Systems, apparatus, and method for manufacturing are disclosed. In an aspect, the apparatus may be a cold-spray nozzle. The cold-spray nozzle may include a variable diameter convergent part. The cold-spray nozzle may also include a variable diameter divergent part. The variable diameter divergent part may form a diffuser. Additionally, The cold-spray nozzle may include a ring portion. The ring portion may couple the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part. Additionally, the ring portion may control the opening to the diffuser.

BACKGROUND

Field

The present disclosure relates generally to manufacturing techniques, and more specifically 3-D-printing methods using spray forming and particularly to nozzles for 3-D-printing methods using cold-spray processes.

Background

Key technological developments and advances in manufacturing have been made in recent years with the increasingly widespread use of three dimensional (3-D) printing for a variety of applications. Such applications are especially prevalent in the context of manufacturing numerous types of sophisticated mechanical structures. Similar advances have recently been made, and milestones achieved, relative to the advancement of 3-D printing technologies themselves. The plethora of modern 3-D printing techniques that have been the subject of such recent advances include, for example, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and the like.

One example of 3-D printing may use cold-spray forming as part of a manufacturing process of components. Spray forming may direct a solid phase powder material into a base material at high speed. Cold-spray forming may generally be an additive manufacturing process by spraying one or more materials to form a manufactured article. With the cold-spray manufacturing process, a material being deposited may be kept below the material's melting point. The material being deposited may be sprayed at a base material at a speed high enough to induce solid-state welding on impact. The material may be sprayed using a nozzle, e.g., a cold-spray nozzle. Cold-spray may be used to deposit a metal (or metal alloy, plastics, ceramics, or mixtures thereof) structure to join, for example, a number of off-the-shelf parts or manufactured parts such as extruded parts, 3-D printed parts, cold-spray 3-D printed parts or other manufactured parts.

Conventional cold-spray nozzles have fixed opening profiles. Accordingly, when different size cold-spray nozzles are needed for a particular spray pattern for the solid powder material, the cold-spray process will need to be stopped so that one nozzle may be changed for another nozzle. Stopping the cold-spray process to change nozzles may slow down the manufacturing of parts.

SUMMARY

Several aspects of methods will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to three-dimensional (3-D) printing techniques. One aspect relates to manufacturing techniques that include 3-D-printing methods using spray forming and more particularly to nozzles for cold-spray processes.

Systems, apparatus, and method for manufacturing a structure are disclosed. An apparatus may be a cold-spray nozzle. The cold-spray nozzle includes a variable diameter convergent part. Additionally, the cold-spray nozzle includes a variable diameter divergent part forming a diffuser. The cold-spray nozzle also includes a ring portion coupling the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part and controlling the opening to the diffuser.

An apparatus may be a cold-spray device. The cold-spray device includes a material hopper. Additionally, the cold-spray device includes a pressurized gas feed coupled to the material hopper. The cold-spray device also includes a cold-spray nozzle coupled to the pressurized gas feed and configured to receive material from the material hopper. The cold-spray nozzle includes a variable diameter convergent part. Additionally, the cold-spray nozzle includes a variable diameter divergent part forming a diffuser. The cold-spray nozzle also includes a ring portion coupling the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part and controlling the opening to the diffuser.

A method of cold-spray forming a part includes cold-spraying at least a first portion of a first layer of the part. Additionally, the method of cold-spray forming includes adjusting a variable diameter convergent part and a variable diameter divergent part in a nozzle including the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part forming a diffuser and a ring portion coupling the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part. The method of cold-spray forming also includes cold-spraying at least a second portion of a second layer of the part using the adjusted variable diameter convergent part and the adjusted variable diameter divergent part and controlling the opening to the diffuser.

It will be understood that other aspects of 3-D printing using spray forming will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and described only several embodiments by way of illustration. As will be realized by those skilled in the art, the manufactured structures and the methods for manufacturing these structures are capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended to provide a description of various exemplary embodiments of 3-D printing using spray forming to manufacture and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The term “exemplary” used throughout this disclosure means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments presented in this disclosure. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough and complete disclosure that fully conveys the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. However, the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components may be shown in block diagram form, or omitted entirely, in order to avoid obscuring the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure.

FIGS. 1A-Billustrate a diagram of a 3-D printer that may use fused deposition modeling (FDM). FDM is an additive manufacturing technique wherein a thermoplastic or other material, e.g., metal, may be extruded through a temperature-controlled print nozzle102. The print nozzle102can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions by a mechanical device that is under the control of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package. The 3-D part to be constructed is built one layer at a time, and the layers successively overlap each other in a prescribed manner to manufacture a part121.

The 3-D printer ofFIG. 1Aalso includes a first spool104for providing a first material106that is fed to the extrusion head102and a second spool for providing a second material that is fed to the extrusion head102. While in some configurations the material114may constitute a build material for forming the successive layers of the part and the material116a support material for providing temporary support to accommodate spatial vacancies created by the predetermined shapes of certain structures whose shape may otherwise be compromised by gravity prior to solidifying, the 3-D printing techniques contemplated in this disclosure may obviate the need for a support material by using complex matrix arrays as backing structures.

3-D printer100may also include a substrate or base112upon which the printing may occur, and a vertically movable build platform110. During the 3-D printing process wherein the material114is extruded onto a surface of part121to manufacture successive layers, the build platform110may be configured under software control to gradually move lower in the vertical direction (as indicated by the arrow on support arm123) to accommodate the space occupied by the increasing number of layers of part121.

FIG. 1Bshows an expanded view of extrusion head102. Materials114and116may be fed using rotating drive wheels125into extrusion nozzles126and128, respectively. The materials114and116are melted by the application of heat in respective extrusion nozzles126and128and thereupon ejected under software control from the nozzles onto the substrate110, or onto the layers previously disposed on the substrate.

While an FDM printing technique has been described here for illustration purposes, the disclosure herein is not so limited, and any suitable 3-D printing technique may be employed in connection with the description that follows.

FIG. 2is a flow diagram200illustrating an exemplary process of 3-D printing. A data model of the desired 3-D object to be printed is rendered (step210). A data model is a virtual design of the 3-D object. Thus, the data model may reflect the geometrical and structural features of the 3-D object, as well as its material composition. The data model may be created using a variety of methods, including 3-D scanning, 3-D modeling software, photogrammetry software, and camera imaging.

3-D scanning methods for creating the data model may also use a variety of techniques for generating a 3-D model. These techniques may include, for example, time-of-flight, volumetric scanning, structured light, modulated light, laser scanning, triangulation, and the like.

3-D modeling software, in turn, may include one of numerous commercially available 3-D modeling software applications. Data models may be rendered using a suitable computer-aided design (CAD) package, for example in an STL format. STL files are one example of a file format associated with commercially available CAD software. A CAD program may be used to create the data model of the 3-D object as an STL file. Thereupon, the STL file may undergo a process whereby errors in the file are identified and resolved.

Following error resolution, the data model can be “sliced” by a software application known as a slicer to thereby produce a set of instructions for 3-D printing the object, with the instructions being compatible and associated with the particular 3-D printing technology to be utilized (step220). Numerous slicer programs are commercially available. Generally, the slicer program converts the data model into a series of individual layers representing thin slices (e.g., 100 microns thick) of the object being printed, along with a file containing the printer-specific instructions for 3-D printing these successive individual layers to produce an actual 3-D printed representation of the data model.

A common type of file used for this purpose is a G-code file, which is a numerical control programming language that includes instructions for 3-D printing the object. The G-code file, or other file constituting the instructions, is uploaded to the 3-D printer (step230). Because the file containing these instructions is typically configured to be operable with a specific 3-D printing process, it will be appreciated that many formats of the instruction file are possible depending on the 3-D printing technology used.

In addition to the printing instructions that dictate what and how an object is to be rendered, the appropriate physical materials necessary for use by the 3-D printer in rendering the object are loaded into the 3-D printer using any of several conventional and often printer-specific methods (step240). In fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-D printers, as indicated above, materials may be loaded as filaments on spools, which are placed on one or more spool holders. The filaments are typically fed into an extruder apparatus which, in operation, heats the filament into a melted form before ejecting the material onto a build plate or other substrate. In selective laser sintering (SLS) printing and other methods, the materials may be loaded as powders into chambers that feed the powder to a build platform. Depending on the 3-D printer, other techniques for loading printing materials may be used.

The respective data slices of the 3-D object are then printed based on the provided instructions using the material(s) (step250). In 3-D printers that use laser sintering, a laser scans a powder bed and melts the powder together where structure is desired and avoids scanning areas where the sliced data indicates that nothing is to be printed. This process may be repeated thousands of times until the desired structure is formed, after which the printed part is removed from a fabricator. In fused deposition modeling, as described above, parts are printed by applying successive layers of model and support materials to a substrate. In general, any suitable 3-D printing technology may be employed for purposes of this disclosure.

Like other 3-D printing techniques, the FDM technique has a minimum layer resolution, which may in some configurations be on the order of 0.127 mm or thereabouts, depending on the printer resolution and other factors. As a consequence of this minimum resolution, it becomes apparent that the attempted 3-D printing of an angled surface will result in often unwanted “stair-stepped” artifacts caused by the finite thickness of the successive layers.

Conventional spray forming involves manufacturing metal components with homogeneous microstructures via the inert gas atomization of a liquid metal stream into droplets and the deposition of semi-solid sprayed droplets onto a shaped substrate. The substrate collects the droplets and solidifies them into a coherent preform. In one example of the process, an alloy is melted, normally in an induction furnace, then the molten metal is slowly poured through a conical tundish into a small-bore ceramic nozzle. The molten metal exits the furnace and is broken up into droplets by an atomizer. The droplets then proceed downwards to impact a substrate. The process is arranged such that the droplets strike the substrate while in the semi-solid condition. This process provides sufficient liquid fraction to ‘stick’ the solid fraction together. Deposition continues, gradually building up a spray formed part, such as a billet, of metal on the substrate. Spray forming may use a chamber in the shape of the part to be manufactured.

Spray forming may involve applying finishing procedures on metal structures as indicated above or forming metal structures in a chamber. More specifically, metal parts may be spray formed in a temperature controlled chamber, which is typically in a shape that is consistent with that of the final part. In current metal spray forming processes, dedicated equipment is needed such as the chamber, nozzle, atomizer, etc. In addition, the metal parts are limited by the constraints of the chamber and can only be shaped to substantially adhere to the geometry of the chamber.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, a spray forming technique is incorporated as part of a 3-D printer. The 3-D printer includes a flexible, computer-controlled nozzle having six degrees of freedom that is capable of being manipulated in all three X-Y-Z directions and inclined at a variety of angles relative to the printer build plate. The 3-D printer incorporating the spray former may, depending on the embodiment, be used for both for finishing of surfaces of existing parts and for wholesale construction of parts. In other exemplary embodiments, the spray forming 3-D printer is not limited to spray forming of metals and may additionally or alternatively employ spray forming of plastics and other materials, e.g., metal. Thus, the 3-D printer may incorporate a spray former that broadly includes one or more mechanical assemblies for converting a desired material into droplets and spray forming the material in a manner specified by the 3-D printing instructions and/or the CAM program associated with the 3-D printer.

FIG. 3shows a conceptual diagram of a 3-D printer300employing spray forming. The 3-D printer includes support arm302, build plate304, and substrate306. In this embodiment, a tooling shell308is disposed on a surface of substrate306. In one exemplary embodiment, the tooling shell308was previously machined, or 3-D printed and was placed on the substrate308after its construction.

In another exemplary embodiment as described further below with reference toFIG. 4, the tooling shell308may be 3-D printed on 3-D printer300. For example, 3-D printer300may include a conventional computer-controlled print extruder (not shown) which may 3-D print the mold using any of a variety of known methods (SLS, FDM, etc.). In another exemplary embodiment, the mold is spray formed using 3-D printer300.

A robotic arm314under computer control of the 3-D printer may be used to spray form a part310, such as a panel, on a surface of the tooling shell308. In other exemplary embodiments, the spray forming is deposited directly on substrate306to spray form the part310. The nozzle316of the robotic arm314shoots droplets312of material onto the tooling shell308to thereby create the part310as described above.

As the part310is formed by the 3-D printer using spray forming, it will be appreciated that the angled or inclined sections318and320of part310can be created without any appreciable stair-stepped effect. Accordingly, the use of spray forming as part of, and under computer control of, the 3-D printer enables a manufacturer to form a part310that requires no further finishing step. Accordingly, a smoothened part may be provided in a single step or on a single 3-D printer.

In an exemplary embodiment, robotic arm314can be manipulated in a variety of directions and angles. For example, robotic arm314may be moved in one or more of the A, B or C directions (or directions at any point in between), which may correspond respectively to coordinate axes X, Y, Z of the 3-D printer. For example, in another exemplary embodiment, robotic arm314can be inclined at substantially any angle in order to perform spray forming at a variety of angles. In yet another embodiment, robotic arm314may be configured to rotate or twist as shown by the arrow and corresponding designation D. In an exemplary embodiment, the robotic arm314is equipped with six degrees of freedom. In one embodiment, the robotic arm314is designed to be thin relative to the generally bulky print extruder402(seeFIG. 4) and associated mechanical assembly. This gives the robotic arm314additional flexibility to move about the substrate.

Conventional 3-D printers that perform plastic extrusion generally have a limited ability to alter angles of the print extruder. Such conventional printers typically employ a pivot point for the print nozzle in lieu of a thin, flexible robotic arm. For this reason, the extruders on 3-D printers typically do not have the six degrees of freedom such that they can have significant flexibility in their degrees of movement. One reason for this limitation is that conventional print nozzles typically have thicker diameters and cannot be manipulated easily about different axes, in contrast to the sleek robotic arm314, whose range of diameters may be made very thin due in part to the intrinsic nature of the spray forming technique and the small size of droplets required from the spray nozzle.

In addition, due to the thickness of the extruded material and other constraints, material extruded from conventional printers may be adversely affected by gravity when the extruder angle is changed, for example, to a slightly angled position to deposit material. That is, the print extruder in the conventional 3-D printer is often bulky, carries more inertia, and is limited in motion due to its pivot point connection to the remainder of the extrusion system so that its flexibility to change angles and directions are accordingly limited. This phenomenon is similar in principle to attempting to write upside down with a ballpoint pen. 3-D printing using spray forming lacks this limitation. The spray forming technologies enables the 3-D printer to spray the light droplets on the substrate or part at essentially any angle, including in an upward direction, and the spray mechanic is not substantially adversely affected by gravity.

Because the robotic arm314and spray forming capability is incorporated as part of the 3-D printer, the arm314can be controlled and directed under computer control using instructions provided directly to the 3-D printer. In addition, in contrast to the conventional spray forming method wherein a chamber constrains the part formation to adhere to a single or a limited geometry, the 3-D printer as disclosed herein can spray form parts in three dimensions, with such parts having a variety of possible geometries and features under software control.

The mechanical assembly of the robotic arm314and printer may vary depending on the embodiment. Where spray forming of metals is performed, the assembly may incorporate a mechanism for heating the metal, an atomizer, and other elements. In another embodiment, robotic arm314of the 3-D printer may be configured to spray resins onto a mold or a substrate for forming or finishing parts. Generally, in considering the spray forming of different types of materials, molten materials should not be overly viscous to thereby render them too difficult for nozzle316to eject the droplets. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, nozzle316of robotic arm314may include an assembly for adjusting the viscosity of the target material to be used in the spray forming process. In one embodiment, the assembly may be dynamically adjusted according to software as a function of the material to be used in the spray forming process. In addition, for plastics, a heating mechanism may be included in or proximate to nozzle316for facilitating the flow of the material.

Where thermoset resins are used, the resin and the hardener are generally mixed in some ratio and then applied. Pre-mixing the resin and the hardener and then attempting to spray form the resulting viscous material gives rise to inherent difficulties. For example, pre-mixing the resin and hardener and spray forming the combined material may cause the material to cure within the nozzle, thereby clogging the nozzle.

Accordingly, in another exemplary embodiment, robotic arm314may include two nozzles316(only one shown), each of which constitutes a separate spray forming head. A first such nozzle may spray the resin and the second nozzle may spray the hardener. This technique obviates the difficulties inherent in pre-mixing and spraying the combined resin and hardener.

The above-described 3-D printing techniques can be used either to smooth (finish) a part such as a panel using spray forming or to create a part.

In spray forming plastics, the diameter of the nozzle316is generally very small, in some embodiments being on the order of approximately 50 μm. Because the diameter of nozzle316is small, the corresponding thickness of the material exiting nozzle316may be negligible, such that substantially no stair-stepped effect is observed when 3-D printing parts using the spray forming technique.

The robotic arm314is advantageous for incorporation into the 3-D printer300for use in spray forming because, among other reasons, such robotic assemblies may be controlled by a data model and related instructions as are used in 3-D printers.

Referring back toFIG. 3, in an example where the part310to be formed constitutes an exterior body panel of a vehicle, the material forming the panel can be sprayed over the 3-D printed tooling shell308(or the substrate306in other embodiments). In this manner, imperfections that arise due to surface properties of the 3-D printed tooling shell308are present only on the B side of the final panel where the part310meets the surface of tooling shell308. In contrast, the A side (surface318,320of part310) of the panel may be made to be substantially flawlessly smooth, thereby satisfying Class A vehicular surface requirements.

In another exemplary embodiment, the 3-D printer as described above can be used to spray resin on metal or plastic 3-D printed tools to smoothen the surface of the tools.

In the embodiments involving spray forming of metals, various techniques and processes may be suitable for use in conjunction therewith including plasma deposition, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and the like.

FIG. 4shows a diagram of a 3-D printer400integrating spray forming and FDM printing capability. While an FDM assembly is shown for purposes of illustration, it will be appreciated that any conventional 3-D printing technique may be integrated with the spray forming mechanism. The spray forming mechanism includes robotic arm414, nozzle416, and associated control mechanism (not shown) guided by printer software. As previously shown with reference toFIG. 3, robotic arm414ofFIG. 4may be under control of the 3-D printer instructions and can be manipulated at a variety of angles and directions, including in the A, B, C, and D directions.

In the embodiment shown, part408is 3-D printed on build plate404(or an intervening substrate or foam base) using print extruder402and one or both of print materials414and418. As discussed in connection with previous embodiments, the angled portions of part408are characterized by a stair-stepped effect, the scale of which is exaggerated here for clarity. After part408is 3-D printed via print extruder402, nozzle416of robotic arm applies spray forming to finish the part and thereby reduce or eliminate the stair-stepped effect, such that part408will have smooth angled surfaces. Depending on the embodiment, metals, plastics, or composites may be spray formed.

FIG. 5is a diagram of a cold-spray nozzle500that may be used in conjunction with a 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400) employing spray forming such as the 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400) employing spray forming illustrated with respect toFIGS. 3-4.

An aspect of the systems and methods described herein presents a technique that may enable print resolution control. The print resolution control may be mid-print, e.g., the resolution may be changed during the course of printing a particular item, e.g., using the 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400). The print resolution control may be used for cold-spray additive manufacturing. For example, the systems and methods described herein may include a cold-spray nozzle500with a variable diameter convergent part502and a variable diameter divergent part504forming a diffuser (e.g., variable diameter divergent part504).

For example, one aspect may include a series of hinges506and overlapping sheets508to control the diameter (d1) of the converging section (e.g., variable diameter convergent part502) and the diameter (d2) of the diverging sections (e.g., variable diameter divergent part504) of a cold-spray gun (cold-spray nozzle500). In an aspect, the resolution of metal deposited depends on a resulting particle flow. The resulting particle flow may depend strongly on the choke point510and outlet diameter (d2). By varying both the choke point510and outlet diameter (d2), it is possible to change, mid-print, the resulting area of deposition, e.g., by an order of magnitude. Previous cold-spray guns have machined converging-diverging nozzles and require switching the physical nozzle to change the deposition area.

In an aspect, a cold-spray nozzle500includes a variable diameter convergent part502. Additionally, the cold-spray nozzle500includes a variable diameter divergent part504forming a diffuser. The cold-spray nozzle500also includes a ring portion510coupling the variable diameter convergent part502and the variable diameter divergent part504. The ring portion510controls the opening to the diffuser, e.g., the variable diameter divergent part504.

In an aspect, the variable diameter convergent part502comprises a nozzle500containing a series of hinges506and overlapping sheets508within the nozzle500, the hinges506and overlapping sheets508configured to control the diameter (d1) of the variable diameter convergent part502.

In an aspect, the variable diameter divergent part504comprises a nozzle containing a series of hinges506and overlapping sheets508within the nozzle, the hinges506and overlapping sheets508configured to control the diameter (d2) of the variable diameter divergent part504.

In an aspect, the size of the ring portion510is variable. The size of the ring portion510controls a flow of a cold-spray.

FIG. 6is another diagram of a cold-spray nozzle600that may be used in conjunction with a 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400) employing spray forming such as the 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400) employing spray forming illustrated with respect toFIGS. 3-4.

As discussed above, an aspect of the systems and methods described herein presents a technique that may enable print resolution control. The print resolution control may be mid-print, e.g., resolution may be changed during the course of printing a particular item, e.g., using the 3-D printer (e.g.,300,400). The print resolution control may be used for cold-spray additive manufacturing. For example, the systems and methods described herein may include a cold-spray nozzle600with a variable diameter divergent part that includes a plug nozzle.

For example, one aspect may include a plug nozzle602inside the cold-spray nozzle600to control the usable diameter where the converging section606and the divergent section608meet. The choke point610has a diameter, d1. The portion of the choke point610that is actually available for a flow of cold-spray material out of the cold-spray nozzle600may be adjusted using the plug nozzle602. For example, as the plug nozzle602moves in and out within the cold-spray nozzle600, the, usable portion allowing material flow enlarges or decreases within a choke point610. The outer diameter of the choke point610may remain a diameter, d1. More specifically, As the plug nozzle602moves out, the usable portion of the choke point610having the diameter (d1) increases. As the plug nozzle602moves in, the usable portion of the choke point610having the diameter (d1) decreases.

As discussed above, in an aspect, the resolution of metal deposited depends on a resulting particle flow. The resulting particle flow may depend strongly on the portion of the choke point610available for material flow. While the diameter (d1) and the outlet diameter (d2) may be fixed, flow through the choke point may be adjusted by moving the plug nozzle602. By varying the position of the plug nozzle602, it may be possible to change, mid-print, the resulting area of deposition, e.g., by an order of magnitude.

In an aspect, a cold-spray nozzle600includes a variable usable diameter convergent part606. Referring back toFIGS. 1A-1B, 3, and 4, a cold-spray device (100,300,400) may include a material hopper (or spool104). The cold-spray device (100,300,400) may also include a pressurized gas feed (not shown) coupled to the material hopper. Additionally, the cold-spray device (100,300,400) may include a cold-spray nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) coupled to the pressurized gas feed and configured to receive material from the material hopper. The cold-spray nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) may include a variable diameter convergent part (502,606), a variable diameter divergent part (504,604) forming a diffuser, and a ring portion (510) coupling the variable diameter convergent part (502,606) and the variable diameter divergent part (504,604) and controlling the opening to the diffuser, e.g., variable diameter divergent part (504,608).

FIG. 7is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method of cold-spray forming a part. At710, cold-spray at least a first portion of a first layer of the part. For example, cold-spray (e.g., using a cold-spray nozzle126,128,316,416,500,600on a cold-spray device100,300,400) at least a first portion of a first layer of the part. In an aspect, the first layer and the second layer may be different layers. In another aspect, the first layer and the second layer may be a same layer.

At720, a determination is made if an adjustment of a variable diameter convergent part and a variable diameter divergent part in a nozzle is needed. The nozzle includes the variable diameter convergent part. For example, a processing system on a cold-spray device (100,300,400) or connected to a cold-spray device (100,300,400) may determine if an adjustment of a variable diameter convergent part (502,606) and a variable diameter divergent part (504) is needed. The nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) includes the variable diameter convergent part (502,606) is needed.

In an aspect, the adjusting occurs continuously over the same layer. In other words, the adjusting may be without interruption or without gaps, e.g., over a particular interval when spray-forming is occurring. In another aspect, the adjusting occurs continually over the same layer. In other words, the adjusting may frequently be repeated in the same way, or regularly, e.g., over a particular interval when spray-forming is occurring. For example, when an adjustment is needed, the method may proceed to block730(below). When an adjustment is not needed, the method may continue cold-spraying, e.g., return to block710, e.g., over a particular interval when spray-forming is occurring. Alternatively, the cold-spray may end (not shown), e.g., when a part is completed, a device implementing the method needs adjustment, fixing, replenishment of materials, or some other change, alteration, modification, adjustment, variation, or adaptation.

At730, a variable diameter convergent part and a variable diameter divergent part in a nozzle are adjusted. The nozzle may include the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part. The variable diameter divergent part forms a diffuser. A ring portion couples the variable diameter convergent part and the variable diameter divergent part. For example, a processing system on or connected to a cold-spray device100,300,400may control a nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) such that the nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) is adjusted. The nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) may include a variable diameter convergent part (502,606) and a variable diameter divergent part (504) in a nozzle (126,128,316,416,500,600) including the variable diameter convergent part (502,606). The variable diameter divergent part (504) forms a diffuser. A ring portion (510) couples the variable diameter convergent (502,606) part and the variable diameter divergent part (504). In an aspect, a convergent part (606) may vary using a plug nozzle (602).

At740, at least a second portion of a second layer of the part is cold-sprayed using the adjusted variable diameter convergent part and the adjusted variable diameter divergent part. For example, a cold-spray device100,300,400may cold-spray at least a second portion of a second layer of the part using the adjusted variable diameter convergent part (502,606) and the adjusted variable diameter divergent part (504). After the block740, the method may repeat with subsequent first layers and the first portion or a subsequent “first” portion. In other words, a subsequent execution of block710may follow block714. Alternatively, the method may end after execution of block740(not shown).

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments presented throughout this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to 3-D printing techniques using spray forming. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments presented throughout the disclosure but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the exemplary embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), or analogous law in applicable jurisdictions, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”