Wet chemical emitter tip treatment

A wet chemical process is provided for treating an emitter formed on a substrate of a field emission display, the process comprises applying a solution including hydrogen to the emitter. In one embodiment of the invention, the steps of applying a solution comprises applying a solution of hydrofluoric acid to the emitter.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates generally to electron generating devices 
including field emission displays, and more particularly, to a method for 
treating emitter tips to reduce their electron work function. 
A device which utilizes field emission cathode tips to produce individual 
beams of current is described with respect to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a plan 
view of the device having a substrate 100 with emitter tips 102a-102n 
formed thereon. The device also has a gate electrode 104 which is 
separated from the substrate 100 by an insulating layer 106. When a 
voltage 108 is applied between the gate electrode 104 and the substrate 
100, an electric field is created which causes emitters 102a-102n to emit 
electrons 112 as shown. Electrons 112 then strike faceplate 110. Faceplate 
110 typically has formed thereon a plurality of phosphor dots which are 
illuminated by the electrons 112. 
Devices of the type just described are especially suitable for use in 
electronic applications requiring small, flat video displays such as lap 
top computers and video recorders. However, these types of devices are 
often battery operated. Therefore, it is important that the electronic 
components used in these devices, including the displays, consume as 
little power as possible in order to preserve battery life. This problem 
is especially compounded because it is generally desired that these 
devices are constructed to weigh as little as possible, and so, it is 
impractical to provide extended battery operation by using larger and 
heavier batteries. Therefore, it is important that any display designed 
for use with such devices consume as little power as possible. 
With devices of the type described above, the amount of energy needed to 
cause the emitters 102a-102n to emit electrons 112 is known as the "work 
function" of the emitter. The greater the work function, the more energy 
required to cause the emitters to operate. Thus, it is desirable to create 
emitters having the lowest possible work function. 
Previous attempts to create emitters having a low work function have not 
been completely satisfactory. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,292 
(incorporated herein by reference) claims a method of coating the surfaces 
of an array of emitter tips with a layer of material, for example, cesium, 
which is said to reduce the electron work function of each of the emitter 
tips. 
However, the above method does not recognize that the work function of the 
emitters is increased due to the formation of native oxides or other 
layers that are formed on the emitters during processing. Methods which 
attempt to reduce the work function of the emitter by coating it with 
another material simply coat over emitters having a high work function due 
to the problems described, and do not address the underlying problem. 
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the 
above-mentioned problems. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
A wet chemical process is provided for treating an emitter formed on a 
substrate of a field emission display. In one embodiment, the process 
comprises applying a solution including hydrogen to the emitter. In 
another embodiment of the invention, the step of applying a solution 
comprises applying a solution of hydrofluoric acid to the emitter. 
In a further embodiment, a process is provided in which the step of 
applying a solution of hydrofluoric acid comprises applying a solution of 
hydrofluoric acid which has been diluted with water such that the ratio of 
water to acid is about 500:1.

It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only 
typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be 
considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other 
equally effective embodiments. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
Referring now to FIG. 2, a wet chemical process is provided for treating an 
emitter formed on a substrate of a field emission display. In one 
embodiment, the process comprises applying a solution 204 including 
hydrogen to the emitter 202a-202n formed on substrate 200. Hydrofluoric 
acid is an example of a solution known to be useful with the present 
invention. 
In a more specific embodiment, the hydrofluoric acid is diluted with water 
such that the ratio of water to acid is between about 1:1 to about 1000:1. 
In one embodiment, the ratio of water to acid is about 500:1. Emitter tips 
202a-202n are maintained in contact with the hydrofluoric acid until the 
native oxide layers are removed and emitter tips 202a-202n are "hydrogen 
terminated." As used herein, an emitter tip is said to be hydrogen 
terminated when the ratio of hydrogen ("H") to flourine ("F") on the 
surface is greater than 1. 
Normally, whether acceptable hydrogen termination has occurred can be 
determined by reference to the length of time the hydrofluoric acid has 
been in contact with the emitters 202a-202n. For example, in one 
embodiment, the hydrofluoric acid, diluted to a ratio of 500:1 is 
maintained in contact with the emitters for a time period of between about 
1 and about 10 minutes. 
According to another embodiment, the hydrofluoric acid is applied at a 
temperature of between about 20.degree. C. and about 25.degree. C. 
Increasing the temperature of the application of the hydrofluoric acid 
will increase the speed at which the chemical reaction between the acid 
and the emitters takes place. For example, in one embodiment hydrofluoric 
acid of a 500:1 concentration is applied to the emitters at a temperature 
of 21.5.degree. C. At this temperature, it is in contact with the emitters 
for a time period of about 10 and 30 minutes. If the temperature is 
increased to 30.degree. C., the time period is decreased to between about 
5 and about 15 minutes. The relationship between the temperature of the 
acid and the contact time period is determined by process considerations, 
though lower temperatures are preferred because at higher temperatures the 
HF may pit the substrate. 
The above described process works particularly well with silicon emitter 
tips. For molybdenum tips, a slightly different embodiment of the 
invention is known to be useful. Of course, those of skill in the art will 
recognize that, although desirable results may be achieved by using any of 
the embodiments described herein with either silicon or molybdenum tips, 
the best results are achieved when a particular emitter material is 
matched to the most suitable treatment according to the present invention. 
For molybdenum tips, an embodiment of the invention is used in which a 
solution of hydrochloric acid is applied to the emitters. In one aspect, 
the hydrochloric acid is diluted with water such that the ratio of water 
to acid is between about 10:1 to about 50:1. In one particular embodiment, 
the ratio of water to acids about 20:1. In another embodiment, the 
hydrochloric acid having a dilution ratio of about 50:1 is allowed to 
remain in contact with the emitter tip for about 10 minutes. In a further 
embodiment, the temperature is maintained at about 50.degree. C. 
According to another aspect of the invention, a solution of sulfuric acid 
is applied to the emitters. In one aspect, the sulfuric acid is diluted 
with water such that the ratio of water to acid is between about 10:1 to 
about 50:1. In one specific embodiment, the ratio of water to acid is 
about 20:1. In further embodiment, the sulfuric acid is applied to the 
emitters at a temperature between about 40.degree. C. and about 60.degree. 
C. In a still more specific embodiment, the sulfuric acid is applied at a 
temperature of about 50.degree. C. At this temperature, the sulfuric acid 
is allowed to remain in contact with the emitters for between about 1 and 
about 5 minutes. 
Those of skill in the art will recognize that additional hydrogen 
containing acids will also work in various embodiments of the invention. 
For example, other acids known to be useful in the present invention are 
hydrobromic, and hidrotic. Moreover, non-halogen containing acids such as 
phosphoric and acetic acid are also known to be useful in the present 
invention. 
In addition to the above-described acids, embodiments using aqueous 
alkaline sulfates are also known to be useful in the present invention. 
For example, in one embodiment, the emitter tips are treated by applying a 
solution of ammonium sulphate. 
In a specific example, the ammonium sulphate is diluted to between about 1 
wt. % and 10 wt. %. In a particular embodiment, the ammonium sulphate is 
diluted to a water/sulphate ratio of about 5 wt. %. 
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the sulphate is applied 
at a temperature of between about 20.degree. C. and about 60.degree. C., 
and allowed to remain in contact with the emitters for a time period of 
about 5 and 30 minutes. 
In another embodiment, the invention comprises supplying a solution of 
ammonium hydroxide to the emitter tips. In one embodiment, the ammonium 
hydroxide is diluted with water such that the ratio of water to ammonium 
hydroxide is between about 1:1 and about 20:1. In a specific embodiment, 
the water to ammonium hydroxide ratio is about 10:1. At this 
concentration, the ammonium hydroxide is allowed to remain in contact with 
the emitter tips for a time period of between about 5 and 15 minutes. 
Those of skill in the art will recognize that other aqueous alkaline 
sulfates, such as those of calcium, magnesium and potassium, are useful 
with the present invention. 
After the emitters have been treated as described above, the work function 
will be reduced, and the substrate 200 is then sealed with faceplate 208 
to form a complete field emission display having a lower work function and 
reduced burn time than field emission displays made without benefit of the 
present invention.