Wire chamber

A wire chamber or proportional counter device, such as Geiger-Mueller tube or drift chamber, improved with a gas mixture providing a stable drift velocity while eliminating wire aging caused by prior art gas mixtures. The new gas mixture is comprised of equal parts argon and ethane gas and having approximately 0.25% isopropyl alcohol vapor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates to wire chambers such as single or multi-wire 
proportional counters, drift chambers, Geiger tubes and the like. These 
devices are commonly used to detect the passage of a photon or highly 
energetic subatomic particle through a closed chamber by detecting 
ionization of a gas within the chamber, caused by absorption of a photon 
by a gas molecule or a collision between a gas molecule and a subatomic 
particle. 
In general, such wire chambers use at least one anode wire and cathode 
wires stretched through a chamber filled with a predetermined gas, the 
valence electrons of which are liberated by absorption of a photon or a 
collision between a gas atom and a subatomic particle. Electrons liberated 
from the gas atom or molecule cause the liberation of other free electrons 
by collisions in a chain-reaction such that an avalanche of free electrons 
is produced by the initial collision or photon absorption to produce a 
detectable current surge in one of the electrode wires. All such wire 
chambers therefore require at least one gas that provides for electron 
production resulting in an avalanche of such electrons by the absorption 
of a photon or a collision between an atom of the gas and a subatomic 
particle of interest. Most wire chambers use at least one additional gas 
constituent to absorb (quench) ultraviolet photons for prevention of 
secondary avalanche formation and to stabilize the speed of the avalanche 
of electrons to improve the timing accuracy of the instrument by providing 
a more constant velocity of the avalanching electron drift speeds. 
It has been found and disclosed that a mixture of argon and ethane gas 
provides an acceptable electron production characteristic and an 
acceptable electron drift velocity stabilizing characteristic. See Nucl. 
Instr. and Methods 156 (1978) 163-168 by M. Atac and J. Urish. and see 
Nucl. Instr. and Methods in Phys. Res. A 249 (1986) 265-276 by M. Atac et 
al. 
However, a significant problem with wire chamber gas mixtures, has been the 
additional requirement that ultra-violet photons that penetrate the 
chamber from a variety of sources across a wide range of wavelengths, be 
absorbed by the gas, without producing additional ionization in the 
chamber that would indicate false collisions or events occurring within 
the chamber. Specifically, energetic photons that strike the cathode wire 
in a wire chamber will produce free electrons which will result in the 
production of another avalanche of electrons which will be detected at the 
anode as another event. These UV photons which strike the cathode wire, if 
not absorbed by other gases in the chamber, will produce repetitive false 
counts at the anode wire. 
A characteristic of the gas mixture used in wire chambers must therefore be 
the ability to absorb ultraviolet wavelength photons preventing the false 
counts that would result from the absorption by the cathode of these UV 
wavelength photons. It has been found that certain alcohol vapors provide 
long wavelength UV absorption, which when used in combination with ethane, 
provides shorter wavelength absorption, the full range of UV wavelengths 
can be effectively absorbed before the photons impinge the cathode wires 
used in the wire chambers. See I.E.E.E. Transactions on Nuclear Science, 
Vol. NS-31, No. 1 (1984) 99-102 by M. Atac. 
A substantial problem however in using gas mixtures such as argon and 
ethane with ethanol or methanol has been that the dissociation products of 
these alcohols, which are produced by the absorption of a long wavelength 
ultra-violet photon, are corrosive to the metals used in the wire 
electrodes and shorten the electrodes useful life by oxidizing the outer 
layer of the wire surface. Certain metals such as gold, platinum and 
stainless steel are more resistive to the corrosive dissociation products 
of ethanol and methanol but are substantially more expensive than other 
metals that would be useable in a wire chamber were it not for the rapid 
aging caused by the use of ethanol or methanol with argon and ethane. In 
complex wire chambers, such as radial wire drift chambers, replacement of 
wires is prohibitively expensive and time consuming. 
It is desirable therefore to be able to operate a wire chamber with a 
constituent gas mixture that provides a stable electron drift velocity, 
with the ability to absorb all UV wavelengths without producing 
dissociation products which cause premature aging of electrode wires. 
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wire 
chamber improved with a gas mixture which prevents premature aging of 
electrode wires. It is another object of the present invention to provide 
a wire chamber improved with a gas mixture that provides stable electron 
drift velocities and good quenching of UV photons across a wide range of 
UV wavelengths. 
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be 
set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will 
become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the 
following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and 
advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the 
instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the 
appended claims. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
There is provided an improved wire chamber for detecting the passage of 
subatomic particles or high energy photons, which uses a gas mixture that 
provides stable electron drift velocity and absorption of undesirable UV 
wavelength photons, without causing premature aging of anode or cathode 
wires. A mixture of argon gas and ethane gas in combination with a 
predetermined concentration of isopropyl alcohol vapor has been found to 
provide stable electron drift velocity, quenching of UV photons, and a 
complete elimination of aging of electrode wires caused by corrosive 
dissociation products of previously used gas mixtures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a radial wire drift chamber 2, 
representative of a wire chamber using anode and cathode wires in an 
enclosed chamber, filled with an ionizable gas. An inner cylinder 10 and 
an outer cylinder 15 support a plurality of anode and cathode wires 11, 13 
used to produce electric fields, not shown, that enable detection of the 
passage of a photon or high energy subatomic particle through the region 
bounded by inner cylinder 10 and outer cylinder 15. 
High energy particles or photons traveling through the region bounded by 
inner cylinder 10 and outer cylinder 15 collide with gas molecules 
residing within the enclosed volume between inner cylinder 10 and outer 
cylinder 15 and produce an avalanche of electrons detected at individual 
anode wires 11 as measurable current surges. 
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the volume bounded by inner cylinder 10 
and outer cylinder 15 would normally be further enclosed by end caps or 
covers (not shown) which would enclose the wires and confine the gas. 
Because of the size of the drift chamber 2, (the diameter of outer 
cylinder 15 is typica11y 1-2 meters), and, the number of its constituent 
elements, leaks in the drift chamber 2, require that a steady flow of gas 
through the enclosed volume be maintained by an external source 21, to 
insure that the ionizable gas is maintained within the chamber. Unlike a 
Geiger-Muller tube for example, which can be completely evacuated and 
permanently sealed after being charged with gas, the drift chamber cannot 
practically be sealed and requires a gas continuous flow to insure that 
the chamber contains the proper atmosphere. Any detecting apparatus, such 
as a Geiger-Muller tube, or proportional counter requiring an ionizable 
gas, could use the gas mixture taught herein; those devices, however, that 
cannot be permanently sealed might require a continuous flow of gas 
through the device as shown in the apparatus of FIG. 1. 
A nozzle 20, shown in FIG. 1 as protruding through the outer cylinder 15, 
permits the introduction into the region bounded by inner cylinder 10 and 
outer cylinder 15 (and the end covers not shown) of gas that provides a 
ready source of easily liberated electrons. Gas source 21 maintains a 
steady flow of the gas mixture, into the drift chamber 2. The gas from gas 
source 21 permits production of an avalanche discharge and a stabilization 
of the drift of the electrons produced in the avalanche, which does not 
produce dissociation products that corrode or prematurely age the wires 
11, 13 shown in FIG. 1. 
The preferred embodiment of the gas mixture is comprised of equal portions 
of argon and ethane gas, mixed together, and, at atmospheric pressure then 
bubbled through liquid isopropyl alcohol at a temperature of -7.degree. 
C., thereby adding approximately 0.25% alcohol vapor to the 50% argon, 50% 
ethane gas mixture. In tests with a radial wire drift chamber, such as 
that disclosed in FIG. 1 at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, aging 
of aluminum, nickel, copper, stainless steel, platinum, and gold wires was 
appreciably reduced by eliminating the oxidation of the wire surface 
caused by dissociation products of previous gas mixtures. 
It has been known that isopropyl alcohol dissociates differently from other 
alcohols such as ethanol or methanol thereby reducing the oxidation of the 
wire surface. In the first stage of dissociation, isopropyl alcohol will 
lose two of its hydrogen atoms and become acetone as follows: 
##STR1## 
As the gas mixture of argon, ethane and isopropyl alcohol flows through the 
chamber, such as the one shown in the FIGURE, H.sub.2 and acetone 
molecules are vented out of the chamber. In a closed vessel, such as a 
Geiger Muller tube, these dissociation products harmlessly accummulate 
within the vessel 
Previous gas mixtures using methanol and ethanol dissociated into 
formaldehydes CH.sub.2 O and formic acid CH.sub.2 O.sub.2 and acetaldehyde 
and acetic acid which resulted in dissociation products which react with 
aluminum and nickel but not with gold, platinum, and stainless steel. 
Such is not the case when using isopropyl alcohol as discussed above. 
It was experimentally determined that the proportion of argon to ethane 
should not vary by more than 2% by volume. Deviations beyond 2% of the 
50/50 proportion were found to reduce the stability of the electron drift 
velocity to a point where time resolution of detectable events will be 
lost. 
Pre-mixed argon and ethane is readily available commercially in the 
recommended 50/50 proportion. The pre-mixed gas is pre-cooled before being 
bubbled through the alcohol to reduce heating of the liquid alcohol. The 
flow rate of the gas through the alcohol should be limited to that rate 
which produces the 0.25% vapor content in the argon/ethane gas mixture. 
In tests at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the 50% argon 50% 
ethane gas mixture, when bubbled through isopropyl alcohol at -7.degree. 
C. provided 0.25% alcohol vapor which was sufficient alcohol vapor for 
quenching of UV photons. 
It has been experimentally determined that alcohol temperatures between 
0.degree. C. and -9.degree. C. provided useable alcohol vapor 
concentrations that stopped wire aging. It is believed however that when 
the temperature of the liquid alcohol is raised substantially above 
-0.degree. C. the concentration of alcohol vapor increases to a 
concentration such that the absorption of UV is longer enhanced and the 
production of secondary avalanche electrons becomes increasingly more 
inhibited. 
Liquid alcohol temperatures and the effect of the alcohol on drift velocity 
have been measured experimentally. At an electric field strength between 
wires 11 and 13, as shown in FIG. 1, above 0.95 KV/cm electron drift 
velocity stabilizes for any alcohol temperature between -1.degree. C. and 
-9.degree. C. Note however that no tests of the effect of alcohol 
temperatures on wire aging and electron drift velocity outside these 
temperature ranges, were performed. It is believed that alcohol vapor 
concentrations between 1% and 0.25% will stop the aging of wires in 
proportional counter devices such as the one shown in FIG. 1, as when used 
with the mixture of argon and ethane gas.