Continuous phase composite for musculoskeletal repair

A composite material for positioning in the anatomy to form a selected function therein. The composite may be resorbable over a selected period of time. The composite may allow for selected bone ingrowth as absorption of the composite occurs.

BACKGROUND

The present teachings relate generally to materials useful in orthopaedic surgery, including orthopaedic implants composed of resorbable materials.

In general, the human musculoskeletal system is composed of a variety of tissues including bone, ligaments, cartilage, muscle, and tendons. Tissue damage or deformity stemming from trauma, pathological degeneration, or congenital conditions often necessitates surgical intervention to restore function. During these procedures, surgeons can use orthopaedic implants to restore function to the site and facilitate the natural healing process.

Current orthopaedic implants are generally composed of non-reasonable metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. However, in some instances, it may be desirable to have an implant made of resorbable material. These bioresorbable or biodegradable materials are characterized by the ability to be chemically broken down into harmless by-products that are metabolized or excreted by the body. Materials of this type can offer an advantage over conventional non-resorbable implant materials. Bioresorbable implants provide their required function until the tissue is healed, and once their role is complete, the implant is resorbed by the body. The end result is healthy tissue with no signs that an implant was ever present.

Bioresorbable materials are substances well known in the art. This includes resorbable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) [PLA] and poly(glycolic acid) [PGA], and ceramics such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. Additionally, polymer/ceramic composites have also been used as an implant material. Overall, these materials have been used to fabricate a large range of orthopaedic implants including screws, plates, pins, rods, spacers, and the like. Clinically, these devices have a long history of use that spans a wide variety of surgical procedures. Resorbable devices have been used in applications such as fracture fixation, bone grafting, spinal fusion, soft tissue repair, and deformity correction.

SUMMARY

A composite material for positioning in the anatomy to perform a selected function therein is disclosed. The composite may be resorbable over a selected period of time. The composite may allow for selected bone ingrowth as absorption of the composite occurs. Also, the composite may include a first material of a first resorption profile and a second material of a second resorption profile.

According to various embodiments an implantable resorbable material is disclosed. The material can include a first material operable to be resorbed into an anatomy at a first resorption rate and defining a plurality of pores. A second material operable to be resorbed into the anatomy at a second resorption rate can be positioned relative to the first material to substantially fill at least a sub-plurality of the plurality of the pores. The first resorption rate of the first material can be different than the second resorption rate of the second material.

According to various embodiments a method of forming a resorbable implant is disclosed. The method can include selecting a first material including a first resorption rate and selecting a second material having a second resorption rate. A porous structure of the first material can be provided and a composite can be formed with the first material and the second material. The composite can be formed by substantially filling at least a sub-plurality of the plurality of the pores with the second material. An implant can be formed of the composite. The resorption rate of the first material is different than the resorption rate of the second material to allow a bone ingrowth after implantation of the implant.

According to various embodiments a method of forming a resorbable implant is disclosed. The method may include selecting a region of the anatomy to position an implant. In the region of the anatomy selected a force produced, a bone regrowth rate, a length of time that the implant should retain a selected strength, or other properties can be determined. A resorption rate of at least a portion of the implant after implantation can also be determined. A first material can be selected depending at least upon the determined resorption rate. Also, a second material can be selected depending upon at least one of the determined bone regrowth rate, the determined force in the region of the anatomy, the determined length of time that the implant should retain a selected strength, or combinations thereof. An implant can be formed of the first material and the second material.

The composite implant materials provide the ability to allow tissue ingrowth into the implant, improved degradation profiles, improved strength retention, elimination of long term degradation complications, and improved biocompatibility with surrounding tissues. Further advantages and areas of applicability of the present teachings will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and various described embodiments are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the teachings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

The following description of various embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the teachings, its application, or uses. Although the following various examples may relate to spinal implants, fracture plates, anchors, screws, or the like, other appropriate implants may be formed. Also, although various materials are disclosed for use in various applications, it will be understood that other appropriate materials may also be provided.

An implant100(FIG. 9), as illustrated inFIG. 1, may be positioned relative to a selected portion of an anatomy. Various appropriate anatomies include those of a human and may include the cervical spine2and a skull3of a human. The implant100may be a spacer for use in a spinal fusion procedure, as discussed herein. Thus the implant100may be positioned between a first vertebrae2aand a second vertebrae2b. Although the implant100may be used in a spinal procedure, it will be understood that implants according to various embodiments may be formed and used in selected procedures.

With reference toFIG. 2, a structure10is illustrated. Although the structure10may be any appropriate material, it is exemplary a ceramic material such as Pro Osteon 500R. The structure10can also be referred to as a scaffold. The scaffold may be used for various purposes, such as supporting or encouraging bone ingrowth when used in an implant. The structure10can also be a polymer matrix, or any other appropriate material. The structure10can include any appropriate materials, such as biocompatible, bioabsorbable, or any appropriate material. For example, the structure10can be formed of a ceramic and generally include a substrate comprising calcium carbonate12that is coated with a thin layer of hydroxyapatite14.

The structure10may be formed of natural sources of biocompatible, bioresorbable materials, such as coral. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, various synthetic materials may be used to form the structure10. These materials may include absorbable ceramics, absorbable polymers, or any other absorbable porous matrix. In various embodiments, the porous material may include the resorbable ceramic sold under the trade name Pro Osteon 500R by Interpore Spine Ltd. (Irvine, Calif., U.S.A.), Calcigen PSI by Biomet (Warsaw, Ind., USA), or OsteoStim by EBI (Parsippanny, N.J., USA). Porous materials useful herein include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,736, White et al., issued Dec. 11, 1990; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,573 White et al, issued Apr. 23, 2002, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The Pro Osteon 500R material consists of an interconnected or continuous porous calcium carbonate substrate with a thin surface layer of hydroxyapatite. Various other exemplary porous materials may include calcium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, biphasic calcium phosphate, or any appropriate calcium based ceramic. It will also be understood that the structure10may be any appropriate combination and may be formed in any appropriate combination, such as including one material as a coating on another.

Also the structure10may be formed from a polymer. A polymer matrix may define a porous structure similar to the structure10. The material of the polymer matrix may be any appropriate polymer such as a biocompatible, resorbable polymer including those discussed herein. Thus, it will be understood, that the structure10may be formed of any appropriate material, including a biocompatible, resorbable ceramic, polymer, composite, etc.

The structure10itself may be used for various purposes, such as a bone regeneration scaffold or bone graft replacement. Nevertheless, the physical properties of the structure10can be augmented for various reasons. For example, the structure10alone may not include a selected physical property, such as a selected compressive strength, tensile strength, torsion strength or the like. Thus, the structure10may be augmented to improve its properties allowing for greater use as a surgical device, as discussed herein in various embodiments.

To augment the structure10, a second material may be added thereto, such as during formation of the structure10itself or at a later time. For example, a selected material may be injected into or otherwise provided into a pore16defined by the structure10. The structure10can include a channel or plurality of pores16that may be a substantially continuous or interconnected pores. The pores16may define a plurality of sizes of pores or porous structures. For example, the pores may range from about 0.1 nanometers (nm) to about 1 mm.

The pores16define a generally interconnected path or connection throughout the structure10. Paths or channels can interconnected the pores16. The interconnected nature of the pores16may be referred to as a continuous phase throughout the structure10as well. The continuous phase may also be understood to be interconnected pores that are defined by a solid portion of the structure10. Thus, the channels16of the structure10are defined by the structure10and extend throughout the structure10. Moreover, the channels16generally extend through the structure10such that a path can be traced from a first side10aof the structure10to a second side10bof the structure10or from an entrance path to an exit path that can enter and exit from any sides or from the same side.

The pores16may be connected with other channels16to form the interconnected or continuous pores or channels. Also the various channels may interconnected such that more than a single channel or two openings may be interconnected in the structure10. It will be understood, however, that the pores16may be any opening that allows access to the interior of the material10. For example there may be interstitial spaces defined between the portions that defined the channels interconnecting other pores. These interstice spaces may also be referred to as pores. Therefore, it will be understood that the pores16may be any opening that allows access to the interior of the structure10and may be filled with a second material, as discussed herein.

The different sized pores or channels may be used with or are specifically applicable to different types of surgical indications. For example, with reference toFIG. 3, the macropores, such as those generally ranging from about 10 um to about 1 mm, may be filled with a selected polymer21. If desired, the microporosity, generally in the range of about 0.01 μm to about 1 μm, can be left open and substantially free from any material. The polymer21may be injection molded in a semi-liquid, molten form to fill the macroporosity defined by the structure10, such as the pore sizes that are operable or easily filled with the polymer in a flowable state. Various polymers may be used to fill a selected porosity of the structure10. For example, bioabsorbable, biocompatible, or any appropriate combination of materials may be used.

It will also be understood that any appropriate number of materials may be provided. Therefore, no only the structure10and a polymer21may be used. For example, various materials also include those that include therapeutic aspects, such as antimicrobial agents that can be released. Nevertheless, the structure10may be filled to any appropriate degree with more than one material.

In addition, the selected polymer21may include polylactic acid. For example, a polylactic acid may be provided that includes compositional ratio of about 70:30 poly(L/D,L lactic acid). The specific ratio of various chiral monomers in the polymer is merely exemplary and any appropriate ratio may be used. Nevertheless, herein the 70:30 (L/D,L lactic acid) may be referred to as PLDLLA. Other polymers may include a copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. It will be understood, however, that any appropriate polymer material may be used to form the composite20. Other bioresorbable, biocompatible polymers include poly(glycolic acid), poly(carbonate), poly(urethane), poly(amino acids), poly(phosphazenes), poly(hydoxyacids), poly(anhydrides), poly(dioxanone), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(caprolactone). Also copolymers of these or other appropriate monomers may be used. Further, as discussed above, the structure10may be formed of a matrix including these polymers or copolymers.

The selected polymer that may be used with the structure10, however, may be injection molded or otherwise fill the pores defined by the structure10. The polymer21may fill the pores of the structure10to form a substantially solid structure. Nevertheless, the composite20may still include a selected porosity or open channels even when filled with the polymer21. Also, it may be selected to fill the pores16less than completely, therefore leaving an open space in at least a portion of the pores even if they may include some of the fill material. For example, pores having a size of about 0.01 μm to about 10 μm may still remain in the composite20after the polymer is injected or fills the larger pores or macro pores of the structure10. The pores that are generally less than about 10 μm, may be herein referred to as micropores or microporosity. The microporosity, however, is not necessary and may not always be present. For example, with various polymer filling techniques, such as polymerization of a positioned monomer, discussed herein, the microporosity may be substantially less or non-existent in the composite material20. As is generally understood a polymer is generally formed of a single monomer while a copolymer generally includes at least two types of monomers.

The composite material20may also be formed with any other appropriate method. Generally the polymer used to fill the selected porosity is added to the structure10or otherwise used to fill the porosity of the structure10. In one embodiment, injection molding is used to force molten polymer into the macroporosity of a porous ceramic structure10. This can result in the composite material20including approximately 5-10% open microporosity. In addition, vacuum impregnation techniques may be used. In this instance rather than producing a positive pressure on the melted polymer, a relatively low pressure is formed in the structure10to pull the polymer21into the porosity. Further techniques, include solution embedding where the polymer21is dissolved and then cast into the porosity.

Also, in situ polymerization techniques where the polymer may be polymerized within the porosity of the structure10can be used to form the composite20. In this embodiment, the structure10is submerged in a reaction mixture of a monomer or plurality of monomers, an initiator, and/or a catalyst and then heated to the reaction temperature. The polymer is then formed in situ within the porosity of the structure10.

According to various embodiments, the composite20can include a duel ceramic. The structure10can be formed of a first ceramic including a first property and the channels or pores may be filled with a second ceramic, rather than the polymer21, including a second property. The different properties can include resorption rates, compressive strengths, torsion strengths, or the like. This can be achieved by casting a ceramic slurry into the porosity of the structure10. The slurry can undergo a chemical reaction to set into a hardened form or it can be sintered to form a rigid ceramic phase.

Other methods of forming the composite material20are related to the use of porous polymer matrices as the structure10. The ceramic material is cast within a porous, polymer matrix structure that forms the structure10. A polymer matrix may be formed to include a selected porosity and a ceramic slurry may be positioned in the pores of the matrix. The slurry may then be forced to harden to form a solid or porous ceramic phase within the porosity of the polymer structure10. Thus, the composite20may be formed by positioning the polymer in the structure10formed of a porous ceramic or by positioning a ceramic in the structure10formed of a porous polymer.

Also, two polymers including different properties can be used to form the composite20. A first polymer including a first property may be used to form the structure10that includes a selected porosity and/or channels. The porosity of the structure10can be filled with another polymer with a different property. Again, the properties of the two polymers may include a compressive strength, a resorption rate, a tensile strength, or the like. This can be achieved through injection molding, in situ polymerization, and solution casting techniques.

It will be understood that the structure20may be a substantially dual phase or greater composite so that it will react in substantially uniform manner when implanted in the body. The phases can refer to the phase of the structure10and the phase of the material positioned in the channels16of the structure10, such as the polymer21. According to various embodiments, the composite20may be about 30 weight percent (wt %) to about 70 wt % polymer fill21and about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % structure10. For example, the composite material20may be about 55 wt % to about 65 wt % polymer fill21and about 45 wt % to about 55 wt % ceramic structure10. Nevertheless, the composite20may be substantially 100 wt % polymer if the structure10is formed from a porous polymer matrix. In this case the composite20may be about 30 weight percent (wt %) to about 70 wt % polymer fill and about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % porous polymer matrix. The same applies to a substantially 100% ceramic composite composed of a slow and fast resorbing ceramic.

Both phases, that being the structure phase10and the fill phase21may be substantially continuous. This means, according to various embodiments, that the fill portion21is substantially interconnected throughout the composite20and that structure phase10is also substantially interconnected. This is can be a result of using an intact structure phase10rather than a particle. Though, it will be understood, that an appropriate structure phase10may be formed from particles. By filling the porosity of the structure phase10with a second material21, the resulting composite20is effectively composed of two or more distinct, intact, and continuous phases. As discussed herein, the different resorption rates of the continuous phases10,21within the composite20results in a resorption profile that can include a slowly degrading phase and a quickly degrading phase. The quickly degrading phase can allow for tissue ingrowth as the phase is resorbed whereas the slowly degrading phase provides the implant site with mechanical support. It will be understood that either the structure10or the fill21may be formed to be the quicker resorbing phase.

The composite20is the result of filling the macroporosity of structure10. However, the microporosity of the structure10can be left open. This microporosity found in the ceramic phase of composite20may, without being bound by the theory, function in that it allows for the absorption of fluid throughout the composite20and the diffusion of degradation products out of the composite. This allows the composite20to degrade in an even manner from the inside out, results in a gradual transition of load to the newly regenerating tissue. In instances where acid based polymers such as poly(lactic acid) and poly (glycolic acid) are used as the fill phase within the composite, the microporosity in the ceramic allows the acidic products to leave the implant and be absorbed by the surrounding tissue in a timely manner.

As discussed above, the polymer injected into the structure10may fill the macroporosity of the matrix10but maintain an open microporosity. The effect of this microporosity and/or continuous phase aspects of the composite on the degradation of a continuous phase composite20is shown inFIG. 4. The graph inFIG. 4illustrates the results of an experiment where degradation was conducted in a generally known phosphate buffer solution held at about body temperature (about 37° C.). The degradation profile of a continuous phase composite composed of PLDLLA and Pro Osteon 500R was compared to a pure polymer sample composed of only PLDLLA. InFIG. 4, the graph of compressive strength over time shows a generally even and linear degradation profile of the composite (line30) when compared to faster drop in strength seen with the pure polymer device (line32). Although the same polymer was used in both the composite and pure polymer specimens, the graph clearly shows the impact of the composite20.

As illustrated inFIG. 4, the compressive strength of the pure PLDLLA sample does not change over a significant life span of the implant. Nevertheless, after about 150 days, a drop in compressive strength is illustrated. Therefore, during a majority of the life span of the PLDLLA implant, the compressive strength does not change while near the end of its life span, the compressive strength may degrade rapidly. The more even and linear drop in strength may be selected for various applications. This may allow for an even and gradual loading of an area of the anatomy near the implant of the composite20.

Examining the composite degradation profile, as illustrated by line32, the compressive strength of the composite material20is substantially linear over its lifetime. That is, that the degradation of the compressive strength of the composite20does not include any long periods of maintenance of a single strength, nor a steep drop off at any particular time. A substantially linear decrease in compressive strength over time in the degradative environment, such as an anatomical environment, allows for the gradual loading of healing tissue with additional stresses.

For example, when the implant is used as a bone replacement, it may be desirable to have a substantially continuous increase in stresses relative to the implant. As is known to one skilled in the art, the increase of stresses relative to the bone may increase or enhance bone ingrowth into the area. Particularly, in a resorbable implant, it is desirable to increase or enhance bone ingrowth into the area where the implant has been degraded. As the implant degrades, the stresses are transferred to the surrounding bone, and the new tissue slowly becomes load bearing.

In various embodiments, the composite material20has exhibited a linear decrease in strength as shownFIG. 4. In addition to the benefits of a gradual transfer of forces to the new tissue, the continuous phase composite also demonstrates superior for tissue ingrowth into the implant. This ability was demonstrated in a load bearing bone defect model in the tibia and femur of sheep. In such a model, typical solid polymer implants may show bone formation in limited amounts on the surface of the material. With the continuous phase composite20, the resorption of the ceramic phase allowed eventual bone into the center of the implant wall. In this study a generic implant cage was fabricated with a central area designed to hold bone graft materials and was implanted into the tibia and femur of sheep. The implant52generally included Pro Osteon 500R formed into a composite with PLDLLA. As seen inFIG. 5A-5C, back scattered electron microscope images demonstrated the gradual penetration of bone into the implant from 3 to 18 months.

With reference toFIG. 5A, the outer edge of the implant52is illustrated by phantom line50. This 3 month image shows a continuous layer of bone54covering the entire implant surface and additional bone56penetrating approximately 300 um into the implant material52. The penetration of bone within the device50can be the result of resorption of the structure phase10of material52, which allowed bone ingrowth into various spots shown in56.

As illustrated inFIG. 5B, at about 9 months, the implant material is substantially more degraded and large amounts of bone ingrowth are seen. As illustrated inFIG. 5B, bone, particularly new bone54A, has grown deep into the implant area50. The new bone growth54A is substantially next to and intermixed with the ceramic structure10of the composite material. Further, portions of the polymer material58are being degraded as well.

With reference toFIG. 5C, the implant50is quite degraded in vivo after about 18 months. Again, the new growth bone material54A is growing deep into the implant area. Even further, it is growing substantially next to or adjacent various portions of the construct material10, while the polymer material58is also being actively degraded.

FIG. 6shows a further example of the 18 month degradation response. This image shows new bone growth54A occurring substantially adjacent to the original implant material, including the structure10. This indicates that significant portions of the polymer58have been replaced by bone. The image clearly shows new bone growth54A in areas once filled with polymer indicating the lack of any implant complications.

Further, the image inFIG. 6shows portions of bone54A intermixed with areas of residual ceramic matrix10. In this exemplary embodiment including Pro Osteon 500R as the structure10, the residual portions of ceramic structure10are substantially composed of calcium carbonate. The interaction of calcium carbonate and lactic acid from the polymer phase58results in a self-neutralizing reaction that eliminates some of the acid released from the degrading implant. This phenomenon further improves the long term biocompatibility of the device as seen by bone formation in areas of active lactic acid degradation.

In addition to the self-neutralizing ability of the composite, the presence of vascularized bone and residual microporosity also add to the overall biocompatibility of the degrading composite. This tissue and pore system serves as a means to transport degradation products from the site to the bloodstream. The blood vessels within the implant and the microporosity system allow degradation by-products to be cleared from the implant area in a timely manner.

With reference toFIG. 7, an implant70is illustrated. The implant70demonstrates the versatility of the fabrication process by machining devices with both a composite region74and a polymer region76. For example, the implant70may include an external thread or engagement portion72composed of the continuous phase composite74similar to the composite20. However, implant70, can be machined from a composite block with an excess polymer region. This results in a dual region implant with a polymer head76and a composite base74. Therefore, the composite portion74may be formed from a ceramic material, such as the Pro Osteon 500R, that has been reinforced or injected with a polymer, such as the PLDLLA. Also, the polymer portion76may be molded to the composite portion74according to various embodiments.

In addition, the polymer portion76may be composed of 100% PLDLLA. Such an implant can improve the mechanical properties of the device for various applications. For example, the second portion76including only the polymer region, may provide a torsional strength that is greater than the torsional strength of the composite portion74. Therefore, a tool engaging portion or area78may be formed in the polymer portion76to allow for a greater torsional force to be applied to the implant70that may not be satisfied by the composite portion74.

With reference toFIG. 8, an implant90may be provided for similar purposes. The implant90can also include two portions, such as a composite portion92and a polymer portion94. The composite portion92may be substantially similar to the composite material20illustrated inFIG. 3. The addition of the polymer portion94to the central area of the composite portion92, however, can be used to achieve selected properties of the implant90.

With regard to the fabrication of implant90, this orientation of polymer94and composite92can be fabricated by drilling holes within the porous structure10and then subjecting the structure10to one of the composite fabrication techniques. The addition of the polymer phase21to the structure10with holes, such as through injection molding, results in filling of the holes in addition to creating the composite. During the machining of the implant, the device90can be centered around the central polymer region94to define a bore96through the implant70. The resulting implant will have a central polymer bore94surrounded by a composite region92.

The implant90may be used for any appropriate purpose, and an engagement portion98may be formed on an exterior thereof. The engagement portion98may be used to engage various structures, such as bony portions, such that the implant90may be an anchor or may define a screw. Further, a tool engaging structure100may be defined in the polymer portion94for allowing engagement of a tool with the implant90for positioning the implant90in various anatomical locations. As discussed above, the implant90may be used for various purposes, similar to the purposes for the implant70. Therefore, the implant90may be used as a bone anchor, a suture anchor, a soft tissue anchor, fracture screw, or any appropriate portion. Further, the implant90may be used for any other appropriate procedure or implant.

Implants, such as the implants70,90according to various embodiments may be formed in many different ways and include different structures. Those described above are merely exemplary in nature and not intended to limit the teachings herein. For example, an implant70,90may include an exterior “thin” coat formed around a polymer interior, or vice versa. The thin coat may include a thickness that is substantially less than that of the interior portion, but provide selected properties to the implant. That is, the implant may be formed in any appropriate manner and for various purposes. Also a portion of the polymer may be placed as a seam or flex point in an implant with the composite or other material surrounding it.

Various other types of implants include sheets formed of the composite20, for example implants that include a surface area greater than a thickness. Additionally, reinforcing ribs or struts composed of polymer can be added to the composite device in order to provide an improvement to the required mechanical properties. Also, tacks, bone fusion devices, bone graft devices, cement restrictors, intramedullary pins, and other implants may be formed from combinations of the composite20and polymer regions. Thus, one will understand that the implants described herein are merely exemplary.

With reference toFIG. 9, a spinal implant100is illustrated. It will be understood that the implants, according to various embodiments, may be positioned between any appropriate vertebrae. Therefore, discussion of a first vertebrae and a second vertebrae is not necessarily C1 and C2 or any other specific set of vertebrae, unless do discussed. The spinal implant100may be for any appropriate spinal application, such as an intervertebral spacer for cervical fusion. The cervical spine implant100may include a ring or open structure including an exterior wall102and an interior void104. The interior104may be defined by an interior wall106. The purpose of the interior void can be to contain bone graft materials such as autograft, or allograft.

Additionally, the structure10can act as a bone growth scaffold it can also be added to the void104. This would result in an implant including a central portion of the structure10and the composite20surrounding it. This would allow the composite20to support the surgical site while the graft or structure material10can allow for immediate ingrowth.

The cervical spine implant100may be formed in any appropriate manner. For example, a block of material formed of the composite20may be machined into a shape of the implant100. Alternatively, the material forming the structure10can be machined into the cervical spine implant100shape and then filled with the polymer material to create the composite20. Additionally, the implant100may include any appropriate dimensions, such as a selected length, width, height and depth. Further, the implant100may be formed to include an angle, such that a first side of the implant100may be taller than a second side of the implant100. Regardless, the spinal implant100may be implanted into a the cervical spine, such as to assist in fusing one or more cervical vertebrae.

With reference toFIG. 10AandFIG. 10B, a lumbar spinal implant120for posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is illustrated. The PLIF implant120may be formed according to any appropriate dimensions. For example, the PLIF implant120may include a selected length, height, depth, or other appropriate dimensions. Further, as discussed above, the spinal implant120may be formed of the composite20or may be formed of the structure10, and then filled with the selected polymer. Regardless, the PLIF implant120may be formed according to various specifications for a selected procedure.

Further, the PLIF implant120may include an exterior wall122that may define a structure including an interior wall124that defines an opening126that can be used to contain graft materials. The PLIF implant120may therefore be formed to fit or be implanted into a selected portion of the anatomy, such as a spinal fusion procedure. The PLIF implant120may be positioned in a selected portion of the spine, such as the thoracic portion, a lumbar portion, or a sacral portion, such as to assist in fusing one or more lumbar vertebrae. The PLIF implant120may also include a grasping region127. The grasping region127may be defined as a groove or detent in the implant120. The grasping region127may be grasped with an appropriate instrument, such as a forked instrument, for positioning and holding the implant120during implantation or other procedures.

With reference toFIG. 11, a spinal implant150for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is illustrated. The ALIF implant150may include an exterior wall152and two interior portions154and156. The first interior portion154may be defined by an interior wall158. Similarly, the second interior area156may be defined by a second wall160. Therefore, the ALIF implant150may include two interior voids or openings154,156for containing bone graft materials. Further, the ALIF implant150may include a first side162that includes a height that is less than a second side164. The height difference may provide the ALIF implant150to be formed at a selected angle for various purposes. For example, the ALIF implant150may be positioned through an anterior lumbar approach to assist in fusing one or more lumbar vertebrae.

Spinal implants, such as the implants100,120, and150, or any appropriate spinal implant may include selected materials to form the implants. As discussed herein the materials may be selected for a selected strength or strength degradation. Also the materials for the implant may be selected for a selected bone ingrowth.

With reference toFIG. 12, an implant170is illustrated. The implant170may define a screw or anchor portion that may be positioned relative to a selected portion of the anatomy. The implant170may define a thread172that extends along a length of the implant170from a first or insertion end174to a second or driving end176. The thread172may or may not extend the entire length of the implant170.

Regardless, the implant170may define the thread172and the driving portion176such that the implant170may be inserted into a selected portion of the anatomy. Similar to the implants70,90illustrated inFIGS. 7 and 8above, the implant170may be used to fix a selected soft tissue therein, fix a suture thereto, or other appropriate procedures. For example, in a generally known anterior cruciate ligament replacement, the implant170may define an interference screw to assist in holding the graft in a selected position.

The implant170may be formed substantially completely of the composite material20. It will be understood that the implant170or the implants described above according to various embodiments, may be provided for various procedures or purposes. As is generally understood in the art, a graft may be positioned or provided of soft tissue to interconnect a femur and a tibia. The implant170may be used to substantially hold the soft tissue portion relative to a selected portion of the anatomy. As discussed above, the composite material forming the implant170may be absorbed into the anatomy at a selected rate to allow for bone ingrowth and fixation, such as a generally anatomical fixation, of the soft tissue may be provided.

With reference toFIG. 13, an implant190is illustrated. The implant190may generally include or define a structure that is substantially planer and includes a first surface192and a second surface opposed therefrom. The implant190may include a selected thickness that is substantially less than a surface area of the surface192. Therefore, the implant190may generally be described as a plate or strut. The implant190may include any appropriate geometry such as a trapezoid, rectangle, square, or the like. Further, the implant190may define bores or holes194. The bores194may be provided for various purposes such as fixation with fixation members, including screws, pins, and the like.

The implant190may be used for various purposes, such as fracture fixation, where the implant190may be used stabilize bone fragments and to assist in healing of the fracture site. The implant190may also be used as a graft retaining plate or structural support during spinal fusion procedures The implant190may be formed to include a selected rigidity or strength, as discussed above, for assisting in the bony structure healing. As previously discussed, the implant may or may not contain polymer regions attached to the composite to improve the bending resistance and rigidity of the device or to impart a polymer seam that would provide flexibility. For example, a support portion of the polymer material21may be placed or formed along a length or other dimension of the implant90to achieve a selected strength or other property.

Additionally, implant190inFIG. 13may also be used for soft tissue fixation as a buttress plate. In soft tissue fixation procedures, sutures are often used to affix the tissue to bone. The thin cross section of the suture, however, may not provide a selected result after implantation. The implant190may be used to assist sutures in achieving a selected result in various applications. The plate may provide a surface to abut the suture and protect other tissues, if appropriate. Therefore, a soft tissue implant may include a structure substantially similar to the implant190illustrated inFIG. 13. Therefore, the implant190, according to various embodiments, may be used to repair a selected portion of soft tissue, such as a rotator cuff. The implant190, however, may be formed to repair any selected portion of the soft tissue, such as a muscle portion, a tendon, a ligament, a dermal portion, or the like.

Similar to the plate190inFIG. 13, an implant200inFIG. 14can be used for fracture repair. As discussed above, the implant190may be formed to allow for fixation or holding of selected bony portions during a healing process. Other implant portions, such as the implant200, may also be used to fix or hold selected bony portions at the fracture repair site. The implant200may include an extended shaft that defines a thread202along all or a portion of the shaft. A driving portion204may also be provided to assist in driving the implant200into the selected implant site. The thread202defined by the implant200may be driven into a pre-formed bore, a tapped bore, an untapped bore, or any predefined void. Further, the implant200may be formed in appropriate dimensions, such as a length, thickness, thread height, etc., to achieve selected results. The implant200may also be cannulated and have a similar composition to the dual region devices90ofFIG. 8.

With reference toFIG. 15, an implant220is illustrated. The implant220may include a suture anchor or define a suture anchor to assist in holding a selected suture222used in soft tissue repair. For example, the suture222may be to reattach a soft tissue region to bone or other soft tissue. The implant220may define a shaft or body including a first end224and a second end226. The body of the implant220may further have a first engaging or interference portion228extending therefrom. Further, a second interference portion230may also be provided.

The implant220may then be driven into the bone of the soft tissue fixation site. The suture222is then used to affix the soft tissue to bone. The implant220may be generally driven into a bore formed in the portion of the anatomy including a diameter less than a diameter or dimension of the interference members228,230. Therefore, the implant220may form an interference fit with a selected portion of the anatomy to hold the suture222relative to the selected portion of the anatomy.

With reference toFIG. 16, an implant250is illustrated. The implant250may include any appropriate configuration, for example, the implant250may be formed as a wedge or triangle. Although exemplified as a triangle, the wedge may have any shape. The implant250may further define an interior void or open portion258for the containment of bone graft materials. For example, as discussed herein, the open portion258may be filled with a selected bone graft material, such as an autograft or allograft, or a porous bone growth scaffold for promoting bone healing at the site.

With reference to implant250, the device may be used in structural grafting applications in areas such as the foot and ankle, tibia, femur, and pelvis where structural support is desired in addition to bone regeneration. The implant250may be filled with a selected material262that has been positioned in the open portion258.

As illustrated above, the continuous phase composite material20may be formed in the plurality of configurations for various purposes. Further, as also discussed above, the structure10may be formed into a selected shape, orientation, geometry, or the like and then filled with a polymer.

Similarly, it will be understood, that the final implant shape may be established inter-operatively to provide a custom fit to the surgical site. For example, the bone graft wedge of implant250illustrated inFIG. 16may need to be augmented due to an anatomy of a patient determined during an operative procedure. Therefore, a user, such as a surgeon, may use powered surgical instruments such as a burrs, drills, osteotomes, grinders, or other tools to substantially customize the implant for the selected patient. Therefore, the implant may be provided either as a blank or in a general shape for eventual customization by the user during a clinical procedure. This may assist in providing a selected result for a patient and decrease healing time, complications, or the like.

The implant250, whether customized or not, may be used in a procedure such as to replace a selected portion of a bone260. The implant may be filled with the graft material262to fill a void that may have formed in the bone260. A further plate266(seeFIG. 17) may also be used in the procedure. However, the implant250may allow for a selected load bearing for a selected period of time and allow for bone ingrowth into the implant area.

With reference toFIG. 18, an implant300is illustrated. The implant300may be used for a thoracic procedure, or any appropriate procedure. The implant300may include an exterior wall302and also a top portion304. The top portion304may also define teeth or other fixation portions306to assist in maintaining the implant300in a selected position. An interior wall310can also define an interior void312. The interior void may allow for positioning of graft material during an implantation. The implant300, however, may include any appropriate dimensions for a selected procedure. The implant300may be used as a disc replacement in a selected procedure, such as in a spinal fusion procedure.

Therefore, it will be understood that the composite20illustrated inFIG. 3may be used for any appropriate procedure. The materials chosen to create the composite20may be selected from a range of biocompatible and bioresorbable materials to give properties specific to the surgical application. In addition, the fabrication of composite implants with pure polymer or ceramic regions may also provide specific properties based on the application. The composite20may be formed into any appropriate implant, such as a structural bone graft, a fixation device, an interbody spinal implant, a prosthesis, or any appropriate implant. Devices for cartilage, tendon, and ligament repair, vascular prostheses, tissue engineering devices, and other medical implants also fall within scope of the continuous phase composite. Therefore, the examples provided above are merely exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of the teachings herein.

Various different material combinations may be used to form the composite20. The various different combinations of materials may be selected for different purposes and applications, such as where an implant may be positioned in the anatomy. For example, with reference to Table 1, different applications of the implant may include a different selected property. The selected property may be formed or incorporated into the composite material from which an implant may be made depending upon the combination of materials and selected materials used to form the composite20.

For example a procedure may be selected to include a selected property, such as a compressive strength after a selected time period after implantation. For example, a spinal fusion implant may be selected to include about 1500 N to about 3000 N of compressive strength at least about six months after implantation. This may be selected for various purposes, such as the amount of time generally necessary for bone ingrowth to form a selected fusion. Therefore, a selected material may be chosen for the polymer21of the composite20. For example, the PLDLLA polymer, discussed above, may form about 60% of the composite20with about 40% of the composite20being the structure10formed of the Pro Osteon 500R. Such a combination can achieve a compressive strength of about 1500 N to about 3000 N at about 6 months after implantation. Although other polymers and other structures10may be used to achieve similar results.

In other applications, a fast resorption of the composite20may be selected. For example, in a fracture healing or repair may be faster than in a fusion. Therefore, an implant that is substantially resorbed after about 3 to about 6 months may be selected. Such an implant may be formed with a copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. The copolymer can be about 85% lactic acid and about 15% glycolic acid, similar to the material sold as Lacotsorb™ by Biomet, Inc. An implant including such a copolymer as about 60% of the composite while the other about 40% is formed of the Pro Osteon may be used in a fracture situation. For example, the screw170may be formed of such a composition for use in an Anterior Cruciate Ligament replacement procedure to provide a selected time when the graft is no longer held with the implant screw170.

Also the polymer, or slower resorbing material, may be selected based upon inherent properties or ones formed therein. For example, a slower resorbing polymer may generally be one including a higher molecular weight. Thus, the slower the implant should resorb or the longer a selected property, such as compressive strength is needed, the higher the molecular weight may be chosen for the polymer. However, it will also be understood that selected polymers may include properties that may be achieved at lower molecular weights. Also selected strengths of the polymer may be inherent in the polymer itself, rather than a selected molecular weight thereof.

The composite20may be formed according a plurality of methods, as discussed above. Although the composite may also be formed to include a selected material contained therein. As discussed above, graft material may be positioned in an implant formed of the composite20.

With reference toFIG. 19, an implant350may be formed according to the illustrated method351. A blank356may be formed of the structure material10. The structure material10may be any appropriate porous material, such as a polymer matrix, ceramic, or the like. The blank may also be shaped into any appropriate geometry, such as cylinder.

The blank356may then be injected with the polymer, as discussed above. This may create polymer potions358that extend from a composite352, that may be similar to the composite20. The injection may occur by melting the polymer and injecting it under pressure into the pores and/or channels defined by the blank356. The composite352may then have the exterior polymer portions358removed to include substantially only the composite352.

A fill material354may then be inserted into the composite form352. The fill material354may be any appropriate material. For example the fill material354may be substantially similar to the material that formed the blank356. The two portions, including the fill354and the composite352may then be heated to meld the two together to form the implant350.

The implant350may be similar to the implant250that included the graft material. In the implant350, however, the fill material354may be formed into the implant and provided complete for a procedure. Thus, implants may be formed to include voids or pre-filled voids. The fill material354may serve the same purpose as the graft material discussed above, such as a void filling or support purposes. Nevertheless, the implant350may include the fill material354and be manufactured with the fill material354.

With reference toFIG. 20a flowchart400of a method of forming an implant according to various embodiments is illustrated. The method400may begin at a start block401. Then a selected implant region is selected in block402. The implant region may be any appropriate region of the anatomy. For example, a spinal region, a tibial region, a femoral region, a humeral region, or the like may be selected. As discussed above implants may be formed for any appropriate portion of the anatomy using the composite20.

After the implant region is selected in block402loads may be determined relative to that that the region in block404. For example, a compressive force, shear force, torsion force, or the like may be determined at the selected region of the anatomy. For example, it may be determined that about 1500-3000 N may be experienced in a spinal region. Although other forces may be determined and may depend upon a patient, the region selected, and other considerations.

Also other forces that the implant may experience can be determined. For example a torsion stress necessary for implantation may be determined. Thus not only forces in the selected region of the anatomy, but other forces may be determined in block404. Properties of an implant may then be determined in block406. For example, after the experienced forces are determined in block404the forces that the implant may be required to withstand, for various reasons, can be determined. For example, if the force experienced in the spine is about 1000 N it may be selected to form the implant to include a compressive strength of about 3000 N at about 6 months after implantation. Therefore, the loads determined in the anatomical region may be different than those determined as a property of the implant in block406, but they may be related.

Also, a selected resorption time may be a property selected in block406. For example, a resorption time of the implant may depend upon selected loads in the region of the anatomy or ingrowth rates at the selected regions, or other selected reasons. Thus the resorption time or profile of the implant may be determined in block406. In this regard, bond ingrowth in various regions of the body may vary depending on the region, loads encountered, and anatomical condition of the area of interest.

Then implant materials may be determined in block408. The materials selected may be the appropriate material to form the structure10or the appropriate polymer for the polymer fill21. Although, as discussed above, both can be polymers or both can be ceramic materials. Also, the implant materials may be selected to achieve the selected properties, such as a strength, strength degradation profile, resorption profile, load bearing, etc. As also discussed above the materials selected may be a polymer of a selected molecular weight, a certain co-polymer, etc.

Also in determining the materials in block408the form of the implant can be determined when determining the implant materials in block408, or at any appropriate time. As discussed above the implant may include a composite portion and a non-composite portion. Therefore, to achieve the determined properties of the implant, such designs may also be determined in block408.

Then the implant can be formed in block410. The implant may be formed of the materials determined in block408and the configuration determined in block408. The implant may be formed according to any appropriate method and the formation method may also be chosen depending upon a selected property. For example, a polymer may be melted and then injected into a porous structure. Nevertheless, any appropriate method may be used to form the implant in block410.

The implant formed in block410may then be implanted in block412. As discussed above the implant may be customized by a user prior to implantation or it may be implanted as formed in block410. Also a graft material may be used with the implant formed in block410, also as discussed above. Generally, however, after the implant is formed in block410it can be implanted in block412. Then generally the method ends in block414.

The method400, however, is merely exemplary and an implant may be formed of the composite20according to any appropriate method. The implant formed according to method400can include a selected property to achieve selected results after implantation. The selected properties can be achieved by selecting appropriate materials for the composite implant, a selected configuration of the implant, or other appropriate considerations.

Also, regardless of the method chosen the composite may be used to form an implant that includes a selected strength over a selected period of time, yet can still allow ingrowth of bone. The composite material may be formed into an implant where bone may grow into regions that are faster resorbing that other regions. This may be created by including the faster resorbing phase and the slower resorbing phase. The difference in resorption rates may be any appropriate difference, such as about 10% to about 200% different. Regardless, the slower resorbing phase may be selected for a strength quality to achieve a selected strength degradation profile, while the faster responding phase may be selected based upon the bone regrowth rate of the area of interest. This can assist in bone regrowth and in allowing recovery when a resorption may be selected in a load bearing area of the anatomy. This may also be used to achieve a selected strength of the implant for a selected period for any appropriate purpose.

As otherwise understood, the method400can be used to select materials and properties of the materials for a selected or unique application. The known or determine bone growth rate of a selected region of the anatomy can be used to assist in determining the materials to be used in forming the implant, the ratios of the materials to be used, or the specific properties of the materials to be used. Also the forces that are experienced in a selected region of the anatomy may be used to select the materials to be used to form an implant. Thus a higher selected strength may be used to select different materials for forming the implant. Therefore, the method400may be used to select materials for an implant, select a structure of an implant, or other features of the implant.

The teachings herein are merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the teachings are intended to be within the scope of the teachings. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the teachings.