Pipe milling tool blade and method of dressing same

A blade (8) for a pipe milling tool having a body (1) and a longitudinal axis (100) has a plurality of slots (12) extending both in a generally radial direction and in an intended direction of rotation of the milling tool about the longitudinal axis. Located in each slot (12) is at least one cutting element (13), the slot and the cutting element both having a greater depth in the blade in the intended direction of rotation than height in the longitudinal axis direction. The provision of such dimensions for the slot and cutting element affords the blade with improved life. The cutting elements may each have a negative axial rake angle (A) and the cutting elements are preferably brazed in each of the slots. In a preferred embodiment the slots and the cutting elements are both similarly decreasingly tapered from a forward (leading) face (221) to a rearward face (218) with respect to the intended direction of rotation of the tool by an angle in the range 1.degree. to 20.degree..

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to a blade for a pipe milling tool and to a method 
of dressing such a blade, the blade normally being used with a milling 
tool for cutting or milling tubular members and other basically 
cylindrical obJects employed in energy exploration, for example in an oil 
or gas well or the like. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Oil and gas wells are usually lined with a steel pipe forming a casing 
which may hang freely or may be cemented in position by pumping a cement 
slurry between the outer surface of the pipe and a bore hole in which the 
pipe is located. In certain circumstances it may be necessary or desirable 
to cut the casing by milling at a distance from the well surface and to 
mill away a substantial length of pipe. Milling may be required, for 
example, to remove cemented casing so that a well can be redrilled or to 
remove a section of the casing to improve or permit oil and gas production 
at a desired elevation in a well. 
It is known to use milling tools having either fixed or hydraulically 
radially expandable cutting blades. Known fixed diameter mills usually 
have a plurality of fin like cuttingblades radially projecting outwardly 
from a tubular body and the fins may be welded, brazed or bolted to the 
mill body. Known hydraulically activated mills have a plurality of cutting 
blades, often called `knives`, that are circumferentially disposed about a 
mill body and are pivotally attached to the body at an upper end of the 
blades so that the lower end of the blades may be swung radially outwardly 
when the mill has reached a desired location within the casing at which 
milling is to commence. A usual manner of radially opening the blades is 
by a reciprocally operable piston located within a longitudinal bore 
within the mill body, the piston being operable by circulation of drilling 
mud to force the piston downwardly. The piston is arranged to contact a 
cam surface on the blades to pivotally rotate the lower, in operation, end 
of the blades radially outwardly and thereby wedge the blades into contact 
with the casing to be milled. The mill body is connected to a drill string 
and the string is rotated to effect milling, the blades being maintained 
in the open position by the hydraulic action of the drilling mud on the 
piston. 
Another type of milling tool is that known as a washover shoe which is a 
fixed diameter mill having a tubular body with cutting elements disposed 
around the lower periphery of the body. A washover shoe is used to mill 
away tool obstructions such as stabiliser ribs, reammer cutters, expanded 
packers and bit bodies which may be retaining a drill string downhole. By 
using a number of wash pipes, the rotatable washover shoe is passed over 
the drill string and lowered to the position of the obstruction so that, 
in effect, the washover shoe cuts an annulus. 
It has been conventional to use fragments of crushed tungsten carbide 
secured in a layer of brazing alloy on the part of the blade which, during 
rotation thereof, is the leading face i.e. that portion of the blade which 
is forwardly facing during rotation. The brazing process leaves particles 
of carbide in a more or less randomly distributed fashion and orientation 
in the brazing alloy. Such random orientation of the tungsten carbide 
fragments and hence the cutting edges of the fragments significantly 
limits the milling efficiency of the tool and creates mainly undesirably 
long cuttings which may cause the mill or the drill string to become 
stuck. The total amount of tungsten carbide fragments available for 
milling is limited by the need to have a supporting matrix of brazing 
alloy. 
So as to overcome the problems associated by the random orientation and 
distribution of the tungsten carbide fragments, mills have been 
constructed with geometrically shaped cutting elements and such a mill is 
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,074 assigned to Smith International Inc. 
In such a mill the blades have a leading cutting edge on which is secured 
tungsten carbide cutting elements across the leading face of the blade in 
a radial row and there being a plurality of rows extending in the 
longitudinal direction of the axis of the milling tool. The total number 
of cutting elements that can be used on such a milling blade is limited to 
the surface area of the radial cutting blade. The cutting elements have a 
rectangular cross section in the longitudinal, axial, direction with the 
depth of each element in the rotational direction being significantly less 
than the height of each element in the longitudinal axial direction. The 
leading face of the elements is either parallel to the longitudinal axis 
of the mill body or tilted such that the upper edge in use of each element 
is inclined forwardly of the lower edge of said element to provide what is 
known as negative axial rake. The provision of such negative axial rake is 
believed to provide more efficient cutting and to provide shorter cuttings 
that can be circulated out of the well more conveniently by drilling mud. 
The tungsten carbide elements are usually secured to the front, i.e. 
leading, face of the mill by brazing but the complete front face of the 
cutting elements is unprotected against axial, torsional and radial shocks 
that are frequently encountered during casing milling operations. The 
tungsten carbide elements therefore tend to crack and break off the 
cutting blades which, it will be realised by those skilled in the art, 
limits the distance that can be milled with a single mill and which can be 
milled in a continuous operation. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention seeks to provide a blade for a pipe milling tool, and 
a method of dressing such a blade in which the foregoing defects are 
substantially mitigated. 
According to one aspect of this invention there is provided a blade for a 
pipe milling tool adapted to be connected to a rotatable drilling string 
body having a longitudinal axis, said blade having at least one slot means 
formed therein extending both in a generally radial direction and in an 
intended direction of rotation, and at least one cutting element secured 
in each said at least one slot means, said slot means and said cutting 
element having a greater depth in said blade in the intended direction of 
rotation than height in the longitudinal axis direction. 
The provision of a slot means in the blade having a greater depth in the 
intended direction of rotation than height in the longitudinal axis 
direction has the dual advantage that not only is the cutting element more 
securely located within the blade but by virtue of providing a cutting 
element having a greater depth than height so when the leading edge of the 
cutting element breaks off in use there remains a greater depth of cutting 
element for subsequent use in milling so that the blade lasts for a longer 
period of time which in turn means that a longer length of pipe can be 
milled. 
The ratio of depth to height of the slot means and of the cutting element 
may be in the range 1.2:1 to 8:1 and in a preferred embodiment the ratio 
of depth to height is in the range 2:1 to 4:1. 
The sides of the slots in the front to back direction of intended rotation 
of the tool, i.e. the top and bottom of the slots in the longitudinal, 
axial direction of the tool, may be parallel to one another and the front 
to back sides of the cutting elements may be similarly parallel to one 
another but of smaller dimensions so that the cutting elements fit into 
the slots and are secured therein by, for example, brazing material. Such 
a construction requires that the slots are accurately cut to a narrow 
tolerance so that the brazing material in which the cutting elements sit 
in the slot does not have an excessive thickness. It has been found that 
with such a construction there is a tendency for a cutting element to 
fracture in use caused by tensile stresses in the brazing material 
contracting during cooling after use and such contraction of the brazing 
material causes the cutting element to tear apart. In a preferred 
embodiment of the invention it is accordingly provided that the slot means 
and the cutting element are both similarly decreasingly tapered from a 
forward to a rearward face with respect to the direction of the intended 
rotation of the tool at an angle in the range 1.degree. to 20.degree., 
preferably 3.degree. to 6.degree.. 
By providing the blade with a tapered slots and rendering the cutting 
elements similarly tapered so the advantage is achieved that tensile 
stresses in the brazing material in which the cutting element is mounted 
is reduced. 
Advantageously said at least one cutting element has a cutting surface 
presenting a negative axial rake angle whereby an upper edge of the 
cutting surface is tilted towards the direction of body rotation. 
Advantageously the negative axial rake angle is in the range 
2.degree.-20.degree. and preferably is in the range 10.degree.-15.degree.. 
Preferably a plurality of slot means are provided located one above the 
other in the direction of the longitudinal axis and advantageously a 
plurality of cutting elements are radially located in each said slot 
means. In such an embodiment, preferably adjacent cutting elements above 
one another to provide a substantially continuous cutting edge. 
Conveniently each cutting element has a quadrilateral cross section when 
viewed along the longitudinal axis and such cross section is conveniently 
rectangular or square. 
The cutting elements may be made of tungsten carbide, industrial diamond, 
ceramics or boron nitride. 
The blade is normally radially connected to the body and may be fixedly 
attached to the body by for example welding, brazing, rivetting or bolting 
or the blade may be pivotally radially connected to the body with means 
being provided for radially extending the blade. 
In a feature of this invention a washover shoe has a tubular body and a 
plurality of blades, each of the blades being as defined above in said one 
aspect and positioned around the lower periphery of the body. Such a 
washover shoe advantageously has the slot means of adjacent blade means 
presenting different angles to one another with respect to a plane 
perpendicular to said longitudinal axis so that differing axial rake 
angles are produced. 
According to a further aspect of this invention there is provided a method 
of dressing a blade for a pipe well milling tool having a body with a 
longitudinal axis, said body being adapted to be connected to a rotatable 
drilling string, said method including the steps of forming at least one 
slot means in the blade in a generally radial direction to said 
longitudinal axis and in an intended direction of rotation of said blade, 
said slot means having a greater depth in the intended direction of 
rotation than height in the longitudinal axis direction, inserting at 
least one cutting element into said slot means, said cutting element 
having similar depth and height dimensions to said slot means, and 
securing said cutting element into said slot means. 
The cutting elements, by being inserted into slots, are protected against 
shocks and each cutting element tends to have a longer life before it 
fails and breaks. The new cutting surface created after a small chip of 
the cutting element is broken off, is approximately parallel to the 
initial rake angle of the cutting face and the behaviour of the milling 
tool remains unchanged as a cutting element gradually wears. Furthermore, 
the total number of tungsten carbide elements that can be attached to a 
milling blade of predetermined size is greater when the elements are 
inserted into slots than on prior art mills where the leading or trailing 
face of the cutting elements are simply brazed onto the surface of the 
milling blade. The slower wear rate and increased amount of tungsten 
carbide on each blade increases the length of tubular pipe sections that 
can be milled without pulling the milling tool from the well, replacing 
the blades and running back into the well, therefore the cost of milling 
operations is significantly reduced by the present invention. 
Although a plurality of slots located longitudinally one above another are 
preferred it is to be understood that a single slot could be used.

In the figures like reference numerals denote like parts. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
A casing mill, shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, is used to remove a length of 
steel casing from a well bore. The mill has a circularly cross-sectioned 
body 1 having a longitudinal axis 100 and a longitudinal bore 2 through 
which mud may be circulated for removal of milled cuttings which are 
carried upwardly between an annulus created between the mill and the 
casing or well bore in which the mill is located. The upper, in use, end 
of the mill is provided with an internal tapered screw thread 3 for 
threadably securing the mill to a drill string and the lower, in use, end 
of the mill is provided with a tapered external screw thread 4 to couple 
the mill to lower drill string elements as is well known. 
So as to pilot the mill coaxially into and along a pipe or casing three or 
more radially extending vanes 5 are provided equi-circumferentially spaced 
around the body 1. The radially outer edge of the blades 5 is dressed with 
tungsten carbide 6 to reduce wear on the vanes. A fishing neck 7 is 
defined between the top of the body 1 and the top edge of three 
equi-circumferentially spaced radially extending blades 8. The blades 8 
are disposed longitudinally along the middle of the body and may have a 
lower extent above, at the same level, or below (as shown) the top of the 
vanes 4. Each blade 8 may be brazed, welded, rivetted or bolted to the 
body 1 and each blade projects radially outwardly from the body 1 more 
than the radial extent of the vanes 4 to present a cutting edge 9 on a 
lower edge of the blade 8. The lower edge 9 may have a radially outer end 
inclined downwardly with respect to a radially inner end of the blade 7 to 
provide a lead attack angle LA in the range 0-.degree.15.degree., 
preferably 10.degree.. Each blade 8 has a radially outer edge 10-which 
defines the radially outermost periphery of the mill and which is arranged 
to have a slightly greater radius than the radius of the pipe or casing if 
only the pipe or casing is to be milled away or is close to the outer 
radius of a coupling that connects joints of pipe or casing if both pipe 
or casing and coupling are to be milled away. It will be appreciated that 
the blades 7 may have any desired length depending upon the length of 
casing to be milled. 
The mill, in use, is arranged to be rotated in a right hand direction and 
axially loaded to cut away the pipe or casing. The blades thus each have a 
leading or forward face 11 and in the embodiment shown, the face 11 is 
parallel with the longitudinal axis 100. 
The leading face 11 of each blade is provided with nine equally spaced 
slots 12 located one above another in the longitudinal axial direction and 
each of the slots 12 extends in a generally radial direction and from the 
leading face rearwardly with regard the intended direction of rotation of 
the tool as shown in FIG. 3 so that each slot is a `blind` slot. The slots 
each have parallel upper 16 and lower 17 surfaces and a trailing or 
rearward edge 18. 
As shown in FIG. 3 each slot is inclined downwardly from the rearward, 
blind, end to the open, leading (forward) end in the intended direction of 
rotation and located side by side in each slot are three quadrilateral, 
preferably square, cross-sectioned tungsten carbide cutting elements 13 
having parallel upper faces 14 and lower faces 15 corresponding to the 
parallel upper 16 and lower 17 surfaces of the slot 12. One of the slots 
is shown empty in FIG. 3 for explanatory purposes only. Each of the 
elements 13 are secured in the respective slot by brazing material 
adjacent surfaces 16, 17, 18. The difference between the longitudinal 
height of the cutting elements and the corresponding height of the slot 12 
into which the elements are secured depends upon manufacturing tolerances 
of the elements 13 and the gap requirements for the particular bonding 
material that is used to secure the elements in the slots. In this respect 
material other than brazing material may be used although brazing material 
is currently preferred. The slots extend radially inwardly to a radius 
less than the outer radius of the outer edge of the vanes 5. A portion 19 
of the upper end of each blade is left free of cutting elements to provide 
a positive indication of tool wear of the mill. 
In the preferred embodiment each cutting element 13 has a square 
cross-section when viewed in the axial direction with a radial length, and 
a depth in the direction of rotation, i.e. from the leading edge to the 
rearward edge thereof, of 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) and a height in the 
longitudinal axial direction of 0.125 inches (3.2 mm), and each of the 
elements is made of tungsten carbide. The ratio of depth to height is thus 
preferably in the range 2:1 to 4:1 although the range may extend from 
1.2:1 to 8:1. The cutting elements may alternatively be made from 
industrial diamond, ceramics or boron nitride. 
The angle of inclination of the slots causes the cutting elements 13 which 
have minor surfaces which are substantially perpendicular to the major 
faces 14 and 15 to present a leading edge 21 which presents a negative 
axial rake angle A with respect to the plane of the longitudinal axis 100 
which is in the range 2-.degree.20.degree. and preferably in the range 
10.degree.-15.degree.. In the provision of a negative axial rake angle A 
it will be understood that the upper edge of the leading edge 21 is tilted 
toward the direction of body rotation R. The provision of such negative 
rake angle provides an improved cutting effect by producing shorter milled 
cuttings and by reducing the axial load required on the tool. 
Because the cutting elements 13 have substantially the whole of their major 
planar surfaces securely inserted into the slots 12 so the cutting 
elements are protected against shocks and therefore each cutting element 
13 cuts for a considerably longer time than on the prior art mills. When a 
small chip breaks off the leading edge of the cutting element, a new 
cutting edge of the element is exposed. The new cutting edge is more or 
less parallel to the initial negative axial rake angle A of the leading 
edge 21 so that the behaviour of the milling tool does not change as the 
cutting elements are slowly eroded during milling. The total amount of 
tungsten carbide that can be attached to a predetermined length of milling 
blade 8 is larger with this invention than when the front or back major 
planar surface of the cutting element is brazed onto the front face of a 
blade as in the prior art. The slower wear and the increased amount of 
tungsten carbide on the blades lead to longer sections that can be milled 
without pulling the mill from a well, replacing the mill and running the 
new mill into the well, thereby reducing the cost of milling operations. 
In use the mill is rotated in the direction of arrow headed line R and when 
the mill is in a well bore and secured on a drill string so the leading 
cutting edge 21 of the blades 8 are bought into contact with the pipe or 
casing to be milled. While the mill is loaded axially and when the blades 
are milling, mud is pumped down through the drill string and through the 
bore 2 to circulate the cuttings out of the well. 
By longitudinally spacing the rows of cutting elements 13 on each blade so 
if one or more of the cutting elements or rows of cutting elements is 
consumed in use so a fresh cutting element or row of cutting elements is 
presented for cutting. 
Another type of milling tool in which the present invention may be utilised 
will now be described with reference to FIG. 4 which shows a so called 
section mill having hydraulically actuated pivotal blades which are used 
to cut a pipe and to mill a section or window in casing. Such a mill is 
normally used for milling windows for cased hole side track operations or 
gravel pack completions. 
The section mill shown in FIG. 4 has a circularly cross-section body 51 
having an axial passage 52 therethrough for the circulation of mud and the 
upper and lower ends of the body each have an internal screw thread 53 for 
the connection of the body to a drill string. 
The body may have three to twelve equi-circumferentially spaced 
longitudinal slots 54 provided in the outer circumference thereof, six 
such slots being currently preferred and shown in the embodiment of FIG. 
4. Three axially long cutters 55 interspaced by three axially short 
cutters 56 are each mounted on a respective pivot 57 in each of the slots 
54, and a respective cam 58 carried by circulating fluid operated piston 
59 acts on the cutters 55, 56 so that the cutters are pivotally radially 
movable away from the body 51 to a cutting position, the cutter 55 only 
being shown radially extended. The piston 59 is biased by a compresion of 
spring 60. Such a mill is disclosed in UK Patent No. 834,870 and in the 
prior art the leading surface of the blades 55, 56 are dressed with 
crushed tungsten carbide. 
In operation the tool is rotatable about a longitudinal axis 100 and the 
short cutters 56 are arranged to open before the cutters 55, the position 
of the cam 58 on the blade 55 being shown for the purposes of explanation 
only and in reality the two cams 58 will be adjacent one another. 
Thus by virtue of the shape of the inner surface of the blade upon which 
cam 58 acts and by virtue of the shorter cutter 56 having its pivot point 
lower than the pivot of the longer cutter 55 so the shorter cutters 56 are 
opened first and faster than the longer cutters 55. Such a situation is 
shown in FIG. 5a where the shorter cutters having opened to part a pipe or 
casing 70. When the blades are all fully opened, as shown in FIG. 5b, all 
of the blades participate in the subsequent milling effect. The fact that 
a pipe has been completely cut is indicated by a reduction of the surface 
stand pipe pressure and increase in the rate of flow of mud. 
Typically 4000 to 8000 lbs of weight (1814 to 3629 kg) are applied to the 
mill and the rotational speed may be 100 to 125 rpm. When the casing has 
been cut in the desired section or the desired section of casing has been 
milled the tool rotation is ceased and the spring 60 lifts piston 59 
thereby withdrawing the cams from between the blades 55, 56 so that the 
blades are free to collapse into the body 51 and the tool can then be 
pulled into the casing shoe and retrieved. 
One of the cutters 55, 56, constructed in accordance with this invention is 
shown in detail in FIGS. 6-9 and has a longitudinally extending blade 61, 
the upper end, as shown in FIG. 6, being provided with a circular hole 62 
through which the pivot 57 is located. The blade 61 has a necked portion 
63 in which the hole 62 is situated which broadens out to a main portion 
64, a radially inner side 65 along which the cam 58 abraids, linking to an 
approximately triangularly cross-sectioned rib 66. The lower part of the 
blade 61 has an L-shaped cutout to provide a lower, in use, edge 67. 
Located over the leading surface 68 of the blade, i.e. facing forwardly in 
the direction of rotation of the tool, are the slots 12 in which the 
cutting elements 13 are disposed in similar fashion to the disposition of 
the slots and cutting elements in the mill shown in FIGS. 1-3. One of the 
slots is shown empty for illustration purposes only. The radial outer edge 
10 is arranged to have a clearance angle B in the range 
5.degree.-10.degree. depending on the size of the casing to be cut. 
A washover shoe embodiment of the present invention will now be described 
by way of example with reference to FIGS. 10-17. Referring particularly to 
FIGS. 10-17 a tubular body 140 has welded around the lower peripheral edge 
thereof six, for example, blades 141 which each have an upper portion that 
is slotted to permit the lower edge of the body 140 to enter the slot. 
Although in the presently described embodiment the blades are shown as 
being separately formed and welded to the body, it is envisaged that the 
blades could be formed as a unitary part of the body. As shown in FIGS. 
13, 14 and 15, the blades are each slotted in a radial direction of the 
blade and, as shown in FIG. 16, in a direction of intended rotation of the 
drilling string, FIG. 16 also showing the negative axial rake angle 
presented by cutting elements 13 secured in each slot, whereby an upper 
edge of the cutting surface of the elements is tilted towards the 
direction of body rotation. Moreover, it will be seen from FIGS. 10, 13-16 
that a plurality of slots are provided in the direction of the 
longitudinal axis 100 of the body 140. 
Referring now particularly to FIG. 12, wherein a developed view along the 
outside diameter of the shoe is shown, it will be seen that an angle C is 
presented by surface 143 of each blade with respect to a horizontal in the 
direction of shoe rotation, which angle C is preferably 75.degree.. In 
FIG. 12 each of the blades has been numbered 151 to 156. As shown in FIG. 
13, blades 151 and 154 have cutting elements located in horizontal slots 
in a plane perpendicular to the body longitudinal axis; FIG. 14 shows that 
the blades 152 and 155 have cutting elements presenting one angular 
orientation with respect to the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal 
axis; and FIG. 15 shows that the slots in blades 153 and 156 present an 
opposing angle of disposition with respect to the plane perpendicular to 
the longitudinal axis from the angle presented by slots in blades 152 and 
155. The reason for presenting the cutting elements at such different 
angles is to reduce the width of cuttings and thus facilitate removal of 
cuttings. 
As described thus far the upper 16 and lower 17 surfaces of the slots, and 
the adjacent major surfaces 14, 15 of the cutting elements 13, have been 
described as being parallel. Such a construction requires that the slots 
are cut accurately to a narrow tolerance so that the brazing material in 
which the cutting elements sit in the slot does not have an excessive 
thickness. It has been found, however, that with such a construction there 
is a tendency for a cutting element to fracture in use caused not only by 
normal wear but, it is believed, by tensile stresses in the brazing 
material contracting during cooling after use at a different rate to the 
rate at which the cutting element and the material of the blade contracts, 
causing the cutting element to tear apart. 
A detail of one such element is shown in a view corresponding to the views 
of FIGS. 3, 7 and 16 in FIG. 17. In FIG. 18 the tunqsten carbide element 
13, which may be identical or similar to those used on workshop lathes, 
has the leading (front) 21 and rearward edge, with respect to the 
direction of intended rotation of the tool, completely inserted into the 
respective slot 12. With the exception of the radially outermost element 
in each slot, where the outer facing side is not protected, all the 
cutting elements 13 are brazed against the top 16, bottom 17 and rear 18 
of the slots 12 as well as against the two neighbouring elements. 
Because of tolerances, the minimum and maximum top 16 to bottom 17 height H 
of the elements 13 must be arranged to fit inside the minimum and maximum 
height of the slots 12 and as a result the distance between the top and 
bottom of the slot, and the top and bottom of the elements, G, will vary 
greatly. 
Due to the differences that occur in production of dimension G it has been 
found that if there is too much brazing material the contraction thereof 
during cooling causes tensile stress upon the element 13 so that the 
element ruptures 160. 
The portion of blades shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 has a slot 212 tapered in 
the leading to rearward direction of intended rotation R of the tool and 
the corresponding taper is applied to the cutting element 213. Where 
elements 213 are located side by side in the slot then the adjacent faces 
of the elements are preferably parallel to one another. Similarly to the 
embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the elements are secured into position by 
being located in brazing material. However, unlike the arrangement of the 
embodiment of FIG. 17, the distance G is always at an optimum G opt since 
the element 213 may be pushed further into or out of the slot 212. Thus in 
the example of FIG. 18, where the height of the slot is at a minimum, S 
min, and the height of the element 213 is at a maximum, H max, then the 
element 213 protrudes from the slot. In distinction, in FIG. 19, where the 
height of the slot is at a maximum, S max, and the height of the element 
213 is at a minimum, H min, then the element 213 is simply pushed further 
into the slot. The front to back angle T is sufficient for capilliary 
forces to suck brazing material into the gaps between the elements 213 and 
slot 212 and may be in the range 1.degree. to 20.degree. but preferably in 
the range 3.degree. to 6.degree.. Thus, brazing material extends over the 
top 216, bottom 217 and rear 218 of the element 213. Similarly to the 
blades shown in FIG. 17, the front 221 of the element 213 is arranged to 
have a negative axial rake angle A although such a rake angle is not 
essential. 
By providing tapered slots and corresponding tapered cutting elements, the 
optimum thickness G opt is provided between the mating surfaces so that 
bond quality is improved and unwanted tensile stresses are significantly 
reduced when differing thermal co-efficients of expansion between the 
tungsten carbide element 213, the brazing material and the blade occur. 
Although it has been described that the negative axial rake angle A is 
achieved by inclining the slots, it will be realised by those skilled in 
the art that the axial negative rake angle can similarly be achieved by 
forming the slots perpendicularly to the leading face of the blade and by 
inclining the longitudinal length of the blade so that the leading face 11 
of the blade 8 or 68 of blade 61 has a negative axial rake angle. The 
number of slots and the number of cutting elements in each slot has been 
described and illustrated by way of example and it will be appreciated 
that different numbers of slots and different numbers and sizes of cutting 
elements can be used. Additionally, the embodiments have been described in 
which the cutting elements are quadrilaterial in cross-section when viewed 
along the longitudinal axis but other cross-sections of cutting element 
may be employed and it is not intended that the invention be limited to 
cutting elements which are located in each slot in abutting relationship 
with one another. 
Although the present invention has been described with reference to 
preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognise that 
changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit 
and scope of the invention.