Method and apparatus for radiation testing of electron devices

A test apparatus for electron devices, such as integrated circuits, at the wafer stage of fabrication, wherein a beam of ionizing radiation is directed through an electrical probe card and onto the wafer under test. The probe card and the radiation beam share a common port through which a selected device or group of devices is exposed, but other devices on the wafer are not similarly exposed. A microscope, supported on a frame, is interchangeable with the radiation beam source, sharing the common port, so that a tested device may be observed.

DESCRIPTION 
1. Technical Field 
The invention relates to combined non-destructive and destructive testing 
of electronic devices and, in particular, to testing of semiconductor 
devices by ionizing radiation, particularly Xrays, as well as by an 
electrical probe. 
2. Background Art 
Modern electronic devices frequently combine adjacent layers of 
semiconductor material, dielectric material and metal. Such devices are 
frequently needed and used in harsh environments, such as regions where 
ionizing radiation might be encountered. For this reason, performance of 
electronic devices under ionizing radiation flux must be tested and 
compared to specifications. 
Ionizing radiation creates electron-hole pairs in materials. At 
dielectric-semiconductor interfaces, ionizing radiation leads to trapped 
charges and interface states that change the device characteristics. In 
bipolar transistors, trapped charges and interface states at the 
silicon-passivation-layer interface lead to reduced gain and increased 
leakage current. In MOS transistors, ionizing radiation leads to changes 
in the device current-voltage characteristics and increased leakage 
currents. 
In the past, radiation testing of electronic devices, such as integrated 
circuits, has been accomplished using sources of high-energy penetrating 
radiation, such as cobalt 60, requiring large amounts of lead shielding 
and a radiation facility license. Sometimes testing was carried out in an 
underground protective vault where high-dose isotopic sources were 
located. Typically, samples of finished and packaged devices were 
transported from a production line to the test location and then returned. 
The inconvenience of such transportation and the expense of packaging and 
testing devices that are later found not to meet radiation specifications 
has created a need for a testing method and apparatus which is more suited 
to a production line. Apart from mere inconvenience, remotely located 
irradiation facilities frequently do not provide an opportunity for varied 
types of testing in addition to the application of electrical power to the 
devices during radiation exposure. 
An object of the invention was to devise a radiant energy test method and 
apparatus for the radiation testing of electronic devices, particularly 
semiconductor devices, which method and apparatus is suited to a 
production line where electrical testing also takes place. 
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
The above object has been met with a test apparatus for electronic devices, 
such as integrated circuits, at the wafer stage of fabrication, wherein a 
beam of ionizing radiation is directed through an electrical probe card 
and onto the wafer under test. The probe card and the radiation beam share 
a common port through which a selected device or group of devices is 
exposed, but other devices on the wafer are not similarly exposed. 
The source is preferably an X-ray source, but a laser, isotope or other 
source of ionizing radiation may be used. The probe card supports an 
auxiliary board which, in turn, supports an auxiliary collimator, axially 
aligned with a principal collimator of the radiation source. The auxiliary 
collimator provides an aperture through the auxiliary board for radiation 
to pass. A similar aperture in the probe card allows the radiation to 
reach only a limited area during radiation testing. If the target is a 
wafer, the radiation beam cross section, as well as the beam exposure port 
through the card and the collimators, are limited by the collimators to a 
cross sectional size which exposes only a single integrated circuit die to 
the beam or, if desired, a group of die. A wafer is supported on a chuck, 
laterally movable in X and Y directions, so that a selected number of 
individual integrated circuit die on the wafer may be tested. A microscope 
is supported on a frame to be interchangeable with the radiation source so 
that the tested device may be observed through the beam exposure port. 
The test procedure involves testing each integrated circuit on a wafer 
electrically using the probe card for standard electrical measurements. A 
few individual circuits are selected for radiation testing. These are 
exposed to the beam of ionizing radiation while under electrical power 
from the probe card. Wires extending from the card to the device derive 
measurement information regarding device performance and characteristics 
until failure, if such occurs. 
The present invention is suited to an integrated circuit production line 
because the ionizing radiation beam is of low energy, thus only limited 
shielding is required. The combination of electrical probe testing and 
radiation testing simplifies the production line testing operation.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
The present invention is especially adapted for the testing of wafers, 
having semiconductor integrated circuits fabricated thereon, while such 
wafers are still in a production line. Typically, such a wafer will have 
many identical integrated circuits, each approximately one quarter inch on 
a side. The apparatus of the present invention allows non-destructive 
electrical testing, plus combined radiation and electrical testing. 
With reference to FIG. 1, an X-ray tube assembly 11 is seen having a tube 
base 13 enclosing a filament, and a tune anode assembly 15 enclosing a 
target. Anode assembly 15 has a window 17 through which Xrays pass into a 
collimator 19. Anode assembly 15 is enclosed in a radiation blocking 
housing 20. The only exit for radiation is through an aperture with 
shutter 27 that can be opened and closed to either pass or cut off the 
radiation beam. While an X-ray tube is shown, other sources of radiation 
may be used, including light sources or isotopic radiation sources. 
Collimator 19 includes materials selected to minimize scattering of Xrays 
and maximize beam collimation. 
Electrical testing is carried out by means of a known probe card 31 
modified for X-ray testing by means of an auxiliary collimator 33 mounted 
on an auxiliary shield 21 by means of spacers 35. The probe card is used 
to provide mechanical support for auxiliary shield 21, in turn supporting 
auxiliary collimator 33. Auxiliary shield 21 is typically a metallic 
planar member supported about one to two centimeters above probe card 31 
in a parallel plane. Auxiliary collimator 33 is generally tubular, having 
a centrally defined port 23 receiving a radiation beam from collimator 19 
and delivering it to an electron device such as an integrated circuit on a 
wafer 25 immediately below the lower exit aperture of the port. The beam 
port or aperture through the center of the auxiliary collimator limits the 
beam cross sectional area to an area corresponding to an electronic device 
to be irradiated. The wafer 25 is supported on a chuck 41 having a 
dosimeter 39 on its periphery. Dosimeter 39 is preferably a solid-state 
detector, such as a PIN diode, giving an instantaneous read out of 
radiation flux in the path of the beam. Such placement is possible because 
the chuck 41 is movable in the X-Y plane. 
Probe card 31 receives power from a cable 43 connected to card 31 by means 
of a cable terminator 45 which matches power and signal wires in the cable 
to printed wires on the card 31. In turn, these printed wires lead toward 
a central aperture in the card 31 where wire probes 47 make electrical 
contact with wafer 25 through a central aperture in the card 31. 
The position of wafer 25 may be shifted by lowering wafer chuck 41 then 
translating it in the X and Y direction. The shutter is closed during 
wafer translation such that unselected devices are not irradiated. One 
instance in which such translation must occur is for use of dosimeter 39. 
In order to check the radiation flux, wafer chuck 41 is lowered and 
dosimeter 39 is moved so that it is directly in line with the radiation 
beam emerging from window 17. Once calibration or radiation flux 
measurements are complete, the chuck 41 is translated so that a desired 
integrated circuit can be exposed by the beam. 
With reference to FIG. 2, a cabinet 12 is shown having a lower portion 14 
and an upper portion 16 connected to the lower portion at a hinge 18. 
Cabinet 12 houses a framework 22 which supports the X-ray tube assembly 11 
as well as a microscope 24 on a transverse rail 26. Microscope 24 is shown 
directly over auxiliary shield 21 having collimator 33. Both the 
microscope 24 and the X-ray tube assembly 11, seen in an end view, are 
movable so that the radiation axis 28 corresponds with the center of port 
23 within the auxiliary collimator. The wafer support 41 is shown in a 
retracted or down position. In normal operation, this support would be 
raised so that a wafer and dosimeter 39 would be directly beneath probe 
card 31 and probe card support member 32. In the position shown, the focus 
of microscope 24 can be adjusted by focusing knob 34 and the position of 
the microscope can be locked in place by a clamping screw 36. When 
clamping screw 36 is released, microscope 24 may be moved in the direction 
indicated by arrowhead A until the microscope achieves the position 
indicated by the dashed lines 38. Since the microscope is connected to 
X-ray tube assembly 11, the X-ray tube will assume the interchanged 
position indicated by the dashed line 40. In that position, the tube 
collimator 19 will be directly above port 23 and only millimeters away 
from a wafer or other electron device on support 41 when the support is in 
the fully raised position achieved when piston 42 moves in the direction 
indicated by arrow B. 
The X-ray tube operates in the range of 25 to 60 kilovolts with a maximum 
power of approximately 3.5 kilowatts. The X-ray tube is slightly inclined 
with the horizontal axis approximately 5.degree., in order to achieve a 
uniform X-ray exposure area. The X-ray beam passes through approximately 
10 cm. of air and about 0.15 mm. of aluminum, placed just below the 
shutter if desired, before reaching the target. The optional aluminum 
filter is provided to condition the X-ray beam for more accurate 
dosimetry. The desired dose rate is in the range of 10.sup.1 to 10.sup.5 
rads (Si) per minute when the X-ray tube is operating at the above 
mentioned voltages. At 10.sup.5 rads (Si) per minute dose rate, very fast 
operation is possible so that on-line automatic radiation testing of 
individual semiconductor die, including very large scale integrated 
circuits is possible. 
Electrical power to a wafer is supplied by electrical test equipment 44 
which communicates with a device under test via cable 43 which enters 
cabinet 12 at a low region to avoid radiation leakage to operators. The 
cable then penetrates framework 22 at a high region and is connected to 
probe card 31 at terminator 45. Cabinet 12 is made of lead-lined aluminum. 
A lead foil having a thickness of 0.120 inches is sufficient to block 
radiation from the source of the type used herein. When the shutter 27 is 
to be opened, the cabinet is closed in the position shown in FIG. 2. When 
the shutter 27 is closed, the cabinet door may be opened by lifting upper 
portion 16 in the direction indicated by arrow C. 
FIG. 3 shows a detail of the auxiliary collimator 33 which is supported by 
auxiliary shield 21. Auxiliary shield 21 consists of a brass plate about 5 
mm thick that is sufficient to block the X-ray beam. The auxiliary 
collimator 33 has an inner aluminum tube 52 coaxially surrounded by an 
outer tin-lead alloy tube 54. Tube 52 is considerably thinner than tube 
54, with exact dimensions not being critical. A tantalum base 56, 
approximately 20 mils in thickness, is secured to the bottom of the two 
tubes. The materials for the tubes 52 and 54, as well as base 56, are 
selected to have low radiation scattering cross sections which reduce 
secondary radiation from scattering, either directly from the source or 
backscatter from materials on which radiation impinges. Tantalum base 56 
has a lower knife-edge defining an exit port 58 to reduce radiation 
scattering. 
Probe card 31 carries printed circuit wires which are terminated by means 
of soldered connections 60 with tapered conductive probes 47 which are 
very fine tungsten wires for interconnection with the contact pads of the 
integrated circuit on wafer 25. In operation, a radiation flux will travel 
down port 23, between dashed lines 62 and fall onto the integrated circuit 
die being contacted by the probes 47. The collimated beam cross section, 
as well as the spacing between the probes 47, corresponds to the size of 
the device being tested. It is important that the area of the beam not 
exceed the area of the device since exposure of other devices is not 
desired. 
With reference to FIG. 4, a microprocessor 59 operated control system for 
the present invention includes a power supply 51 which is connected to the 
X-ray tube in X-ray tube assembly 11. When power is applied to the system, 
the tube operates continuously. However, emission of X-rays through the 
collimator is controlled by shutter 27. Only when the shutter is open is 
there any radiation flux outside of the X-ray tube. Accordingly, it is 
important to monitor the shutter position. A shutter position sensor 53, 
which may be one or more switches, is provided to monitor the shutter 
position. The shutter position sensor is connected to safety system 55, a 
number of logic gates which, among other tasks interprets the position of 
the switches forming the shutter position sensor 53. The safety system 
also takes into account whether the cabinet is open or closed. This is 
done by means of another series of switches which form cabinet interlock 
57. The shutter normally blocks the beam except when the protective 
interlock switches, including cabinet switches, are in the safe position. 
The logic of safety system 55 communicates with the internal 
microprocessor 59 which can disable power supply 51 in the event that 
safety system 55 indicates that an unsafe condition exists. For test and 
maintenance purposes, manual controls 61 are also provided. These controls 
may also be used to set exposure duration, power levels, and other 
parameters. Microprocessor 59 can communicate with an external controller 
63, such as a master production computer for providing status or other 
information. Such communication may be over a standard interface 65. Such 
a standard interface and bus would preferably be an IEEE 488 bus with 
driving circuits. 
While the radiation dose may be predicted by the power levels applied by 
the tube and the duration of shutter opening, it is also necessary to 
monitor the actual dose rate. This is done by means of dosimeter 39 
carried on the chuck 41. The dosimeter 39, such as a PIN diode, 
communicates with an intensity read-out device 63 which communicates with 
computer 59 and safety system 55. So long as the measured dose rate 
corresponds to an expected dose rate, within preset limits, the system may 
proceed to operate. If the extent of radiation measured by the dosimeter 
exceeds or drops below expected values of radiation, a fault condition is 
indicated and the system may be shut down if desired. 
FIG. 5 illustrates the correspondence between an X-ray source and a cobalt 
60 source. From the plot it is seen that for these aluminum-gate MOS 
devices, the flat-band voltage shift of the transistor is nearly identical 
over the measured dose range from 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.6 rads (SiO.sub.2). 
The correlation between cobalt 60 and Xrays was equally good for bias 
voltages from 3 to 20 volts during irradiation. 
The usual procedure is to electrically test each of the die on the wafer. 
However, only a few of the die are tested under an ionizing radiation 
flux. These die are brought under the radiation flux which emerges from 
the auxiliary collimator. The cross sectional area of the flux as it 
emerges from the auxiliary collimator corresponds to the size of the die. 
In this manner, only the selected die is exposed to ionizing radiation and 
the remaining die on a wafer are not so exposed. Electrical power is 
applied to the die through the probes to pads on the test device prior to 
the time that the shutter is opened, exposing the device to the ionizing 
radiation flux. Electrical parameters are monitored and recorded so that 
the failure limits of the device can be compared with specifications.