Combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and methods for the manufacture and uses thereof

A combinatorial complex carbohydrate library is provided and including a plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is of combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and of methods for the synthesis thereof, which can be used for (i) identification of complex carbohydrate drugs; (ii) identification of complex carbohydrate associated receptors or proteins as potential new carbohydrate related targets for drug therapy; (iii) identification of biologically-active complex carbohydrates; (iv) identification of specific complex structural carbohydrate elements as potential new targets for drug therapy; (v) identification of the active sites of known complex carbohydrate structures; (vi) identification of new glyco-markers in complex carbohydrate structures; and (vii) detection of antibodies formed against a cancer-related glyco-marker or other disease related glyco-antigens. The principles and operation of the combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and the methods for the synthesis thereof according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions. Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Enzymes for synthesis of complex carbohydrate libraries: The enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrate combinatorial libraries according to the present invention is effected by glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and transglycosidases. These enzymes can be obtained from different sources using different strategies as describe herein below. Enzymes derived from natural sources: To date, more than two hundred different kinds of glycosyltransferases, transglycosidases and glycosidases active on a large number of substrates and donors have been extensively characterized. These enzymes are found in mammalians cells, plant cells, invertebrate cells and microorganisms, (for references see Palcic, 1994 and Nilsson, 1996 which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein). Recombinant enzymes: The coding sequences of many glycosyltransferases and transglycosides have been cloned, and the acceptor substrate specificity of each of the recombinant enzymes encoded thereby have been characterized. Table 5 below lists some of the cloned glycosyltransferases and their respective acceptor substrate specificity. Enzymes for which the coding sequences have been cloned can be produced in sufficient quantities using standard recombinant DNA techniques. Since most of these enzymes require post translational modifications for functionality, expression is preferably effected in insect cell cultures (Toki, 1997; Tan, 1995). In addition, in the case of soluble enzymes for which the catalytic domain(s) have been characterized, expression can be effected for the domain sequence only, providing it retains the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of the holoenzyme (Vries, 1997). Other possible expression systems for soluble glycosyltransferases also include secretion from mammalians tissue-cultures (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,519, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein). 5 TABLE 5 Partial list of cloned glycosyltransferases and their acceptors. E. C. Enzyme Acceptor number Reference &agr;2,3 sialyl D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-D-GalNAc-R 2.4.99.4 Chang 1995, transferase Gillespieet 1992, Kurosawa 1995 &bgr;2,6 sialyl D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R 2.4.99.1 Grundmann 1990, transferase Kurosawa 1994, Hamamoto 1993 &agr;2,3 sialyl D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R 2.4.99.6 Kitagawa and transferase Paulson 1993, Wen 1992 &agr;2,8 sialyl D-NeuAC-&agr;a(2,3)-D-Gal-&bgr;-R 2.4 99.8 Nara 1994 transferase &agr;1,2 D-Gal-&bgr;-R 2.4.1.69 Larsen 1990, fucosyl Hitoshi 1995 transferace &agr;1,3 &lsqb;D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb;-D-GlcNAc-R 2.4.1.152 Kudo 1998 fucosyl transferase &agr;1,6 &lsqb;D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-&bgr; 2.4.1.68 Voynow 1991, fucosyl (1,4)&rsqb;-D-GlcNAc-R Uozumi 1996, transferase Yanagidani 1997 &bgr;1,4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc- none Albright and mannosyl R Robbins 1990 transferase &bgr;1,2 D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-Man-R 2.4.1.131 Romero 1997 mannosyl transferase &bgr;1,3 D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-Man-&agr;(1,2)- none Yip 1994 mannosyl Man-R transferase &agr;1,3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R. 2.4.1.151 Joziasse 1989, galactosyl Larsen 1989, transferase Strahan 1995 &bgr;1,4 D-GlcNAc-R 2.4.1.38 Masibay and galactosyl Qasba 1989 transferase &agr;1,3 N- &lsqb;L-Fuc-&agr;(1,2)&rsqb;D-Gal-R 2.4.1.40 Yamamoto 1990, Acetyl- galactose aminyl- transferase &bgr;1,4 N- &lsqb;D-NeuAC-&agr;(2,3)&rsqb;D-Gal-&bgr; 2.4.1.92 Hidari 1994, Acetyl- (1,4)-D-Glc-R Nagata, 1992 galactose aminyl- transferase N-Acetyl- Ser/Thr 2.4.1.41 Meurer 1995, galactose Hagen 1993 aminyl- transferase &bgr;1,3 glu- D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D- 2.4.1.135 Kitagawa 1998 coronosyl Xly-&bgr;-R transferase &bgr;1,6 N- D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc 2.4.1.150 Bierhuizen, 1993 Acetyl- glucose aminyl- transferase &bgr;1,6 N- D-GalNAc-&bgr;(3,1)-D-Gal(R) 2.4.1.102 Bierhuizen 1992 Acetyl- glucos aminyl- transferase &bgr;1,2 N- D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;D-man-&bgr; 2.4.1.101 Kumar 1990, Acetyl- (1,4)-R2 Pownall 1992, glucos Sarkar 1991, aminyl- Fukada 1994 transferase &bgr;1,4 N- D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;-D-Man-&bgr; 2.4.1.145 Minowa 1998 Acetyl- (1,4)-R2 glucos aminyl- transferase &bgr;1,2 N- D-Man-&agr;(1,6)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;D-man-&bgr; 2.4.1.143 Tan 1995 Acetyl- (1,4)-R2 glucos aminyl- transferase Methods for identifying and cloning new enzymes: In addition to the presently available natural and recombinant glycosyltransferase, the identification and isolation of novel glycosyltransferases can be undertaken. Glycosyltransferases which are useful for complex carbohydrate library synthesis, can be identified and isolated from cell types which posses the complex carbohydrate structures typically synthesized by these desired glycosyltransferases. Affinity chromatography techniques with an immobilized acceptor as a ligand are well known in the art and enable a simple one-step separation of a desired glycosyltransferase (see in this respect U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,637, which is incorporated herein by reference). Once a glycosyltransferase is identified and isolated, it can be partially sequenced and the gene encoding therefor cloned. Technologies for cloning glycosyltransferases genes are well-established, and many examples and strategies for cloning glycosyltransferase genes are reviewed in the prior art (see, for example, Schachter, 1994 and WO 95/02683, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein). Another possible source for novel glycosyltransferase sequences resides within the DNA and Protein databases. With the rapid accumulation of new DNA and protein sequence data, sequence alignment techniques can be used for the identification of new glycosyltransferases. For example, 110 distinct cDNAs and genes from animal, yeast, plants and bacteria, whose protein products contain the characteristic “signature sequence” of the UDP glycosyltransferase gene super family were identified (Mackenzie, 1997). Using these signature sequences or motifs, one skilled in the art can screen relevant databases for novel glycosyltransferases. For example, three new arabinosyltransferase genes were identified in the completely sequenced genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via sequence homology comparison to arabinosyltransferase genes from Mycobacterium smegmatis (Cole, 1998). Utilizing enzymes modified by directed evolution: Enzymes with modified affinities or altered substrate donor or acceptor specificities could also be employed in the synthesis of certain complex carbohydrates. For example, the synthesis of complex carbohydrate structures composed of identical repeating monosaccharide units connected in the same regio-specific orientation, such as, D-man-&agr;(1,2)-D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-D-man-&agr;(1,2)-R, requires the use of an &agr;-1,2 mannosyltransferase with an acceptor specificity to &agr;-1,2 mannose. Employing the native enzyme in the presence of GDP-Mannose and the acceptor D-man-&agr;(1,2)-R immobilized onto a solid support, would result in an uncontrolled polymerization reaction which would create long polymer chains of the oligo-mannose, &lsqb;D-Man-&agr;(1,2)&rsqb; n -R. In order to synthesize an oligo-mannose with a defined number of mannose units (three in the above example), a controlled stepwise process is required. The ability to control undesired polymerization can be achieved by using a modified glycosyl donor, and a unique glycosyltransferase with a modified donor specificity. Such a modified enzyme, would be employed for the addition of a modified GDP-Man to immobilized acceptor D-man&agr;(1,2)-R. The modification of the mannoside moiety of the GDP-Man will then prevent addition of the next mannose moiety since the acceptor to this manosidetransferase is D-man-&agr;(1,2)-R and not D-(modified man)-&agr;(1,2)-D-man-&agr;(1,2)-R. Following this reaction, any excess of the modified donor and the enzyme is washed out and the modifying group is removed, thereby enabling the subsequent repeat of the same enzymatic step. This controlled process is continued until the desired number of mannose molecules are assembled into the newly formed carbohydrate. To this effect, the modifying group can be a chemical residue attached to the donor at any position, but position 1. This modifying group can then be selectively removed by either an enzymatic or chemical reaction, such that the modifying group is released without imposing damage to the complex carbohydrate molecule. Table 6 below lists some of the presently available saccharide modifying groups, classified by their method of removal (Kunz, 1997, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, and references cited therein). Additional monosaccharide can also be used as modifying groups and as such, removal thereof can be effected by using specific glycosidases that will not affect the existing complex carbohydrate structure (Peieto, 1995). 6 TABLE 6 Available saccharide modifying groups classified by their cleavage (Kunz and Schultz, 1997; and references cited therein) Cleavage principle Cleavage reagents Modifying group Hydrogenolysis H 2 /Palladium benzyloxycarbonyl benzyl ether benzyl ester methoxybenzyl ether Acidolysis Trifluoroacetic acid tert-butyloxycarbonyl formic acid tert-butyl ether HCl/ether tert-butyl ester methoxybenzyl ether Base promoted Morpholine, 9-fluorenylmethoxy cleavage piperidine carbonyl NaOMe/MeOH O-acetyl NH 2 NH 2 MeOH Reductive cleavage Zn/acetic acid 2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonyl Oxidative cleavage Ceric ammonium methoxybenzyl ether nitrate Metal complex &lsqb;(Ph 3 p) 4 Pd 0 &rsqb;/ allyl ester catalyzed cleavage nucleophile Photolysis h&ngr; O-nitrobcnzyl Enzymatic cleavage lipase, esterase, alkyl and protease alkoxyalkylesters Thus, enzymes having modified donor and/or acceptor specificities can be prepared using the directed evolution approach. With the recent progress in the field of protein engineering, many examples of enzymes with engineered specificity obtained via directed evolution were described (for reviews of this field see: Kuchner, 1997; Harris, 1998, which are incorporated herein by reference). A directed evolution of an enzyme specificity is achieved by random sequential generation of region directed or site directed mutagenesis of the gene or genes encoding the enzyme, followed by selection or screening for clones exhibiting desired specificity and activity. For example, Moore and co-workers performed seven rounds of DNA shuffling to change the substrate specificity of paranitrobenzyl-esterase to a novel antibiotic substrate (Moore, 1996). Zhang and co-workers performed directed evolution of a fucosidase from galactosidase by DNA shuffling (Zhang, 1997). Shan and co-workers engineered an unnatural nucleotide specificity for the Rous Sarcoma Virus tyrosine kinase (Shan, 1997). Paulson and co-workers performed mutation of the sialyltransferase S-sialyl motif that alters the kinetics of the donor and acceptor substrates (Datta, 1998). Parallel addressable enzymatic synthesis of combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries The following sections detail a step by step enzymatic preparation of a combinatorial complex carbohydrate library in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate library design: Enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate library design includes, according to the present invention, determination of the complex carbohydrate constituents included within a specific library in accordance with an envisaged application thereof. Determination of the complex carbohydrate members included within a For example, in order to utilize an enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate library of the present invention for identification of complex carbohydrates functional as drug targets, the complex carbohydrate members of the library are preferably derivatives or modificants of complex carbohydrates present in human cells. Screening such a library against other molecules derived from other sources, such as specific human cells or pathogens thereof, enables the identification of novel complex carbohydrates that function as receptors for these molecules, functioning in vivo as pathogen receptors, or involved in cell to cell recognition processes. Similarly, in order to utilize an enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate library of the present invention for identification of potential drugs, the complex carbohydrate members of the library are preferably synthesized similar or identical to natural complex carbohydrates present in human cells. Screening such a library with drug candidates derived from various natural and synthetic sources, enables the identification of drug candidates which bind to one or more of the complex carbohydrate structures of the library. Another specific library according to the present invention contains complex carbohydrates dedicated for the identification of novel drug candidates. In this case, a library of maximized complex carbohydrate diversity which represents, among others, complex carbohydrate structures not found in nature, is generated. Such a library is thereafter screened for potential binding of pathogens or pathogen derived molecules. Alternatively, such a library is thereafter screened for potential binding of other disease inflicting molecules. To identify active site domains within a known complex carbohydrate, a library in accordance with the present invention representing all of the possible domains of the complex carbohydrate is prepared. Screening this library for binding or bioactivity enables one to identify the active site domains of the known complex carbohydrate. To detect antibodies generated against, for example, cancer-related glyco-epitopes (markers), organ transplantation related glyco-markers, or other glyco-markers in blood serum, a complex carbohydrate library of specific combinations of glyco-markers is prepared and screened. For example, one specific library can represent the glyco-markers of several cancer conditions. This library is thereafter screened against antibodies derived from human serum to identify the presence of antibodies against one or more of these glyco-markers. To map glyco-markers related to, for example, cancer or organ transplantation, a complex carbohydrate library of specific combinations of carbohydrate members which are structural variations of the glyco-markers normally associated with such conditions is prepared and screened. Other enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries, dedicated at other applications are envisaged and are within the broad scope of the present invention as claimed. Enzymatic modules (EMs) construction: EMs construction includes evaluation of the required enzymatic reactions (ERs), glycosyl donors and acceptors and enzymes that are required for the synthesis of each complex carbohydrate of a library. EMs construction further includes optimization and process development of the required ERs with considerations given to reaction time, temperature and reagent concentrations. EMs construction further includes determination of the specific order in which the ERs should be utilized for every EM. To enable the synthesis reactions employed, a specific sequence of enzymatic reactions (ERs) is determined for each complex carbohydrate constituent of a given library. For complex carbohydrates that have a linear non-branched structure, the ERs sequence follows that of the monosaccharide sequence of such linear non-branched structures in a stepwise fashion. For complex carbohydrates possessing branched structure(s) and/or repetitive monosaccharide units arranged in a linear assembly, unique synthesis processes should be designed employing unique EMs. The following example provides the rational for selecting particular ERs to provide an EM tailored for the synthesis of a distinct complex carbohydrate. The final complex carbohydrate structure is described by FIG. 1 and the design process is described by FIG. 4 and Table 7. Such an EM is designed, according to the present invention, for each complex carbohydrate present in a given library. As further detailed hereinunder, consideration is given to efficiency when practically effecting each of the EMs while constructing a library according to the present invention. 7 TABLE 7 A partial list of ERs including their donors, acceptors and indexes index extension &agr;/&bgr; Pos. acceptor donor E.C. A1 &agr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-D-GalNAc-R CMP-NeuAC 24.99 4 A2 &agr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc CMP-NeuAC 24.99 1 A3 &agr; 3 D-Gal-)&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R CMP-NeuAC 2.4.99 6 A4 &agr; 6 D-GalNAc-&agr;-R CMP-NeuAC 2.499 3 A5 &lsqb;NeuAc-a(2,3)-D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &agr; 6 D-GalNAc-&agr;-R CMP-NeuAC 2 4.99 7 A6 &agr; 8 D-NeuAC-&agr;(2,3)-D-Gal-&bgr;-R CMP-NeuAC 2 4 99 8 A7 &agr; 6 D-NeuAG-&agr;(2,6)-D-NeuAC-R CMP-NeuAC(modified) none B1 &agr; 2 D-Gal-&bgr;-R GDP-L-Fuc 2.4.1 69 B2 &lsqb;D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &agr; 3 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc 2.4 1.152 B3 &lsqb;D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &agr; 6 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc 2.4 1 68 B4 &agr; 6 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc none B5 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &agr; 6 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc none B6 &lsqb;D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb; &agr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc none B7 &lsqb;D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &agr; 3 D-Glc-R GDP-L-Fuc none B8 &agr; 3 D-Glc-R GDP-L-Fuc none B9 &agr; 4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;-R GDP-L-Fuc none B10 &agr; 3 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;-R GDP-L-Fuc none B11 &agr; 4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)-Gal-R GDP-L-Fuc none B12 &agr; 3 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,6)-Gal-R GDP-L-Fuc none C1 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R GDP-Man none C2 &agr; 3 D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-Man-&agr;(1,2)-Man-R GDP-Man none C3 &agr; 2 D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-Man-R GDP-Man 2 4 1 131 C4 &agr; 3 D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)D-GlcNAc-1,4-D-GlcNAc-R GDP-Man none C5 &lsqb;D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&rsqb; &agr; 6 D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)D-GlcNAc-R GDP-Man none C6 &bgr; 3 dolicol phosphate GDP-Man 2.4.1 83 C7 &agr; 6 D-Man-&bgr;(1,0)-R GDP-Man none C8 &agr; 3 D-Man-&bgr;(1,0)-R GDP-Man none C9 &agr; 4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)-R GDP-Man none C10 &agr; 3 D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1-0)-R GDP-Man none D1 &bgr; ceramide UDP-Gal 2.4.1 45 D2 &bgr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Glc-ceramide UDP-Gal 2.4.1.154 D3 &agr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R. UDP-Gal 2.4 1.151 D4 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Xly-&bgr;-P UDP-Gal 2 4 1 134 D5 &bgr; 3 D-GalNAc-R UDP-Gal 2.4.1.122 D6 &lsqb;L-Fuc-&agr;(1,2)&rsqb; &agr; 3 D-Gal-R UDP-Gal 2.4 1 37 D7 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal 2.4.1.38 D8 &bgr; 4 D-Xly-&bgr;-P UDP-Gal 2 4 1 133 D9 &bgr; 4 D-Glc-R UDP-Gal 2 4 1 38 D10 &bgr; 3 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal none D11 &bgr; 3 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)-Gal-R UDP-Gal none D12 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,6)-Gal-R UDP-Gal none E1 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-(1,4)-D-Gal-(1,4)-D-Glc-ceramide UDP-GalNAc 2.4.1 79 E2 &lsqb;D-NeuAC-&agr;(2,3)&rsqb;- &bgr; 4 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Glc-ceramide UDP-GalNAc 2 4 1 92 E3 &lsqb;L-Fuc-&agr;(1,2)&rsqb; &agr; 3 D-Gal-R UDP-GalNAc 2 4 1.40 E4 Ser/Thr UDP-GalNAc 2.4 1.41 F1 sphingosine UDP-Glc 2.4.1 80 G1 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Xly-&bgr;-P UDP-GlcA 2.4.1.135 H1 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-D-GalNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc 2.4.1 146 H2 &bgr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc UDP-GlcNAc 2 4 1.150 H3 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,X)R UDP-GlcNAc 2 4 1 149 H4 &lsqb;Gal-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb; &bgr; 6 D-GalNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc 2.4.1 102 H5 &bgr; 3 D-GalNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc 2.4 1 147 H6 &lsqb;GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb; &bgr; 6 D-GalNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc 2 4 1 148 H7 &lsqb;D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&rsqb; &agr; 2 D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-D-Man-&agr;(1,2)-D-Man UDP-GlcNAc 2.4 1 138 H8 &bgr; 2 D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;D-man-&bgr;(1,4)-R2 UDP-GlcNAc 2.4 1 101 H9 &bgr; 4 D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;-D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)-R2 UDP-GlcNAc 2.4 1.145 H10 &bgr; 2 D-Man-&agr;(1,6)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;D-man-&bgr;(1,4)-R2 UDP-GlcNAc 2.4 1.143 H11 &bgr; 6 D-Man-&agr;(1,6)&lsqb;R1&rsqb;-D-Man-1&bgr;(1,4)-R2 UDP-GlcNAc 2.4.1 155 H12 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,2)&rsqb;&lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,6)&rsqb; &bgr; 4 D-Man-&agr;(1,6)R UDP-GlcNAc none H13 &lsqb;D-Man-&agr;(1,3)&rsqb;&lsqb;D-Man-&bgr;(1,6)&rsqb; &bgr; 4 D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)R UDP-GlcNAc 24.1 144 H14 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb; &bgr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc UDP-GlcNAc none H15 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Glc UDP-GlcNAc none H16 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb; &bgr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-Glc UDP-GlcNAc none H17 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc none H18 &bgr; 4 D-Man-(1,0)R UDP-GlcNAc none H19 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)&rsqb; &bgr; 2 D-Man-(1,0)R UDP-GlcNAc none H20 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc UDP-GlcNAc none H21 &bgr; 6 D-Gal-R UDP-GlcNAc none H22 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-R UDP-GlcNAc none H23 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,6)&rsqb; &bgr; 3 D-Gal-R UDP-GlcNAc none H24 &lsqb;D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,6)&rsqb; &bgr; 3 D-Gal-R UDP-GlcNAc-(4,1)&agr;-Fuc none I1 &agr; 3 D-Glc-&bgr;-Ser UDP-Xyl none I2 &agr; 2 D-Man-&bgr;(1,4)D-GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Xyl none I3 &agr; 3 D-Xly-&agr;(1,3)-D-Glc-&bgr;-Ser UDP-Xyl none The first step in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 is effected, as shown in FIG. 4 , by attachmnent of a first building block, GalNAc, onto a solid support (S) via an appropriate linker which is further described herein below. The second step (D5, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 involves transferring Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-S by a &bgr;(1,3)-galactosyltransferases (E.C. 2.4.1.122). The third step (H1, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 involves the utilization of &bgr;(1,3)N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.146) to transfer an acetylglucoseamine group from UDP-GlcNAc to Gal-&bgr;(1,3)-GalNAc-S. Then, a galactose unit is added to the acceptor (see FIG. 4 ), rather then a fucose unit because the specificity of the enzymes &bgr;(1,3)-fucosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.152) to the acceptor Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-GlcNAc-R rather than to the naked GlcNac. Thus, in the fourth step (D7, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 galactose is added to GlcNAc-R using the enzyme &bgr;(1,4) galactosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.38). Following the fourth synthesis step described above, the synthesis process complicates since the galactose units branch into two antennas (branches). Since the structure of these antennas is identical at the branching point, yet different towards their non-reducing ends, an identical stepwise synthesis process that simultaneously forms the identical parts of the two antennas would not enable the subsequent synthesis of a unique reducing end for each of the antennas. Therefor, the synthesis of the two unique portions of each of the antennas proceeds in an independent stepwise fashion. In any case, in the example given, the &bgr;(1,3) branch has to be synthesized first because this antenna requires fucosylation. If the synthesis process would initiate with the other branch, directed fucosylation to the desired branch could not have been effected. Thus, the fifth step (H3, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 is effected using D (1,3)N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.149) to transfer acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-GlcNAc-R. In the sixth step (D7, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1, a galactose unit is added to GlcNAc-R using a &bgr;(1,4)galactosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.38). In the seventh step (D3, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 , an additional galactose residue is added to Gal-&agr;(1,4)-GlcNAc-R using &agr;(1,3)galactosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.151). In the eighth step (H14, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 , branching is effected by using &bgr;(1,6)N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase on the Gal&lsqb;GlcNAc-&bgr;(1,3)&rsqb;&bgr;(1,4)-GlcNAc-R acceptor substrate. The ninth step (B2, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrates shown in FIG. 1 involves two of the four GlcNAc monomers and is effected by &agr;(1,3)fucosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.152) which transfers fucose to Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-GlcNAc-R. The tenth step (D7, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 effects further elongation of the second antenna using an &bgr;(1,4) galactosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.38 ) on the GlcNAc-R acceptor substrate. In the eleventh step (A3, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1, a sialic acid monomer is appended to the Gal-&bgr;(1,4)GlcNAc-R of the antenna in an &agr;(1,6) orientation using an &agr;(2,3)Sialyltransferases (E.C. 2.4.99.6) The twelfth step (A6, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 effects further elongation of this antenna using an &agr;(2,8)Sialyltransferases (E.C. 2.4.99.8), thereby adding another NeuAC unit to the NeuAC-&agr;(2,3)-Gal-R substrate acceptor. Further elongation of this antenna requires the use of a (2,8) polysialyltransferases with specificity to the NeuAC-&agr;(2,8)-NeuAC-R substrate acceptor. Unfortunately, an enzymatic reaction with such an enzyme will cause uncontrollable polymerization of multiple sialic acid monomers rather than the required addition of only a single sialic acid monomer. Achieving a controllable addition of a single sialic acid monomer in each ER step necessitates the use of an enzyme with a modified donor specificity. As such, instead of using CMP-NeuAC as a donor substrate, this modified enzyme incorporates a modifying group to the glycan end. The presence of this modifying group prevents the unwanted polymerization of multiple monomers of sialic acid, since this enzyme cannot append sialic acid to the acceptor NeuAC(modified)-&agr;(2,8)-NeuAC-R. In the last step of this ER the modifying group is removed. Thus, in the final step (A7, see Table 7 and FIG. 4 for details) in the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 , the modified enzyme &agr;(2,8) polysialyltransferasease is employed along with the modified donor CMP-NeuAC and the acceptor NeuAC(modified)-&agr;(2,8)-NeuAC-R, to thereby generate the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 . Table 8 below outlines the stepwise synthesis of the complex carbohydrate shown in FIG. 1 , as outlined in FIG. 4 . 8 TABLE 8 First ERs sequence immobilized (the ERs details are shown in Table EM monosaccharide 7 and FIG. 4 ): EM 1 GalNAc-S D5, H1, D7, H3, D7, D3, H14, B2, D7, A3, A6, A7 ERs selection for providing a desired EM is generated using a computer algorithm taking into account the complex carbohydrate structure and the available ERs. Such an algorithm can readily be programmed by one ordinarily skilled in the art, based on the donor-acceptor specificities of the various glycosyltransferases glycosidases and transglycosylases available. Automated synthesis and screening: The EMs used in the construction of a combinatorial complex carbohydrate library according to the present invention are executed to produce a combinatorial complex carbohydrate library bound to a solid support using automated technology. Screening to identify bio-active complex carbohydrates cross reactive to a probe of interest is also executed, according to preferred embodiments of the invention, via automated technology. The different structural characteristics of every single complex carbohydrate of a specific library dictates a multitude of unique synthesis protocols. As such, the libraries described by the present invention are preferably generated by a parallel synthesis method, wherein consideration is preferably given to ensure a minimal number of steps executed. Consider, for example, a robotics system permitting parallel addressable distribution of reagents from reagent containers. In this case, a minimal number of steps implies that each of the reagent containers is detailed a minimal number of times. Thus, consideration is given to a sequence of synthesis steps that will ensure completion of the synthesis of all of the complex carbohydrates of the library with a minimal number of times each reagent container is detailed. A dedicated algorithm can be readily developed by one ordinarily skilled in the art to design automated library synthesis protocol which will comply with the above requirements. In fact, a similar algorithm has already been developed for the parallel addressable synthesis of oligonucleotides (Pease, 1994) and peptides (Fodor, 1991) on microchips, both are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein). Technologies enabling automated high-throughput parallel addressable synthesis have developed immensely in the past few years. Automated synthesizers that can control and perform many different solid phase synthesis protocols at the same time are commonly available nowadays (Rivero, 1997). These technologies can be classified according to the type of solid phase substrate that is utilized for the synthesis, the means of the introduction and removal of reagents, and the design of the reaction chambers. Technologies enabling automated high-throughput solid phase parallel synthesis can be used in accordance with the present invention. Such technologies include, for example, (i) opened reactor systems (e.g., conventional microtiterplates); (ii) closed reactor systems or semi-closed reactor systems (e.g., lab-on-chip); (iii) reaction block systems; (iv) synthesis on polymeric pins; (v) synthesis on polymeric sheets; and (vi) synthesis on a microchip. For a comprehensive review of these technologies and systems see Cargil, 1997, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Solid phase support: The libraries according to the present invention are preferably synthesized on a solid phase support. As such, the first building block is provided with a suitable functional group for binding such a support. Suitable binding groups include hydroxyls, carbonyl, carboxyl, amines, halides, thiols, esters, boronates, siloxy, aza, oxo, oxiren, or any unsaturated group. Several solid matrix supports are most suitable for generating carbohydrate libraries according to the present invention, such as, but not limited to, polysterene cross-linked with divinylbenzene (Merrifield, 1963), polyethylene glycol-polystyrene block copolymer (PEG-PS, Bayer, 1991), polyamides (Dryland, 1986), polyacrylamide (Ashardy, 1979), polymethacrylamide (Hsiau, 1997) and cellulose (Frank, 1988). Microfabricated silicon-based arrays produced by standard semi-conductor processing techniques (Fodor, 1991; Sosnowski, 1997; Cheng, 1998, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,643,738; 5,681,484; and 5,585,069) may also serve as a solid phase support. Linking the first saccharide building block to the solid phase support: The first saccharide building block is preferably covalently attached to the solid phase matrix via a single atom (e.g., the solid phase functional group) or a linker. The general properties of a linker include: having bi-functional groups enabling attachment to both the solid support and to the initial building block, and as such to define a structure (Atherton, 1989). In a preferred embodiment, the linker is designed cleavable, so as to allow removal of the synthesized oligosaccaride from the matrix post synthesis. This allows for analysis thereof using, for example, mass spectroscopy or any other suitable method. Since enzyme accessibility to the immobilized saccharides is of great importance, the linker length and flexibility are crucial for high yield. As such, linkers suitable for synthesis according to the present invention can include, for example, amino acids, peptides, non-glycosylated proteins, lipids, lipid A, ceramides, dolicol phosphates, cyclodextrins, oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, alkyl chains, nucleic acids, or other spacer molecules. These linkers can be cleavable or non-cleavable and be composed of simple, complex, cyclic or branched entities. According to presently preferred embodiments of the present invention the linker is between 3.5 nm and 8 nm in length. It is preferably selected sufficiently hydrophilic so as to stay in solution and to avoid none specific interaction with proteins. It is synthesized by elongation cycles using bi-functional building blocks molecules that can form bonds between each other. The starting point can be any functional group which is attached or attachable to the solid support that can react with a bi-functional building block. Because the linker can be ended by any one of the bi-functional building blocks, there are, as shown in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b, two possible ways to connect the first monosaccharide to the linker. The linker is preferably selected cleavable under mild conditions that do not damage carbohydrates. Presently preferred cleavable linkers which comply with all of the above preferred criteria are constructed as described under Example 11 and shown in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b. Library arrangement: The preferred arrangement of the library constituents according to the present invention is in an array synthesized on a solid phase support in various geometric forms and layouts, such as: two dimensional arrays, multi layer arrays, three dimensional arrays (e.g., stacked microtiters), and arrays which are displayed on spherical disks or cone shapes. Alternatively, the library constituents can be attached to polymer beads in reaction chambers (opened or closed) and arrayed on a two dimensional or a three dimensional support. Any arrangement that enables easy automatic addressable operation of the EMs collection may be used in accordance with the present invention. Attention is preferably given to the spatial distribution of complex carbohydrates of a library to ensure shortest distances among most similar carbohydrates, so as to ensure efficiency of the automated synthesis process. Microfluid systems can and are preferably employed (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,643,738; 5,681,484; and 5,585,069). Automated library screening: There are numerous screening technologies and procedures currently employed in the art that can be applied to screen the complex carbohydrate libraries of the present invention. For reviews see Broach, 1996 and Burbaum, 1997, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. As such, technologies suitable for high-throughput screening of binding or bio-activities can be based on the following: (i) radioactive detection methods; (ii) fluorescence detection methods; (iii) ELISA based detection methods; and (iv) cell-based assay systems via reporter genes. Radiolabeled probes that bind to complex carbohydrates of a given library can be detected, for example, by a Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA, Cook, 1996). The main advantages to SPA are that (i) it does not require removal of free radiolabeled molecules; and (ii) it is readily automated. Additional methods, such as, fluorescence can also be employed either via direct fluorescence detection of a fluorescently labeled bound molecule or, for example, by either the Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF, Mathis, 1995) or the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (PFA) technologies (Checovich, 1995). The main advantages of these latter technologies lie in the ability to use “mix and measure” protocols without the addition of further complicating steps. In addition, many variations of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) detection method can also be employed with accordance to this invention. The bioactivity and binding capabilities of each of the complex carbohydrates of a library according to the present invention can be evaluated by using cell-based assay systems. Cell-based assay systems for high-throughput screening have been extensively studied, and guidelines for selecting appropriate screening systems have been introduced (Rose, 1996). Assay systems using mammalians and insect cells, as well as yeast and bacterial cells, have been thoroughly described (Broach, 1996; Rose, 1996; Suto, 1997). One of the most common methods for detecting interactions between molecules expressed in cells and ligands capable of binding such cells is to employ a reporter gene. This involves splicing the transcriptional control elements of a target gene with a coding sequence of a reporter gene into a vector and introducing the vector into a suitable cell line in order to establish a detection system that responds to modulation of the target, in this case by an addressable library derived complex carbohydrate. Common examples of reporter genes are enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, firefly and bacterial luciferases, and &bgr;-galactosidase. Low levels of activity for these enzymes can be detected using calorimetric, chemiluminescent or bioluminescent detection methods. Non enzymatic reporter genes such as green, red shifted and blue fluorescent protein (Phillips, 1997) can be employed as well. Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a combinatorial complex carbohydrate library. The combinatorial complex carbohydrate library according to the present invention includes a plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing an addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library. The method according to this aspect of the present invention is effected by enzymatically synthesizing a plurality of complex carbohydrate structures, each of which is attached to at least one addressed location of a plurality of locations of a solid support, resulting in an addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library. As used herein in the specification and in the claims section below the terms “addressable” and “addressed” refer to both location and identity. Thus, the location and identity (composition) of a complex carbohydrate structure of a library according to the present invention are both known in advance and that carbohydrate structure is therefore addressable. It is understood that the phrase “a complex carbohydrate structure” refers to a plurality of complex carbohydrate molecules all having the same structure and localized at a specific and addressable location on the solid support. The addressable complex carbohydrate structures of a library according to the present invention are preferably attached to the solid support via a linker (spacer). The linker according to preferred embodiments of the invention includes at least two contiguous covalent bonds and it is of a length of at least 20 Angstroms. Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, an amino acid, a peptide, a non-glycosylated protein, a lipid, a ceramide, dolicol phosphate, a cyclodextrin, an oligosaccharide, a monosaccharide, an alkyl chain, and a nucleic acid (e.g., an oligonucleotide). The solid support onto which complex carbohydrate structures of a library according to the present invention are attached can include addressable microparticles or beads, or a flat platform. The addressable microparticles or beads are arranged, for example, within wells of a microtiter plate. Alternatively, a microtiterplate, a membrane or a chip (e.g., silicone chip) serve as the flat platform solid support according to the present invention. According to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention the solid support is a chip and different complex carbohydrate structures of the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures are formed in patches spaced not more than 2.25 mm from one another (center to center) over the surface of the chip, thereby providing a density of at least 20 different addressable complex carbohydrate structures per square centimeter. The substance of which the solid support is made can be, for example, polysterene cross-linked with divinylbenzene, polyethylene glycol-polystyrene block copolymer, polyamides, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, cellulose, glass, quartz, plastic or silica. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention at least one, preferably at least three, more preferably at least ten, more preferably, at least 100, more preferably at least 1000 of the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures of a library of the present invention includes at least two, three, four or at least five or more contiguous saccharide units of a single species. As further detailed hereinabove and resolved such a structure is not trivial due to uncontrolled polymerization. According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention at least one, preferably at least three, more preferably at least ten, more preferably, at least 100, more preferably at least 1000 of the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures of a library of the present invention includes at least one, two, three, four or at least five or more branches. According to yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention at least one, two, three or at least four of the branches are formed of identical core and branching saccharide units. As further detailed hereinabove and resolved such a structure is not trivial especially if the antennas attached to each of the branches differ in saccharide units composition. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments at least one, preferably at least three, more preferably at least ten, more preferably, at leas 100, more preferably at least 1000, of the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures includes at least 4 preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 7, more preferably at least 9, more preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 12, more preferably at least 15, 20, 25 or at least 30, more preferably at least 50 or more saccharide units. Depending on its intended use, as further detailed hereinunder, the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures of a library according to the present invention can be a representation including non-natural or natural complex carbohydrates, e.g., which are derived from a human source, such as tissue, cells or body fluids of a human-being. Alternatively, the plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures can be a representation of domains (fragments) of at least one natural complex carbohydrate. Such a library, as further detailed herein, can be employed to identify an active site of the natural complex carbohydrate. According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of identifying a complex carbohydrate capable of binding an entity. The method according to this aspect of the present invention is effected by providing an addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library according to any of the embodiments herein described and screening the addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library with the entity for identifying the complex carbohydrate capable of binding the entity. As further exemplified hereinunder, any entity can be used to screen an addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library according to the present invention. For example, the entity can be a candidate for a biologically active material, such as a drug candidate derived from a natural or synthetic origin. In this case the method according to this aspect of the invention serves for identifying a complex carbohydrate which is a target for the candidate for the biologically active material. Alternatively, the entity can be a ligand known to bind a specific natural complex carbohydrate. In this case, the addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library can be a representation of domains of the specific natural complex carbohydrate, whereas the method serves in this case for identifying a specific domain of the domains which binds the ligand to thereby identify the active site of the natural complex carbohydrate. According to still another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of diagnosing a disorder characterized by self or non-self complex carbohydrate structures and elicitation of antibodies there against. The method according to this aspect of the present invention is effected by providing an addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library representing the self and/or the non-self complex carbohydrates by employing any of the methods described herein for synthesizing such a library. The addressable combinatorial complex carbohydrate library is thereafter reacted with antibodies derived from a patient suspected of having the disorder to thereby generate a pattern of the locations to which the antibodies bind, such that by comparing that pattern with a known pattern characterizing a healthy individual, a diagnosis of the disorder is obtainable. Disorders known to be associated with production or introduction of self and/or non-self complex carbohydrate structures include, but are not limited to, tumorogenesis, metastasis, pregnancy, vascular disease, heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease and organ transplantation. Neurodegenerative diseases include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, basal ganglia degenerative diseases, motoneuron diseases, Scrapie, spongyform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, infertility, allergies, embryogenesis, apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Outlined below are some strategies employed while screening specific libraries generated by the method according to the present invention. Thus, in order to identify complex carbohydrate receptors, associated proteins, lectins and/or drug targets, an enzymatically combinatorial complex carbohydrates array composed of known complex carbohydrate structures from human cells or novel carbohydrate structures generated from reduction mapping is screened against a variety of labeled probes from sources such as, labeled human tissue homogenates, labeled receptors, labeled proteins encoded by EST collections, labeled recombinant proteins, phage display libraries, labeled cells from either human tissues, pathogens or solutions containing mixtures of labeled protein molecules from human tissue sources or from pathogenic cells. The objective of such screening is to identify the labeled molecules from the above mentioned sources which bind specifically to a complex carbohydrate of the library. Following isolation and characterization, these molecules can be tested further as potential candidates for drug therapy or targets for drug therapy. These strategies can also be employed to identify new receptors, lectins or any proteins or molecules that binds to specific complex carbohydrate constituents of the library. To identify lead compounds which bind a specific complex carbohydrate, an enzymatic combinatorial complex carbohydrate library composed of known complex carbohydrate structures of human cells or novel carbohydrate structures generated from reduction mapping of normal and/or pathogenized cells or pathogens are screened against a diverse group of labeled molecules. The objective of this screening is to gain a clearer understanding of the specific interactions between the complex carbohydrate found in or on these cells and the respective ligand thereof. The isolated and characterized ligands can then be utilized as modulators of important biological activities, such as cell-to-cell communication, cell recognition, cell development and tumor cell metastasis. For the identification of novel bio-active complex carbohydrates, a complex carbohydrate library, according to the present invention, is prepared composed of a diverse array of complex carbohydrate structures, including such structures not normally found in nature. This complex carbohydrate library is then screened against cell-based assay systems, or against defined human or microbial labeled target molecules, such as lectins or receptors. Such screening leads to the identification of new complex carbohydrate based drug candidates. Alternatively, such screening leads to the identification of a disease associated complex carbohydrate. Such disease associated complex carbohydrate can be used to elicit antibodies thereto, the antibodies can thereafter be used to identify and isolate a glycoprotein harboring the disease associated carbohydrate, to thereby identify new protein and genes associated with that disease. To identify an active site of a known or novel complex carbohydrate, a library according to the present invention is prepared composed of all the possible domain fragments of this particular complex carbohydrate. As such, these domain fragments can then be screened with a labeled receptor which normally binds the complex carbohydrate including such domains. The binding specificity to each of the domain fragments can then be assessed to enable the isolation of the domain fragment of a particular complex carbohydrate responsible for the binding activity, i.e., the active site. This objective can be performed in parallel for a number of well characterized complex carbohydrate-receptor pairs. The present invention also enables mapping of antibodies against self or non-self glyco-markers found in the blood serum of a patient. As such, a complex carbohydrate library according to the present invention is synthesized to include a diverse array of glyco markers present in the blood serum of a patient. This library is then screened against labeled pools of serum antibodies from this patient and a resulting generated antibody profile can be implemented as a pre-diagnostic tool for cancer and organ transplantation compatibility. Specific arrays of glyco-antigens can also be used for the identification of new glyco-markers related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases or organ transplantation. Such glyco-antigen arrays are screened according to the present invention against labeled serum antibodies from a diverse population. The antibody profile of a diseased individual can then be compared with the profile of the healthy population. This comparison produces a unique profile of antibodies associated with the immune response to a disease state and as such, a particular complex carbohydrate reacting with an antibody of the unique profile turns into a diagnostic marker for that particular disease. Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below finds experimental support in the following examples. 
 EXAMPLES Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions, illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion. The following examples detail the structure of complex carbohydrates synthesized using a collection of specifically selected enzymes. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in biochemistry described below are those well known and commonly employed in the art. As such, it will be appreciated that the following synthesis procedures could be practiced with ease by one ordinarily skilled in the art. In view of the findings that sugar residues of glycoproteins play an important role in the control of cellular function and cellular recognition, investigation of carbohydrate function in pathological states has led to the assignment of some complex carbohydrates as tumor specific markers (Orntoft, 1995). Dramatic changes in glycosylation of proteins occur in almost every carcinoma (Hakomori, 1989), which often reflects changes in the biosynthesis pathways. For example, blocking the glycosylation biosynthesis pathway leads to an overproduction of structures which are typically found in small amounts in normal cells. Furthermore, alterations in glycosylation pathways can lead to the utilization of alternate pathways which, in turn, lead to the formation of new complex carbohydrate structures not normally present in or on cells. Such regulation of glycosylation pathways in the cell can often be attributed to glycosyltransferase activities. The altered carbohydrate structures of glycoproteins of various tumor tissues are considered to be the basis for abnormal behavior of tumor cells, which behavior includes metastasis and invasion of the tumor cells into healthy tissues (Kobata, 1998). Tumor markers are significant for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant cells. Potential markers can be any specific epitopes presented by the tumor cells, such as, peptides, glycopeptides, glycolipids or any combinations thereof. These unique epitopes can be specifically identified by monoclonal antibodies and as such unique glycosylation patterns were and are intensively investigated as potential tumor markers for cancer immunotherapy and diagnostics (Ronin, 1998). The present invention enables to use tumor markers not only for immunotherapy or diagnostics but also as potential targets for drug therapy. To this end, a combinatorial array including both Tumor Specific Complex Carbohydrates (TSCC) and normal carbohydrate structures would enable isolation of new drug candidates by identifying molecules that bind specifically and uniquely to complex carbohydrate structures associated with a tumorous conditions. 
 Example 1 Lung cancer is a disease of almost epidemic proportion. Approximately 157,000 new cases causing 142,000 deaths were recorded in 1990 (Faber, 1991). Squamous Lung Carcinoma (SLC) which is of the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) type, accounts for approximately 35% of all lung cancers. It is closely correlated with smoking and diagnosed most frequently in males. Squamous carcinoma originates in the central or hilar region of the lung and may cavitate when found in a peripheral location. It is classified as a severe and malignant form of cancer. Although poorly differentiated, SLC displays unique complex carbohydrate antigens associated with both membrane bound glycoproteins and mucine-like molecules which are released into circulatory system and serve as serum markers (Martensson, 1988). The following tables describe the components and enzyme modules (EMs) necessary for the synthesis of a complex carbohydrate library for screening and isolation of chemical compounds, proteins or other molecules which specifically bind SLC markers. Such molecules may serve as potential new drug candidates or drugs useful for the prevention of squamous lung cancer metastasis. Tables 9-10 present complex carbohydrates of abnormal structures of SLC carbohydrate chains released into the circulatory system (marked A1, A2, A3, A8, A9 and A10), all the possible fragments derived from such SLC carbohydrate chains (associated with A1, A2, A3, A8, A9 and A10 by a1, a2, a3, a8, a8 and a10, respectively), normal blood antigens (marked A4, A5, A6, A7, A11 and A12) and all possible normal blood antigen fragments derived therefrom (associated with A4, A5, A6, A7, A11 and A12 by a4, a5, a6, a7, a11 and a12, respectively). 9 TABLE 9 Source Carbohydrates EM A1 SLC 1 1 A2 SLC 2 2 A3 SLC 3 3 A4 Normal blood HI antigen &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-Glcp-(1→1)-Ceramide 4 A5 Normal blood HII antigen &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-Glcp-(1→1)-Ceramide 5 A6;a7 Normal Lewis a antigen 4 6 A7 Normal Lewis b antigen 5 7 A8 SLC 6 8 A9 SLC 7 9 A10 SLC 8 10 A11 Normal Lewis x antigen 9 11 A12 Normal Lewis x antigen 10 12 10 TABLE 10 Source Carbohydrates sub fragments EM a1;a2;a3;a8;a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp(1→4)-D-Glc 13 a8 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-D-Glc 14 a1;a2;a3;a4;a6;a7;a8;a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 15 a1;a2;a3;a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 16 a1;a2;a3 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 17 a1;a2;a3;a4;a5;a6;a7;a8;a9;a10;a11;a12 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 18 a4;a5;a6; &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 19 a2;a3;a6;a7;a8;a9; &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 20 a1;a2;a3;a9;a10;a11;a12 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 21 a1;a2;a3 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 22 a1;a2;a3;a9;a10 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 23 a1;a2;a3;a4;a6;a7;a8;a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 24 a1;a2;a3 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 25 5;a9;a10;a11;a12 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 26 a1;a2;a3 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 27 a2;a3;a6;a7;a8 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 28 a4;a7 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 29 a5 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ 30 a9;a10;a11;a12 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 31 a9;a10 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 32 a2 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 33 a1;a2;a3; &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 34 a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 35 a1;a2;a3 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 36 a1;a2;a3;a8 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 37 a4;a7 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 38 a5;a12 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→2)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 39 a9;a10 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 40 a9,a10 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 41 a3 &bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 42 a3 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 43 a3 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 44 a9;a10 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→ 45 a3 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 46 a10 * see below 47 a3 &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-→-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 48 a9 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc 49 a8 11 50 a1;a2;a3;9;a10;a11;a12 12 51 a1;a2;a3 13 52 a2;a6;a7;a8;a10 14 53 a2 15 54 9;a10;a1l;a12 16 55 a12 17 56 a2;a3;a6;a7;a8;a10 18 57 a7 19 58 a3;a9;a10 20 59 a1;a2;a3 21 60 a1;a2;a3 22 61 a1;a2;a3 23 62 a1;a2;a3 24 63 a1;a2;a3 25 64 a1 ;a2;a3 26 65 a1;a2;a3 27 66 a1;a2;a3 28 67 a1;a2;a3 29 68 a1;a2;a3 30 69 a1;a2 31 70 a2 32 71 a2;a8;a9 33 72 a2 34 73 a2 35 74 a2 36 75 a8 37 76 a8 38 77 a12 39 78 a9;a10 40 79 a9;a10 41 80 a7 42 81 a10 43 82 a3;a9;a10 44 83 a1;a2;a3 45 84 a1;a2;a3 46 85 a1;a2;a3 47 86 a1;a2;a3 48 87 a2 49 88 a2 50 89 a2 51 90 a2 52 91 a2 53 92 a2 54 93 a3;a10 55 94 a3 56 95 a3 57 96 a3 58 97 a9;a10 59 98 a9;a10 60 99 a2 61 100 a2 62 101 a2 63 102 a10 64 103 a3 65 104 a3 66 105 a3 67 106 a3 68 107 a3 69 108 a3 70 109 a3 71 110 a3 72 111 a3 73 112 a10 74 113 a3 75 114 a3 76 115 a3 77 116 a3 78 117 a3 79 118 a3 80 119 a3 81 120 a3 82 121 a3 83 122 a3 84 123 a3 85 124 a3 86 125 a3 87 126 a3 88 127 * &agr;-L-Fucp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-&bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-D-Glc Table 11 includes a list of the EMs required for the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate collection described in Tables 9-10 11 TABLE 11 First Immobilized ERs sequence EM monosaccharide (the ERs details are found in TABLE 7): 1 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,H16,D7,B2 2 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,B6,H16,D7,B2 3 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,H16,D7,B2,H20,D10,B6 4 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,B1 5 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,B1 6 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,B6 7 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,B6,D1 8 Glc-S D9,H15,D10,B6,B7 9 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,H3,B2,D10 10 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,H3,B2,D10,B6 11 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,B2 12 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,B2,B1 13 Glc-S D9 14 Glc-S B8 15 GlcNAc-S D10 16 GlcNAc-S D7 17 Gal-S H21 18 Gal-S H22 19 Gal-S B1 20 GlcNAc-S B9 21 GlcNAc-S B10 22 Gal-S D9,H21 23 Gal-S D9,H22 24 Gal-S H22,D10 25 Gal-S H21,D7 26 Gal-S H22,D7 27 Gal-S H21,B10 28 Gal-S H22,B9 29 GlcNAc-S D10,B1 30 GlcNAc-S D7,B1 31 Gal-S H22,B10 32 Glc-S D9,H22,B10 33 Glc-S D9,H22,B9 34 Glc-S D9,H21,B10 35 Glc-S D9,H22,D7 36 Glc-S D9,H21,D7 37 Glc-S D9,H22,D10 38 Gal-S H22,D10,B1 39 Gal-S H22,D7,B1 40 Gal-S H22,D7,H3 41 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,H3 42 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,H3 43 Gal-S H21,D7,H3,B9 44 Gal-S H21,D7,H3,D10 45 Gal-S H22,D7,H3,D10 46 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,H3,D10 47 Glc-S D9,H22,D7,H3,B9 48 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,H3,B9 49 Glc-S D9,H22,D7,H3,D10 50 Glc-S D9,B7 51 GlcNAc-S D7,B2 52 Gal-S H21,H23 53 GlcNAc-S D10,B6 54 Gal-S H21,H23,B11 55 Gal-S H22,D7,B2 56 GlcNAc-S D7,B2,B1 57 Gal-S H22,D10,B6 58 GlcNAc-S D10,B6,B1 59 GlcNAc-S D7,B2,H22 60 Glc-S D9,H21,H23 61 Gal-S H21,H23,B12 62 Gal-S H21,D7,B2 63 Gal-S H21,H23,D11 64 Gal-S H21,D7,B2 65 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D11 66 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,B2 67 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,B12 68 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12 69 Gal-S H21,H23,B12,D11 70 Gal-S H21,H23,D11,D12 71 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,B11 72 Glc-S D9,H22,D11,B6 73 Gal-S H21,H23,D11,B6 74 Gal-S H21,H23,D12,B11 75 Gal-S H21,H23,B11,B12 76 Glc-S D9,B7,H22,D11 77 Glc-S D9,B7,H22,B11 78 Gal-S H22,D7,B2,B1 79 Gal-S H22,D7,H3,B2 80 Glc-S D9,H22,D7,B2 81 Gal-S H22,D11,B6,B1 82 GlcNAc-S D10,H3,D11,B6 83 GlcNAc-S D7,B2,H3,D11 84 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D11,B12 85 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D11,D12 86 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12,B2 87 Gal-S H21,H23,D12,B2,D11 88 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D11,B6 89 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12,B11 90 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,B11,B12 91 Gal-S H21,H23,B12,D10,B6 92 Gal-S H21,H23,D12,D10,B6 93 Gal-S H21,H23,B11,D7,B2 94 GlcNAc-S D7,B2,H3,D10,B6 95 Gal-S H21,D12,H3,D10,B6 96 Gal-S H21,D12,B2,H3,D10 97 Gal-S H21,D12,B2,H3,B9 98 Glc-S D9,H15,D7,B2,H22 99 Gal-S H22,D7,B2,H22,D10 100 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,B12,D11,B6 101 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12,D11,B6 102 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12,B2,B11 103 Glc-S D9,H22,D7,B2,H22,B11 104 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,H3,D10,B6 105 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,B2,H22,D11 106 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,B2,H22,B11 107 Gal-S H21,D7,B2,H22,D11,B6 108 Gal-S H21,D12,H22,D11,B6,H23 109 Gal-S H21,H23,D12,B2,D11,H20 110 Gal-S H21,D12,H20,B2,D11,H23 111 Gal-S H21,D12,H20,B2,B11,H23 112 Gal-S H21,D12,H20,B9,H23,D11 113 Gal-S H22,D7,B2,H22,D11,B6 114 Glc-S D9,H21,D7,B2,H22,D11,B6 115 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,H22,D11,B6,H23 116 Glc-S D9,H21,H23,D12,B2,H3,D11 117 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,H23 118 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,B2,H3,B11,H23 119 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,H3,B11,H23,D11 120 Gal-S H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,B6,H23 121 Gal-S H21,D12,H3,D11,B6,H23,D11 122 Gal-S H21,D12,B2,H3,B9,H23,D11 123 Gal-S H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,H23,D11 124 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,B6,H23 125 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,B6,H23 126 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,B2,H3,D11,H23,D11 127 Glc-S D9,H21,D12,H3,D11,B6,H23,D11 
 Example 2 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the trophoblast cells of the placenta. High levels of hCG are detected in blood and urine samples taken from patients of a variety of trophoblastic diseases. As such, urinary and serum hCG levels have been employed as useful markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of trophoblastic diseases, as well as being markers for pregnancy. A study comparing the complex carbohydrates released from hCGs purified from the urine of pregnant women with those purified from urine taken from patients with trophoblastic disease revealed the existence of several alteration in the sugar chains of hCGs purified from the latter (Mizuochi, 1983; Endo, 1987). Tables 12-14 present the components and EMs necessary to synthesize a complex carbohydrate library for screening and isolating molecules that specifically bind to the abnormal hCG markers or to their subfragments. Tables 12-13 list complex carbohydrates structures incorporated into an hCG specific arrays. Such structures include abnormal sugar chains represented in the hCGs present in malignant trophoblastic diseases (marked B5, B6, B7 and B8), all the possible fragmented sugar chains of such hCGs present in malignant trophoblastic diseases (associated with B5, B6, B7 and B8 by b5, b6, b7 and b8, respectively), normal sugar chains as typically found in the hCGs present in the urine of pregnant women (marked B 1, B2, B3 and B4) and all of their possible fragments (associated with B1, B2, B3 and B4 by b1, b2, b3 and b4, respectively). Table 14 presents the collection of EMs required for the synthesis of the complex carbohydrates of Tables 12-13. 12 TABLE 12 Source Carbohydrate EM B1; b5 Normal 89 1 B2; b1; b5; b6 Normal 90 2 B3; b1; b2 Normal 91 3 B4; b1; b5; b7 Normal 92 4 B5 Abnormal 93 5 B6 Abnormal 94 6 B7; b5 Abnormal 95 7 B8; b5; b6; b7 Abnormal 96 8 13 TABLE 13 Source Carbohydrate sub fragments EM b1; b4; b5; b7 &agr;-L-Fuc-(1→6)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 9 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 10 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 11 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &agr;-D-Manp-(1→6)-&agr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 12 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &agr;-D-Manp-(1→3)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 13 b1; b2; b5; b6 &bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→2)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→6)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 14 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→2)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→3)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 15 b5; b6; b7; b8 &bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→3)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 16 b1; b2; b5; b6 &bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→2)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→6)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 17 b1; b2; b3; b4; b5; b6; b7; b8 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→2)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→3)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 18 b5; b6; b7; b8 &bgr;-D-Galp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→3)-&agr;-D-Manp-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac-(1→4)-&bgr;-D-GlcpNac 19 b5; b6; b7; b8 97 20 b1; b4; b5; b7 98 21 b5; b6; b7; b8 99 22 b5; b6; b7; b8 100 23 b1; b4; b5; b7 101 24 b5; b6; b7; b8 102 25 b5; b6; b7; b8 103 26 b5; b6; b7; b8 104 27 b5; b6; b7; b8 105 28 b1; b4; b5; b7 106 29 b1; b4; b5; b7 107 30 b5; b6; b7; b8 108 31 b5; b6 109 32 b5; b6; b7; b8 110 33 b1; b2; b5; b6 111 34 b1; b4; b5; b7 112 35 b1; b5 113 36 b5; b6; b7; b8 114 37 b1; b5 115 38 b1; b4; b5; b7 116 39 b5 117 40 b5; b6; b7; b8 118 41 b5; b6 119 42 b5; b6 120 43 b5; b6; b7; b8 121 44 b1; b2; b5; b6 122 45 b5; b6 123 46 b5; b6 124 47 b5; b6 125 48 b1; b2; b5; b6 126 49 b5; b6 127 50 Table 14 includes a list of the EMs required for the synthesis of the complex carbohydrate collection described in Tables 12-13. 14 TABLE 14 First immobilized ERs sequence EM monosaccharide (ERs details describe in TABLE 7) 1 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,C5,H10,D7,B3 2 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,C5,H10,D7 3 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,C5,D7,H10 4 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,C5,D7,H10,D7,B3 5 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,H9,C5,H10,D7,B3 6 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,H9,C5,H10,D7 7 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,H9,C5,D7,B3 8 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,H9,CS,D7,B3 9 GlcpNac-S B4 10 GlcpNac-S H17 11 GlcpNac-S H17,C1 12 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7 13 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4 14 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7,H10 15 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8 16 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H9 17 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7,H10,D7 18 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,D7 19 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H9,D7 20 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S H18,H19 21 GlcpNac-S H17,B5 22 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S H18,D7,H19 23 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S H18,H19,D7 24 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,B3 25 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S H18,H19,D7 26 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,H9,C7 27 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,D7,H9 28 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,D7,C7 29 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7,B3 30 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,B3 31 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,H9,D7 32 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,H9,C7,H10 33 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,D7,H9,C7 34 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,D7,C7,H10 35 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,B3 36 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7,H10,B3 37 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C8,H9,B3 38 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C4,H8,B3,D7 39 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C7,H10,B3,D7 40 GlcpNac-S H17,C1,C8,H9,B3,D7 41 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,H9,C7,D7 42 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H10,D7,H8,H9 43 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C8,H8,D7,H9,C7,H10 44 D-GlcpNac-&bgr;-(1,0)-S C9,C10,H8,H9,D7 45 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H8,C8,H10,D7 46 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H8,H9,D7,C8,H10 47 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H9,C8,H10,D7,C8 48 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H8,C8,H10,D7,H8 49 D-GlcpNac-&bgr;-(1,0)-S C9, C10,H8,C5,H10,D7 50 D-Man-&agr;-(1,0)-S C7,H8,H9,C8,H10,D7 
 Example 3 During the latter half of the century it has been demonstrated that many bacterial, fungal and plant polysaccharides posses anti-viral, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-cardiovascular and anti-tumor activities (Witczak, 1997). It was also found that a general structural pattern is common to all of these complex carbohydrates. Most of these complex carbohydrates include one or two repeating monosaccharide units connected with one or two types of glycosidic bonds and decorated with branched points of constant length. Table 15 summarizes partial examples of such unique structures. 15 TABLE 15 Common Monosaccharide Source name Activity content Configuration Reference Nothogenia Xylomannan antiviral xylose-mannose 1,3-linked mannose (98%) Matulewicz, 1978 fastigiata sulfated in position 2 and 6 with single stubs of &bgr;-1,2-xylose Agardhiella Galactan antiviral galactose 1,3-linked D- and L-galactose Rees, 1965 tenera sulfate with 3,6-anhydro-D- and L-galactose with half ester sulfate Ecklonica Fucoidan anti coagulant fucose &agr;-1,2-linked units of L-fucose- Nishino, 1989 kurome 4-sulfate with branching or second sulfate unit in position 3 Saccharomyces Glucan anti glucose &bgr;-1,3-D-glucose with &bgr;-1,6-D- Konis, 1976, cerevisia (Zymosan) tumor glucose branches Misaki, 1968 Mycobacterium LAM evoking TNF arabinose- &agr;-1,6-D-mannose core with &agr; Chatterjee, 1998; bovis and other mannose -1,2-D-mannose branches Nigou, 1997 cytokines elongate with linear &agr;-1,5-D-arabinose chain Alcaligenes Crudlan anti glucose Linear &bgr;-1,3-D-glucose Sasaki, 1978 faecalis var. tumor Chemical Ara- anti arabinose- &bgr;-1,3-D-glucose with Matuzaki, 1986 synthesis Crudlan tumor glucose &agr;-1,5-D-arabinose linked at position 4 or 6 Viscosity studies as well as X-ray analysis suggested that possible helical and triple helical structures are responsible for the abovementioned activities (Misaki, 1997). However, further studies demonstrated that fragments derived from partial hydrolysis of these complex carbohydrates also posses some therapeutic activities (Misaki, 1980). As such, the present invention can be utilized to screen combinatorial oligosaccharide libraries which include short oligomers derived from the complex carbohydrates listed above. Such fragments can, for example, include one or two repeating monosaccharide units attached therebetween through one or two types of glycosidic bonds. Such fragments can also include moderate branching, when required. Such combinatorial arrays of polysaccharides can be utilized for the isolation of new anti-viral, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-cardiovascular and anti-tumor agents. 
 Example 4 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates including &bgr;(1,3)D-glucose and &bgr;(1,6)D-glucose branches. Each of the oligomers shown includes 7 monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 2 to 30 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention as described herein. 128 
 Example 5 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates consisting of a backbone of &bgr;(1,3)D-glucose units and &agr;(1,5)D-arabinose branches, which are positioned at any desired location along the backbone. Each of the oligomers shown below includes 12 monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 2 to 40 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention. 129 
 Example 6 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates consisting of &agr;(1,2)linked &agr;-L-fucose or &agr;-L-fucose-4-sulfate with branching or secondary sulfate units positioned at position 3. Each of the oligomers shown below includes 6 saccharide monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 2 to 20 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention. 130 
 Example 7 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates consisting of (1,3) linked &agr;-D-mannose or &agr;-D-mannose sulfated positioned at position 2 and/or 6, and including &bgr;(1,2)xylose stubs. Each of the oligomers shown below includes 5 saccharide monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 3 to 20 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention. 131 
 Example 8 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates consisting of &agr;( 1,5)D-arabinose and &agr;(1,2)D-mannose units with a core of &agr;-D-arabinose unit connected to the &agr;-D-arabinose unit at position 2 or to the &agr;-D-mannose unit at any position. Each of the oligomers shown below includes 9 saccharide monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 2 to 70 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention. 132 
 Example 9 The following example represents synthesized complex carbohydrates consisting of &agr;-1,5-D-arabinose and &agr;-1,2-D-mannose units attached to a single core &bgr;-D-arabinose unit, which is connected to the &agr;-D-arabinose unit at position 2 or to the &agr;-D-mannose unit at any position. The complex carbohydrate also include a branched &bgr;-D-arabinose which is positioned at position 3. The branch antenna includes, as a major oligomer, a single core &bgr;-D-arabinose unit connected to &agr;-D-arabinose at position 2 or to &agr;-D-mannose at any position. Each of the oligomers shown below includes 14 saccharide monomers. It will be appreciated that an oligomer consisting of 2 to 70 units or more can also be synthesized by the method of the present invention. 133 
 COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE LIBRARY SYNTHESIS The following examples describe in detail experiments demonstrating sequential enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates libraries according to the teachings of the present invention. Materials and Methods Abbreviations used below: BSA—Bovine Serum Albumin; GlcNac-N-acetylglucoseamine; PNP-GlcNAc-p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-&bgr;-D-GlcNAc; GlcNAc-COOH-2-(2-carboxyethylthio)-ethyl 2-&bgr;-D-GlcNAc; NHS-N-hydroxysuccinimide; EDC-1-Ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide; O.D.—Optical Density; WGA—Wheat Germ Agglutinin; RCA120—lectin from Ricinus communes; BS-I—Lectin from Bandeiraea Simplicifolia; TGP—Lectin from Tereagonolobus purpureas; TML—Lectin from Tritrichomonas mobilensis; ECorA—Lectin from Erythrina corallodendron; FITC—Fluoresceine-iso-thio-cyanate. General materials: PBS—0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.5 , 0.15M NaCl (Sigma S-7653); TBS—50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5 (Sigma T-6791), 0.15M NaCl; TBST—TBS, 0.05% Tween 20 (Sigma P-9416); High ionic strength washing buffer-PBS, 2M NaCl, 60 millimolar MgSO 4 , 0.05% Tween 20. A peroxidase substrate solution was prepared by mixing in water O-Phenylenediamine Dihydrochloride, 0.4 mg/ml, Urea Hydrogen peroxide, 0.4 mg/ml, Phosphate-Citrate Buffer, 0.05M (prepared from SIGMA FAST peroxidase substrate kit P-9187). Covalink NH was obtained from NUNC (Cat. No. 478042). Optical density and fluorescence were measured using a multi-label counter VICTOR 2 (Wallac OY, Finland). All microtiter plate incubations were performed at controlled shaking speed and temperature using a microtiter plate incubator obtained from Anthos Thermostar Shaker/Incubator, Rosys Anthos GmbH Salzburg Austria (Cat. No. 8850001). General enzymatic reaction mixes and conditions (ERs): D7: 100 &mgr;l of 50 mM MOPS (SIGMA M-9027), 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 20 mM MnCl 2 (SIGMA M-9522), 0.5 mg/ml UDP-Gal (Calbiochem 670111) and 20 milliunits/ml of recombinant &bgr;1,4 galactosyltransferase (Calbiochem 345650) at pH 7.4 were added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 3 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST was replaced with TBS 0.2% NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate was stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. A2: 100 &mgr;l of 50 mM MOPS (SIGMA M-9027), 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 0.5 mg/ml CMP-NeuAC (Calbiochem 233263), and 5 milliunits/ml of recombinant &agr;2,3 (N)-sialyltransferase (Calbiochem 566218) at pH 7.4 were added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 4 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST was replaced with TBS 0.2% NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate was stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. B2: 100 &mgr;I of 50 mM MOPS (SIGMA M-9027), 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 20 mM MnCl 2 (SIGMA M-9522), 0.5 mg/ml GDP-Fuc (Calbiochem 371443) and 5 milliunits/ml of recombinant &agr;1,3 fucosyltransferase (Calbiochem 344323) at pH 7.2 were added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 4 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST was replaced with TBS 0.2% NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate was stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. D3: 100 &mgr;l of 100 mM sodium cacodylate buffer (SIGMA C-4945), 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 20 mM MnCl 2 (SIGMA M-9522), 0.5 mg/ml UDP-Gal (Calbiochem 670111) and 5 milliunits/ml of recombinant &agr;1,3 galactosyltransferase (Calbiochem 345648) at pH 6.5 were added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 4 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST was replaced with TBS 0.2 % NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate was stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. A3: 100 &mgr;l of 50 mM sodium cacodylate buffer (SIGMA C-4945), 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 0.5 mg/ml CNP-NeuAC (Calbiochem 233263) and 5 milliunits/ml of Recombinant &agr;2,6-(N)-sialyltransferase (Calbiochem 566222) at pH 6.0 were added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 4 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST was replaced with TBS 0.2 % NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate was stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. H3: 100 &mgr;l of 50 mM sodium cacodylate buffer (SIGMA C-4945), 20 mM MnCl 2 (SIGMA M-9522) 10 mg/ml BSA (SIGMA A-7030), 5% dimethylsulfoxide, 0.5 millimolar UDP-GlcNAc (Calbiochem 670107), 0.75 millimolar of adenosine three phosphate and 5 milliunits/ml of recombinant &bgr;1,3 N acetylglucoseaminyl-transferase (prepared as described in Zhou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol.96 pp.406-411) at pH 7.0 are added to each well of a microtiter plate and the plate is shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 10 hours. Following incubation, the reaction mixture is removed and the wells are washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of TBST, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The TBST is replaced with TBS 0.2% NaN 3 (Sigma S-8032) and the plate are stored at 4° C. for subsequent enzymatic reactions. The BSA of the reaction mixture is omitted and the wash steps are performed using high ionic strength buffer instead of TBST when the enzymatic reactions are performed in Covalink NH plates including a covalently coupled monosaccharide. Lectin/antibody binding assays: WGA: 100 &mgr;l of 5 &mgr;g/ml WGA lectin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA L-3892, 150 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA and 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 . The wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l TBST, with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. To detect the peroxidase labeled WGA, 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. RCA120: 100 &mgr;l of 10 &mgr;g/ml RCA120 lectin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA L-2758 , 11 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA and 10 millimolar each of MnCl 2 and CaCl 2 . The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. TGP: 100 &mgr;l of 20 &mgr;g/ml TGP lectin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA L-1508, 10 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for one hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA and 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 . The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. BS-I: 100 &mgr;l of 20 &mgr;g/ml BS-I conjugated to biotin (SIGMA L-3759) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA and 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 . The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak, following which, 100 &mgr;l of TBS containing 1% BSA and 5 &mgr;g/ml avidin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA A-3151, 40 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. TML: 100 &mgr;l of 20 &mgr;g/ml TML conjugated to biotin (Calbiochem 431803) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA. The wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak, following which, 100 &mgr;l of TBS containing 1% BSA and 5 &mgr;g/ml avidin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA A-3151, 40 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. The wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. Anti-Sialyl Lewis X. 100 &mgr;l of 10 &mgr;g/ml anti-Sialyl Lewis X IgM from mouse (Calbiochem 565953) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA. The wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak, following which, a solution of TBS containing 1% BSA and 100 &mgr;l of 5 &mgr;g/ml goat anti-mouse IgM conjugated to biotin (SIGMA b-9265) was added to the plates and incubated for one hour at 25° C. The wells were washed 3 times with 200 ml TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak, followed by incubation with 100 ml of TBS containing 1% BSA and 5 &mgr;g/ml avidin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA A-3151, 40 peroxidase units per mg protein) for 1 hour at 25° C. The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. ECorA: 100 &mgr;l of 20 &mgr;g/ml ECorA conjugated to biotin (SIGMA L-0893) were added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in TBS containing 1% BSA and 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 . The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak, following which, 100 &mgr;l of TBS containing 1% BSA and 5 &mgr;g/ml avidin conjugated to peroxidase (SIGMA A-3151, 40 peroxidase units per mg protein) was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l TBST with a last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added, and an hour later the O.D. of the solution (at 450 nm) was determined. When the above described binding assays were performed on covalently coupled monosaccharide acceptors, such as the case with Covalink NH plates, the TBS incubation solution was replaced with TBST and the wash steps were performed using high ionic strength buffer instead of TBST. 
 Example 10 Acceptor immobilization—the first step While reducing the present invention to practice several methods for monosaccharide acceptor immobilization to microtiter plates were perfected. The Monosaccharide acceptors were bound to a microtiter plate surface via a linker and lectins or antibodies directed against the complex carbohydrates synthesized were utilized to measure binding efficiency as is further described hereinabove. Plate immobilization of the first monosaccharide acceptor building block was performed by either (i) adsorption of neoglycoprotein BSA-GlcNAc (&bgr;-D-GlcNAc conjugated to BSA) to the surface of a microtiter plate; or (ii) covalent immobilization using an appropriate linker. Covalent immobilization was performed using either cyanuric chloride activation ( FIGS. 5 a and 5 b ), or NHS/EDC activation ( FIG. 6 ) of CovaLink NH plates. The use of cyanuric chloride activation enabled linker elongation of about 1.5 nanometer in each elongation cycle. The presence of the immobilized monosaccharide (GlcNAc) was measured according to lectin binding using WGA lectin conjugated to peroxidase or FITC. Binding was quantitated using either calorimetric or fluorescent signal detection as shown in FIGS. 7 a - c. Materials and methods: Adsorption of GlcNac conjugated to BSA to Maxisorb plates: A solution of 0.1 M Na 2 CO 3 pH 9.6, including 0-3000 ng of BSA-GlcNAc (prepared as described by Monsigny et al., Biol. Cell, 51,187 1984) was aliquoted in 100 &mgr;l aliquots into wells of a Maxisorb microtiter plate (NUNC Cat. No. 469914) and the plate was incubated at 4° C. for 16 hours. Following incubation, the solution was removed and 200 &mgr;l of 0.1 M Na 2 CO 3 pH 9.6 including 1% BSA was added to each well and the plate was incubated for an additional 2 hours in order to block nonspecific binding of proteins (such as enzymes or lectins) to the well surface. Following blocking, the BSA-GlcNac solution was replaced with TBS buffer/0.2% NaN 3 /BSA 1% and the plate was stored at 4° C. The adsorption of BSA-GlcNAc was verified peroxidase conjugated WGA as described hereinabove. Results: The surface area of a single 66 kDa BSA molecule (approximately 50 nm 2 ) is covered with approximately 25 GlcNAc groups. On a Maxisorb surface which is fully coated with BSA-GlcNAc, the average distance between adjacent GlcNAc groups is approximately 1.0 nm and the diameter of the lectins carbohydrate recognition site is about 2 nm. Thus, in order to prevent steric interference between adjacently bound lectins or between bound lectin and other monosaccharides, the density of the immobilized monosaccharides should not exceed 10 14 per cm 2 . Since in this case, the immobilized monosaccharide forms a part of a bound protein molecule which is approximately 5 nm in diameter, the monosaccharide groups are positioned approximately 5 nanometers above the plate surface and thus are available for enzymatic elongation by the glycosyltransferase. FIG. 8 a describes a saturation curve for BSA-GlcNac bound to a Maxisorb microtiter plate. Following BSA-GlcNac binding, plates were washed with TBST, a buffer that contains a medium ionic strength detergent (0.15 M NaCl), in order to remove non-specifically bound lectins. This wash step does not remove the bound BSA and thus allows sequential enzymatic reactions. As shown in FIG. 8 b, the bound BSA was stable throughout 12 extensive washing cycles. Following each wash step, the amount of BSA-GlcNac (starting at 200 ng/well) was measured by WGA lectin binding as described above. Covalent immobilization of GlcNAc to Covalink NH, as well as the elongation of Covalink NH with 13 additional atoms in each subsequent elongation cycle was performed as shown in FIGS. 5 a - b. Binding results for cyanuric chloride mediated immobilization of WGA to &bgr;-D-GlcNAc (with a single elongation cycle) or to NHS/EDC activated CovaLink NH are shown in FIGS. 7 a - b. The density of the amino groups on the Covalink NH surface is 10 14 per cm 2 and the average distance between the GlcNac groups is I nm which is sufficient for lectin binding. Following incubation with reaction mixture D7 (&bgr; 1,4 galactosyltransferase, described in FIG. 8 c ), the transfer of &bgr;-D-galactose to the plate immobilized phenyl-&bgr;-D-GlcNAc (22 atom linker) is verified using ECorA lectin binding assay as described above. The transfer of &bgr;-D-galactose to the plate immobilized &bgr;-D-GlcNAc (NHS/EDC activated plate with a 20 atom linker) was not detected. This might be due to differences in linker length. The above described covalent immobilization methods enable the use of a very high ionic strength buffer (e.g., 6 M Guanidine HCl or 100 mM NaOH) in subsequent washing steps thus allowing accurate “in situ” verification of each enzymatic step utilized by the process. The removal of nonspecifically bound molecules is crucial for accurate library synthesis. Since glycosyltransferases are glycoproteins with complex carbohydrates presented on their outer surface, nonspecific adsorption of the enzyme may interfere with, or generate errors in, the synthesis. Lectins and antibodies are also glycoproteins and as such non-specific binding thereof may lead to inaccurate structural prediction. The standard blocking agent commonly used in enzymatic reactions, is nonfat milk. Since nonfat milk contains many glycoconjugated proteins it is not suitable for enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Instead, synthesis reactions performed according to the present invention utilized BSA as a blocking agent since it is non-glycosylated. As shown by FIG. 7 b, while chemical blocking agents interfered with lectin binding, blocking with BSA enabled specific lectin binding while substantially reducing non-specific binding. During practice, it was realized that since cyanuric chloride activated amino groups hydrolyze spontaneously in water there is no need for further blocking when using this plate coupling procedure. 
 Example 11 Library synthesis High yield is critical to an iterative solid phase enzymatic synthesis. Since glycosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from an activated nucleotide phosphate sugar donor to an appropriate acceptor, degradation of the phosphodiester energetic bond of the nucleotide sugar is irreversible. As such, there is no theoretical obstacle hindering the completion of the synthesis reactions. Preferably, the nucleotide sugar concentration of the reaction should be approximately 10 to 20 fold higher than a K m value of the enzyme to the donor, which ranges from several to several hundred millimolars. In a single microtiter plate well which contains approximately 100 &mgr;l of solution, 0.2 nanomoles of well-bound saccharide groups are available for the enzymatic reaction. As such, a nucleotide sugar concentration equal to or greater than 1 millimolar is sufficient. Materials and methods: NHS/EDC activation and coupling of &bgr;-D-GlcNac: 50 &mgr;l aliquots of a 2-(2-carboxyethylthio)ethyl 2-&bgr;-DGlcNAc (NNI SS-01-003) solution were dispensed onto CovaLink NH strips and the strips were incubated in wells containing 50 &mgr;l of a solution including 3 mg/ml of 1-Ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) (Sigma E-7750) and 3 mg/ml of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (Sigma H-7377). The wells were sealed and the plates were shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 24 hours. The wells were washed three times with distilled water and the unreacted amino groups in the wells were blocked for 2 hours in 300 ml of a solution containing methanol/aceticanhydride/water (85/10/5 V/V/V, respectively). Following four washes with distilled water the plates were air dried and incubated for 12 hours with a blocking solution which included 1% BSA in PBS. Synthesis of a cleavable linker, coupling the first monosaccharide thereto, and cleaving the linker: Cyanuric chloride activation: A solution containing 48 mg of cyanuric chloride (Aldrich, Cat. No. C95501) dissolved in 3 ml of acetone was added, while stirring, to 45 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer. An aliquot (200 &mgr;l) of this solution was quickly added (within 2 minutes) to each well of a Covalink NH plate. The plate was incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes following which the solution was discarded and the plate washed three times with double distilled water and dried at 50° C. for 30 minutes. Amino linker elongation cycle: 100 &mgr;l of a 1,8-diamino 3,6 (MERCK 818116) solution (3 ml in 50 ml 0.1 M carbonate buffer pH 9.6) or 1,8 diaminooctane (ALDRICH D2, 240-1) solution (100 mg per ml 0.1 M carbonate buffer pH 9.6) was added to each well of a cyanuric chloride activated plate. The wells were sealed and the plate was incubated at 25° C. for 12 hours. Following incubation, the wells were washed four times with water and the plate was cyanuric chloride activated as described above. Three elongation cycles of 1,8-diamino 3,6 dioxaoctane were executed until the desired linker length was achieved. Coupling of p-nitrophenyl-p-D-GlcNac (first monosaccharide building block): GlcNAc monosaccharide molecules were linked to the activated plates described above. The following procedure was utilized to effect linking: a solution containing 60 mg/ml sodium dithionite in 0.1M sodium carbonate was added to each well of rows B-H of the plate. A 200 &mgr;l aliquot of a second solution containing 20 mg of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-&bgr;-D-GlcNAc (Calbiochem Cat. No. 487052) and 200 mg of sodium dithionite (Fluka Cat. No. 71700) which were dissolved in 6 ml of double distilled water and titrated to a pH of 7.5 using 3 ml of 0.1 M sodium carbonate (pH 9.6) was serially diluted two folds from rows A to H. The wells were sealed and incubated at room temperature overnight. Following incubation, the wells were washed four times with double distilled water and then three with methanol (200 &mgr;l/well), the third wash including a 15 minutes soak at room temperature. The methanol was discarded, and the plates were air dried and stored at 4° C. Coupling of Squaric acid derivative of &bgr;-D-GlcNac (first i monosaccharide building block): GlcNAc-Squaric acid derivative was prepared as follows: A solution of 100 mg D-GlcNAc (Calbiochem 346299), 31.25 mg ammonium bicarbonate (Merck 1.05426.1000) in 1.9 ml of ammonia was incubated at 35° C. for 24 hours. The solution was concentrated in a vacuum centrifuge, water was added and the solution re-concentrated to 0.45 ml. To this solution 72 &mgr;l of squaric acid (Across Orgencis 30508-0010), 1.6 ml ethanol, 1.6 ml of 0.1 M Na 2 CO 3 , pH 9.6, were added. The resulting solution was incubated for 3 hours at 25° C. and concentrated in a vacuum centrifuge to eliminate the ethanol. The coupling of GlcNAc-Squaric acid derivative was affected by incubation of 100 &mgr;l of GlcNAc-Squaric acid derivative (10 &mgr;mol) in 1 ml of 0.1M Na 2 CO 3 , pH 9.6, with an elongated amine linker ( FIG. 5 b ) for 2 hours followed by washing with methanol. This was performed in each well of a microtiter plate. Following enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates the linker can be cleaved by incubation with aqueous solution of bromine (0.3 mmol bromine in 4 ml water) for 30 minutes, and the removed glycan can be transformed to a reducing sugar by the addition of 15 &mgr;l of 0.2 M aquenuse sodium borate (see below). Binding of WGA to covalently coupled &bgr;-D-GlcNAc: The presence of covalently bound &bgr;-D-GlcNAc was verified by binding of WGA conjugated to peroxidase or fluoresceine-iso-thio-cyanate (FITC). Detection was performed as follows: 100 &mgr;l of 5 &mgr;g/ml of peroxidase (SIGMA L-3892, 150 peroxidase units per mg protein) or FITC (SIGMA L-4895) conjugated WGA prepared in TBST including 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 was incubated in each well at 25° C. for one hour. The wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l high ionic strength washing solution, with the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. To develop the peroxidase labeled WGA, 100 &mgr;l of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added and an hour later an O.D. at 450 nm was measured. The FITC conjugated WGA bound to the &bgr;-D-GlcNAc-white Covalink NH strips (NUNC 453690) was excited (485 nm) and the fluorescence emission therefrom was measured (520 nm). Transferring of &bgr;1,4galactose to covalently bound &bgr;-D-GlcNAc: 100 &mgr;l of 50 mM MOPS pH 7.4 (SIGMA M-9027), 0.2 % Triton CF 32 (Sigma), 20 mM MnCl 2 (SIGMA M-9522), 0.5 mg/ml UDP-Gal (Calbiochem 670111) and 20 milliunits/ml of a recombinant &bgr;1,4-galactosyltransferase (Calbiochem 345650) were added to each well of a plate coupled with &bgr;-D-GlcNAc. The plate was shaken at 50 RPM at 37° C. for 12 hours. Following incubation the reaction mixture was removed and the wells were washed three times with 200 &mgr;l of high ionic strength washing buffer, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. The transfer of &bgr;1,4-galactose was detected via biotin conjugated lectin ( Erythourina corallodenron ECorA) as follows: an aliquot including of 20 &mgr;g/ml ECorA conjugated to biotin (SIGMA L-0893, 5 moles of biotin per mole protein) prepared in TBST including 10 millimolar of MnCl 2 and of CaCl 2 was added to each well and the plate was incubated for one hour at 25° C. The wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l of high ionic strength washing buffer, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. Following incubation with 100 ml of avidin conjugated to peroxidase (5 &mgr;g/ml in TBST) the wells were washed 3 times with 200 &mgr;l of high ionic strength washing buffer, the last wash consisting of a 15 minutes soak. To detect binding, 100 Al of fresh peroxidase substrate solution was added and an hour later, an O.D. at 450 nm was measured. Measuring the kinetics of &bgr;1,4 Galactosyltransferase (D7) in solid phase: The enzymatic reaction mixture is as described for D7 with the exception that in this case 3.9 milliunits/ml of &bgr;1,4-Galactosyltransferase were utilized. The solid phase consisted of Maxisorb plates coated with 3 &mgr;g/well of BSA-GlcNAc. The enzyme mixture was added to each well at 10 minutes intervals. The wells were then washed with TBST three times and the binding of RCA 120 was measured as described above. Linker Cleavage: The above described linker is cleavable by bromine. Linker cleavage was therefore effected by the addition of 100 &mgr;l aqueous solution of bromine (0.3 mmol bromine in 4 ml water) into the wells and incubation for a time period of 60 minutes, followed by washing of the wells three times with TBST. To this end, 100 &mgr;l of 0.5 &mgr;g/ml WGA/FITC in TBST was added to each well. Following one hour incubation, the wells were washed three times with a high salt buffer and fluorescence was measured (Excitation—485 nm; Emission—520 mn). FIG. 13 shows the reduction in binding of WGA/FITC to GlcNac following the above procedure. Results: Results obtained while reducing the present invention to practice indicate that a solid phase reaction is slower than a liquid phase reaction. As shown in FIG. 12 , enzymatic transfer of galactose to 0.5 nanomole of bound GlcNAc using 0.5 mU of &bgr;-1,4 galactosyltransferase takes approximately an hour to complete, as compared to approximately one minute it takes to complete the same reaction in solution. Therefore, to achieve maximum yield, 0.5 milliunits of each enzyme were employed for 3-4 hours. Nucleotide phosphates (UDP, CMP, GDP) which result from the break down of nucleotide sugar are by-products of these enzymatic reactions. It was observed that these by-products inhibit glycosyltransferase activity. As such, an addition of a phosphatase to degrade the released nucleotide phosphate(s) can substantially increase the rate of the solid phase reaction. Linker length, flexibility of the complex carbohydrate, immobilization of carbohydrate groups and steric hindrance are also important factors effecting synthesis efficiency. As uncovered by experimentation conducted as part of the present study, a neoglycoprotein coated Maxisorb surface can be efficiently utilized to immobilize the first monosaccharide, obtain the glycosyltransferase enzymatic reaction and avoid steric hindrance problems. An elongated covalent linker based on cyanuric acid and p-Nitro phenyl enables coupling of the first monosaccharide to a 2-8 nanometer linker thus avoiding steric hindrance when the first monosaccharide is covalently bound to the surface and obtain the glycosyltransferase enzymatic reaction. The reduction in fluorescence following incubation with bromine indicates the cleavage of the linker. The ability to cleave the linker and remove the glycan after the sequential synthesis is crucial for structural analysis and verification of the synthesized oligosaccharide by, for example, mass spectroscopy or high performance liquid chromatography. 
 Example 12 Library 1 FIG. 9 describes the enzymatic steps required for the synthesis of a library consisting of the structures described in Table 17 immobilized to a plate, outlining the organization of the microtiter plate, the enzymatic reactions performed at each step and the lectins/antibody binding assays. Each enzymatic step is verified against a control strip which does not contain the added nucleotide sugar. A different set of enzymatic reactions (described in detail hereinabove) were performed in each strip in accordance with the procedures developed by the present invention. The Tables below describe in detail the various reactions and components utilized in order to generate this library. Table 16 summarizes the enzymatic reactions used to synthesize the first library, Table 17 describes the enzymatic modules (EM's, further described in Examples 1-9), the complex carbohydrate structures formed and the lectin/antibody binding assays performed for each strip, while Table 18 describes the lectins/antibodies binding assays that were used to verify the complex carbohydrate structure formed following each enzymatic step. 16 TABLE 16 Enzymatic reactions utilized in the synthesis of the first library (donors, acceptors and indexes index extension &agr;/&bgr; Pos. acceptor donor Enzyme Cat. No. E.C. A2 &agr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R CMP-NeuAC Calbiochem 56621 2.4.99.6 A3 &agr; 6 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R CMP-NeuAC Calbiochem 56622 2.4.99.1 B2 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4) &agr; 3 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc Calbiochem 34432 2.4.1.152 D3 &agr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal Calbiochem 34564 2.4.1.151 D7 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal Calbiochem 34565 2.4.1.38 17 TABLE 17 EMs List First Immobilized ERs Lectin/Antibody EM Monosaccharide sequence Structure Formula Binding Assays 1 GlcNAc-S D7 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S RCA120 &plus; 2 GlcNAc-S D7,A2 NeuAC &agr; 2,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S TML&plus;,RCA120− 3 GlcNAc-S D7,A3 NeuAC &agr; 2,6 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S TML&plus;,RCA120− 4 GlcNAc-S D7,D3 Gal &agr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S BS-I&plus;,RCA120− 5 GlcNAc-S D7,B2 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3)GlcNAc-S TGP&plus; 6 GlcNAc-S D7,A2,B2 NeuAC &agr; 2,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3)GlcNAc IgM Anti-Sialyl Lewis X&plus; 18 TABLE 18 Lectin/Antibody binding assays Type of Name Molecule Specificity Cat. No. Source Labeling WGA Lectin GlcNAc Sigma L-3892 Tritcum vulgaris Peroxidase/FITC RCA120 Lectin &bgr;-Gal Sigma L-2758 Ricinus communis Peroxidase BS-I Lectin &agr;-Gal, &agr;-GalNA Sigma L-3759 Bandeiraea Simplicifolia Biotin TGP Lectin &agr;-Fuc Sigma L-1508 Tereagonolobus purpureas Peroxidase TML Lectin Sialic acid Calbio. 431803 Tritrichomonas mobilensis Biotin Anti-Sialyl IgM Sialyl Lewis X Calbio. 565953 Mouse Goat anti mouse Lewis X /Peroxidase Results: FIGS. 10 a - f describe the lectins/antibodies binding assays performed on each strip following each enzymatic reaction. The increase in binding of RCA 120 ( FIG. 10 a ) indicates transfer of &bgr;-D-Galactose to GlcNAc and formation of a stable &bgr;-1,4 glycosidic bond. The efficiency of the second enzymatic step was verified via an increase in BS-1 binding ( FIG. 10 b ) which is indicative of a transfer of &agr;-D-Galactose to Gal &bgr;-1,4 GlcNAc and formation of stable &agr;-1,3 glycosidic bond therebetween. The increase in TGP binding ( FIG. 10 c ) is indicative of a transfer of &agr;-L-fucose to Gal &bgr;-1,4 GlcNAc and formation of a stable &agr;-1,3 glycosidic bond therebetween. The branched oligosaccharide formed by this reaction is a Lewis X antigen. As shown by FIGS. 10 d - e an increase in TML binding indicates a transfer of &agr;-D-NeuAC to Gal &bgr;-1,4 GlcNAc forming a stable &agr;-2,6-2,3 glycosidic bond therebetween. The increase in anti sialyl Lewis X IgM binding ( FIG. 10 f ) indicates a transfer of &agr;-L-fucose to NeuAC &agr;-2,3 Gal &bgr;-1,4 GlcNAc forming a stable &agr;-1,3 glycosidic and generating Sialyl Lewis X antigen composed of four different monosaccharides. 
 Example 13 Library 2 The following library exemplifies the ability of the synthesis method of the present invention to synthesize poly N-acetyllactose amine type II chain of different lengths. FIG. 11 describes the organization of the microtiter plate, the enzymatic reactions to be performed in each step and the lectins binding assays that can be used to verify the efficiency of the various enzymatic steps. Each enzymatic step is verified against a control strip which does not contain the added nucleotide sugar. Each strip is subjected to a different set of enzymatic reactions (Enzymatic Module—EM) which are performed according to the procedures developed by the present invention. Table 19 describe the enzymatic reaction mixes and conditions (described in detail hereinabove) that are used for synthesis of Poly N-acetyllactoseamine library in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Table 20 describes the Enzymatic Modules (EM's) and the complex carbohydrate structures. RCA 120 binding assay is performed after each enzymatic step as described above to evaluate the addition of Galactose (RCA 120 binding) or GlcNAc (disappearance of RCA 120 binding) to the elongating poly N-acetyllactoseaminide chain. 19 TABLE 19 A list of Enzymatic Reactions used for synthesis of Poly N- acetyllactoseaminide library (donors, acceptors and indexes) index extension &agr;/&bgr; Pos. acceptor donor Enzymes Cat. No. E.C. D7 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal Calbiochem 345650 2.4.1.38 H3 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D- UDP-GlcNAc Zhou et al., GlcNAc-R Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96 pp. 406-411 20 TABLE 20 EM List RCA120 EM ERs sequence Structure Formula Binding Assays 1 D7,H3 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S RCA120− 2 D7,H3,D7 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S RCA120&plus; 3 D7,H3,D7,H3 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 RCA120− GlcNAc-S 4 D7,H3,D7,H3,D7 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal RCA120&plus; &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S 5 D7,H3,D7,H3,D7,H3 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 RCA120− GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S 6 D7,H3,D7,H3,D7,H3,D7 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal RCA120&plus; &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 GlcNAc-S 
 Example 14 Library 3 The following library exemplifies the ability of the synthesis method of the present invention to synthesize poly N-acetyllactose amine type II chain of different lengths and modifications. This library include oligosaccharide structures with two branches. The first monosaccharide is bound to the surface via BSA. Table 21 describes the enzymatic reactions that are utilized for the synthesis, while Table 22 describes the enzymatic modules (EM's) utilized and the complex carbohydrate structures formed thereby. To verify the accuracy of the sequential enzymatic synthesis, the oligosaccharide bound to the well is released using a protease and subjected to analysis using HPLC, methylation analysis or MALD-TOF-MS (Rudd, P. M. Dwek, R. A. (1997) Current Opinion in biotechnology 8 488-497). 21 TABLE 21 Enzymatic reactions utilized in the synthesis of library 3 index extension &agr;/&bgr; Pos. acceptor donor Enzymes Cat. No. E.C. D7 &bgr; 4 D-GlcNAc-R UDP-Gal Calbiochem 345650 2.4.1.38 A2 &agr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R CMP-NeuAC Calbiochem 566218 2.4.99.6 B2 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4) &agr; 3 D-GlcNAc-R GDP-L-Fuc Calbiochem 344323 2.4.1.152 H3 &bgr; 3 D-Gal-&bgr;(1,4)-D-GlcNAc-R UDP-GlcNAc Zhou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96 pp. 406-411 22 TABLE 22 EM List EM ERs sequence Structure Formula 1 D7,H3,D7,B2 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3) GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3) GlcNAc-S 2 D7,H3,D7,A2,B2 NeuAC &agr; 2,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3) GlcNAc &bgr; 1,3 Gal &bgr; 1,4 (Fuc &agr; 1,3) GlcNAc-S Thus, the present invention provides an efficient and accurate method for a solid phase synthesis of complex carbohydrates of branched or unbranched structures. Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 
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