Liquid cooled electric motor frame

Liquid cooled electric motors including stator frames having cast in place cooling conduits are described. In an exemplary embodiment, the conduit is arranged in a generally helical configuration and the stator frame is cast around the conduit so that the conduit is embedded within, and integral with, the frame. Spacer, or stabilizer, bars are engaged to the conduit and provide support for the conduit and facilitate maintaining the desired spacing between lengths of conduit and between the conduit and the frame wall. The stator frame with the cast in place cooling conduit has the advantages of a liquid cooled motor yet is believed to be lower cost than known liquid cooled motors. The frame also is believed to be less susceptible to corrosion and liquid leaks as compared to known liquid cooled motors. Further, the advantage that the cooling coil and frame material may be different is provided, which enables selection of optimum material for the coil and frame with respect to cost, corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and machinability.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to electric motors and, more particularly, 
to a liquid cooled electric motor frame including a cast in place cooling 
conduit and methods for fabricating such a motor frame. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Electric motors generate heat during operation as a result of both 
electrical and mechanical losses, and an electric motor typically must be 
cooled in order to ensure the desired and efficient operation of the 
motor. An excessively high motor temperature may result in motor bearing 
failure or damage to the stator winding insulation. 
Electric motors generally have an enclosure, or housing, including a frame 
and endshields. The most common enclosures are "open" or totally enclosed. 
With an "open" enclosure, ambient air circulates within the enclosure, and 
heat is removed by convection between the air and heat generating motor 
components within the enclosure. The air is exhausted out from the 
enclosure. 
Totally enclosed type enclosures typically are used in applications in 
which airborne contaminants, e.g., dirt, oil, or mist, must be prevented 
from entering within the enclosure. Both convection and conduction type 
cooling occurs within the enclosure, and some form of convection cooling 
occurs at the external surfaces of the enclosure. For example, forced 
convection cooling is provided by a fan mounted to the motor shaft 
external the enclosure. The fan forces air over the frame and endshields. 
Alternatively, free convection and radiation type cooling may occur if no 
shaft mounted fan is provided. 
Known open and totally enclosed fan cooled motors generally require a fan 
or compressor for circulating air over or through the motor. Providing the 
required air volume and velocity for proper cooling often results in 
significant fan noise. Such noise can be reduced by eliminating the fan. 
Eliminating the fan, however, results in a significant reduction in the 
cooling since the cooling coefficients associated with free convection and 
radiation type cooling are significantly lower than the cooling 
coefficients associated with forced convection cooling. Due to the lower 
cooling coefficients, a motor utilizing free convection and radiation type 
cooling must physically be larger than a forced air cooled motor, or the 
motor power output must be reduced as compared to the power output of the 
forced air cooled motor. 
With the above described enclosures and cooling, heat from the motor is 
exchanged with ambient air in the immediate vicinity of the motor. In many 
applications, the heated ambient air must be continually refreshed with 
cooler air in order to maintain proper motor cooling. 
In a totally enclosed liquid cooled motor, the motor is connected to a 
coolant supply. The coolant supply is connected in a cooling circuit, 
which can be a closed loop or open loop type circuit. The liquid coolant 
could, for example, be water, hydraulic oil, or other relatively low 
temperature process liquids. 
In a closed loop system, the coolant is pumped through the motor and 
removes the generated heat. The coolant is then circulated through a 
remotely mounted heat exchanger and returned to the motor. As one example, 
in a closed loop system the motor is connected to a cooling circuit 
including a motor cooling coil, a circulating pump, an external 
evaporative chiller, and associated piping. 
In an open loop system, the coolant is not returned to the motor as in the 
closed loop system. The coolant could, for example, be waste liquids, 
process liquids, or any other available source of liquid that functions as 
a coolant. As one example, in an open loop system, the motor is connected 
to a motor driven pump which pumps liquid from a large reservoir, and a 
small percentage of the high-pressure fluid exiting the pump is diverted 
through the motor cooling coil and returned to the reservoir. 
The heat transfer coefficient for forced convection cooling using liquid is 
generally much higher, or better, than the heat transfer coefficient for 
air. Therefore, in a liquid cooled motor, the overall cooling typically is 
much better than a similarly sized, substantially similar air cooled 
motor. Further, in a liquid cooled motor, and by using a remotely mounted 
heat exchanger such as an evaporative water chiller, the immediate 
surroundings of the motor are not heated as with an air cooled motor. The 
remotely mounted heat exchanger therefore further facilitates improving 
motor operation. Also, in a liquid cooled motor, the external fan can be 
eliminated which facilitates reducing motor noise. 
In one known totally enclosed water cooled motor configuration, the stator 
frame includes a cooling jacket or passage, and a cooling medium from an 
external source flows through the jacket and removes heat generated by the 
motor. Particularly, in known liquid cooled motors, the cooling jacket is 
formed by an inner shell and an outer shell. The inner shell is machined 
to form a water path through the shell, and the outer shell is then press 
fit or welded to the inner shell to form the water jacket. Significant 
machining, welding, and assembly time are required to fabricate the above 
described water jacket. In addition, leak checking and rework typically 
are required and further increase the frame cost. 
The improved overall heat transfer of liquid cooling enables operation of 
the motor at a higher output for a particular motor size as compared to an 
air cooled motor of the same size. Therefore, totally enclosed liquid 
cooled motors may be smaller than totally enclosed air cooled motors 
having the same horse power ratings, even taking into account the water 
jacket. The size of the motor affects, of course, the cost of motor 
components. 
Also, known totally enclosed air cooled motors are believed to be noisier 
than liquid cooled motors since the liquid dampens at least some of the 
noise resulting from motor operation. The totally enclosed air cooled 
motor with an external fan generates significant noise due to air velocity 
and turbulence. For example, an air cooled motor may operate at 
approximately about 70-80 dBA, and a similarly rated liquid cooled motor 
may operate at approximately about 50 dBA. 
Although liquid cooled motors are believed to provide many advantages, such 
motors also have disadvantages. For example, such motors typically are 
more expensive to fabricate than air cooled motors, and liquid cooled 
motors are susceptible to corrosion and to liquid leaks. Further, as 
corrosion builds-up within the cooling jacket over time, the overall heat 
transfer capability of the water cooled motor degrades. 
It would be desirable to provide the many advantages of a liquid cooled 
motor yet at a lower cost than known liquid cooled motors. It also would 
be desirable to provide a liquid cooled motor that has a reduced 
susceptibility to corrosion and liquid leaks as compared to known liquid 
cooled motors. 
An object of the present invention is to provide a low cost liquid cooled 
motor. 
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a liquid cooled 
motor which is less susceptible to corrosion and liquid leaks than known 
liquid cooled motors. 
Still another object of the invention is to provide a simplified and lower 
cost process for fabricating liquid cooled motors. 
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an integral 
cooling jacket and stator frame for reducing the labor required in 
fabricating a liquid cooled motor as compared to the labor required in 
known liquid cooled motors. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
These and other objects may be attained with a liquid cooled electric motor 
including a stator frame having a cast in place cooling conduit. In an 
exemplary embodiment, the conduit is arranged in a generally helical 
geometric configuration and the stator frame is cast around the conduit so 
that the conduit is embedded within, and integral with, the frame. Spacer, 
or stabilizer, bars are engaged to the conduit and provide support for the 
conduit and facilitate maintaining the desired spacing between lengths of 
the conduit. The spacer bars also facilitate centering the coil in the 
cast frame wall and locate, or orient, the cooling coil axially within the 
frame during the casting process. In addition, the spacer bars facilitate 
determining the concentricity of the cooling coil with respect to the 
stator frame bore prior to the stator frame machining process, which 
reduces the possibility of damaging the cooling coil during such 
machining. The stator frame also includes a cooling inlet port and a 
cooling outlet port in flow communication with the cast in place cooling 
conduit. 
Of course, many alternative configurations for the cooling conduit are 
possible and contemplated. For example, the cooling conduit described 
above provides that the cooling medium flows around, or circumferentially, 
with respect to the motor stator. Alternatively, and by way of example, 
the cooling conduit could be configured so that the cooling medium flows 
substantially axially with respect to the motor stator. Various 
alternative configurations of cooling conduits are described herein. 
Prior to operation of a motor including the above described stator frame 
having the cast in place cooling conduit, the frame inlet and outlet ports 
are coupled in a closed loop cooling circuit which includes, for example, 
a pump and a remote heat exchanger. In operation, a cooling medium such as 
water flows through the cooling circuit. Particularly, to cool the motor 
during operation, the cooling medium is delivered to the inlet port and 
flows through the conduit to the outlet port. As the cooling medium flows 
through the conduit, heat generated by the motor is transferred to the 
cooling medium through the conduit. The heated cooling medium then flows 
out of the frame through the outlet port, and the heated cooling medium is 
then pumped by the cooling circuit pump. The cooling medium is circulated 
through a remote heat exchanger so that the cooling medium is cooled and 
then delivered to the inlet port. 
The cast in cooling coil can be fabricated from a metal different from the 
metal used in casting the frame. For example, the casting material may be 
gray iron and the coil may be stainless steel to take advantage of the 
mechanical dampening characteristics of the gray iron and the corrosion 
resistance of the stainless steel. Alternatively, the casting material may 
be aluminum alloy which is easy to machine and has a high thermal 
conductivity. In known enclosures for water cooled motors, in order to 
provide the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, the entire frame 
generally must be cast from stainless steel, which is expensive. In the 
above described cast in coil construction, the coil can be stainless steel 
and the casting material can be a lower cost and easier to machine 
material. 
The above described motor including the stator frame with the cast in place 
cooling conduit has the advantages of a liquid cooled motor yet is 
believed to be lower cost than known liquid cooled motors. Such lower cost 
is achieved by providing that the preformed cooling conduit is simply cast 
in place rather than requiring the significant machining, welding, and 
assembly time associated with known water jackets. The motor also is 
believed to be less susceptible to corrosion and liquid leaks as compared 
to known liquid cooled motors. Specifically, since the corrosion 
resistant, continuous, and sealed cooling conduit is cast in place in the 
stator frame, the possibility for leaks and internal coil or external 
frame corrosion are believed to be reduced as compared the possibility for 
leaks and corrosion which may result with known water jackets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a liquid cooled electric motor 100 
including a stator frame 102 having a cast in place cooling conduit (not 
shown in FIG. 1), as described hereinafter in more detail. The cast in 
place cooling conduit defines a cooling passageway, or path, through frame 
102. By casting the cooling conduit in stator frame 102, it is believed 
that the many advantages of liquid cooling can be provided at a lower cost 
than known liquid cooled motors. Further, the cast in place cooling 
conduit structure results in stator frame 102 and the cooling passage 
having reduced susceptibility to corrosion and liquid leaks as compared to 
stator frames and cooling passages of known liquid cooled motors. 
More particularly, and referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, stator frame 102 
includes a substantially cylindrical shaped body section 104 having 
opposed ends 106 and 108. A cooling inlet port 110 and a cooling outlet 
port 112 are in flow communication with the cast in place cooling conduit 
(not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2). Frame 102 also includes support feet 114 and 
lifting lugs or eye bolts 116. Bolt openings 118 are provided in support 
feet 114 so that motor 100 can be bolted, if desired, in place. End 
shields 120 and 122 are secured to frame 102 by bolts 124 and close ends 
106 and 108 of frame 102. Assembled end shields 120 and 122 and frame 102 
sometimes are referred to as the enclosure or motor housing. 
A stator core and windings (not shown) are secured within the motor 
housing, as is well known. A rotor shaft 124 is rotatably mounted within 
the housing and rotates relative to frame 102. A conduit box 126 is 
secured to stator frame 102, and conduit box 126 includes lead cable 
strain reliefs 128 positioned adjacent openings in conduit box 126. Power 
and control leads (not shown) extend through the openings in conduit box 
126 and are electrically connected, for example, to the stator windings. 
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-section view through motor 100. As shown in FIG. 
3, bearing assemblies 130 and 132 are supported by end shields 120 and 
122, and bearing assemblies 130 and 132 include bearings 134 and 136 for 
supporting rotor shaft 124. Grease inlet tubes 138 and 140 in flow 
communication with bearing assemblies 130 and 132 extend through end 
shields 120 and 122 and enable an operator to supply grease to bearings 
134 and 136. 
Still referring to FIG. 3, cooling conduit 142 is located in stator frame 
102. Frame 102 includes a substantially cylindrical shaped body section 
144 formed by a wall 146 having an outer surface 148 and an inner surface 
150. The cooling passageway is at least partially within wall 146 between 
inner and outer surfaces 148 and 150. Particularly, conduit 142 (sometimes 
referred to as a tube coil) has a generally helical geometric shape and 
extends along a length of frame 102. Spacer, or stabilizer, bars 152 are 
engaged to conduit 142. 
Referring to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, which are front, side, and perspective 
views, respectively, of cooling conduit 142, conduit 142 includes an inlet 
end 154 and an outlet end 156. Enlarged tube sections 158 and 160 are 
located at ends 154 and 156 and align with inlet and outlet ports 110 and 
112 in frame 102 (FIG. 1). An intermediate portion 162 of conduit 142 has 
a generally helical geometric shape. Spacer bars 152 engaged to conduit 
142 provide support for conduit 142 and maintain the desired spacing 
between lengths, or turns, of conduit 142. Spacer bars 152 also facilitate 
centering conduit 142 within the cast frame wall and locating conduit 142 
axially within the frame wall during the casting process. Spacer bars 152 
also can be used determine the concentricity of cooling conduit 142 with 
respect to the stator frame bore prior to the machining process, which 
reduces the possibility of damaging conduit 142 during stator frame 
machining operations. 
With respect to motor 100 (FIG. 1), and prior to operation, inlet and 
outlet ports 110 and 112 are coupled in a closed loop cooling circuit 
which includes, for example, a pump and a remote heat exchanger. 
Alternatively, an open loop cooling circuit could be used. In operation, a 
cooling medium such as water flows through the cooling circuit. 
Particularly, to cool motor 100 during operation, the cooling medium is 
delivered to inlet port 110 and flows through conduit 142 to outlet port 
112. As the cooling medium flows through conduit 142, heat generated by 
motor 100 is transferred to the medium through conduit 142. The heated 
cooling medium then flows out of frame 102 through outlet port 112, and 
the heated cooling medium is then pumped by the cooling circuit. The 
pumped cooling medium is circulated through a remote heat exchanger and 
returned to inlet port 110. 
Motor 100 including stator frame 102 with cast in place cooling conduit 142 
has the advantages of a liquid cooled motor yet is believed to be lower 
cost than known liquid cooled motors. Such lower cost is achieved by 
providing that preformed cooling conduit 142 is simply cast in place 
rather than requiring the significant machining, welding, and assembly 
time associated with known water jackets. Also, the material used in 
casting frame 102 can be selected to further reduce machining costs. 
In addition, motor 100 is believed to be less susceptible to corrosion and 
liquid leaks as compared to known liquid cooled motors. Specifically, 
since cooling conduit 142 is cast in place in frame 102, the possibility 
for leaks and internal corrosion are believed to be reduced as compared 
the possibility for leaks and corrosion which may result with known water 
jackets. The cooling conduit material may also be selected to provide 
optimum corrosion resistance independent of the frame wall material. For 
example, the cooling conduit material may be stainless steel and the frame 
material may be gray iron. 
Cooling conduit 142 provides that the cooling medium flows around, or 
circumferentially, with respect the motor stator. Of course, the cast in 
place cooling conduit is not limited to the exemplary helical 
configuration shown in the drawings discussed above. The cooling conduit 
can have many alternative geometric configurations. 
For example, FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a 
cooling conduit 200 having a squirrel cage configuration. Although shown 
by itself in FIG. 7, it should be understood that conduit 200 would be 
cast in place in a motor frame. Opposing ends 202 and 204 of conduit 200 
include tube rings 206 and 208 having a generally circular shape, and 
straight tube segments 210 are coupled to and extend between rings 206 and 
208. Each tube segment 210 is in flow communication with each ring 206 and 
208. Tube rings 206 and 208 and tube segments 210 form the squirrel cage 
configuration of conduit 200. Inlet and outlet tubes 212 and 214 are 
coupled to one of respective rings 206 and 208. Enlarged tube sections 216 
and 218 are located at the ends of tubes 212 and 214 and align with, for 
example, inlet and outlet ports 110 and 112 of frame 102 (FIG. 1). Spacer 
bars 220 are engaged at opposing ends 202 and 204 to respective rings 206 
and 208 to provide support and extra rigidity for conduit 200. Spacer bars 
220 also facilitate centering conduit 200 within the cast frame wall and 
locating conduit 200 axially within the frame wall during the casting 
process. Spacer bars 220 also can be used determine the concentricity of 
cooling conduit 200 with respect to the stator frame bore prior to the 
machining process, which reduces the possibility of damaging conduit 200 
during stator frame machining operations. 
With squirrel cage conduit 200, and prior to operation, inlet and outlet 
tubes 212 and 214 are coupled in a cooling circuit which includes, for 
example, a pump. In operation, a cooling medium such as water flows 
through the cooling circuit. The heated cooling medium from the motor is 
pumped through a remote heat exchanger, and is returned to inlet tube 212. 
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of yet another alternative embodiment of a 
cooling conduit 250. Although shown by itself in FIG. 8, it should be 
understood that conduit 250 would be cast in place in a motor frame. 
Rather than a circumferential flow pattern as provided with cooling 
conduit 142 (FIG. 6), water flows through conduit 250 in an axial flow 
pattern. Particularly, conduit 250 includes an inlet end 252 and an outlet 
end 254. Enlarged tube sections 256 and 258 are located at ends 252 and 
254 and align with inlet and outlet ports 110 and 112 of frame 102 (FIG. 
1). An intermediate portion 260 of conduit 250 has a generally serpentine 
geometric shape. Spacer bars (not shown) may be engaged to conduit 250 to 
provide support for conduit 250 and maintain the desired spacing between 
lengths, or turns, of conduit 250. The spacer bars also facilitate 
centering conduit 250 within the cast frame wall and locating conduit 250 
axially within the frame wall during the casting process. The spacer bars 
also can be used determine the concentricity of cooling conduit 250 with 
respect to the stator frame bore prior to the machining process, which 
reduces the possibility of damaging conduit 250 during stator frame 
machining operations. 
Prior to operation, inlet and outlet ends 252 and 254 are coupled in a 
cooling circuit which includes, for example, a pump and remote heat 
exchanger. In operation, the cooling medium is delivered to inlet end 252 
and flows through conduit 250 to outlet end 254. As the cooling medium 
flows through conduit 250, heat is transferred to the medium through 
conduit 250. The heated cooling medium is then pumped by the cooling 
circuit pump through the remote heat exchanger, and the cooling medium is 
returned to inlet end 252. 
While exemplary embodiments of the cooling conduit have been described 
above, it is contemplated that the cooling conduit can have many other 
configurations. Therefore, it should be understood that the present 
invention is not limited to any particular geometric configuration of the 
cooling conduit. 
Further, it is contemplated that cooling conduit can be totally eliminated 
by casting the stator frame to include a cooling passageway defined by the 
walls of the stator frame. Such a cooling passageway can be formed, for 
example, by including mold tooling defining an internal passageway through 
the stator frame. 
With respect to fabrication of stator frame 102 (FIG. 1), FIG. 9 is a 
partial cross-section view through mold tooling 300 utilized in casting 
stator frame 102 around, and integrally with, cooling tube conduit 142. 
Prior to the casting operation, cooling conduit 142 is formed into the 
helical configuration from materials suitable for use as a cooling coil 
and suitable for use with the casting process, such as stainless steel. 
Conduit 142 may be filled with sand to prevent collapsing during the 
casting process. Conduit 142 typically is cleaned and pre-treated with a 
flux material to ensure adhesion of the cast metal to conduit 142 during 
the metal solidification process. 
As is well known, mold tooling 300 can be fabricated using sand casting 
techniques. Preformed conduit 142 is positioned within a mold tooling 
cavity 302, and positioners 304 are utilized to position conduit 142 
within cavity 302. Positioners 304 are integral with mold tooling 300. 
Alternatively, positioners 304 can be fabricated from metal, ceramic, or 
foam and adhesively secured to mold tooling 300. 
Once conduit 142 is positioned within mold tooling 300 as shown in FIG. 9, 
frame 102 is cast around conduit 142 using a metal casting process. 
Alternatively, frame 102 can be cast from gray iron, ductile iron, steel, 
or a metal alloy. Metal casting processes are well known. 
Once the molten metal cools, the frame and conduit assembly is removed from 
mold tooling 300, and cleaned and inspected to ensure integrity has been 
maintained. In addition, if sand has been placed within conduit 142, the 
sand is blown out of conduit. 
The stator frame fabrication process described above is believed to be much 
more simple and lower cost in terms of both material and labor than known 
processes for fabrication of known water jackets. In addition, and as 
explained above, since conduit 142 is molded or cast integral with frame 
102, the above described stator frame and conduit assembly is believed to 
be less susceptible to leakage and corrosion than the known constructions. 
Also, the materials for the stator frame walls and for the conduit may be 
selected separately, or substantially independently, to achieve best cost 
and performance for the particular motor. 
Of course, other processes can be used to fabricate the stator frame and 
cooling conduit assembly. For example, a lost foam casting process can be 
used. Particularly, FIG. 10 is a partial cross-section view through mold 
tooling 350 utilized to cast foam around cooling conduit 142. Cooling 
conduit 142 is formed into the helical configuration prior to the casting 
operation. Conduit 142 may be filled with sand to prevent collapsing 
during the casting process. Conduit 142 is cleaned and pre-treated with a 
flux material to ensure adhesion of the cast metal to conduit 142 during 
the metal solidification process. 
Mold tooling 350 includes an upper mold tool 352 and a lower mold tool 354. 
Mold tooling 350 can be fabricated using well known techniques, and 
includes integral positioning fingers 356. 
Once conduit 142 is positioned within mold tooling 350 as shown in FIG. 10, 
foam is then injected into mold tooling 350 and solidifies around conduit 
142 to form a rigid foam structure 358 (FIG. 11). Rigid foam structure 358 
is then removed from mold tooling 350. An exemplary embodiment of such 
rigid foam structure 358 is illustrated in FIG. 11. 
After structure 358 is removed from mold tooling 350, foam structure 358 is 
then positioned within metal casting tooling, and frame 102 is cast around 
conduit 142. As is well known, foam vaporizes during the metal casting 
process. 
The mold tooling required for the lost foam casting process is believed to 
be more expensive than the tooling required in the process described in 
connection with FIG. 9. However, the lost foam casting process is believed 
to be much more simple and lower cost in terms of both material and labor 
than known processes for fabrication of steel frames and water jackets. In 
addition, the lost foam process may result in frames of more consistent 
quality, or repeatability, than other casting processes. 
From the preceding description of several embodiments of the present 
invention, it is evident that the objects of the invention are attained. 
Although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is 
to be clearly understood that the same is intended by way of illustration 
and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation. Accordingly, 
the spirit and scope of the inventions are to be limited only by the terms 
of the appended claims.