Process for the separation of water from gas mixtures formed in the manufacture of vinyl acetate

The invention relates to a process for the partial separation of water from gas mixtures formed in the manufacture of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene with acetic acid and oxygen in the gaseous phase and in the presence of catalysts. In a "predehydration column", more than half of the water formed in the reaction is eliminated without requiring energy feed. The mixture obtained which is relatively poor in water is worked up according to known methods.

The manufacture of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene with acetic acid 
and oxygen in the gaseous phase in the presence of fixed bed catalysts is 
already known. Generally, the reaction proceeds under pressures of from 1 
to 25 bars and at temperatures of from 100.degree. to 250.degree. C. The 
catalysts used in the industrial practice are of different composition; in 
all cases, however, they contain palladium or palladium salts. 
For stoichiometric reasons, one mol of water is formed per each mol of 
vinyl acetate according to the following scheme: 
EQU CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH.sub.2 +1/2 O.sub.2 + CH.sub.3 COOH.fwdarw.CH.sub.2 
.dbd.CHOOC.CH.sub. 3 + H.sub.2 O 
since according to the following scheme, part of the converted ethylene is 
oxidized to CO.sub.2 and water 
EQU CH.sub.2 .dbd. CH.sub.2 +3O.sub.2 .fwdarw.2CO.sub.2 +2H.sub.2 O, 
even more than one mol of water is formed per mol of vinyl acetate; 
generally, the amount of water formed is about one fourth by weight of the 
amount of vinyl acetate manufactured. 
In the industrial manufacturing processes, the hot gas mixture which leaves 
the vinyl acetate reactor and which is composed of unreacted ethylene, 
unreacted oxygen, unreacted acetic acid, vinyl acetate, water, CO.sub.2 
and inert gases such as nitrogen and argon, is generally cooled in several 
steps, whereby the condensable substances are liquefied. Thus, a liquid 
mixture is obtained which contains in general about 55 to 75 % by weight 
of acetic acid, 5 to 12 % by weight of water, 15 to 35 % by weight of 
vinyl acetate, and small amounts of other components such as ethyl 
acetate, ethylidene diacetate or acetaldehyde. The uncondensed components 
are recycled into the reactor. 
The liquid mixture may be worked up according to various distillation 
methods to form pure vinyl acetate and acetic acid, which latter one is 
recycled into the reaction. 
There are several known distillation processes; in one of them, in a first 
distillation column, a vinyl acetate/water mixture is distilled off at the 
head. The sump product, substantially acetic acid, of this first column is 
recycled into the reaction. The distillate is composed of two phases. The 
organic phase which comprises vinyl acetate -- saturated with water -- and 
other low-boiling substances is distilled in a second column; water and 
low-boiling substances passing over at the head. The sump product of the 
second column which contains dry vinyl acetate, high-boiling substances 
and polymers, is separated in a third column into pure vinyl acetate 
distilling off at the head, and high-boiling substances and polymers which 
are removed at the bottom. 
A further known distillation process operates which two columns only. In 
the first of these columns, the low-boiling substances, except vinyl 
acetate, are distilled off at the head. The reflux is removed from a 
partition plate in the column and passed over a phase separator, where the 
water is eliminated. The organic phase is then recycled into the column 
below the partition plate. At the bottom of this first column, a dry 
mixture of vinyl acetate, acetic acid and high-boiling substances which is 
free from low-boiling substances is removed. This column is operated under 
elevated pressure in order to increase the water content in the current 
discharged from the partition plate, that is, in order to reduce the 
energy consumption of the column. In the second column, the sump product 
of the first column containing vinyl acetate, acetic acid and high-boiling 
substances is separated into pure vinyl acetate which is distilled off at 
the head, and a sump product containing substantially acetic acid which is 
recycled into the reaction. 
When considering the total energy consumption of these known distillation 
processes, it is noted that about 60 to 80 % of the total energy required 
for the distillation are consumed for separating the water. 
The present invention provides a process which reduces substantially the 
energy consumption for the dehydration of the crude vinyl acetate mixture 
by separating part of the water according to a hitherto unknown method 
before the beginning of the known work-up. 
This process for the partial separation of water from gas mixtures formed 
in the manufacture of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene with acetic 
acid and oxygen in the gaseous phase and in the presence of catalysts, 
which gas mixtures contain acetic acid, vinyl acetate, water, carbon 
dioxide and ethylene as main components, comprises introducing the gas 
mixture escaping from the reaction zone, optionally after previous 
stepwise cooling, into a distillation column, cooling the mixture escaping 
in gaseous form at the head of the distillation column to -20.degree. to 
+50.degree. C., removing the aqueous phase from the condensate formed 
thereby which separates into two phases, and recycling the organic phase 
either totally or partially to the column, while removing simultaneously a 
mixture containing mainly vinyl acetate, acetic acid and water at the 
bottom of the column. 
This latter mixture of vinyl acetate, acetic acid and water discharged from 
the bottom of the column has a considerably lower content of water than 
the mixture obtained in the known processes described above, that is, 
about 2 to 6 % by weight instead of 5 to 12 % by weight. The use of a 
"predehydration column" according to this invention allows therefore the 
elimination of more than half of the water formed in the manufacture of 
vinyl acetate without requiring special energy in addition. 
The mixture of vinyl acetate, acetic acid and water obtained may be worked 
up according to suitable known methods, for example the two distillation 
processes described above. 
Before introducing it into the predehydration column, the gas mixture 
leaving the reaction zone is preferably cooled by countercurrent heat 
exchange using the gas current which is recycled to the acetic acid 
evaporator and which has a lower temperature. The temperature attained in 
the gas mixture in this manner depends on the temperature of discharge 
from the reactor and is between this latter temperature and the lower 
temperature of the cited circulating gas current. 
It was feared that in the operation mode of the invention under the 
conditions prevailing in the predehydration column, there would be 
formation of ethylidene diacetate, and of polymers from vinyl acetate, and 
saponification of vinyl acetate to a large extent. Surprisingly, however, 
the cited by-products are formed in traces only. 
The following advantageous operation mode of the process of the invention 
is illustrated by the accompanying drawing. 
The circulating gas containing ethylene, oxygen and CO.sub.2 is introduced 
via the duct (1) into the acetic acid evaporator (2) designed as bubble 
column, where acetic acid is added to the gas current via the duct (3). 
The gaseous mixture leaving the acetic acid evaporator (2) is to the 
reactor (5) via the duct (4) heated with steam in a jacket (not shown). 
The reactor (5) consists of a reaction tube having a lenght of 5.60 m and 
an inner diameter of 32 mm and provided with a jacket. The heat of 
reaction is dissipated by means of water in this jacket. The reaction tube 
is packed with catalyst material. The gas mixture leaving the reactor (5) 
and containing substantially ethylene, acetic acid, vinyl acetate, water, 
carbon dioxide, oxygen and inert gases such as nitrogen and argon is 
passed on via the duct (6) to the predehydration column (7) having a 
length of 2.5 m and a diameter of 50 mm and containing Goodloe packings. 
The gas mixture leaving the column (7) is forwarded via the duct (8) to 
the heat exchanger (9), where a countercurrent heat exchange occurs with 
the reflux which enters via the duct (16) and is fed back via the duct 
(10) to the column (7). From the heat exchanger (9), the gas mixture is 
forwarded via the duct (11) to the water-cooled condenser (12) where it is 
cooled to 20.degree.-25.degree. C. The substances liquefied therein are 
passed through the duct (13) to the vessel (14), where they are collected. 
That amount of liquid which exceeds a certain level in the collector 
vessel (14) is fed back by means of the pump (15) via the duct (16), the 
heat exchanger (9) and the duct (10) to the predehydration column (7). 
After a certain time, the condensate in the collector vessel (14) 
separates into two phases (17) and (18); from that moment on, the aqueous 
phase (17) is removed via the duct (19), and the organic phase (18) alone 
is recycled into the prehydration column (7) via duct (16), heat exchanger 
(9) and duct (10). By means of the pump (21), a stabilizer solution is 
pumped from the reservoir (20) via the duct (22) into the collector vessel 
(14). The liquid obtained in the sump of the prehydration column (7) which 
consists substantially of vinyl acetate, acetic acid and water is removed 
via the duct (23). The gas mixture leaving the condenser (12) via the duct 
(24) is liberated from uncondensed vinyl acetate amounts in the washing 
column (26) charged with acetic acid via the duct (25); the sump product 
of the column (26) is forwarded via the duct (27) to the vessel (28), 
where it is united with the sump product of the predehydration column (7) 
fed in via duct (23) to form "crude vinyl acetate". The residual gas 
(ethylene, unreacted oxygen and CO.sub.2 formed as by-product) leaving the 
washing column (26) via the duct (29) is recycled via duct (1) and the 
acetic acid evaporator (2) to the reactor (5) by means of a circulating 
gas compressor (30). In order to maintain stationary conditions and to 
eliminate inert gases, a partial current of the circulating gas is 
discharged as exhaust gas via the duct (31). Fresh ethylene is fed in via 
the duct (32) and fresh oxygen via the duct (33). 
The installation as described above is used in the following example which 
illustrates the invention.

EXAMPLE 
The reactor (5) is charged with 4.4 liters of a known vinyl acetate 
catalysts which contains 2.3% by weight of palladium, 2% by weight of 
potassium, 1.9% by weight of cadmium, each in the form of its acetate, on 
a silicic acid carrier (balls having a diameter of 6 mm). 12 Nm.sup.3 (N 
stands for normal conditions of pressure and temperature) of a mixture 
which contains about 69% by volume of ethylene, 24% by volume of carbon 
dioxide and 7% by volume of oxygen is introduced per hour into the acetic 
acid evaporator (2), to which an amount of acetic acid is fed in such a 
manner that evaporation of 4.83 kg/h of acetic acid is ensured. The gas 
entering the reactor is preheated to 155.degree. C. in the duct (4). At 
the inlet of the reactor (5), an overpressure of 8 atmospheres is 
established, and the temperature at the outlet of the reactor is adjusted 
to 160.degree. C. by means of the pressure on the boiling water cooling 
system in the reactor jacket. The temperature of the gas leaving the 
reactor, when it enters the predehydration column (7), is 130.degree. C. 
because of the heat disspation of the duct (6). The gaseous mixture 
leaving the predehydration column (7) at its head is cooled to 25.degree. 
C. in the condenser (12). In the vessel (14), 9 kg/h of organic phase (18) 
are obtained which are fed back via pump (15) and heat exchanger (9) to 
the predehydration column (7). From the collector vessel (14), 350 g per 
hour of water containing 3% by weight of vinyl acetate, 0.1% by weight of 
acetic acid and 0.05 % by weight of acetaldehyde are removed. In the sump 
of the predehydration column (7), where a head temperature of 80.degree. 
C. and a sump temperature of 90.degree. C. establish themselves, 5 kg/h of 
a mixture having the following composition are obtained: 60% by weight of 
acetic acid, 6% by weight of water, 33.8% by weight of vinyl acetate, 
0.05% by weight of ethylidene diacetate, 0.1% by weight of acetaldehyde 
and 0.05% by weight of other high-boiling substances and polymers. For 
stabilizing purposes, 15 ml/h of a solution of 2.5% by weight of 
p-benzoquinone in vinyl acetate are pumped into the collector vessel (14). 
The residual gas of condenser (12) is fed to the washing column (26), to 
the head of which 2.9 kg of acetic acid are pumped per hour. In the sump 
of the washing column (26), 3.8 kg/h of a mixture having the following 
composition are obtained: acetic acid 76.2% by weight, water 1.4% by 
weight, vinyl acetate 22.4% by weight, acetaldehyde 0.02% by weight. 
The sump product leaving the predehydration column (7) is combined with the 
sump product of the washing column (26) and the crude vinyl acetate so 
obtained is passed on to one of the known work-up processes. The gas 
leaving the washing column (26) is fed back to the acetic acid evaporator 
(2) via the circulating gas compressor (30). Ethylene and oxygen consumed 
in the reaction are replaced by fresh ethylene and fresh oxygen fed to the 
circulating gas. CO.sub.2 formed as by-product in the reaction is 
eliminated from the circulating gas as exhaust gas, and the amount of 
exhaust gas is adjusted in such a manner that a CO.sub.2 concentration of 
24% by volume in the circulating gas is maintained.