High performance dye laser and flow channel therefor

A flow channel for a dye laser having means for reducing thermal and pressure variations in the flowing laser medium particularly in the vicinity of active lasing in order to permit high power and high pulse rate lasing with a high quality, low divergence output beam. Pressure disturbances and turbulence are minimized with a number of flow design techniques including a configured input conduit for even pressure drop, a set of turbulence reducing screens, as well as a hydraulic pressure damping capacitor on both input and output ends of the flow channel, either side of the excitation window. A porous wall is used to exhaust the medium and isolate the lasing region from downstream effects. In addition, cooling of the conduit just upstream of the region of active lasing reduces temperature disturbances resulting from applied excitation to further minimize its disturbing effect on laser beam quality and lasing efficiency.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to laser flow channels and in particular to a 
flow channel designed for high efficiency lasing. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The dye laser is currently used as a source of laser excitation or 
amplification in applications of laser enrichment such as is shown, for 
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,947. 
In such applications there are at least three principal objectives for the 
laser oscillator or amplifier, namely high energy in each laser pulse, 
high repetition rate, and an output beam of laser radiation of high 
optical quality, and low divergence. In these applications, output powers 
of several hundreds of watts at pulse rates of several hundreds of pulses 
per second in combination with an output beam as close to diffraction 
limited as possible are desired goals. 
One of the important advances in laser systems in achieving these 
objectives has been the transverse pumped laser, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 
3,740,665 wherein the optical axis is transverse to the flow direction of 
the fluent laser material, or typically dye solution. This permits a rapid 
replenishment of expended dye into the region of the optical axis to 
increase both power and repetition rate. To some extent, both power and 
repetition rate can be augmented by respectively increasing the level of 
applied excitation to the optical axis and by increasing the flow velocity 
of the fluent laser material. Excessive heating, and breakdown in fluid 
dynamic flow characteristics are limiting factors here as well as 
turbulence effects which are augmented with flow velocity and excitation 
level due to uneven pressures and heating effects. In addition, the 
variation in refractive index throughout the fluent laser material 
produced by pressure and temperature variations greatly degrade the beam 
quality by contributing to random disorientations of the beam along the 
optical axis resulting in output beam divergence which may reach large 
magnitudes particularly at high repetition rates and excitation levels. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The objectives of high pulse power, high repetition rate, and good beam 
quality in a laser oscillator or amplifier are provided by a flow channel 
for a fluent laser material according to the present invention. In such a 
flow channel, the fluent laser material tranversing the flow channel, and 
in particular, flowing past a pair of close spaced windows through which 
transverse excitation radiation is applied, is prepared in advance of 
application between the windows for minimal temperature and pressure 
gradients along with reduced turbulence effects to provide a smooth and 
even laminar flow between the windows. The flow is further treated 
downstream of the windows to prevent reflections of pressure variations 
upstream that would affect the flow between the windows. 
In particular, fluent laser material is conducted toward the windows in an 
inlet pipe at a smooth pressure drop and applied through a set of 
turbulence reducing screens for ultimate direction between the windows. A 
hydraulic capacitor is provided to absorb or damp further pressure 
variations in the laser material flowing toward the windows. A heat 
exchanger is provided to control the temperature of the fluent laser 
material entering the region between the windows. Channel walls either 
side of the windows are cooled to compensate for radiant heating caused by 
scattered excitation radiation and stray dye flourescence. 
Downstream of the windows, the spent fluent laser material is exhausted 
through porous walls which tend to isolate the flow between the windows 
from downstream pressure effects. An additional hydraulic capacitor is 
employed downstream of the porous walls to further damp pressure 
variations and prevent or reduce their reflection back upstream. 
Excitation radiation is applied transversely to the flow direction to 
excite a central portion of the flow between the windows coincident with 
the optical axis of the laser. Excitation may be either applied in a close 
coupled arrangement using flashlamps surrounded by a diffuse reflector and 
closely placed to the windows, or, preferably, by specular reflection of a 
more remote flashlamp into a central region coincident with the optical 
axis. The cooling of the flow channel directly upstream and downstream of 
the region between the two windows minimizes temperature variations in the 
fluent laser material as it is accellerated to pass between the windows. 
The resulting structure provides a high performance laser with good optical 
beam quality which may be used as either an amplifier or oscillator 
depending upon the specific application involved.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention contemplates a flow channel for a laser employing a 
fluent lasing material wherein pressure and temperature variations in the 
flowing laser material are controlled and minimized to reduce turbulence 
and refractive index variations (gradients) along the optical axis where 
active lasing takes place and to further promote a smooth and even laminar 
flow of the material past the region of active lasing at the optical axis. 
The control thus maintained over the flow of laser material permits an 
increase in laser pulse repetition rate and pulse power, as well as 
permitting a high quality, low divergence output beam. 
The various features of a flow channel employing the concepts of the 
present invention may be briefly described with reference to FIG. 1 
showing a generalized representation of the invention in arbitrary 
dimensions without attempting to show preferred shapes and sizes. As shown 
there, fluent laser material such as a dye solution is applied through an 
input conduit 10 past a heat exchanger 14 which maintains a predetermined 
temperature, for example room temperature, in the flow of laser material 
in the conduit 12. The flowing laser material passes from the conduit 12 
to a plenum 16 through a fine mesh screen 18. The fluent material within 
the plenum 16 is provided through a further fine mesh screen 20 to a 
throat conduit 22 that accelerates the fluent laser material and reduces 
its cross-sectional flow area for application between first and second 
optically transmissive windows 24 and 26 which enclose an active lasing 
region 28. While windows 24 and 26 are generally parallel, they typically 
converge slightly in the downstream direction. Downstream of the windows 
24 and 26 a straight conduit 30 exhausts the fluent material from the 
active region 28 to a conduit region 32 having porous walls 34 and 36 
which open into first and second chambers 38 and 40 of an output plenum 
42. The dye solution is exhausted from the chambers 38 and 40 through 
respective output conduits 44 and 46. 
Control over the flow dynamics to enhance laser performance and beam 
quality is additionally provided by the presence of a hydraulic capacitor 
50 which is integrally associated within the input plenum 16 to damp fluid 
pressure variations of the laser material. The hydraulic capacitor 50 
typically employs a resilient membrane 52, such as silicone rubber, 
between the fluid medium within the plenum 16 and a chamber 54 of a 
compressible material such as air. In addition, the screens 18 and 20 
serve to break up large-scale turbulence in the flowing medium both as it 
enters the plenum 16 and the throat conduit 22. 
Downstream of the active lasing region 28 the porous walls 34 and 36 act to 
isolate the region of flow between the windows 24 and 26, encompassing the 
active region 28, from pressure variations downstream of the walls 34 and 
36 such as in the chambers 38 and 40 and output conduits 44 and 46. This 
isolation is achieved by the effect of the porous walls 34 and 36 in 
maintaining a pressure head in the flow of laser material in and 
downstream of the conduit 30. In addition, a further hydraulic capacitor 
56 is provided in communication with the flow of lasing material in the 
chambers 38 and 40. Hydraulic capacitor 56 includes a resilient membrane 
58 between the chambers 38 and 40 and a trapped region 60 of a 
compressible material. 
In the drawing of FIG. 1, the optical axis coincides with the region 28 of 
active lasing which is energized in the transverse pumping mode by 
radiation from first and second water cooled flashlamps 62 and 64 
respectively. The radiation from the flashlamps 62 and 64 may be closely 
coupled to region 28 by placement proximate to the windows 24 and 26 and 
by surrounding the flashlamps with respective diffuse reflectors. 
Alternatively, the flashlamps 62 and 64 may be located remote from the 
windows 24 and 26 with the radiation provided by them redirected by 
specular reflectors, represented by reflectors 66 and 68, to a focus 
within the flowing medium at the region 28. In either case, cooling as 
shown by ducts 70 is desirable to remove all unnecessary energy created in 
exciting the laser material. In addition, cooling ducts 72 placed to cool 
the upstream flow in the throat conduit 22 and cooling ducts 74 placed to 
cool the downstream conduit 30 are desirable particularly to remove hot 
spots along the walls resulting from scattered excitation energy or 
fluorescence of the lasing material. 
With reference now to FIG 2, a more detailed presentation in cross-section 
of the structure of a flow channel according to a first embodiment of the 
invention is illustrated. As shown there, an input conduit 80 is 
positioned to apply laser fluid to an input plenum 82 through a screen 84. 
Conduit 80 passes through vertical sidewall 86 and extends the length of 
plenum 82. It has a series of holes covered by screen 84 for supplying the 
fluid to the entire length of plenum 82. Below the input plenum 82 is a 
generally trough-shaped housing 88 defining a chamber 90 of a compressible 
gas as part of an input hydraulic capacitor. The housing 88 is secured to 
the plenum 82, such as by bolts, with a resilient membrane 92 such as 
silicone rubber separating the interior of the plenum 82 from the chamber 
90. As a reference to dimensions which may be only approximately to scale 
in the drawing of FIG. 2, the input conduit 80 may be of approximately 5 
cm in diameter. 
An input throat conduit defined by walls 94 and 96 is secured to an upper 
portion of the input plenum 82 with a fine mesh screen 98 clamped between 
them and separating the interior of the input plenum 82 from a throat 
region 100 of the dye channel. The mesh of the screens 84 and 98 is 
typically 250 mesh. Cooling ducts 102 are preferably provided along the 
throat conduits 94 and 96 in regions adjacent to the throat region 100. 
The throat conduits 94 and 96 narrow the throat in width for application 
of the fluid between first and second windows 104 and 106 having a 
separation of approximately 3 millimeters. 
Directly downstream of the windows 104 and 106 an output channel 108 of 
typically constant cross-sectional area is defined between first and 
second wall members 110 and 112 having cooling ports 109. The throat 
conduit elements 94 and 96 may be joined to respective channel wall 
elements 110 and 112 by rear support members 114 and 116 along with front 
support members not shown. In addition, the ends of the channel at the 
extremes into and out of the page of FIG. 2 may be sealed with face plates 
having windows therein corresponding to and aligned with an optical axis 
118 between the windows 104 and 106. 
Wall members 120 and 122 are attached to upper edge portions of the channel 
wall members 110 and 112 which enclose first and second chambers 124 and 
126 of an output plenum 128. The chambers 124 and 126 are separated by 
porous walls 130 and 132 which border on extension of the output channel 
108 and provide a pressurehead for the flow of fluent laser material into 
the chambers 124 and 126. 
The porous wall members 130 and 132 are typically of 60 micron porousity 
and define a channel between them of approximately 2 mm dimension. Exhaust 
conduits 134 and 136, attached to one end of chambers 124 and 126 evacuate 
the laser material from the plenum 128. Cooling ports 109 are preferably 
provided bordering the channel 108 in the channel wall members 110 and 112 
to absorb thermal energization of the fluid and channel walls from applied 
excitation. 
A housing 140 of a hydraulic capacitor 142 is secured to upper portions of 
the plenum walls 120 and 122 with a resilient membrane 144 such as 
silicone rubber extending between the fluid within the chambers 124 and 
126 and a chamber 146 of a compressible gas. 
End plates for the hydraulic capacitors and input and output plenums 89 and 
142, for sealing the ends of the flow channel at its limits into and out 
of the page are typically provided as integral components of housings 88 
and 140. Input and output conduits for the cooling passages 102 and 109 
are also typically provided through these end plates for the conduit walls 
94, 96, 110 and 112. 
As shown in FIG. 2, a flashlamp assembly insert 150 is provided to mate 
with outer walls of the throat conduit wall 94 and channel wall member 110 
or throat conduit wall 96 and channel wall member 112. The flashlamp 
assembly insert is shown to include a flashlamp 152 mounted within a 
cylindrical chamber 154 having a diffuse, cylindrical reflector 156 on the 
inner surface thereof facing the flashlamp 152. Typically, a cooling fluid 
such as water is circulated in a pyrex tube, not shown, between the 
flashlamp 152 and the diffuse reflector 156 in chamber 154 to exhaust heat 
from the flashtube. The reflector 156 is shown to circle almost entirely 
around the flashtube 152 leaving an opening 158 which limits the range of 
applied illumination to the window 106 or window 104, to confine the 
radiation as nearly as possible to the region of an optical axis or active 
lasing region 118. The member defining the reflector 156 is typically 
inserted within a plug 160 which is in turn bolted into the walls 94 and 
110 or 96 and 112. 
The consideration governing the configuration for the hydraulic capacitors 
at the input and exit plenums is the need to damp out pressure 
fluctuations at frequencies greater than a few Hz. In combination with the 
flow resistance of the channel and the porous wall, a certain amount of 
hydraulic capacitance is required to achieve the damping. The amount of 
capacitance is directly related to the volume of the capacitors. 
Considerations that effect the taper of the throat 100 are as follows: a 
large change in area to reduce the relative turbulence intensity, a short 
entrance length to reduce the boundary layer thickness in the entrance 
region, and a strong convergence just ahead of the straight section to 
insure relaminarization of the boundary layer. 
Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a more detailed, sectional view of a 
second embodiment of the invention in which the left-hand portion of the 
view in FIG. 3 represents a sectional view, while the right-hand portion 
represents an end view showing exterior details. With specific reference 
to FIG. 3, an input conduit 170 has holes to apply fluent laser material 
through a screen 172 into a plenum 174 by extension of conduit 170 through 
an end wall 176 and collar coupling 179 into plenum 174. The plenum 174 is 
defined by a bottom plate 178 and side plates 180 and 182 as well as the 
cover 176 on the facing end and corresponding cover 177 on the end facing 
away. First and second housings 184 and 186 for hydraulic capacitors are 
attached to respective side plates 180 and 182 with resilient membranes 
188 and 190 fastened between them and the plenum 174 across openings in 
the respective side walls 180 and 182 such as opening 192 shown in the 
left on FIG. 3. 
The side walls 180 and 182 extend upward as walls 194 and 196 having 
interior surfaces respectively converging inward to define a throat 198 
for the fluid medium. The walls 194 and 196 bordering throat 198 include 
cooling ports 200 which communicate externally at their ends through 
conduits not shown. A screen 204 is provided in the lower portion of the 
throat between the wall extensions 194 and 196 which together with screens 
172 provide control over turbulence as indicated above. The plenum wall 
extensions 194 and 196 terminate at cylindrical windows 206 and 208 which 
are typically separated by 3 millimeters and extend in the direction of 
flow 10 cm to border the region of laser excitation, particularly in a 
central active region about an optical axis 210. Windows 206 and 208, 
while generally parallel, converge slightly in the downstream direction. 
Beyond the cylindrical windows 206 and 208 an extension 212 of the flow 
channel, typically of constant cross-sectional shape and area, is defined 
by facing wall members 214 and 216 which extend into vertical walls 218 
and 220 that border an exit plenum 222. Cooling ports 224 are provided in 
the wall members 214 and 216 adjacent to the flow channel 212 and have 
conduits not shown supplying them with a cooling fluid from an external 
source. Beyond the flow channel region 212 the flow channel is further 
defined by facing porous walls 228 and 230 spaced approximately 2 
millimeters and extending approximately 10 cm to partition the plenum 222 
into first and second chambers 232 and 234. The porous walls 228 and 230 
may as before be fabricated of sintered stainless steel. Either side of 
the porous walls 228 and 230 exit conduits 236 and 238, 238 not shown, are 
attached to ends of chambers 232 and 234 respectively to receive exhausted 
fluid from the corresponding chamber of the plenum 222. The plenum 222 is 
further defined on its top by a plate member 240 and by resilient 
membranes 242 and 244 extending across holes 246 (not shown) and 248 in 
the respective side walls 218 and 220. Housings 250 and 252 define 
chambers 254 and 256 on the outer sides of the diaphragms or membranes 242 
and 244 to provide hydraulic capacitors for damping fluid pressure 
variations as explained above. 
Flashlamps 260 and 262 contained in pyrex cooling jackets or tubes 261 and 
263 are provided remote from the cylindrical outer surfaces of windows 206 
and 208 and located within housings 264 and 266 having interior elliptical 
reflecting surfaces 268 and 270 to provide specular reflection of 
radiation from the lamps 260 and 262 to optical axis 210. The cylindrical 
outer surface of the lenses 206 and 208 permits the focusing of this 
radiation to a central point as, for example, described in U.S. patent 
application Ser. No. 626,612, filed Oct. 28, 1975, assigned to the same 
assignee as the present application. In addition, cooling ports 272 and 
274 are provided to absorb heat from the flashlamps 260 and 262. The 
flashlamp structure indicated in FIG. 3 provides the advantage of more 
remote location of the heat source from the laser region 210 and, with the 
focusing of surfaces 268 and 270 and windows 206 and 208, high flashlamp 
flux density in the region of laser excitation. 
The above described embodiments are intended to be exemplary only, 
alternatives and improvements being intended to fall within the scope of 
the claims.