Armature assembly method

An armature core subassembly and a commutator to be assembled thereon are each centered on a common axis and rotated relative to one another until a desired angular alignment is obtained between a side edge of a commutator bar and the armature core slots. This orientation is maintained while the commutator is advanced to and pressed onto the armature shaft. A commutator placing machine is described in which a tang-oriented commutator is loaded into the nosepiece of a ram assembly and the ram assembly is rotated by a stepper motor until an edge of a commutator bar is detected at a predetermined location by an optical edge detector. Prior machines for tang-orientation and orientation by insulating gaps between commutator bars are also described.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to an armature assembly method and apparatus and 
more particularly to the assembly of a commutator onto an armature shaft 
on which an armature core has been previously assembled. However, aspects 
of this invention may also be useful in other manufacturing processes. 
The method and apparatus of this invention may be used for assembling 
armatures of various types and sizes of motors, but are primarily intended 
for use in connection with the manufacture of armatures used in fractional 
horsepower universal motors. In manufacturing this type of armature, a 
subassembly, hereafter called an "armature core subassembly," is first 
assembled by pressing a stack of laminations forming an armature core onto 
an armature shaft. Thereafter, in an operation called "commutator 
placing," a commutator is pressed onto the shaft in a predetermined axial 
and angular orientation relative to the armature core. 
The armature core has plural, circumferentially spaced, radially extending, 
and outwardly open coil-receiving slots and the commutator has plural, 
circumferentially-spaced, rectangular segments or bars. The commutator 
bars are mounted on a cylindrical body of insulating material, such as 
plastic, having a through-bore of a size to be press-fit onto the armature 
shaft. The side edges of each adjacent pair of the commutator bars are 
separated by an insulating slot which may constitute an air gap or may be 
filled with insulating material. Each bar has a wire lead-receiving 
portion, usually either a slot or a hook-like tang, at its end nearest the 
armature core. The wire lead-receiving portions are provided for 
connection of terminal wires of each coil which are wound at a later stage 
of manufacture in a pair of the coil-receiving core slots. As will become 
apparent, this invention is primarily intended for use with commutators 
having tangs but, as will be described later on, may be used with 
commutators having slots instead of tangs. 
A commutator must be located in a predetermined or nominal axial and 
angular orientation relative to the armature core and its coil-receiving 
slots, as determined by the designer or manufacturer of the motor with 
which the assembled armature is to be used. Unless the proper orientation 
is obtained, the armature may have to be scrapped since subsequent 
manufacturing operations may be seriously hampered and the performance of 
the motor using the armature may suffer. 
A common practice when assembling a commutator having tangs onto an 
armature core subassembly is to fixedly clamp the armature core 
subassembly in a position wherein the armature shaft is centered on a 
predetermined axis (hereafter called the "armature axis") and the armature 
core slots are fixedly oriented at a predetermined angle relative to a 
plane passing through the armature axis. The commutator is centered on the 
same armature axis with its tangs also fixedly oriented at a predetermined 
angle relative to the same plane passing through such axis at which they 
are angularly positioned relative to the armature core slots as determined 
by the motor manufacturer or designer. The commutator is retained in this 
orientation and advanced along the armature axis by a power operated ram 
mechanism toward the armature core until the commutator is pressed onto 
the armature shaft. This practice assures that the tangs are properly 
oriented for subsequent coil winding and other processing operations. For 
convenience, commutators oriented by their tangs and armatures using them 
are hereinafter referred to as being "tang oriented." 
Armatures assembled with tang-oriented commutators are often fully 
satisfactory for their intended purpose. However, the performance of 
motors having tang-oriented armatures may suffer if the commutator tangs 
are not accurately located with respect to the side edges of their 
respective commutator bars. In such cases, tang-orientation results in the 
tangs being properly oriented but the commutator bars, which control motor 
commutation, are not properly oriented. Thus, it can be that, for a given 
batch of commutators, the commutator tangs of each are uniformly 
circumferentially spaced from one another and the commutator bars of each 
are uniformly spaced from one another but the commutator tangs are not 
uniformly spaced from their associated commutator bar side edges. Some 
commutators of the batch may have tangs centered between the side edges of 
the bars but other commutators may have tangs closer to one side edge or 
the other. The lack of uniformity in the location of the tangs on their 
bars may result in the production of armatures which are unsatisfactory 
for their intended use. 
Since tang-orientation is not always reliable, at least one machine has 
been developed for orienting commutators based on the orientation of 
insulating air gaps between two pairs of commutator bars. The method of 
obtaining the orientation of the insulating gaps is to initially 
tang-orient the commutator and then attempt to insert it into a 
commutator-retaining fixture having thin blades positioned to be received 
by a pair of the insulating gaps. If the location of the tangs of a 
commutator on their bars is nominal or as designed, and the insulating 
gaps that are to receive the thin blades are within tolerance and 
unobstructed by burrs or the like, the commutator readily slips into the 
retaining fixture. If it does not, the machine is provided with a rocking 
mechanism that pivots the commutator a few degrees in each direction from 
nominal while the loading mechanism continues to push the commutator 
toward the retaining fixture. If this process fails to result in the 
loading of the commutator into the retaining fixture, the commutator is 
rejected and the process repeated with a different commutator. This 
process can only work with commutators in which the insulating slots 
between bars are air gaps and is called "gap-orientation" herein. In terms 
of the accuracy of the location of the commutator bars to the armature 
core slots, gap-orientation is superior to tang-orientation. However, 
gap-orientation has faults, particularly because of the substantial number 
of commutators which must be rejected and the production time wasted as a 
result of the need to repeat the loading procedures. Another problem is 
that thin blades are easily damaged and need frequent repair or 
replacement. Further, a substantial number of defective armatures may be 
produced before the damage is discovered. 
There have been commutator placing machines in which a commutator is 
rotated by a pawl which enters an insulating air gap between a pair of 
commutator bars until an edge of a commutator bar engages a stop dog. This 
creates a commutator orientation referred to herein as "bar-edge 
orientation". The bar edge-oriented commutator is loaded into a ram 
nosepiece having a thin blade that enters one of the insulating air gaps 
between a pair of commutator bars. The commutator bars of a bar 
edge-oriented commutator should be optimally oriented with respect to the 
armature core. (In the machine described above, the accuracy may be 
diminished when the commutator is loaded into the nosepiece since it then 
becomes effectively gap-oriented.) This type of bar edge-orientation is 
most useful with commutators having relatively large insulating air gaps 
between bars because of the need to insert a pawl and a stop dog into the 
air gaps without injuring the bars, the pawl, or the stop dog. It would 
not be useful for commutators used in most fractional horsepower motors 
which typically have quite narrow insulating slots between bars. Of 
course, it could not be used with commutators having insulating slots 
filled with a solid insulating material or that are otherwise obstructed. 
The need exists for an improved method and apparatus for rapidly assembling 
commutators onto armature core sub-assemblies with the commutator bars 
accurately angularly located with respect to the armature core slots, and 
it is the primary object of this invention to provide such method and 
apparatus. 
Since commutator placing occurs at an early stage in the production of 
armatures and motors using the armatures, delays in the placing operations 
can seriously set back an entire motor production line or plant. Another 
object of this invention is to provide a commutator placing method and 
apparatus by which commutators may be placed rapidly and without excessive 
rejects resulting from the type of placing method being used. 
Another object of this invention is to provide a commutator placing method 
and apparatus which is effective to angularly orient commutator bars 
relative to armature core slots which may be useful with commutators 
having insulating slots between bars which are either air gaps or are 
filled with insulating material. 
Because manufacturing processes cannot be so precise as to completely avoid 
the introduction of imperfections, many circumstances may arise in which 
the angular position of a commutator relative to an armature may need to 
be changed before placement of the commutator onto the shaft. For example, 
the application of statistical process control techniques may reveal that 
a given type of commutator should be rotated by one-half degree from the 
predicted nominal before placement. A change of motor parameters may also 
require a change in the angular orientation of a commutator relative to 
the armature core slots. To change the orientation with an existing 
commutator placing machine is a difficult and time consuming matter and 
usually requires a service technician familiar with the construction and 
operation of the commutator placing machine. 
Therefore, a further object of this invention is to provide a commutator 
placing method and apparatus wherein the angular orientation of a 
commutator may be accurately determined and easily and rapidly adjusted. 
In accordance with this invention, an armature core subassembly and a 
commutator to be assembled thereon are each centered on a common axis and 
tang-oriented relative to one another and then bar edge-oriented by the 
location of a side edge of a specific commutator bar. The bar 
edge-orientation is maintained while the commutator is advanced to and 
pressed on the armature core. 
The location of a commutator bar edge may be obtained by rotating the 
commutator and an edge detector relative to one another about the armature 
axis and rotating the commutator and the armature core subassembly 
relative to one another through a predetermined angle based on the angle 
of relative rotation between the edge detector and the commutator. 
In the preferred practice of this invention, the tang-oriented commutator 
is loaded into a commutator retaining fixture and the fixture is rotated 
until an edge of a commutator bar is detected at a predetermined location. 
When using a machine in which the commutator retaining fixture is a ram 
nosepiece, the entire ram assembly may be rotated. Accordingly, the 
commutator is rotated relative to the edge detector at the same time as it 
is being rotated relative to the armature core subassembly. 
Further in accordance with a presently preferred form of this invention, 
the tang-oriented commutator is intentionally oriented in a home or start 
position wherein the edge of the commutator bar to be detected is most 
likely to be in a location of slight misalignment relative to the armature 
core slots. Accordingly, some rotation of the commutator will be necessary 
to obtain the desired bar edge-orientation. By this method any commutator 
within a relatively high range of tolerances will be quickly bar 
edge-oriented. 
A programmable high resolution optical edge detector is preferably used to 
detect the location of the commutator bar edge and the ram assembly is 
preferably rotatably driven by a stepper drive motor by means of a rotary 
motion transfer assembly keyed as by splines to the ram assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
Introduction 
This description begins with a description of a typical armature core 
subassembly and a commutator with which this invention may be used. In the 
section following the heading "Prior Art," a machine 40 used to produce 
gap-oriented armatures, and its method of operation, are described. The 
production of tang-oriented armatures is also discussed in this section. 
The method and apparatus of this invention are then discussed under the 
heading "The Invention." Many of the mechanisms used in a machine, 
designated 140, made in accordance with this invention are also used in 
the prior art machines. An effort is made not to needlessly repeat details 
of such mechanisms, and some parts found in the prior art are described in 
greater detail in connection with the description of the machine 140. 
ARMATURE CORE SUBASSEMBLY AND COMMUTATOR 
FIG. 1 illustrates a well-known type of armature core assembly, generally 
designated 10, comprising a commutator 12 and an armature core subassembly 
14. Subassembly 14 comprises a stack of laminations 16 forming an armature 
core 18 pressed on an armature shaft 20 and insulating sleeves or coatings 
22 surrounding the shaft 20 adjacent both ends of the core 18. The 
armature core 18 has plural, circumferentially spaced, radially extending, 
and outwardly open coil-receiving slots 24 between radially extending core 
teeth 25. 
The commutator 12 has plural, circumferentially spaced rectangular segments 
or bars 26, each bar 26 having a hook or tang 28 at its end nearest the 
armature core 18 for connection of terminal wires (not shown) of each of 
the coils (not shown) which are wound at a later stage of manufacture in 
pairs of the coil-receiving core slots 24. The commutator bars 26 are 
mounted on a cylindrical body 30 of insulating material, such as plastic, 
having a through-bore 32 with a diameter sized to be press-fit onto the 
armature shaft 20. The longitudinally-extending side edges 26A of each 
adjacent pair of the commutator bars 26 are separated by an insulating 
slot 34 which may constitute an air gap or which may be filled with an 
insulating material. 
PRIOR ART MACHINES 
With reference to FIG. 2, an armature assembly machine for producing 
gap-oriented armatures is generally designated 40. Machine 40 comprises a 
pair of parallel, horizontal support bars 42 affixed to and extending 
forwardly from a machine frame plate 44 bolted to the bed (not shown) of 
the machine. (Here it should be noted that the terms "forwardly", 
"rearwardly", "front", and "rear" are used in this description for 
convenience in a relative and not an absolute sense.) An armature stop 
plate 46 spans across the front end of the support bars 42 so that a rigid 
rectangular supporting framework is formed comprising the machine frame 
plate 44, the support bars 42 and the armature stop plate 46. 
An armature core subassembly 14 to be assembled with a commutator 12 is 
held by a clamp assembly 48 comprising an upper, clamp jaw 50 fixed to the 
support bars 42 and a lower, movable clamp jaw 52 mounted on an elevator 
54 driven by an air actuator 56. In operation, after a commutator 12 has 
been pressed onto an armature shaft 20, the elevator 54 lowers to dispense 
the newly-formed armature core assembly onto a conveyor or other suitable 
material handling device (not shown) and pick up a new subassembly 14. As 
the elevator 54 next rises and the new subassembly 14 approaches the upper 
clamp jaw 50, the subassembly 14 is rotated so that its coil-receiving 
slots 24 are in a predetermined angular orientation. Such rotation is 
caused by a pawl 58 pivotally mounted on the upper jaw 50 that enters one 
of the armature core slots 24 and forces the armature core subassembly 14 
to rotate until the margin of another slot 24 engages a stop dog 60 
affixed to the upper jaw 50. Thus, when the armature core 18 is gripped by 
the jaws 50 and 52, its slots 24 occupy a specified angular relationship 
with respect to a fixed plane containing the axis, designated 62, of the 
clamped armature core subassembly 14. 
The presence of an angularly-oriented core in the grip of the jaws 50 and 
52 may be detected by switch (not shown) operated by a spring biased 
switch operating rod 64. This type of detector and various other types of 
devices such as proximity and limit switches, are or may be employed to 
control the operations of machines such as the machine 40. Since they may 
be entirely conventional and are commonly used to sense the operations of 
the several parts of any machine to maintain its continued operation, no 
effort is made to describe or illustrate every such device, either in 
connection with the machine 40 or in connection with the description of 
the machine of this invention. 
With continued reference to FIG. 2, commutators 12 pass downwardly along an 
inclined supply chute 66 supported by the bars 42. A pair of commutator 
support rails 68 are mounted on and project upwardly from the top of a 
commutator elevator 70 driven by an air actuator 72. In operation, the 
elevator 70 is elevated by the actuator 72 to position the commutator 
support rails 68 at the lower mouth of the commutator supply chute 66. A 
diagrammatically illustrated escapement device 74 then permits the lowest 
commutator 12 in the supply chute 66 to be lowered onto the commutator 
support blades 68. Upon lowering, the commutator 12 is located with the 
commutator support blades 68 located between respective spaced pairs of 
commutator tangs 28. The elevator 70, with the commutator 12 thus 
supported, is lowered into a position wherein the commutator 12 is 
centered on the armature axis 62 of the clamped armature core subassembly 
14. 
The commutator support rails 68 hold the commutator 12 in a tang-oriented 
condition wherein its tangs 28 are in a fixed angular relationship, as 
determined by the motor designer, relative to the same fixed plane passing 
through the axis 62 with respect to which the armature core slots 24 are 
located. At this time the commutator 12 is pushed by a commutator loading 
mechanism, generally designated 76, from the commutator support rails 68 
into a hollow, cup-like commutator-retaining fixture or nosepiece 78 of a 
commutator ram assembly, generally designated 80. 
The commutator loading mechanism 76 comprises an air actuator 82 mounted on 
the elevator 70 and connected to a inverted T-shaped carriage plate 84 by 
its drive rod 86. Carriage plate 84 is guided for movement along an axis 
parallel to the armature axis 62 by means of a pair of guide rods 87 
slidable in the head of the elevator 70. Upon actuation of the actuator 
82, a spring biased push rod 88 engages the confronting face of the 
commutator 12 and pushes it into the nosepiece 78. 
In the use of the prior art machine embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the 
commutator 12 is gap-oriented while the commutator 12 is being loaded into 
the ram nosepiece 78. For this purpose, the nosepiece 78 is provided with 
a pair of gap-locating blades 90 which are sufficiently thin to enter a 
pilot pair of insulating air gaps 34 at diametrically opposite locations 
on the commutator 12. In the event the commutator 12 has tangs 28 properly 
located with respect to their respective bar side edges 26A, and there are 
no obstructions such as burrs in the pilot air gaps 34, the commutator 12 
will be so located by the commutator support rails 68 that the commutator 
will immediately slip into the ram nosepiece 78 when the loading mechanism 
actuator 82 is energized. If the commutator tangs 28 are misaligned 
relative to the commutator bar side edges 26A or if the pilot air gaps 34 
are obstructed, the commutator 12 will only partly enter the ram nosepiece 
78, complete advancement of the commutator 12 into the ram nosepiece 78 
being impeded by the thin, slot-locating blades 90. Failure of the push 
rod 88 to fully advance the commutator 12 into the ram nosepiece 78 is 
sensed and a rocking device, generally designated 92, is energized to 
rotate the commutator 12 on the commutator support rails 68 with a back 
and forth motion through a few degrees in each direction while the loading 
mechanism actuator 82 is still energized. If during this rocking motion 
the pilot pair of insulating air gaps 34 become aligned with the 
slot-locating blades 90, and providing the pilot air gaps 34 are 
unobstructed, the commutator will be fully loaded into the ram nosepiece 
78. Failing this, the commutator 12 now only partly lowered into the ram 
nosepiece 78 is ejected back onto the support rails 68 and the commutator 
elevator 70 lowered, whereupon the commutator 12 is ejected from the rails 
68 into a chute or hopper (not shown). The commutator elevator 70 and the 
escapement 74 recycle to take a different commutator from the chute 66 and 
repeat the effort, now with the new commutator, to push it fully into the 
ram nosepiece 78. 
The rocking device 92 includes a rocking lever 94 to which the push rod 88 
is affixed and which is mounted for rotation on the carriage plate 84. 
Lever 94 may be rotated through small angles about the axis of the push 
rod 88 by means of an air actuator 96 mounted on the carriage plate 84. 
When this occurs, an L-shaped finger 98 formed at the free end of the push 
rod 88 and located between a pair of tangs 28 of the commutator 12 engages 
the tangs and causes the commutator 12 to rock in the commutator nosepiece 
78 about the armature axis 62. 
The commutator ram assembly 80 comprises, in addition to the nosepiece 78, 
an elongate, hollow ram shaft 100 mounted on the bed of the machine and 
also supported by plural transverse bearing plates 104, of which two are 
illustrated in FIG. 2, mounted on the parallel support bars 42. The ram 
assembly 80 is driven along the armature axis 62 by a hydraulic actuator 
106 mounted on the rear face of the frame mounting plate 44 and connected 
to the ram shaft 100 by means of a connector 102 that includes a yoke 102A 
having depending drive fingers engaged in notches on both sides of the ram 
shaft 100. The hydraulic actuator 106 is not rigidly connected to the ram 
assembly 80 to avoid the possibility that they may bind. Connector 102 
will be discussed further in the next section. One or more additional 
bearing plates (not shown) are preferably spaced along the length of the 
support bars 42 to ensure that the ram shaft 100 is accurately centered 
with respect to the armature axis 62 at all times. 
Inside the ram shaft 100, the commutator ram assembly includes an elongate, 
axially extending, spring biased pilot shaft 108 having a rounded forward 
end which can be seen within the ram nosepiece 78. Pilot shaft 108 helps 
to ensure that the commutator 12 is guided properly into the ram 
nosepiece. There is a slip fit between the commutator bore 32 and the 
pilot shaft 108 so that the commutator 12 will not become cocked or wobble 
out of its intended position when it is being loaded into the ram 
nosepiece 78 and remain, without wobbling, axially aligned with the 
armature shaft 20 as it advances toward the same in the manner to be 
described below. 
Also inside the ram shaft 100 there is a commutator ejecting sleeve (not 
shown) against which abuts a commutator 12 which has been fully loaded 
into the ram nosepiece 78. To eject an incompletely loaded commutator 12, 
the ejecting sleeve is driven forwardly by a transverse ejector operator 
110 extending through elongated, longitudinally extending slots 112 in the 
ram shaft 100. Only the nearest slot 112 bordering the ejector operator 
110 can be seen in FIG. 2, the forwardly extending portion of which is 
covered by an ejector return spring 114. Of course, the other slot 112 is 
on the side of the ram shaft 100 that is not shown. The ejector operator 
110 is biased rearwardly by the ejector return spring 114 which is 
confined between the ejector operator 110 and a split ram stop collar 116 
threadedly connected and clamped in an adjusted location on the ram shaft 
100 forwardly of the ejector operator 110. As believed apparent, forward 
movement of the ejector operator 110 relative to the ram shaft 100 causes 
the commutator ejecting sleeve to engage the rearward end of the partly 
loaded commutator 12 and eject it. Such forward motion of the ejector 
operator 110 is accomplished by an air cylinder-driven linkage which is 
not illustrated for the sake of simplifying this disclosure and since it 
is unimportant in relation to the present invention. Parts of the ram 
assembly internal of the ram shaft of the machine of this invention may be 
identical to those within the ram shaft 100 and are described in the next 
section. 
To ensure that the commutator 12 in the ram nosepiece 78 is retained in a 
fixed angular orientation at all times, the ram shaft 100 is provided with 
a longitudinally extending keyway 118 in which is engaged an elongate key 
120 held by and extending between the two illustrated transverse bearing 
plates 104. 
In operation of the prior art machine 40, after a commutator 12 is fully 
inserted in the ram nosepiece 78, the commutator elevator 70 is lowered 
whereupon the ram assembly 80 is driven forwardly by the hydraulic 
actuator 106 until the ram stop collar 116 engages a ram stop 122 mounted 
on the rear face of a ram stop mounting plate 123 that is fixed to the bed 
of the machine. Near the end of this forward movement, the pilot shaft 108 
engages and is stopped by the armature shaft 20, causing spring means (not 
shown) which biases the pilot shaft 108 forwardly to be compressed. As 
other parts of the ram assembly 80 continue to move forwardly, the 
commutator 12 is stripped off the pilot shaft 108 and then pressed onto 
the armature shaft 20. The force applied to the armature core subassembly 
14 tending to push it forwardly is resisted by an adjustable armature stop 
124 mounted on the armature stop plate 46. 
Upon completion of the forward movement of the ram shaft 100, the 
commutator 12 is fully pressed onto the armature shaft 10. The angular 
orientation of the commutator 12 relative to the armature core slots 24 is 
determined by the fact that the commutator 12 is gap-oriented within the 
ram nosepiece 78. A proper axial location of the commutator 12 relative to 
the armature core 18 may be determined by appropriate adjustment of the 
adjustably-mounted armature stop 124 and the spacing of the ram stop 
collar 116 relative to the ram stop 122. 
Upon the initial subsequent return movement of the ram shaft 100, the pilot 
shaft 108 remains engaged with the armature shaft 20, biasing it 
forwardly, and thereby resisting any tendency the ram nosepiece 78 may 
have to frictionally pull the assembled commutator 12 rearwardly. Such 
tendency may also be prevented by a suitable stop (not shown). Upon 
continued movement of the ram shaft 100 rearwardly, the pilot shaft 108 is 
pulled away from the armature shaft 20 and the ram shaft returns to its 
retracted position shown in FIG. 2. The assembled armature core assembly 
is then lowered by operation of the armature elevator 54. All parts are in 
readiness to assemble a different commutator 12 onto a different armature 
subassembly 14. 
FIG. 3 shows another prior art commutator-retaining fixture or ram 
nosepiece, generally designated 130, which has been used when the 
tang-orientation of a commutator placed on the support rails 68 is to be 
maintained. The ram nosepiece 130 has externally located pockets 132 in 
its forward end that receive and locate the commutator tangs 28 as the 
commutator is loaded therein. In some cases, the pockets 132 in the prior 
ram are completely cut out, leaving slots between forwardly projecting 
pins or fingers in which the tangs are located. This type of construction, 
and additional details of the nosepiece and other parts associated with a 
ram assembly are further discussed below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. 
Nosepieces of these types have commonly been used with machines similar to 
the machine 40 of FIG. 2. However, machines which rely on tang-orientation 
are not equipped with a rocking mechanism 92 since the alignment of the 
commutators tangs by the use of supporting rails, such as the rails 68, is 
sufficient. 
Although the machine 40 represents an improvement in the art of commutator 
placing machines, useful whenever it is desired to orient the side edges 
of the commutator bars with the armature core slots with greater accuracy 
than can be obtained by tang orientation alone, it is not without 
technical drawbacks. In use, there are occasions when a substantial 
percentage of commutators are ejected from the ram nosepiece 78. This is 
costly, not only in regard to the cost of otherwise usable commutators 
that must be discarded, but also in regard to the lost production 
resulting from the time taken to operate the ejection mechanism and 
recycle the commutator elevator 70, the escapement 74, and the commutator 
loading mechanism 76. Another drawback to the machine 40 illustrated in 
FIG. 2 is that the slot-locating blades 90 are so thin that they are 
easily broken. When this occurs, a defectively aligned commutator 12 may 
more readily enter the ram nosepiece 78, with the result that a defective 
armature may be built. It is not easy to detect a broken blade 90, so it 
occasionally happens that numerous defective commutators may be produced 
before the problem is recognized. 
THE INVENTION 
Referring to FIG. 4, a machine in accordance with this invention is 
generally designated 140. Substantial similarities may be noted between 
the machine 140 and the machine 40 of FIG. 2. Thus, machine 140 has a 
supporting framework formed corresponding to the framework of the machine 
40 formed from a machine frame plate 144 affixed to the bed of the 
machine, a pair of parallel, horizontal support bars 142 affixed to and 
extending forwardly from the frame plate 144, and an armature stop plate 
146. Certain operating assemblies of the machine 140 of this invention may 
also be identical or substantially identical to corresponding parts of the 
prior art machine 40. Thus, the machine 140 of this invention has an 
armature clamp assembly 148 and an armature elevator 150 which locate and 
retain an armature core subassembly 14 centered on an axis 151 and which 
may be made and function identically to the corresponding parts 48 and 54 
of the machine 40 of FIG. 2. The machine 140 of this invention may also 
use a commutator supply chute 152 and an escapement device 154 which can 
be identical to the chute 66 and the escapement device 74 of the prior 
machine 40. A commutator elevator 156 having commutator support rails 157 
is used for the same purpose as the elevator 70. (Except for the angle at 
which the commutators are oriented by the construction of the support 
rails 157, as will be described below, the elevator 156 may be essentially 
identical to the elevator 70 described above.) The machine 140 of this 
invention also has a commutator loading mechanism 158 for loading a 
commutator 12 into a commutator-retaining fixture or ram nosepiece 160 
mounted on a hollow ram shaft 162 of a novel ram assembly, generally 
designated 164. For reasons which will become apparent, the commutator 
loading mechanism 158 is or may be the same as other prior commutator 
loading mechanisms and does not have a rocking mechanism such as the 
mechanism 92 of the machine of FIG. 2. Since the machine 140 of this 
invention may incorporate the above-mentioned mechanisms and assemblies, 
or variants thereof, all of which (with the exception of the ram assembly 
164 and the support rails 157) may be entirely conventional, such 
mechanisms and assemblies are not illustrated or described in further 
detail herein. 
In accordance with the preferred practice of this invention, the ram 
nosepiece 160 is centered on the armature axis 151 and oriented relative 
to the armature core slots 24 with its tang-receiving pockets in a 
predetermined angular orientation relative to the armature core slots 24 
and a tang-oriented commutator is loaded into the ram nosepiece 160 and 
held non-rotationally therein. With the ram nosepiece 160 and the 
commutator 12 thus centered on the armature axis 151 in tang-oriented 
fashion, the ram nosepiece 160 is rotated about the armature axis 151 
relative to the clamped armature core subassembly 14 while the relative 
orientation of the armature core subassembly 14 and a side edge 26A of a 
commutator bar 26 is monitored. When the desired relative orientation is 
reached, the relative rotation is stopped and the ram assembly 164 is 
advanced to press the commutator 12 onto the armature core subassembly 14. 
The preferred method of relatively rotating the ram nosepiece 160 and the 
armature core subassembly 14 in order to obtain a bar edge-oriented 
alignment is to rotate the ram assembly 164 while maintaining the armature 
core subassembly 14 clamped in fixed position by the armature clamp 
assembly 148. To this end, and with reference to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, the ram 
assembly 164 is supported for rotary movement as well as axial movement by 
plural transverse bearing plates, of which two, designated 170 and 172, 
are illustrated. The ram assembly 164 is axially moved by a hydraulic 
actuator 174 mounted on the frame mounting plate 144 by a mounting bracket 
176. The hydraulic actuator 174 has a piston rod 178 connected to the ram 
shaft 162 by means of a coupling, generally designated 180, that permits 
of relative rotation between the piston rod 178 and the ram shaft 162 
while preventing substantial relative axial movement therebetween. 
Coupling 180 includes an inverted U-shaped drive yoke 182 connected by 
screws 184 to a mounting block 186 which is threadedly connected to the 
free end of the piston rod 178. The drive yoke 182 has a pair of 
mutually-spaced, depending legs 188 located within an annular groove 190 
formed in the outer surface of the ram shaft 162 adjacent its rearward 
end. As is believed apparent, the drive yoke legs 188 are located in the 
ram shaft groove 190 to provide a non-binding axial driving connection 
between the hydraulic actuator 174 and the ram assembly 164. Because the 
yoke legs 188 are in the annular groove 190, the ram assembly 164 is free 
to rotate relative to the hydraulic actuator 174. This driving connection 
differs from the connection of the yoke 104 of the prior machine 40 only 
in that the prior ram shaft 100 had vertical grooves instead of the 
annular groove 190 since there was no need to provide for relative 
rotation between the ram shaft assembly 80 and the hydraulic actuator 106 
of the prior machine 40. 
The ram shaft 162, and accordingly the ram nosepiece 160, are rotated about 
the armature axis 151 by an incremental or stepper drive motor 194 mounted 
on a vertically extending motor support plate 196 attached to the support 
bars 142 by a monitor and motor mounting assembly, generally designated 
198. The precise construction of the mounting assembly 198 is unimportant 
for the purposes of this invention and is accordingly not illustrated in 
detail. Briefly, it includes a pair of mounting pads 200, only one of 
which may be seen (in FIG. 5), there being one mounting pad 200 bolted to 
each support bar 142. The mounting assembly 198 further includes a 
vertically upwardly extending main mounting plate 202 welded to the 
mounting pads 200 and spanning between them. A large section of the main 
mounting plate 202 is cut away at 204 to enable an operator or mechanic to 
better observe the relationship of the parts. The motor support plate 196 
is connected by a spacer or support block 206 mounted on the back of the 
main mounting plate 202. 
The output shaft of the stepper drive motor 194 has a drive gear 208 that 
drivingly rotates the ram shaft 162 through an axially fixed, rotary 
motion transfer assembly, generally designated 210, comprising a drive 
gear segment 212 having an outer, circularly arcuate periphery provided 
with gear teeth 213 meshed with the drive gear 208. The center of the 
radius of curvature of the gear segment 212 coincides with the armature 
axis 151 and the ram shaft 162 is keyed to the drive gear segment 212 for 
rotation therewith about the armature axis 151. For this purpose, the ram 
shaft 162 has plural, circumferentially-spaced and 
longitudinally-extending splines 214 along a substantial portion of its 
length and the drive gear segment 212 has a splined, circular bore 216 
centered on the axis 151 and meshing with the ram shaft splines 214. 
To confine the drive gear segment 212 for movement in a path that is 
perpendicular to the armature axis 151, and to ensure an accurate and 
positive driving connection between the drive motor 194 and the ram shaft 
162, the rotary motion transfer assembly 210 further comprises a follower 
plate 218 parallel to the drive gear segment 212 and rigidly connected 
thereto by a spacer plate 220. The follower plate 218 is also keyed to the 
ram shaft 162 by means of a splined circular bore 222 centered on the 
armature axis 151 and meshing with the ram shaft splines 214. The drive 
gear segment 212 and the follower plate 218 straddle the transverse 
bearing plates 170 and 172 from which they are separated by thin bearing 
plates 224 and which prevent axial movement of the rotary motion transfer 
assembly 210. 
The preferred method of monitoring the side edge 26A of a commutator bar 26 
for control of the stepper drive motor 194 is by means of an optical 
edge-detection camera or gauge 226 mounted on the front face of the main 
mounting plate 202 and having a lens portion 228 centered on an axis 230 
perpendicular to the armature axis 151 and intersecting the surface of a 
commutator 12 in the ram nosepiece 160. The gauge 226 is programmed to 
provide signals indicative of the presence or absence of a bar side edge 
26A at a particular location within its field of view, which signals are 
used to control the operation of the stepper motor 194, as will be more 
fully discussed below. For this purpose, the ram nosepiece 160 has a 
circular bore or camera sight window 232 centered on the lens axis 230 
which exposes an area of the outer surface of the commutator 12 located 
within the nosepiece 160. 
Although there may be other acceptable gauges, a high resolution linear 
array camera or optical gauge is presently preferred. A linear array 
device is presently preferred over a two dimensional vision system because 
of its relatively low cost and fast response time. An optical gauge 
designated as Honeywell HVS 256 and available from Honeywell Visitronics, 
P.O. Box 5077, Englewood, Colo. 80155, is highly acceptable. When provided 
with a 25 mm lens and mounted so that its lens is located three inches 
from a commutator 12 in the ram nosepiece 160, the Honeywell HVS 256 has a 
sufficiently high resolution to detect a commutator bar edge 26A with an 
accuracy of approximately 0.0004 inch. (Of course, the accuracy of the 
entire system would be somewhat less.) 
Except for the sight window 232, the nosepiece 160 may be of an entirely 
conventional construction, which will now be described. With reference to 
FIGS. 5, 7, and 8, the nosepiece 160 comprises a generally cylindrical 
body 234 with a through bore 236. The forward end of the through bore 236 
is counterbored to form a commutator-receiving cavity or pocket 238. The 
rearward end of the body 234 comprises a reduced diameter hub portion 240 
received within the forward end of the ram shaft 162. A rectangular key 
242 (FIG. 5) bears against a keyway 244 on the nosepiece body 234 and a 
cooperating keyway on the ram shaft 162 to secure the nosepiece 160 
against rotation relative to the ram shaft 162. Relative axial movement 
between the ram nosepiece 160 and the ram shaft 162 is prevented by a set 
screw 246 (FIG. 5) that bears against a forwardly facing surface of a 
V-shaped circular groove 248 in the hub portion 240 so that a rearwardly 
facing shoulder 250 o the body 234 bears against the front end face of the 
ram shaft 162. 
As also old in the art, the body 234 has a pair of tapped holes 252 that 
threadedly receive ball plungers 254 of the type sold by Reid Tool Supply 
Company of Muskegon, Michigan which frictionally retain a commutator 12 
loaded into the cavity 238. A downwardly extending bore 256 opening from 
the cavity 238 to the bottom of the body 234 is provided to permit any 
debris that may otherwise accumulate in the cavity 238 to drop away when 
each successive commutator 12 is loaded into the nosepiece 160. 
As in the case of the nosepiece 130 of FIG. 3, and in contrast to the 
nosepiece 78 of FIG. 2, the leading edge of the nosepiece 160 bar has 
tang-receiving pockets 258 for tang-orienting the commutator 12 cooperates 
with its associated commutator loading mechanism 158 to tang-orient the 
commutator 12. Thus, the pockets 258 could be formed in the same manner as 
the pockets 132 of FIG. 3, but in this case are shown as slots between 
forwardly-extending fingers 259 that have rounded edges which receive the 
commutator tangs with a slip fit. 
In the preferred method of operation of the machine 140 of this invention, 
the commutator support rails 157 on the elevator 156 are constructed to 
hold and locate a commutator 12 in an angular position wherein one of its 
bars 26' is in an uppermost or twelve o'clock position with part of its 
upper surface facing vertically upwardly. The commutator 12 is also so 
located by the commutator support rails of the commutator elevator 156 
that its angular orientation is most likely to be slightly out of 
alignment with the desired final orientation of its tangs 28 with the 
commutator slots 24. The intentional misalignment may be accomplished, for 
example, by making one of the commutator support rails 157 slightly taller 
than the other. (This is the only difference between the commutator 
elevator 156 of this invention and prior art elevators which tang-orient 
the commutators as they would be finally oriented relative to the armature 
core slots.) With the commutator 12 thus tang-oriented, it is loaded into 
the ram nosepiece 160, the tang receiving slots or pockets 258 of which 
must be out of angular alignment with the armature core slots 24 by the 
same number of degrees as the commutator 12 is oriented out of alignment 
with the armature core slots by the support rails of the commutator 
elevator 156. The uppermost commutator bar 26' is thereby located in line 
with the camera sight window 232 in confronting relation to the camera 
lens 228. The commutator elevator 156 is then lowered out of the way. 
With the edge gauge 226 monitoring the uppermost commutator bar 26' exposed 
by the sight window 232 as illustrated in FIG. 9, the stepper drive motor 
194 is energized to rotate the ram shaft 162 and thereby the ram nosepiece 
160 and the commutator 12 lodged therein in a clockwise direction as 
viewed in FIGS. 4, 9, and 10, and in a "top coming" direction as viewed in 
FIG. 5, until a side edge 26A of the monitored commutator bar 26' is 
detected by the gauge 226 to be located at a position in the field of view 
of the gauge lens 228 wherein it has been predetermined to be properly bar 
edge-oriented with respect to the armature core slots 24. This is the 
position diagrammed in FIG. 10, the direction of rotation of the 
commutator 12 to reach such position being indicated by an arrow A 
therein. 
FIG. 11 is highly simplified schematic of the machine control circuitry 
used to control the stepper drive motor 194 by means of a programmable 
controller 260, a stepper motor indexer 194A, and the edge gauge 226. Note 
that signals from the gauge 226 are used by the programmable controller 
260 to maintain the stepper drive motor 194 energized. When the edge gauge 
detects a side edge 26A of the commutator bar 26' being monitored, the 
signal produced by the edge gauge 226 is applied directly to the stepper 
drive motor 194, as in the form of an interrupt, to deenergize it and thus 
stop the rotation of the ram shaft 162 with the commutator 12 in the 
nosepiece 160 properly bar edge oriented relative to the armature core 
slots 24. The same signal from the edge gauge 226 may be used by the 
programmable controller 260 to initiate other events, such as the 
energization of the hydraulic actuator 174 to move the ram assembly 164 
forwardly toward the armature core subassembly 14 clamped by the armature 
clamp assembly 148. 
When the hydraulic actuator 174 is energized subsequent to the bar 
edge-orientation of the commutator 12 to drive the ram assembly 164 toward 
the armature core subassembly 14 so that the commutator 12 lodged in the 
ram nosepiece 160 is pressed onto the armature shaft 20, the movement of 
the ram assembly continues until a stop collar 262 clamped in an adjusted 
position to the ram shaft 162 strikes a stop plate 264 mounted on the 
backside of a ram stop mounting plate 265 fixed to the machine bed. This 
extreme forward movement of the ram assembly 164 is sensed, as by a limit 
switch (not shown), and the hydraulic actuator 174 is then energized to 
return the ram assembly 164 to its rearward or home position. 
During the return movement of the ram assembly 164, the programmable 
controller 260 energizes the stepper drive motor 194 to reversely rotate 
the ram shaft 162 in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in FIG. 4 and 
as "top going" as viewed in FIG. 5, to return it to its original angular 
start or home position so that, again, the tang receiving slots or pockets 
in the ram nosepiece 160 are slightly angularly misaligned from their 
desired ultimate bar-oriented location. The operations described above may 
then be repeated indefinitely to press other commutators 12 onto other 
armature core subassemblies 14. 
The angular home position of the ram nosepiece 160 may be adjustably set by 
the use of an adjustably mounted sensing device that senses the location 
of the drive gear segment 212 in the home position. One such sensing 
device, comprising a proximity detector 266 adjustably mounted on a switch 
mounting plate 268 connected to the main mounting plate 202, is shown in 
FIGS. 4 and 5. Also mounted on the switch mounting plate 268 for 
association with the proximity detector 266 is an adjustably fixed 
mechanical stop pin 270 which positively prevents excessive overtravel of 
the drive gear segment 212 past its angular home position in the event 
rotation of the drive gear segment 212 is not interrupted due to failure 
of the proximity detector 266 or failure of other circuit components which 
might result in damage to the proximity detector 266 or other parts of the 
machine. 
The degree by which the tang-oriented commutator 12 is initially angularly 
misaligned is a matter of choice but, for speed of operation, it is 
preferred that the misalignment be quite small and in every case less than 
the width of one commutator bar. Preferably, the degree of misalignment is 
only sufficient for the tolerance range to be accommodated. This would 
usually be statistically determined. If, for example, the tangs of a 
particular type of commutator are designed to be centered on the 
centerlines of the commutator bars but from experience it is known that 
they are off-centered by as much as three degrees in either direction, an 
initial misalignment of the tangs by four degrees in one direction would 
accommodate all but those commutators which have tangs misaligned by an 
amount greater than four degrees in that direction. In most, if not all 
cases, the bar edge-orientation would be obtained by rotation of the ram 
assembly 164 between one degree and seven degrees. Thus, with reference to 
FIGS. 9 and 10, if the tang of the bar 26' is closer to its edge 26A than 
to its centerline, the commutator 12 would be inserted into the ram 
nosepiece 160 with its bars displaced in a clockwise direction from that 
illustrated in FIGS. 9, so that a lesser degree of rotation of the ram 
nosepiece 160 would be required to center the edge 26A under the camera or 
gauge 226 as shown in FIG. 10. Conversely, if the tang were further from 
the edge 26A, the commutator would be inserted into the ram nosepiece 160 
displaced in a counterclockwise direction from that illustrated in FIGS. 
9, so that a greater degree of rotation of the ram nosepiece 160 would be 
required to center the edge 26A under the camera or gauge 226 as shown in 
FIG. 10. 
The programmable controller 260 may be programmed to cause the commutator 
to be ejected in the event the edge detector 226 fails to signal that a 
bar edge has been located after a predetermined number of degrees of 
rotation of the ram assembly 164. This would ordinarily mean that either 
there are no insulating slots in the commutator or that the tangs are so 
far out of alignment that it may not be possible to carry out subsequent 
manufacturing operations. At the same time, the eject mechanism could be 
operated to eject the defective commutator. A proximity detector and an 
adjustably fixed stop (not shown) similar to the proximity detector 266 
and the stop 270 could be provided for this purpose on the right side of 
the gear segment 212 as viewed in FIG. 4, opposite from the detector 266 
and the stop 270. 
An advantage of the use of a programmable optical edge detector such as the 
Honeywell HVS 256 unit mentioned above is that it may be programmed to 
react to a commutator edge 26A at some location other than that initially 
used. For example, if by use of statistical process control techniques it 
is determined that the commutators would statistically be better angularly 
aligned if they are rotated through an additional 0.5 degree past the 
initially detected edge location, the edge detector 226 may be 
reprogrammed to cause such additional rotation to occur. 
FIGS. 5, 6, and 8 show internal parts of the ram assembly 164 which have 
not been previously described. These include a hollow commutator ejecting 
sleeve 280 having a pressing head 282 located within the ram nosepiece 
cavity 238 and an elongate shank portion 284 which is of a smaller 
diameter than its pressing head 282 and which extends through and 
rearwardly past the nosepiece hub portion 240. An ejecting sleeve return 
spring 286 encircling the shank portion 284 and confined between the 
rearwardly facing end of the nosepiece hub portion 284 and a retaining 
washer 288 at the rear end of the shank portion 284 so biases the ejecting 
sleeve 282 that its pressing head 282 abuts the forwardly facing base 
surface of the ram nosepiece cavity 238. In operation, a commutator 12 
fully loaded into the ram nosepiece 160 abuts the forwardly facing surface 
of the pressing head 282. Accordingly, when ram shaft 164 is moved 
forwardly by the hydraulic actuator 174, the force required to press the 
commutator 12 onto the armature shaft 20 is transmitted through the 
pressing head 282 to the commutator 12. 
Slidable within the bore of the ram shaft 162 aft of the ejecting sleeve 
280 is an elongate, hollow ejector drive shaft 290 within which is 
slidably mounted a pilot shaft 291. The forward end of the pilot shaft 291 
projects into the nosepiece cavity 238 through the ejection sleeve 280 
within which it is centered by bearing collars 292 and 294. The pilot 
shaft 291 has an enlarged head 296 within an elongate counterbore 298 at 
the rearward end of the ejector drive shaft 290. A stop and alignment pin 
300 passes transversely through the pilot shaft 291 and also through 
diametrically opposed slots 302 in the ejector drive shaft 290 into 
diametrically opposed slots 304 in the ram shaft 162 aligned with the 
slots 302. Forward movement of the pilot shaft 291 is limited by the 
engagement of the stop and alignment pin 300 with the rearwardly facing 
end surfaces of the ram shaft slots 304. 
The ejector drive shaft 290 is fixedly connected to the transverse ejector 
operator, designated 306, which is biased rearwardly with respect to ram 
shaft 162 by an ejector return spring 308 located between the ejector 
operator 306 and the stop collar 262. A pilot shaft return spring 310 is 
confined within the counterbore 298 between the pilot shaft head 296 and 
the transverse ejector operator 306. 
If due to some defect, commutator 12 is only partly loaded into the ram 
nosepiece 160, the failure of the commutator loading mechanism 158 to 
complete its operation is sensed and an ejection drive cylinder (not 
shown) caused to operate. Operation of the latter cylinder causes, by 
means of a suitable linkage (not shown), the transverse ejector operator 
306 to be driven forwardly against the bias of the ejector return spring 
308 whereupon the ejector drive shaft 290 moves forwardly into engagement 
with the ejecting sleeve 280, moving it forwardly against the bias of the 
ejecting sleeve return spring 286 to eject the defective commutator onto 
the commutator support rails 157. Upon subsequent release of pressure 
against the transverse ejector operator 306, the ejector return spring 
returns the ejector drive shaft 290 and the tranverse ejector operator 306 
to their rearward or home positions and the sleeve return spring 286 also 
returns the ejecting sleeve 280 to its rearward or home position. 
As the ram shaft 162 advances toward the armature core subassembly 14, and 
the pilot shaft 180 engages the end of the armature shaft 20, the pilot 
shaft return spring 310 is placed under pressure so that, upon initial 
subsequent return of the ram shaft 162, the pilot shaft 291 will press 
against the armature and resist any frictional force between the newly 
placed commutator and the returning ram nosepiece 160 tending to pull the 
armature assembly rearwardly. As previously mentioned with respect to the 
prior machine 40, stop means may also be provided for this purpose. 
Since the loading of an armature core subassembly 14 in the armature core 
clamp assembly 148 may occur essentially simultaneously with the loading 
and the bar edge-orientation of a commutator 12, it will be appreciated 
that the machine 140 of this invention may operate with considerable 
speed. Contributing to the high speed of operation is the process by which 
the return of the ram nosepiece 160 to its angular start position by 
reverse rotation of ram assembly 164 may be accomplished while the ram 
assembly 164 is returning to its axially retracted home position and the 
minimal angle through which the ram nosepiece must be rotated to bar edge 
orient the commutator. Highly accurate and uniformly repeatable locations 
of the commutator bar edges with the armature slots are obtainable by the 
machine of this invention which in many cases may provide greater armature 
reliability than can be obtained by commutator placing machines which rely 
solely on tang-orientation. Because the location of an edge is being 
detected, the accuracy of bar edge-orientation in accordance with this 
invention is greater than with the gap-orientation obtained by the use of 
the machine 40 because of the need for the thin gap-locating blades 90 to 
be thinner than the air gaps 34 that receive them. The ability to make 
changes in the edge location of the edge detected by changing the edge 
detector program may also provide substantial advantages in some cases. 
Those skilled in the art will recognize that this invention may also be 
usable for placing commutators having wire lead receiving slots instead of 
tangs, in which case the commutator would first be oriented by such slots 
instead of the tangs. There also may be occasions in which an edge other 
than a commutator bar edge, such as an edge of a wire lead receiving slot 
or an edge of a line marked on a commutator bar, would be detected and 
used to control the relative angular orientation of a commutator and an 
armature core subassembly. 
Cases may arise when it would be preferable to rotate the armature rather 
than the commutator and it would be possible to use an optical or other 
edge detector to determine the error between the relative positions of a 
tang-oriented commutator and the nominal orientation of an armature core 
when clamped by the armature clamp assembly as determined by a stop dog in 
an armature core slot, and to position or reposition the armature core 
subassembly to compensate for the error. The armature positioning or 
repositioning could be accomplished by moving the armature stop dog on the 
clamp assembly either before or after an armature is located in the 
armature clamp assembly. The error in the edge position can be detected by 
the operation of the edge detector or, as in the case of the machine 140, 
by rotation of the commutator relative to the edge detector. 
Although a high resolution optical edge detector is the present choice for 
detecting the location of the edge of a commutator bar, other electrical 
or mechanical devices may be usable for this purpose. 
Although the presently preferred embodiment of this invention has been 
described, it will be understood that within the purview of the invention 
various changes may be made within the scope of the following claims.