System for heated air extraction of contaminants from soil stack

The recirculating system includes a soil stack (10), which is formed by sequential layers of contaminated soil from a site and hot air pipes (22, 26, 32, 34). A plurality of vapor collection pipes (40, 46) is laid over the top of the stack, with a sealing member (50) positioned over the entire soil stack (10) and sealed around the base thereof. First and second connecting means (99, 102) connect the hot air pipes and the vapor collection pipes to a heating/vapor destruction system (52), which includes a burn chamber (54), a first air duct (91) extending from the outlet of the burn chamber (54) to a first blower (93), a second air duct (97) extending from the first blower (93) to the first connecting means (99), a third air duct extending from the second connecting means (102) to a second blower (110), and a fourth air duct which extends from the second blower (110) to the inlet (58) of the burn chamber (54). Test ports (114, 115) are positioned in the second connecting means to continuously determine the level of contaminants in the vapor extracted from the soil stack (10).

TECHNICAL FIELD 
This invention generally concerns the art of remediation of contaminated 
soil and more particularly concerns a system for on-site soil remediation 
using heated air. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Over the past several years, there has been increasing environmental 
concern over soil contamination. There are various well-known sources of 
contamination, including underground petroleum storage tanks used by 
gasoline service stations and the like. As a result of this increasing 
environmental concern, government regulations have come into force which 
place strict controls over such underground storage tanks and which will, 
over a period of years, eventually require replacement of a significant 
percentage of existing tanks. As part of the process of removing and 
replacing such underground storage tanks, a significant amount of the 
surrounding soil, typically in the range of 100-1000 cubic yards, must be 
removed and then treated to remove any contaminants which may have leaked 
from the tanks. Treatment of the soil, generally referred to as 
remediation, can be accomplished in several ways, including removing and 
disposing of the soil, or treatment of the soil on site. Disposal of 
contaminated soil is typically quite expensive and requires new soil to 
replace the soil which has been removed. In addition, such soil still is 
contaminated, and thus, the basic contamination problem is only moved to 
another, albeit typically more remote, location. 
Many different systems are used for on-site soil treatment. Typically, many 
of these systems involve drilling a plurality of extended wells on the 
site, forcing the vaporization of the contaminants in some manner and then 
permitting the vaporous contaminants to escape through the wells. Two such 
systems are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,448 to Koerner and U.S. Pat. No. 
4,982,788 to Donnelly. However, such methods are also quite expensive, 
often ineffective, and take an exceptionally long time to complete, 
typically on the order of 6 to 18 months. Also, many of these systems 
release the vaporous contaminants to the atmosphere, a practice which is 
also now becoming increasingly unsatisfactory, and in many areas is not 
even permitted, due to air quality restrictions. When the contaminants 
produced by on-site treatment systems are not released to the atmosphere, 
they are typically treated by a completely separate system, which adds to 
the expense and complexity of the overall process. In another on-site 
treatment approach, shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,570 to Payne, the soil is 
removed and treated in a plurality of treatment vessels. While such a 
system can be effective, it is inherently limited to rather small volumes 
of soil, and again is typically expensive and somewhat complex to operate. 
Thus, in view of the increasing emphasis on soil remediation relative to 
underground storage tank facilities, a significant need has developed for 
a system for efficiently and inexpensively removing contaminants from soil 
surrounding storage tanks. 
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
A system for on-site remediation of contaminated soil, comprising: a soil 
stack formed of alternating layers of contaminated soil and hot air pipes 
with a plurality of vapor pipes overlaying at least a portion of the soil 
stack, wherein the soil stack is covered by a sealing member to prevent 
escape of vapors from the soil stack to the atmosphere; and a 
recirculating system for heating air and destroying contaminants released 
from the soil stack, the system including a burn chamber, a hot air outlet 
and a vapor inlet, first means connecting the hot air outlet to said hot 
air pipes and second means connecting the vapor pipes to the vapor inlet, 
means moving heated air into the first connecting means and means moving 
contaminated vapors into the second connecting means and from there to the 
burn chamber.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
Very simply, the system of the present invention initially includes the 
formation of a soil stack at the site of the contaminated soil, e.g. where 
underground petroleum storage tanks have been removed. The contaminated 
soil is removed from its location to an adjacent location at ground level. 
The soil stack comprises alternating layers of contaminated soil and hot 
air pipe networks or grids. Over the top of the completed soil stack is 
positioned a grid or network of vapor pipes, with a sealing layer of 
air-impermeable material covering the entire soil stack. Connecting 
members extend through the sealing layer from the hot air pipes and the 
vapor pipes. 
The system further includes a burner apparatus which heats air to a 
selected temperature, the heated air then being moved into the hot air 
pipes in the soil stack. The hot air circulating through the soil stack 
releases the contaminants in the soil in the form of vapor. The vapor is 
collected by the vapor pipes and moved out of the soil stack and into the 
burner, where the contaminants are destroyed to an acceptably safe level. 
The entire system is essentially closed so that only a small amount of 
contaminants is occasionally vented to the atmosphere. In some instances, 
such as when required by local air pollution control authorities, the 
small amount of contaminants which are exhausted are directed through a 
high temperature catalytic reactor to destroy those contaminants. When the 
contaminants in the soil stack have been sufficiently reduced, the soil 
stack is dismantled, and the remediated soil is then placed back in its 
original location. 
FIGS. 2 and 3 show the details of the soil stack portion of the present 
invention, while FIG. 1 shows the relative arrangement of the soil stack 
and the contaminant treatment apparatus portion of the present invention. 
In the construction of a soil stack, shown generally at 10, bales of straw 
or similar material are laid end-to-end, forming the outline of the base 
of the soil stack. The line of straw bales is shown generally at 12 in the 
form of a berm in FIGS. 2 and 3. The soil stack is typically but not 
necessarily rectangular in configuration, and for purposes of illustration 
could be approximately 54 feet long by 30 feet wide. One end of the soil 
stack is initially left open, i.e. temporarily without straw bales, to 
provide access for earthmoving equipment to form the soil stack. Following 
completion of the soil stack, the berm for that portion is completed so 
that the berm 12 extends around the entire perimeter of the soil stack. 
After the initial open-ended berm has been formed, a first support ridge 
14 of a single layer of 2.times.6 wood boards is positioned on the top 
surface of the straw berm 12, around the entire length thereof. 
A lower sealing member 13, such as six mill visqueen, is then placed over 
the area defined by the berm 12, forming the bottom layer of the soil 
stack 10. Typically, lower sealing member 13 extends up the interior sides 
of the berm and over the top of the first support ridge 14. A second 
support ridge 16, also comprising, in the embodiment shown, a layer of 
2.times.6 wood boards, clamps the lower sealing member (as well as an 
upper sealing member as explained below) in place, producing a sealing 
effect around the base of the soil stack 10. At this point, actual 
placement of contaminated soil in the soil stack begins. 
A first layer 20 of contaminated soil is then placed over lower sealing 
member 13 to a thickness of approximately 8-10 inches. Typically, the 
upper surface of the first layer 20 is smoothed out, without packing down 
the soil, which would decrease the efficiency of the system. A first 
12-inch diameter hot air distribution header pipe 22 is positioned along 
the length of one longitudinal side of the stack along the inside surface 
of berm 12. Hot air distribution header pipe 22 is a conventional, 
commercially available pipe made of 24 gauge galvanized sheet metal. While 
pipe 22 in the embodiment shown is 12 inches in diameter, it should be 
understood that other sizes can be used. Hot air distribution header pipe 
22 has a plurality of interior connections 21-21 along the length thereof, 
and one exterior connection 24. 
Connected to the interior connections 21-21 and extending therefrom 
substantially all the way laterally across the soil stack 10 are a 
plurality of hot air dispensing pipes 26-26. Hot air dispensing pipes 26 
are perforated along the length thereof, are approximately 4 inches in 
diameter, and are spaced at 2-foot intervals in the embodiment shown. It 
should be understood, however, that the spacing and diameter of pipes 26 
can vary. The pipes 26 are all capped at the far ends 27 thereof. Hence, 
in operation, hot air coming in through exterior connection 24 moves 
through the distribution header pipe 22 and then out through dispensing 
pipes 26-26 into the soil, basically covering the area of the soil stack 
10 for a given vertical distance. 
A second layer of contaminated soil 30 is then placed on top of the hot air 
dispensing pipes 26. The second layer 30 is approximately 24 inches high, 
although this could be varied, such as within a range of 10-30 inches. A 
second network of a hot air distribution header pipe and a plurality of 
hot air dispensing pipes is then placed on top of the second layer of 
contaminated soil 30. Alternating layers of contaminated soil and hot air 
pipe networks are successively positioned until the soil stack 10 is 
finished. Typically, the height of a completed soil stack will be 
approximately 10 feet, although this can be varied. Generally, however, it 
is preferable to have the soil stack somewhat less than 10 feet, and 
spread over a broader area if necessary and space permits. 
Two 12 inch diameter vapor-collection header pipes 40-40 are positioned 
end-to-end on top of the straw bale berm 12, close to and parallel with 
the hot air distribution header pipe 22. The vapor-collection header pipes 
40-40, which are in registry, each include a plurality of upwardly 
pointing interior connections along the length thereof and one exterior 
connection 44 at one end thereof. The exterior connections 44 for the 
vapor-collection header pipes 40-40 are located at the interior ends of 
each pipe, and are hence closely adjacent to each other. 
Extending over the soil stack 10, i.e. up the longitudinal side 43 of soil 
stack 10 from the vapor-collection header pipes 40-40, over the top of the 
soil stack 10 and then down the other side 45, are a plurality of 
vapor-extraction pipes 46-46. The vapor-extraction pipes 46-46 are 
typically made from a flexible material, are 4 inches in diameter and 
perforated along the lengths thereof in the embodiment shown and are 
located at 2-foot intervals along the length of the vapor-collection pipes 
40-40, connecting with the interior connections of the vapor-collection 
header pipes 40-40. The vapor extraction pipes 46-46 typically extend down 
to the berm on the other side of the stack from the vapor collection pipes 
40-40. 
Positioned over the entire soil stack, including the vapor-extraction pipes 
46-46, as well as the vapor-collection header pipes 40-40 and the hot air 
distribution header pipes, is an air-impermeable upper sealing member 50 
which in the embodiment shown is also made of six mill thick visqueen 
material. Any seams in the visqueen member 50 are carefully and securely 
taped. Openings in the visqueen member 50 are provided for the exterior 
connections of the vapor-collection header pipe and the hot air 
distribution header pipe. Sealing member 50 is pulled tightly over the 
soil stack and anchored at the lower edges of the soil stack between the 
two support ridges 14 and 16, along with the peripheral edge of lower 
sealing member 13. This system is designed to prevent escape of any 
vapors/contaminants from the soil stack to the atmosphere. 
At this point, the soil stack 10 is connected to the hot air 
vapor-extraction system, which is referred to generally in FIG. 1 at 52. A 
key portion of the vapor-extraction system shown generally at 52 is an 
incinerator or burn chamber shown generally at 54. The burn chamber 54 is 
shown in detail in FIGS. 4 and 5. It includes an inlet portion 58 which in 
the embodiment shown is 12 inches high by 16 inches wide and approximately 
6 inches deep. Positioned in inlet 58 are a series of solid vertical vanes 
60-63, spaced 2 inches and 5 inches away from center line 64, on both 
sides thereof. The centermost two vanes 61 and 62 are each 2 inches wide, 
while the outer two vanes 60 and 63 are 3 inches wide in the embodiment 
shown. 
Flaring outwardly from the interior end of inlet 58 are two outside walls 
65 and 66, which extend at an angle of approximately 135.degree. relative 
to inlet 58 and are thus 90.degree. apart from each other. Walls 65 and 66 
are each approximately 12 inches high and 18 inches long. Connected to the 
far ends of outside walls 65 and 66 are outside walls 67 and 68, which 
extend inwardly toward each other at an angle of 90.degree. relative to 
outside walls 65 and 66. Outside walls 67 and 68 terminate in an outlet 
portion 70 which is in registry with and the same approximate size as 
inlet 58, on the direct opposite side of the burn chamber from inlet 58. 
The burn chamber 54 also includes top and bottom walls which extend over 
the entire area of the burn chamber, thereby with the above-described 
elements defining an enclosed chamber. All of the above-described elements 
comprising the burn chamber 54 are made in the embodiment shown from steel 
plates approximately 1/8 inch thick. Positioned in outside walls 65 and 66 
near inlet 58 are two propane burners 72 and 74. Propane burners 72 and 74 
provide the required heat for the burn chamber 54 as discussed 
hereinafter. Positioned within the burn chamber 54 at center line 64, 
approximately at the intersection of inlet 58 and the main interior region 
69 of the burn chamber, is an angle iron section 76 which extends from top 
to bottom of the burn chamber and is approximately 2 inches on each side 
with the angle iron section 76 flaring outwardly into the main interior 
region 69 of the chamber. 
Extending from the free ends of the angle iron section 76, parallel with 
outside walls 65 and 66, respectively, to outside walls 67 and 68 are 
expanded metal members 80 and 82. The expanded metal members have slots 
therein such that they are about 50% open. Two additional expanded metal 
walls 84 and 86 are positioned parallel with walls 80 and 82, 
approximately 3 inches therefrom. Farther into the main interior region 69 
of the burn chamber is a curved baffle element 88 which extends from a 
point approximately midlength of, and one inch away from, expanded metal 
wall 84, curves slightly toward outlet portion 70 and then back toward 
expanded metal wall 86, terminating approximately one inch away therefrom. 
In operation, this arrangement results in air and contaminated vapors which 
come into inlet portion 58 dispersing around the angle iron section 76, 
moving through a flame region produced by the propane burners, and then 
around to the front of the baffle 88 and out outlet portion 70. This 
arrangement insures the circulation of air through the burn chamber to 
achieve maximum destruction of the contaminants. 
Referring to FIG. 1, from outlet portion 70, a first air duct section 91, 
having the same cross-sectional outline as outlet portion 70, extends to a 
first blower 93. Located shortly before first blower 93 is a fresh-air 
intake vent 95 with a damper element 96 therein. A second air duct section 
97 extends from blower 93 to soil stack 10. An exhaust member 131 is 
positioned in air duct section 97 just downstream of blower 93. A 
plurality of connecting ducts 99, each having damper elements 100 therein, 
connect air duct section 97 with the individual hot air distribution 
headers in the soil stack. For purposes of illustration, two connecting 
ducts 99 are shown. However, it should be understood that "T" connections 
and/or additional connecting ducts are used in an actual system, depending 
upon the number of hot air distribution headers used in the soil stack. 
The damper elements 100 provide control over the movement of heated air 
into the soil stack 10. 
Extending from the vapor collection header pipes (the exterior connections 
thereof) in the soil stack to a third air duct section 106 are connection 
ducts 102-102. Located in the connection ducts 102-102 are damper elements 
112, which control the flow of vapors out of the soil stack 10. Test ports 
114-115 are located in connection ducts 102-102 for convenient testing of 
the vapors extracted from the soil stack. Air duct section 106 extends to 
a second blower 110. Positioned in the air duct 106, in the vicinity of 
blower 110, is a fresh-air intake vent 116 having a damper element 118 
therein. Extending from blower 110 to burn chamber inlet portion 58, 
completing the closed vapor-extraction system, is a fourth air duct 
section 120. A damper element 122 is positioned in air duct section 120, 
slightly downstream of blower 110. 
Several other system test instruments are positioned at various points in 
the vapor-extraction system. In the embodiment shown air-flow meters 
124-124 and temperature gauges 126-126 are positioned in air duct section 
97 and 106 while static pressure gauges 130-130 are positioned in air duct 
sections 97 and 120, just downstream of blowers 93 and 110. Additional 
test ports 125-125 are provided in the soil stack 10 and duct section 106 
to test the vapors from the soil stack. Lastly, additional air flow meters 
127 are positioned in connection ducts 102-102, and a LEL (lower explosive 
level) monitoring port 129 is positioned in air duct section 106. 
In operation, after system start-up has been completed, during which the 
blowers are run for a period of 10 minutes or so prior to turn-on of 
burners 72 and 74 and following assurance that the vapor stream is not at 
an explosive level (obtained through monitoring port 129) the burners are 
ignited, heating the air in the burn chamber to approximately 
275.degree.-300.degree. F. With both of the blowers 93 and 110 on, damper 
elements 100-100 and 122 are adjusted to insure efficient burner 
performance. The temperature of the hot air stream is continuously 
monitored in air duct section 97 by temperature gauge 124. The heated air 
proceeds in through connection ducts 99-99 to the various hot air 
distribution headers and from there into the perforated hot air dispensing 
pipes and the contaminated soil. 
The movement of the hot air through the soil volatilizes the contaminants, 
with the vapor moving up through the soil stack 10 to top thereof, where 
the vapors are collected by the various vapor extraction pipes and then 
move to the vapor-collection headers. The collected vapors then move 
through the connecting ducts 102-102 into air duct section 106. The 
contaminant level of the vapor stream is continuously monitored by 
conventional monitoring equipment through test ports 114-115 in air duct 
section 106, as well as through test ports 125-125 in the soil stack. 
Typically, a data collection system and computer station is included which 
receives the information from the test ports, controls the dampers and 
provides displays and/or reports on the operation of the system and the 
contaminant level. Appropriate alarms can be provided should specified 
conditions be reached. 
The vapor flow from the soil stack is drawn by blower 110 and then directed 
into burn chamber 54, where the contaminants are destroyed to an 
acceptable level. Fresh air is taken into the system through fresh air 
intake vents 95 and 116, controlled by the dampers therein. A pressure 
balancing exhaust element 131 is provided in air duct section 97 and 
operates when needed, relative to the amount of fresh air taken into the 
system. Hence, the overall system is substantially closed. The 
contaminants released from the soil stack are continuously recirculated to 
the burn chamber. A small amount of contaminants may be released to the 
atmosphere through the pressure balancing exhaust element 131. This small 
amount of contaminants may be directed to a catalytic reactor or similar 
system for destruction, if necessary. 
When the contaminant level from the soil stack has been reduced to a 
desired level, soil samples are typically taken from the stack and sent 
out for analysis to verify the completion of the remediation process in 
accordance with state and/or local law. A full report is then typically 
produced based on the data collected during operation of the system. 
At this point, the operation of the vapor-extraction system is terminated, 
and the system is disconnected from the soil stack. The soil stack is then 
dismantled by first removing the upper sealing member, then the vapor 
pipes, and then gradually and carefully removing the soil and hot air 
pipes, beginning at one end of the stack. The remediated soil is then 
returned to its original location, or otherwise disposed of if so 
required, while the hot air and vapor-extraction pipes are prepared for 
further use. 
The process is typically completed at a given site within 7 to 14 days, 
which is significantly faster than existing on-site systems, and is 
typically considerably less expensive. Also, being an on-site remediation 
system, the soil is typically constructively reused instead of having to 
be disposed of in some manner. 
Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed herein 
for illustration, it should be understood that various changes, 
modifications and substitutions may be incorporated in such embodiment 
without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined by the 
claims which follow.