Adaptive Temperature Control System for Garments and Methods for Controlling Temperature of Garments

A self-contained apparel temperature control system includes a clamshell body comprising outer and inner components that, when connected, define an interior and an airflow passageway passing from an outside environment through the outer component, through the interior and outside the inner component to an inside environment and a cooling subassembly connected to one of the components and comprising a temperature sensor measuring a temperature value of the inside environment and electronically transmitting the temperature value, a fan moving air from an input side to an output side, and a controller communicating with the fan and the temperature sensor. The controller is programmed to receive the measured temperature value, to compare a set point temperature value with the measured temperature value and to turn off or on the fan dependent upon a comparison of the set point temperature value with the measured temperature value.

Not Applicable

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates generally to a temperature sensing and temperature managing system for use in clothing, body gear, coats, jackets, and other wearable goods having performance requirements where it is beneficial to manage a desired set temperature through active and passive control systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Outerwear, such as jackets or coats, are static combinations of fabrics and materials designed to insulate the wearer from outside temperatures or conditions.

For cold environments, companies have developed specialized fabrics. As can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 8,424,119 to Blackford, a passive material and pattern is shown that reflects and conducts heat. Another variation of specialized fabric is also shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,510,871 to Blackford et al. Of course, for cold weather, clothing includes layers of fabric and insulation to contain body heat. With or without specialized fabric, all these jackets are designed for static temperatures. This means that for the passive wearer, the insulative properties are supposed to be sufficient to maintain a given temperature if properly selected for the right environment and, if the wearer remains passive, a level of comfort will be maintained. However, if conditions change, such as the wearer is active and exerting some level of energy, or the outside temperature increases, the comfort level decreases as the temperature between the jacket and wearer increase.

Thus, a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art systems, designs, and processes as discussed above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide for a temperature control and monitoring system that create a stable temperature system to maintain a desired clothing-to-human interface temperature to make a more comfortable inside environment for the wearer.

An external opening and valve system is designed to open and close at certain temperatures to allow for external air flow to enter the clothing from the outside environment to provide dynamic air mixing within the clothing or within the air space between the wearer and the clothing (herein, the inside environment), thereby control temperature in or under the clothing. The temperatures at which the valve(s) open and close can be preset but, in an exemplary embodiment, are adjusted and set by the wearer.

Such systems, devices, and methods effectively create a personal contained temperature controlled environment that self-adjusts under changing conditions. Increases and decreases in activity, external air temperature, gaps between the wearer and the article of clothing can all be compensated for within the capabilities of the device.

The air control unit can be mostly passive, having at least one vent that can open based on temperature sensors, or active, whereby air is forced by a fan to distribute air where desired. The vent can also be a combination of at least one passive and one active vent.

There is provided a new clothing temperature control system for controlling and altering the temperature within clothing, such as a shirt, a jacket, a coat, a pair of pants, or person-coverable clothing such as a poncho, a scarf, a shawl, a cloak, and a blanket. As used herein, clothing or apparel are defined to include any wearable cloth-like item that is body-shaped or draped over the body; a number of different pieces of clothing and draped items are listed as examples herein. The clothing temperature control system directly controls the input of air from the external environment (also referred to as an input side) and allows a certain volume of the external air to enter the inside environment (also referred to as an output side) and mix with the internal air held within the apparel. For the purposes herein, apparel shall mean all personal attire, including coats, jackets, shirts, pants, boots, etc. By mixing air from the outside with air on the inside, the temperature can be controlled and maintained at a relatively constant rate. The air inside or within clothing, such as a shirt, a jacket, a coat, a pair of pants, or person-coverable clothing such as a poncho, a scarf, a shawl, a cloak, and a blanket is defined as the inside environment or microclimate.

In addition, the apparel temperature control system can monitor the outside and inside air temperatures as well as the internal heat rise rate to determine the best air mixing and air flow conditions to create a constant internal temperature, or one that declines or increases according to a program or user set level or pattern. Thus, the control system, with a built-in controller, microcontroller, or CPU can react and adjust to real time conditions as they occur. An electrical connection is made between the electronic components, such as the controller, the fan, any sensors, and any heaters and communication or transmission of data or values can be direct (e.g., wired) or wireless.

In one exemplary embodiment, a series of self-sealing louvers positioned in an opening are in a first position, such that the louvers are fully closed and louvers contact each other to create a substantially sealed opening such that air flow is restricted (e.g., >90% restriction) or cannot pass. The louvers pivot together in a controlled manner such that, when one louver opens, they are all connected and open approximately the same amount. An inexpensive bimetal thermostat can be set at a given temperature, and the expansion or shrinkage of the bimetal strip connected to the louvers causes the louvers to open and close.

In a second exemplary embodiment, a valve, which biased at rest in a closed position, can be opened by the pressure or vacuum of a small, lightweight, battery or solar-powered fan. An electronic thermostat is connected to at least one temperature sensor placed within the clothing (e.g., jacket), and, in particular, having more than one sensor in multiple locations. The wearer sets the desired temperature on the thermostat and when that temperature is reached, the fan turns on, drawing air past the valve and into or out from the clothing to mix outside and inside air to create the desired temperature environment.

In a third exemplary embodiment, a valve which at rest is in the closed position, can be electronically opened to allow air to passively enter or exit the clothing. An electronic thermostat is connected to at least one temperature sensor placed within the clothing, in particular, more than one sensor in multiple locations. The wearer sets the desired temperature on the thermostat and, when that temperature is reached, the valve opens, allowing air past the valve and into or out from the clothing to mix outside and inside air to create the desired temperature environment.

In another exemplary embodiment, the valve, louvers, intake, or exhaust is manually opened by the user.

In yet another exemplary embodiment the temperature sensing and regulation system can also combine control of the valve and heating elements within the clothing such that a comfortable temperature range can be maintained to handle different environments, such as a desert, glacier, forest, sports field, or Space Station.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an air input can be opened and closed to control external air flow into or out of a jacket, clothing, fabric, or material construct.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening extends through at least a portion of a piece of clothing, jacket, coat, pants or fabric, such that the opening extends to the outside environment.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port allows for air to enter from an outside environment.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port allows for air to exit out into an outside environment.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port hidden behind a porous material allows for air to enter from an outside environment.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port can be manually activated to allow for air to enter or exit a jacket, coat, clothing, blanket, boots, pants, or fabric construct to allow for external air to mix with the internal air.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port is automatically activated at a set temperature range to allow for air to enter or exit a jacket, coat, clothing, blanket, or fabric construct to allow for external air to mix with the internal air.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port is automatically activated at a set temperature range to allow for air to enter into or exit out from a channel, pocket, or air distribution configuration within a jacket, coat, clothing, blanket, or fabric construct to allow for external air to mix with the internal air and be distributed as desired.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port, which allows for external air to enter or exit when in the open position, is normally in the closed and sealed position.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port, which allows for external air to enter or exit when in the open position, remains in the closed and sealed position until the temperature control system opens or reopens the opening or port.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port, which allows for external air to enter or exit when in the open position, remains in the closed and sealed position until the temperature control system opens the opening or port by activating a fan that creates a vacuum to pull the valve into the open position.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system where an opening or port, which allows for external air to enter or exit when in the open position, remains in the closed and sealed position until the temperature control system opens the opening or port by activating a fan that creates a sufficient air flow force to open the valve.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature sensor is built into an independent unit that can be attached to fabric, jacket, clothing, coat, blanket, or other fabric material.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby at least one temperature sensor is placed remotely within the clothing, jacket, coat, etc., such that the temperature can be read at some distance away from the temperature controller.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby multiple temperature sensors are placed in different areas within the clothing, jacket, coat, etc., such that the temperature can be taken at multiple locations to create an average body temperature. For example, sensors can be located at the front and back of the torso. This can be one sensor, or multiple sensors placed at different points on the front and back to create a temperature map. Additional sensors in the arms, legs, neck, and/or head, such as in a cap or helmet can also provide data to the temperature control unit. This data can be managed and averaged or weighted as more or less important via the software.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the desired user temperature is set manually.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the desired user temperature is set electronically.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control is BLUETOOTH® or WiFi® enabled, thereby permitting an external remote device, such as a watch, a smartphone, a pad, or any equivalent, allows for the temperature to be set through the remote device.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control is BLUETOOTH® or WiFi® enabled, thereby permitting an external remote device, such as a watch, a smartphone, a pad, or any equivalent, allows for the temperature to be set through the remote device and the temperature range is monitored and recorded during a desired or set period of time.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control is BLUETOOTH® or WiFi® enabled such that a remote device, such as a watch, a smartphone, a pad, or any equivalent, allows for the temperature to be set through the external device and the temperature range is monitored and recorded during a desired or set period of time and the collected date used to optimize the timing of the opening and closing of the air system.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system has at least one indicator light that activates when the unit is turned on to indicate power is active to the unit.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system has at least one indicator light that activates when the unit is turned on to indicate power is active to the unit and changes color to indicate power remaining in the battery.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system has at least one indicator light that activates when the unit is turned on, where the indicator light is in the shape of a ring, a circle a triangle, a square, a rounded square, a rectangle, a rounded rectangle, or other geometrical form.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system has at least one indicator light that activates when the unit is turned on, where the indicator light is in the shape of a ring or other geometrical form and the color of the indicator light can be set by the user either on the device or by a remote device.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system is attached to a fabric surface such that a portion extends beyond the fabric surface.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system is attached to a fabric surface such that a portion extends beyond the fabric surface external to the jacket, clothing, blanket, or apparel.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system is attached to a fabric surface such that a portion extends beyond the fabric surface external to the jacket, clothing, blanket, or apparel and is flush to the inside surface.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby at least part of the temperature control system is attached to a fabric surface through an opening such that a portion of the temperature control unit extends beyond the fabric surface opening external to the jacket, clothing, blanket, or apparel and extends past the inner attachment surface.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system is removably attached to a fabric surface.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby at least part of the temperature control system is removably attached to a fabric surface.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system maintains a preset temperature or preset range within a jacket, coat, blanket, or other piece of apparel.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system monitors the temperature within a jacket, coat, blanket, or other piece of apparel and compensates a rate of temperature rise according to a program that alters the volume of air input to allow for constantly changing air mixing according to physical conditions of the user.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system comprises a filter and monitors the temperature within a jacket, coat, blanket, or other piece of apparel by allowing filtered air to enter the apparel.

The present systems, apparatuses, and methods provide a temperature control system whereby the temperature control system monitors the temperature within a jacket, coat, blanket, or other piece of apparel by allowing filtered air and preventing rain from entering the apparel.

With the foregoing and other objects in view, there is provided, a self-contained apparel temperature control system comprising a clamshell-type body comprising an outer component and an inner component that, when connected together, define a hollow interior and an airflow passageway passing from an outside environment through the outer component, into and through the hollow interior, and through and outside the inner component to an inside environment and a cooling subassembly connected to one of the outer and inner components. The cooling subassembly comprises at least one temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature value of the inside environment and to electronically transmit the measured temperature value, a fan configured to move air from an input side to an output side, and a controller electronically connected to the fan and to the at least one temperature sensor. The controller is programmed to receive the measured temperature value, to compare a set point temperature value with the measured temperature value, and to turn off or on the fan dependent upon a comparison of the set point temperature value with the measured temperature value. The body is sized to be attached to apparel of a user. The outer component is configured to attach to the inner component with the outer component adjacent an outer surface of the apparel in the outside environment of the user and the inner component adjacent the inner surface of the apparel in an inside environment of the apparel adjacent the user. The measured temperature value is a temperature of the inside environment and, responsive to being turned on, the fan moves air from the outside environment to the inside environment.

With the objects in view, there is also provided a self-contained apparel temperature control system comprises a clamshell-type body comprising an outer component and an inner component that, when connected together, define a hollow interior and an airflow passageway passing from an outside environment through the outer component, into and through the hollow interior, and through and outside the inner component to an inside environment and a cooling subassembly connected to one of the outer and inner components. The cooling subassembly comprises at least one temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature value of the inside environment and to electronically transmit the measured temperature value, a fan configured to move air from an input side to an output side, and a controller electronically connected to the fan and to the at least one temperature sensor. The controller is programmed to receive the measured temperature value, to compare a set point temperature value with the measured temperature value, and to turn off or on the fan dependent upon a comparison of the set point temperature value with the measured temperature value.

In accordance with another feature, the temperature of the inside environment is controlled by regulating a volume of air entering from the outside environment.

In accordance with a further feature, the airflow passageway defines an outside environment inlet and which further comprises a valve disposed between the input side of the fan and the outside environment inlet and configured to prevent air from entering the inlet.

In accordance with an added feature, the valve is configured to open while the fan is running.

In accordance with an additional feature, there is provided a piece of apparel, the outer and inner components clamped together on opposing sides of the apparel, the outer environment being the environment outside the apparel and the inner environment being the environment inside the apparel, and, responsive to being turned on, the fan forces air into the inner environment from the outer environment.

In accordance with yet another feature, the airflow passageway defines an outside environment inlet and an inside environment outlet and the apparel comprises at least one of openings and channels fluidically connected to the inside environment outlet such that, responsive to the fan being turned on, air is forced by the fan through the at least one of openings and channels to be distributed about various locations within the inner environment.

In accordance with yet a further feature, the at least one temperature sensor comprises an inside environment temperature sensor and an outside environment temperature sensor, the inside environment temperature sensor is configured to measure an inside temperature value of the inside environment and to electronically transmit the measured inside temperature value to the controller, the outside environment temperature sensor is configured to measure an outside temperature value of the outside environment and to electronically transmit the measured outside temperature value to the controller. The controller is electronically connected to the fan and to the inside and outside temperature sensors and is programmed to receive the measured inside and outside temperature values, to compare the measured inside and outside temperature values, and to turn off or on the fan dependent upon a comparison of at least two of the set point temperature value, the measured inside temperature value, and the measured outside temperature value.

In accordance with yet an added feature, the at least one temperature sensor comprises a humidity sensor configured to measure a humidity value of the inside environment and to electronically transmit the measured humidity value to the controller and the controller is programmed to receive the measured humidity value, to compare a set point humidity value with the measured humidity value, and to turn off or on the fan dependent upon a comparison of the set point humidity value with the measured humidity value.

In accordance with yet an additional feature, the controller is programmed to periodically receive the measured temperature value and to compare the set point temperature value with the measured temperature value and to turn off and on the fan periodically to keep the measured temperature value at a given value. The given value is user-adjustable.

In accordance with again another feature, the fan is a variable speed fan and the controller is programmed to control a speed of the variable speed fan to optimize a volume of air entering the inside environment.

In accordance with again a further feature, the controller is programmed to keep the interior temperature at a given temperature and to keep the interior humidity at a given humidity.

In accordance with again an added feature, the given temperature and the given humidity are each user-adjustable.

In accordance with again an additional feature, there is provided a wireless communication device operatively connected to the controller and configured to receive the set point temperature value and provide it to the controller and a remote control configured to wirelessly transmit the set point temperature value to the controller.

In accordance with still another feature, there is provided a plurality of apparel temperature control devices each comprising the body and the cooling subassembly.

In accordance with still a further feature, there are provided wireless communication devices each operatively connected to the controller of each of the plurality of temperature control devices and configured to receive a set point temperature value and provide it to a respective controller and a remote control configured to wirelessly transmit the same set point temperature values to the wireless communication devices.

In accordance with still an added feature, there are provided wireless communication devices each operatively connected to the controller of each of the plurality of temperature control devices and configured to receive a respective set point temperature value and provide it to a respective controller and a remote control configured to wirelessly transmit set point temperature values to each of the wireless communication devices.

In accordance with still an additional feature, there is provided at least one heating element operatively connected to the controller, the controller programmed to power the heating element dependent upon a comparison of the set point temperature value with the measured temperature value.

In accordance with still an additional feature, the airflow passageway defines an inside environment outlet and which further comprises tubing fluidically connecting the inside environment outlet to different locations within the inside environment.

In accordance with still an additional feature, the tubing is constructed from a flat sheet of material formed to create a flexible tube and coated with a non-porous flexible coating.

In accordance with a concomitant feature, the body is sized to be attached to apparel of a user, the outer component is configured to attach to the inner component with the outer component adjacent an outer surface of the apparel in the outside environment of the user and the inner component adjacent the inner surface of the apparel in an inside environment of the apparel adjacent the user, the measured temperature value is a temperature of the inside environment, and, responsive to being turned on, the fan moves air from the outside environment to the inside environment.

Although the systems, apparatuses, and methods are illustrated and described herein as embodied in the adaptive temperature control system, it is, nevertheless, not intended to be limited to the details shown because various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. Additionally, well-known elements of exemplary embodiments will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the systems, apparatuses, and methods.

Additional advantages and other features characteristic of the systems, apparatuses, and methods will be set forth in the detailed description that follows and may be apparent from the detailed description or may be learned by practice of exemplary embodiments. Still other advantages of the systems, apparatuses, and methods may be realized by any of the instrumentalities, methods, or combinations particularly pointed out in the claims.

Other features that are considered as characteristic for the systems, apparatuses, and methods are set forth in the appended claims. As required, detailed embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the systems, apparatuses, and methods, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of ordinary skill in the art to variously employ the systems, apparatuses, and methods in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting; but rather, to provide an understandable description of the systems, apparatuses, and methods. While the specification concludes with claims defining the systems, apparatuses, and methods of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the systems, apparatuses, and methods will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

As required, detailed embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the systems, apparatuses, and methods, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the systems, apparatuses, and methods in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting; but rather, to provide an understandable description of the systems, apparatuses, and methods. While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the systems, apparatuses, and methods that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the systems, apparatuses, and methods will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward.

As required, detailed embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the systems, apparatuses, and methods, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the systems, apparatuses, and methods in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting; but rather, to provide an understandable description of the systems, apparatuses, and methods. While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the systems, apparatuses, and methods that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the systems, apparatuses, and methods will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward.

Alternate embodiments may be devised without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. Additionally, well-known elements of exemplary embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the systems, apparatuses, and methods.

Before the systems, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element. The terms “including” and/or “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality,” as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another,” as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The description may use the terms “embodiment” or “embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments.

For the purposes of the description, a phrase in the form “A/B” or in the form “A and/or B” or in the form “at least one of A and B” means (A), (B), or (A and B), where A and B are variables indicating a particular object or attribute. When used, this phrase is intended to and is hereby defined as a choice of A or B or both A and B, which is similar to the phrase “and/or”. Where more than two variables are present in such a phrase, this phrase is hereby defined as including only one of the variables, any one of the variables, any combination of any of the variables, and all of the variables, for example, a phrase in the form “at least one of A, B, and C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C).

Relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The description may use perspective-based descriptions such as up/down, back/front, top/bottom, and proximal/distal. Such descriptions are merely used to facilitate the discussion and are not intended to restrict the application of disclosed embodiments. Various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful in understanding embodiments; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent.

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” applies to all numeric values, whether or not explicitly indicated. These terms generally refer to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited values (i.e., having the same function or result). In many instances these terms may include numbers that are rounded to the nearest significant figure. As used herein, the terms “substantial” and “substantially” means, when comparing various parts to one another, that the parts being compared are equal to or are so close enough in dimension that one skill in the art would consider the same. Substantial and substantially, as used herein, are not limited to a single dimension and specifically include a range of values for those parts being compared. The range of values, both above and below (e.g., “+/−” or greater/lesser or larger/smaller), includes a variance that one skilled in the art would know to be a reasonable tolerance for the parts mentioned.

It will be appreciated that embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein may be comprised of one or more conventional processors and unique stored program instructions that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits and other elements, some, most, or all of the functions of the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein. The non-processor circuits may include, but are not limited to, signal drivers, clock circuits, power source circuits, and user input and output elements. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of these approaches could also be used. Thus, methods and means for these functions have been described herein.

The terms “program,” “software,” “software application,” and the like as used herein, are defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system or programmable device. A “program,” “software,” “application,” “computer program,” or “software application” may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, any computer language logic, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.

Herein various embodiments of the systems, apparatuses, and methods are described. In many of the different embodiments, features are similar. Therefore, to avoid redundancy, repetitive description of these similar features may not be made in some circumstances. It shall be understood, however, that description of a first-appearing feature applies to the later described similar feature and each respective description, therefore, is to be incorporated therein without such repetition.

Described now are exemplary embodiments of the present systems, apparatuses, and methods. Referring now to the figures of the drawings in detail, there is shown a first embodiment of the apparel temperature control system, illustrated generally at100, as shown inFIG.1. The case1has a front face1a, back face1b, outer face1c, outer edge1d, and inner edge1e. In this example, the front face1ais tapered or chamfered from outer edge1dto inner edge1e. This creates a sleek look while reducing material weight. Multiple inner openings comprise faces1f,1g,1j, and1hthat create spokes1pthat support a central hub1k. In this example, there are 6 openings and 6 spokes. This number can be altered for structural or ornamental reasons. The openings create an edge1m. While edge1mand inner edge1ecould overlap, machining or molding tolerances could make a singular line or curve having variations. By leaving a gap, the look is more consistent and avoids the possibility of a somewhat sharp edge. A cut-out or location1nis provided for a digital display. This can be cut in from the front for mounting the display, or cut in from the back. The case1could also be molded from transparent or translucent material such that the display would show through front face1a. A fan2having a rear face2bis connected to the case1. This can be connected by hardware, adhesives, or ultrasonic welding, for example. In addition, the case1and fan2can be assembled as a single unit for insertion into the apparel or the fan2be attached after, wedging the fabric between the fan2and the case1. A digital display3can display any or all of the set temperature, the internal and external temperatures, the battery life, messages, and any other necessary display information. The size of the display and its location can be altered from that shown inFIG.1. A control button4having a touchable surface4ais used to provide user input to the electronics. This control button4can be a standard push button that, by pressing, causes contacts to touch, as in a membrane switch, or can be a button activated by electrostatic discharge. A control button5has a touchable surface5a, and a button6has a touchable surface6a. In this configuration, button4controls decreasing the temperature, button5controls increasing the temperature, and button6turns the unit on and sets the baseline temperature. Of course, combinations of pressing more than one button simultaneously can create other functions, such has different data readouts or setting a temperature pattern or recalling a preexisting temperature or pattern, to name a few. In addition, the functions of the buttons can be swapped and more or less buttons used as needed to add or subtract functions. With wireless connection (e.g., BLUETOOTH®) to a remote device, such as a smart watch, a button or buttons can be eliminated, as control of the unit can be done remotely. In this embodiment, when button6is pressed, the temperature sensing unit starts monitoring the internal apparel temperature to determine an initial baseline temperature. This provides the starting reference for a comfortable internal apparel temperature. Once the baseline is established, it can be adjusted up or down, according to user preference.

The shape of the case can be other shapes, including but not restricted to a square, a rectangle, an oval, or a multi-sided polygon, such as a pentagon, hexagon, octagon, or other desired shape.

InFIG.2, the back of the apparel temperature control system100is shown in more detail. The fan2is connected to the case1by mechanical, adhesive, or ultrasonic welding, as examples. In a beneficial exemplary embodiment, the fan2is attached mechanically so it can easily be replaced, if necessary. The fan2has a front face2a, back face2b, a first side2c, second side2d, a bottom face2e, and a top face2f. Mounting holes2hallow for mechanical fastening, if desired. The fan rotor2ris connected to the non-illustrated, integral fan motor. The fan2can be constructed with a DC brush motor or, in particular, a DC brushless motor. It is noted that the size of the fan can be very small and that the drawing figures are only representative of the various embodiments. The fan2can also be a blower design, depending on the configuration and size.

Choosing which fan to use is a balance of characteristics. Air flow volume, size, weight, and pressure capability are all key to performance. Insufficient air flow will not allow for cooling to keep pace with heat and/or humidity extraction. Insufficient air pressure would not allow for air to move freely around the body or move through tubing. In one embodiment, the tubing is constructed from flat material. This tube remains flat until sufficient pressure and air flow from the fan inflates it, making fan characteristics key elements. At the same time, weight, size, power and power consumption create practical restrictions. For an athlete, every gram is more weight they must carry, which can affect performance. Too large, and the temperature control system may interfere with motion or make it uncomfortable to wear. Drawing too much power requires larger and heavier batteries. Therefore, it is important to choose a fan or blower as small and light as possible that meets all the needed characteristics. Ideally, a fan or blower that falls within a size range of 17 mm×17 mm×8 mm to a maximum of 40 mm×40 mm×10 mm is preferred. This covers an air flow range of 0.9 cubic feet per minute to 8.0 cubic feet per minute, with weight ranging from approximately 3.9 grams to 15.6 grams. The specific fan within this range can be chosen to meet the remaining characteristics. Additional selectable characteristics include dust resistance along with moisture and water resistance. These fans are all available with speed control.

InFIG.3, the back of the apparel temperature control system100is shown without the fan. The case1shows the continuation of the openings and spokes through the case that open into chamber1w. Chamber1wis larger than the diameter of face1f, which creates a lip with an inner edge1rand outer edge1q, and a flat surface1x. External surface1sis a ring that extends from the back surface1b. A connector1vprovides a singular port for connection of the wiring to the rest of the system. A central post1twith a top surface1ufits within a hole7dof the valve7to center the valve7within the chamber1w. The valve7is a flexible polymer disc having a front face7a, back face7b, edge7c, and the hole7d. In a normally closed position (e.g., steady state), the polymer front face7aseals against flat surface1x. When the fan2draws a vacuum, the polymer disc elastically distorts, allowing air to pass by the valve7. By placing the fan2behind the polymer disc of the valve7, a debris and fan blade guard is built in. Of course, the fan2can be placed in front of the valve7such that pressure is used to force the polymer disc open.

InFIG.4, the exemplary embodiment of the apparel temperature control system100is shown attached or mounted to clothing8in the exemplary form of a jacket. In this example, the case1is attached to the jacket at the left breast. The size of the apparel temperature control system is shown inFIG.4as a large unit, in a particular embodiment, the unit is smaller. The unit is out of scale inFIG.4in order to show more details of the unit. When the fan2is activated, air is pulled past the valve7and through the openings in the case1. This air is blended with the air inside the jacket8. While this air can be directly brought into the jacket8and blown directly against the wearer, in a particularly useful embodiment, the air from the fan is directed to pre-set desired locations. A liner having channels with distributed porosity or holes, for example, provides air distribution over a larger area. While not necessary, it is beneficial to have at least a partial seal or excellent fit around the bottom of the jacket to the wearer, which can be accomplished with a snow skirt type fabric component that contracts around the body. This can also be accomplished by including an elastic liner that expands or contracts to fit as the wearer zips or closes the jacket. A further mechanical embodiment includes or add a lower drawstring to cinch the bottom edge of the jacket8, or a circumference above the bottom edge, around the user.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparel temperature control system100is powered by a battery, in particular, a light-weight, high-energy density, lithium-ion battery or better technology. The goal in preferring such technology is to keep the weight down while providing a reliable power source. For long outings, solar cells/panels can be attached to the apparel and be connected to the temperature control system100to allow for recharging while wearing the apparel or for recharging after such wear. Flexible solar cells or panels can be matched to fit curves, such as the shoulders of the apparel8. Together, the fan, the sensor, and the controller comprise a cooling subassembly of the apparel temperature control system100.

FIG.5shows a further exemplary embodiment of an apparel temperature control system150. In this embodiment, a filter unit10has been added to the front (i.e., the side facing out from the user) of the temperature control unit1. A front cover and filter holder9of the filter unit10has a front face9a, a back face9b, an external surface9c, and grooves9d. The filter unit10has a front face10a, a back face10b, and an outer diameter surface10c. The filter unit10is constructed from a non-illustrated porous filtering media that allows for air to pass through but removes dirt and debris. The media can be, for example, a porous polymer, a filter paper construct, and natural porous materials to name a few. In addition, material for the filter can be hydrophobic, thereby shedding water off the filter while allowing air to enter and pass through. Such a configuration is ideal for wet environments or the unexpected rain storm. The filter unit10prevents debris from entering the temperature control unit1and the apparel, in particular protecting the unit while keeping debris outside of the apparel.

FIGS.6and7show more details of the apparel temperature control system150. The front cover and filter holder9has a threaded connection9tthat matches the threads1yon the temperature sensing unit1. In this example, the material of the filter is in the shape of a ring. An inner bore10dof the ring slides over cylinder9gof the front cover and filter holder9. Cylinder9ghas a front face9fThe ring of the filter material can be compressible such that, as threads9tand1yare engaged and tightened, the filter material compresses against front face1aand/or between the flat face created on the front between inner edge1eand edge1m. The screw on-and-off capability of this filter unit10makes it easy to replace. There are other ways to add the filter, including having the filter unit attach by a bayonet connection or to have a non-illustrated pocket already attached to the front1aof the temperature control unit1such that the filter material (e.g., the ring) can be slid into the pocket. Also, the front cover and filter holder9, itself, can be constructed from a porous material or it can have openings to allow for more air to pass.

FIG.8shows an apparel temperature control system200with the fan and an air input in a different configuration to accomplish the same goal. In this example, the temperature control unit20is square with a front surface20a, back surface20b, a first side20c, second side20d, top surface20e, and lower surface20f. The display3is attached to, recessed into, or secured from the inside of the front face1a. The edge of the front face1ais chamfered20h, with corner radii20g. These features give the unit a clean look, but can be altered as needed, as can the shape in general. Switches22and24control the function of the unit. As per the previous design, they can be membrane switches, push buttons, or other types of switches. An air flow channel26has a front face26a, back face26b, a first side26c, second side26d, bottom face26e, and top face26f. An opening26hhas a top surface26j, bottom surface26k, a first side26m, and second side26n. The opening continues from the front face26ato the back face26b. While this opening is shown as a rectangle, it can be other shapes, including round, square, or any other geometrical shape. The inside of the air flow channel26is hollow, to allow air to enter through opening26hand be pulled up and into the apparel by the fan. A valve to keep air out when the fan is not working can be in the same configuration as the previous embodiment or contained within air channel26. The valve can be one of a number of valves, including a flap valve that pivots up and down, closing off the air flow channel26. In an exemplary embodiment of the valve, gravity is used to keep it in the down position when there is no air flow, and the flap can also be flexible such that the force from the flap material is springy enough to create some downward force to assist in sealing. A spring can also be used, if necessary or desired. There are other types of valves, including ball valves, duck bill valves, etc., that can be fit within the air flow channel26. This configuration can also accept filter material into the opening26h, or an additional opening can be added to the top26fto allow for sliding in filter material or a filter cartridge. The valve can also be used to keep water out, such as in extreme conditions where the air intake is submerged.

By placing the air intake opening below the fan or blower, any rain has to flow upwards in order to enter the apparel. The amount of air moved by the fan or blower is not extreme. This means that most, if not all, of any small amounts of water, simply never make it up the air channel, allowing the inside of the jacket to remain dry even in heavy rain. Of course, a flap of fabric, plastic, or rubber over the opening that is porous or allows air to flow can also be used to help keep out rain and dust.

InFIG.9, it can be seen that the temperature control unit20is removable from the air flow channel26. While there are multiple ways to configure this, including tabs, snap in tabs, threads, a retention set screw, etc., this example uses a bayonet approach. One or more teeth20nextend from a cylinder20k, which has a front face20m. The air flow channel26has an extension26pthat has a front face26q, openings26rfor accepting the teeth20n, and a groove26t, which allows the teeth20nto rotate therewithin. To attach the temperature control unit20, the unit20is turned at an angle to align the grooves26rand the teeth20n. The unit20is pushed in and turned to engage the bayonet features to secure the unit20to the air flow channel26.

InFIG.10, the fan unit is built into an extended cylindrical portion20v, in contrast toFIG.9. An air input opening20waligns with the hollow opening within air channel26, such that when temperature control unit20is properly positioned, air can freely flow through the fan and opening26h, and past the valve. The advantage of embodiment is that all the key electronics can be contained within the temperature control unit20. Thus, when the unit20is removed, the apparel can be washed without affecting the electronics.

The air flow channel26can also be a shorter tube, long enough to contain the valve and necessary attachments, but with an open end that connects to a fabric tube or pocket that has an opening or porous covering to let air in. Such a configuration allows for many variations based on the thickness or type of the apparel.

One or more temperature sensors can be connected to one or more contacts that are built into the air flow channel26. Thus, when the bayonet is turned, or another locking mechanism engaged, the contacts touch, creating the necessary circuit(s) to activate the sensors. The battery, depending on power draw, can be built into the temperature control unit1,20, or contained separately within a pocket or pouch in the apparel and electrically connected to the unit1,20when the unit1,20is secured to the apparel. Should it be desired, heating elements can be added within the apparel, and the temperature control unit1,20can turn the heating elements on and off as needed to meet higher temperature requirements.

By placing multiple temperature sensors within the apparel, an accurate map can be made to control and set the desired temperature. Of course, one sensor can be used, but more than one sensor can provide a better overall picture. In an exemplary embodiment the output voltage of the temperature sensor(s) varies according to the temperature of the environment in which the sensor resides. A controller of the temperature control unit1,20(e.g., a CPU) can read each sensor and come up with an average, or the software can adjust the result by weighting the value of a particular sensor to come up with a weighted average. The adjustment(s) can be automatic or the user can make adjustments as needed. For example, a jacket8is set-up with four temperature sensors. These sensors can be infrared, contact, thermocouples, etc. For the purposes of this example, the four sensors are Type K waterproof thermocouples. They are small, precise, react quickly to temperature changes, inexpensive, and can be left in the jacket when it is washed. By placing the four sensors in different locations, such as the upper back, the lower back, the chest, and the stomach, it is likely each sensor will register a different temperature. The temperature controller sends power to the thermocouples and measures the voltage returning from each thermocouple. With data from the four sensors, an accurate internal jacket temperature map is generated. Taking this one step further, if the jacket is open at the bottom and the lower back sensor is close to the bottom, the temperature may vary greatly from the others. The controller can measure this periodically, constantly, or on a user-set schedule and compare the measurement to the other sensors. The controller software program can then use the data as-is, or weight it, such that one or more readings become less important than one or more of the others, or valued higher. With data collected and treated according to the controller software, the controller has enough information to control the fan or blower to turn on and off as well as to adjust a speed of the fan or blower. If the jacket is equipped with a heating element(s) and the temperature drops to a set point or below, the temperature controller can also regulate that heating element(s).

By including another sensor in this example, the thermocouple can be placed to measure air temperature in the outside environment. With this, the controller has more complete data on the internal and external conditions. This allows for the controller and software to determine how much external air should be mixed with inside air and control this through fan speed and/or turning the fan on or off. In cold environments, if the jacket interior is too hot, adding cold air in slowly and in a controlled manner lead to a more accurate and stable internal environment, minimizing or eliminating overshooting the desired temperature by adding too much cold air.

Sensors for temperature and humidity are readily available. Examples include DHT22 by Aosong, TMP36 by TMP, DS18B20, by Dallas, and a series of sensors by SENSIRION AG, including SHT11, SHT40, and SHT85 among others. Some of the SENSIRION AG sensors are also water resistant to the IP67 standard. This allows for the sensor to be submerged up to 1 meter in water for up to 30 minutes, allowing the sensors to remain in place in the jacket or apparel for the purposes of washing or exposure to rain. When used herein, measuring a temperature or a temperature value means that a reading is taken that corresponds directly or indirectly to the temperature of the particular environment, e.g., the outside or inside. A given sensor may return a voltage value, for example, which may not be equal to a temperature but it is a value that can correspond to a temperature value that the controller can receive (wired or wirelessly) and interpret as a particular temperature.

In certain applications, such as heavy physical exertion or certain medical conditions, such as menopause related hot flashes, sensing humidity maybe just as important as or more important than sensing temperature. By using a sensor to detect humidity, the temperature control unit can respond directly to humidity changes, increasing or decreasing air flow to cool the skin by circulating air to cause evaporation of perspiration.

In general, the embodiments can use either a fan or blower to meet the air flow requirements. Furthermore, as the fan or blower is moving the air, the temperature controller unit1,20can have a built-in heating element. For example, inFIG.10, extended cylindrical portion20vcan contain one or more heating elements. When heat is required, the temperature control unit20turns on power to the heating elements. Because air flow distributes the heat, this method of heating is more uniform than jackets having fixed heating elements, which can only heat up sections of the jacket. The amount of power controls how hot the heating element temperature reaches. Of course, when using heating elements, the power requirements increase, and so does the size of the battery. Weight must be carefully considered against heating requirements to avoid the risk of the apparel becoming uncomfortably heavy. It is also possible to add cooling, such that the air coming in is cooled as it passes over or through a heat exchanger, with the cooling coming from one or more Peltier modules, for example, or other alternative cooling system. However, this brings issues of weight, power draw, and the need to dispense of the heat generated by the Peltier module(s). Together, the fan, the sensor, and the controller (as well as the optional heating element(s)) comprise a cooling subassembly of the apparel temperature control system200.

For apparel constructed with materials that do not absorb perspiration, such as waterproof membranes, the temperature control systems described herein have additional value. Waterproof membranes can be uncomfortable, as perspiration builds up and makes the fabric uncomfortable to wear. The temperature control unit1,20can be used to force air into the apparel to reduce the humidity inside the jacket and make the jacket much more comfortable. Also, in combination with or in place of the temperature sensors, at least one humidity sensor can be built into the temperature control unit or in the apparel.

The novel invention described herein has significant value for the normal wearer as well as for extreme users bearing extraordinarily high activity levels. For example, an individual decides to walk an arduous trail with an outdoor starting temperature of 45 degrees F. The outdoor environment is also changing temperature and increasing to 50 degrees over the length of the walk. If the wearer chooses to dress for the start temperature, they will be uncomfortably hot at some point during the walk. Exertion energy generates heat, which, with the outdoor increasing heat, will likely require unzipping the jacket, removing layers, or removing the jacket. Dressing for the end temperature means the start of the walk is uncomfortably cold. By using the temperature control system, as the temperature increases for the wearer, the unit compensates and effectively provides cooling at a time when it is needed. The reverse is also true when the environment starts out warmer and becomes colder. Instead of the temperature control unit1,20coming on during the hike, the unit1,20can start cooling and slowly shut down as the environment becomes cooler. This allows the wearer to start with warmer apparel or more layers at the start, and later saving stops along the way to adjust while maintaining a desired temperature. As the system100,150,200,300,400can monitor the wearer's temperature as well as the outside air temperature, as long as the temperature differential is in the proper direction, internal temperature can be maintained. In addition, the unit can include a heating unit or elements that can be controlled by the temperature control unit1,20to further compensate for cold conditions.

There are other manual ways of accomplishing the task of temperature control described herein. A bimetal strip expands and contracts as the environment temperature around the bimetal strip changes. This mechanical approach can be used to pull and push on louvers, to open or close a gate, or to open/close another mechanical device. The temperature can also be set manually by turning a dial that adjusts tension on the bimetal strip. The measure for heat exchange can simply be a port in the apparel that opens to allow air in or out, or can be used with the fan or blower, as in the configurations described herein. If used with a fan or blower, when air is allowed to flow, a contact or switch can automatically turn on the fan. Of course, in its simplest form, the air opening can be opened and closed manually. While this may not be the most efficient manner of temperature control, it is very inexpensive to add to apparel.

FIGS.11through22show another exemplary embodiment of an apparel temperature control system300. Specifically,FIG.11shows a top component30having a top surface30a, a bottom face30b, an external cylindrical wall surface30c, and a front face30d. A chamfer or angled face30econnects the top face30ato the wall surface30c. At the intersection edge of the top face30aand the angled face30e, a blend radius30fsmooths the transition and eliminates any sharp edge. The geometry can be different and, for example, be oval, square, multi-sided, such as octagonal, or a variety of other shapes. A central support30gprovides support to the front face30dafter the D-shaped holes30hare formed in the top component30. The central support30galso provides an internal attachment point for a valve36. A blend radius30jsmooths the transition edge between the front face30dand the rest of the external body of the top component30. A blend radius30kremoves any sharp edges between the front face30dand the openings30h. The blend radius30khelps minimize or eliminate any air turbulence that could be created by a sharp edge as air flows through the openings30h. Holes30mallow for air to enter a cavity within the top component30. These holes30mallow for outside air to contact a temperature sensor42. While shown as an array of small holes, the number, shape, and size of the holes can vary. The blend radius30ncreates a smooth transition to the front in conjunction with the blend radius30j. A groove30pis cut or formed into an internal wall30qof the top component30. This groove30pis optional but provides a stop point for engagement with a base32, shown in later figures. The wall surface30cdefines two cutouts, each of which create a side face30r, a side face30s, and a top face30t. A blend radius30ueliminates any sharp edge at the bottom of the top component30here at the cutouts and around the lower circumference.

FIG.12shows internal details of the top component30. The groove30p, when formed or cut into the internal wall30q, creates the edge and stop30x. An optional alignment key30yis shown to assist in aligning the top component30and a base component32(shown starting inFIG.15). An inside face30zprovides a surface for engagement with the valve36. Pins30aaextend from the inside of the central support30gto align and hold the valve36. The pins are shown as round but they can be square or another shape, as well as be reduced to a single pin that is, in particular, not round to assure alignment of the valve36with the holes30h. A fan holder of the top component30comprises sides30aband30ajand inner pocket30akfor receiving and holding a fan40(FIG.14). The fan holder is suspended from the inside top30avby at least one post30an, to create a gap between the inside top30avand a top of the fan holder30ag. The post30ancan also have a lip30aw, which helps position the fan40and prevents the fan40from being pushed too far into the inner pocket30ak. By using additive manufacturing, the fan holder and other features shown inFIG.12can be printed in one piece. Of course, the fan holder can be formed separately and attached mechanically and/or with adhesive. The fan holder has radius32amon the corners. A sensor holder30bccomprises a pocket30ayfor receiving a sensor (shown diagrammatically with dashed lines) and at least one opening that connects to openings30m. The sensor holder30bchas a lower surface30adand a groove30ba. The groove30bacreates a circular portion that extends into the base32, which helps to seal and insulate the sensor42so it read the outside air temperature and is substantially not reading the internal temperature of the device. The circular portion also substantially prevents air flow from the fan40from affecting the reading of outside temperature by the sensor42. A blend radius30nsmooths a transition from the circular wall surface30cto the front. While optional, depending on the material used for the top component inside ribs30apadd strength while reducing overall thickness.

FIG.13shows a sectional view of the top component30. The valve36in this embodiment is a flexible membrane that is located over pins30aa. The valve36is shown inFIG.19. The flexible membrane of the valve36is held in position through the pins30aaand is secured into position by a retainer38that slides over the pins. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the pins30aacan have at least one barb or feature such that, when the flexible valve36is slid over the pins30aa, the membrane expands to accept the barbs or feature and then returns towards its steady state size to lock the membrane onto the pins30aa.FIG.13also provides a better view of the air gap between the inside top30avand the fan holder top30ag. As discussed above, the pins can be singular and/or of other shapes.

FIG.14shows a top component30of the apparel temperature control system300with the fan40and the sensor42installed. The fan40has a lower face40b. Air flow in this embodiment is configured such that the fan40pulls air in through the valve36, through the air gap above the fan40, through the fan40, and out in the direction of the fan bottom face40b. The wires from the fan and sensor (not shown) can be connected directly to the control circuit. The control circuit containing the CPU and circuit board can be placed in a different location such as a pocket in front, side, or back, and can contain the battery as well. Miniature electronics and control circuit can also be placed within the temperature control unit itself. One reason for placing the fan40, the sensor42, and the control circuit in the top component30is to allow the top component30to be removable when washing the fabric or material to which the apparel temperature control system300is attached; this avoids submerging the electronic components of the apparel temperature control system300fan as well as allows for easy replacement of any of the fan40, the sensor42, and the valve36, if needed. Any additional electrical components, such as LED indicators or readouts, can also be contained in the top component30. Pulling off the top component30exposes a connector (e.g., a multi-pin electronic connector) that can be manually disconnected; however, in a particular embodiment, non-illustrated electrical contacts are provided on the top component30and the base32that automatically disengage when the top component30is removed from the base32and automatically engage when the top component30is connected to the base32. These contacts can be added as separate conductive contacts or can be printed in place with conductive polymers, e.g., used in 3D printing. When the top component contains only the fan and sensor, and a separate holder contains the CPU, battery, and other components, the top component and separate holder can be removed prior to washing. A waterproof fan and sensor would allow component30, fan, and sensor to remain in place during washing.

FIGS.15,16, and17show the base32of the apparel temperature control system300. InFIG.15, the base32has a top face32a, a bottom face32b, and an outer surface32c. A cylindrical extension32dis smaller than the outside diameter of the outer surface32c, creating a lip32e. A blend radius32feliminates a sharp edge at the intersection of the lip32eand the outside diameter of the outer surface32c. An opening formed or cut through top face32ain this embodiment is square and creates surfaces32h,32g, and32j. The corners are radiused with corner radii32k. The thickness of the top extends from the top face32ato an undercut face32q, which leaves a gap between the undercut face32qand an inside bottom face32m. Optional ribs32nallow for reinforcement of the bottom and allow the bottom to be thinner. Posts32pprovide support to the top of the base32, which posts32passist in printing the part with a 3D printer. Alternatively, the base32can be broken down into two or more pieces and then assembled. This could make the posts32punnecessary, as would different 3D printing techniques. A rectangular section32rextends outward from base32and has side faces32sand top and bottom faces32st. This defines outside dimensions of the rectangular section32rwhile internal top and bottom face32vand side faces32wdefine the internal dimensions of a rectangular passageway32uin the rectangular section32r. The internal passageway32uopens up into the gap between the undercut face32qand the inside bottom face32mto permit air flow therebetween. Barbs32yand32z(e.g.,FIG.16) assist in holding fabric or tubing onto the base32. Such attachment can also be accomplished without barbs by using various adhesives, for example. The opposite side of the base32has the same configuration of the rectangular section32aawith a front face32aband a top face32ac. A side face32adis blended with a radius32axon each corner to avoid any sharp edges. Barbs32aeand32afprovide mechanical holding capability to rectangular section32aa. Blend radii32ageliminate any sharp edges. A pocket32ab(FIG.15) acts as a receiver for the sensor holder30bcand the sensor42of the top component30. This helps create a seal to isolate the sensor holder30bcto be exposed only to the environment outside the system3300and air coming into the top component30through the valve36. This configuration allows outside air temperature to be measured without interference from internal airflow created by the fan40or coming from inside the base32. A groove32ajis provided for an additional attachment point for fabric or other materials.

FIG.16shows the bottom of the base32. In this example, a chamfer32akruns from the outer diameter of the outer surface32cto the bottom face32b, with a blend radius at the intersection to avoid any sharp edges. Chamfer32akis optional but reduces the amount of weight in the component while also reducing a diameter of the bottom face32b. When placed such that the bottom face32bis inside clothing, a smaller diameter of the bottom face32bwill make the system300more comfortable to wear. The bottom faces32anof the rectangular sections32aaare positioned to side slightly above fabric or material within groove32aj. The fabric or material contacts flat faces32ap, which is level to the upper surface of groove32aj. Rectangular section32rhas a front face32tand a radius32xto break any sharp edge.

FIG.17shows a sectional view of the base32. Air passageways32uin the rectangular section32rconnect directly with passageways32at, which open into the gap between the undercut face32qand the inside bottom face32m. The posts32p, which support the undercut face32q, are present to assist in additive manufacturing through 3D printing. Various manufacturing techniques may not require the posts, such as support material that can be removed (e.g., water-soluble materials). Also, the top component32can be made from more than one part, to create a multi-part assembly that can be molded rather than printed.

FIG.18shows the apparel temperature control system300with the top component30, the bottom component32, and the valve36connected together as a self-contained, clamshell-type assembly. For attachment to apparel or another piece of material, a gap is shown between bottom face32band the lip32efor receiving a thickness of the material. The base32slides within the top component30to allow the gap to vary depending on the thickness of the material. In this example, the fabric or material is sandwiched between the bottom face32band the lip32eto secure and attach the assembly. Of course, a retaining ring or other retainer can be added to or built into the base32as an alternative way to attach the base32independent of the top component30.

FIG.19shows the valve36used in the apparel temperature control system300. The valve36is a flexible polymer component having a top face36a, a bottom face,36b, a top edge36c, a bottom edge36d, a right side edge36e, and a left side edge36f. The edges are blended with radii36g. At least one hole36hcreates the measures to attach the valve36to the top component30and to align the valve36with the holes30hof top component30when fit over one or more pins30aa. Recesses36jand36kadd additional flexibility when necessary. Of course, the recesses may not be necessary depending on the material used to make the valve. The inside of the recess36kcreates a face36m, which varies in dimensions according to the depth of the pocket36k. The inside of recess36jalso creates face36n, which varies in dimensions according to the depth of the pocket36j. Additional blend radii36pand36qsmooth the transition edges, and radii36rblend the intersection of side faces with top face36a.

FIG.20is an exploded view of the apparel temperature control system300and illustrates how the components are assembled. The fan40is fit within the top component30and is a tight fit with opening30ak(e.g., a press-fit). Air flows from the top face40atowards lower face40b. It is beneficial to have an airtight seal between the sides of the fan40and the opening30akof the top component30to minimize or eliminate any air leak. Air is pulled in through the valve36via the fan40and is ejected out of the rectangular ports in the base32. Although the valve36can be retained by features on the pin(s)30aa, it can also be retained with a retainer38that fits over the pins30aa. The retainer38has a front face38a, a back face38b, holes38c, and sides38d. The retainer38can be secured to the pins30aawith a press fit, an adhesive, and/or melting of the pin30aa. The temperature and/or humidity sensor42fits within the opening30au. In a particular embodiment, wires or contacts contact the pins at the top and are wired appropriately. The bottom of the pocket30akfor retaining the fan40extends far enough down to fit within the square cutout in the base32. This configuration provides an ideal way to place non-illustrated electrical contacts along the face30ajand on the corresponding inside side of the base rectangular cutout; in this manner, when the top component30is attached to the base32, the contacts conduct to wires located or coming from the base32. As discussed previously, such a configuration allows the top component30to be removed along with the electrical components, should the apparel or material need to be washed. Of course, waterproof components can be used to avoid this issue, and the fan40and the sensor42can be placed in the base32rather than in the top component30. A removable waterproof cover can also be used for the purposes of washing the apparel or desired item. Wires from the base32connect to the non-illustrated control circuit70in the front, back, or side of the apparel.

The air coming out through the valve36and exiting the passageway32uin the rectangular section32rof the base32can exit into one rectangular tube per side or be subdivided into multiple tubes to distribute air flow in various locations as needed. InFIGS.20and21, the apparel temperature control system300includes a connector50that divides flow exiting from the base32into three parallel tubes. The connector50has a front face50a, a back face50b, an outlet face50c, an inlet face50d, a transition zone50e, and a connector section50fand50g. The area defined by the connector section50f,50gis a region that that slides over the barbs32y,32zof the rectangular section of the base. In most cases, a feature for this is not required, as material or polymers have the ability to stretch and fit over the barbs32y,32z. Nonetheless, it is included here as an example of a feature that can be molded or formed in the connector50.FIG.22shows the connector50attached to the base in this manner. While the embodiment of the connector50inFIGS.21and22is representative, the number of tubes as well as the shape can be altered as needed.

The apparel temperature control system300is configured to be as small and as light as possible. When the unit is off, and the speed (RPM) of the fan40is at0, the valve36remains closed. This state seals air input from air in the outside environment of the apparel. Without a valve36, if the port is open, cold, or overly warm, air can enter through the assembly. The valve36opens when a vacuum pulls at the valve36. In exemplary embodiments, the valve50is flexible and resilient. However, there are other types of valves that can be used, such as ball valves, duckbill valves, plate on a spring, etc. As the fan40has the ability to output a range of cubic feet per minute of air, the air input openings and the valve are configured to overly restrict air flow, which would compromise the ability of the fan40to function as needed.

The top component30is effectively sealed from the air outputs of the base32. When the fan40is turned on, air is pulled through the valve36and then through top openings around the valve holder in the top component30. The air is then forced into the base32and out the rectangular passageways32uin the rectangular sections32r. The velocity and volume of the air is directly related to the RPM of the fan40. The RPM is controlled through the controller that monitors the temperature sensor(s) and turns on the fan40and changes speed according to the controller software. The specifics of when the fan40turns on and off and what the temperature trigger is, can be predetermined, altered by the user, or automatically adjusted by predictive analytics or by artificial intelligence. The controller controls the RPM of the fan40from0to a maximum, adjusting as needed to maintain a desired temperature. Together, the fan, the sensor, and the controller (as well as any optional heating element(s)) comprise a cooling subassembly of the apparel temperature control system300.

The rectangular air exit ports in the base32are shown in the apparel temperature control system300in a raised position, or above the fabric. This allows for a minimum of the base to be under the fabric, which is ideal for a very thin piece of clothing, e.g., a jacket or shirt. The configuration requires that at least a portion of the exit tubing50is on the outside surface of the jacket or fabric. For a thicker jacket or application, the exit ports can be located below the fabric or inside the jacket face, as examples. Thus, the location of the exit ports can be altered as needed to fit the application.

The connector50can have multiple tubes that extend outward and terminate at the same length or at variable lengths, which allows for airflow to be directed to various parts of the clothing, either internally or externally. For external tubes, a small opening, port, or nozzle can connect the inside of the tube to the inside of the jacket to allow for airflow. The nozzles can also be of different sizes to allow different amounts of air or pressure in one or more tubes as needed. While the apparel temperature control system300is shown with two air exit ports, this can be reduced to one, or the number of ports can be greater than two. Further, the location of the airflow ports can be made different than at opposing sides (e.g., at an angle to one another, next to one another).

It is noted that, the smaller the port cross-section is, the more resistance there is to the free flow of air. With the two ports, one port can be direct to provide air on the front of the clothing and the other on the back, or one for the left side and one for the right, or any combination thereof. The air exit ports can also be of the same or different sizes. Different sizes can be used to reduce air flow to one section or set of tubes or increase air flow to a section or set of tubes. Reducing the size of the exit port opening increases the pressure required to move past the opening(s), thereby decreasing air flow. As it is desirable to use only one fan to minimize the overall size of the system and to keep power draw to a minimum, the embodiments described and shown are beneficial ways to control air distribution should it be necessary. Tubing size can also be used to control air distribution in the same manner. However, it is possible to use more than one air control unit and use two or more fans to control air to various regions of the apparel, blanket, etc. Furthermore, multiple fans can be controlled from the same sensor data and control circuit. The multiple air control units can also be independently controlled by separate circuits and sensors.

For the tubing that extends from connector50, it is beneficial for the tubing to be flexible, particularly when the jacket, clothing, apparel, or other item is also flexible. This allows the tubing to move with the wearer and be more comfortable during use. It is also desirable for the tubing to resist kinking and/or occluding. While various exiting tubes, such as those constructed from silicone, polyurethane, or other polymers are flexible and can be used, weight is an issue. For athletes, every gram is more weight they must carry, and existing tubing can be relatively heavy. To save weight and keep the tubing flexible, a novel approach is provided for herein. Tubing, which can include the end connector50, is constructed from a flexible fabric. For example, stretchable polyester and spandex are combined to create a four-way stretchable fabric. The fabric is then coated in polyurethane, which is also flexible and stretchable. The polyurethane coating seals the pores in the fabric to create a flexible and airtight or substantially airtight fabric. This fabric is then formed into a tube and sewn at the seam. The seam can also be sealed by other measures in place of sewing, such as with fabric cement in addition to or in place of sewing. This configuration creates a very lightweight flexible tube for constructing the air passageways in the system. Manufacturing techniques can also weave this fabric tube in one piece. In addition, the tubes can remain in a flattened shape to expand only when under air pressure. In an exemplary embodiment, the fabric comprises between approximately 60% to approximately 95% polyester and approximately 40% to approximately 5% spandex, or between approximately 75% to approximately 90% polyester and approximately 25% to approximately 10% spandex. In a particular embodiment, the fabric is approximately 85% polyester and approximately 15% spandex. Other combinations can be used as well as other fabrics and coatings.

For curved sections of the tubing formed from fabric, the curve can be formed over a curved mandrel to allow the tube to have at least a portion of the curve built in after bonding and/or sewing. The curved section can also be created by cutting the fabric into a curved section in the area desired. In such a case, it may be beneficial to cut two pieces of fabric into the curved shape and then sew or bond the two seams together. Should it be desired to use a single tube and then curve that tube, and if air pressure through the section is insufficient to inflate the tube, a flexible coil can be inserted into the curved section to restore the opening.

An element of the system is to keep the assembly as small as possible but also provide maximum air flow. Taking these characteristics into account, it is possible to alter the geometry of the herein described and shown assemblies to place the fan at an angle relative to at least one air passageway. Such a configuration allows for better air flow with less turbulence without the need to increase height. In addition, this approach opens up the ability to increase air volume by utilizing a larger fan with a smaller thickness, as such a fan significantly improves air throughput. For example, a 20 mm×20 mm×8 mm fan can produce 1.3 to 1.6 CFM. In comparison, a 25 mm×25×6 mm fan can produce up to 3.1 CFM.

To take advantage of this property, an apparel temperature control system400is able to fit the larger fan in the body by changing the angle between the fan and the output lumen and by simultaneously providing larger openings and passageways for air. Angling the fan reduces the length of the fan holder while increasing the height but, because the larger fan is 2 mm smaller in thickness, this reduction compensates for the overall change in height while at least doubling the throughput of moving air.

An angled fan version is described in an apparel temperature control system400shown inFIGS.23through29.FIG.23shows top cover60, which, in this exemplary configuration, contains the fan40and an external air temperature sensor or combined air temperature and humidity sensor. Of course, the fan40and sensor42can be positioned in the base62. However, by including the electrical components in the top cover60. The top cover60can be removed with all of these components when washing the clothing is required. The top cover60has a top surface60a, a bottom surface60b, a main body portion60c, and, in particular, a chamfer or radius60dbetween the top surface60aand the main body60c. A flange60eis shown as part of the main body60c. The flange60ecan also be a separate component that snaps into a non-illustrated groove on the main body60c. The flange60ehas a face60f. While shown here as cylindrical, the flange60ecan be any other shape. The main body60cextends forward to a front face60g, which is a rectangular extension having side faces60hand60j. A hole60kallows for a pivot pin for valve64. The hole60kcan be through, blind, or be replaced by internal features that hold the valve in the correct position. Blend radii60mand60nremove sharp edges. Holes60pallow for the flange60eto be retained to the bottom of the assembly by screws, for example. While shown here as holes, the assembly can be reversed such that the holes are threaded and the screws come in from the bottom. Small recesses60qallow for clearance for the screw heads, where necessary. At least one hole60rextends from the outside of the top component60to the inside pocket, which retains therein temperature sensor42. Opening60sextends from the front60gto allow air to enter the top component60from an outside environment, e.g., air surrounding the outer surface of a piece of clothing. A pocket60ajcreates an isolated area away from the air coming into the fan40for retention of a temperature or combined temperature and humidity sensor. The pocket60ajallows air to enter through openings60r. Any additional space needed to insert sensor42into the pocket60ajis created by the groove60ak, which provides clearance so that the sensor42can be slid into position. Once sensor42is in position with wires attached, the pocket60ajcan be sealed to further isolate the sensor42from the main opening60s. This configuration allows the sensor42to always receive outside air even when valve64is closed.

FIG.24shows the reverse or bottom side of the top component60. A cylindrical extension60textends from the bottom surface60bof the flange60e. The configuration allows for alignment and fit within a hole cut into the fabric of the clothing, apparel, blanket, etc. An extension60uhas an outside surface60ap, an inside surface60v, and, in this example, a cutout60acwith blend radii60adand60aeat the ends of the cutout60ac. The cutout60acallows for clearance with the bottom component62. A pocket60whaving a lower surface60yis dimensioned to hold the fan40, in a particular exemplary embodiment, by press fit, but the fan40can also be adhesively or otherwise bonded in position. Pocket60wformed into the top component60to hold the fan, leaves a top face60xand a front face60af. An opening60zallows for the lower surface60yto maintain a lip to control the proper depth of fan placement while allowing air to flow freely through the fan40from the front opening60s. It is noted that the face60yand the pocket60whold the fan40at an angle relative to the inside bottom face60aa. This position allows an increase in the distance from the bottom of the fan40to the air channel and the inside bottom face60aaas the fan40gets closer to the air opening60s. The front corners60agof the outside feature containing the pocket60ware rounded for better fit within the bottom component62.

FIG.25shows the bottom component62of the apparel temperature control system400. The bottom component62has a top surface62aand a bottom surface62b. Flange62ehas a top surface62cand a lower surface62at. The flange has a side wall62d, which is cylindrical in this example, with a lower surface62e. The rectangular nose has a front face62f, side walls62h,62g, and blend radii62j. The inside of the bottom component62is hollow to create as much of an open volume for air movement as possible, which hollow creates an internal bottom surface62k. A blend radius62m, creates a smooth passage to reduce any air turbulence with reducing wall thickness. Of course, this surface can be tapered, cylindrical, rectangular, have a smaller blend radius, or any combination thereof. A groove62ncreates an opening to receive the cylindrical extension60tof the top component60, to help align the bottom component62and the top component60while also providing a seal between these two components60,62. Fabric sandwiched between the two components60,62also provides for an effective gasket that can be enhanced by adhesive or sealant if needed or desired. A blend radius62uprevents any sharp edge of the flange from contacting the fabric. Threaded holes62vallow for screws to be passed through the holes60pin the top component60and tightened in the threads62vto pull the assembly of the apparel temperature control system400together. As discussed herein, the thread and hole configuration can be reversed such that threads62vare in the top component60and the holes60pare in the bottom component62. An alignment pin hole62wis optional to help align the top and bottom components prior to screw insertion. The pin hole62wcan also be threaded, should additional screw fixation be needed. Any additional clearance between the top component60, the fan40, and the bottom component62can be created by pockets, such as62t, which, in this example, allow for clearance with the front of the fan holder edges62ag.

FIG.26shows a bottom view of the bottom component62. An opening62xprovides a passageway for air to exit from the inside of the bottom component62into an inside environment, e.g., within a piece of clothing. A radius62yblends the opening62xand the front face62fto eliminate any sharp edge. To increase a number of threads and maximize thread purchase, small studs or extensions62zprovide additional length without the need for additional thickening of the entire flange. A blend radius62aareinforces and eliminates any stress risers between the small studs62zand flange62e. A chamfer or radius62abblends the main lower body62afwith bottom surface62b. A small radius62acis also provided to break any sharp edge where a chamfer meets the bottom surface62b.

FIG.27shows an exploded view of the entirely assembly of the apparel temperature control system400. A valve64having a front face64a, a back face64b, a top surface64c, a bottom face64d, a first side64e, and a second side64fhas a hole64gto accept a pivot pin68. The pivot pin68has an external surface68aand ends68b,68cthat fits within the hole60kto allow valve64to pivot and open/close. This flap-type valve is discussed in an earlier embodiment and, in this example, allows for a relatively large opening for air to enter. The valve64is configured to be in a normally closed position (steady state), such that fan suction opens the valve. Keeping the valve closed when the fan40is off can be done by gravity, and the geometry of the top surface64cwhere it contacts the inside of the top component60. The valve64can also have a flexible construction, such that the valve64is fixed in the closed position but is flexible enough for the air suction to pull the valve64open. There are other ways to construct this valve64, including electromechanical measures, such as a micro-solenoid. In any configuration, it is desirable to have the valve64closed when the fan40is off to prevent outside air from entering. The valve64fits within the pocket60aqof the top component60. Another way to keep the valve64closed when the fan40is off utilizes a small magnet66. The magnet66has an outside surface66a, a front face66b, and back face66c. The magnet66sits within a cavity within a top component magnet retainer60ar. By placing a small magnetically attractable material, such as an iron-based material, in or attached to the valve64, when the valve64is close to the magnet66and the suction from fan40is insufficient, the valve64will be attracted to a closed position or state. Different sized magnets or multiple magnets can be used to adjust this force. Small magnets from Neodymium and other materials are available.

The angled fan40has a top face40afacing towards the top component60, a bottom face40bfacing the bottom component62, a first side40c, a second side40d, a front face40e, and a back face40fsuch that it fits within the fan holder in the top component60. The fan holder also can be in the bottom component62rather than the top component60. Screws for attaching the top component60to the bottom component62are not shown. The screws can also be replaced by rivets, or there can be a combination of both. In a desirable embodiment, the top component60can be removed should the fan40or sensor42need to be replaced, or the item washed, and in such a case, the removable fasteners are preferred over permanent ones.

FIG.28shows the apparel temperature control system400in a fully assembled state. The fabric (not shown) is sandwiched between the flange face60bof the top component60and the flange face62cof the bottom component62in a clamshell-type configuration. Screws hold the components60,62securely together. Attaching the components60,62to the fabric or material without the need for a flange is also possible through adhesives, plastic welding, and/or other mechanical and chemical approaches. Also, a single flange can be used on the bottom component62such that it can be fixed to the fabric or material while permitting the top component60to snap into the bottom component62through retaining tabs or a retaining ring within a groove. As discussed in previous embodiments, adding a heating coil or element to the assembly can be done such that the controller can turn on heat when the fan40comes on. This description above is incorporated by reference herein and is not repeated. Another option to save energy is to have a second assembly with a fan and a heater without a valve to pull already somewhat warmed air within the jacket and warm it further without pulling in colder outside air. When a jacket or apparel is worn, body heat warms the air within the jacket and this air is generally warmer than the outside air. By using this pre-warmed air and supplementing it with additional heated air from the temperature control system, the system becomes more efficient and requires less time to raise the temperature, as the temperature differential is less than warming the outside air. For example, if the outside air temperature is 32 degrees F., the body heated air temperature within the jacket is 60 degrees F., and the desired set temperature is 90 degrees, by using the air within the jacket, the heater only needs to raise the temperature 30 degrees F. Using outside air, the temperature control unit needs to raise the temperature 58 degrees F., which takes longer and uses more energy. Using a second assembly allows the first to unit to remain with the valve closed and prevent outside air from entering the internal air space within the apparel. As above, the fan, the sensor(s), and the controller (as well as any optional heating element(s)) comprise a cooling subassembly of the apparel temperature control system400.

FIG.29shows the apparel temperature control system400ofFIG.28in a cross-section. This illustrates the fan40and fan holder are angled relative to the air passageway62xin the bottom component62and the front opening60sin the top component60. As can be seen, the valve64sits within a cavity within the top component60with clearance to allow the valve64to move as necessary. By changing an angle of the fan40and a size of the air passageways, the volume of air that can be moved and the efficiency of the system400can be altered as needed with the understanding that such changes may increase the overall height of the assembly.

For the top component and the base, as well as other components shown herein, there are multiple materials and manufacturing approaches possible to construct the components. As discussed in the embodiments, one ideal way to manufacture the components is by additive manufacturing. This allows for the elimination of molds and creates material possibilities and easier changes and modifications which may be needed depending on the apparel or item. 3D printing is readily available and allows for complex part manufacture. Various polymers, including ABS, ASA, PETG, carbon-fiber-reinforced materials, PEEK, PLA, metals, and others are available. Titanium and aluminum are lightweight metals that can be used for this application. Materials and colors can be combined to create unique structures. Water soluble support materials allow for support of the printing structure for complex shapes and can be easily removed after printing. This can eliminate the need for support pins, such as those shown in the base32. Standard manufacturing techniques can be used, such as molding and machining, and making the embodiments herein in multiple pieces to make such manufacturing processes possible.

It is noted that various individual features of the inventive processes and systems may be described only in one exemplary embodiment herein. The particular choice for description herein with regard to a single exemplary embodiment is not to be taken as a limitation that the particular feature is only applicable to the embodiment in which it is described. All features described herein are equally applicable to, additive, or interchangeable with any or all of the other exemplary embodiments described herein and in any combination or grouping or configuration. In particular, use of a single reference numeral herein to illustrate, define, or describe a particular feature does not mean that the feature cannot be associated or equated to another feature in another drawing figure or description. Further, where two or more reference numerals are used in the figures or in the drawings, this should not be construed as being limited to only those embodiments or features, they are equally applicable to similar features or not a reference numeral is used or another reference numeral is omitted.

The foregoing description and accompanying drawings illustrate the principles, exemplary embodiments, and modes of operation of the systems, apparatuses, and methods. However, the systems, apparatuses, and methods should not be construed as being limited to the particular embodiments discussed above. Additional variations of the embodiments discussed above will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and the above-described embodiments should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that variations to those embodiments can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the systems, apparatuses, and methods as defined by the following claims.