Treatment of mine tailings

Mine tailings containing iron sulphides can cause acidity in groundwater travelling down through the tailings, if the tailings ever become exposed to the air. In the worst case, if only an upper level of the tailings becomes exposed, the amount of acidity produced is as if the whole body of tailings were exposed, because ferric ions in the water seeping down from the vadose region to the still-unexposed anaerobic regions tend to cause oxidation of the sulphides below, as if they too had become exposed. A layer of organic carbon (in the form of wood chippings, seaweed, etc) is added to the body of tailings, just below the (stabilized) water table. Water seeping down from the vadose region encounters the carbon before reaching the anaerobic sulphides, and most of the oxidation-producing tendency of the ions in this water is dissipated on the carbon, by bacterial action, leaving the anaerobic sulphides below unchanged. Further layers of organic carbon may be included, below the predicted level of the water table, as a safety factor to cater for errors or accidents that might affect the water table level.

This invention relates to a manner of treating mine tailings to reduce the 
possibility of groundwater pollution. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Mine tailings are the waste materials which remain at a mine after the 
commercially-useful ore or other material has been extracted. The tailings 
comprise finely crushed solids, which are suspended in water to form a 
slurry, and the tailings are disposed of by pumping the slurry into a 
suitable impoundment. 
The tailings comprise mainly crushed rock, which is harmless as far as 
possible pollution is concerned, but the tailings generally include also a 
number of minerals, which do have the potential to pollute the groundwater 
system. 
Sulphide minerals comprise one class of minerals which is often present in 
tailings, and which has a high potential for pollution. A common such 
suphide mineral is iron (ferrous) sulphide, or pyrite. 
When the tailings do contain pyrite, and if no precautions are taken to 
prevent it, pollution of the groundwater system occurs as follows. 
The tailings impoundment is gradually filled up, and once full, the 
impoundment is abandoned. As the years go by, gradually the water-table 
falls to an equilibrium position within the tailings, and the pyrite above 
the water-table comes into contact with atmospheric oxygen. The pyrite 
therefore starts to oxidise. The reaction, in the presence of moisture, 
produces ferrous ions (Fe++), sulphate ions (SO4--), and hydrogen ions 
(H+). 
The water containing these acid-producing ions is displaced down through 
the body of tailings, as further precipitation infiltrates from above. 
When this water becomes exposed to the atmosphere (as it inevitably will, 
sooner or later, when the water enters a stream or lake) the Fe++ in that 
water oxidises and produces a sulphuric acid solution. 
The amount of acidity produced in the groundwater depends of course on the 
quantity of pyrite above the water table. But in fact, it is not just the 
pyrite that is exposed to the atmosphere that produces the acidity: even 
the pyrite that lies submerged below the water table contributes to the 
acidity problem. The main oxidation reaction that takes place in the 
exposed pyrite produces ferrous Fe++ ions and sulphate SO4-- ions, which 
enter the water seeping through the tailings. The ferrous ions in this 
seepage can then be oxidised further to ferric Fe+++ ions, which also 
enter the water seeping down through the tailings. Under the low pH 
conditions generated by pyrite oxidation, the ferric iron is displaced 
below the water table where the ferric ions come into contact with the 
as-yet un-oxidised FeS2 lying submerged below the water table. 
Below the water table, the ferric ions react with the un-oxidised pyrite, 
producing yet more ferrous ions and more sulphate ions. The water that 
enters the groundwater system, through the floor of the impoundment, 
consequently contains substantial concentrations of ferrous and sulphate 
ions. 
If the whole body of tailings could be kept permanently under water, very 
little oxidation of the pyrite would take place; but once the upper 
regions of the body of tailings have become exposed, a large portion of 
the whole body of tailings contributes to the production of acidity. 
The invention is concerned with the problem, as described, of preventing 
acid-producing ions from entering the groundwater. 
THE PRIOR ART 
One way of preventing the acid-producing ions from entering the groundwater 
is to dump the tailings straight into deep water. If that is done, the 
pyrite does not have the opportunity to oxidise rapidly, and remains 
relatively inactive. Water may seep through a body of submerged tailings, 
and the emerging water will have picked up substantially no acid-producing 
ions. 
However, there are problems associated with dumping the tailings in deep 
water. Often, the mine will be at a location where there is no deep lake 
of a large enough size that it will accept the huge quantities of tailings 
produced by a successful mine operation, and it is very expensive to erect 
a dam to produce a deep water lake. But if the tailings are dumped instead 
into a shallow lake, whether a natural one or one produced by a dam, there 
is a chance that the tailings might become exposed to the atmosphere, i.e. 
to oxygen. 
Where it is not possible to dump the tailings in deep water, it has been 
proposed to cover the tailings with an oxygen-excluding barrier, to 
prevent oxidation of the tailings. It has been proposed to make this 
barrier from an artificial material, such as plastic sheeting laid over 
the tailings. One problem here is that such a barrier does not allow water 
to pass through at all, and so provision has to be made in addition for 
water run-off. It has also been proposed to place soil or clay over the 
tailings, and to plant suitable vegetation which will maintain an airtight 
layer. 
The problem with such measures lies in the long-term security of the 
air-tight barrier. The pyrite can be expected to pose a pollution threat, 
if it should ever oxidise, more or less for ever, and no engineered 
air-tight barrier can be expected to last indefinitely. 
Another problem with the air-tight barrier approach is that the barrier 
cannot be put in place until the whole body of tailings has accumulated, 
which may take years: meanwhile, the pyrite which may have been exposed in 
the meantime will oxidise, producing H+, SO4--, Fe++, and other metals 
which can then enter the groundwater. Usually, in a mine operation, the 
tailings remain submerged under water throughout the service life of the 
mine, or at least throughout the service life of the tailings-impoundment. 
But it can happen that the tailings become exposed to oxygen before the 
operations have ceased, and before the barrier is in place. 
It has been proposed that, in places where there is already a pollution 
problem, water that contains the acid-producing ions may be treated with 
organic carbon. If this is done before the water comes into contact with 
atmospheric oxygen, bacterial action oxidises the organic carbon, and 
reduces the sulphate ions. The released sulphide ions recombine with the 
ferrous iron (and any other metallic) ions present, to form sulphides 
(including, once again, pyrite). Carbonate ions are also formed, but these 
produce relatively harmless precipitates, and their alkalinity acts to 
neutralise the water pH. 
It has been proposed that the process of passing polluted groundwater 
through a vessel containing organic carbon therefore will cause the 
sulphate ions to reduce, and the sulphide materials thus produced will 
precipitate out of the water, and can be collected and removed. Of course, 
this process is only of short term benefit, and is for use if there is an 
immediate problem with acidic groundwater. The sulphides that are produced 
by the treatment still must be kept from oxidising, otherwise the 
pollution problem will start again. In practice, it turns out to be very 
expensive to collect all the polluted groundwater, very expensive to 
provide perpetually enough organic carbon, and very expensive to provide 
vessels large enough, to deal with the amount of acidity produced by a 
conventional body of tailings. 
It is also very expensive to transport the quantities of precipitated 
sulphides to a deep water lake, where they can finally be dumped. 
It is recognised that the bacterial reduction of sulphate ions in the 
presence of organic carbon can occur naturally. Many impoundments have 
been placed in areas which have a high peat content in the base-soil, and, 
in those cases, even though the tailings in the impoundment have been 
exposed to the air, it may be observed that the water that filters through 
such peat layers is relatively free from acid-producing ions. It is 
observed also, when the peat is examined, that sulphides have been 
precipitated onto the peat. 
Furthermore, in existing impoundments, it happens often that trees fall 
into the impoundment and come to rest in the path of water that has passed 
through exposed pyrite. It has been observed that sulphides precipitate 
out onto the material of the buried trees. Again, this is an illustration 
of the fact that organic carbon is effective, when oxygen is excluded, to 
reduce the sulphate ions, the sulphur from which then recombines with the 
metallic ions present to form insoluble sulphides. So long as these 
sulphides do not become exposed, and start to oxidise, they are harmless. 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
The invention lies, in its broadest aspect, in placing the organic carbon 
actually in the tailings impoundment. 
In the invention, if the pyrite in the upper regions of the tailings should 
become exposed, and should oxidise, the sulphate ions contained in the 
water that seeps down from the oxidised pyrite are reduced by the organic 
carbon. The sulphides which form as a result of the reduction are 
precipitated out onto the organic carbon. Placing the carbon actually in 
the impoundment means that there is no need to collect the groundwater, no 
airtight vessels are required, and there is no need to transport the 
precipitated sulphides away. 
It is preferred, in the invention, to place the organic carbon, not on the 
floor of the impoundment, but immediately below the water table level. 
When the carbon is placed on the floor of the impoundment, larger 
quantities of carbon are required. 
It is recognised that the organic carbon would not be effective to reduce 
the sulphate ions if the carbon were itself exposed to the atmosphere. If 
the organic carbon were exposed to oxygen, the carbon would oxidise 
directly, and thus would no longer be able to protect the water against 
acidity. The organic carbon should therefore, in the invention, be placed 
below the future water table. Any organic carbon that might be present 
above the water table is largely ineffective for reducing the sulphate 
ions produced by the oxidation of the exposed pyrite. 
Exposed carbon does not become ineffective immediately it is exposed. All 
but the topmost few cm can remain potentially protective for many years, 
but eventually, the protection afforded by exposed carbon is gone. 
Whilst it is preferred that the carbon should, in the invention, be placed 
just below the water table, it is recognised that a safety margin should 
be left, to ensure that the carbon near the water table never actually 
becomes exposed. In the invention, the carbon should be placed as close as 
possible to the water table, commensurate with the requirement that the 
carbon should not become exposed. 
It is recognised in the invention that the quantity of carbon needed to 
alleviate the acidity problem is much smaller, and in fact is quite 
manageable, when the carbon is added just below the water table, as 
compared with placing the carbon on the bed of the impoundment. It is 
recognised in the invention that only the pyrite above the carbon can 
produce acidity, and consequently the carbon should be placed as high in 
the body of tailings as possible, commensurate with the requirement that 
the carbon should not become exposed to the air. 
The pyrite below the water table, and thus out of contact with oxygen, only 
contributes to the acidity if the water seeping down from above contains 
ferric Fe+++ ions, which, if present, would, as described previously, 
cause the submerged pyrite to oxidise, producing yet more ferrous ions and 
sulphate ions. Below the water table, the passage of the water from the 
exposed region, down through the organic carbon, reduces the sulphate and 
Fe+++ ions, and the released sulphide combines with the ferrous iron, and 
any other sulphophile metallic ions present. This produces insoluble 
sulphides, which precipitate out onto the carbon. 
In addition, the oxidation of organic carbon generates bicarbonate ions 
(HCO3-) which represent a source of alkalinity which will consume at least 
part of the acidity (H+) generated by the sulphide oxidation reactions. 
Consequently, when the invention is used, water that emerges from the base 
of the tailings contains substantially low concentrations of ferrous ions, 
ferric ions, sulphate ions, and less acidity. It is not suggested that in 
the invention all potential acidity is absolutely eradicated; rather, the 
aim of the invention is to reduce the acidity of theemerging water, 
economically, to substantially harmless levels. 
Such water can be allowed to continue to seep down through the submerged 
pyrite, and to enter the underlying groundwater. The water will pass 
through the submerged pyrite without picking up any further acid-producing 
ions. 
In the invention, it is recognised that the quantity of carbon needed to 
alleviate acidity is determined not by the total quantity of pyrite 
contained in the whole body of tailings, but is determined solely by the 
quantity of pyrite contained in that portion of the tailings which lies 
above the carbon. 
To determine the quantity of organic carbon required, a convenient general 
guide is that, to precipitate as FeS all the Fe contained in 1000 kg of 
pyrite above the carbon, 1000 kg of active organic carbon, calculated to 
be in the form of glucose, will be required. It is important to provide a 
safety factor also on the quantity of carbon provided, because if 
quantities of ferric ions do get through the carbon, these can cause 
oxidation of the submerged pyrite below, producing ferrous and sulphate 
ions which will then enter the groundwater system. 
It is recognised in the invention that, when the carbon is placed just 
below the water table, even with a sizeable safety allowance, the quantity 
of carbon required is comparatively small.

The features of the impoundment and the process steps shown in the 
accompanying drawings and described below are examples which embody the 
invention. It should be noted that the scope of the invention is defined 
by the accompanying claims, and not necessarily by features of specific 
embodiments. 
FIG. 1 shows an impoundment 2 which is constructed for the purpose of 
receiving tailings from a mine. 
A slurry comprising mine tailings suspended in water is pumped out of a 
discharge nozzle 3, into the impoundment 2. The tailings comprise 
generally the waste material that is left after the commercially useful 
ore has been extracted. Typically, the tailings include a mixture of 
finely broken rock together with pyrite (ferrous sulphide). Other minerals 
and substances may also be present in the tailings, depending on the 
particular ore being mined, and the type of ore treatment which is carried 
out at the mine. 
A typical impoundment for receiving mine tailings may be 200 hectares in 
area. The tailings would be built up to a depth, typically, of 10 meters. 
The impoundment includes a dam wall 4, and a floor or bed 5. The dam wall 
need not be finished beforehand: the dam wall may be raised from time to 
time as the quantity of tailings builds up. It may be possible, depending 
on the lie of the land, to build up a quantity of tailings in the 
impoundment before the dam wall needs to be started. 
A number of factors should be borne in mind by the designer of the 
impoundment. The chief of these is the need to determine the stabilization 
level to which the water table will settle, as the years go by. The 
permanent stabilization level of the water table depends on the lie of the 
land, the amount of precipitation, the nature of the underlying ground, 
the permeability of the dam wall, the drainage characteristics of the area 
prior to the impoundment being built, and so forth. Knowing, in addition, 
the make-up and porosity and the fineness of comminution of the tailings, 
and the final depth to which the tailings will be built, the expert 
designer can predict, with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of the 
invention, the permanent stabilization level at which the water table in 
the impoundment will settle, long after the impoundment has been finished 
with and abandoned. 
The calculation of the height of the stabilization level of the water table 
is very important to the invention. FIG. 2 represents a diagram drawn by 
the designer at the planning stage of the impoundment, before the 
impoundment is constructed. The diagram shows that the tailings will be 
built up to a total depth of D meters and the water table computations 
show that V meters of this total will eventually lie above the stabilised 
water table 6, in the vadose zone 7, and A meters will be below the water 
table, in the permanently saturated (and anaerobic) zone 8. 
These calculations having been performed, the impoundment 2 is prepared, 
and operation of the impoundment commences. As the slurry is pumped out 
into the impoundment, the tailings are covered by the excess of water 
present in the slurry. As time goes by, the solid particles of the 
tailings settle, leaving substantially clear water 9 above. Such water 
usually does not contain harmful substances, and the water may be left to 
drain away naturally, or the water may be siphoned off, and discharged 
over the dam wall 4. 
In the invention, the organic carbon should be of a form usable as a growth 
substrate by sulphate-reducing bacteria. 
In accordance with the invention, organic carbon is to be added to the 
tailings. In the invention, the carbon may be added in discrete layers, 
which are separate from the tailings material, or the carbon may be 
interspersed with the tailings material. 
When the organic carbon is to be added in a discrete layer, the following 
procedure may be used. The tailings are built up until the depth of the 
tailings approaches the level 6, i.e. the level at which, as determined by 
the calculations, the water table will stabilise. Just before the level 6 
is reached, a layer 10 of organic carbon is added to the tailings. 
In order to determine the amount of organic carbon to be included in the 
layer, the following items must be known: 
1. In the available source of organic carbon, the percentage of the carbon 
that can be assumed to be degradable. 1000 kg of softwood waste, for 
example, can be assumed to yield 700 kg of degradable carbon. 
2. The percentage of pyrite present in the tailings. This can vary from 5% 
to 95% of the mass of the tailings. 
3. The height 12 of tailings that will lie above the carbon. 
Ideally, the layer 10 of carbon should be placed immediately below the 
eventual water table 6. It is recognised in the invention that the 
quantity of carbon required depends on the quantity of tailings lying 
above the carbon, and does not depend on the depth of the tailings that 
will lie below the carbon. 
For every 1000 kg of pyrite lying above the carbon layer 10, 1000 kg of 
degradable carbon should be included in the layer. On a depth basis, if in 
a particular source of organic carbon, 70% of the volume of the source 
yields degradable carbon, if the available organic carbon material has a 
specific gravity (dry) of 0.2, and if the tailings contain 10% pyrite, the 
height or depth L of the layer 10 of the organic carbon should be 0.61 
meters for every meter of the height 12 of the tailings that will lie 
above the carbon layer 10. 
In calculating this figure, it is assumed that all the Fe precipitates as 
FeS, i.e. as ferrous monosulphide. If it were to be assumed that all the 
Fe precipitates as FeS2, i.e. pyrite, the calculated figure would be 1.21 
meters of carbon for every meter of tailings that will lie above the 
carbon layer. It is somewhat unpredictable as to just what the ratio of 
FeS to FeS2 will be in practice, and it is prudent to set the amount of 
carbon more to the FeS2 level. Typically, the mix is mostly FeS, but a 
margin of safety is in any case desirable. 
It may be noted that not all the sulphate ions need be taken out. It is the 
Fe++ ions which are the more dangerous. If the Fe++ were to be all 
removed, any sulphate remaining would be relatively harmless. 
Thus, some margin for error should be made as regards the thickness of the 
carbon layer, but the margin requirement is not excessive, because the 
reactions that take place often tend not to take the most severe or 
dangerous form. 
Apart from the margin on the quantity of organic carbon in the carbon layer 
10, some margin for error should be allowed in the placement of the layer. 
If any of the carbon itself should become exposed, that carbon will 
(eventually) oxidise directly and will be wasted. Therefore, to be on the 
safe side, the layer 10 of carbon is placed a marginal depth M below the 
level 6, the computed stabilization level of the water table. 
The quantity of carbon required is a function of the quantity of oxidizable 
sulphide minerals, usually pyrite. It is recognised in the invention that 
the pyrite that lies in the marginal zone 12, above the carbon layer 10, 
is also oxidizable, just like the pyrite that lies in the vadose zone 7. 
It is recognised also that the rate of acidity production in the marginal 
zone 12 is usually less than, but can be about the same as, the rate of 
acidity production in the vadose zone 7. In other words, as far as the 
amount of acidity produced is concerned, in the worst case it is as if the 
pyrite lying in the marginal, but anaerobic, zone 12 lay instead exposed 
to oxygen in the vadose zone 7. 
Therefore, in order to determine the quantity of carbon required, the 
designer must take account of the acidity produced by the tailings in the 
marginal zone 12, in addition to taking account of the acidity produced by 
the quantity of tailings that will lie above the water table 6. 
When the appropriate depth 14 of tailings has been reached, the layer 10 of 
carbon, of the calculated depth L, is put in place. How this is done 
depends on the nature of the organic carbon that is being used. If the 
carbon is in a form that will sink, the carbon may be formed into a 
slurry, and pumped onto the body of tailings, in the same manner as the 
tailings themselves. If the carbon is in a form that will float, for 
example wood-waste, it may be necessary to put the carbon material in 
sacks, and to add sufficient tailings into the sacks to make them sink. By 
the time the material of the sacks has degraded, the carbon will have 
become saturated enough not to float, and will in any case be covered over 
with the further tailings which are to be added above the carbon layer. 
The sacks of carbon material may be distributed over the body of tailings 
in some suitable manner, using a conveyor boom, or manually, using a boat. 
In order to be effective, the layer of carbon should be properly 
distributed. If the carbon were to be so placed that water could pass 
through the layer 10 without coming into contact with the carbon, any 
acidity, or potential acidity, in that water would not be neutralised, and 
would enter the groundwater system. 
The designer should take care that the bacterial action is adequately 
provided for, by which the sulphate is to be reduced under anaerobic 
conditions. The sulphate reducing bacterial are [{Desulfovibrio}] and 
[{Desulfomaculum}]. The designer should ensure that these bacteria will be 
present in adequate quantities, and can survive, in the carbon source 
material being used. A test program may be required, in a particular case, 
to ensure that the bacteria can function properly, and can survive. 
If the depth 12 of the tailings to be added above the stabilised water 
table 6 is to be greater towards the centre of the impoundment, as will 
probably be the case, then it will be required that the depth L of the 
layer 10 also should be greater in the centre of the area of the 
impoundment, and should taper off towards the edges. 
Once the layer 10 of carbon has been put in place, the rest of the tailings 
may be built up to the depth 12. 
Throughout the time of the operation of building up the tailings in the 
impoundment, both before and after the placement of the carbon layer 10, 
it is usual that the impoundment will remain constantly under water, and 
that the tailings will be constantly submerged. It is only after operation 
of the impoundment has been discontinued for a period of time that the 
water level starts to fall, and the upper zones of the tailings become 
exposed. 
In the ideal situation, it is possible to place just the one layer 10 of 
carbon, as described. The carbon is so placed as to lie as close to the 
stabilised water table 6 as possible, yet without the carbon actually 
becoming exposed. 
However, it will sometimes be the case that the water table, when 
stabilised, will in fact turn out to lie below the calculated level. If 
this happens, and the layer 10 of carbon then becomes exposed, the carbon 
oxidises directly, and that carbon is useless then to prevent the water 
that flows through the impoundment, and into the groundwater, from picking 
up acidity. 
Therefore, it is generally prudent to provide a back-up layer 16 of carbon, 
below the main layer 10. 
In addition to providing back-up layers, it can also be advisable to split 
up the layer 10 itself into a number of sub-layers. It is recognised that 
the reduction of the sulphate ions takes place most vigorously at the 
interface between the tailings and the top of the carbon layer. By 
splitting the carbon layer 10 into sub-layers, the interface area between 
the tailings and the carbon can be increased. 
There is also another reason for providing back-up layers of carbon, below 
the level 6 of the stabilised water table. The price of a mined commodity 
is something over which the operators of the mine have no control, and it 
can sometimes happen, if the world price falls, that a mine is abandoned 
for economic reasons. In particular, it can happen that operation of the 
mine can be suspended or abandoned before the tailings in the impoundment 
reach their final designed depth. Indeed, the mine might be abandoned 
before any carbon at all has been added. And naturally, if the impoundment 
contains less than the designed depth of tailings, the water table will 
stabilise at a lower level than predicted. These possibilities can be 
catered for to some extent by adding layers of carbon at intervals as the 
level of tailings is built up. The expense of providing these (hopefully 
redundant) layers of carbon is offset by the extra safety options. 
It is not practically possible, after the tailings have been deposited, to 
come back later and insert layers of carbon into the existing body of 
tailings. 
There is yet a further reason for adding extra layers of organic carbon, in 
addition to the main layer 10 just below the predicted stabilization level 
6 of the water table. As the decades go by, it is expected that the 
tailings will consolidate into a self sustaining body, which would remain 
intact even if the dam wall 4, at some future date, might fail. If the dam 
wall does break, however, at the very least the water table will fall, 
thus exposing more tailings, but it might happen also, if the body of 
tailings has not fully consolidated, that the tailings will break up, and 
will spread over the ground in front of the broken dam. In such a case, if 
there is organic carbon in contact with the scattered tailings, it can be 
expected that the acidity produced by oxidation of the sulphides in those 
tailings will not be so severe. The more carbon present in the body of 
tailings, the better the chance that bacterial sulphate reduction will 
continue and that pollution can be avoided after a dam failure. 
The organic carbon may be dispersed in the tailings, rather than being 
placed in the discrete layers as described above. In this case, the carbon 
is mixed into the slurry prior to pumping the slurry out into the 
impoundment. If the carbon is mixed with the slurry, the carbon used 
should be the kind that will not float. Carbon dispersed in the tailings 
will occupy a greater depth than the corresponding quantity of carbon 
disposed as a discrete layer. Therefore, more carbon is needed in the 
dispersion, since a greater depth of the tailings is potentially 
dangerous. 
The carbon may be inserted into the tailings both as layers and as a 
dispersion. Bands of the dispersed mixture of tailings and carbon may be 
intercalated with bands of just tailings, at the appropriate depth. 
It is preferred also to place a layer of carbon on the bed of the 
impoundment, prior to admitting any tailings. Such a layer provideds a 
last ditch defence, to reduce acidity if the water table should fall 
drastically below the predicted level, and such a layer is comparatively 
easy and inexpensive to apply. 
As described previously, it is however preferred, in the invention, that 
the carbon should not all be placed as a single layer on the floor or bed 
of the impoundment. As mentioned, if the upper regions of a body of 
tailings are exposed to the air while much of the body of tailings remains 
below the water table, the amount of acidity produced can be as much as 
the amount of acidity that would have been produced if the whole body of 
tailings had been exposed. Therefore, if the carbon were only placed on 
the bed of the impoundment, enough carbon would have to be provided to 
neutralise a much larger portion of the whole body of tailings, than is 
necessary if the organic carbon is placed near the water table. 
Furthermore, if the carbon were all placed on the bed of the impoundment, 
that larger quantity of carbon would have to be put entirely in place 
before any tailings could be discharged into the impoundment. Placing the 
carbon only on the bed of the impoundment therefore will usually be much 
less economically attractive than placing the significantly smaller 
quantity of carbon as a layer just under the stabilised water table level. 
Another problem with placing the carbon only on the floor of the 
impoundment is that water passing through the body of tailings does not 
always pass vertically straight down, but sometimes flows off to the 
sides, and even through the dam wall. It would be possible for such water 
to by-pass the carbon, if the carbon were only on the floor of the 
impoundment, and therefore for its acidity to enter the groundwater 
system. 
By placing the carbon just under the water table, that part 18 of the body 
of tailings that lies below the carbon is rendered relatively harmless. It 
is recognised in the invention that a much smaller quantity of carbon is 
needed if the carbon is placed just under the water table. 
As compared with dumping the tailings in deep water, storing the tailings 
in an impoundment does have the benefit that the tailings would be 
accessible, in case the minerals still remaining within them ever became 
useful commercially. Some long-abandoned tailings now in existence, for 
example, contain gold in sufficient quantities as to justify reprocessing. 
Other species, including metals or metalloids may be present in the 
tailings, which are potentially toxic when released into the environment. 
These include copper, lead, zinc, nickel, arsenic and cobalt. These 
metals, like iron, readily form relatively insoluble sulphides, which may 
be caused to precipitate out onto the organic carbon, using the process 
steps of the invention. These species are removed from the tailings pore 
water and therefore are left in a collectable form, in the abandoned 
tailings if ever it becomes economically viable to reprocess the tailings 
to extract them. 
It is contemplated in the invention that adding the layers of carbon may be 
combined with other steps for preventing acidity from reaching the 
groundwater system. For example, there is no reason why a cover could not 
be placed over the finished body of tailings, to prevent oxygen reaching 
the pyrite, even though the body of tailings contains the layer(s) of 
organic carbon, as described. The cover may be a sheet of airtight 
material, a layer of fine-grained geologic material (e.g. clay) or may be 
a layer of suitable vegetation. The tailings themselves, if comminuted 
finely enough, can become almost airtight. The inserted carbon may, in 
those cases, be regarded as a back-up measure, in case the more vulnerable 
air-tight cover should ever become damaged. 
The carbon that resides in the layer(s) below the water table will resist 
degradation for a long period. One manner in which organic carbon does 
degrade under anaerobic conditions is by methanogenesis, in which the 
carbon is converted into methane by bacteriological action. However, the 
presence of even a small content of sulphates near the carbon is 
sufficient to slow down the methanogenesis, and in a body of tailings 
there is generally no shortage of sulphates. 
The source material for the organic carbon can be whatever is available. 
Peat, other bog materials, or vegetated wetland soil can be used. So can 
wood, or softer vegetation, or even seaweed. The material should be 
chopped into small particles (e.g. 1 cu cm or so) prior to use. If the 
particles of the material were to be too small, however, or too widely 
dispersed, the bacterial action by which the sulphates are reduced would 
be inhibited.