X-ray apparatus for slit radiography

The invention relates to the elimination of streak-like artefacts in slit radiography which are caused by an axial excursion of the rotary anode X-ray tube used for making the radiographs. These streaks can be eliminated by adapting the speed of displacement of the X-ray beam, the number of revolutions per unit time of the anode and the intensity profile of the radiation beam to one another so that for each point the intensity modulation in the half-shade area, caused by the periodic displacement of the focal point, is compensated for.

The invention relates to an X-ray apparatus, comprising a rotary-anode 
X-ray tube and a diaphragm device for forming a radiation beam from the 
X-rays produced by the X-ray tube, the radiation beam and a recording 
medium exposed thereto being displaced relative to one another in one 
direction during an X-ray exposure. 
X-ray apparatus of this kind are known, i.e. apparatus using a flat 
recording medium (see German Patent Document OS 23 51 473) as well as with 
cylindrical recording medium (German Patent Document OS 35 34 768). In 
comparison with a conventional X-ray apparatus in which the recording 
medium is simultaneously exposed at all areas, a substantially improved 
scattered radiation suppression is thus obtained. On the other hand, the 
X-ray tube load is substantially higher, because the part of the X-rays 
which is used for imaging is substantially smaller than in conventional 
X-ray apparatus. In order to prevent unacceptably along exposure times, a 
rotary anode X-ray tube must be used in such X-ray apparatus. When the 
rotary anode X-ray tube is mounted so that its rotary axis extends 
parallel to the displacement direction of the X-ray beam, anode discs 
having a very small anode angle can be used, which anode discs offer, for 
the same (apparent) focal spot size a higher radiation intensity than 
rotary anode X-ray tubes having a larger anode angle. 
However, it has been found that in such a case, and in any other case where 
the axis of the X-ray tube does not extend exactly perpendicularly to the 
displacement direction, streaks which extend perpendicularly to the 
displacement direction can occur in the radiograph, even when the focal 
spot of the X-ray tube and the diaphragm device are exactly adjusted and 
displacement takes place at an exactly uniform speed. 
It is an object of the present invention to construct an X-ray apparatus of 
the kind set forth so that the described streak-like artefacts are 
substantially suppressed in the radiograph. This object is achieved in 
accordance with the invention in that the intensity profile of the 
radiation beam at the area of the recording medium, the speed of the 
relative displacement between the radiation beam and the recording medium, 
and the number of revolutions per unit time of the rotary anode X-ray tube 
are adapted to one another during the exposure so that the intensity 
fluctuations caused by periodic shifts of the focal spot during the 
exposure compensate for one another. 
The invention is based on the recognition of the fact that the streak-like 
artefacts in the radiograph are due to a periodic movement of the focal 
spot of the X-ray tube in the axial direction. These motions, caused 
notably by an unavoidable axial excursion of the anode disc, represent an 
oscillation having the frequency of the rotary anode drive and comprise a 
component in the displacement direction of the radiation beam when the 
axis of rotation of the anode disc does not extend exactly perpendicularly 
to the displacement direction. 
Despite their low amplitude, due to these oscillations, being superposed on 
the linear displacement motion taking place at a constant speed, points on 
the recording medium which succeed one another in the displacement 
direction are exposed to the half-shade range of the X-rays for a 
different period of time, which half-shade is caused by the stopping of 
the X-ray beam in conjunction with the finite magnitude of the focal spot. 
This results in a location-dependent intensity modulation of the X-rays, 
which in its turn causes the described streaks. 
Obviously, the intensity modulation and the resultant streaks can be 
suppressed when the secondary diaphragm associated with the diaphragm 
device and situated between the examination zone and the recording medium 
narrows the X-ray beam having passed through the examination zone so that 
the half shade ranges, also referred to hereinafter as "edges", are cut 
off. However, part of the radiation intensity which has passed through the 
examination zone and having loaded the patient (if a patient to be 
examined is arranged therein) will also be lost for imaging. 
The invention follows a different approach where the radiation of the half 
shade-range or the edges of the intensity profile can also be used. The 
invention is based on the recognition of the fact that for a predetermined 
intensity profile the speed and the number of revolutions per unit time 
can be chosen so that for an arbitrary point on the recording medium, 
during the passage through the edges of the intensity profile one phase in 
which the intensity is increased because of the oscillation (in comparison 
with the case without oscillations) is opposed by another phase in which 
the intensity is reduced to the same extent, so that the fluctuations 
compensate one another over the entire path of the point through the edges 
of the intensity profile. 
Such a compensation can be achieved in various ways: 
A first possibility consists in that the adaptation is such that the time 
during which a point on the recording medium is passed by an edge of the 
intensity profile corresponds to the reciprocal value of the number of 
revolutions per unit time of the rotary anode X-ray tube or to an integer 
multiple thereof. 
Another possibility consists in that the time during which a point on the 
recording medium is passed by an edge plus the plateau of the intensity 
profile corresponds to the reciprocal value of the number of revolutions 
per unit time of the rotary anode X-ray tube or to an integer multiple 
thereof. 
In a preferred embodiment in accordance with the invention, the intensity 
profile is shaped so that the length (x3-x2) of the plateau relates to the 
length (x2-x1) of an edge or to the length (x3-x1) of an edge plus the 
plateau as m/s or n/s, respectively, where s is an integer and m and n are 
integers corresponding to the number of revolutions of the rotary anode 
during the passage of a point on the recording medium through an edge or 
through an edge plus the plateau, respectively, of the intensity profile. 
This preferred embodiment enables both above requirements to be 
simultaneously satisfied, resulting in a pronounced minimum of the 
intensity modulation as a function of the frequency (for a predetermined 
displacement speed and a predetermined intensity profile). The shape of 
the intensity profile can be adapted to the requirements by way of the 
position and the aperture of the (primary or secondary) diaphragms of the 
diaphragm device.

The reference numeral 1 in FIG. 1 denotes an X-ray tube which is only 
diagrammatically shown. The anode disc (not shown) of this rotary anode 
X-ray tube is rotatable about a horizontal axis 2. The reference numeral 3 
denotes the apparent focal spot of the rotary anode X-ray tube (the actual 
focal spot is inclined in accordance with the anode angle of the anode 
disc). A diaphragm device forms an X-ray beam from the X-rays generated in 
the focal spot 3. The diaphragm device consists of a primary diaphragm 4 
which is situated between the focal spot and the examination zone 
(contrary to the drawing, usually in the direct vicinity of the focal 
spot) and of a secondary diaphragm 5 which is situated between the 
examination zone, symbolized by the object 6 to be examined, and the 
recording medium 7. The diaphragms 4 and 5 are symmetrically arranged with 
respect to the focal spot 3 so that the X-ray beam extends symmetrically 
with respect to the perpendicular from the centre of the focal spot to the 
record carrier 7. For the recording medium use can be made of a film but 
also of a photoconductor which converts the X-rays into a charge pattern, 
or of a storage phosphor, for example in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4 
239 968. 
Because the focal spot 3 of the X-ray tube 1 is not exactly point-shaped, 
but rather has a finite extension, the radiation beam formed by the 
primary diaphragm 4 comprises an area 8a in which all X-rays passing 
through the primary radiation diaphragm 4 are present on both sides of 
this area there exists a half shade range 8b in which only a part of the 
X-rays passing through the primary diaphragm 4, is present. 
The primary diaphragm 4 and the secondary diaphragm 5 have an aperture such 
that the format of the recording medium 7 is fully covered by the X-rays 
in the direction perpendicular to the plane of drawing of FIG. 1, whilst 
in the direction perpendicular thereto and parallel to the direcion of the 
axis of rotation 2 only a comparatively small part of the recording medium 
is covered. In order to obtain a complete X-ray exposure, therefore, the 
X-ray beam 8a, 8b and the examination zone 6 must be displaced relative to 
one another in the direction of the arrow X, i.e. parallel to the axis of 
rotation 2; in the case of a recording medium 7 having a cylindrically 
curved surface, this medium must additionally be rotated so that the 
X-rays having passed through a given point of the examination zone are 
always incident on the same point on the recording medium. The drives 
required for this purpose have been omitted in FIG. 1 for the sake of 
clarity. 
The solid lines in FIG. 2 represent the variation of the X-ray intensity I 
at the area of the recording medium 7 as a function of the location x. 
This variation represents the intensity profile of the X-ray beam in the 
displacement direction. The intensity profile is trapezidal when the 
intensity of the emitted X-rays is the same throughout the focal spot. The 
horizontal part between the limits x2 and x3 corresponds to the area 8a 
and the edges between x1 and x2 as well as between x3 and x4 correspond to 
the half-shade areas 8b. 
Said periodically reciprocating movement of the focal spot 3 in the 
direction of the axis of rotation 2, becoming hardly larger than a few 
tens of .mu.m in practice, causing "jittering" of the edges of the 
intensity profile so that a point on the recording medium -hich passes 
through these edges is exposed more or less than a point in the case of a 
fixed focal spot. This intensity modulation Im is a function of the x 
coordinate of the relevant point. It can be demonstrated that for this 
point: 
EQU Im =c(cos (wt1+.beta.)-cos (wt2+.beta.)+cos (wt3+.crclbar.)-cos 
(wt4+.beta.)). (1) 
Therein: 
w is the circular frequency of the anode disc, i.e. its number of 
revolutions per unit time multiplied by the factor 2.pi., 
c is a constant, 
.beta.is a phase angle which depends only on the x coordinate of the 
relevant point, and 
t1 . . . t4 are the instants at which the relevant point reaches the 
locations x1 . . . x4 in the intensity profile. 
The intensity modulation can be suppressed in a number of ways: 
(A) the intensity modulation Im becomes zero when: 
x2 -x1=x4-x3=mv/u (2) 
Therein: 
m is an integer, 
v is the speed at which the X-ray beam is displaced relative to the 
examination zone, and 
u is the number of revolutions per unit time of the anode disc of the 
rotary-anode X-ray tube 1. 
The equation (2) demonstrates that the time during which a point on the 
recording medium passes through an edge (i.e. the path x1-x2 or the path 
x3-x4) must be m times longer than the duration of one revolution of the 
anode disc. 
In this case the focal spot has completed exactly one (or more) periods of 
its reciprocating motion during the period of time in which a point passes 
through one of the edges (for example t2-t1), so that the intensity 
fluctuations caused thereby, being superimposed during the intensity 
increase or decrease during the passage through an edge, compensate for 
one another. 
(B) The intensity modulation, and hence the streak-like artefacts in the 
radiograph, are suppressed when: 
EQU x3-x1=x4-x2=nv/u (3) 
where n is an integer. This equation demonstrates that the time required 
for passing through an edge (i.e. for example, the path x1-x2) plus the 
plateau x2-x3 of the intensity profile corresponds to the duration of one 
revolution or to a multiple thereof. 
In this case a point passes through the ascending edge (x1, x2) of the 
intensity profile in the same phase position of the anode oscillation as 
the descending edge. As a result, during the passage through an edge each 
point receives an amount of radiation intensity less (more) which is equal 
to that received more (less) during the passage through the other edge. 
Particularly attractive circumstances are obtained when the two equations 
(2) and (3) are simultaneously satisfied. Around the zero point of the 
intensity modulation as a function of the number of revolutions a 
particularly wide minimum is then obtained, so that substantially no 
streak-like artefacts occur, not even when the values of the number of 
revolutions per unit time u or the displacement speed v are not maintained 
strictly in accordance with the equation (2) or (3). 
The conditions of the equations (2) and (3) are simultaneously satisfied 
if, in addition to the equation (2) or the equation (3) the equation (4) 
is satisfied. 
EQU x3-x2=sv/u (4) 
where s is an integer. This additional condition implies that the time 
during which the plateau x3-x2 passes across a point on the recording 
medium corresponds to the reciprocal value of the number of revolutions 
per unit time or to a multiple thereof. 
The conditions according to one of the equations (2) or (3) can be 
satisfied for any arbitrary intensity profile by a suitable choice of the 
displacement speed v and/or the number of revolutions per unit time u of 
the anode. However, if the equation (4) is also to be satisfied, the 
variation of the intensity profile must be such that the length x3-x2 of 
the plateau and the length (x1-x2 or x3-x4) of an edge relate as two 
integer numbers. 
The intensity profile can be adapted to the requirements in various ways. 
For example, the primary diaphragm can be readjusted or its distance from 
the X-ray source 1 can be changed; the simplest possibility, however, 
consists in the readjustment of the secondary diaphragm 5 so that a part 
of the half shade region 8b is cut off. In that case the intensity profile 
reaches the value zero already at the locations x1' or x4' (see FIG. 2), 
so that these values must be inserted into the equations (2), (3) and (4) 
instead of x1 and x4. 
In practice the X-ray intensity is not distributed uniformly across the 
focal point 3; it usually decreases in the direction of the edges of the 
focal spot. Consequently, the intensity profile will not have the shape 
denoted by solid lines in FIG. 2, but rather a shape where the 
differential quotient of the intensity I along the path x varies 
continuously as a function of the path x. This means that at the area of 
x1, x2, x3 and x4 the intensity profile is rounded as denoted by broken 
lines in FIG. 2. In this case, however, the edge is also formed by the 
solid straight line which represents the tangent to the intensity 
variation at approximately half the maximum intensity. In this case the 
points x1, x2 etc. are again defined by the points of intersection between 
this tangent and the plateau or the straight line I(x)=0. 
For the suppression of the streak-like artefacts in the radiograph the 
following procedure can be used in practice: for a given X-ray source and 
a fixed geometry of the recording system (aperture of the primary 
diaphragm and the secondary diaphragm as well as their distance from the 
focal spot), the intensity profile is measured (or calculated) once in 
order to determine the positions x1, x2, x3 and x4, x1 and x4 possible 
being replaced by x1' and x4'. The equations (2) and (3) are then 
satisfied in that either, for a predetermined displacement speed v, the 
number of revolutions per time unit u of the anode or, for a predetermined 
number of revolutions per unit time u, the displacement speed v is 
controlled in accordance with the equation (2) or (3). However, in the 
case of a predetermined number of revolutions per unit time and a 
predetermined displacement speed it is alternatively possible to change 
the aperture of the primary diaphragm and/or the secondary diaphragm. 
However, when the dimension of the secondary diaphragm is greater than 
that of the X-ray beam, the values X1 and X4 must be inserted in the 
equations (2) and (3). 
FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows an X-ray apparatus in accordance with the 
invention. On the inclined annular surface of the anode disc 3 there is 
situated a focal spot for the X-rays; the anode disc is connected to a 
rotor 9 which is driven by a stator 10. The drive energy is supplied by a 
controllable generator 11. Moreover, the generator 11 detects, on the 
basis of the currents and in the manner described in German Patent 
Document PS 27 32 862, the reaching of a given number of revolutions; this 
event is signalled to a control circuit 12 which acts on a motor 13. The 
motor 13 acts on a mechanical coupling device (only diagrammatically 
denoted by strokes) between the primary diaphragm 4 and the secondary 
diaphragm 5 and preferably also on the X-ray source 1, so that they are 
displaced in the horizontal direction and the radiation beam 8a, 8b is 
displaced across the recording medium and hence different areas of the 
patient 6 positioned on a table top 15 are irradiated. 
An X-ray exposure is then made as follows. First the generator 11 is 
activated so that the anode disc 3 is accelerated. When the predetermined 
number of revolutions per unit time u is reached, the drive is either 
switched off completely or is switched over to a lower energy which 
suffices exactly to sustain the desired number of revolutions per unit 
time u. Subsequently, the control circuit 12 for the motor 13 is activated 
so that the coupling device 14 is displaced, and hence also the radiation 
beam 8a, 8b, until the desired speed v, indicated by the control circuit 
12, is reached after a defined displacement. At that instant the high 
voltage is switched on in the high voltage generator (not shown) for the 
X-ray tube 1, so that the X-ray tube generates X-rays wherefrom the 
radiation beam 8a, 8b is formed. The X-rays are switched off as soon as, 
after a period of time which depends on the speed v and the length of the 
recording medium 7, the recording medium 7 has been completely exposed. 
Evidently, prior to the start of the exposure the unit 14 must be 
positioned so that the edge of the recording medium is reached only after 
completion of the path within which the nominal speed v is reached or when 
the high voltage is switched on. 
For a predetermined speed v it is also possible to control the number of 
revolutions per unit time of the anode so that the equation (2) and/or (3) 
is satisfied. To this end, the generator 11 must form part of a control 
circuit in which the number of revolutions per unit time of the anode disc 
3 is continuously measured and the energy is varied until the reference 
value u of the number of revolutions per unit time is reached. 
In an X-ray apparatus as described in DE-OS 35 34 768 in which the 
recording medium 7 is not flat but cylindrical and rotates about the 
cylinder axis, the number of revolutions per unit time of the recording 
medium rotates the cylinder axis must be synchronized with the 
displacement speed of the cylinder, so that the displacement speed 
corresponds to the speed on the drum surface. 
In the X-ray apparatus the length (x3-x2) of the plateau amounts to, for 
example 6 mm. The primary diaphragm 4 is adjusted so that a base width 
(x4-x1) of the radiation profile amounting to 14 mm would occur if it were 
not restricted 12 mm (x4'-x1') to by the aperture of the secondary 
diaphragm 5. For this intensity profile and a relative displacement speed 
v of 450 mm/s between the radiation beam 8a, 8b and the recording medium 
7, 50 or 100 (3); however, a number of 150 revolutions per second is to be 
preferred, because the equations (2) and (3) are then simultaneously 
satisfied and the intensity minimum is so wide that small deviations from 
the exact values according to the equations (2) or (3) will not cause 
appreciable streaks in the radiograph.