Erasable optical data storage medium

An erasable optical data storage medium including a substrate and a dual layer of a first material and a second material on the substrate. The dual layer is susceptible to expansion and contraction, to writing data thermally, to erasing data thermally and mechanically, and to reading data optically, the first material and the second material, respectively, being bonded together and remaining in the same physical state upon the expansion and relaxation of the dual layer. Methods and apparatus are also disclosed for recording data bits on the medium.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates generally to a data storage medium and 
methods and apparatus for recording data on the medium, and, more 
particularly, to an erasable optical data storage medium and methods and 
apparatus for writing, erasing, and reading data on the data storage 
medium. 
2. Discussion of Background and Prior Art 
Currently, the practical or commercial techniques for recording data are 
based substantially on magnetic storage technology. In general, the data 
are stored on magnetic media, such as discs and tapes, on which logic 1 
data bits and logic 0 data bits are represented by the magnetization of a 
medium. For example, one direction of magnetization of a given location or 
bit storage area of the data storage medium can represent a logic 1, while 
another direction of magnetization of that bit storage area can represent 
a logic 0. Each data bit is written on the medium by using a recording 
head to magnetize the given bit storage area, and each data bit can be 
erased by writing another bit over the given bit storage area using the 
magnetic recording head. Each data bit is read by using the recording head 
to sense the magnetization of the given bit area. 
While the magnetic storage technology is commercially successful and 
advantageous, since about early in the decade of the 1960's, a recording 
technique known generically as optical recording has been and continues to 
be considered a very promising alternative for storage data. Optical 
recording potentially has significant advantages over magnetic recording, 
including higher data storage density, higher data rates, and longer data 
archival capabilities. One type of optical recording that has the highest 
potential is an optical recording apparatus or system which uses, in lieu 
of the magnetic recording head, a highly focused laser beam as an 
ultra-fine recording stylus to write and read data at a very high data 
rate and recording density, and to erase the data. The system includes an 
erasable optical data storage medium that responds to the laser beam to 
store the data. For example, the data storage medium responds to the heat 
generated by the laser beam to erase and write the data, and responds to 
the light of the laser beam to read the data. 
In one optical recording system, to write a data bit, a laser beam is 
focused on the erasable data storage medium to heat the medium and, 
thereby, induce a stable transition from one morphological or physical 
state, e.g., an amorphous state, to another morphological or physical 
state, to another morphological or physical state, e.g., a crystalline 
state. The two physical states have different optical properties which are 
the optical transmittance and optical reflectance properties of the 
respective states. Therefore, to read the data bit, light from the laser 
beam, which is at a lower power level than is used for writing, is focused 
on the data storage medium and will be transmitted or reflected by the 
medium depending on the physical state of the medium, thereby representing 
a logic 1 or logic 0. The data bit can be erased by again heating the 
material with the laser beam at a higher power level to return the medium 
to its original physical state. 
The above-mentioned erasable optical data storage medium is made of 
semiconductor or chalcogenide materials that, as already stated, change 
from one state to another when heated. One problem with this data storage 
medium is that these changes in state are very small or slight, i.e., the 
amorphous and crystalline states are not substantially distinguishable 
optically. Therefore, a high signal-to-noise ratio of a reflected laser 
beam is not obtainable to distinguish between a logic 1 and a logic 0 upon 
reading the data bit. Another problem with this data storage medium is 
that the data rate, in particular the writing and erasing speeds, is 
undesirably very low, e.g., one microsecond. This results from the 
relatively long time that is required for a given material to undergo the 
change from one physical state to the other. Another problem is that a 
relatively high amount of laser energy or power is required to heat the 
material so that it can transform from one physical state to the other. 
Yet another problem is that due to this physical state transformation, the 
data storage medium will fatigue after a relatively few number of 
erase/write cycles. This fatigue factor will not be competitive with 
magnetic storage technology, which can achieve a number of erase/write 
cycles on the order of one million. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,734 to Ohta et al, discloses an optical medium in which 
the material of the medium changes physical state, leading to an increase 
or decrease in optical density. Ohta et al appears to have solved the data 
rate problem in that data may be written or erased quickly, e.g. in 50 
nsec. Ohta et al also appears to have solved the contrast problem in that 
the physical states are distinguishable optically. However, one 
disadvantage of Ohta et al is that the data cannot be erased, bit-by-bit, 
since a localized bit area location cannot be achieved. Also, the physical 
change of state or transformation cannot occur on a surface which has 
anomalies or irregularities in the surface. Furthermore, the materials 
used for the optical medium are expensive. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,986 to Willis, issued Apr. 28, 1981, discloses another 
type or erasable optical data storage medium. To write a data bit, a laser 
beam is focused on the medium to induce, by heating, a volumetric 
expansion of the bit area being heated, thereby creating a small bump or 
deformation. The presence of the bump represents one logic state, while 
the absence of the bump represents the other logic state. Upon this 
heating, the bit area of the data storage medium changes from one physical 
state, i.e., crystalline, to another physical state, i.e., amorphous, 
which is the phenomenon that causes the volumetric expansion, thereby 
creating the small bump which becomes reversibly fixed. A bit is read by 
focusing on the bit area a laser beam of lower power than is used for 
writing, and then detecting the amount or scattering of reflected light. 
If the bump is present, the reflected light will be substantially 
scattered, so that the intensity of the detected light will be higher. 
This read/write recording method is attractive, since it provides a good 
signal-to-noise ratio to distinguish a logic 1 from a logic 0. 
One problem with the erasable optical data storage medium of U.S. Pat. No. 
4,264,986 is that the laser beam must raise the material to a high 
temperature, above the melting point, to erase or remove the bump. This 
has the disadvantage of requiring high-powered lasers. Moreover, this 
melting of the bump may not leave the surface of the medium smooth, i.e., 
ripples can form on the surface upon the cooling of the material. Such a 
smooth surface is needed to be able to continually reproduce a 
satisfactory bump for properly reading the data bit. Yet another problem 
is that the data rate is relatively slow due to the need for the change in 
physical state of the material of the medium, which is a function of 
relatively slow cooling rates. Furthermore, fatigue, resulting from the 
physical change of state, is a problem with this data storage medium in 
that the number of erase/write cycles which can be achieved is only about 
one thousand. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,954 to Cornet, issued Feb. 1, 1983, discloses an 
erasable optical data storage medium including a substrate, having a low 
coefficient of thermal expansion, which supports a dual layer having a 
bottom layer of material and a top layer of material. The bottom layer of 
material is a relatively inextensible metal or polymer having a high 
coefficient of thermal expansion, and the top layer is a metal alloy which 
is in a martensitic phase at ambient temperature and has a low coefficient 
of thermal expansion. Also, the bottom layer and top layer have a low 
adhesion to one another, i.e., they are not bonded together, and the 
latter has a transformation temperature T.sub.t above ambient and below 
the melting point of the former layer. Above the transformation 
temperature T.sub.t, the top layer is in its "parent" phase. 
To write a data bit, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,954, a light pulse 
from a laser beam is absorbed by the dual layer, resulting in the heating 
of the dual layer at a temperature below the transformation temperature 
T.sub.t, as well as a differential expansion between the two layers. The 
bottom layer delaminates or disengages from the substrate and 
volumetrically expands onto the top layer which forms a bump. Upon 
cooling, the top layer forms a reversibly fixed bump and the bottom layer 
contracts back onto the substrate. 
To erase the data bit, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,954, the 
martensitic top layer is raised to a temperature exceeding the 
transformation temperature T.sub.t, either by, for example, a higher power 
laser pulse or a slower displacement or movement of the data storage 
medium across the laser beam, thereby transforming the top layer to its 
parent phase. The top layer then contracts onto the bottom layer and, upon 
cooling, returns to its martensitic phase. 
One problem with the erasable optical data storage medium of U.S. Pat. No. 
4,371,974 is that the metallic dual layer, and in particular the bottom 
layer, is relatively inextensible. Consequently, the bump that can be 
produced is not as high as is desirable for accurately reading the data 
bit. Another problem is that the top layer must change between the 
martensitic phase and the parent phase for erasing the data but not for 
writing the data. One disadvantage of this change of phase is that the 
erase mode is slow and, concomitantly, cannot occur as quickly as the 
write mode, thereby requiring significantly different data rates for the 
respective modes. Another disadvantage is that different laser power 
pulses are required for writing and erasing the data bit, with the latter 
being significantly higher, thereby requiring the use of high-powered 
lasers. 
Yet another problem with U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,954 is that the erasable 
optical data storage medium is highly susceptible to hard bit errors which 
are errors resulting from imperfections in the medium. More particularly, 
any anomalies or irregularities in the surface of the medium will affect 
the ability of the top layer to change between the martensitic and parent 
phases, resulting in bit errors. Still another problem results from the 
top layer being metallic or a metal alloy having a low thermal coefficient 
of expansion. This means that higher power light pulses are needed to 
expand this type of material, thereby again requiring high-powered lasers. 
Another problem is that the bottom layer disengages from the substrate 
upon writing a data bit. This has the disadvantage of enabling the bottom 
layer to "creep" about the substrate, thereby creating imperfections 
during use of the medium and preventing the medium from remaining smooth. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel data storage 
medium. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide novel methods and 
apparatus for optically recording data. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an erasable 
optical data storage medium for storing data at a high data rate. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide an erasable optical 
data storage medium for storing data using inexpensive low-power light 
sources. 
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an erasable 
optical data storage medium having cycling characteristics competitive 
with magnetic storage technology. 
It is another object of the present invention to use the erasable optical 
data storage medium in conjunction with any of a plurality of desired 
wavelengths. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to be able to record data on 
a medium having irregularities or anomalies. 
To achieve the foregoing and other objects in accordance with the purposes 
of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, an 
erasable optical data storage medium of the present invention comprises a 
substrate, and a dual layer of a first material and a second material on 
the substrate, the dual layer being susceptible to expansion and 
relaxation, to writing data thermally, to erasing data thermally and 
mechanically, and to reading data optically, the first material and the 
second material being bonded together, and the first material and the 
second material, respectively, remaining in the same physical state upon 
the expansion and relaxation of the dual layer. 
In another aspect, the present invention is a method for writing data on an 
erasable optical data storage medium having a substrate and a dual layer 
on the substrate of a first material and a second material bonded 
together, the first material being elastic and the second material having 
a glass transition temperature, comprising heating the second material 
above the glass transition temperature to make the second material 
rubbery, heating the first material to elastically expand the first 
material within the elastic limit of the first material, allowing the 
heated first material to expand and push up the heated second material 
while the heated first material expands elastically, and cooling the 
expanded second material below the glass transition temperature while the 
first material is in an expanded condition, the cooled second material 
then forming a reversibly fixed deformation and holding the first material 
in the stretched, expanded condition. 
In still another aspect, the present invention is a method of recording 
data on an erasable optical data storage medium having a substrate and a 
dual layer of a first material and a second material on the substrate, the 
dual layer corresponding to one data bit stored at one bit area on the 
erasable optical data storage medium, comprising the steps of erasing the 
one data bit stored at the one bit area, including heating the second 
material, and writing another data bit at the one bit area while the 
second material has not yet cooled. 
Yet another aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for recording a 
data bit, comprising an erasable optical data storage medium including a 
substrate and a dual layer of a first material and a second material on 
the substrate, the dual layer being susceptible to expansion and 
relaxation, to writing data thermally, to erasing data thermally and 
mechanically, and to reading data optically, the first material and the 
second material being bonded together, and the first material and the 
second material, respectively, remaining in the same physical state upon 
the expansion and relaxation of the dual layer, means for generating a 
first laser beam and a second laser beam, the first material being 
absorptive of, and the second material being substantially transparent to, 
the first laser beam, and the second material being absorptive of the 
second laser beam, means for focusing the first laser beam on the first 
material to heat and thermally expand the first material onto the second 
material to write the data bit, means for focusing the second laser beam 
on the second material to heat the second material and to erase the data 
bit, and means for moving the erasable optical data storage medium 
relative to the first laser beam and the second laser beam. 
Among many advantages to be described fully below, the present invention 
will write, erase and read data at high data rates, using low-power light 
sources such as lasers, and have a number of erase/write cycles that is 
competitive with magnetic storage technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments 
of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying 
drawings. 
FIG. 1 illustrates generally an erasable data storage medium 10 for storing 
data words in which each of the data words has a plurality of bits that 
are a logic 1 or a logic 0. The erasable data storage medium 10 can be an 
erasable optical data storage disc 12 which stores the data words over a 
plurality of concentric tracks T or, for example, tapes, cards or other 
such storage media. The optical disc 12 also may be rotatable as in the 
direction shown by the arrow for data recording purposes to be described 
below. 
FIG. 2 shows a section of a small bit area BA of the optical disc 12 for 
storing one data bit of logic 1 or logic 0. In particular, each bit area 
BA of the optical disc 12 includes a substrate 14 and a dual layer 16 
deposited on the substrate 14. As will be further described, the dual 
layer 16 is susceptible to expansion and relaxation, to writing data 
thermally (expansion), to erasing data thermally and mechanically 
(relaxation), and to reading data optically. FIG. 2 shows the dual layer 
16 in a condition of relaxation corresponding to one logic state, e.g., 
logic 0, whereas FIG. 3 shows the dual layer 16 in the condition of 
expansion representing the other logic state, e.g., logic 1. 
The dual layer 16 has a bottom layer 18 of one material 18A and top layer 
20 of another material 20A. Neither the material 18A nor material 20A 
changes physical state upon expansion or relaxation of the dual layer 16. 
The material 18A and material 20A are bonded together at their interface 
22, so as to, for example, erase a data bit at a high data rate, as will 
be further described. In addition, the material 18A is deposited on the 
substrate 14 such that at their interface 24, material 18A does not 
delaminate from substrate 14 upon expansion of the dual layer 16, as shown 
in FIG. 3. This substantially eliminates any "creep" of layer 18 about 
substrate 14, whereby the bit area BA will remain smooth over repeated 
erase/write cycles, as will be further described. Thus, as illustrated in 
FIG. 3, upon expansion of the dual layer 16, and as a result of the 
bonding at interface 22 and at interface 24, material 18A and material 20A 
will continue to be bonded together, while material 18A will still be in 
contact with, or not have delaminated from, substrate 14. 
FIG. 3 shows that the material 18A and the material 20A are deformed during 
expansion and, consequently, mechanical forces are produced in response to 
the expansion of the dual layer 16. As will be further described, these 
forces function, in part, to relax the dual layer 16 to the condition 
shown in FIG. 2 for purposes of quickly erasing a data bit. 
Material 18A has (1) low thermal conductivity, (2) a high coefficient of 
thermal expansion, (3) a glass transition temperature, T.sub.g, 
considerably below the glass transition temperature of material 20A, below 
which material 18A is glassy. That is, in connection with property (3), 
the material 18A may be rubbery at ambient temperature as opposed, for 
example, to being in a glassy or brittle condition. This means that only 
relatively low-power heating is required to heat the rubbery material, 
resulting in localized, extensive or large, and rapid expansion of the 
material 18A due to these three properties, respectively. Also as a result 
of this localized expansion, high data storage density can be achieved. 
Material 18A also may be relatively highly cross-linked, so that upon 
expansion there is substantially no viscuous flow of this material. In 
addition, material 18A is elastic, having a high yield strain, so that 
upon being held in an extended state, it will not exceed its elastic 
limit. Other properties and characteristics of material 18A will be 
described below. 
Material 20A has (1) a glass transition temperature, T.sub.g, considerably 
above that of material 18A, for example 100.degree. C., which is higher 
than ambient temperature. Thus, at ambient or normal temperatures material 
20A is glassy or brittle, but when heated above the glass transition 
temperature, T.sub.g, immediately transforms through a leathery or pliable 
condition into a rubbery condition. Material 20A also has (2) a relatively 
low thermal conductivity. Therefore, low-power heat can be used to quickly 
and locally, but only slightly, expand material 20A due to these 
properties. 
Material 20A may be either lightly cross-linked or depend upon chain 
entanglements to prevent excessive flow, and may thus be either 
thermoplastic or thermoset with a relatively low yield strain. Therefore, 
upon expansion, the cross-linking or entanglements limits the viscous flow 
and a stretching of material 20A occurs. 
Furthermore, material 20A has a modulus of elasticity that varies with 
temperature. The modulus decreases with increasing temperature. This 
results in a reversible viscoelastic strain being induced very quickly at 
low light power, which holds the bump B, as shown in FIG. 3. 
Substrate 14 is a material that may, but not necessarily, have a low 
coefficient of thermal expansion. 
Layer 18 and layer 20 are optically coupled, so that substantially all the 
light that is propagated through layer 20 is absorbed in layer 18. This 
optical coupling is provided by the material 20A having about the same 
index of refraction as material 18A. Thus, since substantially all this 
light can be coupled through top layer 20 to bottom layer 18, there is no 
loss of light, and therefore, lower power light sources can be used. 
Material 18A and material 20A are also capable of being optically tuned to 
any of a plurality of desired or given wavelengths of light. To accomplish 
this tuning, material 18A and material 20A can each constitute a 
light-transparent material that has added to it a dye or pigment to cause 
the respective material 18A and material 20A to absorb the given 
wavelength of light. For reasons to be discussed more fully below, 
material 18A and material 20A will be tuned to absorb different 
wavelengths of light with material 20A being substantially, but not 
entirely, transparent to the wavelength of light that can be absorbed by 
the material 18A. This optical tuning has the advantage of making the 
optical data storage medium 12 highly flexible in that it can be tuned to 
operate with a variety of different laser sources that are currently 
available and inexpensive or that might be available in the future. 
WRITE MODE 
FIG. 4A-FIG. 4C illustrate a method for writing a data bit thermally at the 
bit area BA. With reference to FIG. 4A, assume that the bit area BA of the 
erasable optical data storage medium 12 is in the relaxed condition 
described in connection with FIG. 2. In this relaxed condition, at ambient 
temperature, as previously mentioned, material 18A may be above its glass 
transition temperature, T.sub.g, and, therefore, rubbery, whereas material 
20A is below its glass transition temperature, T.sub.g, and, therefore, 
glassy. Also, at this time, none of the mechanical forces mentioned above 
have been produced. Furthermore, the material 18A and material 20A have 
the other properties and characteristics previously described, including, 
for example, material 18A and material 20A being high yield strain and 
lower yield strain, respectively. 
Then, to write a data bit thermally, the method includes heating the 
material 18A to expand the material 18A within its elastic limit. At this 
time of heating material 18A, the material 20A also is heated above its 
glass transition temperature, T.sub.g, which makes the material 20A 
rubbery. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 4A, the heating of material 18A and 
material 20A is accomplished by generating a laser beam LB.sub.1 that has 
a wavelength which is substantially transparent to the material 20A and 
absorptive by the material 18A, and focusing the laser beam LB.sub.1 
through the material 20A onto the material 18A. The light of the laser 
beam LB.sub.1 may be slightly absorbed by the material 20A to produce the 
heat for making this material 20A leathery or rubbery and is substantially 
absorbed by material 18A for thermally expanding the material 18A onto the 
material 20A. 
Then, as shown in FIG. 4B, the next step is allowing the heated material 
18A to expand and push up the heated material 20A creating a deformation 
or bump, while the heated material 18A expands. The next step, shown in 
FIG. 4C, includes cooling the expanded material 20A below its glass 
transition temperature, T.sub.g, while the material 18A is in the expanded 
condition. Upon cooling, the material 20A forms a reversibly fixed 
deformation or bump B and holds the material 18A in the expanded 
condition. Thus, at this time, a data bit of one logic level, e.g., logic 
1 has been written with the bit area BA being in the expanded condition 
described in connection with FIG. 3. If a logic 0 were to be written at 
the bit area BA, then laser beam LB.sub.1 would not be actuated and the 
bit area BA would remain in the relaxed condition shown in FIG. 2. 
As an alternative to the above-described heating step, in which material 
20A slightly absorbs the light of the laser beam LB.sub.1 , material 20A 
may absorb no such light. Rather, a small amount of the heat that is 
absorbed in material 18A is conducted or transferred to material 20A to 
heat the latter above its glass transition temperature, T.sub.g. 
As another alternative to the heating step shown in FIG. 4A, in which only 
the laser beam LB.sub.1 is used, the method can include first heating the 
material 20A above its glass transition temperature, T.sub.g, by 
generating a laser beam LB.sub.2 shown in dotted lines and focusing the 
laser beam LB.sub.2 on the material 20A. The laser beam LB.sub.2 is of a 
wavelength that is substantially absorbed by material 20A. Immediately 
thereafter, the laser beam LB.sub.1 is actuated and focused on the 
material 18A as described above, with the method for writing the data bit 
thermally continuing also as described above. One advantage to using the 
laser beam LB.sub.2 initially is to more quickly bring the material 20A to 
a rubbery condition and, thereby, be able to write a data bit more 
quickly. 
ERASE MODE 
FIG. 5A-FIG. 5C disclose the method for erasing a data bit thermally and 
mechanically. Assume that the bit area BA has a data bit written as 
illustrated in FIG. 5A, which shows the same expanded condition for the 
bit area BA as in FIG. 4C in which the material 20A is holding the 
material 18A in an expanded condition at ambient temperature. Then, the 
method includes heating the material 20A to a temperature above the glass 
transition temperature, T.sub.g, to make the material 20A rubbery. This 
heating of the material 20A, as shown in FIG. 5A, can be accomplished by 
generating and focusing the laser beam LB.sub.2 onto material 20A. The 
heating of material 20A causes a relaxation of the holding by the material 
20A of the material 18A, thereby allowing the mechanical forces previously 
mentioned to rapidly return the bit area BA to the relaxed condition shown 
in FIG. 4A. In particular, the elastic force in the material 18A assists 
in causing a quick return of the dual layer 16 to the relaxed condition. 
Upon this relaxation, the material 20A and the overall dual layer 16 
returns to the fully relaxed condition, as shown in FIG. 5B and as was 
described in connection with FIG. 2. The dual layer 16, upon cooling, 
returns to a smooth condition. 
Moreover, and as indicated above, the dual layer 16 has a relaxation time 
which is dependent, in part, on forces produced in response to the 
viscoelastic properties of the material 18A. 
READ MODE 
FIG. 6A-FIG. 6B illustrate a method of reading a data bit optically. Assume 
that a data bit, for example, a logic 1, has been written at the bit area 
BA as shown in FIG. 6A in which the bump B has been formed, as described 
above. To read this data bit, the laser beam LB.sub.1, which is at a lower 
power level than is used for writing or erasing the data bit, is generated 
and focused on the bump B of the material 20A. Similarly, assume a data 
bit of logic 0 has been written in the bit area BA, as shown in FIG. 6B, 
i.e., no bump B is produced. Again, the laser beam LB.sub.1 at lower power 
level than is used for writing or erasing the data bit is generated and 
focused on the material 20A. 
In both read instances, the light of laser beam LB.sub.1 will be reflected 
from the material 20A. Due to the difference in thickness or height H 
between the expanded condition of dual layer 16 shown in FIG. 6A and the 
relaxed condition of the dual layer 16 shown in FIG. 6B, there is a phase 
shift between the light of laser beam LB.sub.1 that is reflected from the 
material 20A, respectively. This phase shift or difference can be detected 
with a high signal-to-noise ratio to distinguish a logic 1 from a logic 0 
bit. Alternatively, there will be a difference in amplitude of the 
reflected light between the FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B conditions of bit area BA. 
This difference in amplitude can be detected with a high signal-to-noise 
ratio as logic 1 and logic 0 bits, respectively. More light scattering 
and, hence, reduced amplitude will be detected in the FIG. 6A condition 
than the FIG. 6B condition. 
ERASE/WRITE CYCLE 
FIG. 7A-FIG. 7B are used to explain an erase/write cycle for erasing one 
data bit and writing another data bit at one bit area BA. As will be 
further described, the erase/write cycle occurs rapidly within the same 
view of an objective lens used to focus laser beam LB.sub.1 and LB.sub.2 
on the material 18A and the material 20A, respectively, as the bit area BA 
moves across the lens. 
Assume, as shown in FIG. 7A, that a bit has been written with bit area BA 
in the expanded condition. The erase/write cycle then includes first 
heating the material 20A at the bit area BA to erase the bit. The heating 
can be accomplished by generating and focusing the laser beam LB.sub.2 on 
the material 20A to heat the material above its glass transition 
temperature, T.sub.g, to a rubbery condition. Then, while the material 20A 
is still so heated, and before the dual layer 16 has relaxed, another data 
bit, e.g., a logic 1, is written at the bit area BA in the manner 
previously described for the Write Mode. This step of writing includes 
generating and focusing the laser beam LB.sub.1 on the material 18A, as 
shown in FIG. 7B, whereby the thermal expansion previously described 
occurs, followed by the cooling of the material 20A. However, if a logic 0 
were to be written during an erase/write cycle, then after heating the 
material 20A, as shown in FIG. 7A, the dual layer 16 is allowed to relax 
and cool as previously described for the Erase Mode. 
The material 18A and the material 20A preferably are polymers, and 
particularly, amorphous polymers. Specifically, the material 18A can be, 
for example, elastomers having the above-mentioned thermoelastic 
properties and characteristics. The elastomers can include butyl rubbers, 
silicone rubbers, natural rubbers, ethylene-copolymers, polyurethanes, 
styrene-butadiene rubbers, and a number of other synthetic elastomers. 
The amorphous polymers of the material 20A are those having the 
thermosetting or thermoplastic properties with characteristics mentioned 
above. These may include, for example, cellulose esters, polystyrenes, 
polysulfones, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, poly (vinyl acetates), 
polyamides and a wide variety of combinations thereof. Other amorphous 
polymers that can also be used include, for example, acrylic polymers, 
silicone copolymers, epoxy resins, alkyd resins, styrene copolymers, 
cellulose ethers, polyvinyl alcohol, and various other polymers. 
Examples of colorants, dyes and pigments, that can be used to tune the 
material 18A and the material 20A are phthalocyanines, carbon blacks, azos 
(monoazo and disazo), anthroquinones, azines (nigrosenes) and xanthenes. 
Specifically, examples of colorants which are suitable are Sudan Black 60, 
Solvent Red 92, Solvent Blue 44, Solvent Blue 45, Neozapon Blue 807, 
Macrolex Blue RR, Perox Red 32, Heliogen Blue K, Phthalo Green E and 
mixtures thereof. Other examples of dyes might include some of those 
listed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,689,768, column 3, lines 1-22 and 4,336,545, 
column 8, lines 53-68. These patents are incorporated herein for reference 
to these types of dyes and pigments. Important features of suitable 
colorants are that they have not only good heat and light stability in the 
polymers systems used, but that they have very good compatibility with the 
polymer/solvent systems used to prepare the media (both materials 18A and 
20A), such that bleeding, blushing, or phase separation do not occur as 
the coatings are formed. 
Preliminary laboratory fabrication and testing procedures have been 
performed based on the above-mentioned principles of the present 
invention. For fabrication, an epoxy resin EPON 828 from Shell Chemical 
Company dyed with a red-orange dye, Savinyl RLS Scarlet manufactured by 
the Sandoz Corporation, New Jersey, was used for the material 20A. This 
material 20A was placed on a mandrel, coated with a release agent 
(polyvinyl alcohol), which was spun at 3,000 RPM resulting in a 3 micron 
thick layer 20A which was then cured. For the material 18A, Dow Corning 
734, a clear silicone rubber, having a volumetric coefficient of thermal 
expansion of 920.times.10.sup.-6 cm.sup.3 /cm.sup.3 /.degree.C., was mixed 
with a carbon black pigment manufactured by the Cabot Corporation. The 
material 18A was then applied to the material 20A by using a "knife 
spread" technique. Then, the dual layer 16 was released or taken off the 
mandrel and mounted on a substrate 14 of aluminum. 
The fabricated substrate 14 and the dual layer 16 were then mounted in a 
"single-shot" laser system having a Krypton laser at a wavelength of 647 
nanometers. Then, to write a data bit, the laser was actuated for 50 
nanoseconds using an electro-optical crystal, with the laser light then 
propagated through a shutter, a 25 micron pinhole and a 0.45 N.A. 
objective lens which was anti-reflective coated. The laser power was at 
820-880 milliwatts, with about 20-30% of this power being provided at the 
dual layer 16. Bumps B were created in the range of 2.5-5 microns in 
diameter. 
It was found that, even though the fabricated substrate 14 and the dual 
layer 16 were not optically smooth and had relatively large pits or 
valleys resulting from a nonuniform mandrel surface, the bumps B were also 
formed in these pits or valleys. 
A similar fabrication and testing procedure for writing data bits, as 
described above, was performed in which the mandrel was spun at 7,500 RPM. 
This resulted in a thickness of 0.5 microns for the material 20A. Data 
bits were written with the Krypton laser being at about 150 milliwatts of 
power and about 40-45 milliwatts of this power being at the dual layer 16. 
Thus, it was found that less power was required for writing data bits on 
the second layer 20A of reduced thickness. 
To erase the data bits written on the dual layer 16, a "single-shot" erase 
system having an Argon laser at a wavelength of 488 nanometers was used. 
The laser beam was modulated using an electro-optical modulator and was 
focused on bumps B through a microscope system using a 20.times. objective 
lens. The laser was operated at 1 microsecond pulse duration times and at 
55 milliwatts of power, with about 11-12% of this power being applied at 
the dual layer 16. The bumps B were erased, as previously described. 
The data bits that were written on the fabricated substrate 14 and the dual 
layer 16 were read using white light and a microscope to project images of 
the bumps B on a glass plate. Then, using a fiber optic bundle hooked to a 
photomultiplier, the intensity of the light at the glass plate was 
detected. It was found that a satisfactory contrast ratio of about 2:1 to 
3:1 existed between areas of the glass plate having the bumps B and areas 
of the glass plate having no bumps B. 
FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a practical electro-optical system 26 
for carrying out the optical recording of data on the erasable optical 
data storage medium 12. In particular, FIG. 8 shows one bit area BA, 
similar to the bit area BA shown in FIG. 2, for writing, reading and 
erasing a bit as described above. 
Electro-optical system 26 includes a digital data processing circuit 28 
whose outputs on respective lines 30 and 32 control respective pulsed 
variable-intensity lasers 34 and 36. Laser 34 outputs the laser beam 
LB.sub.2 and laser 36 outputs the laser beam LB.sub.1. A pair of lenses 38 
and 40 collimate the laser beams LB.sub.2 and LB.sub.1, respectively, 
which are then reflected by a mirror 42 and propagated through a beam 
splitter 44. 
The laser beam LB.sub.2 and laser beam LB.sub.1 are then passed through a 
filter 46 (e.g. 1/4 waveplate) and then propagated through an objective 
lens 48 which focuses the laser beams on the moving bit area BA. Light 
reflected by the material 20A of bit area BA is collected by the lens 48 
and propagated through filter 46 to the beam splitter 44, where the 
reflected light is then propagated to a light sensor 50. 
As illustrated, laser beam LB.sub.2 and laser beam LB.sub.1 are spatially 
separated from one another. Also, the laser beam LB.sub.2 is focused onto 
the bit area BA ahead of the laser beam LB.sub.1 relative to the direction 
of movement of the bit area BA for erase/write purposes to be described 
below. 
In the operation of the electro-optical system 26, assume that a bit has 
been written on the bit area BA, that this bit is to be erased and that 
another bit is to be written at the bit area BA. This will constitute an 
erase/write cycle. In describing this cycle, reference should be made to 
the above disclosure of the erase/write cycle of the present invention. 
As the bit area BA moves across the view of the objective lens 48, the 
laser 34 is modulated by the output of the data processing circuit 28 on 
line 30 to produce a high intensity laser beam LB.sub.2. The laser beam 
LB.sub.2 is then focused on the material 20A by lens 48 to heat it to a 
rubbery condition. Then, while the material 20A is still rubbery, and with 
the bit area BA continuing to be in the same view of the objective lens 
48, the laser 36 is immediately modulated by the output of data processing 
circuit 28 over line 32 to produce the laser beam LB.sub.1. Consequently, 
the laser beam LB.sub.1 is focused by the objective lens 48 onto the 
material 18A to heat it and cause the elastic expansion previously 
described. Thereafter, the bit area BA will move out of the view of the 
objective lens 48 and cool, so that either a logic 1 or a logic 0 will be 
written. In other words, the erase/write cycle can occur within one bit 
cell time, which means within the same view of the objective lens 48. 
Assume now that instead of an erase/write cycle only an erase cycle is 
required, in which the bit written at the bit area BA is to be erased with 
no other bit written at the bit area BA. As the bit area BA moves within 
the view of the objective lens 48, the data processing circuit 28, via 
line 30, modulates the laser 34 to output a high intensity laser beam 
LB.sub.2 which is then focused on the material 20A. Therefore, the 
material 20A is heated and then cools as the bit area moves outside the 
view of the objective lens 48. The result is that the bit will be erased 
in the manner previously described. 
Assume now that it is desired to read a bit stored at the bit area BA, 
which bit is either a logic 1 or a logic 0. As the bit area BA moves 
within the view of the objective lens 48, the data processing circuit 28, 
via line 30, modulates laser 34 to produce a low intensity laser beam 
LB.sub.1 that is focused on the material 20A. The reflected light is then 
collected by lens 48 and propagated by filter 48 and beam splitter 44 to 
sensor 50 which then detects the logic state of the bit. As previously 
mentioned, differences in phase or amplitude of the reflected light can be 
detected by sensor 50 to distinguish a logic 1 from a logic 0. 
FIG. 9 is similar to FIG. 8 except that rather than having spatially 
separated laser beams LB.sub.1 and LB.sub.2, the two laser beams are 
concentric or co-linear. The co-linear beams LB.sub.1 and LB.sub.2 are 
propagated so that they are focused co-linearly on the material 18A and 
the material 20A as the bit area BA moves within the view of the objective 
lens 48. The co-linear laser beams LB.sub.1 and LB.sub.2 are produced by 
having laser 34 and laser 36 arranged, as shown, whereby light from each 
laser is propagated through a beam splitter BS. The erase/write cycle, the 
erase cycle and the read cycle in FIG. 9 are performed in a manner similar 
to that described for FIG. 8. 
The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention has 
been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not 
intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form 
described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of 
the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to 
best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application 
to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention 
in various embodiments and with various modification as are suited to the 
particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the 
invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.