Packet validation in virtual network interface architecture

Roughly described, a network interface device receiving data packets from a computing device for transmission onto a network, the data packets having a certain characteristic, transmits the packet only if the sending queue has authority to send packets having that characteristic. The data packet characteristics can include transport protocol number, source and destination port numbers, source and destination IP addresses, for example. Authorizations can be programmed into the NIC by a kernel routine upon establishment of the transmit queue, based on the privilege level of the process for which the queue is being established. In this way, a user process can use an untrusted user-level protocol stack to initiate data transmission onto the network, while the NIC protects the remainder of the system or network from certain kinds of compromise.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to network interfaces, and more particularly to mechanisms for validating network traffic sent or received by user level libraries in a virtual network architecture.

2. Description of Related Art

A typical computer system includes a processor subsystem (including one or more processors), a memory subsystem (including main memory, cache memory, etc.), and a variety of “peripheral devices” connected to the processor subsystem via a peripheral bus. Peripheral devices may include, for example, keyboard, mouse and display adapters, disk drives and CD-ROM drives, network interface devices, and so on. The processor subsystem communicates with the peripheral devices by reading and writing commands and information to specific addresses that have been preassigned to the devices. The addresses may be preassigned regions of a main memory address space, an I/O address space, or another kind of configuration space. Communication with peripheral devices can also take place via direct memory access (DMA), in which the peripheral devices (or another agent on the peripheral bus) transfers data directly between the memory subsystem and one of the preassigned regions of address space assigned to the peripheral devices.

Most modern computer systems are multitasking, meaning they allow multiple different application programs to execute concurrently on the same processor subsystem. Most modern computer systems also run an operating system which, among other things, allocates time on the processor subsystem for executing the code of each of the different application programs. One difficulty that might arise in a multitasking system is that different application programs may wish to control the same peripheral device at the same time. In order to prevent such conflicts, another job of the operating system is to coordinate control of the peripheral devices. In particular, only the operating system can access the peripheral devices directly; application programs that wish to access a peripheral devices must do so by calling routines in the operating system. The placement of exclusive control of the peripheral devices in the operating system also helps to modularize the system, obviating the need for each separate application program to implement its own software code for controlling the hardware.

The placement of exclusive control of the peripheral devices in the operating system also permits management of another potential difficulty, that of improper control or handling of the peripheral device. For network interface devices, for example, improper or inappropriate control of the devices could compromise other applications running in the computer system, or could compromise or otherwise negatively impact operation of the network to which the device is connected. In established operating systems, much of the software code for controlling these devices has evolved over a number of years and has been updated and improved in response to numerous tests by numerous people on numerous types of network interface devices. The software code in the operating system has therefore developed a certain level of trust: users, network administrators, network architects and other network devices can presume that the great majority of packets originating from this software code will conform to network protocol specifications. Additional code for controlling each particular peripheral device is incorporated into the operating system in the form of a device driver specific to the particular peripheral device. Device drivers are usually written by or in association with the manufacturer of the particular peripheral device, so they too are afforded a certain level of trust.

The part of the operating system that controls the hardware is usually the kernel. Typically it is the kernel which performs hardware initializations, setting and resetting the processor state, adjusting the processor internal clock, initializing the network interface device, and other direct accesses of the hardware. The kernel executes in kernel mode, also sometimes called trusted mode or a privileged mode, whereas application level processes execute in a user mode. Typically it is the processor subsystem hardware itself which ensures that only trusted code, such as the kernel code, can access the hardware directly. The processor enforces this in at least two ways: certain sensitive instructions will not be executed by the processor unless the current privilege level is high enough, and the processor will not allow user level processes to access memory locations (including memory mapped addresses associated with specific hardware resources) which are outside of a user-level physical or virtual address space already allocated to the process. As used herein, the term “kernel space” or “kernel address space” refers to the address and code space of the executing kernel. This includes kernel data structures and functions internal to the kernel. The kernel can access the memory of user processes as well, but “kernel space” generally means the memory (including code and data) that is private to the kernel and not accessible by any user process. The term “user space”, or “user address space”, refers to the address and code space allocated by a code that is loaded from an executable and is available to a user process, excluding kernel private code data structures. As used herein, all four terms are intended to accommodate the possibility of an intervening mapping between the software program's view of its own address space and the physical memory locations to which it corresponds. Typically the software program's view of its address space is contiguous, whereas the corresponding physical address space may be discontiguous and out-of-order, and even potentially partly on a swap device such as a hard disk drive. Address spaces are sometimes referred to herein as “virtual” address spaces, in order to emphasize the possibility of such mappings.

Although parts of the kernel may execute as separate ongoing kernel processes, much of the kernel is not actually a separate process running on the system. Instead it can be thought of as a set of routines, to some of which the user processes have access. A user process can call a kernel routine by executing a system call, which is a function that causes the kernel to execute some code on behalf of the process. The “current process” is still the user process, but during system calls it is executing “inside of the kernel”, and therefore has access to kernel address space and can execute in a privileged mode. Kernel code is also executed in response to an interrupt issued by a hardware device, since the interrupt handler is found within the kernel. The kernel also, in its role as process scheduler, switches control between processes rapidly using the clock interrupt (and other means) to trigger a switch from one process to another. Each time a kernel routine is called, the current privilege level increases to kernel mode in order to allow the routine to access the hardware directly. When the kernel relinquishes control back to a user process, the current privilege level returns to that of the user process.

When a user level process desires to communicate with the NIC, conventionally it can do so only through calls to the operating system. The operating system implements a system level protocol processing stack which performs protocol processing on behalf of the application, and also performs certain checks to make sure outgoing data packets have authorized characteristics and are not malformed. In particular, an application wishing to transmit a data packet using TCP/IP calls the operating system API (e.g. using a send( ) call) with data to be transmitted. This call causes a context switch to invoke kernel routines to copy the data into a kernel data buffer and perform TCP send processing. Here protocol is applied and fully formed TCP/IP packets are enqueued with the interface driver for transmission. Another context switch takes place when control is returned to the application program. Note that kernel routines for network protocol processing may be invoked also due to the passing of time. One example is the triggering of retransmission algorithms. Generally the operating system provides all OS modules with time and scheduling services (driven by the hardware clock interrupt), which enable the TCP stack to implement timers on a per-connection basis. The operating system performs context switches in order to handle such timer-triggered functions, and then again in order to return to the application.

It can be seen that network transmit and receive operations can involve excessive context switching, and this can cause significant overhead. The problem is especially severe in networking environments in which data packets are often short, causing the amount of required control work to be large as a percentage of the overall network processing work.

One solution that has been attempted in the past has been the creation of user level protocol processing stacks operating in parallel with those of the operating system. Such stacks can enable data transfers using standard protocols to be made without requiring data to traverse the kernel stack. In one implementation, TCP and other protocols are implemented twice: once built into the kernel and once built into a user level transport library accessible to application programs. In order to control and/or communicate with the network interface device an application issues API (application programming interface) calls. Some API calls may be handled by the user level transport libraries, and the remainder can typically be passed on through the interface between the application and the operating system to be handled by the libraries that are available only to the operating system. For implementation with many operating systems it is convenient for the transport libraries to use existing Ethernet/IP based control-plane structures: e.g. SNMP and ARP protocols via the OS interface.

There are a number of difficulties in implementing transport protocols at user level. Most implementations to date have been based on porting pre-existing kernel code bases to user level. Examples of these are Arsenic and Jet-stream. These have demonstrated the potential of user-level transports, but have not addressed a number of the problems required to achieve a complete, robust, high-performance commercially viable implementation.

One particular problem with user-level transport libraries is that in bypassing many of the routines normally performed in the kernel, they also lose the trust normally accorded those routines. This is because the kernel no longer has control of the user-level routines and cannot enforce their identity with those in the kernel. Users or application programs are able to modify the user-level transport routines, or replace them with others provided by a third party. As a result, the support of user-level transport libraries to bypass kernel routines and avoid context switches, increases the risk of malformed or even malicious traffic driven onto the network.

Part of the risk of permitting user-level transport libraries can be overcome by virtualizing the network interface device in such a way that each process is aware of only its own resources. The hardware can be virtualized in such a way that one process cannot transmit or receive data on behalf of another, nor can one process see the data belonging to another process. But this kind of virtualization does not prevent a process from transmitting problematic data packets out onto the network through its own assigned resources; hence trust is still not ensured.

In order to address issues like the latter, roughly described, a network interface device receiving data packets from a computing device for transmission onto a network, the data packets having a certain characteristic, transmits the packet only if the sending queue has authority to send packets having that characteristic. The data packet characteristics can include transport protocol number, source and destination port numbers, source and destination IP addresses, for example. Authorizations can be programmed into the NIC by a kernel routine upon establishment of the transmit queue, based on the privilege level of the process for which the queue is being established. In this way, a user process can use an untrusted user-level protocol stack to initiate data transmission onto the network, while the NIC protects the remainder of the system from certain kinds of compromise.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1is a simplified block diagram of a typical computer system110which can communicate via a network112with other computer systems such as130,132and134. Computer system110includes a network interface card (NIC)116communicating via a communication channel118with a host subsystem114. The host subsystem114includes a processor subsystem120which includes at least one processor, a host memory subsystem122, and a core logic subsystem124. The core logic subsystem124provides bridges among the processor subsystem120, the host memory subsystem122and the communication channel118. The host subsystem114may also include other devices126in communication with the communication channel118. As used herein, the host subsystem114is considered to be one type of “computing device”. Other types of computing devices include non-reconfigurable processing devices for which network connectivity is desired.

The network interface card116provides an interface to outside networks, including an interface to the network112, and is coupled via network112to corresponding interface devices in other computer systems. The physical hardware component of network interfaces are referred to herein as network interface cards (NICs), although they need not be in the form of cards: for instance they could be in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) and connectors fitted directly onto a motherboard, or in the form of macrocells fabricated on a single integrated circuit chip with other components of the computer system.

Network112may comprise many interconnected computer systems and communication links. These communication links may be wireline links, optical links, wireless links or any other mechanism for communication of information. While in one embodiment network112is the Internet, in other embodiments, network112may be any suitable computer network or combination of networks. In and embodiment described herein, network112supports an Ethernet protocol.

Host memory subsystem122typically includes a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM) for storage of instructions and data during program execution, and a read only memory (ROM) in which fixed instructions and data are stored. One or more levels of cache memory may also be included in the host memory subsystem122. For simplicity of discussion, the host memory subsystem122is sometimes referred to herein simply as “host memory”. As used herein, virtual memory is considered part of the host memory subsystem even though part of it may be stored physically at various times on a peripheral device.

The communication channel118provides a mechanism for allowing the various components and subsystems of computer system110to communicate with each other. In one embodiment the communication channel118comprises a PCI bus. Other embodiments may include other buses, and may also include multiple buses.

Computer system110itself can be a varying types including a personal computer, a portable computer, a workstation, a computer terminal, a network computer, a television, a mainframe, a server or any other data processing system or user devices. Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system110depicted inFIG. 1is intended only as a specific example for purposes of illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. Many other configurations of computer system110are possible having more or less components, and configured similarly or differently than, the computer system depicted inFIG. 1.

FIG. 2is another view of the computer system110, presented to better illustrate software and functional features. The computer runs an operating system221which is capable of supporting application processes222also running on the computer. As used herein, a “process” is a program, for example an application program, in execution. A process may run multiple “threads”, which can also be thought of as lightweight processes. A library223of instructions is stored by the computer and available to the applications. The part of the library usable for communications with the NIC116is termed a transport library224. Included in the operating system kernel is a driver component225: a dedicated set of instructions which allow for data transfer with the NIC116. Each application would normally take the form of a software program running on the computer, but it could be embedded in firmware. Some operating systems include applications in addition to fundamental operating system code. Aspects of the system that are not described herein may be as set out in PCT publication No. WO2004/025477, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The NIC116can support resources of a number of types: i.e. resources having capabilities of different natures. Examples include DMA queues, event queues, timers and support resources for remote apertures of the type described in WO2004/025477. Each type of resource (231-234) is provided from a dedicated hardware resource pool which can support numerous instances of resources of the respective type. In order for such an instance to be made operational it must be configured by means of instructions from the computing device114, as described in more detail below.

The NIC116communicates with the computing device114over the bus118. In this example the bus is a PCI bus, but the invention is not limited to such a bus. Data transmitted over the PCI bus118is associated with a destination address and is received by whichever entity that is connected to the bus has had that address allocated to it. In a typical PC implementation the addresses are allocated in pages of 4 or 8 kB. One or more of these pages may be allocated to the NIC116. Blocks251and252represent allocated pages on the PCI bus118.

The NIC116has a bus interface controller235, a resource configuration unit236and a bus mapping table237. The resource configuration unit processes communications received from the computer that provide instructions on the allocation, re-allocation and de-allocation of resources on the NIC116, and configures the resources in accordance with such instructions. The kernel driver225stores a record of which resources on the NIC116are allocated. When a resource is to be allocated the driver225identifies a suitable free resource of the required type on the NIC116and transmits an allocation instruction to the NIC116. The instruction identifies the resource and specifies the details of how it is to be allocated, including details of the internal configuration of the resource (e.g. in the case of a timer the amount of time it is to run for). That instruction is passed to the resource configuration unit. The resource configuration unit then loads the specified configuration into the identified resource. The instruction also includes an ownership string, which may be an identification of which application or process on the computer is using the resource. The resource configuration unit stores these in a row of the bus mapping table. An example of entries in the bus mapping table is shown inFIG. 2Aand is described in more detail below. When a resource is to be re-allocated the relevant entries in the resource's own configuration store and in the bus mapping table are altered as necessary. When a resource is to be de-allocated it is disabled and any rows of the bus mapping table that relate to it are deleted.

The general operation of the system ofFIGS. 1 and 2for the transfer of data to and from the network will now be described.

During setup of the system one or more pages (251,252) on the bus118are allocated to the NIC116. Part of this address space (page251) can be used by the kernel driver225to send instructions to the NIC116. Other pages (e.g. page252) can be used for communication between application processes such as application222and the resources231-234. The resource configuration unit236stores a record of the pages that are allocated to the NIC116for use by resources. Note that in some embodiments, some or all of the functions of the resource configuration unit236may alternatively be provided by the kernel driver225itself.

When an application222wishes to open a data connection over the network it calls a routine in the user level transport library224to cause the NIC resources that are required for the connection to be allocated. Standard types of network connection require standard sets of resources; for example: an event queue, transmit (TX) and receive (RX) DMA queues, and a set of direct memory accessible (DMA'able) memory buffers. For example a typical set may contain one TX queue, one RX queue, two timers, and on the order of 100 DMA memory buffers.

The user level transport library224includes routines that can be called directly by the application process222and that initiate the allocation of such standard sets of resources, including set numbers of resources of different types. The transport library also includes routines that allow a resource of each type to be allocated, re-allocated or de-allocated individually. The presence of both these types of instruction means that standard connections can be set up efficiently, and yet non-standard groups of resources can be created, and existing connections can be reconfigured on a resource-by-resource basis. As used herein, a “user level stack” is any protocol processing software that runs in unprotected mode. A “protocol stack” is the set of data structures and logical entities associated with the networking interfaces. This includes sockets, protocol drivers, and the media device drivers.

The routines for allocation, re-allocation and de-allocation of resources require access to restricted memory mapped addresses, such as page251for sending configuration instructions to the NIC116. Since the user level transport library224lacks the necessary privilege level to perform these accesses, these routines in the user level transport library224make calls to the kernel driver225. In a Unix environment, for example, such calls might take the form of IOCtl( ) system calls. These calls cause an initial context switch to a kernel level process, which in turn communicate the instructions to the NIC116for the allocation of the resources as specified in the routines. Those instructions specify the identity of the application or process with which the resources are to be associated, and the nature of the resources. The instructions are processed by the resource configuration unit236of the NIC116.

A feature of the system ofFIG. 2is that the space on the bus118that is allocated to the NIC116can be split dynamically between the resources on the bus118. Once one or more pages252have been allocated to the NIC116for use by resources those resources can be allocated one or more individual sub-page addresses within that page, corresponding to locations as illustrated at253,254. Thus each resource can have a part of the total space allocated to it. A record of which part of the total space is allocated to which resource is stored in the bus mapping table237. The effect is that a single page of the bus can be used for communication to resources of multiple types and/or resources that relate to multiple connections and/or resources that are associated with multiple applications or process on the computer114. As a result, the total bus space can be used relatively efficiently.

The usage of the allocated bus space252is managed by the kernel driver225. When a resource is to be allocated the RCU identifies using a data store whose content it manages an unused block in the space on the bus that has already been allocated for use by resources of the NIC116, the space being of the size required for the resource. It then stores in that data store the identity of the resource (“resource ID”), the address of the block within the allocated space (“sub-page ID”), and the identity of the application or process that is to use the resource (“process tag”); and sends a message to the resource configuration unit (RCU)236to cause it to store corresponding data in the bus mapping table237(as shown inFIG. 2A). If the RCU finds that table237indicates the address to be already occupied then it returns an error code to the driver. The sub-page address may need to be supplemented with the address of the page in which the sub-page lies if that cannot be inferred as a result of only a single page having been allocated for use by the resources. If the total space allocated for use by resources is insufficient then the kernel driver allocates it more space. Having allocated the resources, the RCU returns a success message to the kernel driver. The allocated page and sub-page addresses are returned to and mapped into the virtual address space of the user level process that requested the resources in order that it can access them by means of that data. Another context switch then takes place back to the user level calling process.

An application that has had resources allocated to it can access them by sending data (e.g. by means of load/store cycles through a virtual memory mapping) to the relevant bus page, at the sub-page address corresponding to the respective resource. Since these addresses are part of the application's virtual address space, no context switch to any kernel level processes are required in order to perform these accesses. Any data sent to pages allocated to resources is picked off the bus118by the bus interface controller235. It directs that data to the appropriate one of the resources231-234by performing a look-up in the table237to identify the identity of the resource to which the sub-page address has been allocated. An application can also access a resource by means other than a bus write: for example by means of direct memory access (DMA). In those instances, the NIC116checks that the identity of the application/process from which the access has been received matches the identity indicated in the table237for the resource. If it does not match, the data is ignored. If it matches, it is passed to the relevant resource. This adds to security and helps to prevent corruption of the resources by other applications.

The set of resources allocated to an application or process may be considered to constitute a virtual network interface (VNIC).

Once a virtual interface has been composed, it may be reconfigured dynamically. As one example of dynamic reconfiguration, a resource that is no longer required may be freed-up. To achieve this the application using the resource calls a de-allocation routine in the user level transport library223. The de-allocation routine calls the kernel driver225, which instructs the RCU to de-allocate the resource by disabling it, clearing its status and deleting its row in the table237.

As another example of dynamic reconfiguration, additional resources may be added to the VNIC. The process is analogous to that described above for initial composition of the VNIC.

As yet another example of dynamic reconfiguration, resources may be passed from one application or process to another. This is most useful in the situation where a single application has multiple processes and wants to pass control of a resource from one process to another, for example if data from the network is to be received into and processed by a new process. To achieve this the application using the resource calls a re-allocation routine in the transport library223. The re-allocation routine calls the kernel driver225, which instructs the RCU to re-allocate the resource modifying its row in the table237to specify the identity of the application or process that is taking over its control.

In some instances it may be desirable for resources of one type to communicate with resources of another type. For example, data received from the network240may be being passed to an application222for processing. The application has a queue226in a memory227connected to the bus118. The queue is managed in part by the transport library223, which provides a DMA queue resource231on the NIC116with an up-to-date pointer to the next available location on the queue226. This is updated as the application reads data from the queue226. When data is received from the network it is passed to an event queue resource232, which writes it to the location identified by the pointer and also triggers an event such as an interrupt on the computing device114to indicate that data is available on the queue. In order for this to happen the event queue resource232must learn the pointer details from the DMA queue resource231. This requires data to be passed from the DMA queue resource to the event queue resource.

To achieve this the “process tag” column of the table237can be treated more generally as an ownership tag, and can link the DMA queue to the related event queue. To achieve this the ownership tag of the event queue can be set to the identity of the related DMA queue. When the DMA queue needs to pass data to the related event queue it can identify the event queue from the table237by performing a look-up on its own identity in the ownership tag column.

Data intended to be passed from one resource to another can be checked by the bus controller235to ensure that it is compatible with the settings in the table237. Specifically, when data is to be sent from one resource to another the bus controller checks that there is a row in the table237that has the identity of the resource that is the source of the data in the ownership tag field, and the identity of the resource that is the intended destination of the data in the resource ID field. If there is no match then the data is prevented from reaching its destination. This provides additional security and protection against corruption. Alternatively, or in addition, it may be permitted for one resource to transmit data to another if both are in common ownership: in this example if their resource ID fields indicate that they are owned by the same process, application or other resource.

The identities of resources linked in this way can also be reconfigured dynamically by means of the re-configuration routines in the transport library.

FIG. 3is an example broad outline of steps that an application process might follow in the system ofFIGS. 1 and 2for the creation and transmission of IP packets onto the network112. This flowchart covers only the TCP and UDP transport level protocols; other embodiments can support other protocols, including but not limited to SCTP, RTP, ICMP and IGMP.

In a step310, when the application first starts up, its libraries are initialized. This includes the user level transport library224, which is initialized into the application's virtual address space.

Step312begins an example sequence of steps in which the application process uses a UDP transport protocol. In step312the application makes a call to the socket( ) routine of the user level transport library224, specifying that it would like a UDP socket. In step314, the application process binds the socket to a port using a call to the bind( ) routine of the user level transport library224, and in step316, it begins writing its transmit data into the applications buffers in the application's virtual address space. In step318, after sufficient data has been written into the buffers for one or more data packets, the application process makes a call to the sendTo( ) routine of the user level transport library224, specifying the socket handle, the buffer or buffers, the destination IP address and the destination port to which the packet is to be sent. Steps316and318are repeated many times, most likely interspersed with many other functions performed by the application process. When the application has finished with the socket that it had created in step312, then in step320, the application makes a call to the close( ) routine of the user level transport library224in order to close the socket.

Alternatively to the UDP sequence beginning with step312, step322begins an example sequence of steps in which the application process uses a TCP transport protocol. In step322, instead of calling the socket routine of the user level transport library224to specify the UDP protocol, it calls the socket routine to specify the TCP protocol. In step324the application process calls the bind( ) routine similarly to step314, in order to bind the socket to a port. In step326, since the transport protocol is now TCP, the application process calls the connect( ) routine of the user level transport library224, in order to form a TCP connection with a specified destination IP address and port. In step328the application process writes transmit data into buffers in the application program's virtual address space, similarly to step316, and in step330, when ready, the application process calls the send( ) routine of the user level transport library224in order to have the data packet processed according to the TCP protocol and transmitted out to the network via network interface card116. Again, steps328and330can be repeated many times, and when the application process has finished with the socket, it calls the close( ) routine of the user level transport library224(step332).

As can be seen, of all the steps illustratedFIG. 3, only the step310of initializing the transport library224need involve a context switch to a kernel level process. In many embodiments, all of the remaining steps can be performed by the user level transport library224without involvement of the kernel driver225. While this feature can help improve performance markedly, it also creates a risk that non-standard or third-party transport libraries will be installed for the application program in place of trusted code. As will be seen, the network interface card116itself protects against one or more of the risks that might arise.

FIG. 4is a flowchart of steps that might be performed during the library initialization step310ofFIG. 3. In step410, the user level transport library224is loaded into the application's virtual address space. In a conventional system, the transport library loaded in step410might be a very thin layer (or incorporated within another general purpose library such as glibc), which does little more than make calls to the kernel driver225and return any results to the application. In the system ofFIGS. 1 and 2, however, the transport library loaded in step410is more sophisticated in that it includes the user level routines described herein. To the extent that the user level transport library loaded in step410bypasses or performs functions differently than as described herein, the system can protect against certain kinds of errors.

In step412, as part of the initialization of the user level transport library, a resource allocation routine in the kernel driver225is invoked. The kernel level routine is required for allocating resources in the network interface card and the host memory subsystem122, since these resources are outside the virtual address space of the application, or involve direct hardware accesses that advisedly are restricted to kernel processes. After resource allocation, the user level driver initialization routine310may perform a number of other steps before it returns to the application in step414.

The kernel resource allocation routine412allocates memory and an initial set of resources for the application program, and maps these into the application's virtual address space. Before discussing the particular steps performed by the kernel resource allocation routine412, it will be useful to understand some of the formats in which the system maintains its queue structures.

FIG. 5is a block diagram of various data structures used by the system ofFIGS. 1 and 2in order to support separate transmit and receive queues for each of the VNIC. The diagram indicates which structures exist in host memory122and which exist on the NIC116. The transmit and receive data buffers, the transmit and receive DMA descriptor queues, as well as one or more event queues, are all resident in host memory122and made up of generalized buffers which can be discontiguous and interspersed with each other in host memory122. InFIG. 5, the buffers being used as transmit data buffers are identified as “TX DATA BUF #n”, and the buffers being used for a transmit queue are identified as “TX QUEUE BUF #n”. The buffers being used for the event queue are identified as “EV QUEUE BUF #n”. Additional buffers in host memory122, not shown explicitly inFIG. 5, are used for receive data buffers and for a receive queue. One process may have any number of transmit, receive and event queues, and all of them share the pool of generalized buffers that have been mapped into that process's virtual address space. Other processes use a different pool of generalized buffers mapped into their respective virtual address spaces.

Individual buffers may be either 4 k or 8 k bytes long in one embodiment, and they are chained together into logically contiguous sequences by means of physically contiguous descriptors in a buffer descriptor table510stored in the NIC116. For example, one transmit queue might occupy buffers512,514and516in host memory122, which are discontiguous and possibly out-of-order regions of memory. They are chained together into a single logically contiguous space by the physically contiguous entries518,520and522in the buffer descriptor table510. The entries518,520and522are written and managed by the host114and are viewed as a wrap-around ring. So for example, if the host wishes to define a transmit buffer list having 64 k entries for transmit data buffer descriptors, and each buffer is 4 k in size, then the host will allocate a physically contiguous sequence of 16 entries in buffer descriptor table510for this transmit buffer list. Similarly, one event queue might occupy buffers526,528and530in host memory122. These buffers are discontiguous and possibly out-of-order in host memory, but are chained together into a single logically contiguous wrap-around space by the physically contiguous entries532,534and536in the buffer descriptor table510. The buffer descriptor table510is indexed by “buffer ID”, and each of its entries identifies, among other things, the base address of the corresponding buffer in host memory122.

In order to keep track of the state of each of the transmit, receive and event queues for the many user-level applications that might be in communication with NIC116at the same time, the NIC116includes a transmit queue descriptor table540, a receive queue descriptor table541, and an event queue descriptor table542. Each transmit queue has a corresponding transmit queue ID, which is used as an index into the transmit queue descriptor table540. The designated entry in the transmit queue descriptor table540is the starting point for describing the state and other characteristics of that particular transmit queue, as viewed by the NIC116. Each such entry identifies, among other things:whether the queue is a kernel queue, user queue or another kind of queue;the size of the queue (number of transmit data buffer descriptors it can contain)the ID of the event queue associated with this transmit queue;buffer ID of base buffer for this transmit queue;“device centric” read and write pointers into this transmit queue.
The host114maintains “host centric” versions of the read and write pointers as well, and when it is ready to have transmit data transmitted, it so notifies the NIC116by writing its updated host centric transmit queue write pointer into the address on the NIC of the device centric transmit queue write pointer for the particular transmit queue.

In order to retrieve current transmit data from a particular transmit queue in host memory122, the NIC116first uses the ID of the particular transmit queue to look up, in the transmit queue descriptor table540, the buffer ID of the base buffer containing the transmit descriptor queue. The NIC116also obtains from the same place, the current device centric buffer list read pointer into that transmit descriptor queue. It then uses the base buffer ID as a base, and the device centric buffer list read pointer high order bits as an offset, into the buffer descriptor table510, to obtain the base address in host memory122of the buffer that contains the particular transmit buffer list312. The NIC then uses that base address as a base, and the device centric buffer list read pointer low order bits times the number of bytes taken up per descriptor as an offset, to retrieve from host memory122the current entry in the particular transmit descriptor queue.

The current entry in the particular transmit descriptor queue contains, among other things:the buffer ID of the current transmit data buffer;a byte offset into the current transmit data buffer; anda number of bytes to be transmitted from the current transmit data buffer.
The NIC116then uses the buffer ID of the current transmit data buffer as another index into buffer descriptor table510to retrieve the buffer descriptor for the buffer that contains the current transmit data. Note this buffer descriptor is an individual entry in buffer descriptor table510; unlike the descriptors for buffers containing transmit queues or transmit event queues, this buffer descriptor is not part of a ring. The NIC116obtains the physical address in host memory122of the current transmit data buffer, and then using that physical address as a base, and the byte offset from the transmit descriptor queue entry as an offset, it determines the physical starting address in host memory122of the current data to be transmitted.

The system handles receive queues in a similar manner.

The transmit queue descriptor table540entry designated by the transmit queue ID, as previously mentioned, also contains the ID of the transmit event queue associated with the particular transmit queue. Similarly, the receive queue descriptor table541entry designated by the receive queue ID contains the ID of the event queue associated with the particular receive queue. All of the event queues for all the applications222are described by respective entries in the event queue descriptor table542. The entry in the event queue descriptor table542identified by a queue ID from the transmit or receive queue descriptor table540or541is the starting point for describing the state and other characteristics of that particular event queue, as viewed by the NIC116.

Note that as illustrated inFIG. 5, whereas each slot (e.g.532,534,518) shown in the buffer descriptor table510represents a single descriptor, each slot (e.g.526,528,514) in the host memory122represents a memory “page” of information. A page might be 4 k or 8 k bytes long for example, so if a transmit data buffer descriptor in a transmit queue occupies either 4 or 8 bytes, then each slot512,514or516as shown inFIG. 5might hold 512, 1 k or 2 k transmit data buffer descriptors.

FIG. 6is a flowchart illustrating significant steps performed by the kernel resource allocation routine412. If the user level transport library224fails to call this routine, then the addresses to which the user level transport library224would have to access in order to bypass subsequent trusted kernel routines will not be accessible to the user level process since they will not have been mapped into the application's virtual address space. In step610, the kernel begins by allocating memory for the generalized buffers that will be used to hold the transmit, receive and event queues. It then maps the buffers into the application's virtual address space so that the application can read and write to them directly. In step612, the kernel routine installs descriptors for these buffers in the buffer descriptor table510.

In step614, the kernel routine allocates a minimum set of the buffers for each of the transmit, receive and event queues requested, and programs their buffer IDs into the transmit, receive and event queue descriptor tables540,541and542. In step616, the kernel routine determines the “doorbell” address in the NIC116for each of the transmit and receive queues, and maps them as well into the application's virtual address space. The doorbell address is the address to which the application will write a value, in order to notify the NIC either that a transmit buffer is ready or that a receive buffer can be released. For transmit queues, the doorbell address is the address of the device centric transmit queue read pointer in the transmit queue descriptor table540entry for the particular transmit queue. For receive queues, the doorbell address is the address of the device centric receive queue write pointer in the receive queue descriptor table541entry for the particular receive queue.

In step618, the kernel routine programs into the NIC116certain access rights (authorization rights) that are to be associated with the particular transmit queue. These are the authorization rights to which the NIC116will look in order to determine whether a particular sending process has authority to send packets having certain characteristics, and the kernel routine programs them in dependence upon the privilege level of the process that made the kernel resource allocation call. Note that although the privilege level of an application process running in the computer system114is maintained on a per-process basis, the authorization rights are maintained on the NIC116on a per-queue basis. This enables the NIC116to validate outgoing transmit packets without having to know anything about the particular operating system running in the host computer or the privilege mechanisms that it uses.

In different embodiments, the NIC can refer to different characteristics of a transmit data packet in order to determine whether the transmit queue has sufficient authority to send it. In one embodiment, the NIC checks only whether the packet is formed according to an allowed transport protocol. For example, in one embodiment user level processes may be permitted to send packets using only the TCP or UDP transport protocols, and no others. Each data packet has a header field which identifies the transport protocol according to which it was formed, and the NIC can compare that protocol number with those that have been programmed into the NIC116as being allowed for the transmit queue from which the data packet was retrieved.

If the total array of transport protocols supported by the NIC116is short enough, then a field may be allocated in each entry of the transmit queue descriptor table540for identifying the allowed protocols. For example if only eight protocols are supported, and eight-bit field might be used, with each bit representing one of the protocols. If a bit is active, then the corresponding transport protocol is allowed; if it is inactive, then it is not.

Alternatively, the allowed protocols may be listed in a separate authorizations “database” maintained in the NIC116, such as that shown inFIG. 7. InFIG. 7, the authorizations database takes the form of a table in which each entry contains a queue ID and an indication of an allowed protocol for that queue. If several different protocols are allowed for particular queue, then the queue ID appears in several different entries in the table. When the NIC116is checking the validity of a transmit packet from a particular transmit queue, it searches the table for an entry that contains both the transmit queue ID and the transport protocol according to which the packet was formed (retrieved from the packet header). If the table does contain such an entry, then the packet is valid. If not, then the packet is rejected. (As used herein, the term “database” does not necessarily imply any unity of structure. For example, two or more separate databases, when considered together, still constitute a “database” as that term is used herein.)

In other embodiments, the NIC can validate other characteristics of a transmit data packet. For example it can validate the source IP address, the source port number, the destination IP address and destination port number, either instead of or additionally to the allowed protocols.FIG. 8illustrates an example authorizations database that can support validating all such characteristics. As shown inFIG. 8, each entry in the database table contains six fields: source IP address, source port number, destination IP address, destination port number, queue ID and allowed protocol number. In order to keep table short, some of these fields may be filled with indications of numeric ranges, rather than only a specific number. For example, in some systems only privileged processes can transmit packets indicating that they were sourced from a port number in the range 0-1023. In this case, the “source port” field of the table aFIG. 8might contain only a single bit indicating whether source port numbers within the range 0-1023 are permitted. As with an embodiment using theFIG. 7table, when the NIC116is checking the validity of a transmit packet from a particular transmit queue, it searches the table ofFIG. 8for a single entry that contains (or includes, if numeric ranges are specified) the source IP address, the source port number, destination IP address, destination port number and the allowed protocol (all taken from the packet header), as well as the ID of the transmit queue from which the packet was retrieved. If the table does contain such an entry, then the packet is valid. If not, then it is rejected.

Returning toFIG. 6, after the kernel resource allocation routine programs the authorization rights for the transmit queue into the NIC116, it returns to the application with handles for the resources allocated, with the base virtual addresses of the transmit, receive and event queues, and virtual memory addresses corresponding to the doorbells allocated in the transmit and receive queue descriptor tables540and541(step620).

FIG. 9is a flowchart of the user level routine900in the transport library224for establishing a socket. The socket routine is called in both steps312and322ofFIG. 3. In step910, the routine first determines whether the user level transport library224contains the code necessary to support the specified protocol. If not, then in step912, makes a system call to pass the request on to the kernel to handle. If it does support the specified protocol, then in step914it allocates its internal state for the new socket. In step916the routine returns to the application program with a handle for the new socket. Note that in a conventional system, in which the socket routine invokes a kernel level process, the kernel may check at this time whether the calling process has authority to use the specified protocol number. This call, and the accompanying context switches, are unnecessary in the systemFIGS. 1 and 2since any illegal protocols will be detected and rejected downstream by the NIC116.

FIG. 10is a flowchart of the user level routine transport library224for binding a port number to a socket. The bind routine is called in both steps314and324ofFIG. 3. In step1010, the routine first determines whether the caller provided a port number. If not, then in step1012, a port number is assigned. If the caller did specify a port number, then in step1014, the routine determines whether the port number is legal for the current user process.

At least four different mechanisms might be used in the same or different embodiments to ensure that different processes do not interfere with each other's use of particular IP address/port number combinations, and that user processes do not improperly operate through physical or logical port numbers or other resources that should be reserved for the kernel. In one mechanism, a system-wide policy exists which allocates all port numbers within a particular range to the user stack only. The user level bind( ) routine can be designed to immediately accept only those requests from a user level process to bind to one of such port numbers, or to immediately pass such requests on to the kernel to handle.

In a second mechanism, during the resource allocation step412, performed during initialization of a particular instance of the user level driver, the kernel allocates a unique IP address for that instance to use as it wishes. If each instance of the user level driver has its own exclusively assigned IP address, then the instance can manage the available port numbers for use with that IP address without risking interference with any other process. This mechanism is useful only if there are sufficient numbers of IP addresses available to the computer system to allocate to the various requesting processes. Again, this mechanism can be used in conjunction with the first, to reject or pass on to the kernel all user level requests to bind to a kernel-only port number, regardless of the exclusivity of an assigned IP address.

In a third mechanism, again during initialization of a particular instance of the user level driver, the initialization routine makes a number of anticipatory bind( ) calls to the kernel in order to form a pool of port numbers that the user level driver instance can later allocate to the application program upon receipt of bind( ) calls to the user level driver. This mechanism can succeed with far fewer IP addresses available to the computer system, but also undesirably involves a context switch (during library initialization) for each port number to be added to the pool.

In yet a fourth mechanism, no IP address/port number combinations are pre-allocated to the particular instance of the user level driver. Instead, the user level bind( ) routine invokes the kernel bind( ) routine for each user level bind( ) call received. This mechanism utilizes IP address/port number combinations most conservatively, but may require more context switches than any of the first, second and third mechanisms. In an embodiment, this fourth mechanism is used only as a backup, for example if the user level process requires more port numbers than were made available using the anticipatory bind( ) calls in the third mechanism.

If in step1014the user level bind( ) routine determines that the requested port number is not available to the current instance of the user level driver, or otherwise cannot determine whether is available, then in step1016, the routine makes a call to the kernel bind( ) routine to pass the request on to the kernel to handle. If the fourth mechanism above is the only way that the particular embodiment avoids conflicting or illegal allocation of address/port number combinations, then step1016will be taken during every user level call to the bind( ) routine1000. Otherwise, step1016will be taken only as a backup if pre-allocated port numbers have been exhausted, or if the routine otherwise cannot determine that the requested port number is available.

If the specified port number is legal, or if a port number was assigned by the routine in step1012, then in step1018the routine updates the application's state internally, to bind the port number with the specified socket. The routine returns to the caller in step1020.

Although the user level bind routine ofFIG. 10attempts to prevent the allocation of problematical port numbers to user level processes as described above, it will be appreciated that a different implementation of the user level bind routine may not be as careful. It is a feature of the invention that the NIC116can be designed to detect and reject transmit packets which do designate a source port number that is illegal, or for which the sending process lacks sufficient privilege to use. Therefore, no damage will occur if transport library routines are used which do not follow the steps set forth, as long as any errors they cause are of a type that the NIC116is designed to detect downstream.

FIG. 11is a flowchart of the user level sendTo routine called in step318ofFIG. 3. This routine is called for UDP protocol packets for which no connection to a destination IP address or port is established. The routine therefore takes as arguments not only the socket handle and the data buffer address, but also the destination IP address and destination port number. Referring toFIG. 11, in step1106, the routine first determines whether there are known improper arguments. If so, then in step1108, it invokes the kernel or returns an error. If not, then in step1110, the routine first applies the transport protocol, forming a UDP header and an IP header. It then forms a transmit descriptor pointing to the headers and to the data buffer identified by the caller. In step1112, the routine pushes the transmit descriptor onto the transmit queue by writing the transmit descriptor into the next available entry in transmit queue buffers512,514or516(FIG. 5). The routine then updates its own host centric transmit queue write pointer. In step1114, the routine writes its updated transmit queue write pointer into the NIC116at the doorbell address that had been previously associated with the current transmit queue. In step1116, the routine returns to the caller.

Note that all the steps ofFIG. 11take place entirely within the virtual address space of the current user level process. There is no need to copy data into the kernel address space, nor is there any need to perform a context switch to a kernel process either to perform the protocol processing, to enqueue the new UDP packet, or to notify the NIC116of the availability of a new packet in the transmit queue. Additionally, as with the user level socket and bind routines, a user level transport library routine which does not perform the steps faithfully as set forth inFIG. 11will not cause the transmission of malformed or illegal packets to the extent the NIC116is designed to reject them during the validation process performed on the NIC116.

FIG. 12is a functional block diagram of certain structures on the NIC116which can be used to perform packet validation for transmission of data packets. The structures include a DMA controller1210which controls the retrieval of transmit data packets from the host memory subsystem122. Data packets, as they arrive, are enqueued into a transmit FIFO1214. From the head of the transmit FIFO1214, data packets are presented to a physical interface1216which performs any further protocol processing (such as appending an Ethernet header) and writes them out onto the network112. The transmit FIFO1214also has associated therewith FIFO control logic1218, which includes read and write pointers into the transmit FIFO1214as well as other functions described hereinafter. The NIC116also includes header validation logic1220which observes the contents of data packets as they arrive from the bus118and are placed into the transmit FIFO1214. The header validation logic1220makes reference to the authorizations database1222described previously.

In operation, as a data packet is received from the bus118, the first section received is the IP header. This section contains the source and destination IP addresses, as well as an identification of the transport layer protocol. Next comes the transport layer header, which contains the source and destination port numbers. Based on this information, the header validation logic1220compares the data packet characteristics to those in the authorizations database1222to determine whether the data packet arriving from the bus118is authorized. If it is not, then the header validation logic1220can cause the DMA controller1210to abort the current transfer, and can also cause the FIFO control logic1218to unwind its write pointer back to the end of the previous packet in the transmit FIFO1214.

FIG. 13is a flowchart of typical steps taken on the NIC116for transmission of data packets arriving from multiple queues. Initially, the NIC implements an algorithm for choosing among the multiple transmit queues for the next queue to service. This algorithm is unimportant for an understanding of the invention, and therefore is not described. In step1310, the algorithm selects one particular transmit queue to examine.

In step1312, the NIC116determines whether the device centric write pointer for the current transmit queue modulo-exceeds the device centric read pointer for current transmit queue. These values are available to be NIC in the transmit queue descriptor table540entry for the current transmit queue, and the test will be positive if one of the transport libraries224or225has updated the device centric write pointer to notify the NIC of the availability of the data packet for transmission. The term “modulo-exceeds” is used herein to accommodate wrap-around (circular) queues. That is, the device centric write pointer “modulo-exceeds” the device centric read pointer for a queue if the write pointer exceeds the read pointer, modulo the queue length.

If the test of step1312is negative, then in step1314, the NIC116proceeds to examine the next transmit queue according to its algorithm.

If the test of step1312is positive, then in step1316, the NIC116reads one or more transmit descriptors from the current transmit queue, beginning at the entry pointed to by the device centric read pointer. In step1318, the NIC116programs the DMA controller1210to retrieve the packet from host memory122into transmit FIFO1214. In step1320, during the retrieval process, the NIC examines the header information on the packet as it is being retrieved, and tests the current queue's authority to send packets having the characteristics of that being retrieved. If the NIC116determines that the packet is authorized (step1322), then in step1324, after packet retrieval, the NIC116will updated its device centric transmit queue read pointer. The NIC116then writes a transmit completion event into the event queue associated with the current transmit queue, for eventual retrieval by the user level process. In some embodiments, the NIC116might wait to complete retrieval of a number of transmit data packets before writing a “batched” transmit completion event covering all of them. The process then returns to step1310for the queue selection algorithm to select the same or another transmit queue. Eventually, in step1328the NIC116transmits the packet from the head of the transmit FIFO1214out onto the network112.

If in step1322it is determined that the current packet is not authorized to be sent from the current transmit queue, then in step1326, the header validation logic1220(FIG. 12) causes the DMA controller1210to abort the current transfer, thereby freeing up the bus118. It also notifies the FIFO control logic1218to unwind the transmit FIFO queue write pointer as previously described. The NIC116may also report an error back to the application program.

It can be seen that the NIC116transmits packets onto network112only if the sending transmit queue is authorized to transmit packets having the characteristics for which header validation logic1220checks. In some embodiments still other requirements might be necessary before the NIC will allow the packet to go out.

As used herein, “identification” of an item of information does not necessarily require the direct specification of that item of information. Information can be “identified” in a field simply by referring to the actual information through one or more layers of indirection, or by identifying one or more items of different information which are together sufficient to determine the actual item of information. In addition, the term “indicate” is used herein to mean the same as “identify”.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. In particular, and without limitation, any and all variations described, suggested or incorporated by reference in the Background section of this patent application are specifically incorporated by reference into the description herein of embodiments of the invention. The embodiments described herein were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.