Methods and systems for fuel ethanol content determination via an oxygen sensor

Methods are provided for accurately learning part-to-part variability of an intake or exhaust oxygen sensor. A correction factor is learned based on a sensor reading in dry air conditions, the dry air reading learned by applying a higher reference voltage to the sensor. An ethanol transfer function is then adjusted based on the learned correction factor so as to improve the accuracy of combusted fuel ethanol content estimation.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to adjusting an ethanol transfer function for an oxygen sensor of an internal combustion engine to compensate for part-to-part variability of the sensor.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Intake and/or exhaust gas sensors may be operated to provide indications of various exhaust gas constituents. For example, U.S. 20120037134 describes detecting engine intake dilution using an intake gas oxygen sensor. In alternate approaches, engine dilution may be estimated by an exhaust gas oxygen sensor. The estimated engine dilution may be used to adjust various engine operating parameters, such as fueling and air-fuel ratio. As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,566 describes detecting water content in the exhaust gas using an exhaust gas oxygen sensor. In alternate approaches, water content in exhaust gas recirculated to the engine intake (EGR) may be estimated using an intake gas oxygen sensor. Water content estimated using an intake or exhaust gas oxygen sensor may be used to infer an ambient humidity during engine operation. Further still, the water content may be used to infer an alcohol content of a fuel burned in the engine.

However, the inventors have recognized that oxygen sensors (both intake and exhaust oxygen sensors) can have significant part-to-part variability. For example, without any compensation, the variability in oxygen measurement by the sensor can be in the range of 15%. This variability in the sensor output can lead to a substantial error in the measurement of fuel alcohol content and engine dilution. For example, based on the variability of the sensor, an alcohol transfer function (used to estimate fuel alcohol content based on the oxygen sensor output) may vary. If a known transfer function for a nominal sensor is used, the fuel alcohol content may be overestimated or underestimated. As such, to correctly measure the fuel alcohol content, the oxygen sensor output needs to be compensated for this part-to-part variability which is affected not only by the age of the sensor, but also ambient conditions (in particular, ambient humidity levels), as well as the presence of additional diluents (such as purge or crankcase ventilation vapors).

The above issues may be addressed and accuracy of fuel alcohol content estimation by an (intake or exhaust) oxygen sensor can be improved by a method that better compensates for sensor part-to-part variability. One example method comprises, during selected conditions, operating an oxygen sensor at a lower reference voltage to generate a first output and at a higher reference voltage to generate a second output. The method further comprises learning a correction factor for the sensor based on the second sensor output, and adjusting a parameter based on an alcohol content, the alcohol content of fuel combusted in the engine estimated based on each of the first output and a learned correction factor for the sensor based on the second output. In this way, oxygen sensor reliability is improved.

In one example, during selected conditions, the oxygen sensor is operated to determine an oxygen sensor reading corrected for dry air conditions. For example, during conditions when purge and crankcase ventilation gases are not ingested in an engine intake manifold, the reference voltage of an intake oxygen sensor may be modulated. Alternatively, in embodiments where the oxygen sensor is an exhaust oxygen sensor, the selected conditions may include engine non-fueling conditions, such as a deceleration fuel shut-off (DFSO) event. Specifically, the reference voltage of the oxygen sensor may be raised from a first, lower voltage where the output (e.g., pumping current) is representative of an oxygen reading in humid conditions, to a second, higher voltage where the output (e.g., pumping current) is representative of an oxygen reading in dry air. The dry air oxygen reading (the second output) is then used to determine an alcohol transfer function correction. The corrected transfer function and the humid air oxygen reading (first output) may then be used to estimate a fuel alcohol content. The estimated fuel alcohol content can then be used to estimate an engine operating parameter, such as a desired air-fuel ratio for combustion. As an example, the controller may adjust an air-fuel ratio correction based on the estimated fuel alcohol content.

In this way, the part-to-part variability of an intake or exhaust oxygen sensor may be better learned, including part-to-part variability due to sensor aging. By learning the variability, the need for a compensation resistor configured to compensate for the part-to-part variability is reduced, providing cost and component reduction benefits. By using a dry air oxygen estimate provided by the oxygen sensor to correct an alcohol transfer function, irregularities in fuel ethanol estimation may be reduced. Overall, reliability of the sensor output is increased. Further, accuracy of fuel alcohol estimated based on oxygen sensor output is also increased. Since the sensor output and fuel alcohol estimate are used to adjust various engine operating parameters, overall engine performance is improved.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description relates to a method for determining an amount of alcohol in a fuel mixture (e.g., ethanol and gasoline) based on outputs from an intake air or exhaust gas sensor, such as an oxygen sensor. For example, the sensor may be operated a first, lower voltage to obtain a first output which indicates a humid air oxygen reading. The sensor may then be operated at a second, higher voltage to obtain a second output which indicates a dry air oxygen reading. An alcohol transfer function may be corrected based on the dry air oxygen reading and the first output may then be corrected based on the corrected alcohol transfer function to infer amount of alcohol in fuel injected to the engine. In this manner, part-to-part variability of different oxygen sensors may be reduced such that a more accurate indication of fuel alcohol content may be determined. In one example, engine operating parameters such as spark timing and/or fuel injection amount may be adjusted based on the detected amount of alcohol in the fuel. In this manner, engine performance, fuel economy, and/or emissions may be maintained or improved despite the varying amounts of alcohol in the fuel.

Referring now toFIG. 1, a schematic diagram showing one cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine10, which may be included in a propulsion system of an automobile, is illustrated. The engine10may be controlled at least partially by a control system including a controller12and by input from a vehicle operator132via an input device130. In this example, the input device130includes an accelerator pedal and a pedal position sensor134for generating a proportional pedal position signal PP. A combustion chamber (i.e., cylinder)30of the engine10may include combustion chamber walls32with a piston36positioned therein. The piston36may be coupled to a crankshaft40so that reciprocating motion of the piston is translated into rotational motion of the crankshaft. The crankshaft40may be coupled to at least one drive wheel of a vehicle via an intermediate transmission system. Further, a starter motor may be coupled to the crankshaft40via a flywheel to enable a starting operation of the engine10.

The combustion chamber30may receive intake air from an intake manifold44via an intake passage42and may exhaust combustion gases via an exhaust passage48. The intake manifold44and exhaust passage48can selectively communicate with the combustion chamber30via respective intake valve52and exhaust valve54. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber30may include two or more intake valves and/or two or more exhaust valves.

In this example, the intake valve52and exhaust valve54may be controlled by cam actuation via respective cam actuation systems51and53. The cam actuation systems51and53may each include one or more cams and may utilize one or more of cam profile switching (CPS), variable cam timing (VCT), variable valve timing (VVT), and/or variable valve lift (VVL) systems that may be operated by a controller12to vary valve operation. The position of the intake valve52and exhaust valve54may be determined by position sensors55and57, respectively. In alternative embodiments, the intake valve52and/or exhaust valve54may be controlled by electric valve actuation. For example, the cylinder30may alternatively include an intake valve controlled via electric valve actuation and an exhaust valve controlled via cam actuation including CPS and/or VCT systems.

In some embodiments, each cylinder of the engine10may be configured with one or more fuel injectors for providing fuel thereto. As a non-limiting example, the cylinder30is shown including one fuel injector66. The fuel injector66is shown coupled directly to the cylinder30for injecting fuel directly therein in proportion to the pulse width of signal FPW received from the controller12via an electronic driver68. In this manner, the fuel injector66provides what is known as direct injection (hereafter also referred to as “DI”) of fuel into the combustion cylinder30.

It will be appreciated that in an alternate embodiment, the injector66may be a port injector providing fuel into the intake port upstream of the cylinder30. It will also be appreciated that the cylinder30may receive fuel from a plurality of injectors, such as a plurality of port injectors, a plurality of direct injectors, or a combination thereof.

A fuel tank in a fuel system172may hold fuels with different fuel qualities, such as different fuel compositions. These differences may include different alcohol content, different octane, different heats of vaporization, different fuel blends, and/or combinations thereof etc. The engine may use an alcohol containing fuel blend such as E85 (which is approximately 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or M85 (which is approximately 85% methanol and 15% gasoline). Alternatively, the engine may operate with other ratios of gasoline and ethanol stored in the tank, including 100% gasoline and 100% ethanol, and variable ratios therebetween, depending on the alcohol content of fuel supplied by the operator to the tank. Moreover, fuel characteristics of the fuel tank may vary frequently. In one example, a driver may refill the fuel tank with E85 one day, and E10 the next, and E50 the next. As such, based on the level and composition of the fuel remaining in the tank at the time of refilling, the fuel tank composition may change dynamically.

The day to day variations in tank refilling can thus result in frequently varying fuel composition of the fuel in the fuel system172, thereby affecting the fuel composition and/or fuel quality delivered by the injector66. The different fuel compositions injected by the injector66may herein be referred to as a fuel type. In one example, the different fuel compositions may be qualitatively described by their research octane number (RON) rating, alcohol percentage, ethanol percentage, etc.

It will be appreciated that while in one embodiment, the engine may be operated by injecting the variable fuel blend via a direct injector, in alternate embodiments, the engine may be operated by using two injectors and varying a relative amount of injection from each injector. It will be further appreciated that when operating the engine with a boost from a boosting device such as a turbocharger or supercharger (not shown), the boosting limit may be increased as an alcohol content of the variable fuel blend is increased.

Continuing withFIG. 1, the intake passage42may include a throttle62having a throttle plate64. In this particular example, the position of the throttle plate64may be varied by the controller12via a signal provided to an electric motor or actuator included with the throttle62, a configuration that is commonly referred to as electronic throttle control (ETC). In this manner, the throttle62may be operated to vary the intake air provided to the combustion chamber30among other engine cylinders. The position of the throttle plate64may be provided to the controller12by a throttle position signal TP. The intake passage42may include a mass air flow sensor120and a manifold air pressure sensor122for providing respective signals MAF and MAP to controller12.

An ignition system88can provide an ignition spark to the combustion chamber30via a spark plug92in response to a spark advance signal SA from the controller12, under select operating modes. Though spark ignition components are shown, in some embodiments, the combustion chamber30or one or more other combustion chambers of the engine10may be operated in a compression ignition mode, with or without an ignition spark.

An exhaust gas sensor126is shown coupled to the exhaust passage48upstream of an emission control device70. The sensor126may be any suitable sensor for providing an indication of exhaust gas air/fuel ratio such as a linear oxygen sensor or UEGO (universal or wide-range exhaust gas oxygen), a two-state oxygen sensor or EGO, a HEGO (heated EGO), a NOx, HC, or CO sensor. The emission control device70is shown arranged along the exhaust passage48downstream of the exhaust gas sensor126. The device70may be a three way catalyst (TWC), NOxtrap, various other emission control devices, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, during operation of engine10, emission control device70may be periodically reset by operating at least one cylinder of the engine within a particular air/fuel ratio.

As shown in the example ofFIG. 1, the system further includes an intake air sensor127coupled to the intake passage44. The sensor127may be any suitable sensor for providing an indication of exhaust gas air/fuel ratio such as a linear oxygen sensor or UEGO (universal or wide-range exhaust gas oxygen), a two-state oxygen sensor or EGO, a HEGO (heated EGO), a NOx, HC, or CO sensor.

Further, in the disclosed embodiments, an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system may route a desired portion of exhaust gas from the exhaust passage48to the intake passage44via an EGR passage140. The amount of EGR provided to the intake passage44may be varied by the controller12via an EGR valve142. Further, an EGR sensor144may be arranged within the EGR passage140and may provide an indication of one or more of pressure, temperature, and concentration of the exhaust gas. Under some conditions, the EGR system may be used to regulate the temperature of the air and fuel mixture within the combustion chamber, thus providing a method of controlling the timing of ignition during some combustion modes. Further, during some conditions, a portion of combustion gases may be retained or trapped in the combustion chamber by controlling exhaust valve timing, such as by controlling a variable valve timing mechanism.

The controller12is shown inFIG. 1as a microcomputer, including a microprocessor unit102, input/output ports104, an electronic storage medium for executable programs and calibration values shown as read only memory chip106in this particular example, random access memory108, keep alive memory110, and a data bus. The controller12may receive various signals from sensors coupled to the engine10, in addition to those signals previously discussed, including measurement of inducted mass air flow (MAF) from the mass air flow sensor120; engine coolant temperature (ECT) from a temperature sensor112coupled to a cooling sleeve114; a profile ignition pickup signal (PIP) from a Hall effect sensor118(or other type) coupled to the crankshaft40; throttle position (TP) from a throttle position sensor; and absolute manifold pressure signal, MAP, from the sensor122. Engine speed signal, RPM, may be generated by the controller12from signal PIP.

The storage medium read-only memory106can be programmed with computer readable data representing instructions executable by the processor102for performing the methods described below as well as other variants that are anticipated but not specifically listed.

As described above,FIG. 1shows only one cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine, and each cylinder may similarly include its own set of intake/exhaust valves, fuel injector, spark plug, etc.

Next,FIG. 2shows a schematic view of an example embodiment of an oxygen sensor200configured to measure a concentration of oxygen (O2) in an intake airflow in an intake passage or an exhaust gas stream in an exhaust passage. The sensor200may operate as UEGO sensor126ofFIG. 1, for example. The sensor200comprises a plurality of layers of one or more ceramic materials arranged in a stacked configuration. In the embodiment ofFIG. 2, five ceramic layers are depicted as layers201,202,203,204, and205. These layers include one or more layers of a solid electrolyte capable of conducting ionic oxygen. Examples of suitable solid electrolytes include, but are not limited to, zirconium oxide-based materials. Further, in some embodiments, a heater207may be disposed in thermal communication with the layers to increase the ionic conductivity of the layers. While the depicted oxygen sensor is formed from five ceramic layers, it will be appreciated that the oxygen sensor may include other suitable numbers of ceramic layers.

The layer202includes a material or materials creating a diffusion path210. The diffusion path210is configured to introduce exhaust gases into a first internal cavity222via diffusion. The diffusion path210may be configured to allow one or more components of intake air or exhaust gases, including but not limited to a desired analyte (e.g., O2), to diffuse into internal cavity222at a more limiting rate than the analyte can be pumped in or out by a pumping electrodes pair212and214. In this manner, a stoichiometric level of O2may be obtained in the first internal cavity222.

The sensor200further includes a second internal cavity224within the layer204separated from the first internal cavity222by the layer203. The second internal cavity224is configured to maintain a constant oxygen partial pressure equivalent to a stoichiometric condition, e.g., an oxygen level present in the second internal cavity224is equal to that which the intake air or exhaust gas would have if the air-fuel ratio was stoichiometric. The oxygen concentration in the second internal cavity224is held constant by pumping voltage Vcp. Herein, the second internal cavity224may be referred to as a reference cell.

A pair of sensing electrodes216and218is disposed in communication with the first internal cavity222and the reference cell224. The sensing electrodes pair216and218detects a concentration gradient that may develop between the first internal cavity222and the reference cell224due to an oxygen concentration in the intake air or exhaust gas that is higher than or lower than the stoichiometric level. A high oxygen concentration may be caused by a lean intake air or exhaust gas mixture, while a low oxygen concentration may be caused by a rich mixture.

A pair of pumping electrodes212and214is disposed in communication with the internal cavity222, and is configured to electrochemically pump a selected gas constituent (e.g., O2) from internal cavity222through layer201and out of the sensor200. Alternatively, the pair of pumping electrodes212and214may be configured to electrochemically pump a selected gas through layer201and into internal cavity222. Herein, the pumping electrodes pair212and214may be referred to as an O2pumping cell.

The electrodes212,214,216, and218may be made of various suitable materials. In some embodiments, the electrodes212,214,216, and218may be at least partially made of a material that catalyzes the dissociation of molecular oxygen. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, electrodes containing platinum and/or silver.

The process of electrochemically pumping the oxygen out of or into the internal cavity222includes applying a voltage Vpacross the pumping electrode pair212and214. The pumping voltage Vpapplied to the O2pumping cell pumps oxygen into or out of the first internal cavity222in order to maintain a stoichiometric level of oxygen in the cavity pumping cell. The resulting pumping current Ipis proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas. A control system (not shown inFIG. 2) generates the pumping current signal Ipas a function of the intensity of the applied pumping voltage Vprequired to maintain a stoichiometric level within the first internal cavity222. Thus, a lean mixture will cause oxygen to be pumped out of the internal cavity222and a rich mixture will cause oxygen to be pumped into the internal cavity222.

It should be appreciated that the oxygen sensor described herein is merely an example embodiment of an oxygen sensor, and that other embodiments of oxygen sensors may have additional and/or alternative features and/or designs.

As elaborated below, the oxygen sensor ofFIG. 2can be advantageously used to estimate an accurate amount of alcohol in the fuel burned in the engine despite part-to-part variability of the intake or exhaust oxygen sensor. In particular, by determining a dry air oxygen reading at a second, higher voltage, an alcohol transfer function correction may be determined. The corrected transfer function may then be applied to a humid air oxygen reading determined at a first, lower voltage to estimate a fuel alcohol content.

Continuing toFIG. 3, a flow chart illustrating a routine300for accurately estimating an amount of alcohol in fuel, while correcting an alcohol transfer function for effects of part-to-part variation of an oxygen sensor, such as the oxygen sensor200described above with reference toFIG. 2, is shown. Specifically, the routine300determines an amount of alcohol in the fuel injected to the engine, and thus the fuel type, based on voltages applied to a pumping cell of the sensor during selected engine fueling conditions and further based on an alcohol transfer function correction.

At310of routine300, engine operating conditions are determined. Engine operating conditions may include but are not limited to air-fuel ratio, amount of EGR entering the combustion chambers, and fueling conditions, for example.

Once the engine operating conditions are determined, routine300continues to312where it is determined if selected conditions are met. For example, when the oxygen is an intake oxygen sensor positioned in the intake passage, the selected conditions may include EGR being enabled and no purge or crankcase ventilation gases being received in the intake manifold. As another example, when the oxygen sensor is an exhaust gas oxygen sensor positioned in the exhaust passage, the selected conditions may include engine non-fueling conditions. Non-fueling conditions include vehicle deceleration conditions and engine operating conditions in which the fuel supply is interrupted but the engine continues spinning and at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve are operating; thus, air is flowing through one or more of the cylinders, but fuel is not injected in the cylinders. Under non-fueling conditions, combustion is not carried out and ambient air may move through the cylinder from the intake to the exhaust. In this way, a sensor, such as an intake or exhaust oxygen sensor, may receive ambient air on which measurements, such as ambient humidity detection, may be performed.

As noted, non-fueling conditions may include, for example, deceleration fuel shut-off (DFSO). DFSO is responsive to the operator pedal (e.g., in response to a driver tip-out and where the vehicle accelerates greater than a threshold amount). DSFO conditions may occur repeatedly during a drive cycle, and, thus, numerous indications of the ambient humidity may be generated throughout the drive cycle, such as during each DFSO event. As such, the fuel type may be identified accurately based on an amount of water in the exhaust gas despite fluctuations in humidity between drive cycles or even during the same drive cycle.

Continuing withFIG. 3, if is determined that selected operating conditions are met, routine300continues to314where a first pumping voltage (V1) is applied to the oxygen pumping cell of the exhaust gas sensor and a first pumping current (Ip1) is received. The first pumping voltage may have a value such that oxygen is pumped from the cell, but low enough that oxygen compounds such as H2O (e.g., water) are not dissociated (e.g., V1=450 mV). Application of the first voltage generates an output of the sensor in the form of the first pumping current (Ip1) that is indicative of the amount of oxygen in the sample gas. In this example, because the engine is under selected conditions (such as non-fueling conditions), the amount of oxygen may correspond to the amount of oxygen in the fresh air surrounding the vehicle, or a humid air oxygen reading.

Once the amount of oxygen is determined, routine300proceeds to316where a second pumping voltage (V2) is applied to the oxygen pumping cell of the sensor and a second pumping (Ip2) current is received. The second voltage may be greater than the first voltage applied to the sensor. In particular, the second voltage may have a value high enough to dissociate a desired oxygen compound. For example, the second voltage may be high enough to dissociate H2O molecules into hydrogen and oxygen (e.g., V2=1.1 V). Application of the second voltage generates the second pumping current (I2) that is indicative of the amount of oxygen and water in the sample gas. It will be understood that the term “water” in the “amount of oxygen and water” as used herein refers to the amount of oxygen from the dissociated H2O molecules in the sample gas.

In one particular example, the second voltage may be 950 mV, at which the water in the air is partially dissociated (e.g., 40% of the water in the air is dissociated at 950 mV). As an example, a graph400ofFIG. 4shows oxygen sensor output over a range of humidity conditions (e.g., from 0.5% humidity to 10% humidity). As shown, the sensor output at 950 mV corresponds to a dry air reading under the range of humidity conditions. Thus, a dry air oxygen reading may be obtained when the oxygen sensor is operated at 950 mV.

At318, the dry air oxygen reading and related correction factor are determined based on the first pumping current. For example, as described above, by operating the sensor at 950 mV, a dry air oxygen reading may be obtained. The dry air oxygen reading may then be used to determine the correction factor, or alcohol transfer function correction. As described above, the correction factor is a factor that compensates for part-to-part variability of the sensor. In one example, the correction factor may be determined based on a ratio of a reference sensor output relative to the output of the sensor at the second voltage (e.g., the second output). In another example, the correction factor may be determined based on a ratio of the first and second outputs of the sensor generated by applying the first and second voltages, respectively. Once the correction factor is determined, the alcohol transfer function is updated based on the determined correction factor at320.

Once the first and second pumping currents are generated, an amount of water in the sample gas may be determined at322of routine300inFIG. 3. For example, when the second pumping current is high enough to dissociate substantially all water molecules in the sample gas, the first pumping current may be subtracted from the second pumping current to determine a value that corresponds to an amount of water.

Finally, the amount of alcohol in the fuel, and thus the fuel type, may be identified at324. For example, the corrected transfer function may be applied to the first pumping current such that an accurate indication of an amount of alcohol (e.g., a percent of ethanol) in the fuel injected to the engine is determined. In some embodiments, the computer readable storage medium of the control system receiving communication from the sensor may include instructions for identifying the amount of alcohol.

Thus, based on sensor outputs (e.g., pumping currents) generated responsive to voltages applied to the oxygen pumping cell of the intake air or exhaust gas sensor during engine fueling and non-fueling conditions and the transfer function correction factor, an accurate indication of the amount alcohol (e.g., percent ethanol) in the fuel may be identified. Further, once the fuel type is determined, various engine operating parameters may be adjusted to maintain engine and/or emissions efficiency, as will be described in detail below.

FIG. 5shows a graph illustrating the difference in percent ethanol due to sensor-to-sensor variation. For example, a curve502shows a first transfer function for a normal sensor. A curve504shows a second transfer function for a sensor which indicates a lower than normal percent ethanol. A curve506shows a third transfer function for a sensor which indicates a higher than normal percent ethanol. As shown, due to differences such as part-to-part variability, different sensors may indicate different values for percent ethanol in the same environment. As such, the alcohol transfer function may be corrected as described above based on first and second outputs of the oxygen sensor such that sensor-to-sensor variation is reduced and a more accurate indication of the amount of alcohol in the fuel may be identified.

Referring now toFIG. 6, a flow chart depicting a general control routine600for adjusting engine operating parameters based on an amount of alcohol (e.g., a corrected amount of alcohol determined based on the corrected transfer function as described above) in fuel injected to the engine is shown. Specifically, one or more engine operating parameters may be adjusted corresponding to a change in the amount of alcohol in the fuel. For example, fuels containing different amounts of alcohol may have different properties such as viscosity, octane number, latent enthalpy of vaporization, etc. As such, engine performance, fuel economy, and/or emissions may be degraded if one or more appropriate operating parameters are not adjusted.

At610of routine600, engine operating conditions are determined. Engine operating conditions may include, for example, air-fuel ratio, fuel injection timing, and spark timing. For example, the ratio of air to fuel which is stoichiometric may vary for varying types (e.g., 14.7 for gasoline, 9.76 for E85) and fuel injection timing and spark timing may need to be adjusted based on the fuel type.

Once the operating conditions are determined, an updated amount of alcohol in the fuel mixture and the ambient humidity are determined at612of routine600. As described above, the fuel type may be determined based on outputs from an exhaust gas or intake air sensor. After the fuel type is known, routine600proceeds to614where, under selected operating conditions such as cold start or transient fueling conditions, one or more desired operating parameters are adjusted based on the amount of alcohol in the fuel. For example, the system may adjust a desired air-fuel ratio for combustion (e.g., the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio) based on the estimated amount of alcohol in the fuel. Further, feedback air-fuel ratio control gains may be adjusted based on the amount of alcohol in the fuel. Further still, the desired air-fuel ratio during cold starting may be adjusted based on the amount of alcohol in the fuel. Further still, spark angle (such as spark retard) and/or boost levels may be adjusted based on the amount of alcohol in the fuel.

In some embodiments, for example, the timing and/or amount of the fuel injection in one or more cylinders may be adjusted. For example, if it is determined that the amount of alcohol in the fuel is increased (e.g., from 10% ethanol to 30% ethanol) during cold start conditions, the amount of fuel injected to the engine may be increased.

As another example, spark timing may be adjusted based on the detected amount of alcohol in the fuel. For example, if the detected percentage of alcohol is lower than previously detected (e.g., from 85% ethanol to 50% ethanol), the spark timing may be retarded in order to achieve a higher engine output or boost without knock.

Thus, various engine operating parameters may be adjusted during selected operating conditions based on a detected amount of alcohol in the fuel injected to the cylinders of the engine. In this manner, engine and/or emissions efficiency as well as fuel economy may be maintained or improved.