Method for manufacturing a thin film structural system

A method for manufacturing a thin film structural system including a thin film structure includes depositing a reinforcing material in a liquid form in a predefined pattern on a thin film membrane, and transforming the reinforcing material in the predefined pattern to form a reinforcing element connected to the thin film membrane. The reinforcing material may be deposited in a melted form and solidified by cooling, may be transformed by a light or laser induced chemical reaction, or may be deposited and solidified such that the reinforcing element is at least partially embedded in the thin film membrane. The predefined pattern may redistribute loads around a damaged portion of the thin film structure, or define a hinge, a folding line, a stiffening feature. The reinforcing element may be electrically, optically or thermally conductive, to communicate with a device included in the system. The system may be a space structure.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to manufacturing of a thin film structure and a low mass, large-scale thin film structural system including a thin film structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lightweight, damage-tolerant, flexible and deployable thin film structures are enabling for a variety of space exploration missions when configured, for example, as solar sails, solar arrays, sunshields, radar and reflect arrays, solar concentrators, and space solar power collectors. Spanning large areas with thin film materials, e.g., membrane structures, to separate environments or to collect and/or reflect spatially disperse particles such as chemicals or electromagnetic radiation can result in progressive failure due to tearing or ripping of the membrane. Methods for increasing thin film durability have involved either increasing the fracture toughness of the materials, increasing the material thickness to carry more load before failure, or adding “rip stop” to the film in strategic areas. Increasing the material thickness introduces a weight penalty and increases packaging space, both disadvantages for a space application. Adding “rip stop” to the membrane typically requires bonding a reinforcing material to the membrane using an adhesive, using human touch labor and wet and/or dry bonding, which can be very expensive and often damaging to the substrate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method for manufacturing a thin film structural system including a thin film structure is provided. The method includes depositing a reinforcing material in a liquid form in a predefined pattern on a thin film membrane, and transforming the reinforcing material in the predefined pattern to form a reinforcing element connected to the thin film membrane. The thin film membrane and the reinforcing element form a thin film structure. In a non-limiting example, the reinforcing material may be deposited in a melted form and solidified by cooling. In another non-limiting example, the reinforcing material may be transformed by a light or laser induced chemical reaction. In another non-limiting example, the reinforcing material may be deposited and solidified such that the reinforcing element is at least partially embedded in the thin film membrane.

In one example, the predefined pattern may be configured to redistribute loads around a damaged portion of the membrane and/or the thin film structure. In another example, the predefined pattern may be configured to define a hinge, a folding line, a stiffening feature, or a combination of these. The thin film structural system may be formed by incorporating and/or joining a plurality of thin film structures in the system, where each of the respective thin film structures may include a respective thin film membrane and a respective reinforcing element. The predefined pattern of the respective reinforcing element of at least one of the plurality of thin film structures may be different from the predefined pattern of the respective reinforcing element of at least another of the plurality of thin film structures.

The method may further include providing a device in operative communication with the reinforcing element. The device may be configured as one of an electrical device, an optical device, an electro-optic device, and a thermal device. The reinforcing element may be configured to transmit a signal to or from the device, and/or may be configured to be at least one of electrically conductive, optically conductive, and thermally conductive.

The thin film structural system may be configured as a space structure, which may be an expandable space structure. The space structure may include one or more thin film structures where the predefined pattern of one or more of the reinforcing elements provides a local stiffening feature and/or a hinge, a hinge line and/or a folding line to facilitate packaging and deployment of the expandable space structure. The predefined pattern may be configured to redistribute loads around a damaged portion of the membrane and/or the thin film structure, to prevent progressive damage.

The above features and advantages, and other features and advantages, of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of some of the best modes and other embodiments for carrying out the invention, as defined in the appended claims, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to the drawings wherein like reference numbers represent like components throughout the several figures, the elements shown inFIGS. 1-7are not necessarily to scale or proportion. Accordingly, the particular dimensions and applications provided in the drawings presented herein are not to be considered limiting. A method of manufacturing a low mass, large-scale hierarchical thin film structural system is provided herein.FIG. 1shows an example of a thin film structure10which may be incorporated in a structural system100. In one embodiment, the structural system100may be a space structure, wherein a thin film structure such as the structure10may provide a lightweight, damage tolerant, flexible and deployable structure. As used herein, the term “thin” can refer to a structure having a thickness of about 0.5 microns to 250 microns. The structural system100may be, for example, an expandable system, and/or may be a system used for space exploration, such as a solar sail, a solar array, a sunshield, a radar, and reflect array, a solar concentrator and/or a space solar power collector. By taking a hierarchical design approach to configure the structure10, the performance of the system100may be enhanced and a high degree of multi-functionality may be incorporated into the system100.

As used herein, the term “hierarchical” may refer to a thin film structure10or structural system100which may include various levels of structural hierarchy provided by, for example, one or more reinforcing elements, such as the elements14A-14G shown inFIGS. 1-6, which may be arranged in predefined patterns and/or in a combination of patterns and operatively connected to a membrane, such as the membrane12shown inFIGS. 1-7, to facilitate packaging and folding of the structural system100, and/or to provide damage tolerance, structural support, flexibility, self-deployment, sensing, and/or conductive capabilities to the structure10or system100. The membrane12may be, for example, composed of a thin film. The membrane12may also be referred to as a substrate or as a thin film. An additive manufacturing process, which may also be referred to herein as a print manufacturing or digital manufacturing process, may be used to deposit and operatively attach the reinforcing material24forming the reinforcing element14in a predetermined pattern to the membrane12.

Additionally, as used herein, the term “hierarchical” may refer to various functions performed by the membrane12and the reinforcing elements14individually and/or in combination. For example, the reinforcing elements14may comprise materials which may be one or more of thermally, optically and electrically conductive or actuable, or may incorporate materials or features contributing to the physical properties of the reinforcing element and/or structure10such as flexibility, strength, stability, etc.

The hierarchy of the structure10and/or system100may include one or more devices such as the device18as shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, to provide additional functionality to the structure10and/or system100. A plurality of devices18may be spatially located on the membrane12and each device18may be in communication with at least another device18, a portion of the reinforcing elements14, and/or a controller (not shown). The device18which may be configured, for example, as a sensor or actuator in operative communication with one or more of a reinforcing element14, a controller, etc. to enable the structure10including at least one reinforcing element14and the membrane12to operate as a sensing, signaling, or conductive device, or be otherwise electrically, thermally, acoustically or optically actuated. The device18may be an electro-optic device. The structural system100may further include memory of sufficient size, type and configuration to receive and store signals, data and other information which may be transmitted or conducted by a reinforcing element14and/or device18of the structural system100.

In yet another embodiment, functional actuation may further include deployment, folding, unfolding, stiffening, expanding, or otherwise actuating at least one or a combination of the reinforcing elements14and/or at least a portion of one or more structures10to provide a functional response. The structure10or system100may be configured to provide a generalized functional response, for example, to collect and/or reflect spatially dispersed particles such as chemicals or electromagnetic radiation. The functional response may be a localized response, such as a stiffening of a portion of the structure10for containment of the progression of damage incurred by the structure10, for example, resultant from particle impingement or debris impact. Another example of a localized response may be actuation of a portion of the reinforcing element14to provide one of an electrical, thermal, or optical output or response, which may include providing input to or output from at least one electro-optic device, such as a device18, spatially located on the membrane12. The reinforcing element14may be configured for acoustic sensing and/or conduction, such that the strain induced on the reinforcing element14by an impacting particle, for example, may generate an acoustic wave transmitted by the reinforcing element14, to a control sensor or other data collection mechanism. Measurement of particle and/or debris impact frequency and magnitude may be incorporated, for example, into a health monitoring system for the structure10. Configuring the reinforcing element14to be acoustically sensing and/or electrically conductive as part of the hierarchical design of the system100is advantageous by enabling sensing capabilities that would otherwise require the addition of wire harnesses or ancillary electrical conductors and their associated complexity, weight and bulk. The reinforcing element14may be configured to be electrically conductive such that it may dissipate static build-up. The examples provided herein are for illustration and are not intended to be limiting.

As shown inFIG. 1, the thin film structure10may include at least one reinforcing element14which may formed using an additive manufacturing process, which may be referred to herein as digital manufacturing process, a print manufacturing process, or a deposition process. The thin film structure10, including the reinforcing element14, may be manufactured, e.g., fabricated, by depositing a reinforcing material24(seeFIGS. 2A-2C) in a liquid form in a predefined pattern on the thin film membrane12, and transforming the reinforcing material24in the predefined pattern to form the reinforcing element14. Through the deposition and transformation process, the reinforcing element14becomes operatively connected to the membrane12. As such, it would be understood that no additional bonding material, for example, an adhesive, is required to adhere the reinforcing element14to the membrane12. The reinforcing material24may be considered to be in a liquid form whereby at least one of the materials comprising the reinforcing material24is in a solution, in a sufficiently softened state, and/or of a low enough viscosity such that the reinforcing material24exhibits liquid-like characteristics e.g., the reinforcing material24is in a flowable or sprayable state suitable for deposition on a substrate such as a membrane12using an additive technique. More than one layer of the reinforcing material24may be deposited in a predefined pattern to form the reinforcing element14, and the height and/or thickness of the reinforcing element14may be varied by varying the amount of reinforcing material24and/or number of layers of reinforcing material24deposited to form the predefined pattern. The pattern in which the reinforcing material24is deposited may be defined to provide a specific combination of functional properties, which may include one or more of mechanical, electrical, thermal, acoustic and optical properties.

The membrane12may be comprised of a polymer which may be formable into a thin film. In a non-limiting example, the membrane12may be comprised of a polyimide material, such as a clear/colorless polyimide (CP) film, which may be a CP1™ or CP2™ type film. Although colorless or low color membrane may be desired for certain optical applications (e.g. transparent panels in a solar sail, inflatable lens structures, etc.), the membrane may comprise any color or opacity depending on its intended use. In another example, the membrane12may be comprised of a polycarbonate material or other material suitable for use in a space environment or on a space-type vehicle where resistance to ultraviolet, proton and electron radiation, high strength to volume characteristics, and compact volume stowage of large surface area deployable materials may be important.

The reinforcing material24deposited on the membrane12to form the reinforcing element14may be comprised of a polymer which is compatible with the material of the membrane12, such that the reinforcing material24and the membrane material may operatively bond and/or adhere to each other during the deposition and transformation process, e.g., the print manufacturing process by which the structure10is formed. In one embodiment, the reinforcing material24forming the reinforcing element14may be comprised of a polyimide material, such as a clear/colorless polyimide (CP) material, which may be a CP1 or CP2 type. In another example, the reinforcing material24may be comprised of a polycarbonate material, or other material suitable for use in a space environment. The reinforcing material24and the membrane material may be different materials, or may include the same type of material. The latter may be preferred to enhance bonding of the reinforcing material24to a membrane material which is of the same material type. In one embodiment, the reinforcing material24forming the reinforcing elements14may include a polyimide material and the thin film material forming the membrane12may be a polyimide material.

The reinforcing material24may include other materials and/or elements to provide a hierarchy of performance properties and/or functional attributes. For example, the reinforcing material24may include a constituent material to increase the strength of the material, which may be incorporated into the liquified reinforcing material24prior to or during deposition of the reinforcing material24on the membrane12. The constituent material may be a glass-based material, a silicon carbide material, a carbon-based material, an organic material, etc. which may be incorporated in various forms including as fibers which may be oriented, random, continuous, etc. within the reinforcing material as required to provide the desired functional properties. Other constituent materials may be incorporated to provide hierarchical capabilities. For example, constituent materials including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and/or graphene may be included to provide electrical and thermal properties to the reinforcing element14. Other constituent materials may provide acoustic sensing capabilities such that when the reinforcing element14is strained by an impinging or impact load, an acoustic wave signal may be generated which can be used to detect and estimate or measure the magnitude of the impingement or the impact on the structure10.

The thin film membrane12may be provided as a sheet, which may be of a discrete size defined by a shape and descriptive dimensions such as length, width, diameter, etc. In a non-limiting example, the membrane12may be provided, as shown inFIG. 1, as a continuous length sheet of width W, which may be cut to length as required for an application. The membrane12may be fabricated by drawing the membrane sheet using a solution process and/or roll-to-roll processing to create the continuous length sheet of membrane12, where the maximum width W may be limited by the maximum width of the rolls which may be used in the forming of the membrane12. By way of example, the width W may be approximately 2 meters to 2.5 meters. The membrane12may be provided in widths less than 2 meters, by forming the sheet in a narrower width, or by slitting or cutting the sheet to a narrower width, as required by the application of the structure10or system100.

The reinforcing material24is deposited on the membrane12and transformed to form a reinforcing element14. By using an additive print process to deposit the reinforcing material24on the membrane12, the reinforcing material24may be deposited in a high fidelity manner, e.g., with high levels of accuracy and precision, in a predefined pattern on the membrane12. The print process further enables deposition of the reinforcing material24in a manner that precludes or substantially eliminates or substantially eliminates wrinkling, distortion, tearing or damage of the membrane12during the deposition process, and as described previously, obviates the need for an adhesive or secondary bonding agent to attach the reinforcing material24to the membrane12.

The pattern in which the reinforcing material24is deposited, e.g., printed on the membrane12may be varied to suit the particular application of the structure10, or the performance requirements of the system100. For example, as shown inFIG. 1, the reinforcing material24may be deposited to form reinforcing elements14A which are generally configured as vertical lines (as viewed on the page), where the term vertical, as used herein, may refer to generally running lengthwise of the continuous sheet, which may provide additional strength to the structure10in the lengthwise direction, and increase resistance to and/or contain damage propagation across the width W of the sheet.

In another embodiment shown inFIG. 1, the reinforcing material24may be deposited to form a reinforcing element14B which is generally configured as a horizontal line (as viewed on the page), where the term horizontal, as used herein, may refer to generally running widthwise of the continuous sheet, which may provide additional strength to the structure10in the widthwise direction, and increase resistance to and/or contain damage propagation along the length of the sheet. Two or more reinforcing elements14may form a predefined pattern by intersecting each other, as shown by the intersection of elements14A with elements14B and14C ofFIG. 1. The resulting pattern comprising a combination of reinforcing elements14may be symmetrical, asymmetrical, geometric, random, or specific to an application of the structure10or system100, as will be described in further detail herein.

The term “reinforcing element14” when used generally herein may refer to, but is not limited to, one or more of a portion of a singular or discrete reinforcing element such as elements14A,14B and14C ofFIG. 1, a pattern formed by a combination of elements such as the combination of elements14A,14B and14C ofFIG. 1, a symmetrical element pattern such as the hexagonal pattern14D shown inFIG. 3, a plurality or grouping of elements such as the elements14E shown inFIG. 4, a combination of a patterned element and a discrete element such as the respective combination of the elements14F and14A shown inFIG. 5, a combination of different predefined patterns of elements such as the combination of elements14D and14E ofFIG. 6to form a structure10D, a combination of elements provided by joining a first structure10to at least another structure10such as the combination of structures10A,10B and10E shown inFIG. 7, and/or other combinations of reinforcing elements as may be described herein.

The predefined pattern may be configured as any printable pattern, which may include any combination of linear, non-linear, discrete and/or continuous shapes, and may be of varying dimensions from one element14to another element14within a pattern or within an element14of the pattern itself. For example, the reinforcing element14A may be a line which is thicker (wider) than the line forming the reinforcing element14B. The reinforcing element14may be non-linear, skewed to the length and/or width of the membrane12, and/or discontinuous, comprised of a plurality of discrete segments of varying dimension and shape as shown by example as the element14C inFIG. 1.

In one example method, the reinforcing material24may be deposited in a melted form in a predefined pattern, and solidified by cooling to form the reinforcing element14. The reinforcing material24may be considered to be in a melted form whereby at least one of the materials comprising the reinforcing material24is in a sufficiently softened state to allow deposition of the reinforcing material24in a liquid-like form. This may be accomplished, for example, by elevating the temperature of the reinforcing material24above one of a melting temperature or glass transition temperature of a constituent material forming the reinforcing material24such that the reinforcing material24is in a sufficiently softened state, and/or of a low enough viscosity to exhibit liquid-like characteristics e.g., the reinforcing material24is in a flowable state suitable for deposition using an additive technique. In one embodiment, the additive process used to deposit and solidify the melted, liquefied reinforcing material24may be similar or analogous to one of a fused deposition modeling (FDM) process or a selective laser sintering (SLS) process.

In another example method, the reinforcing material24may be deposited in a liquid form and transformed by a light induced chemical reaction. The light source may be, for example, an ultraviolet light source or a laser. The chemical reaction may cause the solidification of the reinforcing material, for example, by polymerization and/or the use of chemical initiators. By way of non-limiting examples, the additive process used to deposit and chemically react the liquid reinforcing material24may be similar or analogous to an inkjet printing process, which may also be referred to as a digital manufacturing process.

The reinforcing material24may be deposited onto a membrane12of any size and/or shape suitable to forming the thin film structure10. The membrane12may be formed and/or shaped to a predetermined or discrete size and shape. The membrane12may be a portion of a continuous sheet of thin film material. In the instance where the thin film structure10may be fabricated using a continuous sheet of membrane12, a roll-to-roll method may be used to efficiently deposit the reinforcing material24on the membrane12in one or more predefined patterns and to subsequently transform the deposited material into the reinforcing element14. The process to deposit the reinforcing material24on the membrane12may be automated to facilitate precise formation of complex patterns when depositing the reinforcing material24. The process may be configured such that during roll-to-roll processing of the membrane12, the reinforcing material24is deposited in a first pattern or a number of repetitions of the first pattern for a first length of membrane12, in a second pattern or a number of repetitions of the second pattern for a second length of membrane12, and so forth combining patterns and pattern sequences during the deposition of the reinforcing material24as required to produce the desired configurations and quantities of structures10using the continuous length membrane12, such that set-up and changeover time is minimized and limited to a modification of the pattern executed or the type of reinforcing material24being deposited, for example, by a programmer controlling the equipment feeding and depositing the reinforcing material24. A membrane12thus formed may be subsequently cut to separate the first length from the second length, and so on, or to separate a number of repetitions of one pattern from a number of repetitions of the same pattern, or otherwise as required to form the structure10or system100.

As shown in a first example inFIG. 2A, the reinforcing material24may be deposited on the substrate or membrane12such that the reinforcing element14is formed on and is operatively connected with the surface22of the membrane12.FIG. 2Ashows a schematic cross-sectional view of section A-A of the thin film structure ofFIG. 1. It would be understood that the cross-sectional shape of the reinforcing elements shown inFIG. 2A, and inFIGS. 2B and 2C, are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. The shape and/or size of the reinforcing elements may be defined by the pattern by which the reinforcing material24is deposited onto the membrane12, and may, as described previously, be of different shapes or sizes from one to another reinforcing element14, or of different shapes or sizes within a single reinforcing element14. In one embodiment, the cross-sectional area of each of the reinforcing elements14A is shown inFIG. 2Aas having a generally half-circular shape, and as protruding beyond the surface22of the membrane12at a height h. The membrane12may be defined by a thickness t, also shown inFIG. 2A. The reinforcing element14A as shown inFIG. 2Adoes not substantially penetrate the thickness/t of the membrane12, rather it contacts the surface22of the membrane12such that the reinforcing element14is operatively connected to the membrane12at the interface26defined by the interfacing surfaces of the reinforcing element14A and the membrane12.

In another example a schematic cross-sectional view of section A-A of the thin film structure ofFIG. 1is shown inFIG. 2B, the reinforcing material24may be deposited and transformed on the membrane12such that the reinforcing element14A is at least partially embedded in the thin film membrane12. By embedding the reinforcing element14at least partially in the membrane12, the strength of the attachment of the reinforcing element14to the membrane12may be increased by increasing the size of the interface area26between the reinforcing element14and the membrane12. Further, by at least partially embedding the reinforcing element14in the thickness t of the membrane12, the ability of the structure10to sustain loading, withstand damage, and/or contain the progression of damage, for example a tear, crack or hole in the membrane, is increased. The reinforcing material24may be deposited on a surface22of the membrane12when the membrane12is in a wet condition, for example, when the membrane12contains solvent residual from a solution process forming the membrane12. The deposited reinforcing material24interacts with the wet condition of the surface22of the membrane12such that the reinforcing material24at least partially penetrates the thickness t of the membrane to a depth d, as shown inFIG. 2B. The reinforcing material24is transformed to form the reinforcing element14A, which becomes at least partially embedded in and operatively connected to the membrane12at the interface26defined by the interfacing surfaces of the reinforcing element14A and the membrane12. The extent to which the reinforcing element14A is embedded in the membrane12may be expressed as a percentage of the reinforcing element14A which has penetrated the surface22of the membrane22, e.g., relative to the total cross-section of the reinforcing element14A, or relative to a descriptive dimension of the cross-section of the reinforcing element14A. In the present case, by way of non-limiting example, the ratio of the depth d of penetration of the reinforcing element14A, relative to a diameter representing the height h of the cross-section of element14A, d/h, may be used to calculate a percent embedded value for the reinforcing element14A. Alternatively, the extent to which the reinforcing element14A has penetrated or become embedded in the thickness t of the membrane12may be expressed as a ratio of the depth of penetration of the embedded element14to the total thickness t of the membrane12, d/t.

In another example shown inFIG. 2C, the reinforcing material24may be deposited such that the reinforcing element14A is fully embedded or substantially fully embedded in the thickness t of the membrane12, such that the reinforcing element14A is substantially enveloped by the membrane12, e.g., the ratio d/h approaches or is approximately equal to one, the interface26is substantially defined by the exterior surface of the reinforcing element14, and the ratio d/t approaches its maximum value and may be approximated by h/t. By embedding the reinforcing element14completely or nearly completely in the membrane12, the strength of the attachment of the reinforcing element14to the membrane12may be increased by increasing the size of the interface area26between the reinforcing element14and the membrane12. Further, by embedding substantially the entire reinforcing element14in the thickness t of the membrane12, the ability of the structure10to sustain loading, withstand damage, and/or contain the progression of damage, for example a tear, crack or hole in the membrane12, may be significantly increased.

As described previously, the reinforcing material24may be deposited in any variety of patterns. In one example, one of a plurality of possible patterns may be the pattern shown inFIG. 1, which may comprise continuous elements14A formed along the entire length of membrane12configured to include that pattern. The elements14B and14C may be repeated at various intervals along the length of the membrane12to provide the predetermined pattern. As described previously, the pattern may be repeated a plurality of times over a continuous length of sheet of membrane12in a roll-to-roll process. Subsequent to forming, the continuous length may be separated into a plurality of lengths of membrane12, each including at least a portion of the repeating pattern, or one or more repeats of the repeating pattern, where each of the plurality of lengths may comprise a thin membrane structure10. One or more of the structures10may be incorporated into a system100, as described previously.

Two or more of the structures10may be joined together to form a larger structure10or system100, as may be desired when the required structure width exceeds the width W of the membrane sheet12, as shown for the joined elements10A inFIG. 7. Two or more structures10may be joined by joining a portion of one structure10to another, where the structures being joined are shaped and/or arranged as required for formation of the larger structure10or the system100into which the larger structure10is to be incorporated, as shown inFIG. 7. In a non-limiting example, a first structure10may be joined to a second structure10by operatively attaching the lengthwise edge of the membrane12of the first structure10to the lengthwise edge of the membrane12of the second structure10. The edges of the first and second structures10may be randomly matched, as may be allowable or suitable for a continuous lengthwise or substantially randomized pattern or one where the pattern does not extend to the portions of the respective structures10being joined.

Alternatively, as desired or required by the application of the larger structure or system100, the respective portions of the structures10may be aligned such that the pattern of the first structure is positioned in a predetermined alignment with the pattern of the second structure. For example, referring toFIG. 1, a first structure10including the pattern shown inFIG. 1may be aligned for joining with a second structure10including the pattern shown inFIG. 1, such that the end16A of the reinforcing element14B of the first structure10is aligned with the end16B of the reinforcing element14B of the second structure10. By joining the aligned edges of the two structures10to form the larger structure10or a system100, the reinforcing elements14B of the first and second structures10will be joined to form a reinforcing element14B which is continuous across the width of the larger structure10. This may be desirable, for example, where continuous reinforcing elements14must be provided across the entire length and width of the larger structure10to provide reinforcement, or as described previously, for other purposes including sensing and/or electrical conductivity across the width of the structure10, deployment facilitation as a folding or hinge line, etc.

FIGS. 3 through 6show other possible patterns which may be used in fabricating a thin membrane structure10. These examples are illustrative and are not intended to be limiting. It would be understood that by using an additive print process to deposit the reinforcing material24on the membrane12, the reinforcing material24may be deposited in a high fidelity manner, e.g., with high levels of accuracy and precision, in an unlimited number of patterns and/or combination of patterns.

FIG. 3shows a thin film structure10A including a symmetrical and continuously repeating hexagonal pattern of reinforcing elements14D. The structure10A may be used, for example, in an application where damage containment is a requirement. The hexagonal pattern of reinforcing elements14D may be effective in limiting the propagation and/or progression of damage, such as a tear or rupture in the membrane12, across the length and/or wide of the structure10A. The hexagonal pattern may also be used as a sensing or conductive grid, for example, by composing the reinforcing elements14of a reinforcing material which is at least one of electrically, thermally, optically or acoustically conductive, and/or of a reinforcing material24which may be actuated by an input to output a signal. The actuation source may be a thermal, electrical, optical or acoustic input, or may be a mechanical input, such as an impact or impingement force to the reinforcing element14D which causes a responsive output from the reinforcing element14to a sensor, memory or controller in operative communication with the structure10A and/or reinforcing element14D. As described previously, two or more of the structures10A may be joined to form a larger structure10or system100. Alignment indicators, which may also be referred to as indexing indicators16A and16B may be matched or aligned during the joining process to align the two or more structures10A and to maintain continuity of the hexagonal pattern and/or reinforcing and/or conductive paths defined thereby across the width of the larger structure10.

In another embodiment shown inFIG. 4, the thin film structure10B includes a predetermined pattern comprised of a plurality or grouping of elements such as elements14E. The elements14E may be discrete, e.g., discontinuous in that each of the elements14E may not be operatively connected to another of the elements, such that each element14E may be independently responsive to an input. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 6, a reinforcing element14E may be operatively connected to another reinforcing element14E by a connective reinforcing element14G, as desired to provide a reinforcing and/or conductive path between the elements14E. As described previously, two or more of the structures10B including the pattern or repetitions of the pattern including reinforcing elements14E may be joined to form a larger structure10or system100. The two or more structures10B may be joined in a randomized manner or the orientation of one structure10B to another structure10B may be determined by alignment of the indexing indicators16A,16B or otherwise as specified by the requirements of the system100including the structure10.

FIG. 5shows another example of a thin film structure10C including a reinforcing element14F in operative communication with a reinforcing element14A. The reinforcing element14A may be provided along the continuous length of the structure10C, such that it may provide a communication, connecting and/or conductive path between a plurality of reinforcing elements14F arranged in a repeating pattern at intervals along the length of the structure10C. The reinforcing element14F may include a folding line or major stem20and a plurality of substructural reinforcing elements arranged in a pattern similar to the stem and substructural elements of an insect wing. Similar to an insect wing, the reinforcing element14F including at least one fold line20may exhibit a high degree of mechanical flexibility and compliance that enables multiple folding and unfolding cycles which at the same time providing stiffness and damage tolerance. The fold line20may be configured as a folding line or a hinge, to enable a folding function of the structure10C, and/or to enable folding and unfolding of the structure10C for packaging and/or deployment. The pattern of the reinforcing element14F may prevent progressive failure by redistributing loads around a damaged area of the membrane12. This combination of properties may be beneficial in the configuration of an expandable space structure such as a solar sail or sunshield, where multiple folding and unfolding cycles may be required. A pattern similar to the reinforcing element14F may be produced at a larger scale, e.g., in a larger size or wider than a width W, by subdividing the pattern of the element14F into a plurality of sections, each section representing one section of the entire pattern defining the element14F, print manufacturing each section on a membrane12to form a section of the reinforcing element14F, then subsequently arranging and joining the sections to provide a larger scale structure10C, which may be incorporated into a system100such as a solar sail or sunshield.

The structure10C may include one or more devices18. As described previously, the device18may be configured as a sensor or actuator in operative communication with the reinforcing element14F and/or the reinforcing element14A, and may be configured to receive inputs from and/or provide outputs to at least one of the elements14A,14F. At least one of the elements14A,14F may be configured as a sensing or conductive element, as described previously. In a non-limiting example, the reinforcing element14F may be configured such that the folding or hinge line20may be actuated to fold and/or unfold in response to a signal received from the device18, which may be actuated by a signal from a controller received by the device18and/or the element14F through the element14A, where the element14A is configured as a conductive element.

FIG. 6shows another non-limiting example of a thin film structure10D. The structure10D may be fabricated by depositing the reinforcing material24in a pattern which represents a combination of other patterns arranged in a structure10D as required for a specific application or configuration of a system100. The thin film structure10D may fabricated by depositing a first reinforcing material24in a pattern forming a plurality of reinforcing elements14E operatively connected by a connective reinforcing element14G, and depositing a second reinforcing material24in a pattern forming a plurality of reinforcing elements14D. The first reinforcing material24and the second reinforcing material24may differ in composition, properties, method of deposition, and/or method of transformation, or may be the same. In a non-limiting example, the first reinforcing material24forming the reinforcing elements14E,14G may be configured to be conductive, such that the reinforcing elements14E,14G may be configured as a sensor, an actuator, etc., and/or to emit and receive signals with a plurality of devices18A,18B in communication with the reinforcing elements14E,14G. The second reinforcing material24forming the reinforcing elements14D may be non-conductive, however may include a constituent material, for example, a glass fiber, to provide increased reinforcing strength and a supportive matrix for the reinforcing elements14E,14G. The hierarchical combination and varying properties and capabilities of the membrane12, reinforcing elements14D,14E,14G and devices18A,18B may provide a structure10configured to efficiently and compactly provide multiple functions and performance characteristics.

FIG. 7shows a non-limiting example of a structural system100which may be formed by combining two or more structures10where at least two of the structures10may, but are not required to, contain a different pattern or repetitions of pattern. In the example shown inFIG. 7, a plurality of structures10A may be joined to form a first larger structure10A having a symmetrical and relative denser pattern of generally hexagonal reinforcing elements14D (seeFIG. 3) which may form the central portion of the system100. As described forFIG. 6, the reinforcing elements14D may be formed from a reinforcing material24which includes a reinforcing or strengthening constituent. This may be beneficial should it be anticipated or known that the central portion of the system100may be subjected to more frequent and/or higher loads, debris impingement, etc. than the perimeter portions of the system100.

A second plurality of structures10B may be arranged and joined to the structures10A to provide another hierarchical level of function. For example, the reinforcing elements14E (seeFIG. 4) may be configured as discrete and independent elements to provide reinforcement and strength to the border formed by the plurality of structures10B, while retaining sufficient flexibility to allow expansion and contraction of the border thus formed in response to changes in thermal, environment, or loading conditions, thus providing a reinforced zone for stress dissipation across the expanse of the system100. Optionally, either or both of the pluralities of structures10A,10B may be configured to include reinforcing elements which are conductive and/or sensing, and/or one or more devices18as described herein.

A third plurality of structures10E may be arranged and joined to the plurality of structures10B, to form an outermost border of the system100shown inFIG. 7. The structures10E may include a plurality of reinforcing elements10A (seeFIG. 1) which may be continuous along the length of the structures10E. In the example shown, the reinforcing elements10A included in the structures10E may include a stiffening and/or strengthening constituent, such as a glass or organic fiber, to increase the edge strength of the system100, and may further include a conductive constituent, such that the reinforcing elements10A are at least one of electrically, optically, acoustically and thermally conductive. Accordingly, the reinforcing elements10A may be configured as conductors, sensors, actuators, etc., for example, to dissipate static build-up, to perform health monitoring of the system100, to measure operating conditions and environment, to operatively communicate with other elements of the system100, which may include a device18and/or one or more folding or hinge lines20.

While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail with respect to aerospace applications, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize the broader applicability of the invention and the various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.