Blends of vinyl halide-polyolefin graft polymers and SMA polymers

A novel thermoplastic polymer composition comprises a blend of a high impact vinyl halide polymer, particularly a vinyl halide-polyolefin graft polymer, and a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride and modifications thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to thermoplastic polymer blends capable of 
being molded into plastic articles having improved properties. The 
polyblends of the present invention contain a graft copolymer of a vinyl 
halide, or of a vinyl halide and a comonomer copolymerizable therewith on 
a polyolefin component. Such copolymers are hereinafter referred to as 
"vinyl halide-polyolefin graft copolymers". The present blends also 
contain a polymer composition hereinafter referred to as "SMA polymers". 
Polyvinyl halide, especially polyvinyl chloride polymers are widely used 
thermoplastic materials having many favorable properties. Such 
conventional non-graft vinyl halide polymers do not have heat distortion 
temperatures which are sufficiently high to adapt such polymers to much 
more wide use. Moreover, such polymers, especially rigid polyvinyl halide 
polymers, do not have a high impact resistance at ambient or subambient 
temperatures. Thus, at ambient temperature, i.e., at about 20.degree. C., 
corresponding to about 68.degree. F., the notched Izod impact resistance 
of vinyl halide homo- and copolymers is only of the order of about 0.4 to 
less than about 1 ft-lb/in. At subambient temperatures, e.g., down to 
-20.degree. F. or lower, the notched Izod impact resistance of these 
polymers becomes vanishingly small or negligible. 
It has been previously proposed to add minor amounts of an appropriate 
polymer additive, or additives, to improve ambient impact resistance of 
conventional polyvinyl polymer compositions. Usually, such additives are 
useful in ranges from about 3 to about 15 percent by weight of the 
polyvinyl halide polymer. Among the materials which have been found 
acceptable as polyvinyl halide impact modifiers are ABS polymers. Such 
impact modifiers moderately enhance the ambient temperature impact 
resistance of conventional vinyl halide polymers, i.e., generally raise 
the ambient temperature notched Izod impact resistance of the polymer to 
about 2 to 10 ft-lbs/in. However, these impact modifiers are relatively 
ineffective in imparting a satisfactory sub-ambient temperature impact 
resistance to the polymer, i.e., the -20.degree. F. notched Izod impact 
resistance of the polymer containing the impact modifier is well below 1 
ft-lb/in and usually is about 0.4 to 0.5 ft-lb/in. 
Recently, vinyl halide-polyolefin graft copolymers have been developed to 
be a commercial reality. Such copolymers are produced by polymerization of 
vinyl halide (or a monomer mixture of vinyl halide and copolymerizable 
ethylenically unsaturated comonomer) in the presence of a polyolefin 
elastomer. Such reaction yields a polymer product which contains vinyl 
halide polymer chains bound, i.e., grafted at various sites along the 
chain of the trunk olefin polymer as well as ungrafted vinyl halide 
polymer and ungrafted polyolefin. The graft polymer product, especially 
the graft polymer product prepared by a liquid phase bulk polymerization 
reaction, has improved impact resistance at both ambient temperature and 
sub-ambient temperatures, compared to the aforementioned conventional, 
i.e., ungrafted, vinyl halide polymers, even when the latter are blended 
with a conventional polyvinyl halide impact modifying polymer additive. 
The bulk polymerization-prepared graft polymer product is even 
distinguished from the corresponding graft polymer prepared by a non-bulk 
polymerization technique, e.g., suspension polymerization, by an enhanced 
impact resistance at both low and ambient temperature and by breakage by 
the desirable ductile breakage mode rather than by an undesirable brittle 
breakage mode. 
Recently polymer products with improved properties have been prepared by 
blending the vinyl halide polyolefin graft polymers with ABS polymers. 
Such products are disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 250,957, 
filed Oct. 31, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,101. 
It has now been found that further improved polymer products can be 
prepared by blending the vinyl halide polyolefin graft polymers, 
especially those produced by a liquid phase bulk polymerization reaction, 
and--"SMA polymers" which are described hereinafter. 
The molecular miscibility exhibited by the matrix phases of these polymeric 
components of the invention offers several advantages. The miscibility 
provides excellent mechanical compatibility. Superior weld line strengths 
and improved surface properties can be obtained when the polymeric 
components exhibit molecular miscibility. A problem of possible 
deterioration of the properties due to phase separation during or after 
processing may exist for an immiscible blend. This is likely in case of 
the injection molding process which typically uses very high shear rates. 
This problem is unlikely in a case where the polymeric components exhibit 
molecular miscibility. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a moldable thermoplastic polymer 
composition which is comprised of a blend of a high impact vinyl halide 
polymer and an SMA polymer. The preferred high impact vinyl polymer is a 
vinyl halide hydrocarbon polyolefin graft polymer. By polyvinyl 
halide-polyolefin graft polymer is meant the product of the graft 
polymerization of vinyl halide in the presence of an olefin trunk polymer 
reactant as further described below. 
By SMA polymer is meant a polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride, and such 
polymers that are modified by blending with or reaction with an 
olefin-diolefin modified polymer such as an ethylene propylene/polyene 
modified polymers as well as diolefin polymers such as polybutadiene. Such 
SMA polymers are found to exhibit molecular miscibility with the vinyl 
halide-polyolefin graft polymers. 
The blends of this invention have beneficial properties when compared to 
prior art blends. 
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF 
While proportions of the SMA polymer in the present blend can range 
typically from less than about 1% to more than about 99 weight percent of 
SMA polymer (with the balance being the high impact vinyl polymer or the 
graft polymer component), it is preferred to provide blends which contain 
from about 20% up to about 80% of SMA polymer to achieve the desired 
enhanced properties. 
Preferred blends of the invention contain from about 60% to about 40% of 
the high impact vinyl polymer or graft polymer component and from about 
40% to about 60% of the SMA polymer component, said percentages being 
based on the weight of the blend of the graft polymer and the SMA polymer. 
THE HIGH IMT VINYL HALIDE POLYMER 
High impact vinyl halide polymers in high impact PVC are generally produced 
by blending PVC or other vinyl halide polymer with an impact modifier for 
a vinyl halide polymer. 
Several different types of impact modifiers can be used to prepare high 
impact polyvinyl chloride formulations. These modifiers can be of the MBS 
(methacrylate-butadiene-styrene) type, ABS 
(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) type, MABS 
(methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) type, chlorinated 
polyethylene type or copolymers of ethylene, such as ethylene vinyl 
acetate. The impact modifier can also be all acrylic type, such as, 
Durastrength 200 (M&T Chemical Company). Some of the examples of ABS, MBS 
or MABS impact modifiers are Blendex series of modifiers by Borg Warner 
Company (Blendex 301, Blendex 435, Blendex 301, Blendex 101, Blendex 121, 
etc.). Additional suitable impact modifiers used to prepare high impact 
PVC formulations can be Acryloid series of impact modifiers by Rohm and 
Haas Company, such as, Acryloid KM-653, Acryloid KM-641, Acryloid KM-323B, 
Acryloid KM-611 and Acryloid KM-330, etc. 
The proportions of these modifiers in the polyvinyl chloride or other vinyl 
halide polymer can vary depending on the type and efficiency of the 
modifier, from 3 parts to 30 parts by weight per hundred parts of the 
resin. Preferably, the loading of modifier would be in the range from 5 
parts to 15 parts by weight per hundred parts of the resin. 
The impact modifiers for vinyl polymers are described in 
(1) Encyclopedia of PVC, Edited by Leonard J. Nass, Vol. 2, Marcel Dekker, 
Inc. N.Y. and Basel. 
(2) Technical Bulletin on Durastrength-200 Impact Modifier by M&T Chemical 
Company. 
(3) Technical Bulletin on Acryloid KM-330 Modifier, Rohm and Haas Company 
(4) Technical Bulletin on Blendex series of modifiers by Borg and Warner 
Company. 
THE POLYVINYL HALIDE-POLYOLEFIN GRAFT COPOLYMER COMPONENT 
The polyvinyl halide copolymer component is a graft copolymer of a vinyl 
halide (or of a vinyl halide and a comonomer copolymerizable therewith) 
and a polyolefin elastomer. The graft polyvinyl halide component may 
suitably be obtained by polymerizing a mixture of vinyl halide monomer 
with one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomers (or more 
conveniently a vinyl halide monomer alone) in the presence of an olefin 
trunk polymer reactant. 
The vinyl halide-graft copolymers of the polyolefin elastomers are prepared 
by polymerizing the vinyl halide in the presence of about 0.05 to about 20 
percent, preferably about 1 to about 20 percent, based on the weight of 
vinyl halide monomer of the above-described polyolefin elastomer. 
Preparation of such vinyl halide-polyolefin graft copolymer according to 
emulsion and suspension polymerization techniques is described in G. Natta 
et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,204, the disclosure of which is incorporated 
herein by reference. Preparation of such vinyl halide-polyolefin graft 
copolymer by vapor phase and solution polymerization techniques are 
described, respectively, in J. Dumoulin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,083 
and F. M. Rugg et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,947,719, the disclosures of which 
are incorporated herein by reference. Desirably, the preparation of the 
vinyl halidepolyolefin graft copolymers useful as the polyvinyl halide 
component of the composition of the invention is effected by a bulk liquid 
phase polymerization technique as described by A. Takahashi, U.S. Pat. 
Nos. 4,071,582; 4,163,033 and 4,169,870, and by L. E. Walker, U.S. Pat. 
Nos. 4,007,235; 4,067,928 and 4,195,137 the disclosure of which Takahashi 
and Walker patents is incorporated herein by reference. 
MONOMER COMPONENT 
Suitable ethylenically unsaturated comonomer materials which can be used 
include: mono-olefinically unsaturated esters including vinyl esters, such 
as vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl benzoate, and 
vinyl-p-chlorobenzoates; alkyl methacrylates, such as methyl, ethyl, 
propyl and stearyl methacrylates; alkyl crotonates, such as octyl 
crotonate; alkyl acrylates, such as methyl, ethyl, hexyl and stearyl 
acrylates; hydroxyether and tertiary butylamino acrylates, such as 
2-ethoxy ethyl acrylate; isopropenyl esters, such as isopropenyl acetate; 
and other comonomers disclosed in the aforesaid patents of Takahashi. 
POLYOLEFIN COMPONENT 
The polyolefin component can be a homopolymer, bipolymer, terpolymer, 
tetrapolymer or higher copolymer of olefinic monomers. The olefin polymers 
can also contain the residue of a polyene, e.g., a non-conjugated diene as 
a monomer unit. Preferably, the polyolefin is an elastomer. 
Olefin homopolymers may be obtained by the polymerization of a suitable 
monomer, such as ethene, propene, i.e., propylene, butene-1, isobutene, 
octene or 5-methylhexene-1. 
Suitable comonomers for use in preparing the polyolefins are those utilized 
to prepare the olefin homopolymers as listed above, e.g., propene or 
butene-1 with ethene and the like. Suitable termonomers are those utilized 
to prepare homopolymers and copolymers as disclosed above, such as 
propene, ethene and the like, as well as a polyene. Especially suitable 
polyene-derived ter- and higher copolymers can be prepared from olefin 
monomer mixtures containing up to 15 percent, preferably up to about 6 
percent by weight, of the polyene (preferably non-conjugated), such as 
dicyclopentadiene, cyclo-octadiene and other dienes with linear or cyclic 
chains. The polyolefin used may also be a halogenated polyolefin, such as 
a chlorinated, brominated or fluorinated polyolefin. 
Preferably, however, the polyolefin is a hydrocarbon polyolefin, that is, a 
polyolefin containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. 
The polyolefins used are characterized by being soluble, partially soluble 
or dispersible at ambient temperatures and pressure in the vinyl chloride 
graft copolymer component, and in having, typically, monomeric units of 2 
to 8 carbon atoms. The weight average molecular weight of the olefin 
polymers, copolymers, terpolymers and tetrapolymers can vary from about 
50,000 to about 1,000,000 and higher. Preferred as polyolefin elastomers 
for use in preparing vinyl halide graft polymers for use in the invention 
are ethene propene polyolefin elastomers and ethene-propene-diene 
polyolefin elastomers. 
More particularly, the hydrocarbon olefin polymers which are suitably 
employed as trunk polymer reactant in the preparation of the present graft 
polymers is an elastomer having a weight average molecular weight of about 
50,000 to 1,000,000, preferably of about 50,000 to 300,000 which is 
soluble, partially soluble or dispersible in the liquid phase 
polymerization reaction mixture. The trunk polyolefin reactant is suitably 
selected from the group consisting of: 
(a) a homopolymer of an aliphatic hydrocarbon olefin monomer of 2 to 8 
carbon atoms; 
(b) a copolymer of 2 or more of said olefin monomers; and 
(c) a polymer of at least one of said olefin monomers and no more than 15 
percent, based on the weight of the polymer, of a non-conjugated aliphatic 
hydrocarbon polyene of 4 to 18 carbon atoms wherein all of the 
carbon-to-carbon double bonds do not form a conjugated system. 
THE SMA POLYMER COMPONENT 
The SMA polymer is a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride, optionally 
modified with other monomers and polymers. Thus the styrene and maleic 
anhydride can be co-reacted with monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, or 
polymers, such as polybutadiene. The co-reacted polymers can be blended 
with other polymers such as ABS polymers (graft-copolymer of acrylonitrile 
and styrene with polybutadiene and blends of acrylonitrile butadiene 
copolymer with styrene acrylonitrile copolymer). 
Suitable SMA polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,110, disclosure 
of which is incorporated herein by reference. While the patent is directed 
to a particular process for making the SMA polymer, the patent is 
appropriate for disclosing the basic SMA polymer composition. Thus, the 
SMA polymers, basically comprise a copolymer of a vinyl aryl monomer and 
an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid. As shown in the patent the 
polymer may be formed by reacting the vinyl aryl monomer with a half ester 
of an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid. 
Aryl vinyl monomers useful in the making of the SMA polymers include 
styrene, ortho-methylstyrene, meta-methylstyrene, para-methylstyrene, 
ethylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, divinylbenzene, alpha-methylstyrene, 
para-methoxystyrene, para-chlorostyrene, 2,4-dichlorostyrene, 
2,5-dichlorostyrene, parabromostyrene, alpha-methyl-p-methylstyrene, 
para-isopropylstyrene, vinylnaphthalene and the like. Mixtures of two or 
more of these aryl vinyl monomers may be used if desired. 
The half esters of an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid are 
prepared from the following acids: maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic 
acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, ethyl maleic acid, methyl itaconic 
acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloro-maleic acid, bromomaleic acid, 
dibromomaleic acid and the like. 
The half esters are formed from the ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic 
acid or its anhydride (or mixtures of the same) and the desired alcohol. 
Suitable alcohols are the primary and secondary alkanols containing up to 
6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, 
n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol and n-pentyl alcohol; halogenated 
alkanols having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol and 
2-bromo-1-propanol; arylakyl alcohols such as benzyl alcohol; eyelic 
alcohols having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol 
and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; ether alcohols such as 2-butoxy ethanol 
and the ethyl ether of diethylene glycol; phosphorous containing alcohols 
such as diethyl monobutanol phosphate; nitrogen containing alcohols such 
as N-N-dimethyl ethanol amine, and the like. 
The aryl vinyl monomer and ester of an ethylenically unsaturated 
dicarboxylic acid or anhydride are reacted in the preparation of about 50 
to 95 weight percent monovinyl aromatic compound with the remainder being 
acid or anhydride. 
Other suitable SMA polymers are prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 
4,278,768, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
This patent teaches that SMA polymers can be prepared by direct 
copolymerization of a monovinyl aromatic monomer with an ethylenically 
unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride by continuous controlled addition 
of the more reactive anhydride monomer to produce the copolymer of the 
desired composition. 
The monovinyl aromatic monomers useful in the copolymers are styrene, 
alpha-methylstyrene, nuclear-methylstyrenes, ethylstyrene, 
isopropylstyrene, tertbutylstyrene, chlorostyrenes, dichlorostyrenes, 
vinylnaphthalene and mixtures of these. 
Suitable anhydrides are the anhydrides of maleic acid, fumaric acid, 
itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, ethyl maleic acid, methyl 
itaconic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, bromomaleic acid, 
dibromomaleic acid, and mixtures thereof and the like. 
The anhydride copolymers may contain from 5 to 50 mole percent of anhydride 
and 95 to 50 mole percent of monovinyl aromatic monomer. 
For the rubber-modified copolymers, the starting copolymers may be any of 
the above anhydride copolymers into which 5 to 40 percent by weight of one 
of the known rubbers has been incorporated. The rubbers may be 
incorporated into the anhydride copolymers by blending, mixing, or 
copolymerizing the monomers in the presence of the rubber. A method of 
preparing the rubber-modified anhydride copolymer is that taught in U.S. 
Pat. No. 3,919,345, wherein a rubber is dissolved in monovinyl aromatic 
monomer, polymerization initiated and ethylenically unsaturated 
dicarboxylic acid anhydride is added continuously to the polymerizing 
mixture at a rate sufficient to maintain the concentration of anhydride 
low. 
Suitable rubbers, or elastomers, include conjugated 1,3-diene rubbers, 
styrene-diene copolymer rubbers, acrylonitrile-diene copolymer rubbers, 
ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubbers, acrylate-diene copolymer 
rubbers, and mixtures thereof. 
Preferred rubbers are diene rubbers such as homopolymers of conjugated 
dienes such as butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, and piperylene and 
copolymers of such dienes with up to 50 mole percent of one or more 
copolymerizable mono-ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as styrene, 
substituted styrenes, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and isobutylene. 
Other suitable SMA polymers are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,311,806, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
This patent teaches rubber-modified copolymers of a vinyl aryl monomer and 
unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride. The basic polymer may also 
include a termonomer selected from acrylates and methacrylates and 
unsaturated nitriles wherein the relative proportion of monomers are 50 to 
85 percent of the vinyl aryl monomer, 15 to 30 percent of the anhydride 
and 0 to 20 percent of the termonomer wherein the monomers are polymerized 
in the presence of 5 to 25 percent by weight of a rubber having a glass 
transition temperature below 0.degree. C. The patentees also provide for 
blending such SMA polymers with graft copolymer of from 20 to 40 percent 
by weight of a monomer selected from the group comprising methyl 
methacrylate and acrylonitrile and 80 to 60% by weight of a vinyl aromatic 
monomer said copolymer being grafted onto from 10 to 60%, based on the 
weight of the composition, of a substrate rubber having a glass transition 
temperature below 0.degree. C. 
Styrene is preferably used in forming these polymers, but the styrene can 
be replaced in whole or in part by other vinylaromatic monomers such 
alphamethyl styrene, chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, p-methyl styrene and 
vinyl toluene. Similarly the maleic anhydride can be replaced in whole or 
in part by another unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride such as itaconic, 
aconitic or citraconic anhydride. The termonomer, where present is most 
preferably methyl methacrylate. 
The proportions of the monomers preferably employed give an anhydride 
content of from 20 to 30% and a methyl methacrylate content of 5 to 15%. 
The SMA polymer comprises 5 to 25% by weight of the rubber component and 
preferably from 10 to 25% by weight. 
The rubber is conventionally a diene rubber such as polybutadiene or a 
butadiene based block or radial-block rubber. Other rubbers such as EPDM 
rubber, polypentenamer, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, polyacrylate 
rubbers and the like can, if desired, also be used. 
Rubber modified copolymers are prepared by polymerizing the monomers in the 
presence of the rubber in such a way that a uniform copolymer of the 
polymerizing monomers is grafted on to the rubber substrate and a matrix 
copolymer of essentially the same composition as the graft copolymer is 
simultaneously generated. Suitable methods of producing such rubber 
modified copolymers are well known in the art and a typical process is 
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,919,354. 
The optional additional polymer component used with the SMA polymer is 
typically an ABS or MBS type polymer that is to say a diene rubber 
substrate grafted with styrene and either acrylonitrile, methyl 
methacrylate or a mixture of these monomers. However the rubber need not 
be the conventional polybutadiene or butadiene/styrene copolymer since any 
rubber with a glass transition temperature below 0.degree. C. can be used. 
Such rubbers include those which may provide the substrate for the SMA 
polymer described above. 
The presence of the optional additive polymer component confers additional 
benefits in terms of impact strength and modulus so that the inclusion of 
from 10 to 35% by weight of the component in the polyblends of the 
invention is a preferred feature. 
OPTIONAL ADDITIVES 
The compositions of the invention can also contain various functional 
additives which additives are conventional in the preparation of vinyl 
halide polymer molding compositions. Typically, these additives include 
thermal and/or light stabilizers as well as external and internal 
lubricants and processing aids for the graft vinyl halide resin component 
and other polymers of the blends of the invention. 
Stabilizers suitable for use in making the vinyl halide graft polymer 
compositions of the invention include materials known to stabilize 
polyvinyl halide against the degradation action of heat and/or light. They 
include known stabilizers, both organic and inorganic, such as metal salts 
of mineral acids, salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g. carboxylic acids 
of 6 to 18 carbon atoms, organo-tin compounds, epoxides, amine compounds 
and organic phosphites. Conveniently, an organo-tin compound, such as a 
methyl tin mercaptide, is employed as a stabilizer. 
A more detailed description of suitable stabilizers, lubricants and 
processing aids for incorporation into the compositions of the invention 
is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,319,002, the disclosure of which is 
incorporated herein by reference. 
Additional classes of additives known for use in polyvinyl halide resins 
which can be added optionally to the compositions of the invention in 
addition to the aforementioned stabilizers, lubricants and processing aids 
include pigments, dyes and fillers as described in L. R. Brecker, Plastics 
Engineering. March 1976, "Additives 76", pages 3-4, the disclosure of 
which is incorporated herein by reference. 
In general, the amount of each type of the aforementioned optional additive 
employed in the present composition is about 0.01 to about 5 weight 
percent, preferably about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, based on the 
total resin composition. 
The compositions of the invention are essentially of the rigid vinyl halide 
resin type which contain no more than about 10 weight percent of a 
plasticizer for vinyl halide grade polymer and preferably are free of said 
plasticizing additive. Typical suitable plasticizer additives (which are 
generally organic compounds) conventionally employed in polyvinyl halide 
compositions include, for example, the esters of aliphatic alcohols of 
medium chain length of about 7 to 11 carbon atoms, with phenyl 
dicarboxylic acids, such as di-n-octyl phthalate and di-iso-nonyl 
phthalate as well as organic phosphate esters, such as 
cresyl-diphenyl-phosphate and octyl diphenyl-phosphate. The chemical 
structure and technology of plasticizers conventionally employed in 
polyvinyl halide compositions is more particularly discussed in L. R. 
Brecker, op. cit. page 5, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein 
by reference. 
PREATION OF BLENDS 
The compositions of the invention can be prepared by conventional milling 
and molding techniques. Generally, the component polymers (and, if 
desired, the above-described optional additives) are added as a 
particulate solid mixture to a roll mill or a Banbury type mixer and 
milled at an elevated temperature conventional for processing rigid vinyl 
halide polymer compositions. The resultant polymer blend obtained as a 
product from the milling and mixing operation is molded by either an 
injection or compression molding technique or extruded to produce articles 
of particular desired shapes at elevated temperature and pressure 
conditions which are conventional in molding rigid polyvinyl halide 
compositions. Desirably, an injection molding technique is employed to 
prepare the aforementioned articles which can be in various shapes 
including bars, plates, rings, rods, as well as sheets and films. Physical 
or chemical blowing agents can also be added to the moulding compounds 
according to the invention in order to produce a foam structure under 
suitable operating conditions. 
In addition to the above-mentioned additives, other polymeric materials can 
be blended with the blend compositions of this invention.

THE EXAMPLES 
The following examples further illustrate the various aspects of the 
invention but are not intended to limit it. Various modifications can be 
made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 
Where not otherwise specified in this specification and claims, 
temperatures are given in degrees centigrade, and all parts and 
percentages are by weight. 
In the following examples, blends were prepared of the following polymer 
components: 
VINYL POLYMER--A 
A graft polymer of vinyl chloride and an EPDM elastomer prepared in a 
two-stage mass polymerization process such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,071,582. The EPDM elastomer was a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and 
ethylidene norbornene and was present in the polymer in a proportion of 
about 14 weight percent. The ethylene to propylene ratio was approximately 
60 to 40. The graft polymer had a number average molecular weight of 
24,000, a weight average molecular weight of 89,900 and a ratio of weight 
to number average molecular weight of 3.74. The graft polymer was 
compounded in a Henschel mixer using two parts of Thermolite T-31 
stabilizer, two parts of Acryloid K-120N processing aid manufactured by 
the Rohm & Haas Company, 1.5 parts of Aldo MS lubricant manufactured by 
the Glyco Chemical Company, and 0.25 part of calcium stearate lubricant, 
all parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the graft polymer. 
VINYL POLYMER--B 
A graft polymer of vinyl chloride and an EPDM elastomer as in Vinyl Polymer 
A except that the proportion of EPDM elastomer was about 7 percent. The 
graft polymer was compounded in the same manner and using the same 
formulation as in the case of Vinyl Polymer A. 
SMA POLYMER--I AND II 
The impact modified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride sold 
commercially as Cadon 112 and Cadon 127 by Monsanto Company shall be 
referred to herein as SMA Polymers I and II, respectively. These polymers 
are believed to be made according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,096. These impact 
modified compositions are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,806. 
SMA POLYMER III 
An impact modified copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride sold 
commercially as Dylark-700 by Atlantic Richfield Company. Dylark-700 
contains about 83 weight percent styrene, 7.5 weight percent maleic 
anhydride and 9.1 weight percent polybutadiene. 
SMA POLYMERS IV AND V 
The copolymers of styrene maleic anhydride sold commercially as Dylark-232 
and Dylark-332 by Atlantic Richfield Company shall be referred to herein 
as SMA Polymers IV and V respectively. Dylark 232 contains about 72 weight 
percent styrene and 8 weight percent maleic anhydride. Dylark 332 contains 
about 86 weight percent styrene and about 14 weight percent maleic 
anhydride. 
All polymers used in these examples were dried before preparing the blends. 
The blends were prepared on a two-roll Farrell mill heated using a hot oil 
system. A front roll temperature of 360.degree. F. and a back roll 
temperature of 340.degree. F. was used. The milling time was kept to a 
minimum necessary for obtaining good mixing, normally about 4 to 5 
minutes. Due care was taken to obtain a good lateral mixing on the mill. 
The blend was removed from the mill in the form of a sheet and quickly cut 
into small pieces. These pieces were coarse ground after cooling. The 
injection molded tensile and flexural bars were used for evaluating 
mechanical properties. The injection molding of samples having appropriate 
ASTM configurations was carried out using an Arburg injection molding 
machine (Model 221E-150). Table 1 shows the details of the testing 
procedures used to obtain various properties. 
TABLE 1 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Summary of Testing and Characterization Methods 
ASTM Number of 
Property/Data Method 
Instrument Used 
Samples 
Type of Sample 
Comments 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Tensile Properties 
D638 Instron- 5 Injection Molded 
Strain rate of 0.2"/minute 
Modulus Model TTC Std dog bone shape 
Strength (Yield) Tensile bar. 
Elongation (Yield) (1/8" .times. 1/2"61/2") 
Izod Impact D256 Izod Impact 
3 Injection Molded 
Three bars tested at both 
sprue and 
Room Temperature (23.3.degree. C.) 
Tester Flex Bars vent ends. All samples were 
notched 
or (1/2" .times. 1/8" .times. 5" 
using standard size. 
Low Temperature (-28.degree. C.) 
Specific Gravity 
D792 Standard 2 Injection Molded 
Calculated from weight loss 
of the 
Balance Bar sample after immersing in 
distilled 
water. 
Heat Distortion 
D648 Standard Heat 
2 Injection Molded 
Tested at 264 psi. Sample 
immersed 
Temperature Deflection Flex Bar in silicone. Bath heated at 
2.degree. C./ 
Bath (1/2" .times. 1/8"/5") 
min. Sample bar tested 
edgewise. 
Two different conditioning 
methods 
used for each composition: 
(a) 48 hours at 50.degree. 
C. 
(b) 24 hours at 70.degree. 
C. 
Flexural Properties 
D790 Instron 5 Injection Molded 
Cross head speed of 0.5" 
per 
Modulus Model-TMS Flexural Bar 
minute 
Strength (Yield) (1/2" .times. 1/8" .times. 5") 
Strain (Yield) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 1 
Vinyl Polymer A and SMA Polymer I were blended in a weight ratio of 40 to 
60 respectively, in accordance with the foregoing procedure. Physical 
properties were run according to the foregoing procedure and the results 
are shown in Table 2. 
TABLE 2 
______________________________________ 
PROCESSING (Injection Molding Parameters on Arburg 
Injection Molding Machine) 
Injection Pressure 16,600 psi 
Barrel Temperature (Front) 
320.degree. C. 
Barrell Temperature (Rear) 
350.degree. C. 
Mold Temperature 80.degree. F. -Nozzle Setting 50 
Linear Mold Shrinkage 0.003 in/in 
Specific Gravity 1.15 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 
Tensile Strength 5.6 .times. 10.sup.3 psi 
Tensile Modulus 3.2 .times. 10.sup.5 psi 
Elongation 3.0% 
Notched Izod Impact (23.3.degree. C.) 
12.2 ft-lbs/in 
Notched Izod Impact (-28.8.degree. C.) 
2.1 ft-lbs/in 
Flexural Strength 10.2 .times. 10.sup.3 psi 
Flexural Modulus 3.4 .times. 10.sup.5 psi 
% Strain 4.4 
Rockwell Hardness R-94 
Shore Durometer Hardness 
D-79 
Gardner Impact 288 in-lbs 
THERMAL PROPERTIES 
Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient 
4.7 .times. 10.sup.5 in/in .degree.F. 
Heat Distortion Temperature (264 psi) 
76.degree. C. 
Heat Distortion Temperature (264 psi) 
83.3.degree. C. 
(annealed) 
OTHER 
Gloss 92 
Water Absorption (24 hours @ 23.degree. C.) 
0.32% 
BRABENDER DATA 
Fusion Time 24 seconds 
Maximum Fusion Torque &gt;7000 meter-grams 
Equilibrium Torque 1620 meter-grams 
Decomposition Time 15.3 minutes 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 2-10 
Vinyl Polymer B and SMA Polymer I were blended in various proportions and 
tested for heat distortion temperature and notched izod impact strength in 
accordance with the above described procedures. The results of these tests 
are shown in Table 3. 
TABLE 3 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Composition Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Vinyl Polymer B: 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. SMA Polymer I 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
2 80:20 9.3 0.8 69.3 
3 Repeat 80:20 
10.0 0.9 69.5 
4 60:40 8.1 1.0 71.5 
5 Repeat 60:40 
9.2 1.3 71.5 
6 40:60 8.2 1.2 76.8 
7 Repeat 40:60 
8.4 1.5 76.3 
8 20:80 6.1 1.2 85.5 
9 Repeat 20:80 
7.1 1.6 84.8 
10 Vinyl Polymer B 
16.7 0.9 67 
Control 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 11-14 
Vinyl Polymer B and SMA Polymer I were blended in various proportions. The 
flexural modulus and flexural strength of these compositions were measured 
in accord with Table 1. These results are shown in Table 4. 
TABLE 4 
______________________________________ 
Exam- Composition 
ple Vinyl Polymer B: 
Flexural Strength 
Flexural Modulus 
No. SMA Polymer I 
psi psi .times. 10.sup.-5 
______________________________________ 
11 80:20 10793 3.669 
12 60:40 10789 3.593 
13 40:60 11197 3.679 
14 20:80 10990 3.654 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 15-16 
The tensile modulus and tensile strength of Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer I 
(40:60) and Vinyl polymer B:SMA Polymer II (40:60) blend compositions were 
tested according to the foregoing procedure. The results are shown in 
Table 5 
TABLE 5 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
15 16 
Example No. 
Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer 
Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer II 
Mechanical Property 
(40:60) (40:60) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Tensile Modulus psi 
3.461 3.520 
.times. 10.sup.-5 
Tensile Strength 
5468 6014 
Percent Elongation 
2.86 3.210 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 17-20 
The blends of Vinyl Polymer A were prepared with the SMA Polymer I and SMA 
Polymer II. The effect of accelerated weathering on these compositions was 
studied using an Atlas weatherometer having a Xenon arc lamp. The results 
of these studie are shown in Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9. 
TABLE 6 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data on 60:40 Blend of 
Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer I (Example 17) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
72 74 75 75 75 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
15.3 10.3 10.6 10.5 9.8 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
2.3 0.6 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 7 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data on 40:60 Blend of -Vinyl Polymer A:SMA 
Polymer I (Example 18) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
78 81 82 83 84 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
11.8 8.2 7.9 7.7 7.3 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
2.3 0.5 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 8 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data on 60:40 Blend of 
Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer II (Example 19) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
72 73 74 75 75 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izon Impact 
12.9 8.8 9.0 9.1 8.8 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izon Impact 
2.5 0.8 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 9 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data on 40:60 Blend of 
Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer II (Example 20) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
80 84 86 87 89 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
9.3 6.7 6.2 5.5 4.9 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
2.2 0.5 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 21 
A 40:60 blend of Vinyl Polymer B and SMA Polymer I was thermally aged at 
70.degree. C. for 3 months. The effect of thermal aging on the properties 
of this blend was tested after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 month at 
70.degree. C. The results of these tests are tabulated in Table 10. This 
blend retained essentially all of its impact strength after thermal aging 
at 70.degree. C. for 3 months. 
TABLE 10 
______________________________________ 
Thermal Aging Data on Vinyl Polymer:SMA Polymer I 
(40:60) Blend (Example 21) 
Thermal Aging at 70.degree. C. 
1 1 1 3 
Property Original Day Week Month Months 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
77 86.3 88 92 95 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
7.8 8.0 7.5 7.2 7.5 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
2.2 2.0 2.3 1.4 -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 22-29 
Vinyl Polymer B was blended with either SMA Polymer I or SMA Polymer II in 
various proportions shown in Tables 11 and 12. A sample weighing 55 grams 
of each of these compositions was tested by Brabender Torque Rheometer. 
The results are shown in Tables 11 and 12. 
TABLE 11 
______________________________________ 
Brabender Torque Rheometer Data 
Example No.: 22 23 24 25 
Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer I 
80:20 60:40 40:60 20:80 
______________________________________ 
Ram Pressure (grams) 
7500 7500 7500 7500 
R.P.M. 73 73 73 73 
Max Fusion Peak (minutes) 
0.35 0.35 0.4 0.3 
Max Fusion Torque (meter-grams) 
-- 5890 &gt;7000 &gt;7000 
Equilibrium Torque (meter-grams) 
990 1320 1620 1750 
Decomposition (minutes) 
23.65 20.65 15.3 &gt;45 
Held at (.degree.F.) 
400 400 400 400 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 12 
______________________________________ 
Brabender Torque Rheometer Data 
Example No.: 26 27 28 29 
Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer II 
80:20 60:40 40:60 20:80 
______________________________________ 
Ram Pressure (grams) 
7500 7500 7500 7500 
R.P.M. 63 63 63 63 
Max Fusion Peak (minutes) 
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.35 
Max Fusion Torque (meter-grams) 
6554 6860 7610 9000 
Equilibrium Torque (meter-grams) 
1450 1500 1600 1900 
Decomposition (minutes) 
31.2 25.7 &gt;45 &gt;45 
Held at (.degree.F.) 
400 400 400 400 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 30-41 
The SMA polymers may be blended with other commercially known high impact 
PVC compositions such as Geon 85856 and Ethyl 7042. Results of such blends 
are shown in Tables 13 and 14. The blend were prepared as described above 
and tested as shown in Table 1. 
TABLE 13 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
Notched Izod Impact Strength 
Temperature 
at annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C. 
Example 
Composition 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 24 hrs @ 70.degree. C.) 
No. Geon 85856: 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
SMA Polymer I 
30 80:20 7.3 0.64 72 (78) 
31 60:40 2.6 0.68 74 (80) 
32 40:60 3.1 0.89 80 (87) 
33 20:80 4.1 1.1 89 (96) 
SMA Polymer II 
34 80:20 4.1 0.56 72 (78) 
35 60:40 2.3 0.73 74 (81) 
36 40:60 2.6 0.75 83 (90) 
37 20:80 3.4 0.83 94 (101) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
TABLE 14 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
Notched Izod Impact Strength 
Temperature 
Composition at annealed 24 hrs @ 70.degree. C. 
Example 
Ethyl 7042: 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. SMA Polymer I 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
38 80:20 1.7 0.4 79 (73) 
39 60:40 1.9 0.5 81 (74) 
40 40:60 2.7 0.7 83 (77) 
41 20:80 4.5 1.2 95 (87) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
The foregoing examples show that blends of a vinyl halide polyolefin 
polymer with the above-mentioned SMA polymers I and II have excellent 
thermal aging properties and also a good balance of impact strength and 
heat distortion temperatures. These blends are superior to the blends of 
vinyl halide polyolefin polymer and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 
polymer with respect to weathering resistance. 
EXAMPLES 42-47 
Blends of various proportions of Vinyl Polymer A and SMA Polymer III were 
prepared as indicated in Table 15 using the above-described blending 
procedures. The blends and the individual components were tested using the 
procedures listed in Table 1, and the results are shown in Table 15. 
TABLE 15 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Mechanical Properties 
Notched Izod Impact 
Tensile 
Composition at Elongation 
Example 
Vinyl Polymer A: 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
Modulus 
Strength 
at Yield 
UL-94 Rating 
HDT (@ 264 psi) 
No. SMA Polymer III 
ft-lb/inch .times. 10.sup.-5 psi 
.times. 10.sup.-3 psi 
% 1/8" 
1/16" 
* ** 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
42 100:0 20.9 2.36 2.92 4.78 3.16 V-O V-O 
68 68 
43 80:20 3.4 0.95 3.04 4.85 3.12 V-O V-O 
76 71 
44 60:40 3.1 0.89 3.05 4.84 2.90 NC NC 79 72 
45 40:60 5.0 1.24 3.18 4.93 2.47 NC NC 85 77 
46 20:80 5.2 1.01 3.22 4.57 1.98 NC NC 93 85 
47 0:100 4.2 1.10 3.17 4.67 1.97 NC NC 98 92 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
*annealed 24 hours @ 70.degree. C. 
**annealed 48 hours @ 50.degree. C. 
EXAMPLES 48-51 
Blends of Vinyl Polymer A and SMA Polymer III were prepared in various 
proportions using the above described blending procedures. These blends 
were tested for heat distortion temperature and notched izod impact 
strengths. The results are given in Table 16. 
TABLE 16 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Composition 23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer III 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
48 80:20 2.7 0.9 70 
49 60:40 2.9 0.9 72 
50 40:60 3.0 1.1 78 
51 20:80 5.4 1.0 85 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 52-56 
Blends of Vinyl Polymer B with SMA Polymer III were prepared using above 
described procedures. Table 17 lists the properties of these blends 
measured according to the procedures described in Table 1. 
TABLE 17 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Composition 23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer III 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
52 80:20 2.2 0.8 69.5 
53 60:40 3.1 0.8 71.3 
54 40:60 3.4 0.9 77.8 
55 20:80 5.0 0.8 84.8 
56 0:100 4.6 0.8 89 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
EXAMPLE 57 
A blend of Vinyl Polymer B and SMA Polymer III in the proportion of 40:60 
was prepared. This blend was thermally aged at 70.degree. C. The 
properties of this blend were measured after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 
months at 70.degree. C., and are listed in Table 18. 
TABLE 18 
______________________________________ 
Thermal Aging at 70.degree. C. 
of Vinyl Polymer B:SMA Polymer III (40:60) Blend (Example 57) 
1 1 1 3 
Property Original Day Week Month Months 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
78 83.8 92 93 97 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
2.7 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.3 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 58-59 
Vinyl Polymer A was blended with SMA Polymer III in proportions indicated 
in Tables 19 and 20. Accelerated weathering studies on these blends were 
carried out using an Atlas weatherometer having a Xenon arc lamp. Samples 
were collected at every 500 hours up to 2000 hours and tested for heat 
distortion temperature and notched izod impact strength. The results are 
shown in Tables 19 and 20. 
TABLE 19 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data 
on Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer III (60:40) Blend (Example 58) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
72 73 74 76 76 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
7.6 4.8 4.4 4.2 3.72 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
1.6 1.7 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 20 
______________________________________ 
Accelerated Weathering Data 
on Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer III (40:60) Blend (Example 59) 
1500 2000 
Property Original 500 Hr 1000 Hr 
Hr Hr 
______________________________________ 
Heat Distortion 
78 79 84 86 83 
Temperature .degree.C. 
Notched Izod Impact 
8.7 4.8 4.2 4.3 3.64 
at 23.3.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
Notched Izod Impact 
1.5 0.8 -- -- -- 
at -28.8.degree. C. 
ft-lb/inch 
______________________________________ 
EXAMPLES 60-67 
Vinyl Polymer A was blended with SMA Polymer III in proportions indicated 
in Table 21. Vinyl Polymer B was blended with SMA Polymer III in 
proportions indicated in Table 22. 55-gram samples of each blend were 
dried and tested by Brabender Torque Rheometer, the results of which are 
listed in Tables 21 and 22. 
TABLE 21 
______________________________________ 
Brabender Torque Rheometer Data 
Example No: 60 61 62 63 
Vinyl Polymer A:SMA Polymer III 
80:20 60:40 40:60 
20:80 
______________________________________ 
Ram Pressure 7500 7500 7500 7500 
R.P.M. 63 63 63 63 
Max Fusion Peak (seconds) 
34.4 27.6 23.8 21.8 
Max Fusion torque (meter-gram) 
5100 4650 5100 6000 
Equilibrium Torque (meter-gram) 
850 800 800 1000 
Decompositon (minutes) 
31.1 31.8 31.6 26.9 
Stock Held at .degree.F. 
400 400 400 400 
______________________________________ 
TABLE 22 
______________________________________ 
Brabender Torque Rheometer Data 
Example No: 64 65 66 67 
______________________________________ 
R.P.M. 63 63 63 63 
Max Fusion Peak (seconds) 
19.6 15.6 22.2 22.8 
Max Fusion Torque (meter-gram) 
4800 5500 6950 7550 
Equilibrium Torque (meter-gram) 
1000 950 950 1100 
Decomposition (minutes) 
34.2 32.8 30.4 24.4 
Stock Held at .degree.F. 
400 400 400 400 
______________________________________ 
The foregoing examples show that blends of a vinyl halide polyolefin 
polymer with the above mentioned SMA polymer III have good balance of heat 
distortion temperature and high impact strengths. It has also been found 
that these blends exhibit good processability and significant miscibility. 
The blends in the present invention display significantly higher heat 
distortion temperatures than the blends of the vinyl halide polyolefin 
polymer and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymer. 
EXAMPLES 68-79 
Vinyl Polymer B was blended with SMA Polymers IV and V in proportions 
indicated in Tables 23 and 24, respectively. 55-gram samples of each blend 
were dried and tested by Brabender Torque Rheometer, the results of which 
are listed in Tables 23 and 24. 
TABLE 23 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Composition Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Vinyl Polymer B: 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. SMA Polymer IV 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
68 100:0 20.4 0.9 67 (68) 
69 80:20 0.96 0.47 71 (77) 
70 60:40 0.61 0.23 75 (81) 
71 40:60 0.55 0.19 84 (93) 
72 20:80 0.84 0.20 93 (99) 
73 0:100 0.49 0.37 94 (101) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
TABLE 24 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Composition Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Vinyl Polymer B 
23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. SMA Polymer V 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
74 100:0 20.4 0.9 67 (68) 
75 80:20 0.7 0.57 71 (77) 
76 60:40 0.28 0.36 76 (81) 
77 40:60 0.24 0.27 87 (95) 
78 20:80 0.19 0.20 97 (104) 
79 0:100 0.46 0.35 105 (108) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
The foregoing examples show that blends of a vinyl halide polyolefin 
polymer with the above mentioned SMA polymers IV and V, have high heat 
distortion temperatures. It has also been found that these blends exhibit 
good processability. The blends in the present invention display 
significantly higher heat distortion temperatures than the blends of the 
vinyl halide polyolefin polymer and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 
polymer. 
EXAMPLES 80-87 
The SMA Polymer III was blended with other commercially known high impact 
PVC compositions such as Geon 85856 (B. F. Goodrich Co.), and Ethyl 7042 
(Ethyl Corporation). Results on such blends are shown in Tables 25 and 26. 
The blends were prepared as described above and tested as shown in Table 
1. 
TABLE 25 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
HDT and Impact Data on Geon 85856 Blends with SMA Polymer III 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Composition 23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. Geon 85856:SMA Polymer III 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
80 80:20 1.0 0.61 72 (78) 
81 60:40 3.3 0.84 74 (81) 
82 40:60 4.8 0.69 80 (88) 
83 20:80 3.7 0.61 87 (95) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
TABLE 26 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
HDT and Impact Data on Ethyl 7042 Blends with SMA Polymer III 
Notched Izod Impact 
Heat Distortion 
Strength at 
Temperature (264 psi) 
Example 
Composition 23.3.degree. C. 
-28.8.degree. C. 
(annealed 48 hrs @ 50.degree. C.) 
No. Ethyl 7042:SMA Polymer III 
ft-lb/inch .degree.C. 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
84 80:20 1.0 0.3 79 (72) 
85 60:40 1.0 0.5 81 (73) 
86 40:60 1.0 0.5 83 (77) 
87 20:80 1.7 0.8 95 (87) 
__________________________________________________________________________ 
The foregoing examples illustrate that blends of different high impact PVC 
formulations with various SMA polymers exhibit good impact strengths. 
These blends also display improved heat distortion temperatures.