Spring-action running and jumping shoe

An athletic shoe, particularly for running and jumping, including an upper sole, a separate lower sole beneath the upper sole and a leaf spring of approximately the width of the shoe connecting the upper and lower soles. One end of the leaf spring is fastened to one end of the upper sole, such as the front end, while the other end of the leaf spring is fastened to the opposite end of the lower sole. The opposite surfaces of the upper and lower soles facing the spring may be arcuately curved. The spring may be arcuately curved. The upper sole may be fastened to the shoe over the entire length of the upper sole or only at the front of the shoe, e.g. at a joint. Additional springs may be disposed between the upper and lower soles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a spring-action running and jumping shoe 
having an upper sole and a lower sole which are connected elastically to 
each other. 
Man's running and jumping capabilities are increased by shoes having 
elastic soles. For high jumps, a large spring path and large spring force 
are advantageous, as in trampoline jumping. Spring-action running and 
jumping shoes of relatively large spring path and large spring force can 
be used for athletic running and jumping, for jogging and for a jumping 
sport similar to trampoline jumping. 
Many embodiments of spring-action running and jumping shoes are known. In 
this connection, different types of springs are used, such as coil 
compression springs, tension springs, leaf springs, rubber and foam-rubber 
cushions and pneumatic springs. With a spring path of several centimeters, 
the exact guidance of the lower sole which contacts the ground upon 
running is a problem. Expensive devices have been described in order to 
make certain that breaking out of the spring toward the side or toward the 
front and rear is prevented. When wide leaf springs or similar structural 
parts are used, the guidance problem is solved. Thus, German Utility Model 
No. 7701451 describes an embodiment which contains a leaf spring, the 
front half of which is developed as the outer sole, while its rear end is 
fastened to the rear end of the upper sole. This embodiment makes it 
possible upon running to improve the take-off by means of the spring force 
shortly before the lifting off of the foot. But, one cannot take up the 
momentum upon placing the heel of the foot down and use it again for the 
forward drive. 
The opposite is true in the case of a V-shaped base fastened below the 
running show with its point forward, as described in German DE-OS No. 24 
24 889. Upon running, the push of the heel is taken up thereby and is 
converted into an upward and forward thrust. The take-off is not improved 
thereby, since no spring action is present any longer in this position. 
Both of the embodiments described furthermore have the disadvantage that 
only a part of the leaf spring can fully develop its spring action since 
it is developed in part as the outer sole. A spring calculation shows that 
the permissible strength values of spring steel are rapidly exceeded if it 
is attempted to take up with these springs the spring forces which 
correspond to several times the weight of the body. 
From the above description it is clear that it is advantageous for a 
spring-action running and jumping shoe to contain two spring actions. The 
first spring action takes up the upward thrust when the heel is placed 
down and converts it into an upward and forward thrust during the course 
of the rolling motion of the foot. The second spring action improves the 
take-off with the tip of the foot. One complicated device for converting 
the thrust of the heel into forward thrust is described in DE-OS No. 30 12 
945. Simpler embodiments having two springs are described in DE No. 30 17 
769A1 and DE No. 30 34 126A1. The latter patent application also contains 
an embodiment having two leaf springs curved in S shape, wherein one 
spring is fastened to the front end and one to the rear end of the shoe. 
The two loose ends of the leaf springs form the outer sole. At least one 
of the two springs must be divided in two, for reasons of symmetry. Since 
the width of the shoe is not more than 10 cm, this results in relatively 
narrow leaf springs of only slight lateral stability. During running, such 
running shoes therefore tend to move out toward the side or to tilt. They 
have the further disadvantage that the spring action of the leaf springs 
is only partly utilized. Therefore, large forces cannot be taken up due to 
the limited strength of the material. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The object of the invention is to develop a spring-action running and 
jumping shoe having one spring action in the region of the heel and a 
second spring action in the region of the front of the foot and also 
having good forward, rearward and lateral stability and which, with a 
spring path of several centimeters, takes up by spring action forces which 
correspond to several times the weight of the body. 
In accordance with the invention, the elastic connection between the upper 
and lower soles of a spring-action running and jumping shoe comprises a 
leaf spring of approximately the width of the shoe. One end of the spring 
is fastened to the front or to the rear part of the upper sole and the 
other end is fastened to the opposite part of the lower sole. In the 
preferred embodiment, the leaf spring is attached to the front end of the 
upper sole and to the rear end of the lower sole. 
To improve the spring action and so that the spring may rest against one or 
both of the soles in case of strong loading, either one or both of the 
underside of the upper sole or the upper side of the lower sole, both of 
which face the spring, are at least partially arched or support upon 
themselves arched ribs against which the spring is pressed upon loading. 
In an alternate embodiment, the spring itself is curved in arcuate shape 
along the length. With one or both of the leaf spring or the soles, the 
arcuate shape of the soles and/or of the leaf spring has a constant 
curvature. 
In a further alternate embodiment, rather than the entire upper sole being 
attached to the athletic shoe and that, in turn, being attached to the 
spring at one end of the upper sole, only the front part of the shoe is 
firmly attached to the upper sole. This permits the foot to tilt forwardly 
to a great extent. The attachment of the shoe to the upper sole may be at 
pivoting joint located, for instance, at the front of the shoe, as in a 
cross-country ski boot connection to the ski. 
Alternate additional springs at the front and/or rear of the shoe may be 
provided, e.g. separate pneumatic springs, which cooperate with the leaf 
spring to provide the correct lift. 
The invention is briefly described by looking at the process of running, 
using shoes in accordance with the invention. The leaf spring is flat in 
the unloaded condition. When the heel is set down, the leaf spring is 
curved in one direction and, upon pushing off with the tip of the foot, it 
is curved in the other direction (FIGS. 2 and 4). As a result, with only a 
single leaf spring, two spring actions are obtained, one in the region of 
the heel and one in the region of the front of the foot. During running, 
after the heel has been set down and before pushing off with the tip of 
the foot, the foot effects a rolling movement, which is supported by the 
spring which is now curved in S shape. This curvature is caused by the 
heel pressure initially predominating and then by the front of the foot 
predominating subsequently. The energy stored in the leaf spring by the 
placing down of the heel is converted, during the rolling process, into an 
upward and forward thrust. Toward the end of the rolling process, this 
energy is consumed and the leaf spring is now tensioned only by the action 
of the front of the foot. The energy stored in the leaf spring by the 
strong pushing-off motion of the front of the foot is converted into an 
additional forward and upward thrust when the muscular work has already 
ceased and the leg is stretched straight. 
By the spring-action running and jumping shoe of the invention, the 
efficiency of the running process is substantially improved and easier and 
faster running and higher and longer jumping are possible. By the use of 
leaf springs which utilize the entire width of the shoe or even somewhat 
more, good forward, rearward and lateral stability is obtained, even in 
the case of spring paths of several centimeters. Only a little practice is 
necessary to achieve dependable running and jumping with the shoe of the 
invention. 
One advantage over the prior art is the utilization of the spring action of 
one leaf spring in two directions, rather than using two springs. As a 
result, with the same spring action and the same stressing of material, 
the weight of the spring and the required spring space are reduced by 
half. Only by this technique is it possible when using leaf springs of 
high-grade spring steel to take up, with relatively large spring paths, 
forces which correspond to a multiple of the weight of the body without so 
increasing the base surface of the shoe or the weight of the shoe that 
running or jumping is impeded. It is a particular advantage over the prior 
art that the good properties of spring-action running and jumping shoes in 
accordance with the invention are obtained at only slight technical 
expense. 
The invention will be described in further detail below with reference to 
four illustrative embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
EXAMPLE 1 
FIG. 1 shows the construction, in principle, of a spring-action running and 
jumping shoe according to the invention. A substantially rigid upper sole 
1 forms the shoe sole of an athletic shoe 2 which surrounds the foot. 
However, only a substantially rigid lower sole 3, which is connected via a 
wide leaf spring 4 to the upper sole 1, contacts the ground. One end of 
the leaf spring 4 is connected to the front part of the upper sole 1, and 
the other end of the leaf spring 4 is connected to the rear part of the 
lower sole 3. The lower sole 3 contains a running covering 5, such as a 
profiled sole, rubber cleats, spikes or similar devices for improving 
adherence to the ground at the places where the lower sole touches the 
ground during running. The width of the leaf spring 4 generally 
corresponds to the width of the shoe, although it may also be somewhat 
wider or narrower than it. 
The changes occurring during running are now described. FIG. 2 shows how 
the leaf spring 4 bends when a load is placed on the heel. Upon uniform 
vertical loading of the foot, the spring 4 bends into an S shape, as shown 
in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 shows the conditions when the tip of the foot is placed 
under load. FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show the stages in running of foot tilting. 
In principle, conditions do not change if the one end of the leaf spring 4 
is connected to the rear part of the upper sole 1 and the other end of the 
leaf spring 4 is connected to the front part of the lower sole 3. A shoe 
which is constructed in this manner is one according to the invention and 
functions in exactly the same way as the one shown in FIG. 1. 
The two soles 1 and 3 need not be parallel to each other when not under 
load. By a slight front upward tilt position of the upper sole 1, it is 
possible to increase the take-off power at the expense of the heel thrust, 
while with a slight front downward tilt position, the reverse is true. In 
the unloaded condition, the leaf spring 4 may be flat, as shown in FIG. 1, 
or else arched or S-shaped. The ratio of heel thrust to foot-tip thrust 
can be influenced by the spring curvature even in the case of parallel 
soles 1 and 3. In FIG. 8, for example, leaf spring 4 is curved in an 
arcuate shape having a constant curvature for producing a desired ratio of 
heel thrust to foot-tip thrust, and soles 1 and 3 are flat and parallel. 
In a running and jumping shoe according to the invention, both soles 1 and 
3, or one of them, may also be elastic. If the lower sole 3, for instance, 
is developed as a leaf spring, it will bend in the opposite direction to 
the leaf spring 4 upon application of load on the foot tip, as shown in 
FIG. 4. Upon application of load on the heel, an elastic lower sole 3 has 
no effect in the case of a running and jumping shoe according to FIG. 1. 
The conditions are reversed if, as described in the alternative above, the 
leaf spring 4 is attached the other way around. 
EXAMPLE 2 
The loading of the leaf spring 4 in a running and jumping shoe in Example 1 
is greatest just behind the attachment to the soles 1 and 3. In the case 
of heel loading, as shown in FIG. 2, the spring curvature is, for 
instance, greatest just behind the attachment to the upper sole 1. In the 
design of the spring, one must be guided by these critical places, and the 
spring therefore becomes relatively thick and heavy. The conditions can be 
improved slightly by a conical development of the springs with respect to 
the thickness or width. The thinnest place in the spring then lies in the 
center between the two attachments. Such springs, however, are difficult 
to manufacture and are therefore expensive. The leaf springs 4 can be 
dimensioned optimally with respect to their size and weight if one sees to 
it, by means of a support, that a maximum spring curvature determined by 
the physical properties of the material cannot be exceeded. 
One such running and jumping shoe in accordance with the invention is shown 
in FIG. 5. Both the upper sole 1 and the lower sole 3 are developed with 
arches on their opposed sides facing the leaf spring 4, so that the leaf 
spring 4 can rest against the arched soles upon the application of load. 
With a flat leaf spring 4 of high-grade tempered spring steel (55Si7) of 5 
mm in thickness and 90 mm in width and effective length of 260 mm, a 
tensile strength of 1200 N/mm.sup.2 is not exceeded if the curved sole 
parts are formed of sections of a circular path of a radius of 435 mm. 
These measurements correspond approximately to the conditions shown in 
FIG. 5. An athlete weighing 75 kg wearing such shoes presses the springs 4 
together--in case of uniform standing load on both shoes--by about 11 mm, 
while when the shoe is loaded by the heel or the tip of the foot with 
300N, and therefore with four times the weight of the body, they are 
pressed together by about 69 mm. In the case of about 10 times the weight 
of the body, the maximum possible spring path of 75 mm is reached. These 
values are favorable for normal long-distance running. For fast sprints, 
the springs must be reinforced, while for broad and high jumps, the spring 
path must be increased. 
Due to considerations of weight, the soles 1 and 3 are not made arcuate 
over their entire width. It is sufficient if the leaf spring 4 can rest on 
both sides of the shoe against an arcuate rib. The soles are produced, for 
instance, as an aluminum casting and contain, in addition to the arcuate 
ribs, stability-increasing braces and recesses for fastening a leaf spring 
4 and the athletic shoe 2 which surrounds the foot. The running and 
jumping shoes according to the invention which are described in this 
example have the further advantage over the one described in FIG. 1 of 
greater assurance against tilting. The possibility of twisting of the leaf 
springs, which must be avoided by a suitable position of the foot, is 
greatly reduced by its resting against the arcuate ribs. 
Instead of the flat leaf springs 4 provided in this example, curved leaf 
springs 4 can also be used. The curvature of the soles must then be 
suitably adapted, and flat or even negatively curved soles may be 
necessary in order to make certain that the leaf springs rest with the 
allowable tension. 
Materials useful for the arched soles include the aluminum described, but 
light materials of high stiffness and breaking strength are preferred. 
Fiber-reinforced plastics satisfy these requirements and can be worked 
inexpensively into complicated shapes. 
EXAMPLE 3 
Up to now the simplest possible examples have been described. However, the 
leaf springs 4 can also be developed with a multiplicity of steps such as 
is customary, for instance, in the case of automobile springs. Additional 
springs of another type may also be used. For example, it is advantageous 
to use separate pneumatic springs 6 in the front and rear parts of the 
shoe, as shown in FIG. 6. If the pneumatic springs 6 are inflatable by 
means of a valve 7, the spring force can be adapted to the estimated 
stresses by different degrees of inflation. 
EXAMPLE 4 
In Examples 1 to 3, a substantially rigid upper sole 1 has been used which 
is identical to a shoe sole. However, for dependable running and jumping 
with shoes in accordance with the invention, it is also sufficient if 
dependable guidance of the spring 4 and the lower sole 3 is assured by the 
connecting of the front of the shoe to the leaf spring 4. FIG. 7 shows an 
embodiment of a running and jumping shoe according to the invention in 
which only the front part of the athletic shoe 2 surrounding the foot is 
firmly connected to the sole 1. In order to make this clear, FIG. 7 shows 
the shoe with loading of the front of the foot as in FIG. 4. The rear part 
of the shoe is in this case lifted off from the upper sole 1 with the toes 
bent. The take-off behavior is improved, as compared with Examples 1 to 3, 
and corresponds to running with normal athletic shoes. Upon the setting 
down of the heel and upon the rolling of the foot during the running 
motion, the rear part of the shoe touches the upper sole 1. The 
lifting-off commences only upon the forward thrust with the point of the 
foot. Very similar conditions are found in cross-country skiing and all 
devices and measures known in the latter can be adopted here. Thus, it is 
advisable to provide in the region of the heel on the side of the upper 
sole 1 facing the shoe 2 a covering 8 forming points, which assures good 
adherence between shoe sole and upper sole 1. The connecting of the front 
of the shoe to the leaf spring 4 can also be effected by a swivel joint 
which is located in the region of the toes or at the tip of the foot. 
The Examples indicated above cannot exhaustively describe all advantageous 
embodiments of running and jumping shoes in accordance with the invention. 
Only shoes have been described in which the athletic shoe 2 which covers 
the foot forms a single unit with the other parts of the shoe 1, 3 and 4. 
However, a running and jumping shoe in accordance with the invention could 
be provided, in which a normal athletic shoe having a separate lower part 
comprising an upper sole 1, a lower sole 3 and a leaf spring 4 is attached 
by a shoe harness which is similar to that used in cross-country skiing. 
One advisable addition is to provide protection against dirtying of the 
leaf springs 4 and of the arcuate guide ribs. This protection can be 
obtained, for instance, by a rubber sleeve which connects the edges of the 
two soles 1 and 3 to each other. 
It is possible to improve the reliability against tilting by devices which 
assure substantial parallel guidance of the edges of the soles. This is 
done, for instance, by scissor-like lever arrangements (not shown) as 
additional connections between the upper and lower soles. 
High-grade tempered spring steel is preferred as the material for the leaf 
springs, but spring bronzes, fiber-reinforced plastics and other spring 
materials also may be satisfactory. A flat shape leaf spring with uniform 
thickness and width is preferred since it is cheapest. However, other 
forms of leaf springs, for instance curved or S-shaped, also enter into 
consideration. In case of high loads, multiple springs are advantageous. 
The width of the spring 4 corresponds approximately to the width of the 
shoe. Its length is generally slightly greater than the length of the 
shoe. For taking up larger forces, wider springs 4 are suitable. With 
longer springs 4, greater spring paths can be provided. Longer spring 
paths can also be obtained by mounting a plurality of the arrangements in 
accordance with the invention described above one above the other so that 
the running and jumping shoe of the invention contains two or more leaf 
springs 4 and one or more intermediate soles, which can also be reduced to 
fastening elements which connect the ends of two leaf springs together. 
Although the present invention has been described in connection with a 
number of preferred embodiments thereof, many variations and modifications 
will now become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, 
therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific 
disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.