Microwave heating of foods

Frozen food in packs, generally of rectilinear configuration, are heated for consumption by being passed through a microwave energy field which generates heat which is substantially uniform across the pack width and which traverses the pack length due to movement relatively between the pack and microwave energy source. The relative movement overcomes thermal runaway since the energy is continuously being dragged away from the zones which have just been heated and where thermal runaway could otherwise occur.

The present invention relates to the microwave heating of foods, 
particularly for the preparation for consumption of frozen pre-packed 
meals. 
Institutionalised catering, for example factory canteens or hospital meal 
services, desirably require the minimum of preparation time, combined with 
a reasonable quality of product, a fair choice of alternatives and 
economy. 
With these aims in mind, the use of pre-prepared frozen packs of food in 
conjunction with micro-wave heating has been considered; however 
re-heating is generally of the order of ten minutes or so and this usually 
constitutes an unacceptable delay, and also a wide ranging free choice is 
impractical. Consequently in factory canteens it is still the practice to 
have pre-heated quantities of food available from which to serve meals of 
restricted choice range and quality. 
Considering the factory canteen situation, a queue of people should 
desirably be able to sequentially select a meal, pay for it and take it 
away on a tray; and in a smooth running system this should be possible in 
two to three minutes. 
If therefore the re-heating time in a microwave oven can be reduced from 
ten minutes to less than three minutes, the meal becomes capable of being 
re-heated as the individual goes through the process of selecting and 
paying for it -- and then there is no longer the requirement for 
pre-heated quantities of food being available and an improved quality and 
greater selection become possible. 
To achieve this rapid heating would be difficult in a conventional 
multi-mode microwave oven because merely increasing the power accentuates 
the so-called thermal runaway problem. Thermal runaway is the effect which 
occurs when microwave energy is applied to a frozen food where, as soon as 
part of the frozen food thaws and changes from ice to liquid, this part 
assumes a greater dielectric loss factor than the remaining ice and 
selectively takes more of the power from the system, so distorting the 
energy field and resulting in uneven heating. 
The present invention aims to provide a rapid heating method where the 
problem of thermal runaway is minimised or reduced and accordingly 
provides a method of heating a pack of frozen food for consumption, which 
pack is of substantially uniform length and uniform width, comprising 
effecting relative movement of the pack in its length direction past an 
outlet fed by a source of microwave energy, and causing said outlet to 
supply microwave energy to the pack under conditions such that 
substantially uniform heating occurs across the pack width while in the 
pack length direction heating is concentrated in a band which is shorter 
than the pack length, and which through the relative movement between the 
pack and said microwave outlet sequentially traverses the pack length. 
The invention also provides an apparatus for heating frozen food packs for 
consumption comprising a microwave energy source, energy feed means for 
feeding energy from said source to an outlet, and conveying means for 
conveying a pack containing frozen food past said outlet, said outlet, 
said conveying means and said energy feed means being so positioned in 
relation to one another that substantially uniform heating occurs across 
the pack width while in the pack length direction heating is concentrated 
in a band which is shorter than the pack length. 
Concentration of the length direction heating into a restricted band 
coupled with relative movement between pack and energy source enables a 
high heat input into the pack to be achieved without encountering 
significant thermal runaway problems. 
This is because the energy source (the microwave outlet) is continuously 
being moved away from zones where thermal runaway would otherwise occur. 
Thus any distortion of the field consequent on frozen material thawing is 
kept at a minimum, and the only such effect is a slight dragging of the 
heating zone in the direction of pack movement (i.e. heating will be at a 
zone slightly in advance of the centre of the microwave outlet); and this 
dragging effect will be evened out as the heating zone sequentially 
traverses the whole of the pack length and each integral zone of the food 
pack will have received in total substantially the same amount of heating. 
It will be recognised that the dragging effect will tend to cause uneven 
heating at the front and rear ends of the food pack. This can be overcome 
conveniently by either having dummy loads preceding and succeeding the 
pack as it progresses past the microwave outlet; or an infinite number of 
packs juxtaposed without any gap between the front of the first and the 
rear of the next (effectively an infinitely long pack) would also solve 
the end effect problem. 
However we have found that the simplest way of avoiding overheating of the 
ends is by switching the microwave energy on and off in timed relationship 
with the pack movement. In particular the energy should be switched on as 
the leading edge of the pack has moved about halfway across the microwave 
outlet and should be switched off as the trailing edge is halfway across 
the microwave outlet. In practice owing to slight field distortion switch 
on should be just after the halfway point and switch off just before the 
relevant edge reaches halfway. 
As an alternative to choosing the correct time of switching on and off, 
which will be effected when a unidirectional single pass takes place, if 
the pack is to be moved back and forth across the microwave outlet 
overheating of the ends can be avoided by moving the pack back and forth 
over a restricted pathway, i.e. by reversing the movement just before a 
complete pass has taken place. 
In order to ensure that the total quantity of heat received at different 
points along the length of the pack is uniform, as well as taking into 
account the end effect problems referred to above, two other requirements 
have to be substantially met. The first of these is that the movement past 
the microwave outlet should be at a predetermined rate, and the second is 
that the food to be heated should be suitably distributed within the pack 
in relation to its energy absorbing properties. 
Speed of movement and distribution of food within the pack are, of course, 
related functions, and while in practice constant speed and even 
distribution are the most convenient ways of achieving even heating, other 
corelated values of these two functions are theoretically also possible 
(for example if a portion of food near the centre of the pack needs more 
heat, the speed of movement could be slowed down at that stage). 
The manner in which the food is arranged within the pack to ensure even 
heating is generally based on trial and error and experience. For example 
dense high water content foods, e.g. spinach puree, absorb more energy 
than lower water content particulate foods, e.g. peas; and non-uniform 
geometric shapes such as lamb cutlets create similar problems. It then 
becomes a matter of arranging such materials within the pack in such a way 
that the effective absorption properties are as uniform as possible. 
As previously stated heating in the pack length direction is concentrated 
in a band which is shorter than the pack length. Generally the intensity 
of heating in this direction will increase to and then recede from a peak 
of intensity sinusoidally within a distance which may be a third to a half 
of the pack length, when a pack of usually encountered dimensions is used 
(see example to be described later). 
However in the pack width direction heating should be substantially 
uniform. This is preferably achieved by radiation of microwave energy in 
single mode with the Electric Field polarised in the direction of the pack 
width from an outlet of substantially the same width as that of the pack. 
While this is the preferred method, other methods of achieving equal 
heating across the pack width are also possible such as by use of the 
equipment described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,110,794. 
With the single mode arrangement where the Electric Field is polarised in 
the direction of the pack width the intensity of the effective Electric 
Field will theoretically be substantially constant across the transverse 
width of the pack; while intensity will increase sinusoidally to a peak 
and then similarly subside in the direction of movement. 
In regard to the width direction, a single rectangular waveguide outlet 
using the most commonly used frequency, i.e. 2450 MHz, would only 
encompass a particularly narrow pack width i.e. about 5 cm. Therefore to 
achieve a pack width which is commercially more acceptable, we have found 
it desirable to substantially double the waveguide outlet width by using 
an applicator in the form of a Y type power divider supplied from a single 
power source. The same effect could be achieved by using two waveguide 
outlets next to each other, combined with other known power dividers, and 
greater multiples are also possible. 
As a further measure to improve the uniformity of heating across the width 
of the food pack we have found that when heating certain particularly 
dense, high water content, foods steps need to be taken to prevent 
overheating at the side edges of such a pack. By guiding the microwave 
energy via a pair of slots one at each side of the applicator and 
corresponding to the edges of the pack, greater uniformity can be achieved 
provided these slots are spaced half a wavelength apart. This provides, in 
effect, two in phase sources spaced half a wavelength apart. 
The effect then is that in the region of each slot there will be a degree 
of cancellation due to out of phase power from the opposite slot reducing 
the power intensity, while midway between the two slots, the powers from 
the two slots are in phase and will re-inforce one another. These slots 
can for example be achieved by use of a thin conductive baffle plate 
parallel to and spaced from the pack base and closing the central zone of 
the outlet of the Y-type power divider. 
Alternatively it is possible to use a dielectric insert disposed in the 
waveguide outlet adjacent and generally parallel to the food pack path, 
and of low loss factor and of a greater relative permittivity than air, 
which can vary the matching to the food pack and thereby be utilised to 
improve the uniformity of heating across the pack width. The shape and 
disposition of such a low-loss baffle can then be chosen to tailor the 
intensity of heating as desired. 
From the foregoing, it will be apparent that in the preferred arrangements 
a substantially rectangular parallelopiped shaped pack will be used of 
which the width dimension is selected in relation to the waveguide outlet 
width, while pack length -- though not critical -- should be taken into 
acoount in arranging for a switching sequence or reciprocal movement to 
overcome leading and lagging edge end effects. 
The third dimension of the pack, i.e. height, needs to be restricted to 
take into account the energy transmission capability of the microwave 
source. If height is too great the top of the pack would not receive 
adequate energy, but there is no minimum requirement. 
An additional factor limiting pack height comes in when considering the 
method of conveying the pack and of screening the system to prevent 
radiation outwards from the equipment to provide adequate safety. 
Conveniently the radiating outlet for the microwave source opens into a 
screened rectangular cross-section tunnel along which the pack is caused 
to move. This arrangement will generally be T-shaped. 
In order to inhibit propagation of radiation, when this is polarised with 
its field horizontal, from travelling along the upper horizontal limbs of 
the T (the pack pathway), these limbs should be less than half a 
wavelength in height. This then puts a similar limitation on the height of 
the pack -- i.e. since the pack has to pass along within these upper limbs 
it must also be less than half a wavelength high.

Referring to FIG. 1, a conveyor system (shown only schematically) includes 
a horizontal metal screening guide channel 1 for conveying a food pack 2 
past a microwave applicator and vertically disposed waveguide 3. Other 
dispositions than horizontal and vertical are of course also feasible, but 
are less convenient. 
The microwave applicator and waveguide is located so that the Electric 
Field (E) is at right angles to the longitudinal conveying direction L and 
is as uniform as possible across a horizontal plane in the E direction 
shown. In the conveyor direction however the intensity rises to a peak and 
then falls again as shown by graph G (FIG. 2). The height of the guide 
channel 1 is less than half a wavelength long so as to inhibit 
transmission of horizontally polarised radiation along this channel. 
The microwave applicator and waveguide 3 consists essentially of a 
rectangular waveguide 4 of standard internal dimensions (86 mm .times. 43 
mm) feeding into a flared outlet section 4 and fed from a magnetron 
supply. Within the outlet section 5 is a conductive divider plate 6 (shown 
dotted) attached at each end to the side walls within the section 5. The 
dimensions and arrangement within the flared outlet thus form a Y type 
divider, giving rise to a widened zone of constant Electric Field in the 
direction transverse to the conveyor direction (in fact two outputs in 
phase which consequently behave as one), which corresponds to the pack 
width (see FIG. 3). 
Conveniently the outlet width may be about 115 mm, instead of 43 mm of the 
standard waveguide, and a pack of 110 mm width may be accommodated; and 
the equipment is fabricated from thin conductive sheeting, for example 
aluminium sheeting about 1 mm thick. The depth of the channel 1 and the 
height of the food pack should be less than half a wavelength, e.g. about 
55 mm and 35 mm respectively. 
While theoretically a Y type power divider, per se, gives a constant 
intensity field in the transverse direction, in use some edge over-heating 
would tend to occur with certain dense, high water content foods, e.g. 
spinach puree, at edge zones 7 (see FIG. 5). 
Referring to FIG. 5, one method of overcoming this problem is by provision 
of a baffle plate 8 attached to the top of the divider plate and to the 
opposing parallel walls of the flare 5 and spaced from the path of the 
pack base, so as to leave a slot 9 at each end, corresponding to the edge 
zones 7 of the food pack which would otherwise be overheated. 
The centres of the two slots 9 are spaced apart by a distance equal to 
approximately a half wavelength of the generated energy. Then, in use, 
there will be a degree of cancellation at each of the edges, which thus 
reduces the heating at zones 7, while the two slot sources will augment 
one another in a central zone. 
FIG. 6 shows an alternative version where the divider plate 6 and 
transverse plate 8 are replaced by a wedge 22, performing a basically 
similar function in the same manner. 
FIG. 7 shows another version where the plate 8 is replaced by a block 23 of 
polypropylene 2 cm deep which equalised the transverse field in a 
different manner. This provided the most uniform and efficient transfer of 
power in the width direction. 
Since the polypropylene is a low loss material having low loss factor and a 
higher relative permittivity than the equivalent volume of air (about 2.2 
times), it affects the matching of power into the pack. Thus by selecting 
its depth, shape and location the power into the pack can be tailored to 
provide the required uniformity. Moreover power can be transferred to the 
pack more effectively with less reflection back down the waveguide. This 
method of matching is also to be preferred over the previously discussed 
horizontal baffle system since it can also be used with higher multiples 
of flared outlet than the double outlet previously described. 
In practice food packs containing 176 gm of frozen food and measuring 110 
mm .times. 140 mm .times. 35 mm were fed past the applicator and were 
heated from the deep frozen state (about -20.degree. C.) to a temperature 
for consumption in less than three minutes. A substantially uniform 
heating with the absence or minimum of thermal runaway was observed. The 
system was coupled to a magnetron giving a nominal 2 Kilowatts output 
power via a conventional matching device which produces an effective power 
transfer of about 11/2 kW into the foodpack. 
The overall set up of the microwave system is shown schematically in FIG. 
8. The applicator is connected to a wave guide section containing an 
adjustable stub 14 for matching. The next section is a circulator 15 (with 
three ports); one port is connected to the magnetron; the second port goes 
to the flared outlet applicator and the third port is connected to a water 
load 17, incorporating a probe 18 connected to a crystal detector 19 and a 
microammeter 20. The circulator directs all the power from the magnetron 
forward to the applicator, and also diverts any power reflected from the 
applicator into the dummy load 17, thereby protecting the magnetron. The 
crystal detector monitors the reflected power which is minimised by 
adjustment of the matching stub. An oscillatory feeding mechanism 21 is 
provided. 
Setting up the matching is a compromise. There is a big difference between 
the impedance of the food material in the frozen and thawed conditions, 
but the fully frozen condition lasts such a short time that it is 
preferred to set up the matching for the unfrozen condition. In the 
unfrozen condition the match varies somewhat with the type of food and, to 
a small extent, with its temperature. We have found by experience that a 
satisfactory compromise is to adjust the matching stub to give minimum 
reflected power (crystal current) when 200 ml of water in a carton of the 
size referred to above is stationary and centrally over the flare. Under 
this condition the effective microwave power was measured by recording the 
temperature rise of the water in 20 seconds. (At perfect match -- zero 
crystal current -- 1.6 to 1.7 kW was obtained from the microwave power 
pack in use.) 
Overheating of the end edges of the pack can occur due to the field lagging 
as the pack enters the heating zone. This was taken account of by 
restricting the length of oscillating travel across the waveguide outlet. 
The length of the oscillating travel was investigated by observing the 
heating pattern as the length was altered. When the travel was too short 
the leading and trailing edges were too cold, and when too long the edges 
were overheated. The optimum travel was 31/2 cm either side of the central 
position, i.e. a total travel of 7 cm of the pack of which the base is 11 
cm long. The points to which the ends of the pack move and then change 
direction to move back are indicated by the lines 12 and 13 of FIG. 1. 
Thus, viewing FIG. 1, an oscillating pack moves to the left until its 
right hand edge is at line 13 and then moves back to the right until its 
left hand edge is at line 12 and subsequently oscillates between these 
positions. 
A number of different methods of operating the flare was possible. Using a 
single flare the best method was to move the foodpack back and forth 
across the flare mouth about twelve times at a speed of 150 cm per minute, 
the travel across the waveguide having been restricted to avoid end edge 
overheating, as previously discussed. Satisfactory heated packs were 
achieved by this method in about one minute. 
For a continuous flow system it was preferable to use several spaced flares 
arranged sequentially in the path of the foodpack and with corresponding 
switching arrangements to ensure against end edge overheating. Using two 
flares, a food pack speed of 10 cm per minute gave a heating time of one 
minute from each flare, and this achieved the desired temperature. With 
this continuous flow operation the points for switching the pack on were 
similarly located to the lines 12 and 13 of FIG. 1, switch-on occurring 
when the leading edge reaches the line 12 and switch-off occurring when 
the trailing edge of the pack reaches the line 13. 
Triggering of the switches can be effected in any convenient manner such as 
by micro-switches or light beams. 
Using a single flare with a slower speed (5 cm per minute approximately) 
was often satisfactory to reach the desired temperature in two minutes, 
but with some packed products this mode of operation introduced a degree 
of unevenness to the heating effect. 
The description is written in terms of a transmission frequency of 2450 MHz 
which at the present time is the normal microwave heating frequency. 
However it will be understood that other microwave heating frequencies are 
equally permissible provided the waveguide and pack geometry are adjusted 
in accordance with the principles previously discussed.