Primary Shell Structure Consisting of Plane Load-bearing Modules Made of Elements and Assembly Methods

Primary shell structures consisting of plane load-bearing modules made of elements consisting of upper and lower secondary shell elements spaced apart from each other and joined by means of statically necessary filling bars, which include crossbars and diagonal bars, to form a double-shell plane load-bearing structure in the form of a primary shell structure

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of German Patent Application DE 10 2023 108 490.9, filed on Apr. 3, 2023, the contents of which is incorporated in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to the construction of buildings and other structures from once again further developed plane load-bearing modules known from EP 3 583 274 B1, which are used for the construction of primary shell structures and which, after a corresponding first further development step, also form the basis for the complex construction load-bearing structures described in PCT/EP2020/025197. The term primary shell structure is used here in a narrower sense and hereinafter refers to horizontal plane load-bearing structures made from the plane load-bearing modules described here for the primary formation of building ceilings and foundation slabs. The different combinations of various new features also allow the production of engineering structures such as surface foundations for wind turbines, bridges and other structures.

US 2019/0203458 discloses a structural frame for a building, comprising: adjacent first and second columns; at least one precast concrete floor slab having first and second corner indents located in two adjacent corners and a first elongated edge beam defined between the first and second corner indents, the first elongated edge beam being disposed between the first and second columns such that the first and second columns are received in the first and second corner indents and that the first elongated edge beam abuts the first and second columns; and a first tendon assembly extending between the first and second columns and adapted to be tensioned to compress the first elongated edge beam between the first and second columns, the first tendon assembly including at least one left cable and at least one right cable located symmetrically on either sides of a vertical center plane of the first and second columns.

SUMMARY

The disadvantage of the aforementioned state of the art is that the mass-produced, identical plane load-bearing modules cannot be easily adapted to different load situations, even within a building. The structural design of the plane load-bearing modules has so far been based on a load in the upper range of the expected loads in order to cover a large proportion of the usual usage situations. In this case, the load-bearing capacity of a significant proportion of the identical modules is therefore under-utilized to a very low degree, which is uneconomical. In addition, the previously known, completely prefabricated plane load-bearing modules require a very large transport volume and have a higher minimum assembly weight.

The task of the disclosure is to develop plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements that can be easily adapted to different stresses in the structure at any time and at the same time reduce the transport volume. The task is solved by further developing plane load-bearing modules of a known design as follows:

Primary shell structure consisting of plane load-bearing modules, which consist of elements, each of which comprises two secondary shell elements of generally identical design, which are plane-symmetrically opposite one another and spaced apart, which thus delimit the plane load-bearing module volume and which are formed from quadrangular, normally rectangular plane elements made of suitable materials in suitable dimensions and with a suitable thickness, which is significantly smaller than the length and width of the plane, but sufficient to accommodate in each side surface several adjacent grooves running parallel to the outer edges, in the extension of which there are drilled holes on both sides, which are preferably executed in the transverse direction centrally by square tube pieces, which are installed in cut-outs at the corners of the plane elements with one-sided projection towards the inside of the module and which also project beyond the surface of the plane elements with regard to their cross-section, so that when several secondary shell elements are placed flush against one another, mutual spacings are formed that are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent plane elements and by the respective projecting side surface areas of the square tube pieces, the spacing and position of the two module-limiting secondary shell elements being determined by crossbars, which consist, at least at their ends, of hollow profiles whose inner cross-sectional area corresponds to the outer surface of the square tube pieces lying against each other at the system nodes and which are inserted over the projections of the square tube pieces on the inside of the module and then fastened in corresponding drilled holes with secured bolts or screws, so that no longer each plane load-bearing module has its own crossbars in each edge running at right angles to the secondary shell plane, but only one crossbar is provided for all module corners abutting in a primary shell node and normal force elements run in the grooves, which consist of bars made of sufficiently strong material and, after passing through the adjacent drilled holes in the square tube pieces, are initially or partially anchored with the aid of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements.

Primary shell structure consisting of plane load-bearing modules, which consist of elements in which the grooves in the two side surfaces running in the same basic direction, i.e. parallel in the case of rectangular plane elements, run at the same heights and are arranged offset in height in the two remaining side surfaces in order to avoid collisions of continuous normal force elements and in which only at least one normal force element is initially installed on each side of the plane elements and anchored in the square tube piece, in order to form the secondary shell elements first, if the plane elements and square tube pieces are not already connected to each other in a force-locking manner by other means and the remaining grooves can be used, to install different numbers of normal force elements with variable, appropriate strengths and lengths according to the local stresses on the primary shell structure, in order to install different numbers of normal force elements with variable, appropriate strengths and lengths according to the local stresses on the primary shell structure, which can also run through several plane load-bearing modules and which can be extended or anchored in widened grooves with the aid of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements, whereby the normal force elements can be removed or added at any time and with little effort due to the accessibility ensured by the resulting spacings, according to which the spacings are reversibly filled with one or more bars of suitable cross-section and with the necessary strengths, which can also be used to transmit compressive forces if or insofar as the spacings are not used elsewhere in whole or in part, whereby these bars, if their cross-section is enlarged continuously or partially beyond the height of the primary shell support structure and connected to the adjacent, adjoining bar, can be used to reinforce the tensile force transmission in the secondary shell plane.

Primary shell structure made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements in which the plug-in connections between the protruding square tubes and the crossbars attached to them are not produced with an exact fit but with a suitably large clearance in order, if necessary, to effect the lengthening of one secondary shell plane while simultaneously shortening the other by the reasonable, alternating installation of intermediate plates in the thickness of the connection clearance, with any necessary drilled holes or slots for the passage of normal force elements, thus creating curvatures in the resulting primary shell structure.

Primary shell structure consisting of plane load-bearing modules, which consist of elements in which the shear forces of the primary shell structures are absorbed by diagonal bars, which are installed in a form-fit and force-locking manner and are primarily intended to absorb compressive forces and, for more efficient and clearer load transfer into these, additional angled profile pieces can be installed, which are fastened with the slightly longer connecting bolts between the protruding square tube pieces and crossbars, which should also be arranged offset in height in the two directions parallel to the sides, and which can also still be installed or removed when in use, whereby in these situations the diagonal bars must then be relieved by expansion devices or targeted support of the primary shell structure.

Primary shell structure made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements in which, in cases where the diagonal bars interfere, e.g. if containers or mini plant factories are to be moved, the diagonal bars are replaced by two-part transverse force frames, which must be able to be installed and removed at any time and are therefore designed in two parts and for which the space between the secondary shell elements is also to be used, whereby angle profiles can be used for the frame bars, the leg of which running in the frame plane projects into the space between the secondary shell elements and the angle encompasses the inner edge of the plane element and at the ends of which at right angles to the frame bar and thus in the direction of the crossbars, e.g. rectangular tubes can be are welded on as frame uprights, which are slightly shorter than half the length of the crossbar and have a connection at the crossbars, whereby, depending on the load, these transverse force frames can be installed once, i.e. only on one module, or twice, i.e. on both modules, in the case of adjacent modules, and the transverse force frames can be manufactured in such a way that, when two frames are installed at a plane load-bearing module boundary between the legs of the angle sections used as frame beams, there is still space between the secondary shell elements for a third frame, which would have to be made of flat bars and which is installed between the transverse force frames described above and connected to them by a lateral connection, which would make it possible to adapt the overall rigidity of the transverse force frames to the actual loads in three or more stages, whereby the transverse force frames can also be used to additionally increase the force transmission in the secondary shell plane.

Primary shell structure made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements in which the lower foundation secondary shell elements of the foundation primary shell structure are made of robust materials such as reinforced concrete, the thickness of which is selected according to the load and in which the lateral grooves and the square tube pieces and thus also the cut-outs in the corners can be omitted and which instead receive a built-in and appropriately anchored internal threaded sleeve in each corner, which is open at the top and which is initially used for fastening mounting eyes and whereby the foundation primary shell support structure is extended around the perimeter for a robust lateral closure and for later accommodating the exterior walls of buildings in the thickness of the exterior walls by L-shaped base elements, which are expediently made of the same material as the foundation secondary shell elements and whose horizontal leg also has the threaded sleeves described above at its free corners and the upright vertical leg forms the lateral building boundary over the height of the foundation primary shell support structure, on which the exterior wall loads also rest, the base elements being modified in the corners of the building so that corner base elements are formed.

Primary shell structure consisting of plane load-bearing modules, which consist of elements in which, in the foundation primary shell structure, the foundation crossbars are provided on the underside with projecting base plates with drilled holes corresponding to the threaded sleeves in the foundation secondary shell elements and are screwed onto the nodes of the foundation secondary shell elements, which at the same time ensures the in-plane action of the foundation plane and where, in order to compensate for any height differences in the plane of the foundation secondary shell elements caused by production or for subsequent compensation of local subsidence differences, the foundation crossbars are raised by installing additional nuts underneath the projecting base plates, whereby the base plates must then be partially or fully shimmed in the event of higher loads.

Buildings and other structures constructed of primary shell structures made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements in which the load-bearing internal walls, columns and shafts are connected to the floors of primary shell structures to form complex building support structures by means of lugs or mandrels, which are guided into or through the square tube pieces in the corners of the secondary shell elements and then bolted through any free drilled holes in the square tube pieces at the level of the plane load-bearing module elements or integrated into the connection between the square tube pieces and crossbars or, alternatively, connecting elements such as threaded rods are passed through the square tube pieces and also the crossbars and thus through the entire element and anchored with plates on the opposite side.

Buildings and other structures of primary shell structure made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements in which the exterior wall elements and exterior wall supplementary elements are also made of prefabricated parts, which are manufactured in a width in the grid of the plane load-bearing module size and are fastened with exterior wall clamps, which grip around their respective corners, whereby the clamps receive vertical hollow profiles on the side facing away from the wall, the length of which corresponds to the projection of the square tube pieces in the corners of the secondary shell elements and which are inserted into the respective free cross-section of the crossbars or foundation crossbars and fill this and are secured in the crossbars in the same way as the square tube pieces, whereby the clamps are designed with a width sufficient to securely hold two adjacent exterior wall elements and are secured on the outside of the building by vertical holes drilled with, for example, threaded sleeves in the upper sides of the vertical legs of the base elements and by screwing them together, the neighboring base elements are also connected to each other on the upper side, whereby appropriately modified exterior wall corner clamps are used in the building corner sections.

Method for assembling and disassembling buildings and other structures made of plane load-bearing modules, which are assembled using the structural lifting method, whereby a foundation level is first constructed from foundation secondary shell elements, base elements, corner base elements and foundation crossbars and, after installing the diagonal bars and/or transverse force frames as well as installations and other desired objects and devices, the primary shell structure is closed at foundation level by attaching and securing the secondary shell elements from above, after which a next lower layer of secondary shell elements is laid out, the crossbars are attached and secured and everything required or necessary is installed, the necessary diagonal bars and transverse force frames are installed and the upper secondary shell elements are attached and secured, whereby module-sized openings are left in this primary shell structure in an appropriate number and arrangement, into which structural lifting equipment is placed on the foundation level, with which the entire primary shell structure or, in the case of large building footprints, appropriate sections are lifted upwards by a story height plus an assembly allowance, after which a next primary shell structure is constructed in the same way at the foundation level and all walls, columns and possibly already parts of the equipment and furnishings are installed between the two last primary shell structures constructed, to then lower the upper primary shell structure by the assembly allowance and fix it in place to ensure load transfer, after which the entire finished building section above the foundation level is lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of stories is reached or the lifting equipment has exhausted its load-bearing capacity, whereby the method can also be applied in sections for tall buildings by extending the lifting equipment upwards or repositioning it at higher levels, which may then make it necessary to temporarily support the installation areas, and finally the lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by inserting and fixing the missing secondary shell elements, whereby segments of primary shell structures pre-assembled and pre-installed in the factory can also be delivered to the construction site, assembled there and integrated into the structural lifting process and whereby the structural lifting process can also be used in a slightly modified form with a time delay, making it possible to retrofit structural floors into or remove them from existing buildings of this type, for which purpose the wall/ceiling connections on the top or bottom can be released, the part of the structure that can be moved upwards can be lifted and a new floor inserted or removed.

Method for assembling and disassembling buildings and other structures made of plane load-bearing modules, in which, alternatively, the plane load-bearing modular elements can also be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, whereby temporary supports would also be necessary, which could be used above all for small buildings such as detached houses, as the individual elements can even be assembled by hand, at least in part.

Modification of primary shell structures made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements, in which the secondary shell elements are modified in such a way that they can also be used for the construction of engineering structures such as highly stressed surface foundations or bridges, whereby both secondary shell elements are made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete and the spacing between the secondary shell elements is dispensed with and foundation secondary shell elements can also be used at the lower level, where there is no spacing anyway, whereby instead of the grooves in the side surfaces of the plane elements, corresponding continuous holes are provided here next to the side surfaces of the now modified secondary shell elements and foundation secondary shell elements, through which, after partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure, the required reinforcement, which can also be prestressed, is threaded and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose in accordance with the state of the art and, at appropriate points, recesses can also be produced in the modified plane elements, which each start from the inside of the plane elements and partially expose the continuous holes for receiving the normal force elements, in which connecting sleeves or anchoring elements for normal force elements can be installed if these end in a staggered manner or are to be extended and whereby the lateral end of these primary shell structures is formed by C-shaped modified base elements which have additional upper, horizontal legs symmetrical to the lower ones.

The further development described below eliminates the disadvantages and creates new advantages and possibilities. In the following, the further developed plane load-bearing module and the production of buildings and other structures from it will be explained in more detail with reference toFIGS.1to7and the execution example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is proposed to break down the previously completely prefabricated plane load-bearing modules into elements. This firstly facilitates the production of the elements, enables adaptation to different local stresses, reduces the transport volume and creates new, efficient possibilities for use and assembly in the production of buildings and other structures.

The individual elements, which are assembled to form the plane load-bearing modules and these are later assembled to form primary shell structures, initially include two secondary shell elements1per plane load-bearing module, which, regardless of their position, with the exceptions described later, are generally all manufactured identically and arranged in a plane-symmetrical, spaced arrangement. The plane of symmetry is at half the height of the primary shell structure and runs parallel to its horizontal surfaces. The secondary shell elements1are formed from quadrangular, normally rectangular plane elements1.1made of suitable materials in suitable dimensions and with a suitable thickness that is significantly smaller than the length and width of the surface, but sufficient to accommodate several adjacent grooves1.2running parallel to the outer edges in each side surface. To save material, circumferential rods with a greater height to accommodate the grooves1.2and the surface area in between with a smaller thickness can also be produced. This design variant is also shown in the drawings. The grooves1.2are at the same height in each of the two side surfaces running in the same basic direction, i.e. parallel in the case of rectangular plane elements1.1. In contrast, they have a uniform height offset in the other two side surfaces in order to avoid collisions between the normal force elements1.3, which are installed there later and are described below and which may cross each other. In the execution example described here, three grooves1.2are shown by way of example. The grooves1.2are widened in some areas, preferably at their ends, in order to accommodate in the widenings1.4connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5, such as nuts, internally threaded sleeves, reinforcement clamping sleeves, the wedge anchors known from prestressed concrete construction or other appropriate devices which serve to connect sections of the normal force elements1.3and/or their force transmission into the nodes of the structure. The grooves1.2should be at least deep enough to ensure that the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5do not protrude beyond the side surfaces of the plane elements1.1. The term nodes of the structure, or nodes for short, refers here to the areas where several corners of adjacent secondary shell elements1meet. In the corners of the plane elements1.1, there are rectangular cut-outs that accommodate square tube pieces1.6, which run at right angles to the plane element plane. These end on one side, the later outer side of the plane load-bearing modules, flush with the outer surface of the plane elements1.1and protrude beyond it on the other side. In their transverse direction, preferably in the center, the square tube pieces1.6have drilled holes1.7in all side surfaces, which correspond in their position in the longitudinal direction with the grooves1.2in the side surfaces of the plane elements1.1, i.e. are also offset in height in the two main directions. The depth of the cut-outs in the corners of the plane elements1.1is therefore determined by the cross-sectional dimensions of the square tube pieces1.6and is approximately half the cross-sectional width of the square tube pieces1.6plus half the diameter of the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5. The normal force elements1.3are installed in the grooves1.2in the side surfaces of the plane elements1.1, which consist of high-strength rods made of metal or other suitable materials and of which at least one on each side is guided through the drilled holes1.7of the square tube pieces1.6and anchored there inside the square tube pieces1.6with connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5in order to initially form the secondary shell elements1, if the plane elements and square tube pieces are not already connected to each other in a force-locking manner in another way. When using e.g. internally threaded sleeves or connecting sleeves, short pieces of the normal force elements can also be used to connect adjacent plane load-bearing modules. Depending on the number and arrangement of the connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5, the normal force elements1.3can also transmit compressive forces with sufficient buckling stabilization. Longer or continuous normal force elements1.3can later be inserted into the remaining grooves1.2and thus through the remaining drilled holes1.7in the square tube sections1.6and anchored or extended at the nodes as required. The number, length and strength of the required normal force elements1.3is determined by the load. Normal force elements1.3can also be added or removed in the finished structure as the loads change, since the projection of the square tube pieces1.6results in gaps2between adjacent secondary shell elements1, which are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent plane elements1.1and by the projecting side surfaces of the square tube pieces1.6, thus ensuring accessibility of the normal force elements1.3. Normally, after all the necessary normal force elements1.3have been installed, the spacings2are filled by the reversible installation of single or multi-part bars2.1of suitable cross-section, which, depending on their cross-section and choice of material, can participate in the transmission of compressive forces in the primary shell structure to the extent necessary or appropriate. In special cases, these bars can be used to reinforce the transfer of tensile forces in the secondary shell structure if their cross-section is continuously or partially enlarged beyond the height of the primary shell structure and connected to the adjacent, adjoining bar.

Normally, the lowest level, i.e. the foundation primary shell structure of buildings, is largely or completely below ground level. Here, the lower secondary shell elements are made of robust materials such as reinforced concrete due to the contact with the ground and the large surface load. They are referred to below as foundation secondary shell elements3. The thickness is selected according to the load, the lateral grooves1.2and the square tube pieces1.6and thus also the cut-outs in the corners are normally omitted. The foundation secondary shell elements3have at least one built-in and appropriately anchored internally threaded sleeve4in each corner, which is open at the top and is initially used for the temporary attachment of mounting eyes. L-shaped base elements5are used at the edges of the foundation primary shell structure in the downward extension of the exterior walls of the building, which are made of the same material as the foundation secondary shell elements3. The horizontal leg of the base elements5increases the area of the foundation by the thickness of the load-bearing exterior walls and also has the threaded sleeves4described above at its free corners. The upright, vertical leg forms the lateral, robust building boundary at the level of the foundation primary shell structure, on which also the exterior wall loads are supported. Precautions should also be taken to connect adjacent base elements5, e.g. threaded sleeves for screwing on connecting lugs. It is advisable to integrate these into the exterior wall clamps17described below. In the corners of the building, the corner base elements6should be adapted accordingly.

In contrast to the prior art, the plane load-bearing modules no longer have their own crossbars in each of the four edges running at right angles to the secondary shell elements, but instead a common crossbar7is installed per node for all adjoining plane load-bearing modules, which has a hollow cross-section at least at its two ends, into which the square tube pieces1.6protruding on the inside of the plane load-bearing modules, which are located in the corners of the secondary shell elements1, are inserted. The internal cross-section of the crossbar ends is therefore determined by the number of plane load-bearing modules adjacent to the node and the cross-section of the square tube pieces1.6used. The plug-in connection between the protruding square tube sections1.6in the corners of the secondary shell elements1and the crossbars7is secured by corresponding drilled holes in the side surfaces of the relevant hollow sections1.6and7, into which screws or secured bolts8are installed. These must also be installed offset in height in both directions. In this way, not only can the resulting normal forces be absorbed in the crossbars7, but the plug-in connection can also be used to realize the force-locking, mutual connection of adjacent plane load-bearing modules for stresses in the planes of the secondary shell elements1partially or completely. The resulting plug-in connections between the projecting square tube pieces1.6and the attached crossbars7can be produced with varying degrees of play, i.e. not with an exact fit. By alternately installing intermediate plates in the thickness of the connecting clearance with any necessary drilled holes or slots for the normal force elements1.3to pass through, one secondary shell level is lengthened while the other is shortened at the same time. This can be used to create curvatures in the resulting primary shell structure, e.g. to create drainage gradients or to compensate for load-induced deflections. In the area of the foundation primary shell structure, the crossbars have projecting base plates with drilled holes that correspond to the internally threaded sleeves4in the foundation secondary shell elements3. The foundation crossbars9, now designated as such, are screwed onto the junctions of the foundation secondary shell elements3, which simultaneously ensures the in-plane action of the foundation level. To compensate for any production-related height differences in the plane of the foundation secondary shell elements3or to subsequently compensate for local subsidence differences, the foundation crossbars9can be installed underneath the projecting base plates using additional nuts so that they can be adjusted in height and vertically aligned. For higher loads, the base plates must then be partially or fully shimmed.

The shear forces of the primary shell structures are absorbed by diagonal bars10, which are installed in a force-locking and form-fit manner and are only intended to absorb compressive forces in the execution example described here. The diagonal bars10can be made of different materials, whereby wood appears to be appropriate, at least for appropriate loads. For more efficient and clearer load transfer to the diagonal bars10, additional angle profile pieces11can be installed, which are fastened using the then slightly longer connecting bolts8. The diagonal bars10can still be installed or removed even when in use, in which case the diagonal bars10must be relieved by expansion devices or targeted support of the primary shell structure.

In cases where the diagonal bars10have a disruptive effect, e.g. when containers or mini plant factories are to be moved in accordance with the state of the art, the diagonal bars10are replaced by two-part transverse force frames12. As the gap2between the secondary shell elements1is also to be used for the transverse force frames12, these must be designed in two parts as upper and lower partial frames to enable them to be installed and removed at any time. It is proposed to use angle sections as frame bars12.1, the leg of which running in the plane of the frame projects into the space between the secondary shell elements2. The angle encloses the inner edge of the plane element1.1. Rectangular tubes, for example, are welded to the ends of the angles at 90° in the direction of the crossbars as frame uprights12.2, which are slightly shorter than half the length of the crossbar and are connected to the crossbars7. These connections13can be conveniently produced as screw connections, which are also offset in height in the two main directions. Depending on the load, the transverse force frames12can be installed once, i.e. only on one module, or twice, i.e. on both modules, in the case of adjacent plane load-bearing modules. The transverse force frames12can be manufactured in such a way that when two frames are installed at a module boundary between the vertical angled legs of the frame bars12.1, there is still space at a gap2between the secondary shell elements1for a third frame14, which would have to be made of flat bars and installed between the transverse force frames12described above and connected to them by a lateral connection15. The overall stiffness of the transverse force frames12,14could thus be adapted to the actual stresses in three or more stages. In addition, the transverse force frames12can also be used to additionally increase the force transmission in the secondary shell plane. If no or only one transverse force frame12is installed, the entire or remaining gap2between the secondary shell elements1should be filled as described above with bars2.1with the appropriate cross-section and made of suitable material. In the foundation primary shell structure, the lower partial frames of the transverse force frames12are omitted or adapted accordingly.

The load-bearing interior walls, columns and shafts for the vertical connection of the stories, the position of which should be based on the plane load-bearing module grid, are manufactured according to the state of the art, whereby the shafts can consist of plane load-bearing modules installed rotated by 90° and geometrically adapted. The walls are to be produced in a slab-like manner or as trusses and these and the shafts are to be connected in a force-locking manner if complex spatial building support structures are to be produced. The shafts, which are the same size as the plane load-bearing modules, are required if, for example, containers or mini plant factories are to be moved through the entire structure, including vertically. The inner walls, columns and shafts are connected to the ceilings of primary shell structures by means of lugs or dowels that are inserted into or through the square tube pieces1.6in the corners of the secondary shell elements1and then bolted through any free drilled holes in the square tube pieces1.6at the height of the plane load-bearing modular elements1or are integrated into the connection8between the square tube pieces1.6and crossbars7, but this is only easily possible if the normal force elements1.3are not or not completely passed through the node areas. Alternatively, connecting elements such as threaded rods can also be passed through the square tube pieces1.6and the crossbars7through the entire element and anchored with plates on the opposite side.

The exterior wall elements16also consist of prefabricated parts, in the execution example described, of timber frame construction elements. They are manufactured in the same width as the size of the plane load-bearing module and fastened with exterior wall clamps17, which grip around their respective corners. Correspondingly designed infill elements with a square cross-section must be installed in the corners of the building. The exterior wall clamps17have vertical hollow profiles on the side facing away from the wall, the length of which corresponds to the projection of the square tube pieces1.6in the corners of the secondary shell elements1, which are inserted into the respective free cross-section of the crossbars7or foundation crossbars9and fill this, thus creating the connection between the plane load-bearing modules and the exterior wall elements16. The securing corresponds to that of the square tube pieces1.6in the crossbars7. The exterior wall clamps17are designed with a width sufficient to securely hold two adjacent exterior wall elements16and on the outside of the building through vertical drilled holes, which correspond with e.g. internally threaded sleeves analogous to4in the upper sides of the vertical legs of the base elements5and through the screwing of which the adjacent base elements are also connected to each other on the upper side. Correspondingly modified exterior wall corner clamps18are used in the corners of the building. Corresponding wall elements or wall frames with appropriate planking, referred to as exterior wall supplementary elements16.1, are installed above the height of the plane load-bearing modules above the ground surface, which close off the building to the outside in these areas and transfer the exterior wall loads. These are attached by screw connections through free holes in the crossbars7or by screwing them to the exterior wall elements16. Closable holes can be made in the exterior wall elements16, including the exterior wall clamps17,18located at this height, through which completely or partially continuous normal force elements1.3can be removed or additionally installed and, if necessary, anchored at the ends when in use in the event of changing loads.

The buildings can be assembled very efficiently and easily using the structural lifting method described below. First, a foundation level is created from foundation secondary shell elements3, base elements5, corner base elements6and foundation crossbars9. After installing the diagonal bars10and/or transverse force frames12as well as installations and other desired objects and devices, the primary shell structure is closed at foundation level by attaching and securing the secondary shell elements1from above. The next lower layer of secondary shell elements1is then laid out, the crossbars7are attached and secured and everything required or necessary is installed. After installing the necessary diagonal bars10and/or transverse force frames12and attaching and securing the upper secondary shell elements1, the roof insulation and waterproofing can be installed, if necessary, as in the best case the primary shell structure created in this way will form the roof deck in the complete structural lifting process. In this primary shell structure, openings of the size of a plane load-bearing module are left free in an appropriate number and arrangement by temporarily eliminating the secondary shell elements1, into which lifting equipment or masts are placed on or in the primary shell structure. The lifting equipment is used to lift the entire primary shell structure or, if the building base area is too large, appropriate sections upwards by one story height plus an assembly allowance. In the case of multi-story buildings, the next primary shell structure is now constructed in the same way at the foundation level and all walls, columns, shafts and possibly parts of the equipment and furnishings are installed between the last two primary shell structures constructed. The upper primary shell structure is then lowered by the assembly allowance and fixed in place to ensure its load transfer. Now the entire finished part of the building above the foundation level is lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of stories has been reached or the lifting equipment has exhausted its load-bearing capacity. Of course, the process can also be used in sections for tall buildings by extending the lifting equipment upwards or repositioning it at higher levels, in which case temporary support of the installation areas may be necessary. A height section can also be just one story. The lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by attaching and fixing the missing secondary shell elements1. If, for example, existing buildings are to be built over independently, the structural lifting method can be supplemented by horizontal movement of the lifted structure or structure segment produced next to the building to be built over. Of course, pre-assembled and pre-installed segments of primary shell structures can also be delivered to the construction site, assembled there and integrated into the structural lifting process. The structural lifting method can also be used in a slightly modified form with a time delay, making it possible to subsequently install or remove structural floors in existing buildings of this type at any level. To do this, the wall/ceiling connections on the top or bottom must be loosened, the part of the structure that can be moved upwards lifted and a new story inserted or removed.

Alternatively, the described elements of the plane load-bearing modules can also be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, although temporary supports would also be required. As the individual elements can even be assembled by hand, at least in part, this could be used primarily for small buildings such as single-family homes and enable the building owners to carry out some of the assembly themselves.

For the construction of engineering structures such as highly loaded surface foundations for towers or wind turbines, which must be completely demolished after their relatively short service life, some of the features described above can be recombined after any necessary minor modifications. For example, both secondary shell elements1must be made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete and the gap2between the secondary shell elements1must be dispensed with, whereby foundation secondary shell elements3, where no gap2is created anyway, can also be used for the lower level. Instead of the grooves1.2in the side surfaces of the plane elements1.1, corresponding continuous holes are provided here also in the foundation secondary shell elements3, through which the normal force elements1.3, in this case in the form of required tensile reinforcement, which can also be prestressed, are threaded after partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose in accordance with the state of the art. In appropriate places, recesses can also be made in the modified secondary shell elements1, which extend from the inside of the secondary shell elements1and partially expose the continuous holes for receiving the normal force elements1.3. Connecting sleeves or anchoring elements1.5for normal force elements1.3can be installed in these if they are to end in a staggered manner or be extended. At the lateral edges of the thus used, modified secondary shell elements1, recesses for grouting joints should be provided to ensure the tightness of the structure and corrosion protection when using steel reinforcement. The lateral ends of these primary shell structures are formed by C-shaped modified base elements5with additional upper, horizontal legs that are symmetrical to the lower ones. In a similar way, bridge structures, for example, can also be constructed in this way, which, after being installed at ground level, if necessary, are brought to their installation location using the structural lifting method described, if necessary in conjunction with horizontal movements and rotations around a vertical axis.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1Secondary shell elements1.1Plane elements1.2Grooves in plane elements1.3Normal force elements1.4Widenings of grooves in plane elements1.5Connecting sleeves or anchoring elements of the normal force elements such as nuts, internally threaded sleeves, reinforcement clamping sleeves, wedge anchors or other suitable devices1.6Square tube pieces1.7Drilled holes in square tube pieces2Gap between secondary shell elements2.1Single or multi-part rods for reversible installation in the gaps2between the secondary shell elements13Foundation secondary shell elements4Internally threaded sleeves in foundation secondary shell elements and base elements5Base elements6Corner base elements7Crossbar8Bolt or screw connection between projecting square tube pieces1.6and crossbars79Foundation crossbars10Diagonal bars11Angled profile pieces12Two-part transverse force frame12.1Frame bar12.2Frame upright13Connection between frame and crossbars14Optional flat bar frame15Lateral connection of the individual frames16Exterior wall elements16.1Exterior wall supplementary elements17Exterior wall clamps18Exterior wall corner clamps