Fractionation control

A control system for a fractionation column which separates a feed into a heavy bottoms product, which is used as fuel for a plant, and into a light overhead product, which is used in a process, is disclosed. The fractionation column is controlled in such a manner that sufficient bottoms product is supplied to meet the plant fuel requirements while maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead product. The flow rate of fuel oil to the reboiler furnace associated with the fractionation column and the flow rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column are controlled in such a manner that the objectives of supplying sufficient bottoms product to meet plant fuel requirements and supplying an overhead product having a desired distillation temperature are met while still minimizing the external reflux flow rate and the flow rate of the fuel oil to the reboiler furnace to increase fuel economy.

This invention relates to control of a fractionation column. In a 
particular aspect this invention relates to method and apparatus for 
maintaining a desired ratio of bottoms product flow rate to feed flow rate 
while maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead 
product from the fractionation column. In another particular aspect this 
invention relates to method and apparatus for maintaining a desired ratio 
of long term average bottoms product flow rate to feed flow rate while 
maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead product 
from the fractionation column and smoothing the rate of change (reducing 
flow transients) in the overhead product flow rate caused by changes in 
the feed rate. In still another particular aspect this invention relates 
to method and apparatus for increasing the energy efficiency of a 
fractionation column while still providing sufficient bottoms product to 
meet the fuel requirements of a plant and maintaining a desired 
distillation temperature for the overhead product from the fractionation 
column. 
Government regulations and increasing natural gas shortages have forced 
increased use of fuel oil in manufacturing and processing plants. In many 
plants where light hydrocarbons are processed, the cheapest way to obtain 
fuel oil is to fractionate a feed stream containing light and heavy 
hydrocarbons. The light hydrocarbons are utilized to supply the required 
feed to another process or may be a product of the separation process. The 
heavy hydrocarbons are utilized as fuel oil for several plant heating 
uses. 
Generally, two criteria must be met in manufacturing processes where the 
light hydrocarbons from the fractionation process are used in another 
process operation and the heavy hydrocarbons are used as fuel for the 
entire plant. One criterion is that sufficient heavy hydrocarbons or 
bottoms product must be produced to supply the fuel requirements of the 
plant. The fuel requirement of a combination process step is generally a 
function of the flow rate of the feed to the plant and thus it is 
desirable to maintain a relatively constant heavy hydrocarbon (bottoms 
product) flow rate to feed flow rate ratio to insure that sufficient 
bottoms product is available to supply fuel to the plant. 
The second criterion involves the concentration of heavy organic compounds, 
principally hydrocarbons, which are supplied to the downstream process 
step. In decomposition processes such as cracking, gasification et al 
where light hydrocarbons are being processed, heavier hydrocarbons have an 
increased tendency to deactivate catalysts in the reactors and to cause 
coke buildup especially in tubular thermal reactors. Because of these 
effects, the concentration of heavy hydrocarbons contained in the overhead 
product from the fractionator as feed to such a process must be closely 
controlled. The concentration of heavy hydrocarbons in the overhead 
product from the fractionation process can be determined from a suitably 
selected temperature measured during an automated analytical distillation 
performed on successive batch samples of overhead product. It is thus a 
requirement that this distillation temperature of the overhead samples be 
controlled at some maximum level to prevent the inclusion of excessive 
concentration of heavy hydrocarbons in the downstream process feed which 
would cause catalyst deactivation and/or the buildup of coke in reactor 
zones. 
It is also desirable to operate the fractionation column so as to increase 
the energy efficiency of the fractionation column while still meeting the 
two criteria set forth in the preceding paragraphs. Generally increasing 
of the energy efficiency of a fractionation column is accomplished by 
controlling the rate of heat input to the reboiler associated with the 
fractionation column and by controlling the flow rate of external reflux 
to the fractionation column. It is thus desirable to maintain control over 
these parameters if such control does not interfere with the meeting of 
the two criteria set forth in the preceding paragraphs. 
Where the overhead product from a fractionation column is being supplied to 
a downstream process, it is desirable to prevent rapid fluctuations in the 
flow rate of the overhead product to the process. Fluctuations in the feed 
rate to the fractionation column must ultimately affect either the flow 
rate of the overhead product or the flow rate of the bottoms product or 
both. With the instant process system, it is desirable to allow the more 
rapid changes to occur in the bottoms product flow rate while suppressing 
large changes in the overhead product flow rate in response to changes in 
the feed rate to the fractionation column because the bottoms product is 
frequently supplied to a holding tank before being used as fuel. The 
holding tank functions to smooth out the rapid changes in the flow rate of 
the bottoms product so that rapid fluctuations in the bottoms product flow 
rate has little disturbing effect as long as the long term average bottoms 
product flow rate to feed flow rate ratio is held constant. 
It is thus an object of this invention to provide method and apparatus for 
maintaining a desired bottoms product flow rate to feed flow rate ratio 
while maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead 
product stream from the fractionation column. Another object of this 
invention is to provide method and apparatus for maintaining a desired 
long term average bottoms product flow rate to feed flow rate ratio while 
maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead product 
from the fractionation column and smoothing the rate of change in the 
overhead product flow rate caused by change in the feed rate. Still 
another object of this invention is to provide method and apparatus for 
increasing the energy efficiency of a fractionation column while still 
providing sufficient bottoms product to meet the fuel requirements of a 
plant and maintaining a desired distillation temperature for the overhead 
product stream from the fractionation column. 
In accordance with the present invention, a plurality of process parameters 
are measured and provided as inputs to a computer means. In response to 
the measured system parameters and desired set point inputs provided to 
the computer means, the computer means generates a pair of control signals 
which are calculated to maintain a desired bottoms product flow rate while 
also maintaining a desired composition of the overhead product. 
One control signal provided by the computer means is representative of the 
required flow rate of the fuel flowing to the fired reboiler associated 
with the fractionation column. The flow rate of the fuel oil to the 
reboiler furnace is controlled in response to this control signal so as to 
provide a desired heat input to the fractionation column. Since the 
concentration of heavy hydrocarbons in the overhead product and the 
proportion of bottoms product produced are functions of the energy 
exchange in the fractionation column, control of the flow rate of the fuel 
oil to the fired reboiler associated with the fractionation column can be 
utilized to control the bottoms product flow rate and the composition of 
the overhead product. 
The second parameter controlled by the computer means is the flow rate of 
the external reflux to the fractionation column. The flow rate of the 
external reflux is also determinative of the composition of the overhead 
product as well as the proportion of bottoms product produced. The 
external reflux flow rate is controlled so as to provide only sufficient 
external reflux to maintain a desired composition of the overhead product 
while still maintaining a required bottoms product flow rate. 
Both the flow rate of the fuel oil to the reboiler associated with the 
fractionation column and the flow rate of the external reflux to the 
fractionation column are controlled so as to increase the energy 
efficiency of the fractionation column. This is accomplished by holding 
both the flow rate of the external reflux and the flow rate of the fuel 
oil to the fired reboiler as low as possible while still maintaining a 
desired composition of the overhead product and a required flow rate of 
the bottoms product.

The invention is illustrated and described in terms of a synthetic natural 
gas plant wherein heavy hydrocarbons from a feed to the synthetic natural 
gas plant are utilized as fuel for the plant and light hydrocarbons from 
the feed are utilized to manufacture a fuel gas. The invention, however, 
is applicable to other manufacturing processes where it is desirable to 
use the light hydrocarbons from a feed to supply a downstream process and 
use the heavy hydrocarbons from the feed to supply fuel to several 
processes. 
Although the invention is illustrated and described in terms of a specific 
fractionation column and a specific control system for the fractionation 
column, the invention is also applicable to different types and 
configurations of fractionation columns as well as different types of 
control system configurations which accomplish the purpose of the 
invention. Lines designated as signal lines in the drawings are electrical 
in this preferred embodiment. However, the invention is also applicable to 
pneumatic, mechanical, hydraulic or other signal means for transmitting 
information. In almost all control systems some combination of these types 
of signals will be used. However, use of any other type of signal 
transmission, compatible with the process and equipment in use is within 
the scope of the invention. 
A digital computer is used in the preferred embodiment of this invention to 
calculate the required control signals based on measured process 
parameters as well as set points supplied to the computer. Analog 
computers or other types of computing devices could also be used in the 
invention. 
Controllers shown may utilize the various modes of control such as 
proportional, proportional-integral, proportional-derivative, or 
proportional-integral-derivative. In this preferred embodiment 
proportional-integral controllers are utilized. The operation of these 
types of controllers is well known in the art. The output control signal 
of a proportional-integral controller may be represented as 
EQU S=K.sub.1 E+K.sub.2 .intg.Edt 
where 
S=output control signal; 
E=difference between two input signals; and 
K.sub.1 and K.sub.2 are constants. 
The various transducing means used to measure parameters which characterize 
the process and the various signals generated thereby may take a variety 
of forms or formats. For example, the control elements of the system can 
be implemented using electrical analog, digital electronic, pneumatic, 
hydraulic, mechanical or other similar types of equipment or combinations 
of one or more of such equipment types. While the presently preferred 
embodiment of the invention preferably utilizes a combination of pneumatic 
control elements such as a pneumatically operated valve means 61 in 
conjunction with electrical analog signal handling and translation 
apparatus, the apparatus and method of the invention can be implemented 
using a variety of specific equipment available to and understood by those 
skilled in the process control art. Likewise, the format of the various 
signals can be modified substantially in order to accommodate signal 
format requirements of the particular installation, safety factors, the 
physical characteristics of the measuring or control instruments and other 
similar factors. For example, a raw flow measurement signal produced by a 
differential pressure orifice flow meter would ordinarily exhibit a 
generally proportional relationship to the square of the actual flow rate. 
Other measuring instruments might produce a signal which is proportional 
to the measured parameter, and still other transducing means may produce a 
signal which bears a more complicated, but known, relationship to the 
measured parameter. In addition, all signals could be translated into a 
"suppressed zero" or other similar format in order to provide a "live 
zero" and prevent an equipment failure from being erroneously interpreted 
as a "low" or "high" measurement or control signal. Regardless of the 
signal format or the exact relationship of the signal to the parameter 
which it represents, each signal representative of a measured process 
parameter or representative of a desired process value will bear a 
relationship to the measured parameter or desired value which permits 
designation of a specific measured or desired value by a specific signal 
value. A signal which is representative of a process measurement or 
desired process value is therefore one from which the information 
regarding the measured or desired value can be readily retrieved 
regardless of the exact mathematical relationship between the signal units 
and the measured or desired process units. 
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, a fractionation 
column 10 is illustrated. A feed containing light and heavy hydrocarbons 
is supplied to the fractionation column 10 through conduit means 12. An 
overhead vapor stream is removed from the fractionation column through 
conduit means 14. The overhead vapor stream is condensed and cooled in 
heat exchanger means 16 and is then supplied through conduit means 17 to 
the overhead tank 21. The condensed overhead liquid is supplied from the 
overhead tank as both external reflux to the fractionation column 10 
through conduit means 23 and as an overhead product to a synthetic natural 
gas reactor (not illustrated) through conduit means 25. 
A bottoms product is removed from the fractionation column 10 through 
conduit means 31. Bottoms liquid is also circulated through the fuel 
oil-fired reboiler 33 by conduit means 34 and 39 for at-least-partial 
generation of reboiling vapor therein. The flow rate of the bottoms liquid 
to the reboiler 33 is held constant by pumping means 37 and/or 
conventional control not shown. The heated, at-least-partially-vaporized, 
bottoms circulation is supplied from the reboiler 33 to the fractionation 
column 10 through conduit means 39. The heated bottom circulation supplies 
heat to accomplish the fractionation process. Fuel oil is supplied to the 
reboiler 33 through conduit means 41 and is combusted therein. 
The fractionation system described to this point is a conventional 
fractionation system. It is the manner in which the fractionation system 
illustrated in FIG. 1, is controlled so as to maintain a desired bottoms 
product flow rate and a desired overhead product composition which 
provides the novel features of the present invention. 
Control of the fractionation system illustrated in FIG. 1 is generally 
accomplished by measuring a plurality of system parameters and supplying 
the measured parameters to computer means 100. Computer means 100 is a Fox 
1 digital computer provided by the Foxboro Company, Foxboro, Mass. 
Computer means 100 is also supplied with a plurality of set point signals 
which are representative of desired operating characteristics for the 
fractionation system illustrated in FIG. 1. In response to the measured 
inputs and the set point inputs, computer means 100 calculates the flow 
rate of the fuel oil to be combusted in the fired reboiler 33, and the 
flow rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column 10 required 
to maintain a desired bottoms product flow rate and also maintains a 
desired overhead product composition. 
Temperature transducer 44 supplies a signal 45 representative of the 
measured temperature of the feed flowing through conduit means 12 to the 
analog to digital (A/D) converter 47. The A/D converter 47 converts signal 
45 to digital form and supplies a signal 48, representative of the 
temperature of the feed flowing through conduit means 12, to computer 
means 100. Flow sensor 51 provides a measurement of the flow rate of the 
feed flowing through the conduit means 12 to flow transducer 52. Flow 
transducer 52 provides a signal 54, representative of the flow rate of the 
feed flowing through conduit means 12 to the A/D converter 57. The A/D 
converter 57 converts signal 54 to digital form and supplies a signal 58, 
representative of the measured flow rate of the feed flowing through 
conduit means 12 to computer means 100. Flow sensor 62 provides a 
measurement of the flow rate of the bottoms product flowing through 
conduit means 31 to the flow transducer 63. The flow transducer 63 
provides a signal 64, representative of the measured flow rate of the 
bottoms product flowing through conduit means 31 to the A/D converter 67. 
The A/D converter 67 converts signal 64 to digital form and provides a 
signal 68, representative of the measured flow rate of the bottoms product 
flowing through conduit means 31, to computer means 100. Temperature 
transducer 71 provides a signal 72, representative of the temperature of 
the bottoms liquid flowing through conduit means 34 to the A/D converter 
74. The A/D converter 74 converts signal 72 to digital form and provides a 
signal 75, representative of the measured temperature of the bottoms 
liquid flowing through conduit means 34, to computer means 100. 
Temperature transducer 77 provides a signal 78, representative of the 
measured temperature of the at-least-partially vaporized bottoms liquid 
flowing from the reboiler 33 to the fractionation column 10 through 
conduit means 39, to the A/D converter 79. The A/D converter 79 converts 
signal 78 to digital form and provides a signal 81, representative of the 
measured temperature of the bottoms liquid and vapor flowing through 
conduit means 39 to the computer means 100. Temperature transducer 83 
provides a signal 85 representative of the temperature of the external 
reflux flowing through conduit means 23 to the A/D converter 86. The A/D 
converter 86 converts signal 85 to digital form and provides a signal 88 
representative of the measured flow rate of the external reflux flowing 
through conduit means 23 to the computer means 100. Temperature transducer 
91 provides a signal 92 representative to the temperature of the overhead 
vapor leaving the fractionation column 10 through conduit means 14, to the 
A/D converter 94. The A/D converter 94 converts signal 92 to digital form 
and provides a signal 96 representative of the temperature of the overhead 
vapor flowing through conduit means 14 to the computer means 100. 
Analyzer transducer 101 is a distillation temperature analyzer such as is 
available from Hallikainen Associates, San Rafael, Calif. Such analyzers 
are known in the control art and are commonly utilized in successive batch 
analysis manner to measure, at a predetermined point in the analytical 
distillation, a temperature which is related to the concentration of heavy 
hydrocarbons in the samples of overhead product. In the preferred 
embodiment of this invention, the analyzer 101 provides a signal 103, 
representative of the temperature at which 95 percent of a sample of the 
overhead product flowing through conduit means 25 is distilled. The 
analyzer transducer 101 samples the overhead product flowing through 
conduit means 25 and then heats the sample to perform an automated ASTM 
distillation. Signal 103 is thus representative of the still vapor 
temperature at which 95 percent of the overhead product sample has been 
distilled. Signal 103 may be referred to as the distillation "end point" 
temperature and those familiar with petroleum laboratory procedures will 
recognize the relationship of the various percentage-distilled, dry or end 
point temperatures to the composition of the overhead product. Signal 103 
is supplied from analyzer transducer 101 to the A/D converter 105. The A/D 
converter 105 converts signal 103 to digital form and provides a signal 
106 representative of the distillation temperature of the overhead product 
to the computer means 100. 
In response to the described inputs, computer means 100 calculates two 
control signals which are utilized in controlling the fractionation 
process illustrated in FIG. 1. One control signal, calculated by the 
computer means 100, is the required flow rate of the fuel oil flowing 
through conduit means 41. Signal 111, representative of the required flow 
rate of the fuel oil flowing through conduit means 41 is supplied from the 
computer means 100 to the digital to analog (D/A) converter 112. The D/A 
converter 112 converts signal 111 to analog form and supplies a signal 113 
representative of the required flow rate of the fuel oil flowing through 
conduit means 41 to the current-to-pressure transducer 114. The current 
pressure transducer 114 converts signal 111 to an equivalent pneumatic 
pressure signal 116 and supplies signal 116 as the set point to the flow 
controller 61. Flow sensor 121 provides a measurement of the actual flow 
rate of the fuel oil flowing through conduit means 41 to flow transducer 
123. Flow transducer 123 provides a signal 124, representative of the 
measured flow rate of the fuel oil flowing through conduit means 41 to the 
flow controller 61. In response to signals 116 and 124 the flow controller 
61 provides an output signal 126 which is responsive to the difference 
between signals 116 and 124. Signal 126 is provided to actuate the 
pneumatic control valve 128 which is located in conduit means 41. The 
pneumatic control valve 128 is thus manipulated in response to signal 126 
to thereby maintain the flow rate of the fuel oil flowing through conduit 
means 41 at a desired level. 
The second control signal from computer means 100 is representative of the 
required flow rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column 10. 
Signal 131, representative of the required flow rate of the external 
reflux to the fractionation column 10 is supplied from computer means 100 
to the D/A converter 133. The D/A converter 133 converts signal 131 to 
analog form and provides a signal 134 representative of the required flow 
rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column 10 to the 
current-to-pressure transducer 136. The current-to-pressure transducer 136 
converts signal 134 to an equivalent pressure signal 138 and supplies 
signal 138 as the set point to the flow controller 141. Flow sensor 143 
provides a measurement of the flow rate of the external reflux, flowing 
through conduit means 23 to the fractionation column 10, to the flow 
transducer 144. Flow transducer 144 provides a signal 146 representative 
of the measured flow rate of the external reflux flowing through conduit 
means 23 to the flow controller 141. In response to signals 138 and 146 
the flow controller 141 provides an output signal 148, responsive to the 
difference between signals 138 and 146, to actuate the pneumatic control 
valve 151 which is operably located in conduit means 23. The pneumatic 
control valve 151 is thus manipulated in response to signal 148 to thereby 
maintain the flow rate of the external reflux through conduit means 23 to 
the fractionation column 10 at a desired level. 
The flow rate of the bottoms product through conduit means 31 is controlled 
by means of pneumatic control valve 155. Pneumatic control valve 155 is 
manipulated in response to signal 157 which is the output from the level 
controller 158. Signal 157 is generated by the level controller 158 in 
response to a measurement of the actual level of the bottoms liquid in the 
fractionation column 10 and the set point 161, representative of the 
desired level of the bottoms product in the fractionation column 10, which 
is supplied to the level controller 158. The pneumatic control valve 155 
is thus manipulated in response to signal 157 to thereby maintain the 
level of the bottoms product in the fractionation column 10 at a desired 
level. The heat input to the fractionation column, via combustion of fuel 
oil in fired reboiler 33, which is determined by signal 111; and the flow 
rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column, which is 
determined by signal 131, are thus controlled so as to supply a required 
long term average flow rate of bottoms product to meet the fuel 
requirements of the plant via the indirect, rapid action of level 
controller 158. 
The level of the overhead product (distillate) in the overhead tank 21 is 
maintained by means of level controller 171. Level controller 171 measures 
the actual liquid level in the overhead tank 21 and is also supplied with 
a set point 173, which is representative of the desired liquid level in 
the overhead tank 21. In response to the set point signal 173 and the 
measurement of the liquid level in the overhead tank 21, the level 
controller 171 provides a signal 175 to actuate the pneumatic control 
valve 177 operably located in conduit means 25. Signal 175, which is 
responsive to the difference between the set point signal 173 and the 
measurement of the actual liquid level in the overhead tank 21, is 
utilized to manipulate pneumatic control valve 177 so as to maintain a 
desired liquid level in the overhead tank 21. The flow rate of the 
external reflux to the fractionation column 10, which is determined by 
signal 131, and the flow rate of fuel oil to the reboiler 33, which is 
determined by signal 111, are thus controlled so as to maintain sufficient 
overhead product flowing through conduit means 17 so that the liquid level 
in the overhead tank 21 can be maintained at a desired level while still 
supplying sufficient external reflux to the fractionation column 10 for 
the purpose of separation and supplying an overhead product having a 
desired composition to a synthetic natural gas process through conduit 
means 25. 
The following development of the control signals 111 and 131, illustrated 
in FIG. 1, is provided to clarify the logic flow diagram illustrated in 
FIG. 2. The required flow rate of fuel oil to the reboiler 33, illustrated 
in FIG. 1, is a function of the heat required by the fractionation 
process. The heat required by the fractionation process is the sum of 
three terms: 
(A) heat required to vaporize the reflux; 
(B) heat required to raise the temperature of the feed to the bottom 
product temperature; and 
(C) heat required to vaporize the portion of the feed which forms the 
overhead vapor stream. 
The heat required to vaporize the reflux is given by 
EQU Q.sub.1 =(R.sub.I)(H.sub.VR) (I) 
where: 
Q.sub.1 =heat required to vaporize the reflux; 
R.sub.i =flow rate of the internal reflux where the internal reflux is 
defined as the reflux liquid flowing downwardly inside the fractionation 
column 10, illustrated in FIG. 1; and 
H.sub.vr =heat of vaporization of the internal reflux. 
The heat required to raise the portion of the feed which forms the bottoms 
product, from the feed temperature to the bottom product temperature is 
given by: 
EQU Q.sub.2 =(B)(C.sub.PB)(T.sub.B -T.sub.F) (II) 
where: 
Q.sub.2 =heat required to raise the temperature of the bottoms portion of 
the feed to the bottom product temperature; 
B=flow rate of the bottom product; 
C.sub.pb =specific heat of the portion of the feed which forms the bottom 
product; 
T.sub.b =temperature of the bottom product; and 
T.sub.f =temperature of the feed. 
The heat required to vaporize the portion of the feed which forms the 
overhead product is given by: 
EQU Q.sub.3 =DH.sub.VD +C.sub.PD (T.sub.T -T.sub.F) (III) 
where: 
Q.sub.3 =heat required to vaporize the portion of the feed which forms the 
overhead vapor stream; 
D=flow rate of the overhead vapor stream; 
H.sub.vd =heat of vaporization of the portion of the feed which forms the 
overhead vapor stream; 
C.sub.pd =specific heat of the portion of the feed which forms the overhead 
vapor stream; 
T.sub.t =temperature of the overhead vapor stream; and 
T.sub.f =temperature of the feed. 
Combining Equations (I), (II), and (III) gives the total heat required by 
the fraction process as 
EQU Q=(R.sub.I)(H.sub.VR)+(B)(C.sub.PB)(T.sub.B -T.sub.F)+(D)[H.sub.VD 
+C.sub.PD (T.sub.T -T.sub.F)] (IV) 
where Q is the total heat required by the fractionation process and all 
other variables are as previously defined. 
The flow rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column 10 is 
given by the well known equation 
##EQU1## 
where: R.sub.E =flow rate of external reflux; 
R.sub.i =flow rate of internal reflux, where the internal reflux is defined 
as the reflux flowing inside the fractionation column 10; 
K=specific heat of the external reflux divided by the heat of vaporization 
of the external reflux; 
T.sub.t =temperature of overhead vapor stream; and 
T.sub.r =temperature of the external reflux. 
The logic flow diagram utilized to calculate the control signals 111 and 
131 in response to the previously described input signals to the computer 
means 100 is illustrated in FIG. 2. Symbols previously described and 
defined in the development of Equations (IV) and (V) are utilized in the 
description of FIG. 2. Referring now to FIG. 2, computer means 100 is 
shown as a dotted line surrounding the flow logic. Signal 96, 
representative of T.sub.T, is supplied as a first input to the subtracting 
block 211. Signal 88, representative of T.sub.R, is supplied as a second 
input to the subtracting block 211. The value of T.sub.R, is subtracted 
from the value of T.sub.T to provide a signal 213, which is representative 
of (T.sub.T -T.sub.R). The differential temperature represented by signal 
213 is supplied as a first input to the multiplying block 214. The 
multiplying block 214 is also supplied with a signal 215, representative 
of the constant K. The output signal 216 from the multiplying block 214 is 
thus representative of (K)(T.sub.T -T.sub.R). Signal 216 is supplied as a 
first input to the summing block 217. The summing block 217 is also 
supplied with a signal 219, representative of the constant +1. Signal 221, 
supplied from the summing block 217, is thus representative of 
1+(K)(T.sub.T -T.sub.R). Signal 221 is supplied as a first input to the 
dividing block 223. 
Signal 106, representative of the measured distillation temperature of the 
overhead product samples T.sub.EP is supplied as a first input to the 
integral controller block 225. The integral controller block 225 is also 
supplied with a set point signal 227, representative of the desired 
distillation temperature for the overhead product. Signal 228, which is 
output from the integral controller block 225, is representative of a 
prediction of the flow rate of the internal reflux R.sub.I required to 
hold signal 106 equal to signal 227. Signal 228 is provided a high-low 
limit block 231, the function of which is to prevent an equipment 
malfunction from providing too much or too little external reflux to the 
fractionation column. The signal 233 from the high-low limit block 231 is 
thus representative of a predicted required internal reflux flow rate 
R.sub.I. Signal 233 is provided as a first input to the multiplying block 
234 and is also supplied as a second input to the dividing block 223. 
Signal 233 is divided by signal 221 in the dividing block 223 to thereby 
produce a signal 131, representative of the estimated required flow rate 
of the external reflux R.sub. E. Signal 131 is provided as an output from 
computer means 100 and is utilized as has been previously described. 
A signal 237, representative of the heat of vaporization of the internal 
reflux (H.sub.VR), is supplied as a second input to the multiplying means 
234. The output signal 239 from the multiplying block 234 is 
representative of (R.sub.I)(H.sub.VR) or is representative of Q.sub.1, as 
defined by Equation (I). Signal 239, representative of Q.sub.1, is 
supplied as a first input to the summing block 241. 
Signal 58, representative of the flow rate of the feed to the fractionation 
column (F), is supplied as an input to the lag block 243. The lag block 
243 is provided to account for the time delay required for the propagation 
of the feed to either the top or bottom of the fractionation column. 
Signal 244 is thus representative of F delayed by the actions of one or 
several time constants and/or dead times as required for specific systems. 
Signal 244 is supplied as a first input to the subtracting block 246 and 
is also supplied as a first input to the subtracting block 248. The signal 
249, which is representative of the desired bottoms product flow rate 
through conduit means 31, illustrated in FIG. 1, is provided as a second 
input to the subtracting block 248. Signal 249 is subtracted from signal 
244 in the subtracting block 248 to provide a signal 251 which is 
representative of the predicted flow rate of the overhead vapor stream 
(D). Signal 251 is supplied to the lag block 253 which is provided to 
smooth the response of the overhead vapor stream to a change in the flow 
rate of the feed. Signal 254 which is supplied from the lag block 253 is 
thus representative of the delayed, predicted flow rate of the overhead 
vapor stream. Signal 254 is supplied as a first input to the multiplying 
block 256 and is also supplied as a second input to the subtracting block 
246. 
Signal 96, which is representative of T.sub.T, is also supplied as a first 
input to the subtracting block 261. Signal 48, which is representative of 
T.sub.F, is supplied as a second input to the subtracting block 261 and is 
also supplied as a first input to the subtracting block 263. Signal 264, 
which is representative of (T.sub.T -T.sub.F) is supplied as a first input 
to the multiplying block 266. The signal 268, representative of the 
constant C.sub.PD, is supplied as a second input to the multiplying block 
266. The output signal 269, representative of (C.sub.PD)(T.sub.T -T.sub.F) 
is supplied as a first input to the summing block 271 from the multiplying 
block 266. The signal 273, representative of the constant H.sub.VD, is 
supplied as a second input to the summing block 271. The signal 275, 
representative of H.sub.VD +(C.sub.PD)(T.sub.T -T.sub.F) is supplied as a 
second input to the multiplying block 256 from the summing block 271. 
Signal 278, which is representative of Q.sub.3, as defined in Equation 
(III), is provided as a second input to the summing block 241 from the 
multiplying block 256. 
Signal 75, representative of T.sub.B, is supplied as a second input to the 
subtracting block 263. The signal 281, representative of T.sub.F -T.sub.B 
is supplied as a first input to the multiplying block 283 from the 
subtracting block 263. The signal 285, representative of the constant 
C.sub.PB, is supplied as a second input to the multiplying block 283. 
Signal 287, representative of (C.sub.PB)(T.sub.B -T.sub.F), is supplied as 
a first input to the multiplying block 291 from the multiplying block 283. 
Signal 293, representative of the predicted flow rate of the bottoms 
product (B) is supplied as a second input to the multiplying block 291 
from the subtracting block 246. Signal 293 is also supplied as a first 
input to the subtracting block 295. Signal 297, representative of Q.sub.2, 
as defined in Equation (II), is supplied as a third input to the summing 
block 241. Signal 298, representative of the total heat required by the 
fractionation column (Q) as defined in Equation (IV) is provided as a 
first input to the dividing block 301 from the summing block 241. 
The signal 303, representative of the measured or calculated heat of 
combustion of the fuel oil being supplied to the reboiler 33 illustrated 
in FIG. 1, is supplied as a first input to the multiplying block 305. The 
signal 307, representative of the measured or calculated efficiency with 
which the fuel oil can be converted to fractionation column heat input, is 
supplied as a second input to the multiplying block 305. Signal 308, 
representative of the heat of combustion of the fuel oil multiplied by the 
efficiency of the combustion of the fuel oil, is supplied as a second 
input to the dividing means 301 from the multiplying block 305. Signal 298 
is divided by signal 308 in the dividing block 301 to provide an output 
signal 311, representative of the required flow rate of the fuel oil to 
the reboiler. Signal 311 is provided as an input to the derivative block 
313 which provides an output signal 315, representative of the derivative 
of the required flow rate of the fuel oil. Signal 315 is supplied as a 
first input to the summing block 317. 
Signal 68, representative of the actual measured flow rate of the bottoms 
product flowing through conduit means 31 (B.sub.M) is provided as a second 
input to the subtracting block 295. Signal 321, representative of the 
difference between the predicted bottoms product flow rate represented by 
signal 293 and the actual measured bottoms product flow rate represented 
by signal 68 is provided as an input to the velocity integral controller 
block 322. The velocity integral controller block 322 may be thought of 
mathematically in terms of a block which takes the derivative of the 
output of an integral controller. The output signal 323 from the velocity 
integral controller block 322 is representative of the change in the 
required predicted flow rate of the fuel oil to the reboiler, as 
represented by signal 315, which is required to force the predicted 
bottoms product flow rate, represented by signal 293, to equal the 
measured bottoms flow rate, represented by signal 68. Signal 323 is 
provided as a second input to the summing block 317 from the velocity 
integral controller block 322. Signal 325, representative of the 
derivative of the corrected required flow rate of the fuel oil is supplied 
as a first input to the low select block 326. 
Signal 106, representative of T.sub.EP is supplied as a first input to the 
velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller block 329. The set 
point signal 331, representative of the maximum allowable end point 
temperature (T.sub.EP), is provided as the second input to the velocity 
proportional-integral-derivative controller block 329. Signal 333, 
representative of the derivative of the maximum allowable flow rate of the 
fuel oil which will maintain T.sub.EP at or below the set point signal 
331, is provided as a second input to the low select block 326 from the 
velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller 329. 
Signal 81, representative of the temperature of the fluid flowing from the 
reboiler 33 through conduit means 39 (T.sub.HT), is supplied as a first 
input to the velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller block 
341. The set point signal 343, representative of the maximum allowable 
temperature of the fluid flowing from the reboiler 33 through conduit 
means 39, is provided as a second input to the velocity 
proportional-integral-derivative controller block 341. The output signal 
345, representative of the derivative of the maximum allowable flow rate 
of the fuel oil which will maintain T.sub.HT at or below the set point 
signal 343 is provided as a third input to the low select block 336. The 
output signal 347, which is representative of the derivative of the 
required flow rate of the fuel oil, is supplied as an input to the 
integrator block 349. The output signal 111 from the integrator 349 is 
representative of the required flow rate of the fuel oil. The output 
signal 111 is utilized as has been previously described in FIG. 1. 
The velocity algorithms are used for the velocity integral controller 322, 
the velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller 329, and the 
velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller 341 to prevent reset 
windup (repetitive integration in a controller whose output is not being 
used via low select 326). Reset windup refers to the fact that only one of 
the controllers 322, 329 or 341 will be supplying the signal which is 
passed by the low select 326 for control use. If velocity algorithms are 
not used, the controllers which are not selected will continue to 
integrate the error, and this undesired characteristic is referred to as 
reset windup. To prevent this continued integration velocity algorithms 
are utilized. 
The output from the velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller 
329 and the output from the velocity proportional-integral-derivative 
controller 341 are utilized as protection features. The output signal 333 
from the velocity proportional-integral-derivative controller 329 prevents 
an excessive fuel oil flow rate, which would drive the end point 
temperature of the overhead product too high, from being selected. The 
output signal 345 from the velocity proportional-integral-derivative 
controller block 341 prevents an excessive fuel oil flow rate, which would 
cause overheating in the reboiler 33, from being selected. 
The derivative block 313 and the integral block 349 are utilized because of 
the use of the velocity algorithm for controllers 322, 329 and 341. If the 
velocity algorithms are not used, then the derivative block 313 and the 
integral block 349 are not needed but antireset windup feedback from low 
selected signal 347 will be required. 
The control system illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 provides both feed forward 
and feedback control of the flow rate of the bottoms product as well as 
the composition of the overhead product. Feed forward control is provided 
by the predicted overhead product flow rate and the predicted bottoms 
product flow rate which are predicted in response to the measured feed 
flow rate to the fractionation column 10. Feedback control is provided by 
the comparison of the actual measured bottoms product flow rate with the 
predicted bottoms product flow rate. Feed forward control of the external 
reflux is provided by the prediction of the internal reflux required to 
maintain the end point temperature of the overhead product at some desired 
level. The prediction of the internal reflux is continuously changed until 
the distillation temperature of the overhead product does equal the 
desired distillation temperature. The control system is interactive in 
that both the flow rate of the external reflux to the fractionation column 
10 and the flow rate of the fuel oil to the reboiler 33 are determinative 
of the flow rate of the bottoms product and the composition of the 
overhead product. Maximum energy efficiency is realized by this 
interactive control of the external reflux flow rate and the flow rate of 
the fuel oil in such a manner that the external reflux flow rate and the 
flow rate of the fuel oil are both minimized while meeting specifications 
and desired rates and still providing the least disturbing transient 
behavior of the product flow rates. 
The invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment as 
illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Specific components used in the practice of 
the invention as illustrated in FIG. 1 such as flow sensors 51, 62, 121 
and 143; flow transducers 52, 63, 123 and 144; temperature transducers 44, 
71, 77, 91 and 83; level controllers 158 and 171; pneumatic control valves 
155, 128, 177 and 151; flow controllers 61 and 141; and the current to 
pressure transducers 114 and 136 are each well known, commercially 
available control components such as are described at length in Perry's 
Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 4th Edition, Chapter 22, McGraw-Hill. 
Other components not previously specified are as follows: 
______________________________________ 
A/D converters 47, 57, 67, 74, 
MM53578-bit 
79, 86, 105 and 94 
A/D converter 
National Semiconductor 
Digital to analog converters 
AD 5598-bit 
112 and 133 D/A converter 
Analog Devices 
______________________________________ 
For reasons of brevity, conventional auxiliary fractionation equipment such 
as pumps, heat exchangers, additional measurement-control devices, etc., 
have not been included in the above description as they play no part in 
the explanation of the invention. 
While the invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred 
embodiments, reasonable variations and modifications are possible by those 
skilled in the art, within the scope of the described invention and the 
appended claims. Variations such as using an analog computer to perform 
the required calculations is within the scope of the invention.