Fuel assembly with a water flow separated from the fuel rodsr

A fuel assembly for a boiling water reactor is provided with at least one vertical channel for a by-pass flow through the fuel assembly. The channel is supplied with water through a vertical supply tube surrounded by the base of the assembly, the supply tube being arranged with its lower end in the vicinity of the lower end of the base.

TECHNICAL FIELD 
The present invention relates to a fuel assembly with a lower lattice 
arrangement and a plurality of fuel rods supported by said arrangement, at 
least one fuel box which surrounds a corresponding group of fuel rods, a 
base with an inlet opening for reactor coolant and a circular 
downwardly-facing, substantially annular end surface, the fuel assembly 
having at least one vertical water channel for a water flow running along 
the fuel rods but being separated from said fuel rods. 
DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART 
More particularly, the invention relates to a fuel assembly which is 
constructed in such a way that it is capable of being used, with 
advantage, in a boiling water reactor which is originally intended for 
fuel assemblies having no water channel of the kind mentioned above, 
without it being necessary to introduce any considerable change of the 
other components of the reactor. A problem, which will then be 
encountered, is to achieve the necessary by-pass flow through the central 
water channel(s) when the reactor power is reduced by reducing the 
circulating cooling flow. The problem cannot be solved by simply 
constructing the by-pass channel in question with greater hydraulic flow 
capacity, since this channel also must have a flow capacity which gives 
optimum water distribution at full reactor power. A fuel assembly 
according to the invention has the advantage of giving a sufficient 
by-pass flow at a greatly reduced reactor power and circulating cooling 
flow, without giving too great a by-pass flow at full power. The total 
water flow supplied to a fuel assembly is always subjected to a throttling 
at the inlet of the fuel assembly. In accordance with known theory, the 
energy losses appearing in connection with the throttling do not start to 
manifest themselves until at some distance downstream of the throttling 
opening, more particularly where the stream of water starts to widen out 
again. 
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention is based on calculations showing that a by-pass flow 
through a vertical water channel in a fuel assembly, is reduced to a 
relatively small extent upon a substantial reduction of the circulating 
cooling flow, if the by-pass flow is supplied by the aid of a vertical 
supply tube, the lower end of which is below the level at which the 
throttled stream of water supplied to the fuel assembly has acquired an 
increased cross-section with only vertical stream lines. 
According to the invention, there is provided a fuel assembly having a 
vertical center line and comprising a lower lattice device and a plurality 
of fuel rods supported by said lattice device, and at least one fuel box 
which surrounds a corresponding group of fuel rods, a sleeve-like base 
with an inlet opening for reactor coolant and a circular, 
downwardly-facing, substantially annular end surface, the fuel assembly 
having at least one vertical water channel for a water flow running along 
the fuel rods and being separated therefrom. A supply tube with a 
downwardly-facing inlet opening is arranged in said base for the supply of 
water to the at least one water channel, the inlet opening of the supply 
tube being located below a horizontal plane, the height of which above the 
lowermost point of any other fuel assembly portions is equal to the inner 
diameter of said annular end surface. The fuel assembly is intended to be 
arranged in a reactor core in a conventional manner, with four fuel 
assemblies in each core module, water gaps between adjacent assemblies, 
and a control rod of cruciform cross-section in each module. In addition 
to the water flow flowing along the fuel rods and in contact with these, 
the reactor core is traversed by a first by-pass flow, which is located at 
the above-mentioned gaps formed between the fuel assemblies, and by a 
second by-pass flow, which is located at a plurality of vertical water 
channels of the above-mentioned kind.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIG. 1 shows a vertical section along I--I of FIGS. 2 and 3, and FIGS. 2 
and 3 show horizontal sections along II--II and III--III, respectively, in 
FIG. 1. FIG. 4 shows a partial vertical section along IV--IV of FIG. 2. 
In FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, the numeral 1 designates a fuel box which is attached 
to a base or transition sleeve 2. The fuel box 1, which is composed of 
four mutually equal sheet-metal elements joined by means of four vertical 
strips 1', surrounds sixty-four fuel rods 3, twelve smaller water tubes 4 
and a larger, central water tube 5. Each water tube forms onevertical 
channel, extending along the fuel rods, for a water flow running along the 
fuel rods but being separated therefrom. The water tubes are mechanically 
connected to each other by means of a plurality of elongated linking 
members 6, which are attached with their ends to the strips 1'. The fuel 
rods 3 rest with their lower ends on a bottom lattice 7, which rests on 
two vertical supporting plates 8, which are welded to a hollow, cruciform 
water distributing member 9 provided with connection openings for the 
water tubes 4 and 5. The connection openings are constructed with annular 
supporting surfaces, against which the water tubes 4 and 5 rest at their 
lower end surfaces. The water distributing member 9 is provided with a 
downwardly-facing, inwardly-conical inlet nozzle 9', which is supported by 
a cup 10, which is fixedly connected to the transition sleeve 2 via four 
radially extending suction tubes 11, through which the space surrounded by 
the cup communicates with the space among adjacent fuel assemblies located 
radially outside the transition sleeve 2. The cup 10 is traversed by a 
supply tube 12 for water to the water tubes 4 and 5. The supply tube 12, 
which is attached to the bottom of the cup and passed therethrough in a 
pressure-tight manner, is arranged with its inlet opening below a 
substantially annular end surface 13 of transition sleeve 2. A guide 
member 14, which consists of a ring 14" and a plurality of rods 14' 
attached to said ring, is arranged below the orifice of the base 2, the 
upper ends of the rods being welded to a downwardly-facing annular end 
surface 13 of the base 2. The fuel assembly shown is intended to be 
supported, together with three similar fuel assemblies, by a common 
supporting plate 15 intended for four fuel assemblies, said supporting 
plate 15 being constructed with a conical supporting surface 15' and a 
circular throttling opening 16 for each fuel assembly. As is usual in 
conventional fuel assemblies, the fuel assembly shown is intended to be 
arranged with its lowest point at a vertical distance of at the most 20 
mm, preferably less than 10 mm, from the throttling opening 16. 
The nozzle 9', the cup 10, the radial tubes 11 and the supply tube 12 
together form a water jet pump, and the flow supplied to the water 
distributing member 9 is the sum of the flows flowing through the tubes 11 
and through the supply tube 12. With the design shown, a considerable 
portion, at least one-fourth, of the water flow flowing through the water 
tubes 4 and 5 is allowed to be supplied through the suction tubes 11. 
It is important that the flow passing through the water tubes 4 and 5 have 
a suitable magnitude at full reactor power. Also, the flow through tubes 4 
and 5 must vary with the circulating cooling flow in such a way that flow 
through tubes 4 and 5 is sufficiently large when the circulating cooling 
flow and the reactor power are being reduced, for example to 35% of full 
circulating cooling flow, so that no boiling or only insignificant boiling 
takes place in the water tubes 4 and 5. Calculations have shown that the 
flow passing through the water tubes 4 and 5 will be reduced to a 
relatively small extent upon decreasing pump speed and will be maintained 
at the necessary value upon maximum reduction of reactor power, provided 
the supply tube 12 is constructed and arranged appropriately. 
Particularly, inlet opening 12' must be located sufficiently low in 
relation to throttling opening 16 or in other words, sufficiently low in 
relation to the lowest point of the fuel assembly other than the inlet 
opening itself. The inner diameter of the end surface 13 is designated D. 
The supply tube 12 is arranged with its inlet opening 12' below a 
horizontal plane, whose axial spacing L above the lowest point of the fuel 
assembly, is equal to D. Preferably, the tube opening 12' is also 
positioned below a horizontal plane whose axial spacing above the lowest 
point of the fuel assembly is equal to 0.6 D. Inlet opening 12' may also 
be located below the lowest point of the fuel assembly other than the 
inlet opening. 
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the water tubes 4 and 5 constitute a first 
internal bypass system or means for conducting water along the greater 
part of the length of the fuel rods 1 without the water's contacting the 
rods. Similarly, the suction tubes 11, supply tube 12, nozzle 9' and 
distributing member 9 constitute a second means positioned below bottom 
lattice 7 and connected in series with the first means, for conducting 
water to water tubes 4 and 5. As also shown in these Figures, the minimum 
flow area of the water tubes 4 and 5 is substantially larger than the 
minimum flow areas of the supply tube 12 and the four suction tubes 11. As 
a result, the second water conducting means functions to throttle or 
restrict flow of water to the first water conducting means. As mentioned 
previously in the Discussion of Prior Art section of the specification, a 
fuel assembly configured in this manner provides a sufficient bypass flow 
at greatly reduced reactor power without giving too great a bypass flow at 
full power. 
Concerning the embodiment of FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8, FIG. 5 shows a view taken on 
vertical section V--V in FIGS. 6 and 7; whereas, FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show 
cross-sections along VI--VI, VII--VII and VIII--VIII on FIG. 5. The fuel 
assembly comprises sixty-four fuel rods 20, which are distributed among 
four equal groups. The groups are each surrounded by a tubular 
substantially square fuel box 21 and each provided with a bottom plate. 
Each fuel box 21 is furnished with a plurality of spacers (not shown on 
the drawings) and one bottom lattice or plate 22, which supports the fuel 
rods of the group. Each of the bottom plates 22 rests on a bottom frame 
23, welded to a corresponding fuel box 21, which bottom frame is 
constructed with a circular-cylindrical inner surface. The four bottom 
frames 23 are supported by distributing block 24, which is formed with 
four hollow-cylindrical outlet nozzles 25, each of the four bottom frames 
23 then surrounding one outlet nozzle 25 without any mentionable play and 
being attached to the outlet nozzles 25 by means of radially directed pins 
26. The outlet nozzles 25 are hydraulically connected, via individual 
throttling channels 27, to a base 28 welded to the distributing block 24. 
Four blocking rods 29 are attached to the base below corresponding 
throttling channels 27 for the purpose of preventing blocking of these if 
the cooling water should contain any object having become loose. 
External wall surfaces of the fuel boxes 21 define a vertical water channel 
30 of cruciform cross-section, each channel arm then to a greater or 
smaller extent being open in a radial direction. The four fuel boxes 21, 
which each surround a corresponding bundle of fuel rods, are connected, at 
their upper ends and above the active fuel rod portions, to an upper fuel 
box portion, made with a vertical extension H, which surrounds all the 
fuel rods of the fuel assembly. An upper portion of each fuel box 21 is 
mechanically connected to a central top tube 31. 
The vertical channel 30 is hydraulically connected at its lower portion to 
a supply tube 32 which extends at its upper end through the distributing 
block 24. The base 28 is made with a conical bearing surface 33, which is 
intended to make contact with a corresponding surface of a throughflow 
opening formed in a supporting plate 34. The through-flow opening is 
provided with a throttling plate 35 with a circular throttling opening, 
the diameter of which is d'. At its lowermost portion the base 28 has a 
circular, annular end surface 28'. The diameter at the inner edge of the 
end surface 28' is designated D'. 
The inlet opening 32' of the supply tube 32 is located below a level whose 
axial spacing above the outer edge of the annular end surface 28' is 
designated L', where L'=D'. Preferably, the inlet opening 32' is located 
below a horizontal plane whose axial spacing above end surface 28' height 
is equal to 0.6 D'. The inlet opening 32' can also be located below the 
throttling plate 35. 
As shown in FIGS. 5 to 7, the cruciform vertical water channel 30 among the 
fuel boxes 21 constitutes a first bypass system or means for conducting 
water along the greater part of the length of the fuel rods 20 without the 
water's contacting the rods. Similarly, the supply tube 32 constitutes a 
second means, positioned below bottom lattice 22 and connected in series 
with the first means, for conducting water to channel 30. As also shown in 
these Figures, the minimum flow area of channel 30 is substantially larger 
than the minimum flow area of supply tube 32. As a result, the second 
water conducting means functions to throttle or restrict flow of water to 
the first water conducting means. This arrangement, as in the embodiment 
of FIGS. 1 to 3, provides a sufficient bypass flow at greatly reduced 
reactor power without giving too great a bypass flow at full power. 
The embodiment shown in FIG. 9 differs from those shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 
and 4 by the absence of the ejector pump device and by the substitution 
therefore of an inlet tube 36, which is mechanically and hydraulically 
connected to a cruciform water distributing member 41 of a similar design 
as the member 9 shown in FIG. 1. The portion of the fuel assembly located 
above the member 41 is exactly equal to the corresponding portion of the 
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The cavity surrounded by the 
member 41 is arranged, via at least one hydraulic connector means or 
branch connection, such as a radial tube 42, in hydraulic connection with 
the space located outside the fuel assembly. The inlet opening 36' of the 
inlet tube 36 is located at a considerably lower level than the opening 
12' shown in FIG. 1. However, the desired effect could be achieved to 
approximately the same extent with another level, for example at the inlet 
opening 36' at the same relative height as the opening 12' in FIG. 1. The 
inlet opening of the supply tube must under all circumstances be located 
at a lower level than a level whose height L" above the lowermost point of 
any other part of the fuel assembly is equal to the diameter D". 
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 and 9, the water tubes 4 and 5 constitute a first 
internal bypass system or means for conducting water along the greater 
part of the length of the fuel rods 1 without the water's contacting the 
rods. Similarly, the inlet tube 36, distributing member 41 and radial 
tubes 42 constitute a second means, positioned below bottom lattice 7 and 
connected in series with the first means, for conducting water to water 
tubes 4 and 5. As also shown in the Figures, the minimum flow area of 
water tubes 4 and 5 is substantially larger than the minimum flow area of 
inlet tube 36 and radial tubes 42. As a result, the second water 
conducting means functions to throttle or restrict flow of water to the 
first water conducting means. This arrangement, as in the embodiments of 
FIGS. 1 to 3 and 5 to 7, provides a sufficient bypass flow at greatly 
reduced reactor power without giving too great a bypass flow at full 
power. 
The fuel assembly shown in FIG. 10 differs from the one shown in FIG. 9 
only with respect to the water distributing member 39 and the supply tube 
38. The member 39 has no downwardly-directed inlet nozzle, and the upper 
end of the supply tube 38 is only connected to the space located radially 
outside the base, namely, via at least one horizontal tube portion 40 
which passes through the wall of the base at a level below radial tubes 
42. The volume of water flowing through the inlet opening 38' of the 
supply tube is supplied to the vertical water tubes 4 and 5 of the fuel 
assembly indirectly via the gaps between the fuel assemblies from which 
this volume of water flows into the water distributing member 39 through 
branch connections such as the radial tubes 42. 
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 and 10, the water tubes 4 and 5 constitute a first 
internal bypass system or means for conducting water along the greater 
part of the length of the fuel rods 1 without the water's contacting the 
rods. Similarly, the supply tube 38, distributing member 39, tube portion 
40 and radial tubes 42 constitute a second means, positioned below bottom 
lattice 7 and connected in series with the first means, for conducting 
water to water tubes 4 and 5. As also shown in the Figures, the minimum 
flow area of water tubes 4 and 5 is substantially larger than the minimum 
flow area of supply tube 38 and radial tubes 42. As a result, the second 
water conducting means functions to throttle or restrict flow of water to 
the first water conducting means. This arrangement, as in the embodiments 
of FIGS. 1 to 3, 5 to 7 and 9, provides a sufficient bypass flow at 
greatly reduced reactor power without giving too great a bypass flow at 
full power. 
With the fuel assemblies shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, boiling in the water 
channels 4 and 5 is accepted to a certain extent. This boiling is utilized 
as a means of producing self-circulation so that water is sucked in 
through the radial tubes 42. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the flows of 
water through radial tubes 42 and inlet tube 36 enter the cavity of 
distributing member 41 simultaneously. A very low, fully acceptable 
boiling activity is sufficient.