Method and apparatus for low power mobile unit for cellular communications system

A method and apparatus for efficient use of both power and bandwidth in a cellular communications system in which a Mobile Unit preferably enters Sleep-Mode when no communications have occurred between the Mobile Unit and the Base Station over a predetermined amount of time measured by an "Idle Timer". Upon expiry of a Wake Timer, the Mobile Unit awakes from Sleep-Mode to determine whether a message is pending. Concurrently, the Base Station transmits a "TEI-Notification" message directed to all Mobile Units to notify each Mobile Unit that has data pending. A system parameter determines the intervals at which the Base Station will transmit these notifications. Upon waking to receive a TEI-Notification message, the Mobile Unit determines whether the quality of the transmission is at least sufficient to allow the Mobile Unit to decipher the TEI-Notification message. If this minimal requirement is met, and the TEI-Notification message does not indicate that data is pending for the Mobile Unit, the Mobile Unit returns to sleep, even though the Mobile Unit may reside in a cell other than the cell associated with the Base Station currently assigned by the IS to communicate with the Mobile Unit. The Mobile Unit of the present invention does not monitor the forward channels on a regular basis, but rather waits until either the signal quality of the forward channel over which the Mobile Unit is receiving has degraded such that the TEI-Notification message can no longer be deciphered, or the TEI-Notification message indicates that a message is pending.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to communications equipment, and more particularly 
to a method and apparatus for reducing the power consumption and 
increasing the frequency efficiency of a mobile communications unit used 
in a cellular communications network. 
2. Description of Related Art 
It has long been a goal of communications engineers to establish a mobile 
communication network that would allow an individual to maintain wireless 
communications with others. That goal is being realized today by a mobile 
cellular communication system, commonly referred to as Advanced Mobile 
Phone Service (AMPS), in which an area is geographically divided into 
cells. In addition to AMPS, a Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) system 
has been implemented to allow wireless communication of digital data. A 
typical cell in a cellular system may be sectored or omni-directional. In 
a sectored cell, the coverage may be divided among several antennae that 
serve different regions of the cell. Typically, three to six sectors are 
used within a sectored cell. A Base Station associated with each cell 
sector controls airlink access to Mobile Units (which are typically 
mobile/cellular phones). 
FIG. 1 illustrates a number of sectored cells 102 arranged to cover a 
relatively large geographic area. FIG. 2 illustrates a single sectored 
cell 102. Each cell 102 typically has three sectors 103, each of which is 
serviced by a corresponding one Base Station 101a, 101b, 101c having an 
independent antenna. Each sector 103 has a "footprint" 105 (i.e., an area 
that is within the range of the Base Station 101 for both transmit and 
receive signals), which may differ in size and shape from sector to 
sector. In accordance with one implementation of a cellular communications 
system, cell boundaries are preferably defined as a set of connected 
points, each of which have equal received power as observed at a Mobile 
Unit 109. The broken line 105 shown in FIG. 2 represents footprint 
boundaries. Typically, a number of cells 102 are arranged in proximity to 
one another, such that the sectors 103 of adjacent cells 102 overlap. 
Generally, such overlapping of sectors 103 of adjacent cells 102 ensures 
that a Mobile Unit 109 may maintain contact with at least one Base Station 
101 from any location. 
A Mobile Data Intermediate System (MDIS) 112 must know which Mobile Units 
109 are within each cell so that communications to the Mobile Unit 109 may 
be properly routed. In addition, the Mobile Unit 109 must know on which 
forward and reverse channel to receive and transmit. In accordance with 
one cellular system, the particular forward and reverse channels on which 
the Mobile Unit 109 is to receive and transmit depend upon the relative 
signal quality of the signals received by the Mobile Unit 109 over the 
available forward channels. If the Mobile Unit 109 leaves a cell and 
attempts to transmit on the forward channel associated with that cell, 
there is an increased chance that the transmission will interfere with the 
transmissions of other Mobile Units 109 attempting to communicate with 
other Base Stations on the same reverse channel. This is likely because 
the same frequencies are allocated to more than one Base Station, as shown 
in FIG. 3. These Base Stations are separated by a distance which is 
sufficient to prevent interference with one another as long as each Mobile 
Unit 109 transmits that frequency only while within the boundaries of that 
cell. 
As the Mobile Unit 109 moves away from the Base Station to which it is 
transmitting and from which it is receiving, the quality of the signal it 
receives will generally decrease. Concurrently, the quality of the signal 
present on the forward channel of the neighboring Base Station toward 
which the Mobile Unit 109 is approaching will generally improve. In 
accordance with the CDPD system, when the signal quality of the neighbor 
Base Station becomes greater than the signal quality of the selected Base 
Station, the mobile Unit 109 assumes that it has entered a new cell. At 
that point, the Mobile Unit 109 executes a cell transfer to the Base 
Station within the neighbor cell. 
The need to transmit a message informing the MDIS 112 that the cell 
transfer has been executed and to monitor signal quality to determine when 
to request a cell transfer is typically not problematic when the Mobile 
Unit 109 consumes a relatively large amount of power during normal 
operation. For example, cellular telephones are required to transmit 
frequently and/or for relatively long periods of time. Therefore, the 
amount of power consumed by monitoring and transmitting cell transfer 
requests is not typically a significant portion of the power drain on the 
battery. However, other types of Mobile Units 109 are expected to consume 
less power and have longer battery life. For example, pagers typically are 
expected to have a battery life that extends for as much as one month or 
more. Repeatedly monitoring the forward channels and transmitting a 
message informing the MDIS 112 that a cell transfer has occurred each time 
a cell boundary is crossed requires a substantial amount of power. That 
is, monitoring each forward channel requires the Mobile Unit 109 to first 
receive each forward channel for a period of time. The signal quality of 
each channel must then be compared to determine which forward channel has 
the best signal quality. In systems which have the ability to limit power 
consumption by entering a dormant state or "sleep-mode", such monitoring 
requires the Mobile Unit 109 to awake in order to perform the monitoring 
function. Transmitting a cell transfer message is typically performed far 
less frequently than monitoring, but requires a relatively large amount of 
power. 
Therefore, because of the power requirements associated with a cellular 
system (i.e., the need to monitor forward channels and perform cell 
transfers) and the desire to provide pagers with extended battery life, 
service providers are not currently using cellular communication 
techniques in paging systems. Rather, paging is typically performed today 
by broadcasting a page through each of the Base Stations within a 
geographic area using the same transmission frequency at each Base 
Station, eliminating the need for monitoring forward channels and 
performing cell transfers. This broadcast is commonly referred to as a 
"simulcast". The geographic area is determined by the nature of the 
service for which the client has subscribed. For example, when a paging 
service client orders paging service from a particular service provider, 
the client orders that service for a particular geographic service area, 
such as Southern California. Pages for that client are then transmitted on 
every Base Station in the geographic service area in which the client has 
paid for service. 
Each client is provided with a mobile receiver and assigned a unique client 
number. The client number allows each client to be uniquely identified, 
and thus contacted. In a simulcast system, when a page for that client is 
received by the service provider, the service provider does not know where 
that client's mobile receiver will be. Accordingly, the client is paged by 
simulcasting a signal through each of the Base Stations in the entire 
service area. The signal that is transmitted indicates that there is a 
message pending for that client by transmitting the unique client number. 
In many paging systems in use today, pagers topically need only receive 
messages. However, some systems in use today for paging send an 
acknowledgment from the pager upon receipt of a message. 
Paging systems may also reduce the power requirements of the Mobile Unit 
109 by having each Base Station transmits a complete list of the client 
numbers for those clients for whom a page is pending on a regular basis. 
If the client's pager device does not see its client number in the list, 
it can revert to sleep mode until the next list is due to arrive. If the 
pager detects its client number, then the pager continues to receive 
transmissions from the Base Station in an attempt to receive the message 
intended for that client. After the message intended for that client is 
received, the Mobile Unit 109 ceases monitoring the forward channel except 
at regular intervals during which the list of clients is again 
transmitted. Due to the relatively limited bandwidth assigned to each 
service provider (typically 50 kHz), the use of such a simulcast paging 
scheme limits the number of clients that can be effectively serviced 
without extensive delays in the time required to contact the client. It 
can be seen that far greater capacity and lower delays are possible in a 
cellular communication system, since in a cellular communication system 
forward transmission to a Mobile Unit 109 is routed through only that 
particular Base Station associated with the Mobile Unit 109. However, 
these advantages are currently being sacrificed in order to reduce the 
power requirements of the Mobile Unit 109. 
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a cellular communication 
system in which the power requirements of the Mobile Unit arc reduced so 
that the advantages of cellular communications may be realized without 
having to sacrifice bandwidth and/or battery life. It would also be 
desirable to provide a method and apparatus which allows more efficient 
use of available bandwidth in a paging scheme, but which does not need to 
transmit frequently for control and system maintenance, and thus uses 
power relatively efficiently. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention is a method and apparatus for efficient use of both 
power and bandwidth in a cellular communications system. In accordance 
with one embodiment of the present invention, a Mobile Unit includes a 
receiver, a transmitter, and processor which controls operation of the 
receiver and the transmitter. The Mobile Unit communicates with a Base 
Station over an airlink. A plurality of Base Stations are each coupled to 
an Intermediate System (IS). The IS is responsible for routing messages 
between a Mobile Unit and devices connected to other networks, such as the 
conventional public switched telephone network (PSTN), public data 
networks and/or private data networks. 
Each Mobile Unit typically establishes an airlink with only one Base 
Station at a time. A cell transfer occur when the Mobile Unit desire to 
establish an airlink with a different Base Station. Each Base Station is 
responsible for establishing an airlink to a number of Mobile Units within 
a particular area (i.e., a "cell"). The airlink completes a communication 
link between an IS and each Mobile Unit. Each Mobile Unit may move freely 
into and out of a cell. In accordance with one embodiment of the present 
invention, a radio resource management entity (RRME) implemented by the 
processor within the Mobile Unit is responsible for ensuring that the 
Mobile Unit is linked to the most appropriate Base Station. That is, as 
the Mobile Unit moves from cell to cell, the RRME is responsible for 
ensuring that the Mobile Unit is in contact with the most appropriate Base 
Station. One way in which the RRME determines which Base Station is most 
appropriate is to measure one or more forward link characteristics, such 
as "Received Signal Strength Indication" (RSSI) or "Bit Error Rate" (BER). 
The Base Station which is transmitting the forward channel having the best 
signal quality is then selected. In accordance with the present invention, 
upon initial application of power to the Mobile Unit, the Mobile Unit 
preferably establishes an airlink with a Base Station having the best 
forward channel signal characteristics. Upon establishing the airlink, the 
Mobile Unit is assigned a Temporary Equipment Identification (TEI) number 
which is used to identify that particular Mobile Unit until the Mobile 
Unit requests a new TEI or the IS determines that the Mobile Unit has left 
the network, which may be determined by a message sent by the Mobile Unit 
prior to exit or by a time-out triggered by a lack of activity from the 
Mobile Unit. The IS maintains a log that indicates to which Base Station 
each Mobile Unit has established an airlink. 
In order to conserve power, the Mobile Unit in accordance with the present 
invention includes a "Sleep-Mode". In Sleep-Mode, the Mobile Unit 
deactivates essentially all of the functions, except for a "Wake Timer" 
which "awakes" the Mobile Unit from Sleep-Mode at regular intervals. This 
includes deactivation of receive and transmit processing. Thus, during 
Sleep-Mode the amount of power expended by the Mobile Unit is 
significantly reduced. A Mobile Unit preferably enters Sleep-Mode when no 
communications have occurred between the Mobile Unit and the Base Station 
over a predetermined amount of time measured by an "Idle Timer". In the 
preferred embodiment of the present invention, both the Mobile Unit and 
the IS have Idle Timers that run independently. These Idle Timers are 
reset when a communication occurs from the Mobile Unit to the IS. Each 
time the Wake Timer expires, the Mobile Unit awakes to receive a Temporary 
Equipment Identification (TEI) message (referred to as a 
"TEI-Notification" message) on the forward channel. Concurrently, the 
TEI-Notification message is sent over the forward channel from the Base 
Station. The TEI-Notification message preferably contains a list of all 
TEIs associated with Mobile Units that have messages pending for them. In 
accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each 
Mobile Unit registered on the network is associated with a unique TEI 
which identifies communications intended for that Mobile Unit. The Mobile 
Unit enters Sleep-Mode upon expiry of the Idle Timer within the Mobile 
Unit, and the IS assumes the Mobile Unit to be in Sleep-Mode upon expiry 
of the Idle Timer within the IS. 
A Notification Timer within the IS indicates approximately when the Base 
Station is to transmit the TEI-Notification message. Accordingly, the 
Notification Timer within the IS and the Wake Timer within each Mobile 
Unit should be coordinated. This coordination preferably occurs when the 
Mobile Unit initially establishes communications and synchronization with 
a Base Station. A system parameter determines the intervals at which the 
Base Station will transmit these notifications and thus the timer values 
for the Wake Timer and the Notification Timer within the IS. Once the 
Mobile Unit enters Sleep-Mode, the Mobile Unit only receives transmissions 
upon expiry of the Wake Timer. Upon waking to receive a TEI-Notification 
message, the Mobile Unit determines whether the quality of the 
transmission is at least sufficient to allow the Mobile Unit to decipher 
the TEI-Notification message. If this minimal requirement is met, and the 
TEI-Notification message does not indicate that data is pending for the 
Mobile Unit, the Mobile Unit returns to sleep, even though the Mobile Unit 
may reside in a cell other than the cell associated with the Base Station 
through which the Mobile Unit is currently communicating with the network. 
By maintaining the airlink between the Base Station and the Mobile Unit 
even after the Mobile Unit has left the cell associated with the Base 
Station maintaining the airlink, the Mobile Unit need not select a new 
Base Station, and thus need not transmit a message to tell the IS that 
another Base Station has been selected. Therefore, the power requirements 
of the Mobile Unit are substantially reduced. Once the RRME within the 
Mobile Unit determines that the Mobile Unit can no longer accurately 
receive the forward transmission from the Base Station due to degradation 
of the forward channel signal quality, the Mobile Unit will cause an 
essentially conventional cell transfer to occur. That is, the Mobile Unit 
preferably determines which forward channel has the best characteristics 
and sends a message to the IS via the newly selected Base Station. The IS 
then ensures that future messages to the Mobile Unit are routed through 
the new Base Station. 
The Mobile Unit of the present invention does not monitor the forward 
channels on a regular basis, but rather waits until either the signal 
quality of the forward channel over which the Mobile Unit is receiving has 
degraded such that the TEI-Notification message can no longer be reliably 
deciphered, or the TEI-Notification message indicates that a message is 
pending. Therefore, the Mobile Unit need only awake for relatively short 
periods of time to receive the TEI-Notification message, even if the 
Mobile Unit leaves a cell. This saves considerable power, since the Mobile 
Unit will be "awake" for less time and have less processing to accomplish. 
Furthermore, the number of cell transfers is substantially reduced because 
the present invention preferably maintains contact with the same Base 
Station until either a page is pending for that Mobile Unit or the 
transmissions of the TEI-Notification message can no longer be deciphered. 
Since people typically remain within a relatively limited geographic area, 
the number of times a Mobile Unit must monitor all forward channels or 
transmit a cell transfer message is substantially reduced. For example, a 
Mobile Unit that is used near the boundary between two cells may encounter 
conditions where the best server Base Station changes many times during 
the course of a day or even over a period of a few minutes. Also, changing 
the position of a mobile unit by a few feet can alter the relative signal 
strength of a particular forward channel by 20 dB or more, so that near 
the boundary of a cell, a person carrying a Mobile Unit can change the 
preferred server Base Station by simply shifting the position of his 
chair. In accordance with prior art systems, the Mobile Unit may have to 
execute a cell transfer each time such a movement happens, consuming 
substantial battery power in the Mobile Unit and also needlessly using 
airlink capacity to transmit overhead messages used by the IS for routing 
purpose. In accordance with the present invention, a Mobile Unit would 
attempt a cell transfer only if a message is sent to that Mobile Unit. 
Otherwise, the Mobile Unit continues to listen to the same Base Station. 
The present invention provides an efficient method for managing 
communications between a Mobile Unit and an IS which allows a Mobile Unit 
to be contacted through a single Base Station and which is very power 
efficient with respect to the Mobile Unit. These advantages are 
particularly realized when the Mobile Unit is a mobile pager or other such 
device which is intended to receive and transmit relatively short burst 
messages relatively infrequently. 
The details of the preferred embodiment of the present invention are set 
forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Once the 
details of the invention are known, numerous additional innovations and 
changes will become obvious to one skilled in the art.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings refer to 
like elements. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Throughout this description, the preferred embodiment and examples shown 
should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the present 
invention. 
The present invention is a method and apparatus for efficient use of both 
power and bandwidth in a cellular communications system and is 
particularly useful with narrowband personal communications systems (PCS) 
such as paging systems. The following two Copending U.S. Patent 
Applications are herein incorporated by reference, each being assigned to 
the Assignee of the present application: "Method and Apparatus for 
Controlling Wireless Subscriber Stations Subject to Power Consumption 
Constraints in Mobile Packet Data Communication System" and "Time Sharing 
Method and Apparatus for Frequency reuse in Cellular Communication 
Systems". 
FIG. 4 is a logical block diagram of a Mobile Unit 401 Communicating with a 
Base Station 411 in accordance with one embodiment of the present 
invention. The Mobile Unit 401 of the present invention has extended 
battery life and efficiently uses available bandwidth because the present 
invention scans the available forward channels in an attempt to perform a 
cell transfer only if: (1) the signal quality of the forward channel which 
the Mobile Unit 401 is attempting to receive is so poor that the Mobile 
Unit 401 is unable to decode the TEI-Notification message, or (2) the 
TEI-Notification message includes the TEI of that Mobile Unit 401. In 
accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the Mobile Unit 
401 always attempts to find the best forward channel upon detecting the 
TEI associated with that Mobile Unit 401. However, in an alternative 
embodiment, additional or alternative criteria (such as signal quality, 
amount of time since the last scan for a better channel, etc.) may be used 
to determine whether to scan for a better forward channel. 
Base Station 
In accordance with the present invention, Base Stations 411 within a 
cellular system are used to route messages to a particular Mobile Unit 
401. As in any conventional cellular communications system, the particular 
Base Station 411 which is to route a message to a Mobile Unit 401 depends 
upon the geographic location of the Mobile Unit. In accordance with the 
present invention, when a Mobile Unit 401 initially begins operating, the 
Mobile Unit 401 scans the available forward channels and establishes an 
airlink to that Base Station 411 which is transmitting the highest quality 
forward channel. Upon selecting the best serving Base Station 411, the 
Mobil Unit 401 first executes a physical layer acquisition in which the 
Mobile Unit 401 synchronizes to the forward channel and begins to extract 
channel status flags and message data blocks from the physical layer. The 
Mobile Unit 401 then executes a Data Link Establishment procedure in which 
it establishes a registration with an Intermediate System (IS). In 
accordance with the present invention, during the Data link Establishment 
Procedure, the Mobile Unit 401 of the present invention may request 
"Sleep-Mode". In general, Sleep-Mode permits the Mobile Unit 401 to 
disable or powerdown its receiver, transmitter, and associated circuitry. 
During Data Link Establishment, the Mobile Unit 401 is assigned a 
Temporary Equipment Identification (TEI) number which both the Mobile Unit 
401 and the cellular communication network will use to identify that 
Mobile Unit 401. The Base Station 411 communicates with the IS which 
causes messages intended for that Mobile Unit 401 to be routed through the 
Base Station 411 with which the Mobile Unit 401 has established the 
airlink. If no frames are exchanged between the Base Station and the 
Mobile Unit 401 over the airlink within a predetermined period of time, 
and Sleep-Mode has been requested by the Mobile Unit, then the Mobile Unit 
401 enters Sleep-Mode. In accordance with the present invention, the IS 
maintains an "Idle" Timer T203 associated with each Mobile Unit that has 
established an airlink with that Base Station 411. The IS assumes that 
when the Idle Timer T203 expires the associated Mobile Unit 401 is in 
Sleep-Mode. 
FIG. 5 is a high-level flowchart of the procedure followed by a IS in 
accordance with the present invention upon receiving data from the network 
to be transmitted to a Mobile Unit 401. Initially, the IS determines 
whether the Mobile Unit 401 for which the data is pending is in Sleep-Mode 
(STEP 501). If not, then the pending data is queued for transmission to 
the Base Station 411 and then on to the Mobile Unit 401 in the next normal 
transmission. If the Mobile Unit 401 for which the data is pending is in 
Sleep-Mode, then the data is is considered to be "pending" (STEP 505) and 
the TEI of the Mobile Unit 401 for which the data is intended is added to 
the TEI-Notification list (STEP 507). The TEI-Notification list is 
transmitted to all the Mobile Units 401 in the cell at the predetermined 
interval (STEP 509). In accordance with one embodiment of the present 
invention, a MAC Entity 413 within the Base Station 411 inserts the 
TEI-Notification list into the forward channel at predetermined intervals 
counted in numbers of blocks of data. The predetermined number is 
preferably a system parameter. In accordance with an alternative 
embodiment of the present invention, the interval between transmissions of 
the TEI-Notification list is measured by time, rather than by a number of 
data blocks. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, 
information transmitted between the Base Station 411 and the Mobile Unit 
401 is encoded using the well-known Reed-Solomon data encoding scheme. In 
such systems, a system parameter N210 defines an interval between 
transmissions of the TEI-Notification list measured in Reed-Solomon 
blocks. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the 
preferred value of N210 is 512. Accordingly, a TEI-Notification message is 
transmitted from the Base Station 411 at intervals of 512 Reed-Solomon 
blocks. 
In the preferred embodiment, the MAC Entity 413 ensures that no other 
messages are interrupted by the transmission of the TEI-Notification list 
by ensuring that a message boundary occurs at the time the 
TEI-Notification list is to be transmitted. Any message which would not 
have been completely transmitted by the time the TEI-Notification message 
is to be started is delayed. For example, if the TEI-Notification list is 
to be transmitted after the next three blocks of data have been 
transmitted, and a message which has four blocks of data is next to be 
transmitted, that message will be delayed. Any delayed messages are then 
transmitted after the TEI-Notification list. The TEI-Notification list is 
preferably delimited by known data patterns to allow receiving Mobile 
Units 401 to detect the beginning and end of the list. By ensuring that 
the TEI-Notification list starts at a known location within the forward 
channel, "sleeping" Mobile Units 401 will be able to awake just in time to 
receive the TEI-Notification message. 
The IS then awaits a communication from each Mobile Unit 401 associated 
with the TEIs listed in the TEI-Notification list (STEP 511). If a Mobile 
Unit 401 associated with a listed TEI responds, then the TEI is removed 
from the TEI-Notification list (STEP 513). The T203 Timer is then 
restarted (STEP 514). Otherwise, a counter is incremented to indicate that 
the first attempt has been made (STEP 515) and the IS awaits the next 
TEI-Notification message interval (STEP 509). This process is repeated 
until the number of attempts counted is equal to a system parameter N204 
that determines maximum number of attempts (STEP 517). If the Base Station 
is unable to notify the Mobile Unit 401 of pending data after a 
predetermined number of attempts, the pending data is discarded and the 
attempt to deliver the message is aborted. In accordance with the 
preferred embodiment of the present invention, the system parameter N204 
is communicated from the IS through the Base Station 411 to the Mobile 
Unit 401 during the Data Link Establishment Procedure. In the preferred 
embodiment, the maximum number of attempts to be made by the Base Station 
411 is set to the nearest integer value based on the following equation: 
EQU N204=Ceiling[(N210.times.ReedSolomonBlockDuration)/T204]NetworkParameter 
Where: 
NetworkParameter=5; 
Ceiling(x)=the integer having the value x or next greater value from x if x 
is not an integer. 
In one embodiment of the present invention, the preferred value for N204 is 
16. Accordingly, the IS will make 16 attempts to notify a Mobile Unit 401 
that there is data pending for that Mobile Unit 401. 
Mobile Unit 
The embodiment of the Mobile Unit 401 of the present invention shown in 
FIG. 4 is modeled on the abstractions defined in industry specification 
CCITT X.200. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that each 
of the blocks depicted in FIG. 4 are logical functions which may be 
implemented by a single device, such as a microprocessor, state machine, 
or dedicated circuitry, or which may be implemented by several discrete 
devices, each dedicated to one or more of these logical tasks. 
The Mobile Unit 401 shown in FIG. 4 includes a Radio Resource Management 
Entity (RRME) 403, a Medium Access Control (MAC) Entity 405, a Physical 
Services Access Point (PhSAP) 407, and a Physical Layer Entity 409. The 
Physical Layer Entity 409 is a device which is capable of receiving and 
transmitting data over the airlink. For example, in accordance with one 
embodiment of the present invention, the Physical Layer Entity 409 is a 
modem having an Radio Frequency (RF) receiver and transmitter. The 
Physical Layer Entity 409 is driven by the MAC Entity 405. In accordance 
with one embodiment of the present invention, the MAC Entity 405 is a 
Digital Signal Processor (DSP) which implements a MAC layer protocol. At 
least a portion of the MAC Entity 405 is preferably implemented as an 
application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which operates at 
relatively high speed in order to perforn real-time functions necessary in 
controlling the Physical Layer Entity 409. In accordance with one 
embodiment of the present invention, the RRME 403 is a general purpose 
processor responsible for configuration and mangement of the Physical 
Layer Entity 409. 
Interactions between the Physical Layer Entity 409 and the MAC Entity 405 
preferably occur across the PhSAP 407. Accordingly, the PhSAP 407 controls 
the protocol between the Physical Layer Entity 409 and the MAC Entity 405. 
The Physical Layer Entity 409 is preferably capable of performing the 
following services: (1) tuning to a specified pair of RF channels for 
transmission and reception of bit between the Mobile Unit 401 and the Base 
Station 411; (2) transmitting and receiving bits between the Mobile Unit 
and the Base Station across the pair of RF channels; (3) setting the power 
level to be used for transmission of bits between the Mobile Unit 401 and 
the Base Station 411; (4) measuring the signal level of received bits at 
the Mobile Unit 401 and the Base Station 411; and (5) suspending and 
resuming monitoring of RF channels in the Mobile Unit in support of 
measures taken to conserve battery power. 
Each of the entities 403, 405, 407, 409 within the Mobile Unit 401 operate 
essentially as is known in the prior art except for the following. In 
accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, Power primitives 
provide the RRME 403 with the ability to control the transmission power of 
the Mobile Unit 401. These Power primitives include: (1) 
Ph-QUALITY.indication which notifies the RRME 403 of the signal strength 
of the received waveform. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of 
the present invention, the Ph-QUALITY.indication primitive requests at 
least the parameter RSSI to be provided to the RRME 403. Additional signal 
strength and quality parameters may also be communicated to the RRME 403 
together with RSSI. In an alternative embodiment, parameters other than 
RSSI are provided; and (2) Ph-SLEEP.request which allows the RRME 403 to 
instruct the Physical Layer Entity 409 to enter Sleep-Mode. In accordance 
with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, there are no 
additional parameters associated with the Ph-Sleep.request primitive. 
The Mobile Unit 401 maintains an Idle Timer T203 similar to the Idle Timer 
T203 provided in the IS. The Idle Timer T203 expires at the end of the 
predetermined time to indicate that the Mobile Unit should enter 
Sleep-Mode. Each time a frame is transmitted by the Mobile Unit 401 over 
the airlink, the T203 Timer is reset. 
Once in Sleep-Mode, the Mobile Unit 401 ceases monitoring the forward 
channel and does not transmit over the reverse channel. A second timer 
T204 represents the period at which the IS transmits notification of 
pending data for sleeping Mobile Units 401 in a TEI-Notification list via 
a TEI-Notification message. All Mobile Units 401 which use that channel 
stream must synchronize to the channel stream TEI-Notification update 
interval using the system parameter N210 which is updated and transmitted 
over the forward channel as part of each TEI-Notification message. In the 
preferred embodiment of the present invention. the T204 Timer is set to 
the nearest integer value in seconds based on the following equation: 
EQU T204=(N210.times.ReedSolomonBlockDuration)/3 
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the T204 system 
default is 8 seconds. In accordance with the present invention, the Mobile 
Unit 401 may use either the T204 Timer, or a counter which is decremented 
from the N210 value at a rate equal to the rate at which blocks of data 
are transmitted over the forward channel. The Mobile Unit preferably 
maintains a free-running clock that operates at a frequency that is a 
multiple of the forward channel bit rate. This clock is then used to 
determine the block boundaries and can be used to count the number of 
blocks that have occurred. This clock continues to run even when the 
Mobile Unit 401 is sleeping. Thus, the synchronization between the Mobile 
Unit 401 and the Base Station 411 is maintained between transmissions of 
the TEI-Notification message. Alternatively, the Mobile Unit and Base 
Station may be synchronized to a clock which defines the interval between 
transmissions of the TEI-Notification list in terms of time measured in 
fractions of a second. 
FIG. 6 is a high level flowchart of the procedure followed by the Mobile 
Unit 401. Upon expiry of a counter (a "T210 Timer") with period N210 equal 
to N210 (STEP 601), the RRME 403 within the Mobile Unit 401 causes the 
Mobile Unit 401 to exit Sleep-Mode (STEP 603). The forward channel is then 
received in an attempt to detect a TEI-Notification message (STEP 605). In 
accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, if the Mobile 
Unit 401 is incapable of decoding the TEI-Notification message (STEP 606), 
then the Mobile Unit 401 scans the available forward channels in search of 
the forward channel that has the best signal quality (STEP 608). If such a 
channel is not found (STEP 610), then the Mobile Unit 401 again waits for 
the next TEI-Notification message to be sent (STEP 605). If another 
forward channel is found to be of higher quality, then the Mobile Unit 401 
attempts to establish communications with the Base Station 411 
transmitting that forward channel (STEP 612). The Mobile Unit 401 then 
waits for the TEI-Notification message interval and attempts once again to 
receive the TEI-Notification message on the new forward channel (605). 
If the TEI-Notification message can be decoded, then the T210 Timer is then 
reset (STEP 607). If there is a TEI within the TEI-Notification list which 
matches the TEI of the receiving Mobile Unit 401 (STEP 609), then in 
accordance with one embodiment of the present invention the Mobile Unit 
401 scans the available forward channels to determine whether the Mobile 
Unit 401 is still within the cell associated with the channel on which the 
TEI-Notification message was received (STEP 614). Upon determining which 
forward channel has the best signal quality, the Mobile Unit 401 transmits 
an acknowledgement to the IS through the Base Station 411 on the reverse 
channel associated with that forward channel (STEP 613). The 
acknowledgement indicates which Base Station the Mobile Unit has selected. 
The T203 Timer is then reset (STEP 615). If the TEI-Notification message 
does not include the TEI for the receiving Mobile Unit 401 (STEP 609), 
then the Mobile Unit 401 returns to Sleep-Mode (STEP 617), the N210 Timer 
is reset (STEP 619), and the Mobile Unit 401 waits again until the T210 
Timer expires (STEP 601). 
It should be clear from the above that the Mobile Unit 401 of the present 
invention scans the available forward channels in an attempt to perform a 
cell transfer only if: (1) the signal quality of the forward channel which 
the Mobile Unit 401 is attempting to receive is so poor that the Mobile 
Unit 401 is unable to decode the TEI-Notification message, or (2) the 
TEI-Notification message includes the TEI of that Mobile Unit 401. In 
accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the Mobile Unit 
401 always attempt to find the best forward channel upon receiving a 
TEI-Notification message including the TEI associated with that Mobile 
Unit 401. However, in an alternative embodiment, additional or alternative 
criteria (such as signal quality, amount of time since the last scan for a 
better channel, etc.) may be used to determine whether to scan for a 
better forward channel. 
Summary 
In accordance with the present invention, a Mobile Unit (Mobile Unit) 401 
has a "Sleep-Mode" which allows the Mobile Unit 401 to conserve power. 
Each Mobile Unit 401 is "loosely" tracked by an Intermediate System (IS). 
The IS routes messages to be transmitted to a Mobile 
Unit 401 through the Base Station with which the Mobile Unit 401 is 
communicating. Since the IS knows with which Base Station 411 the Mobile 
Unit 409 is communicating, messages are routed through only that Base 
Station 411. Each Base Station 411 transmits a TEI-Notification message 
intended only for only those Mobile Units 401 with which that Base Station 
411 is in communication. In accordance with the present invention, the 
Mobile Unit 401 may leave the particular cell serviced by a Base Station 
411 without a cell transfer occurring until the Mobile Unit 401 losses the 
ability to accurately receive TEI-Notification messages from the Base 
Station 411, or the TEI assigned to the Mobile Unit appears within the 
TEI-Notification message received by the Mobile Unit 401. When a Mobile 
Unit 401 receives a TEI-Notification message which indicates that a 
message is pending for that Mobile Unit 401 (i.e., the TEI assigned to 
that Mobile Unit is listed within a list of TEIs in the TEI-Notification 
message), the Mobile Unit 401 determines whether the signal received from 
the Base Station 411 is below a predetermined threshold (i.e., the Mobile 
Unit 401 has left the cell). It will be understood that any means for 
communicating to the Mobile Unit 401 that there is a pending message may 
be used in accordance with the present invention. For example, the Base 
Station 411 may transmit a message that includes a code which is directed 
to more than one Mobile Unit, and which causes each of these Mobile Units 
to check whether a message is pending. 
A number of embodiments of the present invention have been described. 
Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made 
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, 
in one alternative embodiment of the present invention, a sublist of 
channels that are likely candidates to be the best forward channel are 
scanned. If one of these forward channels has sufficiently high quality to 
support the airlink, then a cell transfer is performed by the Mobile Unit. 
Otherwise, additional forward channels are scanned until an appropriate 
forward channel is identified. 
In another alternatively, other criteria may be used to determine whether 
to scan for another channel. For example, in accordance with one 
embodiment of the present invention, each of the available forward 
channels are scanned if the Mobile Unit 401 has not scanned the forward 
channels for more than a predetermined amount of time. In yet another 
alternative embodiment, the Mobile Unit always scans each of the available 
channels before transmitting. The determination as to which channel is 
best suited to support the airlink may be made based upon any one or more 
signal quality parameters. For example, weighted values assigned to RSSI, 
bit error rate (BER), block error rate (BLER), and/or signal to noise 
ratio (SNR) may be used alone or in any combination to detemine the 
channel best suited to supporting the airlink. 
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited 
by the specific illustrated embodiment, but only by the scope of the 
appended claims.