator410may determine the battery characteristic information including a characteristic value, (dES/dET)2, at each SOC. Such battery characteristic information may also be represented as (dES/dET)2based battery characteristic information.

FIG. 8Billustrates (dES/dET)2information820, which is another example of the battery characteristic information. Table 2 indicates characteristic values of the (dES/dET)2information820based on an SOC.

A characteristic value (dES/dET)2at each SOC may be associated with an ion diffusivity in the entire battery cell for each SOC. For example, an ion diffusion coefficient in an active material of each electrode of the battery cell may be calculated based on

DLi+=4π⁢⁢T⁢(mB⁢VMMB⁢A)2×(Δ⁢⁢ESΔ⁢⁢ET)2,
in which mBis an oxide mass, VMis a volume per mole, MBis a molecular weight, A is an electrode area, and T is a current pulse application time. Based on the equation above, the ion diffusivity in the entire battery cell may be estimated to be associated with (dES/dET)2.

FIGS. 9 through 10Bare diagrams illustrating an example of a weight deriver420of the battery charging profile generating apparatus400.

Referring toFIG. 9, the weight deriver420derives weight information based on battery characteristic information determined by the characteristic estimator410. In an example, the weight deriver420may derive the weight information using some characteristic values of the determined battery characteristic information, and a modulation rate. The modulation rate may be associated with a standard deviation of the derived weight information, and the characteristic values may be characteristic values in an SOC interval, for example, an interval from 0 to 80%. Hereinafter, operations of the weight deriver420will be described in detail with reference toFIG. 10A.

Referring toFIG. 10A, the weight deriver420calculates a mean value of characteristic values, in an SOC interval of 0 to 80%, of dQ/dV information720, and a deviation of each of the characteristic values, and identifies a characteristic value having a maximum deviation among the calculated deviations. Referring toFIG. 10B, a deviation Δ0of a characteristic value at an SOC of 0 may be a maximum value. In such a case, the weight deriver420may identify the characteristic value at the SOC of 0 to be the characteristic value having a maximum deviation.

The weight deriver420may define the calculated mean value as a weight of 1, and define a maximum weight based on the weight of 1 and a modulation rate. The modulation rate may be an element that determines a scale or a deviation of weight information. As illustrated inFIG. 10A, in a case in which a modulation rate is 30%, the weight deriver420may determine a maximum weight to be 1.3 by adding, to the weight of 1, 0.3 corresponding to 30% of the weight of 1.

The weight deriver420may map the identified characteristic value to the maximum weight of 1.3. Thus, a weight at an SOC of 0 may correspond to 1.3.

The weight deriver420may derive the weight information by increasing a deviation of each of the characteristic values in the SOC interval of 0 to 80% by a rate by which the deviation Δ0of the identified characteristic value increases to a difference Δω0between the maximum weight and the weight of 1. As illustrated inFIG. 10A, when the rate by which Δ0increases to Δω0is r, the weight deriver420may derive a weight ω20at an SOC of 20 by increasing Δ20by the rate r, and derive a weight ω40at an SOC of 40 by increasing Δ40by the rate r. That is, the weight deriver420may determine a value derived by increasing Δ20by the rate r to be ω20, and determine a value derived by increasing Δ40by the rate r to be ω40. The weight deriver420may also derive remaining weights by increasing each of remaining deviations by the rate r.

Similarly to what is described above with reference toFIG. 10A, the weight deriver420may derive the weight information based on characteristic values in an SOC interval of 0 to 80% of the (dES/dET)2information820and a modulation rate of 30%.

The method of deriving the weight information described above with reference toFIG. 10Ais provided merely as an example, and the method of deriving the weight information is not limited to what is described above with reference toFIG. 10A. The weight deriver420may derive the weight information by applying a statistical analysis, for example, standardization, normalization, and the like, to the battery characteristic information.

FIG. 10Billustrates dQ/dV based weight information1010indicated by a symbol ∘, and (dES/dET)2based weight information1020indicated by a symbol Δ. The dQ/dV based weight information1010may be weight information derived from the dQ/dV information720as described above with reference toFIG. 10A, and the (dES/dET)2based weight information1020may be weight information derived by applying the example described above with reference toFIG. 10Ato the (dES/dET)2information820.

As illustrated inFIG. 10B, a mean value of the dQ/dV based weight information1010may be 1 with a standard deviation of 8.5%, and a mean value of the (dES/dET)2based weight information1020may be 1 with a standard deviation of 8.8%. That is, the weight deriver420may derive the weight information from characteristic values in an SOC interval of 0 to 80% such that a mean value of the weight information is 1 with a standard deviation being a preset value.

In an example, the weight deriver420may derive at least one different set of weight information by adjusting a modulation rate. That is, the weight deriver420may derive a plurality of sets of weight information from the battery characteristic information such that standard deviations of the sets of weight information have different values in a preset range, for example, 0 to 30%. For example, the weight deriver420may derive a plurality sets of dQ/dV based weight information such that a standard deviation of each of the sets of dQ/dV based weight information is 4.3% and 12.8%, respectively. In this example, mean values of the sets of the weight information may be the same as 1. In addition, the weight deriver420may derive a plurality sets of (dES/dET)2based weight information such that a standard deviation of each of the sets of (dES/dET)2based weight information is 4.4% and 13.2%, respectively. In this example, mean values of the sets of the weight information may be the same as 1.

In an example, the weight deriver420may adjust the derived weight information by adding a value to the weight information. A higher current may be applied to the battery120based on a charging profile obtained by applying the weight information after being adjusted to a basic charging profile, than on a charging profile obtained by applying the weight information before being adjusted to the basic charging profile. Thus, a charging time may be reduced.

FIGS. 11 through 13are diagrams illustrating an example of a modulator of a battery charging profile generating apparatus.

Referring toFIG. 11, the modulator430determines a charging profile based on weight information derived by the weight deriver420and a basic charging profile. For example, the modulator430may determine the charging profile by modulating the basic charging profile based on the derived weight information. That is, the modulator430may determine the charging profile by applying the derived weight information to the basic charging profile.

FIG. 12illustrates example charging profiles and an example multistep basic charging profile1210. The charging profiles illustrated inFIG. 12correspond to results of multiplying the basic charging profile1210and dQ/dV based weight information for each of standard deviations, or modulation rates, for example, 4.3%, 8.5%, and 12.8%. In other words, the basic charging profile1210may be multiplied by the dQ/dV based weight information for each standard deviation or modulation rate. The dQ/dV based weight information for each of the standard deviations, or the modulation rates, may be applied to various basic charging profiles such as, for example, a CCVC based basic charging profile.

FIG. 13illustrates other example charging profiles and an example multistep basic charging profile1210. The charging profiles illustrated inFIG. 13correspond to results of multiplying the basic charging profile1210and (dES/dET)2based weight information for each of standard deviations, or modulation rates, for example, 4.4%, 8.8%, and 13.2%. In other words, the basic charging profile1210may be multiplied by the (dES/dET)2based weight information for each standard deviation or modulation rate. The (dES/dET)2based weight information for each of standard deviations, or the modulation rates, may be applied to various basic charging profiles such as, for example, a CCCV basic charging profile.

At least one of the charging profiles illustrated inFIGS. 12 and 13may be stored in the battery charging apparatus110. The battery charging apparatus110may charge the battery120based on the charging profile stored in the battery charging apparatus110.

FIG. 14is a flowchart illustrating an example of a battery charging method. The battery charging method illustrated inFIG. 14may be performed by the battery charging profile generating apparatus400ofFIG. 4.

Referring toFIG. 14, in operation1410, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400determines battery characteristic information based on input information. For example, the input information may include charging information or discharging information of a battery cell. In this example, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may determine dQ/dV based battery characteristic information, for example, the dQ/dV information720as illustrated inFIG. 10A, based on the charging information or the discharging information of the battery cell. For another example, the input information may include GITT measurement information for each SOC. In this example, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may determine (dES/dET)2based battery characteristic information, for example, the (dES/dET)2information820as illustrated inFIG. 8B, based on the GITT measurement information for each SOC.

In operation1420, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400derives weight information based on the determined battery characteristic information. For example, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may derive dQ/dV based weight information1010as illustrated inFIG. 10Bbased on the dQ/dV based battery characteristic information. For another example, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may derive (dES/dET)2based weight information1020as illustrated inFIG. 10Bbased on the (dES/dET)2based battery characteristic information.

In operation1430, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400determines a charging profile based on the derived weight information and a basic charging profile.

According to an example, the battery charging method described above with reference toFIG. 14may also be performed by the battery charging apparatus110ofFIG. 1.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 13, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 14.

FIG. 15is a flowchart illustrating another example of a battery charging method. The battery charging method illustrated inFIG. 15may be performed by the battery charging apparatus110ofFIG. 1.

Referring toFIG. 15, in operation1510, the battery charging apparatus110charges the battery120ofFIG. 1based on a charging profile.

In operation1520, the battery charging apparatus110terminates the charging of the battery120in response to a charging termination event occurring. For example, the charging termination event may occur when a voltage of the battery120reaches a threshold voltage while the battery120is being charged based on the charging profile. For another example, the charging termination event may occur when a current of the battery120reaches a termination current while the battery120is being charged with a constant voltage. In this example, when the voltage of the battery120reaches the threshold voltage, the battery120may be charged with the constant voltage.

In an example, the battery charging apparatus110may determine the charging profile by performing operations1410through1430described above with reference toFIG. 14before performing operation1510.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 14, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 15.

FIG. 16is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a battery the charging profile generating apparatus400.

Referring toFIG. 16, the battery charging profile generating apparatus400may include a processor1610and a memory1620.

The processor1610may be embodied by the characteristic estimator410, the weight deriver420, and the modulator430. The processor1610may determine battery characteristic information based on input information, derive weight information based on the determined battery characteristic information, and determine a charging profile based on the derived weight information and a basic charging profile.

The memory1620may store the determined charging profile.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 15, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 16.

FIG. 17is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of the battery charging apparatus110.

Referring toFIG. 17, the battery charging apparatus110may include a charger1710and a memory1720.

The memory1720may store a charging profile.

The charger1710may include a controller, and operations of the charger1710may be implemented by the controller.

The charger1710may charge the battery120based on the charging profile, and terminate the charging of the battery120in response to a charging termination event occurring.

In an example, the battery charging apparatus110may include the battery charging profile generating apparatus400. The battery charging profile generating apparatus400may determine the charging profile and allow the memory1720to store therein the determined charging profile.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 16, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 17.

The battery charging apparatus110may be provided in various electronic apparatuses or devices including a battery, such as a walking assistant device, a vehicle, a terminal, and the like.

FIG. 18is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle1800.

Referring toFIG. 18, the vehicle1800includes a battery pack1810. The vehicle1800may be a vehicle using the battery pack1810as a power source. For example, the vehicle1800may be an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.

The battery pack1810includes a battery management system (BMS), and a plurality of battery cells or battery modules. The BMS may monitor the battery pack1810to verify whether an abnormality occurs in the battery pack1810, and control the battery pack1810not to be over-charged or over-discharged. In addition, in a case in which a temperature of the battery pack1810is greater than a first temperature, for example, 40° C., or is less than a second temperature, for example, −10° C., the BMS may perform thermal control on the battery pack1810. In addition, the BMS may perform cell balancing to equalize respective SOCs of the battery cells in the battery pack1810.

In an example, the vehicle1800may include the battery charging apparatus110. The battery charging apparatus110may charge the battery pack1810, or the battery cells in the battery pack1810, based on a charging profile. According to an example, the vehicle1800may include the battery charging profile generating apparatus400. The battery charging profile generating apparatus400may determine a charging profile for the battery pack1810, or a charging profile for each of the battery cells in the battery pack1810.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 17, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 18.

FIG. 19is a diagram illustrating an example of a terminal1910.

Referring toFIG. 19, the terminal1910includes the battery charging apparatus110and the battery120. The terminal1910may be, for example, a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile terminal such as a wearable device, or the like. However, the terminal1910is not limited to the foregoing examples.

The battery charging apparatus110may be provided in a form of an integrated circuit (IC), but not be limited thereto.

The battery charging apparatus110may receive power from a power source1920through a wire or wirelessly, and may charge the battery120using the power based on a charging profile. According to an example, the terminal1910may also include the battery charging profile generating apparatus400. The battery charging profile generating apparatus400may determine the charging profile for the battery120.

For more detailed description, reference may be made to the descriptions provided above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 18, which are applicable to the description provided with reference toFIG. 19.