Printed wiring board having indications thereon covered by insulation

Improved printed wiring boards are disclosed, in which indications showing the types of electronic devices to be mounted on the printed wiring boards and other information are provided within the insulation cover coating and are protected from getting accidentally scraped off. Alignment marks are also well protected so that users can always rely on the alignment marks. The surfaces of the printed wiring boards are smooth and flat, which prevents stagnation trouble in a feeding operation of the printed wiring boards as well as helps provide a securer mounting of electronic devices. An improved wiring freedom is also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to a printed wiring board. More particularly, 
this invention relates to a printed wiring board having indications 
thereon that provide information such as the types or kinds of electronic 
devices to be mounted on the printed wiring board as well as the product 
information of the printed wiring board and others. This invention also 
relates to a method for producing such printed wiring boards. 
2. Description of the Prior Art 
There have previously been proposed printed wiring boards each comprising a 
substrate, conductor circuits provided on the insulated surface or 
surfaces of the substrate, and insulation cover coating such as solder 
resist provided on the substrate to protect the conductor circuits, the 
insulation cover coatings has colored indications of an insulation ink 
material comprising letters, marks, numbers or signs providing information 
of the types or kinds of electronic devices to be mounted on the printed 
wiring board as well as other information. 
In such a prior art printed wiring board, the colored indications are 
provided on the outer insulation cover coating after the provision of the 
insulation cover coating on the substrate. 
There have also been proposed printed wiring boards, in each of which a 
portion or portions of the conductor circuits are exposed from the 
insulation cover coating, serving as an alignment mark for the substrate 
and/or as connector (mounting) sections for mounting electronic devices on 
the pointed wiring board. 
Such a prior art, printed wiring board as introduced in the above, however, 
does not provide a good "sliding" performance, an important requirement 
for smoothly feeding printed wiring boards in a process for mounting 
electronic devices on the substrates in Express Mail Label No. 
TB661440538US an automated production line. One reason for the poor 
"sliding" performance is that the indications printed on the insulation 
cover coating of a printed wiring board "protrude" from the insulation 
cover coating, making the surface or surfaces of the printed wiring board 
"rough" and often prevent smooth automatic feeding of the printed wiring 
board into an electronic device mounting process by causing friction with 
other printed wiring boards piled together, thus causing users much 
trouble. Further, the indications on the printed wiring board may be 
scraped off partially or wholly by the rubbing caused with other printed 
wiring boards in such a feeding step or at other times so that users of 
the printed wiring board are unable to read the indications easily or at 
all. 
Generally, conductor circuits are given a light color, such as golden 
color, by gilding. Substrate alignment marks prepared by the same gilding 
are also light colored. Generally, insulation coating has a dark color, 
such as dark green. Therefore, indications such as letters, marks, numbers 
and signs provided on insulation coating are light colored, such as in 
white or yellow, in order to facilitate reading by users against the dark 
background of the insulation coating. Accordingly, there is often 
confusion between light colored alignment marks and also light colored 
indications caused by misrecognition of an indication for an alignment 
mark, which will result in slow down of manufacturing lines and thus poor 
productivity. 
Conventionally an alignment mark is provided on a substrate in an area 
between the conductor circuits on the substrate, which reduces the freedom 
of formation of wiring patterns around the alignment mark. Therefore, 
"wiring freedom" for conductor circuits is reduced by alignment marks. It 
may be possible to provide an alignment mark with an insulation material 
on the insulation cover coating of a substrate to improve "wiring freedom" 
for conductor circuits, however, such an alignment mark may be lost as 
indications on the same surface may be lost as described earlier. 
Alignment marks are essential in aligning substrates printed wiring boards 
in manufacturing lines. A lost alignment mark is practically 
unrecoverable. Therefore, it is essential that "clear" alignment marks are 
retained on substrates. 
Electronic devices such as IC's and LSI's mounted on such a conventional 
printed wiring board are to be positioned "off" the insulation coating of 
the printed wiring board by the thickness or height of the indications 
provided or printed on the insulation coating when there exists an 
indication or indications beneath such an electronic device. Thus there is 
made a "considerable" distance between an electronic device mounted on the 
printed wiring board and the connector section or sections on the 
substrate where the electronic device is mounted. It is then required to 
use more solder material between the connector section or sections and the 
external terminals of the electronic device than when no indication exists 
beneath the electronic device, and/or it is required to extend the 
external terminals of the electronic device to come closer to the 
connector section or sections, both in order to attain a good connection 
reliability between the external terminals of the electronic device and 
the connector section or sections. 
And, the electronic device will not be mounted in parallel with the 
substrate or squarely or securely on the printed wiring board if any 
indication exists under the electronic device, a considerable reduction of 
the quality of the printed wiring board. In such a situation, very 
reliable solder connection between the external terminals of the 
electronic device and the connector section or sections may not be 
provided. In case the electronic device is a QPF package having many 
terminals, if more solder material need be used to secure the connection 
between the terminals of the QPF package and the connector sections, 
"electrical bridging" may be formed between the terminals, which is fatal 
to the whole system. 
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a printed 
wiring board which can provide an excellent "sliding" property as well as 
prevent scraping off of the indications as well as the alignment mark or 
marks provided on the printed wiring board. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a printed wiring 
board that provides "clear distinction" between an alignment mark or marks 
and indications. 
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a printed 
wiring board that provides reliable connection between the electronic 
devices mounted on the printed wiring board and the conductor circuits of 
the printed wiring board. 
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a printed wiring 
board that provides an improved "wiring freedom" for conductor circuits. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of making 
such printed wiring boards. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
A printed wiring board according to the present invention comprises a 
substrate each surface of which is provided with an insulation layer, 
conductor circuits provided on each insulation layer of the substrate, 
indications such as letters, marks, numbers and/or signs of a colored 
insulation material provided on each surface of the substrate having the 
conductor circuits, and light transmittable insulation coating provided on 
each surface of the substrate having the conductor circuits and the 
indications. 
The indications may include letters such as alphabetic letters, marks such 
as an alignment mark, numbers and signs, and give information such as the 
types or kinds of electronic devices to be mounted on the printed wiring 
board as well as other information such as the product number of the 
printed wiring board. 
The conductor circuits and the indications may be partially covered with 
the light transmittable insulation coating. An exposed indication portion 
may serve as an alignment mark of the substrate and an exposed portion or 
portions of the conductor circuits may serve as connector sections for 
mounting electronic devices on the printed wiring board. The light 
transmittable insulation coating may be replaced by non-light 
transmittable insulation coating under some circumstances if such is 
desired. 
Another printed wiring board according to the present invention includes a 
substrate having plating resist and conductor circuits provided or formed 
on the portions where no plating resist exists. The printed wiring board 
has indications of a colored insulation material printed on the substrate 
having the plating resist and the conductor circuits. The printed wiring 
board further has insulation coating provided on the substrate having the 
plating resist, the conductor circuits and the colored indications. 
The insulation coating may partially cover the conductor circuits and the 
indications. An exposed indication or portion of the indications may serve 
as an alignment mark for the substrate and an exposed portion or portions 
of the conductor circuits may serve as connector sections for mounting 
electronic devices on the printed wiring board. The insulation coating may 
be a non-light transmittable material under some circumstances if so 
desired. 
A method of producing such printed wiring boards is also disclosed. 
According to the present invention, the steps of providing plating resist 
and conductor circuits on a substrate may be performed with an "additive 
process". A method of producing a printed wiring board according to the 
present invention may include the steps comprising: applying a photo 
sensitive liquid resin on a substrate to provide light transmittable 
insulation coating; and treating the coating material by 
exposing/developing processes. 
Printed wiring boards according to the present invention provide a good 
surface "slippery" property, an improved "wiring freedom" for conductor 
circuits and an improved connection reliability with the electronic 
devices mounted on the printed wiring boards. The printed wiring boards 
prevent scraping off of the indications including substrate alignment 
marks on the printed wiring boards as well as prevent confusion between 
alignment marks and indications.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
Printed wiring boards according to the present invention and a method of 
making such printed wiring boards will be described with reference to the 
accompanying drawings. 
In FIG. 1, a portion of the top surface of a printed wiring board according 
to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The printed wiring 
board comprises a substrate 10 the surfaces of which are insulated, 
conductor circuits 20 provided on each side of the substrate 10, 
indications 40 of a colored insulation material provided on the substrate 
10 having the conductor circuits 20, and light transmittable insulation 
coating 30 provided on the substrate 10 having the conductor circuits 20 
and the indications 40. The insulation coating 30 is provided after the 
provision of the indications 40. The insulation coating 30 covers both the 
conductor circuits 20 (partially) and the indications 40. The indications 
40 are colored and the insulation coating 30 is light transmittable. 
The indications 40 can (partially) cover the conductor circuits 20 since 
the indications 40 of an insulation material do not hinder the performance 
of the conductor circuits 20. The indications 40 may include alphabetic 
letters, marks, numbers and signs, and provide information of the types or 
kinds of electronic devices to be mounted on the printed wiring board and 
other information such as the product number or product mark of the 
printed wiring board. The indications 40 are usually given a light color 
to facilitate reading by users through the dark foreground of the 
insulation coating 30. 
In FIG. 1, an alignment mark 20a is shown. The alignment mark 20a is an 
uncovered (with the insulation coating 30) portion of the conductor 
circuits 20, which provides a positioning or alignment indication for the 
substrate 10, an essential element for aligning the substrate 10 in a 
right position or alignment in manufacturing lines. In the figure, 
connector sections 20b are also shown. The connector sections 20b are also 
uncovered (with the insulation coating 30) portions of the conductor 
circuits 20, which provide mounting means for electronic devices on the 
printed wiring board. 
The indications 40 do not protrude from the insulation coating 30 as the 
indications 40 are covered with the insulation coating 30. Therefore, the 
surface of the insulation coating 30 is substantially flat. Since the 
indications 40 are covered with the insulation coating 30, the indications 
40 are well protected from accidental removal by scraping or rubbing. The 
indications 40 of a light color material can be read through the 
insulation coating 30 as the insulation coating 30 of a dark color is 
still light transmittable. 
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of the printed wiring board of FIG. 1, 
taken along line A--A therein, showing the top half or portion of the 
printed wiring board, As can be seen in the figure, the conductor circuits 
20 are partially covered by the insulation coating 30 (and are also 
partially covered by the indications 40). The indications 40 are also 
covered by the insulation coating 30. The alignment mark 20a and the 
connector sections 20b are not (totally) covered by the insulation coating 
30. 
The substrate 10 is provided with an insulation top layer on each surface 
thereof (not shown). The substrate 10 may be made of a synthetic resin 
such as an epoxy resin glass, a ceramic material such as an alumina or 
aluminum nitride ceramic, or a metal material such as aluminum. The 
substrate 10 may be a multilayer substrate having an inner conductor 
circuit layer or layers. 
The conductor circuits 20 may be provided, in desired configurations or 
patterns, with a copper foil or another suitable foil by a conventionally 
practiced method such as a method including a subtractive process. In this 
embodiment, gilding by gold is further provided on the conductor circuits 
20, giving them an appearance in golden color (light color). 
The indications 40 are provided at desired locations on the substrate 10 
having the conductor circuits 20. The indications 40 may be provided by 
screen printing. The indications 40 provide information of the electronic 
devices to be mounted on the printed wiring board as well as the type or 
model of the product (printed wiring board) and others. The indications 40 
may be an epoxy resin ink or an acrylic resin ink. Or the indications 40 
can be a conductive paste, in which case the indications 40 should not be 
applied on the conductor circuits 20 as such a conductive material hinders 
the function of the conductor circuits 20. 
The indications 40 are given a light color such as white, yellow, gold or 
silver. The indications 40 may or may not be light transmittable. In case 
the indications 40 are light transmittable, the color of the indications 
40 as seen by users of the printed wiring board becomes a color blended 
with the color of the substrate surface 10 and the color of the insulation 
coating 30. 
The insulation coating 30 is provided on each side of the substrate 10 
covering the conductor circuits 20 partially and the indications 40. It is 
preferred that the insulation coating 30 is light transmittable so that 
users of the printed wiring board can see the indications 40 through the 
insulation coating 30. The insulation coating 30 may be colored in deep 
green, green, black, blue, red, brown, etc., however, such insulation 
coating 30 need still be light transmittable enough to facilitate reading 
of the indications 40 according to this preferred embodiment. 
Light transmittable insular, ion coating 30 may be provided on the 
substrate 10 by appropriately applying a desired amount of a light 
transmittable heat-curing resin on a substrate 10 having conductor 
circuits 20 and indications 30 thereon and by heating the resin to cure. 
Such insulation coating 30 may be provided by a printing process. Such 
insulation coating 30 may be provided by appropriately pasting a light 
transmittable filmy resin on the substrate 10 having conductor circuits 20 
and indicators 30. However, it is preferred to provide insulation coating 
30 on the substrate 10 by using a photo-sensitive liquid resin and 
appropriately treating the liquid resin to cure. Advantages of using a 
photo-sensitive liquid resin include, among others: (1) improved 
capability of properly covering an uneven or rough surface such that the 
covered surface may become even or flat; (2) improved configuration 
precision of the covered surface 30; and (3) improved property of the 
printed wiring board. Such a photo-sensitive insulation coating 30 may be 
a photo-sensitive acrylic resin or a photo-sensitive epoxy resin. 
The indications 40 are preferably 10-20 .mu.m thick, and the insulation 
coating 30 is preferably 10-30 .mu.m thick. It is desirable that the 
insulation coating 30 is thicker than the indications 40. 
If insulation coating 30 is provided thinner than 10 .mu.m, it may not 
completely or adequately cover the indications 40. On the other hand, if 
insulation coating 30 is provided thicker than 30 .mu.m, the distance of 
the exposed portions 20b (not covered with the insulation coating 30) from 
the external terminals of a mounted electronic device becomes "too" great, 
necessitating use of an "increased" amount of solder material between the 
connector sections 20b and the external terminals of the device, or 
requiring an extension of the external terminals of the electronic device, 
which are both disadvantageous to the performance of the whole system 
(printed wiring board and electronic devices). 
If indications 40 are provided thinner than 10 .mu.m, appropriate forming 
of such indications 40 on a substrate 10 becomes harder. There may also 
arise difficulty in reading such indications 40 because such "thin" 
indications would not be perfectly shaped or would not carry a 
recognizable color. On the other hand, if the thickness of indications 40 
is over 20 .mu.m, the top surface covered by the insulation coating 30 
will become uneven or rough. 
When the thickness of the insulation coating 30 and that of the indications 
40 on a substrate 10 are both appropriate, electronic devices can be 
evenly (horizontally or parallel with the surfaces of the substrate 10) 
and squarely or securely mounted on the substrate 10, a great advantage to 
the quality and property of the whole system. 
As shown in FIG. 3, an electronic device 50 is mounted in substantially 
"perfect" contact with the insulation coating 30 even though there is an 
indication 40 underneath enclosed in the insulation coating 30. There will 
not be any necessity to disadvantageously increase the amount of solder 
material for connecting the external terminals 50a of the device 50 and 
the connector sections 20b, or to extend the external terminals 50a of the 
electronic device 50 disadvantageously to reach the connector sections 
20b. 
As described earlier (FIGS. 1 and 2), an alignment mark 20a is provided on 
each side of the substrate 10 to serve for aligning the substrate 10 
properly in a manufacturing process. The alignment mark 20a, a portion of 
the conductor circuits 20, is exposed. Thus, the alignment mark 20a can be 
clearly distinguished from the indications 40 of different material and 
color on the same surface of a printed wiring board. 
FIG. 4 shows a printed wiring board according to another embodiment of the 
present invention. A substrate alignment mark 40a is the uncovered (by 
insulation coating 30) portion of indications 40. By such constitution, 
"freedom of wiring" for conductor circuits 20 improves as conductor 
circuits 20 can be "freely" distributed on a substrate 10. An uncovered or 
exposed alignment mark 40a can be clearly distinguished from indications 
40 covered with insulation coating 30 since the color of the alignment 
mark 40a is different from the color of the (other) indications 40 as seen 
through the insulation coating 30. 
Here in this embodiment, all the features such as materials, making and 
format ion of the substrate 10, conductor circuits 20, indications 40 and 
insulation coating 30 may be the same as the features of the earlier 
embodiment except that a portion of the indications 40 is used as an 
alignment mark 40a instead of the alignment mark 20a prepared from the 
conductor circuits 20. 
In this embodiment as in the previous embodiment, it should be noted that 
the insulation coating 30 may not be light transmittable if the 
indications 40 including the alignment mark 40a are desired not to be 
(totally) covered by the insulation coating 30. 
In this embodiment, portions of the conductor circuits 20 are exposed. The 
exposed portions 20b of the conductor circuits 20 are used as connector 
sections 20b as described earlier. 
As such an alignment mark 40a and connector sections 20b are concurrently 
prepared at the time of providing indications 40 on a substrate 10, the 
relative locations of the connector sections 20b and the alignment mark 
40a on the substrate 10 can be more precisely determined. Accordingly, 
electronic devices 50 can be mounted on such a printed wiring board more 
precisely with the assistance of the more precisely located alignment mark 
40a. 
Provision of an alignment mark 40a as such provides an improved "freedom of 
wiring" for conductor circuits 20, an improvement over the afore-described 
alignment mark 20a, since the alignment mark 20a is a part of conductor 
circuits 20, limiting the "freedom of wiring" on a substrate 10, while the 
alignment mark 40a of an insulation material can be provided even on the 
conductor circuits 20 without hindering the function of the conductor 
circuits 20. 
Another advantage of providing such alignment marks 40a is that there is no 
losing or removal of the alignment marks 40a during a feeding step of 
printed wiring boards having such alignment marks 40a for mounting 
electronic devices, as the alignment marks 40a are formed beneath the 
surface of the insulation coating 30, which prevents the alignment marks 
40a from touching the surfaces of other printed wiring boards when piled. 
The alignment mark 40a is exposed so that the surface color of the 
alignment mark 40a is the color of the indications 40. When the insulation 
coating 30 is colored (in a color other than that of the indications 40) 
and still light transmittable, the resulting color of the indications 40 
as seen through the insulation coating 30 becomes a blended one. 
Therefore, the alignment mark 40a (the color of the indications 40) can be 
clearly distinguished from the (other) indications 40 of a blended color. 
In the printed wiring board according to this embodiment and the printed 
wiring board described earlier (FIGS. 1-3), the connector sections 20b are 
covered by the insulation coating 30 on all sides or around except an 
inner portion thereof. Therefore, the connector sections 20b are given a 
substantial resistance against removal from the substrate 10, which is an 
advantage especially when repairing of an electronic device mounted on the 
connector sections 20b, such as by resoldering, is required. 
Such printed wiring boards (FIGS. 1-4) may be produced by "reordering" a 
conventionally practiced production steps, each step being known and 
practiced widely in the art. 
In FIG. 5 is partially shown the top side of a printed wiring board 
according to another embodiment of the present invention, wherein plating 
resist 60 and conductor circuits 20 are provided on a substrate 10, 
possibly, by an additive process. The conductor circuits 20 are formed on 
the substrate 10 where the plating resist 60 does not exist. Thus, the 
surface of the substrate 10 is covered with the plating resist 60 and the 
conductor circuits 20. The conductor circuits 20 and the plating resist 60 
may provide a "substantially" plane surface. 
The plating resist 60 and the conductor circuits 20 can be provided by an 
appropriate surface treatment process such as an additive process 
including the steps of (1) applying an additive adhesive, (2) exposing the 
additive adhesive, (3) developing the exposed adhesive, (4) treating the 
developed adhesive with an appropriate acid such as chromic acid, (5) 
providing a catalytic nucleus, (6) activating the catalytic nucleus, and 
(7) electrolessly plating the surface. 
Indications 40 are provided &s desired on the substantially plane surface 
of the plating resist 60 and the conductor circuits 20. Then, light 
transmittable insulation coating 30 covers the substrate 10 having the 
plating resist 60, the conductor circuits 20 and the indications 40. 
The "surface" provided by the plating resist 60 and the conductor circuits 
20 may not be "perfectly" plane. However, it is desirable to adjust the 
thickness or height of the conductor circuits 20, for instance, by 
controlling the plating time, so that the height of the conductor circuits 
20 may be as close as the height of the plating resist 60. At any rate, 
the difference in thickness or height between the conductor circuits 20 
and the plating resist 60 is preferred to be less than 8 .mu.m. If the 
difference is bigger than that, it may become hard to read the indications 
40 to be provided on the surface since the indications 40 will not be 
provided evenly or flatly on such an uneven surface. 
Here in this embodiment, the materials for all such component members may 
be the same as the materials usable for the previous embodiments. 
FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of the top portion of the printed wiring 
board of FIG. 5, taken along line B--B. Portions of the conductor circuits 
20 are exposed and serve as an alignment mark 20a and connector sections 
20b as defined earlier. 
The top surface of the insulation coating 30 is substantially flat, 
practically diminating the possibility of the printed wiring board getting 
stuck in a feeding step due to the scraping or friction with other printed 
wiring boards. The indications 40 are totally under the insulation coating 
30 and there will be no scraping off of the indications 40. Electronic 
devices can be squarely and securely mounted on the printed wiring board. 
The alignment mark 20a is secured in place by the plating resist 60 and 
will not be lost. The connector sections 20b are also secured in place by 
the plating resist 60 and will not be lost or removed even when repairing 
of the mounting condition of an electronic device is required. The 
alignment mark 20a can be clearly distinguished from the indications 40 as 
the color of the alignment mark 20a is different from the color of the 
indications 40 which is seen through the insulation coating 30. 
In FIG. 7 is shown a partial sectional view of a printed wiring board 
according to another embodiment of the present invention. A portion of the 
indications 40 is exposed and used as an alignment mark 40a as defined 
earlier. Portions of the conductor circuits 20 are also exposed and used 
as connector sections 20b as defined earlier. 
Here in this embodiment again, the materials to be used as the substrate 
10, plating resist 60, conductor circuits 20, indications 40 and 
insulation coating 30 may be the same as the materials used in the other 
embodiments. 
The top surface of the insulation coating 30 is substantially flat. Again, 
electronic devices can be squarely and securely mounted on the printed 
wiring board. The indications 40 are well protected by the insulation 
coating 30. The indications 40 can be distinguished from the alignment 
mark 40a as the color of the alignment mark 40a is substantially different 
from the color of the indications 40 as seen through the light 
transmittable insulation coating 30, which is a blend color. 
The alignment mark 40a is secured in position by the insulation coating 30. 
The connector sections 20b are also secured in position by the plating 
resist 60. 
Such a printed wiring board can be produced by changing the order of 
conventionally and widely practiced production steps for conventional 
printed wiring boards. 
It is desirable that the surface or surfaces of a printed wiring board in 
all the embodiments described according to the present invention be 
provided with a surface treatment such as fine grinding. The thickness of 
the insulation coating 30, and thus the whole thickness of the printed 
wiring board, can be further and finely adjusted by such a surface 
grinding treatment. 
Such a grinding treatment will not erase the indications 40 of the present 
invention as the indications 40 are protect, ed by the insulation coating 
30. However, when the surface coating 30 is light transmittable, as 
preferred according to the present invention, care need be practiced not 
to damage the light transmittance of the insulation coating 30. Or 
materials of the insulation coating 30 should be carefully selected to 
avoid such damage to take place. 
Constructed as such, printed wiring boards in accordance with the present 
invention provide many advantages over conventional printed wiring boards, 
among others such as: 
(a) providing smoother surfaces, preventing stagnation trouble in feeding 
operations of such printed wiring boards; 
(b) providing a better protection of the indications such as letters, 
marks, numbers and signs that provide information for the printed wiring 
boards so that the indications may stay permanently readable on the 
printed wiring boards; 
(c) providing a better protection of the substrate alignment marks from 
removal so that the alignment marks may stay permanently recognizable on 
the printed wiring boards; 
(d) providing connector sections on the substrates closer to the electronic 
devices mounted on the printed wiring boards so that a lesser amount of 
solder material may be sufficient or shorter external terminals may be 
sufficient; 
(e) providing electronic devices more precisely and securely on the printed 
wiring boards, which is partially made possible by the flat outer surfaces 
of the printed wiring boards under which the indications are buried; 
(f) providing more distinguishable alignment marks so that the alignment 
marks are easily and without confusion recognizable, eliminating 
manufacturing trouble; 
(g) providing a last stage adjustment of the thickness of printed wiring 
boards by a surface treatment so that the printed wiring boards may be 
made more precisely in size; and 
(h) providing an improvement in "wiring freedom" for conductor circuits on 
substrates. 
While the foregoing invention has been described with reference to its 
preferred embodiments, various modifications and alterations will occur to 
those skilled in the art. All such air, orations and modifications are 
intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.