Catalyst for fluorination of 1,1,1,-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane and method for preparing the same

There are a catalyst for fluorination production of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane comprises chromium, one compound selected from the group consisting of Mg and Ca and at least one metal component selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ce and Ni, wherein the molar ratio of Cr to Mg or Ca ranges from 1:1 to 1:32 and the molar ratio Cr to the metal component is not more than 1:0.5, and method for preparing the same comprising the steps of; producing an admixture of a composition comprising chromium, one compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride and calcium fluoride and at least one metal compound selected from a group consisting of cerium fluoride, zinc fluoride and nickel fluoride with water and refluxing the admixture in methanol or ethanol.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the invention 
The present invention relates to a catalyst for fluorination of 
1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane and more particularly, to a catalyst 
for producing pentafluoroethane from 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane, 
significantly improved in durability, selectivity and activity and a 
method for the preparation of the catalyst. 
2. Description of the Prior Art 
R-502 (a mixture of CFC-115 (CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 Cl) and CFC-22 (CHF.sub.2 
Cl)) has been one of the most important cooling agents utilized 
extensively in refrigerators, automobile cooling systems, and various 
other related industries because it is harmless to! the human body and 
superior in thermodynamic physical properties. 
However, intensive research and observation has revealed that CFC-115 is a 
main substance that destroys the ozone layer in the stratosphere. 
According to the Montreal protocol internationally agreed in 1987, it is 
prescribed that CFC-115 should be prohibited from production and use 
starting from 1996. 
Pentafluoroethane (CF.sub.3 CHF.sub.2 : hereinafter referred to as 
"HCFC-125"), one of important substitutients for R-502 has similar 
physical properties to R-502 when it is used with HFC-32 (CH.sub.2 
CF.sub.2), HFC-143a (CF.sub.3 CH.sub.3) or HFC-134a (CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F) 
as well as does little damages to the ozone layer and has a much less 
influence to the earth's greenhouse effect. 
HCFC-125 may be produced by reacting various C.sub.2 compounds with HF, for 
example, by reacting HCFC-123 (CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2) with HF as shown in 
the following reaction formula: 
EQU 2 CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2 +3 HF.fwdarw.CF.sub.3 CHClF+CF.sub.3 CHF.sub.2 +HCl 
In the above reaction, though 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane (CF.sub.3 
CHClF: hereinafter referred to as "HCFC-124") is also produced, it is 
removed and can be fluorintated to HCFC-125. 
However, it is known that the substitution of fluorine for chlorine in 
HCFC-123 is a very difficult reaction. Thus, an effective catalyst is 
required to promote this reaction. As previously known, chromium oxide 
(III) (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3)-containing catalyst is effective for the partial 
fluorination reaction. In many a patent, techniques for the preparation of 
a chromium oxide-containing catalyst are disclosed. 
Chromium oxide (III) catalysts developed thus far, however, include many 
disadvantages that need to be improved, such as catalyst life span and 
selectivity. For example, since the partial fluorination reaction proceeds 
at high temperatures, e.g. above 350.degree. C., organic compounds, a 
reactant for the partial fluorination reaction or a product of the 
reaction, are decomposed to deposit carbons on the catalyst. As a result, 
the catalyst is deactivated at a rapid rate. 
In order to retard the deactivation rate of the catalyst, a process of 
supplying oxygen together with the reactants has been reported. However, 
this process does not completely prevent the deactivation of the catalyst. 
In addition, the supplied oxygen oxidizes the HCl resulted from the 
partial fluorination reaction to generate a chlorine gas and water. The 
generated chlorine gas, in turn, reacts with the reactants to yield many 
by-products for example, CFC-113 (CF.sub.3 ClCFCl.sub.2), CFC-114 
(CF.sub.2 ClCF.sub.2 Cl) and CFC-115 (CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 Cl) which make the 
separation and filtration of HCFC-125 or HCFC-124 difficult. The water 
by-produced is acidified by dissolving the coexisting HCl and HF in a 
reactor. The acid solution causes corrosion of the equipment including the 
reactor, and thus has a serious effect on the durability of the equipment. 
Many methods for preparing HCFC-124 or HCFC-125 from fluorination reaction 
in the presence of chromium oxide catalyst have been developed. For 
example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,258,500 discloses a method for fluorinating 
tetrachloroethylene in the presence of alumina-supported chromium oxide 
catalyst at the temperature of 400.degree. C. In this method, however, the 
selectivity of HCFC-123, HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 is at most 3.5%, 9.2% and 
35.5%, respectively. 
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,181, a method for fluorinating tetrachloroethylene 
using chromium oxide catalyst obtained by pyrolyzing ammonium dichromate 
at 500.degree. to 650.degree. C. is suggested. In this method, the total 
selectivity of HCFC-123, HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 is merely in the range of 
71.1.about.90.07%. 
Japanese Laid-Open publication No. 4-29940 suggests a method for producing 
HCFC-123, HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 from HCFC-122 (CF.sub.2 ClCHCl.sub.2) in 
the presence of alumina containing chromium catalyst with supply of 
oxygen. Although the total selectivity of HCFC-123, HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 
is about 99%, the starting material, HCFC-122 is expensive and has 
difficulty in producing itself. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst for 
fluorination of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123), superior in 
selectivity and durability. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for the 
preparation of the catalyst, advantageous from an economic point of view. 
The catalyst according to the present invention comprises chromium, one 
compound selected from the group consisting of Mg and Ca and at least one 
metal component selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ce and Ni 
wherein the molar ratio of Cr to Mg or Ca ranges from 1:1 to 1:32 and the 
molar ratio Cr to the metal component is not more than 1:0.5. 
The catalyst, in accordance with the present invention, can be prepared by 
a method comprising the steps of: producing an admixture of a composition 
comprising chromium oxide, one compound selected from the group consisting 
of magnesium fluoride or calcium fluoride and at least one metal compound 
selected from the group consisting of cerium fluoride, zinc fluoride and 
nickel fluoride with water wherein the molar ratio of Cr to Mg or Ca 
ranges from 1:1 to 1:32 and the molar ratio Cr to the metal component is 
not more than 1:0.5; heat-refluxing the admixture with metanol or ethanol. 
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become 
more apparent in the following description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
In the catalyst of the present invention, the molar ratio of Cr to Mg or Ca 
is suitably present in the range of 1:1 to 1:32 and preferably 1:4 to 
1:16. 
The molar ratio of Cr to the metal components of the aqueous metal salt 
solution is not more than 1:0.5 and preferably in the range of 1:0.05 to 
1:0.25. In the present invention, at least a metal component selected from 
the group consisting of cerium, zinc or nickel may be used. 
The catalyst according to the present invention has wider surface area at 
the above of 130 m.sup.2 /g comparing to 50 m.sup.2 /g of the conventional 
chromium oxide catalyst. The wider surface area of the present catalyst 
makes the active component of the catalyst uniformly distributed in the 
catalyst, and increases effective area to catalyst fluorination reaction. 
For the preparation of the catalyst according to the present invention, 
chromium oxide, magnesium fluoride or calcium fluoride and at least one 
metal compound selected from group consisting of cerium fluoride, zinc 
fluoride and nickel fluoride in a predetermined molar ratio are added in 
water. The mixture is refluxed with alcohol such as metanol and ethanol at 
the temperature of 50.degree.-120.degree. C. for hours. After the reaction 
is completed, the precipitate is removed and dried. The dried catalyst can 
be used itself, and if necessary, it can be used after sintering. 
Herein, the terms "conversion" and "selectivity" are defined as follows: 
##EQU1## 
The catalyst of the present invention is superior in the conversion of the 
starting material, HCFC-123 and in the selectivity of HCFC-125. In 
addition, the conversion of the catalyst is maintained even after being 
used for a long period of time. 
Since the activity of the catalyst of the present invention is maintained 
even after being used for a long period of time, it is unnecessary to 
supply oxygen during fluorinating reaction which is required to slow down 
the rapid inactivation of conventional catalysts in the reaction. 
Furthermore, no supply of oxygen to the reactants can bring about a great 
reduction in the generation of by-products. Accordingly, the separation of 
a desirable product from a mixture of the products of the catalytic 
reaction can be carried out in ease. 
In addition, since no oxygen is supplied, unnecessary oxidation of HCl does 
not occur and only a very small amount of water is present in the system, 
which results in lowering the corrosion rate of the equipment used in the 
fluorination. 
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be further 
described with reference to specific examples. 
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in 
considerable detail, variations and modifications of these embodiments can 
be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention 
as described and claimed. 
EXAMPLE 1 
Preparation of the Catalyst 
100 g of CrO.sub.3, 248 g of MgF.sub.2 and 6.5 g of ZnF.sub.2 were mixed 
with 500 ml of water. The obtained admixture was reacted with 100 g of 
ethanol at the temperature of 60.degree.-100.degree. C., and boiled under 
reflux for a period of 16 hours. Afterwards the product was filtered and 
dried at 140.degree. C. for 6 hrs. The dried product was formed into a 
cylindrical pellet with a size of 4 mm.times.4 mm. The surface area of the 
product was measured by BET method using AUTO SORB-1 (Quantachrome, 
U.S.A.). The result is shown in the following Table 1. 
EXAMPLE 2 
Preparation of the Catalyst 
Catalyst was prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1, except that 
metanol was used instead of ethanol. 
EXAMPLES 3-8 
Preparation of the Catalysts 
Catalysts were prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1, except 
that the compositions and their molar ratios were as shown in the 
following Table 1. 
TABLE 1 
______________________________________ 
Composition of the Catalysts 
surface 
Example No. 
Composition of Catalyst (molar ratio) 
area (m.sup.2 /g) 
______________________________________ 
1 Cr:Mg:Zn = 1:4:0.06 162 
2 Cr:Mg:Zn = 1:4:0.06 158 
3 Cr:Mg:Ce = 1:4:0.05 147 
4 Cr:Mg:Ni = 1:1:0.10 132 
5 Cr:Mg:Zn = 1:16:0.05 173 
6 Cr:Mg:Ni = 1:32:0.25 188 
7 Cr:Mg:Ce:Zn = 1:8:0.1:0.1 
165 
8 Cr:Mg:Zn:Ni = 1:4:0.1:0.05 
134 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 9-14 
Preparation of the Catalysts 
Catalysts were prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1, except 
that the compositions and their weight ratios were as shown in the 
following Table 2. 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
Composition of the Catalysts 
surface 
Example No. 
Composition of Catalyst (molar ratio) 
area (m.sup.2 /g) 
______________________________________ 
9 Cr:Ca:Ce = 1:4:0.05 144 
10 Cr:Ca:Ni = 1:1:0.10 130 
11 Cr:Ca:Zn = 1:16:0.05 168 
12 Cr:Ca:Ni = 1:32:0.25 181 
13 Cr:Ca:Ce:Zn = 1:8:0.1:0.1 
159 
14 Cr:Ca:Zn:Ni = 1:4:0.1:0.05 
131 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 15 
Production of HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 
30 g of the pelletized catalyst prepared in Example 1 was charged in a 
cylindrical reactor having a diameter of 2.54 cm and a length of 30 cm 
made of Inconel-600 tube (trade name), and slowly heated up to 400 
.degree. C. with supplying nitrogen gas at a rate of 50 ml/min, so as to 
remove trace water therefrom. 
The reactor was cooled to 200.degree. C. and HF was passed through it. 
During passing the HF, the reactor was heated to 340.degree. C. and 
HCFC-123 was supplied to it in such an amount as to make the mole ratio of 
HCFC-123 to HF 1:8. The contact time of HF with HCFC-123 was 10 seconds. 
HF and HCFC-123 were preheated up to 200.degree. C. before introducing to 
the reactor. The obtained products were washed with MgO suspension and 
water to remove HF and HCl, and then collected at -60.degree. C. The 
obtained mixture was analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a 
Porapak-N column. 
The conversion of HCFC-123 and the selectivity for HCFC-124 and the 
selectivity for HCFC-125 are shown in the following Table 3. 
EXAMPLES 16-22 
Production of HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 
HCFC-125 was prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15, except 
that the catalysts prepared in Examples 2 to 8 were used, respectively, 
and that the reaction temperatures, the mole ratios of HF/HCFC-133a and 
the contact times were as shown in the Table 3. 
The conversion of HCFC-123a and the selectivities for HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 
are given as shown in the following Table 3. 
TABLE 3 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Exam. 
Catalyst 
Temp. 
HF/HCFC-123 
Time 
Conversion 
Select. 
Select. 
No. Source 
(.degree.C.) 
(mol. ratio) 
(sec) 
HCFC-123 
HCFC-125 
HCFC-124 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
15 Exam. 1 
340 8 10 96.5 83.8 5.9 
16 Exam. 2 
380 10 5 100.0 94.5 4.2 
17 Exam. 3 
250 4 30 34.8 19.8 80.2 
18 Exam. 4 
300 15 15 71.4 55.4 44.5 
19 Exam. 5 
320 15 20 82.6 69.3 30.7 
20 Exam. 6 
360 20 10 98.3 91.9 7.2 
21 Exam. 7 
280 8 5 52.8 38.6 61.4 
22 Exam. 8 
330 8 10 79.6 68.6 30.3 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 23-28 
Production of HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 
HCFC-125 was prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15, except 
that the catalysts prepared in Examples 9 to 14 were used, respectively, 
and that the reaction temperatures, the mole ratios of HF/HCFC-133a and 
the contact times were as shown in the Table 4. The conversions of 
HCFC-133a and the selectivities for HCFC-124 and HCFC-125 are given as 
shown in the following Table 4. 
TABLE 4 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Exam. 
Catalyst 
Temp. 
HF/HCFC-123 
Time 
Conversion 
Select. 
Select. 
No. Source 
(.degree.C.) 
(mol. ratio) 
(sec) 
HCFC-123 
HCFC-125 
HCFC-124 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
23 Exam. 9 
380 10 5 100.0 92.7 4.8 
24 Exam. 10 
250 4 30 32.6 17.7 82.3 
25 Exam. 11 
300 15 15 70.4 52.3 47.7 
26 Exam. 12 
320 15 20 79.7 68.8 31.3 
27 Exam. 13 
360 20 10 97.2 89.2 9.9 
28 Exam. 14 
280 8 5 50.3 34.8 65.2 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 29 
Measurement of Catalyst Deactivation 
To ascertain the deactivation of the catalyst when it is used for a long 
period of time without supply of oxygen, the yield of HCFC-125 was 
measured under the same conditions as Example 1. The yield of HCFC-125 was 
80.9 % at the begining of the reaction and it was 79.8 % after 200 hours. 
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
The catalyst according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,181 was prepared by 
pyrolyzing ammonium dichromate at 500.degree. to 650.degree. C. To 
ascertain the deactivation of the catalyst, the yield of HCFC-125 was 
measured at the begining of the reaction and after 200 hours under the 
same conditions as Example 1. The yield of HCFC-125 at the begining of the 
reaction was 81.6%, and it decreased to 54.2% 200 hours later.