Multi-level cell memory device and method of operating multi-level cell memory device

A read method of a multi-level cell memory device includes receiving a first read command, and reading first and second hard decision data by performing first and second hard decision read operations using a first hard decision read voltage and a second hard decision read voltage, respectively, the second hard decision read voltage being higher than the first hard decision read voltage. The method further includes selecting one of the first and second hard decision read voltages, reading first soft decision data by performing a first soft decision read operation using a plurality of soft decision read voltages having voltage levels which are different from that of the selected one of the first and second hard decision read voltages, and providing the first soft decision data to a memory controller for first error correction code (ECC) decoding.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

A claim for priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 is made to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0156742 filed Dec. 28, 2012, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The inventive concepts described herein relate to semiconductor memory devices, and more particularly, to multi-level cell (MLC) memory devices and related methods of operation.

Memory devices are generally referred to as either volatile or non-volatile. A volatile memory device is characterized by the loss of stored data at a power-off state, whereas in contrast a non-volatile memory device is characterized by the retention of stored data at a power-off state. Examples of non-volatile memory include read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), and the like.

Developed from EEPROM technology, a flash memory device is a type of non-volatile memory in which erase operations are carried out in units of memory blocks, and program operations are carried out in units of bits.

Flash memory is programmed by controlling a threshold voltage state of a memory cell. However, the threshold voltage of a memory cell can vary or drift from a programmed threshold voltage. This can result from a variety of different causes, such as floating gate coupling, charge loss over time, and so on. Any such variation in the programmed threshold voltage of a memory cell can adversely impact the reliability of a read operation. This is particularly problematic in the case of multi-level cell memory devices in which the margin between adjacent threshold voltage states is relatively small.

SUMMARY

One aspect of embodiments of the inventive concept is directed to provide a read method of a multi-level cell memory device which is connected with a memory controller. The method includes receiving a first read command, and reading first and second hard decision data by performing first and second hard decision read operations using a first hard decision read voltage and a second hard decision read voltage, respectively, the second hard decision read voltage being higher than the first hard decision read voltage. The method further includes selecting one of the first and second hard decision read voltages, reading first soft decision data by performing a first soft decision read operation using a plurality of soft decision read voltages having respective voltage levels which are different from that of the selected one of the first and second hard decision read voltages, and providing the first soft decision data to the memory controller for first error correction code (ECC) decoding.

Another aspect of embodiments of the inventive concept is directed to provide a non-volatile memory device which includes a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells connected with a word line and a bit line, a page buffer connected with the memory cell array and including a plurality of latches, a voltage generator configured to generate a plurality of hard decision read voltages and a plurality of soft decision voltages to be applied to the memory cell array, and control logic configured to control the page buffer and the voltage generator. The control logic is configured to perform a plurality of hard decision read operations on the memory cell array using a plurality of hard decision read voltages, to select one of the plurality of hard decision read voltages, to obtain soft decision data using a plurality of soft decision read voltages having voltage levels which are different from that of the selected one of the hard decision voltages, and to provide the soft decision data to an external device.

Yet another aspect of embodiments of the inventive concept is directed to provide a read method of a multi-level cell memory device which is connected with a memory controller. The method includes receiving a first read command and performing first and second hard decision read operations using respective first and second hard decision read voltages to read first and second hard decision data. The method further includes, upon a fail of error bit correction on the first and second hard decision data, receiving a second read command and reading first soft decision data using a plurality of soft decision read voltages corresponding to the first hard decision read voltage, and providing the first soft decision data to an external device for first error correction code (ECC) decoding.

Other details of the inventive concept may be included in the detailed description and drawings.

With embodiments of the inventive concept, it is possible to improve a read speed and reduce power consumption at execution of a soft decision read operation of a multi-bit non-volatile memory. Also, it is possible to improve the reliability of a non-volatile memory.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1is a block diagram schematically illustrating a non-volatile memory system according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 1, a non-volatile memory system1000may include a non-volatile memory device1100and a memory controller1200. The non-volatile memory system1000is not limited by type, and may include any of a variety of non-volatile memory based data storage media such as a memory card, a USB memory, a solid state drive (SSD), and so on.

The non-volatile memory device1100may perform an erase, write or read operation according to a control of the memory controller1200. The non-volatile memory device1100may receive a command CMD, an address ADDR and data DATA through input/output lines. The non-volatile memory device1100may receive a power PWR through a power line and a control signal CTRL through a control line. The control signal may include a command latch enable (CLE) signal, an address latch enable (ALE) signal, a chip enable (nCE) signal, a write enable (nWE) signal, a read enable (nRE) signal, and so on.

The memory controller1200may control an overall operation of the non-volatile memory device1100. The memory controller1200may include an ECC engine1210for correcting error bits. The ECC engine1210may include an ECC encoder1211and an ECC decoder1212.

The ECC encoder1211may perform error correction decoding on data to be programmed at the non-volatile memory device1100to form data to which parity bits are added. The parity bits may be stored at the non-volatile memory device1100.

The ECC decoder1212may perform error correction decoding on data read from the non-volatile memory device1100. The ECC decoder1212may determine whether the error correction decoding is successful, and may output an instruction signal according to the determination result. The ECC decoder1212may correct error bits of data using parity bits generated at ECC encoding.

In a case where the number of error bits exceeds a correctable error bit limit, the ECC engine1210may not correct the error bits. In this case, the ECC engine1210may generate an error correction fail signal.

The ECC engine1210and the inventive concept is not limited by the error correction algorithms utilized, and may correct an error using any of a variety of different techniques. Examples include LDPC (low density parity check) code, a BCH code, a turbo code, an RS (Reed-Solomon code), a convolution code, an RSC (Recursive Systematic Code), or coded modulation such as TCM (Trellis-Coded Modulation), BCM (Block Coded Modulation), and so on. The ECC engine1210may include an error correction circuit, an error correction system, and an error correction device.

As described above, when the number of error bits exceeds a correctable error bit limit, the ECC engine1210may generate an error correction fail signal. With embodiments of the inventive concept, since the ECC engine1210performs an error bit correcting operation using hard decision read data and soft decision data, an error bit correction capacity may be improved.

FIG. 2Ais a diagram schematically illustrating threshold voltage distributions corresponding to program and erase states after programming of a multi-level cell (3-bit MLC) non-volatile memory device. In an MLC non-volatile memory device (e.g., a flash memory device) where k-bit data is programmed at a memory cell, a memory cell may have one of 2kthreshold voltage distributions. Thus, in the case of 3-bit MLC, a memory cell may have on of 8 threshold voltage distributions.

Threshold voltages of memory cells programmed with the same data may form a particular range of threshold voltage distribution due to a characteristic difference between memory cells. The threshold voltage distributions may correspond to 2kdata values which are generated by k data bits. In a 3-bit MLC, as illustrated inFIG. 2A, threshold voltage distributions corresponding to seven program states P1 to P7 and a threshold voltage distribution corresponding to an erase state may be formed.FIG. 2Ashows such an ideal case in which threshold voltage distributions do not overlap and have a read voltage margin there between.

FIG. 2Bis a diagram schematically illustrating threshold voltage distributions of program and erase states which have varied of time. Here, for example, the memory cells are 3-bit MLC flash memory cells. Characteristic threshold voltage deterioration of the memory cells may occur after the memory cells are programmed and then subjected to iterative program and read operations.

In the example of flash memory, the memory cell may experience a phenomenon in which electrons trapped at a floating gate or tunnel oxide film are discharged over time. This may be referred to as charge loss. The charge loss may be accelerated when the tunnel oxide film is deteriorated by iterative program and erase operations. The charge loss may result in a decrease in a threshold voltage of a memory cell. When viewed schematically as inFIG. 2B, a threshold voltage distribution may be shifted toward a left side.

In the meantime, program disturbance, erase disturbance and/or back pattern dependency phenomenon may cause an increase in threshold voltages.

As characteristics of memory cells are deteriorated as described above, threshold voltage distributions of adjacent states may be overlapped as illustrated inFIG. 2B.

If a particular read voltage is applied to a selected word line under a condition where threshold voltage distributions are overlapped, read data may include a significant number of errors. For example, if a state of a memory cell sensed when a read voltage Vread3 is applied to a selected word line is an on state, the on state may indicate read data existing on a state S2. If a state of a memory cell sensed when the read voltage Vread3 is applied to the selected word line is an off state, the off state may indicate read data existing on a state S3. In a case where threshold voltage distributions are overlapped, however, a memory cell which should be read as an off state may be read as an on state. In short, if threshold voltage distributions are overlapped as illustrated inFIG. 2B, read data may include a significant number of errors.

FIG. 3is a diagram schematically illustrating read voltages at a 2-bit soft decision read operation and formation of soft decision data. A read command may include a hard decision read command and a soft decision read command.

A hard decision read operation may refer to a read operation on programmed data. When a hard decision read voltage is applied to a selected word line, data 1 or data 0 may be read according to an on or off state of a selected memory cell. Referring toFIG. 3, a symbol “R2” may indicate a hard decision read voltage. If a memory cell is decided as an on state upon application of the hard decision read voltage R2, hard decision data 2-1 may be “1”. If a memory cell is decided as an off state upon application of the hard decision read voltage R2, the hard decision data 2-1 may be “0”. A soft decision read operation refers to an operation for adding to the reliability of hard decision read data by using a plurality of variable read voltages (or, soft decision read voltages) having voltage levels different from that of the hard decision read voltage R2.

A 2-bit soft decision read operation may be performed using soft decision read voltages R2-1 and R2-2. First soft decision read value 2-2 decided according to an on or off state of a memory cell upon application of the soft decision read voltages R2-1 may be “1”, “0”, “0”, “0”. Second soft decision read value 2-3 decided according to an on or off state of a memory cell upon application of the soft decision read voltages R2-2 may be “1”, “1”, “1”, “0”.

Soft decision data 2-4 may be decided by performing a logic gate operation on the first soft decision read value 2-2 and the second soft decision read value 2-3. In particular, soft decision data may be generated through an XNOR operation. The soft decision data 2-4 thus generated may be provided to an ECC decoder1212of a memory controller1200(refer toFIG. 1). The soft decision data may indicate the reliability on hard decision data. For example, if the soft decision data 2-4 is “1”, the reliability of the hard decision data may be “strong”. On the other hand, if the soft decision data 2-4 is “0”, the reliability of the hard decision data may be “weak”.

FIG. 4is a block diagram schematically illustrating a memory system according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 4, a memory system1000may include a non-volatile memory device1100and a memory controller1200. Here, the non-volatile memory device1100may be a flash memory device.

The non-volatile memory device1100may include a memory cell array1110, an address decoder1120, a page buffer circuit1130, a data input/output circuit1140, a voltage generator1150, and control logic1160.

The memory cell array1110may be formed of a plurality of memory blocks. Each memory block may include a plurality of pages PAGE1 to PAGEn. Here, a page may mean a set of memory cells connected with a word line. Program and read operations may be performed in the unit of a page, and an erase operation may be performed in the unit of a block.

The address decoder1120may be connected to the memory cell array1110through word lines, and may receive a word line voltage from the voltage generator1150. At a program or read operation, the address decoder1120may provide a program or read voltage to a word line corresponding to an address ADDR.

The page buffer circuit1130may be connected to the memory cell array1110through bit lines. The page buffer circuit1130may include page buffers each connected with one or more bit lines, and each page buffer may include a plurality of latches. The page buffer circuit1130may temporarily store data to be programmed at a selected page or data read from the selected page.

The data input/output circuit1140may include an input buffer1141and an output buffer1142. The input buffer1141may transfer data input from the memory controller1200to the page buffer circuit1130. The output buffer1142may provide data input from the page buffer circuit1130to the memory controller1200.

The voltage generator1150may receive a power PWR from the memory controller1200to generate a word line voltage needed to read or write data. The word line voltage may be provided to the address decoder1120.

The control logic1160may control reading, programming, and erasing of the non-volatile memory device1100using a command CMD, an address ADDR, and a control signal CTRL.

As illustrated inFIG. 4, the memory controller1200may include an ECC engine1210, a microprocessor1220, and a command generator1230. The ECC engine1210may include an ECC encoder1211and an ECC decoder1212as described above.

The microprocessor1220may control an overall operation of the memory controller1200. The microprocessor1220may analyze a command provided from a host to control an overall operation of the non-volatile memory device1100.

The command generator1230may analyze a command from the microprocessor1220to generate a command suitable for the non-volatile memory device1100according to the analyzing result. The command generator1230may apply the generated command to the non-volatile memory device1100. In particular, the command generator1230may provide a hard decision read command and a soft decision command to the non-volatile memory device1100.

FIG. 5is a block diagram schematically illustrating a flash memory device as an example of a non-volatile memory device ofFIG. 4. Referring toFIG. 5, a flash memory device1100may include a memory cell array1110, an address decoder1120, a page buffer circuit1130, a data input/output circuit1140, a voltage generator1150, and control logic1160.

InFIG. 5, there is illustrated an example in which the memory cell array1110includes a single memory block. However, it will be well understood that the memory cell array1110can include multiple memory blocks. A reference number “1111” may indicate a page. Respective pages may be formed of a plurality of memory cells. Each memory cell may be formed of a cell transistor having a control gate and a floating gate.

The memory cell array1110may include a plurality of cell strings1112. Each cell string1112may include a string select transistor connected with a string select line SSL, a plurality of memory cells each connected with a plurality of word lines WL0 to WL63 and a ground select transistor connected with a ground select line GSL. In each cell string, a string select transistor may be connected with a bit line and a ground select transistor may be connected with a common source line CSL.

A memory cell may store one data bit or two or more data bits. A memory cell storing one data bit may be referred to as a single level cell (SLC) or a single bit cell. A memory cell storing two or more data bits may be referred to as a multi-level cell (MLC) or a multi-bit cell.

In a 2-bit MLC flash memory device, two logical pages may be stored at each physical page (e.g., physical page1111ofFIG. 5). Here, a logical page may indicate a set of data bits to be programmed at a physical page at the same time. In a 3-bit MLC flash memory device, three logical pages may be stored at a physical page.

Referring toFIG. 5, the address decoder1120may be connected with the memory cell array1110through the select lines SSL and GSL and the word lines WL0 to WL63. At a read operation, the address decoder1120may select a word line (e.g., WL62) in response to an address ADDR.

The page buffer circuit1130may be connected with the memory cell array1110. The page buffer circuit1130may include a plurality of page buffers, each of which includes a plurality of latches. A page buffer may be connected with a bit line. This structure may be referred to as an all bit line structure. A page buffer may be connected with two or more bit lines. This structure may be referred to as a shield bit line structure. The page buffer circuit1130may temporarily store data to be programmed at a selected page1111or data read from the selected page1111.

FIG. 6is a block diagram schematically illustrating a page buffer circuit ofFIG. 5. Referring toFIG. 6, a page buffer connected with one bit line (e.g., BL0) (or, connected with two or more bit lines) may include at least one or more latches1131,1132,1133, and1134. InFIG. 6, there is illustrated an example in which a page buffer includes four latches1131,1132,1133, and1134. However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto. The four latches1131,1132,1133, and1134may be electrically connected.

A first latch1131may be a sense latch for sensing data of a memory cell. At an MLC program operation, second and third latches1132and1133may be a first data latch for storing a particular data bit and a second data latch for storing another particular data bit. A fourth latch1134may be a latch for storing input data or output data.

A page buffer circuit1130may perform a logical operation (e.g., an XNOR or XOR operation) on data of the four latches1131,1132,1133, and1134according to a control of control logic1160. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 3, it is assumed that a first soft decision value 2-2 is stored at the first data latch1132and a second soft decision value 2-3 is stored at the second data latch1133. Under a control of the control logic1160, the page buffer circuit1130may perform an XNOR operation on values stored at the first and second data latches1132and1133to generate soft decision data 2-4.

FIG. 7is a conceptual diagram illustrating examples of hard decision and soft decision read operations of a 2-bit MLC non-volatile memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. InFIG. 7, a horizontal axis may indicate a threshold voltage and a vertical axis may indicate the number of memory cells. Also, there may be illustrated an LSB read operation and an MSB read operation as hard decision read operations.

Referring toFIG. 7, a 2-bit MLC non-volatile memory device may have four program states E, P1, P2, and P3. At an LSB read operation, a hard decision read operation may be performed using a read voltage Vread2. Hard decision data may be formed through the hard decision read operation. The hard decision data may be provided to a memory controller1200(refer toFIG. 4) for ECC decoding.

At an MSB read operation, first and second hard decision data may be formed by performing first and second hard decision read operations using a first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and a second hard decision read voltage Vread3 which is higher than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1.

A non-volatile memory device1100(refer toFIG. 4) may select one of the first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and the second hard decision read voltage Vread3. The selection of the first or second hard decision read voltages Vread1 and Vread3 is not limited. For example, particular hard decision read voltage may be selected based on the number of read cycles or the number of program/erase cycles. As another example, a particular hard decision read voltage may be selected based on an error bit state of the first and second hard decision data. For example, a hard decision read voltage of data may be selected based on a bit error ratio of first and second hard decision read data.

For example, a hard decision read voltage Vread1 between an erase state E and a first program state P1 may be selected as a soft decision target voltage because a relatively large number of error bits exist. Also, the hard decision read voltage Vread1 may be selected based on a program/erase cycle.

Referring to a step A ofFIG. 7, if the first hard decision read voltage Vread1 is selected, first soft decision data may be formed using a first soft decision read voltage SD1 which lower than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and a second soft decision read voltage SD2 which is higher than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1.

Referring toFIG. 7, memory cells having threshold voltages lower than the first soft decision read voltage SD1 may have first soft decision data “1”, and memory cells having threshold voltages higher than the second soft decision read voltage SD2 may also have first soft decision data “1”. Memory cells having threshold voltages higher than the first soft decision read voltage SD1 and lower than the second soft decision read voltage SD2 may have first soft decision data “0”. The first soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for first ECC decoding.

The first soft decision read operation may be performed when a result of the ECC decoding of MSB hard decision data is a fail. Alternatively, the first soft decision read operation may be performed regardless of whether the result of ECC decoding of hard decision data is a fail.

In a case where a result of the ECC decoding of first soft decision data is a fail, second soft decision data may be formed by performing a soft decision read operation using a third soft decision read voltage SD3 which is lower than a second hard decision read voltage Vread3 and a fourth soft decision read voltage SD4 which is higher than the second hard decision read voltage Vread3. The second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for second ECC decoding. In this case, as illustrated inFIG. 7, the first soft decision data and the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200.

Alternatively, during execution of the first ECC decoding, the second soft decision data may be formed by performing a second soft decision read operation using the soft decision read voltages SD3 and SD4 associated with the second hard decision read voltage Vread3. When the first ECC decoding is failed, the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for second ECC decoding. In this case, as illustrated inFIG. 7, the first soft decision data and the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200. Also, if the first ECC decoding is successful, the second soft decision read operation may be interrupted.

Referring to a step B ofFIG. 7, if the second hard decision read voltage Vread3 is selected, second soft decision data may be formed using the third soft decision read voltage SD3 which is lower than the second hard decision read voltage Vread3 and the fourth soft decision read voltage SD4 which is higher than the second hard decision read voltage Vread3. The second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for first ECC decoding.

The first soft decision read operation may be performed according to a soft decision read command when ECC decoding of MSB hard decision data is not successful (i.e., a fail result). Alternatively, the first soft decision read operation may be performed regardless of whether ECC decoding of hard decision data is not successful.

In a case where a result of ECC decoding of second soft decision data is a fail, first soft decision data may be formed by performing a soft decision read operation using the first soft decision read voltage SD1 which is lower than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and the second soft decision read voltage SD2 which is higher than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1. The first soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for second ECC decoding. In this case, as illustrated inFIG. 7, the first soft decision data and the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200.

Alternatively, during execution of the first ECC decoding, the first soft decision data may be formed by performing a soft decision read operation using the soft decision read voltages SD1 and SD2 associated with the first hard decision read voltage Vread1. When the first ECC decoding is not successful, the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for second ECC decoding. In this case, as illustrated inFIG. 7, the first soft decision data and the second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200. Also, if the first ECC decoding is successful, the second soft decision read operation may be interrupted.

FIGS. 8 and 9are flow charts illustrating an operating method of a memory system according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 8, at an MSB read operation, hard decision data may be formed by performing a hard decision read operation using a first hard decision voltage Vread1 and a second hard decision voltage Vread3 (S11). Error bit correction (ECC) may be performed using the hard decision data (S12). Whether an ECC decoding operation has failed may be determined (S13). If the ECC decoding operation has not failed, a read operation may be ended.

If the ECC decoding operation has failed, a first soft decision read operation may be performed using first and second soft decision read voltages SD1 and SD2, and a second soft decision read operation may be performed using third and fourth soft decision read voltages SD3 and SD4 (S14). The soft decision data may be provided to a memory controller1200for error bit correction (S15).

Referring toFIG. 9, a memory system1000(refer toFIG. 4) according to an embodiment of the inventive concept may operate in a manner different from that ofFIG. 8.

In operation S110, hard decision data may be formed by preforming a hard decision read operation using first and second hard decision voltages Vread1 and Vread3 at an MSB read operation.

In operation S120, error bit correction may be performed using the hard decision data.

In operation S130, whether an ECC decoding operation on the hard decision data has failed may be determined. If the ECC decoding operation is successful, the read operation may be ended. If the ECC decoding operation has failed, the method may proceed to operation S140.

In operation S140, a first soft decision read operation may be performed. A non-volatile memory device1100may form first soft decision data by performing a first soft decision read operation using first and second soft decision read voltages SD1 and SD2.

In operation S150, first soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for error bit correction.

In operation S160, whether an ECC decoding operation on the first soft decision data has failed may be determined. If the ECC decoding operation on the first soft decision data is successful, the method may be ended. If the ECC decoding operation on the first soft decision data has failed, the method may proceed to operation S170.

In operation S170, a second soft decision read operation may be performed. The non-volatile memory device1100may form second soft decision data by performing a second soft decision read operation using third and fourth soft decision read voltages SD3 and SD4.

In operation S180, second soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for error bit correction. Here, the method may be ended.

During execution of ECC decoding, the memory system1000according to an embodiment of the inventive concept can perform the second soft decision read operation using the third and fourth soft decision read voltages SD3 and SD4. If an ECC decoding operation on the first soft decision data is successful, the second soft decision read operation may be interrupted.

FIG. 10is a conceptual diagram illustrating hard decision and soft decision read operations of a 3-bit MLC non-volatile memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. InFIG. 10, a horizontal axis may indicate a threshold voltage and a vertical axis may indicate the number of memory cells. Also, there may be illustrated an LSB read operation, a CSB read operation, and an MSB read operation as hard decision read operations.

At an LSB read operation, a hard decision read operation may be performed using a first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and a fifth hard decision read voltage Vread5 which is higher than the first hard decision read voltage Vread1. Hard decision data may be formed through the hard decision read operation. The hard decision data may be provided to a memory controller1200(refer toFIG. 4) for ECC decoding.

A non-volatile memory device1100(refer toFIG. 4) may select one of the first hard decision read voltage Vread1 and the fifth hard decision read voltage Vread5. As in the previous embodiments, the selection of a particular hard decision read voltage is not limited. As example, a particular hard decision read voltage may be selected based on the number of read cycles, the number of program/erase cycles, an error bit state of the first and fifth hard decision data, and/or a bit error ratio.

Alternatively, the hard decision read voltage Vread1 between the erase state E and the first program state P1 may be selected as a soft decision target voltage because a relatively large number error bits exist. If the hard decision read voltage Vread1 is selected, first soft decision data may be formed by performing a first soft decision read operation using a plurality of soft decision voltages SD1 having a voltage level which is different from that of the first hard decision read voltage Vread1. The first soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for first ECC decoding.

The first soft decision read operation may be performed according to a soft decision read command when an ECC decoding operation on LSB hard decision data has failed. Alternatively, the first soft decision read operation may be performed regardless of whether an ECC decoding operation on LSB hard decision data has failed. In the case of a 3-bit MLC memory, a partial soft decision read operation can be performed by selecting a particular hard decision read voltage at the LSB read operation.

At the CSB read operation, second, fourth, and sixth hard decision data may be formed by performing second, fourth, and sixth hard decision read operations using second, fourth, and sixth hard decision read voltages Vread2, Vread4, and Vread6. Referring toFIG. 10, a hard decision read operation may be performed three times at the CSB read operation.

A non-volatile memory device1100may select one of the second, fourth, and sixth hard decision read voltages Vread2, Vread4, and Vread6. For example, if the second hard decision read voltage Vread2 is selected, the non-volatile memory device1100may form second soft decision data using a plurality of second soft decision read voltages SD2 having a voltage level which is different from that of the second hard decision read voltage Vread2.

A second soft decision read operation may be performed according to a soft decision read command when an ECC decoding operation on CSB hard decision data has failed. Alternatively, the second soft decision read operation may be performed regardless of an ECC decoding operation on hard decision data has failed.

If an ECC decoding operation on second soft decision data has failed, fourth soft decision data may be formed using a plurality of fourth soft decision read voltages SD4 having a voltage level which is different from that of a fourth hard decision read voltage Vread4, and an ECC decoding on the fourth soft decision data may be performed.

If an ECC decoding operation on the fourth soft decision data has failed, sixth soft decision data may be formed using a plurality of sixth soft decision read voltages SD6 having a voltage level which is different from that of a sixth hard decision read voltage Vread6. The sixth soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for ECC decoding.

At the MSB read operation, third and sixth hard decision data may be formed by performing third and sixth hard decision read operations using a third hard decision read voltage Vread3 and a seventh hard decision read voltage Vread7 which are higher than the third hard decision read voltage Vread3.

The non-volatile memory device1100may select one of the third hard decision read voltage Vread3 and the seventh hard decision read voltage Vread7.

For example, if the third hard decision read voltage Vread3 is selected, the non-volatile memory device1100may form third soft decision data using a plurality of third soft decision read voltages SD3 having a voltage level which is different from that of the third hard decision read voltage Vread3. The third soft decision data may be provided to the memory controller1200for ECC decoding. A third soft decision read operation may be performed according to a soft decision read command when an ECC decoding operation on MSB hard decision data has failed. Alternatively, the third soft decision read operation may be performed regardless of an ECC decoding operation on hard decision data has failed.

If a result of ECC decoding operation is a fail, seventh soft decision data may be formed using a plurality of seventh soft decision read voltages SD7 having a voltage level which is different from that of a seventh hard decision read voltage Vread7, and may be provided to the memory controller1200for ECC decoding.

FIGS. 11 to 15are diagrams schematically illustrating a three-dimensional flash memory device according to the inventive concept.FIG. 11is a block diagram of the memory cell array1110ofFIG. 4. Referring toFIG. 11, the memory cell array1110may include a plurality of memory blocks BLK1 to BLKh. Each of the memory blocks BLK1 to BLKh may have a three dimensional structure (or, a vertical structure). For example, each memory block may include structures extending along first to third directions.

Each memory block may include a plurality of NAND strings NS extending along the second direction. A plurality of NAND strings NS may be provided along the first and third directions. Each NAND string NS may be connected to a bit line BL, at least one string select line SSL, at least one ground select line GSL, a plurality of word lines WL, at least one dummy word line DWL, and a common source line CSL. Each of the memory blocks BLK1 to BLKh may be connected to a plurality of bit lines BL, a plurality of string select lines SSL, a plurality of ground select lines GSL, a plurality of word lines WL, a plurality of dummy word lines DWL, and a plurality of common source lines CSL. The memory blocks BLK1 to BLKh will be more fully described with reference toFIG. 12.

FIG. 12is a perspective view of one memory block BLKi ofFIG. 11.FIG. 13is a cross-sectional view taken along a line I-I′ of the memory block BLKi ofFIG. 12. Referring toFIGS. 12 and 13, a memory block BLKi may include structures extending along first to third directions.

First, a substrate111may be provided. The substrate111may include a silicon material doped by first type impurity. For example, the substrate111may include a silicon material doped by p-type impurity or be a p-type well (e.g., a pocket p-well). The substrate111may further include an n-type well surrounding the p-type well. Below, it is assumed that the substrate111is p-type silicon. However, the substrate111is not limited to the p-type silicon. A plurality of doping regions311to314extending along the first direction may be provided on the substrate111. For example, the plurality of doping regions311to314may have a second type differing from that of the substrate111. For example, the plurality of doping regions311to314may be n-type. Below, it is assumed that the first to fourth doping regions311to314are n-type. However, the first to fourth doping regions311to314are not limited to the n-type. A plurality of insulation materials112extending along the first direction may be sequentially provided along the second direction over a region of the substrate111between the first and second doping regions311and312. For example, the plurality of insulation materials112may be provided along the second direction such that they are spaced apart by a predetermined or desired distance. For example, the plurality of insulation materials112may be provided to be spaced apart from each other along the second direction. The insulation materials112may include an insulator such as silicon oxide.

A plurality of pillars113may be sequentially provided on a region of the substrate111between the first doping region311and the second doping region312, and may be formed to penetrate the insulation materials112along the second direction. Exemplarily, the plurality of pillars113may penetrate the insulation materials112to contact with the substrate111.

Each of the pillars113may be composed of a plurality of materials. For instance, a surface layer114of each pillar113may include a silicon material having a first type. For example, the surface layer114of each pillar113may include a silicon material which is doped with the same type as that of the substrate111. Hereinafter, it is assumed that the surface layer114of each pillar113includes p-type silicon. However, the surface layer114of each pillar113is not limited to include p-type silicon.

An inner layer115of each pillar113may be formed of an insulation material. For example, the inner layer115of each pillar113may be filled with an insulation material such as silicon oxide.

In a region between the first and second doping regions311and312, an insulation layer116may be provided along exposed surfaces of the insulation materials112, the pillars113, and the substrate111. Exemplarily, the thickness of the insulation material116may be less than a half of the distance between the insulation materials112. That is, a region, in which any material other than the insulation materials112and the insulation layer116is disposed, may be provided between the insulation layer116provided on an undersurface of the first insulation material of the insulation materials112and the insulation layer116provided on a top surface of the second insulation material under the first insulation material.

In the region between the first and second doping regions311and312, conductive materials211to291may be provided on an exposed surface of the insulation layer116. For example, the conductive material211extending along the first direction may be provided between the substrate111and the insulation layer112adjacent thereto. More specifically, the conductive material211extending along the first direction may be provided between the substrate111and the insulation layer116disposed under the insulation material112adjacent to the substrate111. A conductive material extending along the first direction may be provided between the insulation layer116on a top surface of a specific insulation material among the insulation materials112and the insulation layer116disposed on an undersurface of an insulation layer provided on top of the specific insulation material. Exemplarily, a plurality of conductive materials221to281extending along the first direction may be provided between the insulation materials112. Also, the conductive material291extending along the first direction may be provided on the insulation materials112. Exemplarily, the conductive materials211to291extending along the first direction may be a metallic material. Exemplarily, the conductive materials211to291extending along the first direction may be a conductive material such as polysilicon.

A structure identical to a structure disposed on the first and second doping regions311and312may be provided in a region between the second and third doping regions312and313. Exemplarily, the plurality of insulation materials112extending along the first direction, the plurality of pillars113which are sequentially arranged in the first direction and penetrate the plurality of insulation materials113in the third direction, the insulation layer116provided on exposed surfaces of the plurality of insulation materials112and the plurality of pillars112, and the plurality of conductive materials212to292extending along the first direction may be provided in the region between the second and third doping regions312and313.

A structure identical to a structure disposed on the first and second doping regions311and312may be provided in a region between the third and fourth doping regions313and314. Exemplarily, the plurality of insulation materials112extending along the first direction, the plurality of pillars113which are sequentially arranged in the first direction and penetrate the plurality of insulation materials113in the third direction, the insulation layer116provided on exposed surfaces of the plurality of insulation materials112and the plurality of pillars112, and the plurality of conductive materials213to293extending along the first direction may be provided in the region between the third and fourth doping regions313and314.

Drains320may be respectively provided on the plurality of pillars113. Exemplarily, the drains320may include a silicon material doped with a second type material. For example, the drains320may include a silicon material doped with an n-type material. Hereinafter, it is assumed that the drains320include a silicon material doped with an n-type material. However, the drains320are not limited to include n-type silicon materials. In example embodiments, a width of each drain320may be wider than that of a corresponding pillar113. For example, each drain320may be provided on a top surface of the corresponding pillar113in a pad shape.

Conductive materials331to333extending in the third direction may be respectively connected on the drains320. The conductive materials331to333may be sequentially disposed along the first direction. The conductive materials331to333may be respectively connected to the drains320in the corresponding region. Exemplarily, the drains320and the second conductive material333extending along the third direction may be connected to each other through respective contact plugs. Exemplarily, the conductive materials331to333extending along the third direction may be a metallic material. Exemplarily, the conductive materials331to333may be a conductive material such as polysilicon.

InFIGS. 12 and 13, each of the pillars113may form a string together with an adjacent region of the insulation layer116and an adjacent region of the plurality of conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293. For example, each pillar113may form a NAND string NS together with an adjacent region to the insulation layer116and an adjacent region of the first conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending along the first direction. The NAND string NS may include a plurality of transistor structures TS. The transistor structure TS will be more fully described with reference toFIG. 14.

FIG. 14is a cross-sectional view of a transistor structure TS ofFIG. 13. Referring toFIGS. 12 to 14, an insulation layer116may include first to third sub insulation layers117,118and119.

P-type silicon114of a pillar113may act as a body. The first sub insulation layer117adjacent to the pillar113may act as a tunneling insulation layer. For example, the first sub insulation layer117adjacent to the pillar113may include a thermal oxide layer.

The second sub insulation layer118may act as a charge storage layer. For example, the second sub insulation layer118may act as a charge trap layer. For example, the second sub insulation layer118may include a nitride layer or a metal oxide layer (e.g., aluminum oxide layer, hafnium oxide layer, etc.).

The third sub insulation layer119adjacent to a conductive material233may act as a blocking insulation layer. Exemplarily, the third sub insulation layer119adjacent to a conductive material133extending along a first direction may have a mono-layered or multi-layered structure. The third sub insulation layer119may be a high dielectric layer (e.g., aluminum oxide layer, hafnium oxide layer, etc.) having a higher dielectric constant than the first and second sub insulation layers117and118.

The conductive material233may act as a gate (or control gate). That is, the gate (or control gate)233, the blocking insulation layer119, the charge trap layer118, the tunneling insulation layer117, and the body114may form a transistor (or memory cell transistor structure). Exemplarily, the first to third sub insulation layers117to119may form an ONO structure (oxide-nitride-oxide). Hereinafter, the p-type silicon114of the pillar113may be defined to act as the body in the second direction.

The memory block BLKi may include a plurality of pillars113. That is, the memory block BLKi may include a plurality of NAND strings NS. More specifically, the memory block BLKi may include a plurality of NAND strings NS extending along a second direction (or, a direction perpendicular to a substrate).

Each of the NAND strings NS may include a plurality of transistor structures TS which are stacked in a second direction. At least one of the plurality of transistor structures TS of each NAND string NS may act as a string select transistor SST. At least one of the plurality of transistor structures TS of each NAND string may act as a ground select transistor GST.

The gates (or control gates) may correspond to the conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending along the first direction. That is, the gates (or control gates) may form word lines WL extending along the first direction and at least two select lines (e.g., at least one string select line SSL and at least one ground select line GSL).

The conductive materials331to333extending along the third direction may be connected to one ends of the NAND strings NS. For example, the conductive materials331to333extending along the third direction may act as bit lines BL. That is, in one memory block BLKi, one bit line BL may be connected to the plurality of NAND strings.

The second type doping regions311to314extending along the first direction may be provided at the other ends of the NAND strings NS. The second type doping regions311to314extending along the first direction may act as common source lines CSL.

In summary, the memory block BLKi may include the plurality of NAND strings NS extending along a direction (second direction) perpendicular to the substrate111, and may operate as a NAND flash memory block (e.g., charge trap type) in which the plurality of NAND strings NS is connected to one bit line BL.

InFIGS. 12 to 14, it has been described that the conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending along the first direction are provided on nine layers. However, the first conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending along the first direction are not limited to being provided on the nine layers. For example, the conductive materials extending along the first direction may be provided upon 8, 16 or more layers. That is, a NAND string may include 8, 16 or more transistors.

InFIGS. 12 to 14, it has been described that three NAND strings NS are connected to one bit line BL. However, the inventive concept is not limited to such a case that three NAND strings NS are connected to one bit line BL. Exemplarily, in the memory block BLKi, m NAND strings NS may be connected to one bit line BL. Here, the number of the conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending along the first direction and the number of common source lines311to314may also be adjusted so as to correspond to the number of NAND strings NS connected to one bit line BL.

InFIGS. 12 to 14, it has been described that three NAND strings NS are connected to one conductive material extending along the first direction. However, the inventive concept is not limited to such a case that three NAND strings NS are connected to a conductive material. For example, n NAND strings NS may be connected to one conductive material. Here, the number of the conductive materials331to333extending along the third direction may also be adjusted to correspond to the number of NAND strings NS connected to one conductive material.

FIG. 15is an equivalent diagram of a memory block BLKi described with reference toFIGS. 12 to 14. Referring toFIGS. 12 to 15, NAND strings NS11 to NS31 may be provided between a first bit line BL1 and a common source line CSL. NAND strings NS12, NS22 and NS32 may be provided between a second bit line BL2 and the common source line CSL. NAND strings NS13, NS23 and NS33 may be provided between a third bit line BL3 and the common source line CSL. The third bit line BL3 may correspond to a conductive material333extending along a third direction.

A string select transistor SST of each NAND string NS may be connected to a corresponding bit line BL. A ground select transistor GST of each NAND string NS may be connected to the common source line CSL. Memory cells MC may be provided between the string select transistor SST and the ground select transistor GST of each NAND string NS.

Hereinafter, the NAND strings NS may be defined in units of rows and columns. The NAND strings NS commonly connected to one bit line may form one column. For example, the NAND strings NS11 to NS 31 connected to the first bit line BL1 may correspond to a first column. The NAND strings NS12 to NS 32 connected to the second bit line BL2 may correspond to a second column. The NAND strings NS13 to NS 33 connected to the third bit line BL3 may correspond to a third column. The NAND strings NS connected to one string select line SSL may form one row. For example, the NAND strings NS11 to NS13 connected to a first string select line SSL1 may form a first row. The NAND strings NS21 to NS23 connected to a second string select line SSL2 may form a second row. The NAND strings NS31 to NS33 connected to a third string select line SSL3 may form a third row.

A height may be defined in each NAND string NS. Exemplarily, the height of the ground select transistor GST may be defined as 1 in each NAND string NS. In each NAND string NS, the closer to the string selection transistor SST, the higher the height of a memory cell. In each NAND string NS, the height of the memory cell MC6 adjacent to the string select transistor SST may be defined as 6.

The string select transistors SST of the NAND strings NS of the same row may share the string select line SSL. The string select transistors SST of the NAND strings NS in different rows may be connected with different string select lines SSL1, SSL2, and SSL3, respectively.

The memory cells MC having the same height in the NAND strings NS of the same row may share the word line WL. The word lines WL of the NAND strings NS which have the same height and correspond to different rows may be commonly connected. Dummy memory cells DMC having the same height in the NAND strings NS of the same row may share a dummy word line DWL. The dummy word lines DWL of the NAND strings NS which have the same height and are connected to dummy memory cells DMC of the NAND strings NS in different rows may be commonly connected.

Exemplarily, the word lines WL or the dummy word lines DWL may be commonly connected on layers where conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending in the first direction are provided.

Exemplarily, the conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending in the first direction may be connected to an upper layer via a contact. The conductive materials211to291,212to292, and213to293extending in the first direction may be connected in common at the upper layer. Ground select transistors GST of the NAND strings NS of the same row may share a ground select line GSL. The ground select transistors GST of the NAND strings NS in different rows may share the ground select line GSL. That is, the NAND strings NS11 to NS13, NS21 to NS23, and NS31 to NS33 may be connected in common to the ground select line GSL.

The common source line CSL may be commonly connected to all the NAND strings NS. For example, the first to fourth doping regions311to314may be connected at an active region of the substrate111. For example, the first to fourth doping regions311to314may be connected to an upper layer via a contact. The first to fourth doping regions311to314may be connected in common at the upper layer.

As illustrated inFIG. 15, the word lines WL having the same height may be commonly connected. Therefore, when the word line WL with a specific height is selected, all of the NAND strings NS connected to the selected word line WL may be selected. The NAND strings NS of different rows may be connected to different string select lines SSL. Accordingly, among the NAND strings NS connected to the same word line WL, the NAND strings NS of the unselected row may be electrically isolated from the bit lines BL1 to BL3. That is, a row of the NAND strings NS may be selected by selecting the string select lines SSL1 to SSL3. The NAND strings NS of the selected row may be selected by the column unit by selecting the bit lines BL1 to BL3.

In each NAND string NS, a dummy memory cell DMC may be provided. The first to third memory cells MC1 to MC3 may be provided between the dummy memory cell DMC and the ground select transistor GST. The fourth to sixth memory cells MC4 to MC6 may be provided between the dummy memory cell DMC and the string select transistor SST. Below, it is assumed that the memory cells MC in each NAND string NS are divided into memory cell groups by the dummy memory cell DMC. Memory cells (e.g., MC1 to MC3), adjacent to the ground select transistor GST, from among the divided memory cell groups may be referred to as a lower memory cell group. Memory cells (e.g., MC4 to MC6), adjacent to the string select transistor SST, from among the divided memory cell groups may be referred to as an upper memory cell group.

An operating method of a non-volatile memory device which includes at least one or more cell strings each arranged in a direction perpendicular to a substrate connected with a memory controller and including memory cells, a string select transistor and a ground select transistor will be described with reference toFIGS. 11 to 15. With the operating method, the non-volatile memory device may be provided with a first read command to perform first and second hard decision read operations using a first hard decision read voltage and a second hard decision read voltage which is higher than a first read voltage, form hard decision data, select a particular one of the first and second hard decision voltages based on an error bit state of the hard decision data, form soft decision data using a third and/or four read voltage which is higher or lower by a predetermined voltage than a hard decision read voltage of selected data, and provide the soft decision data to the memory controller.

FIG. 16is a block diagram schematically illustrating an electronic device10000including a memory controller15000and a non-volatile memory device16000according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 16, an electronic device10000such as a cellular phone, a smart phone, or a tablet PC may include a non-volatile memory device16000implemented by a flash memory device and a memory controller15000to control the non-volatile memory device16000.

The non-volatile memory device16000may mean a non-volatile memory device as described above in connection with inFIGS. 1 to 15. The non-volatile memory device16000may store random data.

The memory controller15000may be controlled by a processor11000which controls an overall operation of the electronic device10000.

Data stored at the non-volatile memory device16000may be displayed through a display13000according to a control of the memory controller15000which operates according to a control of the processor11000.

A radio transceiver12000may change a radio signal through an antenna. For example, the radio transceiver12000may convert a radio signal received through the antenna into a signal capable of being processed by the processor11000. Thus, the processor11000may process a signal from the radio transceiver12000, and may store the processed signal at the non-volatile memory device16000. Or, the processor11000may display the processed signal through the display13000.

The radio transceiver12000may convert a signal from the processor11000into a radio signal, and may output the converted radio signal to the exterior through the antenna.

An input device14000may be a device that receives a control signal for controlling an operation of the processor11000or data to be processed by the processor11000, and may be implemented by a pointing device such as a touch pad or a computer mouse, a key pad, or a keyboard.

The processor11000may control the display13000such that data from the non-volatile memory device16000, a radio signal from the radio transceiver12000or data from the input device14000is displayed through the display13000.

FIG. 17is a block diagram schematically illustrating an electronic device20000including a memory controller24000and a non-volatile memory device25000according to another embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 17, an electronic device20000may be implemented by a data processing device such as a personal computer, a tablet computer, a net-book, an e-reader, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a PMP (Portable Multimedia Player), an MP3 player, or an MP4 player, and may include a non-volatile memory device25000(e.g., a flash memory device) and a memory controller24000to control an operation of the non-volatile memory device25000.

The non-volatile memory device25000may mean a non-volatile memory device as described previously in connection withFIGS. 1 to 15. The non-volatile memory device25000may store random data.

The electronic device20000may include a processor21000to control an overall operation of the electronic device20000. The memory controller24000may be controlled by the processor21000.

The processor21000may display data stored at the non-volatile memory device25000through a display23000according to an input signal generated by an input device22000. For example, the input device22000may be implemented by a pointing device such as a touch pad or a computer mouse, a key pad, or a keyboard.

FIG. 18is a block diagram schematically illustrating an electronic device30000including a non-volatile memory device34000according to still another embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 18, an electronic device30000may include a card interface31000, a memory controller32000, and a non-volatile memory device34000(e.g., a flash memory device).

The electronic device30000may exchange data with a host through the card interface31000. The card interface31000may be an SD (Secure Digital) card interface or an MMC (Multi-Media Card) interface. However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto. The card interface31000may interface data exchange between the host and the memory controller32000according to the communications protocol of the host capable of communicating the electronic device30000.

The memory controller32000may control an overall operation of the electronic device30000, and may control exchange of data between the card interface31000and the non-volatile memory device34000. A buffer memory33000of the memory controller32000may buffer data transferred between the card interface31000and the non-volatile memory device34000.

The memory controller32000may be connected with the card interface31000and the non-volatile memory device34000through a data bus DATA and an address bus ADDRESS. According to an embodiment, the memory controller32000may receive an address of data to be read or written from the card interface31000through the address bus ADDRESS, and may send it to the non-volatile memory device34000.

Also, the memory controller32000may receive or transfer data to be read or written through the data bus DATA connected with the card interface31000or the non-volatile memory device34000.

The non-volatile memory device34000may mean a non-volatile memory device as described previously in connection withFIGS. 1 to 15. The non-volatile memory device34000may store random data.

When the electronic device30000is connected with a host such as a PC, a tablet PC, a digital camera, a digital audio player, a mobile phone, console video game hardware or a digital set-top box, the host may exchange data stored at the non-volatile memory device34000through the card interface31000and the memory controller32000.

FIG. 19is a block diagram schematically illustrating an electronic device including a memory controller and a non-volatile memory device according to still another embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 19, an electronic device40000may include a non-volatile memory device45000(e.g., a flash memory device), a memory controller44000to control a data processing operation of the non-volatile memory device45000, and a processor41000to control an overall operation of the electronic device40000.

The non-volatile memory device45000may mean a non-volatile memory device as described previously in connection withFIGS. 1 to 15.

An image sensor42000of the electronic device40000may convert an optical signal into a digital signal, and the converted digital signal may be stored at the non-volatile memory device45000under the control of the processor41000. Or, the converted digital signal may be displayed through a display43000under the control of the processor41000.

FIG. 20is a block diagram schematically illustrating an electronic device60000including a memory controller61000and non-volatile memory devices62000A,62000B, and62000C according to still another embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring toFIG. 20, an electronic device60000may be implemented by a data storage device such as a solid state drive (SSD).

The electronic device60000may include non-volatile memory devices62000A,62000B, and62000C and a memory controller61000to control a data processing operation of each of the non-volatile memory devices62000A,62000B, and62000C.

The electronic device60000may be implemented by a memory system or a memory module.

Each of the non-volatile memory devices62000A,62000B, and62000C may mean a non-volatile memory device as described previously in connection withFIGS. 1 to 15. The non-volatile memory devices62000A,620006, and62000C may store random data.

The memory controller61000may be implemented outside or inside electronic device60000according to an embodiment.

FIG. 21is a block diagram of a data processing system including an electronic device illustrated inFIG. 20.

Referring toFIGS. 20 and 21, a data storage device70000may be implemented by a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) system. The data storage device70000may include a RAID controller71000and a plurality of memory systems72000A to72000N (N being a natural number).

Each of the memory systems72000A to72000N may be an electronic device40000inFIG. 19. The memory systems72000A to72000N may form an RAID array. The data storage device70000may be implemented by a personal computer or an SSD.

During a program operation, the RAID controller71000may output program data output from a host to one of the memory systems72000A to72000N according to one selected from a plurality of RAID levels based on RAID level information output from the host.

During a read operation, the RAID controller71000may transfer data read from one of the memory systems72000A to72000N to the host according to one selected from a plurality of RAID levels based on RAID level information output from the host.