Tapered roller bearing

In a tapered roller bearing, a large-diameter-side annular portion includes large-diameter-side pocket surfaces opposed to large end surfaces of respective tapered rollers; and oil retaining recesses each having an opening spanning an inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion and each of the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces. Each of the oil retaining recesses has an inner surface having a radially inwardly facing surface portion which is an inclined surface that is radially inwardly inclined toward the corresponding tapered roller.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application, filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371, of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2020/022321, filed on Jun. 5, 2020, which claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2019-105147, filed on Jun. 5, 2019, Japanese Application No. 2020-140961, filed on Jul. 31, 2019, Japanese Application No. 2020-095380, filed on Jun. 1, 2020, and Japanese Application No. 2020-095383, filed on Jun. 1, 2020, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a tapered roller bearing.

BACKGROUND ART

Tapered roller bearings, which are capable of supporting radial and axial loads at the same time, are frequently used in automotive transmissions and differential mechanisms.

Such a tapered roller bearing includes an outer ring; an inner ring arranged inwardly of, and coaxially with, the outer ring; a plurality of tapered rollers disposed between the outer ring and the inner ring so as to be circumferentially spaced apart from each other; and an annular cage keeping the circumferential distances between the tapered rollers. The inner ring includes a large flange which comes into contact with the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers. During rotation of the bearing, the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring partially support the axial load by coming into sliding contact with each other.

The above tapered roller bearing is lubricated by droplets of lubricating oil splashed due to rotation of gears, or by lubricating oil pressure-fed from an oil pump. While the bearing is rotating, lubricating oil is continuously supplied to the bearing from outside, but, while the bearing is stopped, lubricating oil is not supplied to the tapered roller bearing from outside. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing is stopped for a long time, most of the lubricating oil adhering to the bearing flows away, and, when the tapered roller bearing is started thereafter, the bearing is less likely to be sufficiently lubricated.

Especially in recent years, in order to reduce energy loss caused by the stirring resistance of lubricating oil, there is a growing tendency to use low-viscosity lubricating oil, or reduce the amount of lubricating oil, in automotive transmissions or differential mechanisms. Therefore, when a tapered roller bearing used therein is stopped for a long time, the amount of lubricating oil remaining in the tapered roller bearing tends to decrease to an insufficient level, and thus, when the tapered roller bearing is started thereafter, the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring may rise sharply.

In order to prevent such a sharp rise in temperature, a tapered roller bearing as shown in FIGS. 11 to 14 of the below-identified Patent Document 1 is known in which, even when the supply of lubricating oil to the tapered roller bearing from outside is stopped, lubrication between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring is possible. The cage of the tapered roller bearing shown in FIGS. 11 to 14 of Patent Document 1 includes a large-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers; a small-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the small end surfaces of the tapered rollers; and a plurality of pillars coupling together the large-diameter-side annular portion and the small-diameter-side annular portion. The large-diameter-side annular portion has a plurality of oil retaining recesses circumferentially spaced apart from each other. The oil retaining recesses have openings spanning the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion and its large-diameter-side pocket surfaces. The oil retaining recesses are, when axially seen, bow-shaped recesses each having an inner surface in the form of a single concave circular arc-shaped surface. The large-diameter-side pocket surfaces are opposed to the large end surfaces of the respective tapered rollers.

In the tapered roller bearing of Patent Document 1, while lubricating oil is continuously supplied to the tapered roller bearing from outside, the lubricating oil is partially retained in the oil retaining recesses in the inner periphery of the large-diameter-side annular portion of the cage, and, when the supply of lubricating oil to the tapered roller bearing from outside is stopped thereafter for some reason, lubrication between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring is provided by the lubricating oil flowing out of the oil retaining recesses in the inner periphery of the large-diameter-side annular portion of the cage.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENT(S)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

In the tapered roller bearing of Patent Document 1, the bottom surfaces (i.e., the radially inwardly facing surface portions of the inner surfaces) of the oil retaining recesses in the large-diameter-side annular portion of the cage are inclined radially outwardly toward the respective tapered rollers such that, when the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses receives a centrifugal force as the bearing rotates, component forces in the direction toward the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers are applied to the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses.

However, while the tapered roller bearing is stopped for a long time, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses is moved toward the tapered rollers due to the inclination of the bottom surfaces of the oil retaining recesses, and gradually flows out through the gaps between the large-diameter-side annular portion of cage and the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers. As a result, when the tapered roller bearing is started thereafter, lubrication between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring may be insufficient. This could cause a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a tapered roller bearing in which, when the tapered roller bearing is started after being stopped for a long time, it is possible to prevent a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring.

Means for Solving the Problems

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides, as its first embodiment, a tapered roller bearing comprising: an outer ring; an inner ring arranged inwardly of, and coaxially with, the outer ring; a plurality of tapered rollers each having a large end surface and a small end surface, and disposed between the outer ring and the inner ring so as to be circumferentially spaced apart from each other; and an annular cage keeping circumferential distances between the tapered rollers, wherein the inner ring includes a large flange configured to come into contact with the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers, wherein the cage includes: a large-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers; a small-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the small end surfaces of the tapered rollers; and a plurality of pillars coupling together the large-diameter-side annular portion and the small-diameter-side annular portion, wherein the large-diameter-side annular portion, the small-diameter-side annular portion, and the pillars define a plurality of pockets in which the respective tapered rollers are received, and wherein the large-diameter-side annular portion has: large-diameter-side pocket surfaces opposed to the large end surfaces of the respective tapered rollers; and oil retaining recesses each having an opening spanning an inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion and each of the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces, characterized in that each of the oil retaining recesses has an inner surface having a radially inwardly facing surface portion, the radially inwardly facing portion being an inclined surface radially inwardly inclined toward a corresponding one of the tapered rollers.

With this arrangement, the bottom surfaces (i.e., the radially inwardly facing surface portions of the inner surfaces) of the oil retaining recesses located at a lower level than the center axis of the bearing are inclined upwardly toward the tapered rollers. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing is stopped, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses located at a lower level than the rotational center axis of the tapered roller bearing is less likely to flow out of the oil retaining recesses. Also, when the tapered roller bearing rotates, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses is moved along the inclined surfaces toward the tapered rollers by a centrifugal force, and lubricates the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing is started after being stopped for a long time, it is possible to effectively prevent a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring.

The inclined surface of each of the oil retaining recesses is preferably inclined at an inclination angle of 10 degrees or less relative to a direction parallel to a center axis of the cage.

If such an inclination angle is used, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses can suitably lubricate the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers during rotation of the tapered roller bearing, and can be suitably retained in the oil retaining recesses while the tapered roller bearing is stopped. Also, such an inclination angle is feasible by forcible separation of mold parts when molding a resin.

A cross-sectional shape of each of the oil retaining recesses orthogonal to the center axis of the cage is preferably a quadrangular shape.

If the oil retaining recesses have such a cross-sectional shape, lubricating oil is retained at the corners of the oil retaining recesses having a quadrangular cross section by the surface tension of the lubricating oil, and thus is likely to be retained in the oil retaining recesses.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention also provides, as its second embodiment, a tapered roller bearing comprising: an outer ring; an inner ring arranged inwardly of, and coaxially with, the outer ring; a plurality of tapered rollers each having a large end surface and a small end surface, and disposed between the outer ring and the inner ring so as to be circumferentially spaced apart from each other; and an annular cage keeping circumferential distances between the tapered rollers, wherein the inner ring includes a large flange configured to come into contact with the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers, wherein the cage includes: a large-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers; a small-diameter-side annular portion circumferentially extending along the small end surfaces of the tapered rollers; and a plurality of pillars coupling together the large-diameter-side annular portion and the small-diameter-side annular portion, wherein the large-diameter-side annular portion, the small-diameter-side annular portion, and the pillars define a plurality of pockets in which the respective tapered rollers are received, and wherein the large-diameter-side annular portion includes: large-diameter-side pocket surfaces opposed to the large end surfaces of the respective tapered rollers; and oil retaining recesses each having an opening spanning an inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion and each of the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces, characterized in that, when axially seen, each of the oil retaining recesses has a polygonal shape having two or more corners where adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess intersect with each other.

With this arrangement, since, at each corner of each oil retaining recess, lubricating oil comes into contact with the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess, the lubricating oil is likely to be retained in the oil retaining recess by the surface tension of the lubricating oil. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the outflow of the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses due to its own weight while the bearing is stopped, and to keep the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses even when the bearing is stopped for a long time. When the tapered roller bearing rotates thereafter, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses is moved toward the tapered rollers by a centrifugal force, and lubricates the roller large end surfaces. This effectively prevents a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring, when the tapered roller bearing is started after being stopped for a long time.

It is preferable that each of the oil retaining recesses has an inner wall surface located inside of the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion, into the large-diameter-side annular portion, in cross section orthogonal to a circumferential direction, and the inner wall surface includes an axially recessed oil retaining groove.

With this arrangement, compared to the arrangement in which the entire inner wall surface is flat, the formation of the oil retaining groove in the inner wall surface increases the number of recessed and protruding portions on the inner surface of the oil retaining recess. Therefore, lubricating oil is likely to be retained in the oil retaining recesses due to the surface tension of the lubricating oil. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses can suitably lubricate the roller large end surfaces during rotation of the tapered roller bearing, and can be suitably retained in the oil retaining recesses while the tapered roller bearing is stopped.

The oil retaining groove of each of the oil retaining recesses is preferably radially outwardly spaced apart from the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion so as not to open to the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion.

With this arrangement, in the oil retaining recesses located at a higher level than the rotational center axis of the tapered roller bearing, the interior lubricating oil is suitably retained by the oil retaining grooves. In other words, for the oil retaining recesses located at a higher level than the above rotational center axis, while gravity (force in the downward direction toward the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion) is applied to the lubricating oil therein, since the oil retaining grooves of the oil retaining recesses do not open to the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining grooves does not easily flow out of the oil retaining grooves due to its own weight. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses can be suitably retained in the oil retaining recesses by the oil retaining grooves.

The oil retaining groove of each of the oil retaining recesses preferably comprises: a horizontal groove portion extending from one of two opposite circumferential sides to the other circumferential side; and a vertical groove portion branching off and extending radially outwardly from an intermediate section of the horizontal groove portion.

This arrangement increases the surface area of the inner surface of the oil retaining groove of each oil retaining recess, thus increasing the contact area between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess and the inner surface of the oil retaining groove. As a result, a larger surface tension acts between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining groove and the inner surface of the oil retaining groove. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess can be retained more suitably in the oil retaining recess.

It is preferable that the two or more corners of the polygonal shape, as seen axially, of each of the oil retaining recesses include two or more acute corners, and, along each of the two or more acute corners, the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess intersect with each other at an angle of 90 degrees or less.

With this arrangement, at each corner of each oil retaining recess via which the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess intersect with each other at an angle of not more than 90 degrees, lubricating oil easily comes into contact with the adjacent surface portions. Therefore, at such a corner, the contact area between the lubricating oil in, and the inner surface of, the oil retaining recess becomes larger. This increases the surface tension acting between the lubricating oil in, and the inner surface of, the oil retaining recess, so that the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess can be more suitably retained in the oil retaining recess.

At each of the corners, the adjacent inner surface portions preferably intersect with each other via a rounded surface having a radius of curvature of preferably 1.0 mm or less, at least 2.0 mm or less.

With this arrangement, since the corner of each oil retaining recess are rounded surfaces where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess intersect with each other, it is possible to reduce stress concentration on the corners during rotation of the bearing, and also to improve the formability of the oil retaining recesses. Also, since such rounded surfaces have a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm or less, at least 2.0 mm or less, it is possible to more reliably reduce stress concentration on the corners during rotation of the bearing.

In each of the first and second embodiments, two or more of the oil retaining recesses are preferably circumferentially arranged between each circumferentially adjacent pair of the pillars.

With this arrangement, the total area of the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses is larger than in an arrangement in which a single oil retaining recess is disposed between each circumferentially adjacent pair of pillars. This increases the contact area between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses and the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses, thereby increasing the surface tension acting between the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses and the lubricating oil. Thus, a sufficient amount of lubricating oil can be retained in the oil retaining recesses.

Also, in each of the first and second embodiments, if each of the tapered rollers has a recess in the large end surfaces thereof, the two or more of the oil retaining recesses are preferably disposed on both sides of the recess of a corresponding one of the tapered rollers.

With this arrangement, while the tapered roller bearing is stopped, it is possible to prevent the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses from flowing into the recesses of the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers. Thus, it is possible to lubricate the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers, while reducing the friction between the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring.

Also, in each of the first and second embodiments, it is preferable that the opening of each of the oil retaining recesses has a first portion open to a corresponding one of the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces, the first portion having a second portion opposed to a corresponding one of the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers, and an area of the second portion accounts for 50% or more of an area of the first portion.

With this arrangement, since 50% or more of the area of the first portion is opposed to the large end surface of the tapered roller, most of the lubricating oil flowing out of the oil retaining recess through the opening thereof open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface can be efficiently adhered to the large end surface of the tapered roller, thus making it possible to effectively lubricate the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers.

Also, in each of the first and second embodiments, each of the oil retaining recesses is preferably located inside of a peripheral edge of the corresponding one of the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers so as not to protrude to outside of an area opposed to the corresponding one of the large end surfaces.

If the oil retaining recesses are located as described above, the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses can be efficiently supplied to the roller large end surfaces, and can effectively contribute to lubrication between the inner ring large flange and the roller large end surfaces.

Also, in each of the first and second embodiments, the inner ring includes a small flange opposed to the small end surfaces of the tapered rollers, and, if the cage is integrally formed of a resin composition, the resin composition preferably comprises a resin material to which an elastomer is added.

The reason is described below. The tapered roller bearing can be assembled as follows: First, the tapered rollers are inserted into the respective pockets of the cage. Next, the inner ring is inserted into the cage with the tapered rollers received in the respective pockets of the cage. At this time, the tapered rollers need to move over the small flange of the inner ring. However, since the movements of the tapered rollers in the radially outward direction are restricted by the cage, the tapered rollers cannot move over the small flange in the original-dimension relationship. In order to allow the tapered rollers to move over the small flange, if the cage is integrally formed of a resin composition, the cage needs to be elastically deformed by the radially expanding forces which the tapered rollers receive from the small flange when the tapered rollers move onto the small flange. If a resin material to which an elastomer is added is used as the resin composition forming the cage, the elasticity of the cage increases. Therefore, it is possible to easily insert the inner ring into the cage with the tapered rollers received in the respective pockets of the cage, and thus to easily assemble the tapered roller bearing.

A reinforcing fiber material is further added to the resin material.

If a reinforcing fiber material is added, a reduction in toughness and strength of the cage due to the addition of the elastomer can be compensated for by the reinforcing fiber material added. Therefore, it is possible to realize both high toughness and strength of the cage and ease of assembly of the tapered roller bearing.

Effects of the Invention

If the tapered roller bearing of the first embodiment is used, since the bottom surfaces (i.e., the radially inwardly facing surface portions of the inner surfaces) of the oil retaining recesses located at a lower level than the center axis of the bearing are inclined upwardly toward the tapered rollers, when the tapered roller bearing is stopped, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses located at a lower level than the rotational center axis of the tapered roller bearing is less likely to flow out of the oil retaining recesses. Also, when the tapered roller bearing rotates, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses is moved along the inclined surfaces toward the tapered rollers by a centrifugal force, and lubricates the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing is started after being stopped for a long time, it is possible to effectively prevent a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring.

In the tapered roller bearing of the second embodiment, since, at each corner of each oil retaining recess, lubricating oil comes into contact with the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess, the lubricating oil is likely to be retained in the oil retaining recess by the surface tension of the lubricating oil. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the outflow of the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses due to its own weight while the bearing is stopped, and to keep the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses even when the bearing is stopped for a long time. When the tapered roller bearing rotates thereafter, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses is moved toward the tapered rollers by a centrifugal force, and lubricate the roller large end surface. This effectively prevents a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring, when the tapered roller bearing is started after being stopped for a long time.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

FIG.1illustrates a tapered roller bearing1according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The tapered roller bearing1includes an outer ring2; an inner ring3arranged inwardly of, and coaxially with, the outer ring2; a plurality of tapered rollers4disposed between the outer ring2and the inner ring3so as to be circumferentially spaced apart from each other; and an annular cage5keeping the circumferential distances between the tapered rollers4. The tapered roller bearing1has a size suitable for use in automobiles. For example, the inner diameter of the inner ring3may be 50 mm or less (or may be 35 mm or less).

The outer ring2has a tapered outer ring raceway surface6on its inner periphery. The inner ring3has, on its outer periphery, a tapered inner ring raceway surface7radially opposed to the outer ring raceway surface6, and includes a small flange8located on the small-diameter side of the inner ring raceway surface7, and a large flange9located on the large-diameter side of the inner ring raceway surface7. The tapered rollers4are in rolling contact with the outer ring raceway surface6and the inner ring raceway surface7.

The small flange8protrudes radially outwardly beyond the inner ring raceway surface7so as to be opposed to the small end surfaces10of the tapered rollers4. The small flange8restricts movements of the tapered rollers4toward the small-diameter side of the inner ring raceway surface7, and prevents the tapered rollers4from falling off from the inner ring raceway surface7. The large flange9protrudes radially outwardly beyond the inner ring raceway surface7so as to be opposed to the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4. During rotation of the bearing, the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4and the large flange9of the inner ring3partially support the axial load by coming into sliding contact with each other.

As illustrated inFIGS.1and2, the cage5includes a large-diameter-side annular portion12circumferentially extending along the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4; a small-diameter-side annular portion13circumferentially extending along the small end surfaces10of the tapered rollers4; and a plurality of pillars14extending between the respective circumferentially adjacent pairs of tapered rollers4so as to couple together the large-diameter-side annular portion12and the small-diameter-side annular portion13.

The large-diameter-side annular portion12, the small-diameter-side annular portion13, and the pillars14define a plurality of pockets15in which the respective tapered rollers4are received. More specifically, the large-diameter-side annular portion12and the small-diameter-side annular portion13define both ends, in the axial direction of the cage, of the pockets15, and the respective adjacent pairs of pillars14define both ends, in the circumferential direction of the cage, of the pockets15. The large-diameter-side annular portion12has large-diameter-side pocket surfaces16opposed to the large end surfaces11of the respective tapered rollers4. The small-diameter-side annular portion13has small-diameter-side pocket surfaces17opposed to the small end surfaces10of the respective tapered rollers4. The large-diameter-side pocket surfaces16are inclined relative to the direction orthogonal to the axial direction of the cage5(vertical direction inFIG.1) so as to be able to come into surface contact with the large end surfaces11of the respective tapered rollers4. Each pillar14has roller guiding surfaces opposed to, and configured to come into contact with, the outer peripheries of the corresponding tapered rollers4, respectively.

The large-diameter-side annular portion12includes, in its inner periphery, a plurality of oil retaining recesses20spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction of the cage. The oil retaining recesses20span the inner periphery of the large-diameter-side annular portion12and the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces16. In other words, the oil retaining recesses20open to both the inner periphery of the large-diameter-side annular portion12and the large-diameter-side pocket surfaces16. The portion of the opening of each oil retaining recess20open to the inner periphery of the large-diameter-side annular portion12has a rectangular shape when seen from the radially inner side of the cage. The portion of the opening of the oil retaining recess20open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16has a rectangular shape when seen in the axial direction.

As illustrated inFIG.3, the inner surface of each oil retaining recess20comprises a bottom surface21facing radially inwardly; and an inner wall surface22rising radially inwardly from the peripheral edge of the bottom surface21to the opening edge of the oil retaining recess20. The bottom surface21is an inclined surface radially inwardly inclined toward the tapered roller4. In other words, the radial depth of the oil retaining recess20gradually increases in a direction axially away from the portion of the opening of the oil retaining recess at the large-diameter-side pocket surface16. The inclination angle θ of the bottom surface21relative to the direction parallel to the center axis of the cage5is larger than 0 degrees, and not more than 10 degrees (preferably 5 degrees or more and 10 degrees or less).

As illustrated inFIG.5, the inner wall surface22is composed of a pair of opposed surfaces24opposed to each other in the circumferential direction of the cage; and a coupling surface25that couples together one end of one of the opposed surfaces24and one end of the other of the opposed surfaces24. The coupling surface25is a rising surface axially facing the large end surface11of the tapered roller4. The coupling surface25and each of the opposed surfaces24intersect directly with each other, or intersect with each other via a rounded corner having a small radius of curvature (e.g., a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm or less). The bottom surface21and each of the opposed surfaces24also intersect directly with each other, or intersect with each other via a rounded corner having a small radius of curvature (e.g., a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm or less). The coupling surface25and the bottom surface21also intersect directly with each other, or intersect with each other via a rounded corner having a small radius of curvature (e.g., a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm or less). The cross-section of the oil retaining recess20orthogonal to the center axis of the cage5is quadrangular in shape, and the cross-section of the oil retaining recess20orthogonal to the radial direction is also quadrangular in shape. Therefore, (concave corners26are formed between the bottom surface21and the respective opposed surfaces24; a concave corner27is formed between the bottom surface21and the coupling surface25; and concave corners28are formed between the coupling surface25and the respective opposed surfaces24.

The depth of the oil retaining recess20(i.e., the distance from the deepest portion of the oil retaining recess20to the radially inner surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12) is within the range of 0.2 to 2.0 mm (preferably 0.3 to 1.0 mm), or satisfies the relation 0.2<h/H<0.7, of which “H” and “h” are shown inFIG.3. At a value smaller than the lower limit of the above h/H range, the oil retaining effect is too small, whereas, at a value larger than the upper limit thereof, strength could be insufficient.

Each tapered roller4has a recess11ain the center of the large end surface11. The large end surface11is constituted by the recess11a, and an annular surface11bsurrounding the recess11a. The annular surface11bis configured to be pressed against the large flange9. The annular surface11bis a spherical surface having a sufficiently large radius of curvature (i.e., at least larger than the radius of the inner ring3). Two or more of the oil retaining recesses20are disposed on both sides of each recess11a(i.e., located across each recess11afrom each other). The recess11ahas a circular opening at the large end surface11, and is axially recessed from this opening toward the small end surface of the tapered roller.

Two or more of the oil retaining recesses20are circumferentially arranged between each circumferentially adjacent pair of pillars14. That is, two or more of the oil retaining recesses20are provided per large-diameter-side pocket surface16. In the example ofFIGS.4and5, two of the oil retaining recesses20are disposed per large-diameter-side pocket surface16. The two oil retaining recesses20are spaced apart from the center of the large-diameter-side pocket surface16to both sides thereof in the circumferential direction of the cage. In other words, the two oil retaining recesses20are disposed, respectively, on the right and left sides (inFIG.4) of the recess11aof the roller large end surface11. The two oil retaining recesses20are disposed outside of the recess11aof the roller large end surface11so as to be opposed only to the annular surface11bof the large end surface11, and not to the recess11athereof.

The oil retaining recesses20(of each pocket surface16) are located inside of the peripheral edge of the large end surface11of the tapered roller4so as not to each protrude to the outside of the area opposed to the large end surface11. In other words, as illustrated inFIG.4, in plan view from the side of the large end surface11, the entire areas of the oil retaining recesses20inside of their opening edges are located inside of the peripheral edge of the large end surface11. Also, the oil retaining recesses20are disposed not to protrude into the inside of the opening edge of the recess11aof the large end surface11. In other words, in plan view from the side of the large end surface11, the entire areas of the oil retaining recesses20inside of their opening edges are located outside of the opening edge of the recess11aof the large end surface11.

The large-diameter-side annular portion12has a weld line (or weld line) L (which is formed where, when the cage5is formed of a resin, flows of the resin meet). The weld line (or weld lines) L is formed between an adjacent pair of the oil retaining recesses20. By forming the weld line (or lines) L at this location, it is possible to ensure a sufficient wall thickness of the large-diameter-side annular portion12, and to form the oil retaining recesses20without causing a large reduction in strength, compared to the arrangement where a weld line (or lines) L overlaps with an oil retaining recess20.

The cage5is seamlessly and integrally formed of a synthetic resin. In other words, the large-diameter-side annular portion12, the small-diameter-side annular portion13, and the pillars14, which constitute the cage5, are seamlessly and integrally formed of a resin composition. The resin composition forming the cage5may be composed only of a resin material, but, in the embodiment, a resin material containing an elastomer and a reinforcing fiber material is used.

The resin material (base material) of the resin composition may be a polyamide (PA) such as polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 46 (PA46), or polynonamethylene terephthalamide (PA9T). If a polyamide is used, because of its relatively high lipophilicity, lubricating oil shows high wettability with the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses20of the cage, and thus can be effectively retained in the oil retaining recesses20by the surface tension of the lubricating oil. Instead of a polyamide, for example, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) may be used. The elastomer added to the resin material is, e.g., a thermoplastic elastomer.

As the reinforcing fiber material added to the resin material, for example, glass fiber, carbon fiber or aramid fiber can be used. If glass fiber is used as the reinforcing fiber material, the content of the glass fiber in the fiber-reinforced material is 10 to 50% by mass (preferably 20 to 40% by mass, more preferably 25 to 35% by mass). The kinds of the resin material, elastomer and reinforcing fiber material can be combined freely.

FIG.16shows a structural view of a portion of an automotive transmission30in which the above tapered roller bearing1is mounted.

Especially in recent years, in order to reduce energy loss caused by the stirring resistance of lubricating oil, there is a growing tendency to use low-viscosity lubricating oil, or reduce the amount of lubricating oil, in automotive transmissions and differential mechanisms. Therefore, when a conventional tapered roller bearing is stopped for a long time, the amount of lubricating oil remaining in the tapered roller bearing tends to decrease to an insufficient level. As a result, when the tapered roller bearing is started thereafter, the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring may rise sharply.

The tapered roller bearing1of this embodiment overcomes this problem as follows: While the tapered roller bearing1is rotating, lubricating oil is introduced into the oil retaining recesses20. Since, as described above, the bottom surfaces21of the oil retaining recesses20are radially inwardly inclined toward the corresponding tapered rollers4. Thus, while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, the lubricating oil in each oil retaining recess20receives, due to gravity, a force that tends to cause the lubricating oil to flow along the inclination of the bottom surface21of the oil retaining recess20into its deep portion. Therefore, even when the tapered roller bearing1is stopped for a long time, lubricating oil remains in the oil retaining recesses20of the cage, and is less likely to flow out of the oil retaining recesses20. When the tapered roller bearing1is started thereafter, a centrifugal force acts on the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20, so that the lubricating oil moves toward the tapered rollers4along the inclinations of the bottom surfaces21, flows out of the oil retaining recesses20, and is supplied to the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing1is started after being stopped for a long time, it is possible to effectively prevent a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4and the large flange9of the inner ring3.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, since the oil retaining recesses20are disposed on both sides of the recess11aof the large end surface11of each tapered roller4(i.e., located across the recess11afrom each other), it is possible to prevent, while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses20of the cage from flowing into the recesses11aof the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4, and thereby to lubricate the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4(especially their annular surfaces11b), while reducing wear between the tapered rollers4and the large flange9of the inner ring3.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, of the opening of each oil retaining recess20open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16, the area of its portion opposed to the large end surface11of the tapered roller4accounts for 50% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 90% or more) of the area of the entire opening of the oil retaining recess20open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16. Therefore, most of the lubricating oil that flows out of each oil retaining recess20through the opening thereof open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16can be efficiently adhered to the large end surface11of the tapered roller4(especially its annular surface11b), thus making it possible to effectively lubricate the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, since the inclination angles θ of the bottom surfaces21of the oil retaining recesses20are set at not more than 10 degrees, during rotation of the tapered roller bearing1, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20smoothly flows out toward the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4, and thus effectively lubricates the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4. Also. since the inclination angles θ of the bottom surfaces21of the oil retaining recesses20are set to be larger than 0 degrees, preferably not less than 5 degrees, while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, lubricating oil can be reliably retained in the oil retaining recesses20.

Also, as described above, the cross-section of each oil retaining recess20orthogonal to the center axis of the cage5is quadrangular in shape, and the cross-section of the oil retaining recess20orthogonal to the radial direction is also quadrangular in shape, which means that a plurality of corners, i.e., the corners26,27and28, are formed on the inner wall of the oil retaining recess20. Therefore, compared to an oil retaining recess having no corners26,27and28, such as an oil retaining recess of which the above cross-sectional shapes are circular shapes, a large surface tension acts between the inner surface of the oil retaining recess20and the lubricating oil. Therefore, surface tension effectively acts on the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recess20, and thus the lubricating oil can be reliably retained in the oil retaining recess20.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, since the oil retaining recesses20are each located inside of the peripheral edge of the large end surface11of the corresponding tapered roller4so as not to protrude to the outside of the area opposed to the large end surface11, it is possible, while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, to effectively prevent the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses20from flowing out of the oil retaining recesses20through the outside of large end surface11.

The above tapered roller bearing1can be assembled as follows: First, the tapered rollers4are inserted into the respective pockets15of the cage5, and with the tapered rollers4received in the respective pockets15of the cage5, the inner ring3is inserted into the cage5. When inserting the inner ring3, the tapered rollers4need to move over the small flange8of the inner ring3. However, since the movements of the tapered rollers4in the radially outward direction are restricted by the cage5, the tapered rollers4cannot move over the small flange8in the original-dimension relationship. In order to allow the tapered rollers4to move over the small flange8, the cage5needs to be elastically deformed by the radially expanding forces which the tapered rollers4receive from the small flange8when the tapered rollers4move onto the small flange8. In the above embodiment, since, as the resin composition forming the cage, a resin material to which an elastomer is added is used, the cage5has high elasticity. Therefore, it is possible to easily insert the inner ring3into the cage5with the tapered rollers4received in its respective pockets15, and thus to easily assemble the tapered roller bearing1.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, since a resin material to which, in addition to an elastomer, a reinforcing fiber material is further added is used as the resin composition forming the cage5, a reduction in toughness and strength of the cage5due to the addition of the elastomer is compensated for by the reinforcing fiber material added. Therefore, it is possible to realize both high toughness and strength of the cage5and ease of assembly of the tapered roller bearing1.

FIGS.6to10Billustrate a tapered roller bearing1according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The second embodiment are different from the first embodiment only in the structure of the oil retaining recesses2, and the other elements of the second embodiment are identical in structure to those of the first embodiment. Therefore, the elements of the second embodiment corresponding (identical in structure) to those of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and their description is omitted.

As illustrated inFIG.9, each oil retaining recess20has, when axially seen from the side of the roller large end surface11, a quadrangular shape having two corners31where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other.

As illustrated inFIGS.6to9, the inner surface of each oil retaining recess20comprises a bottom surface32facing radially inwardly of the cage; a pair of opposed surfaces33(rising surfaces) rising radially inwardly from the respective circumferential ends of the bottom surface32; and an inner wall surface34located inside of the large-diameter-side annular portion12, and into the large-diameter-side annular portion12, in cross section of the tapered roller bearing1along an axial plane (i.e., cross section shown inFIGS.6and7). The inner wall surface34is adjacent to the opposed surfaces33and the bottom surface32. Corners31are formed between the bottom surface32and the inner wall surface34; between the bottom surface32and each of the opposed surfaces33; and between the inner wall surface34and each of the opposed surfaces32. Each corner31is a rounded surface having a radius of curvature of 2.0 mm or less (preferably 1.0 mm or less, more preferably 0.3 mm or less, even more preferably 0.2 mm or less).

The depth of the oil retaining recess20(i.e., the width of the oil retaining recess20from its bottom surface32to the radially inner surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12) is 1.4 mm or less.

The lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20receives, due to the surface tension of the lubricating oil, a force by which the lubricating oil is retained in the retaining recess20(this force is hereinafter referred to as “retaining force F1”). While the retaining force F1is larger than gravity F2applied to the lubricating oil, the lubricating oil is retained in the oil retaining recess20. The retaining force F1and the gravity F2can be calculated by the following formulas:
Retaining forceF1=surface tension of lubricating oil γ×wet edge lengthL(total value of the lengths of the inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess in contact with lubricating oil)×cos θ (θ is the contact angle of lubricating oil)
GravityF2 applied to lubricating oil=gravity accelerationg×density of lubricating oil ρ×volume V of lubricating oil

The wet edge length L is the total value of (i) the axial lengths of the areas of the opposed surfaces33in contact with the lubricating oil, and (ii) the circumferential length of the area of the inner wall surface34in contact with the lubricating oil.

If, for example, the surface tension of the lubricating oil γ is 30 (mN/m); the contact angle θ is 18.5°); the wet edge length L is 2.8 (mm); the density of the lubricating oil ρ is 0.85 (g/mm3); and the volume V of the lubricating oil V is 0.49 (mm3), then F1will be 8.0×10−5N, whereas F2(gravity applied to lubricating oil) will be 4.0×10−9N. Therefore, the relationship between F1and F2will be F1≥F2, so that the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess is retained in the oil retaining recess by surface tension.

FIG.16shows a structural view of a portion of an automotive transmission30in which the above tapered roller bearing1is mounted.

Especially in recent years, in order to reduce energy loss caused by the stirring resistance of lubricating oil, there is a growing tendency to use low-viscosity lubricating oil, or reduce the amount of lubricating oil, in automotive transmissions and differential mechanisms. In this regard, since each oil retaining recess51of the cage50shown as a comparative example inFIG.11Ahas, when axially seen, a bow shape having an inner surface composed of a single concave circular arc-shaped surface, and thus including no corners, lubricating oil is less likely to be retained in the oil retaining recess51. Therefore, when the tapered roller bearing is stopped for a long time, lubricating oil flows out of the oil retaining recesses51as shown inFIG.11B, and the amount of lubricating oil remaining in the tapered roller bearing tends to decrease to an insufficient level. As a result, when the tapered roller bearing is started thereafter, the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces of the tapered rollers and the large flange of the inner ring may rise sharply.

The tapered roller bearing1of this embodiment overcomes this problem as follows: While the tapered roller bearing1is rotating, lubricating oil is introduced into the oil retaining recesses20. As shown inFIG.10A, each oil retaining recess20has, when axially seen, a quadrangular shape having two corners31where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other. Since, at the corners31of the oil retaining recess20, lubricating oil comes into contact with the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20, it is possible to retain a larger amount of lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20by the surface tension of the lubricating oil. Therefore, it is possible to reduce, while the bearing is stopped, the outflow of the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20due to its own weight, and thereby to keep the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20even when the bearing is stopped for a long time. When the tapered roller bearing1rotates thereafter, as shown inFIG.10B, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20is moved toward the tapered rollers4by a centrifugal force, and lubricates the large end surfaces11. This effectively prevents a sharp rise in the temperature of the bearing between the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4and the large flange9of the inner ring3, when the tapered roller bearing1is started after being stopped for a long time.

When axially seen, each oil retaining recess20has two or more acute corners31, where adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other at an angle of not more than 90 degrees. At such acute corners31, lubricating oil easily comes into contact with the adjacent surface portions. Therefore, at such acute corners31, the contact area of the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20and the inner surface of the oil retaining recess20increases. This in turn increases the surface tension acting between the lubricating oil and the inner surface of the oil retaining recess20, so that a large portion of the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20can be retained in the oil retaining recess20.

Since the corners31, where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other, are rounded surfaces, it is possible to reduce stress concentration on the corners31during rotation of the bearing, and also to improve the formability of the oil retaining recesses20. Further, since such rounded surfaces have a radius of curvature of preferably 1.0 mm or less, at least 2.0 mm or less, it is possible to more reliably reduce stress concentration on the corners31during rotation of the bearing.

Moreover, since a plurality of oil retaining recesses20are circumferentially arranged between each circumferentially adjacent pair of pillars14, the total area of the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses20is larger than in an arrangement in which a single oil retaining recess is disposed between each circumferentially adjacent pair of pillars. This increases the contact area between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20and the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses20, thereby increasing the surface tension acting between the inner surfaces of the oil retaining recesses20and the lubricating oil. Thus, a sufficient amount of lubricating oil can be retained in the oil retaining recesses20.

Also, in this tapered roller bearing1, since the oil retaining recesses20are disposed on both sides of the recess11aof the large end surface11of each tapered roller4(i.e., located across the recess11afrom each other), while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, it is possible to prevent the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses20of the cage from flowing into the recesses11aof the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4. Thus, it is possible to lubricate the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4(especially their annular surfaces11b), while reducing the friction between the tapered rollers4and the large flange9of the inner ring3.

Further, in this tapered roller bearing1, of the portion of the opening of each oil retaining recess20open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16, the area of the portion opposed to the large end surface11of the tapered roller4accounts for 50% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 90% or more) of the area of the entire portion of the opening of the oil retaining recess20open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16. Therefore, most of the lubricating oil that flows out of the oil retaining recess20through the opening thereof open to the large-diameter-side pocket surface16can be efficiently adhered to the large end surface11of the tapered roller4(especially its annular surface11b), thus making it possible to effectively lubricate the large end surfaces11of the tapered rollers4.

Moreover, in this tapered roller bearing1, the oil retaining recesses20are preferably disposed inside of the peripheral edge of the large end surface11of each tapered roller4so as not to protrude to the outside of the area opposed to the large end surface11. With this arrangement, while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped, the lubricating oil retained in the oil retaining recesses20can be efficiently supplied to the large end surfaces11, and can effectively contribute to lubrication between the inner ring large flange and the roller large end surfaces.

In the embodiment, as polygonal oil recesses20, i.e., recesses each having, when axially seen, two or more corners31where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other, quadrangular oil retaining recesses20each having, when axially seen, two corners31are exemplified and described. However, as illustrated inFIG.12, the oil retaining recesses20may instead have, when axially seen, a hexagonal shape including four corners31where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other.

InFIG.12, each oil retaining recess20has a hexagonal shape when seen from the side of the roller large end surface11. Four corners31are defined, respectively, at portions of the oil retaining recess20where the adjacent inner surface portions of the oil retaining recess20intersect with each other. The hexagonal oil retaining recess20has a bottom surface32facing radially inwardly of the cage; first surfaces36intersecting with the respective ends, in the circumferential direction of the cage, of the bottom surface32; and second surfaces37intersecting with ends of the respective first surfaces36, and extending to the opening of the oil retaining recess20at the large-diameter-side pocket surface16. The internal angles of the corners31between the bottom surface32and the respective first surfaces36are 90 degrees or more. The internal angles of the corners31between the first surfaces36and the respective second surfaces37are right angles or acute angles or less than 90 degrees. Because the corners31of an oil retaining recess20having a hexagonal shape when axially seen are larger in number than those of an oil retaining recess20having a quadrangular shape when axially seen, such a hexagonal oil retaining recess20is capable of retaining lubricating oil more effectively.

Also, as illustrated inFIG.13, the hexagonal oil retaining recesses20may have a hexagonal shape of which the internal angles of the corners between the bottom surface32and the respective first surfaces36are acute angles or less than 90 degrees, and the external angles of the ridges between the first surfaces36and the respective second surfaces37are obtuse angles of more than 180 degrees.

As illustrated inFIGS.14and15, an axially (horizontally inFIG.15) recessed oil retaining groove35may be formed in the inner wall surface34of each oil retaining recess20. The oil retaining groove35is located radially outwardly spaced apart from the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12so as not to open to the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12. The oil retaining groove35has an axial (horizontal inFIG.15) depth of 1.0 mm or less (preferably 0.5 mm or less).

The oil retaining groove35includes a horizontal groove portion35aextending from one of the opposite circumferential sides (right and left sides inFIG.14) to the other circumferential side; and a vertical groove portion35bbranching off and extending radially outwardly from an intermediate section of the horizontal groove portion35a. The horizontal groove portion35ahas a radial (vertical inFIG.14) width of 0.1 to 1.0 mm (preferably 0.2 to 0.8 mm, more preferably 0.4 to 0.6 mm). The vertical groove portion35bhas a circumferential width of 0.1 to 1.0 mm (preferably 0.2 to 0.8 mm, more preferably 0.4 to 0.6 mm).

By forming, as illustrated inFIGS.14and15, the axially recessed oil retaining grooves35in the inner wall surfaces34of the respective oil retaining recesses20, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20enter the oil retaining grooves35, and can be easily retained in the oil retaining recesses20. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20can suitably lubricate the roller large end surfaces11during rotation of the tapered roller bearing1, and can be suitably retained in the oil retaining recesses20while the tapered roller bearing1is stopped.

Also, since the oil retaining grooves35are each radially outwardly spaced apart from the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12so as not to open to the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12, lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20located at a higher level than the rotational center axis of the tapered roller bearing1is suitably retained in the oil retaining grooves35. In other words, for the oil retaining recesses20located at a higher level than the above rotational center axis, while gravity (force in the downward direction toward the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12) is applied to the lubricating oil therein, since the oil retaining grooves35of the oil retaining recesses20do not open to the inner peripheral surface of the large-diameter-side annular portion12, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining grooves35does not easily flow out of the oil retaining grooves35due to its own weight. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recesses20can be suitably retained in the oil retaining recesses20by the oil retaining grooves35.

Also, the oil retaining groove35includes a horizontal groove portion35aextending from one of the opposite circumferential sides to the other circumferential side; and a vertical groove portion35bbranching off and extending radially outwardly from an intermediate section of the horizontal groove portion35a, and this increases the surface area of the inner surface of the oil retaining groove35, thus increasing the contact area between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20and the inner surface of the oil retaining groove35. As a result, a larger surface tension acts between the lubricating oil in the oil retaining groove, and the inner surface of the oil retaining groove35. Therefore, the lubricating oil in the oil retaining recess20can be retained more suitably in the oil retaining recess20.

The above tapered roller bearing1can be used as a rolling bearing that rotatably supports an input shaft of the differential mechanism40ofFIG.17.

While the embodiments of the present invention were described above, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be applied to various modifications.

While, in each of the above embodiments, as illustrated inFIGS.2,4and5orFIG.8, two oil retaining recesses20are disposed per large-diameter-side pocket surface16, a single oil retaining recess20, or three or more oil retaining recesses20may be disposed per large-diameter-side pocket surface16. Alternatively, different numbers of oil retaining recesses20may be disposed for the respective large-diameter-side pocket surface16.

The above-described embodiments are mere examples in every respect, and the present invention is not limited thereto. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is indicated not by the above description but by the claims, and should be understood to include all modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the scope of the claims.