Testing response of a radio transceiver

A radio transceiver comprising: an antenna; local oscillator for generating a local oscillator signal at a local oscillator frequency; a receiver capable of receiving a first radio frequency signal from the antenna at a receiver input and having a first mixer for mixing a signal derived from the first radio signal with the said local oscillator signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal, and a receiver output for providing an output signal dependant on the intermediate frequency signal; a transmitter capable of receiving an input signal at a transmitter input and having a second mixer for mixing a signal derived from the input signal with a local oscillator signal to generate a second radio frequency signal for transmission; a switching arrangement having a normal configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the antenna to apply the second radio frequency signal to the antenna, and a testing configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the receiver input to apply the second radio frequency signal to the receiver input; and a signal processor coupled to the transmitter input and the receiver output and capable of, when the switching arrangement is in the testing configuration, applying a testing signal to the transmitter input to cause the transmitter to generate a radio frequency test signal, and determining from the output signal of the receiver the response of the receive to the radio frequency test signal.

This invention relates to testing the response of circuits, especially but not exclusively in radio transceivers.

FIG. 1shows a schematic diagram of a complex (IQ) part of a radio receiver. A received radio frequency (RF) signal is received at1and amplified by amplifier2. The output of the amplifier at3is split to mixers4and5. Mixer4generates an in-phase (I) demodulated signal at6by mixing the signal at3with a signal LOIof local oscillator frequency fLO. Mixer4generates a quadrature (Q) demodulated signal at6by mixing the signal at3with a signal LOQwhich also has frequency fLObut is orthogonal to signal LOI—that is signal LOQis out of phase by 90° with respect to signal LOI.

In practice, it is difficult to ensure that signals LOIand LOQare precisely orthogonal, or that the gains or group delays of mixers3and4and filters8and9are precisely equal. The result of this is that image responses are introduced. No realisable receiver has infinite image rejection. Instead of trying to avoid image frequencies altogether, most receiver specifications set a lower limit on the image rejection that is to be achieved. To check that a particular receiver meets the specification it must be tested after having been manufactured. This generally requires specific testing equipment in the production line and calls for extra time in the production line to allow the testing to take place.

In the manufacturing process receivers can be adjusted to optimise their image rejection. However, this takes further time, and does not address the fact that the image rejection performance of the receiver in actual use may be different from that measured during manufacture, for example due to temperature changes.

According to the present invention there is provided a radio transceiver comprising: an antenna; a local oscillator for generating a local oscillator signal at a local oscillator frequency; a receiver capable of receiving a first radio frequency signal from the antenna at a receiver input and having a first mixer for mixing a signal derived from the first radio signal with the said local oscillator signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal, and a receiver output for providing an output signal dependant on the intermediate frequency signal; a transmitter capable of receiving an input signal at a transmitter input and having a second mixer for mixing a signal derived from the input signal with a local oscillator signal to generate a second radio frequency signal for transmission; a switching arrangement having a normal configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the antenna to apply the second radio frequency signal to the antenna, and a testing configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the receiver input to apply the second radio frequency signal to the receiver input; and a signal processor coupled to the transmitter input and the receiver output and capable of, when the switching arrangement is in the testing configuration, applying a testing signal to the transmitter input to cause the transmitter to generate a test signal at a frequency of the difference between the local oscillator frequency and the intermediate frequency, and determining from the output signal of the receiver the response of the receiver to the test signal.

The present invention also provides a method of testing a radio transceiver comprising an antenna; a local oscillator for generating a local oscillator signal at a local oscillator frequency; a receiver capable of receiving a first radio frequency signal from the antenna at a receiver input and having a first mixer for mixing a signal derived from the second radio signal with the said local oscillator signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal, and a receiver output for providing an output signal dependant on the intermediate frequency signal; a transmitter capable of receiving an input signal at a transmitter input and having a second mixer for mixing a signal derived from the input signal with a local oscillator signal to generate a second radio frequency signal for transmission; a switching arrangement having a normal configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the antenna to apply the second radio frequency signal to the antenna, and a testing configuration in which the transmitter is coupled to the receiver input to apply the second radio frequency signal to the receiver input; the method comprising: setting the switching arrangement to the testing configuration; applying a testing signal to the transmitter input to cause the transmitter to generate a radio frequency test signal; and detecting the output signal of the receiver to determine the response of the receiver to the radio frequency test signal.

The receiver may have in-phase and quadrature channels. The in-phase and quadrature channels may each include mixers (one of which is the said first mixer) for mixing with a signal from the local oscillator at the local oscillator frequency. One of those mixers suitably mixes with an in-phase signal and the other suitably mixes with a quadrature signal. The local oscillator preferably includes a phase shifter for generating one of the in-phase and quadrature signals from the other (although the signals could be generated separately in the local oscillator). The local oscillator is preferably adjustable by the signal processor, most preferably to alter the phase difference between the in-phase and quadrature signals. Thus the phase shifter of the oscillator (where present) is most preferably adjustable by the signal processor.

The test signal is preferably at a frequency at which it is undesired for the transceiver to receive signals—for example an image frequency of the transceiver. The signal processor is preferably capable of adjusting the local oscillator (most preferably the phase difference between the local oscillator's in-phase and quadrature signals) and/or the gain(s) of the mixer(s) of the receiver to reduce, and most preferably minimise, the response of the receiver to the test signal, that is suitably to increase/maximise the image rejection of the receiver. The said reduction/minimisation is preferably performed in response to the signal received by the signal processor from the receiver.

Preferably the said mixer(s) of the receiver and the mixer(s) of the transmitter receive their local oscillator signals from the same local oscillator.

The signal processor may be provided as a single integrated circuit, as more than one integrated circuit or as a circuit of discrete components. The signal processor may include a digital synthesiser for generating the testing signal and/or a modulator for generating the testing signal. The testing signal is suitably a modulated signal. The testing signal is preferably at the negative of the said intermediate frequency of the receiver.

The radio transceiver may have a second switching arrangement having a normal configuration in which the testing signal is coupled to the second mixer and a testing configuration in which the testing signal is coupled to an intermediate frequency section of the receiver. In that case the signal processor may be capable of, when the second switching arrangement is in the testing configuration, generating a testing signal, and determining from the output signal of the receiver the response of at least the intermediate frequency section of the receiver to the test signal.

The transceiver is preferably capable of switching automatically between the normal configuration and the testing configuration. The transceiver may suitably be configured to switch automatically to the testing configuration on enabling of the receiver and/or the transceiver, and/or in response to a signal that may be applied to the transceiver during manufacture or testing.

In a further aspect of the invention the test signal may be at an intermediate frequency and may be applied directly to an intermediate frequency section of the receiver.

FIG. 2shows part of a radio transceiver circuit. The circuit has an antenna10and a signal processing unit11for baseband or intermediate frequency processing of received signals and signals that are to be transmitted. Between the antenna and the signal processing unit are a receive chain12and a transmit chain13, which are connected to the antenna10by a duplexer14. The receive chain12converts received radio frequency (RF) signals down to baseband for further processing by the signal processing unit11, and the transmit chain13converts signals up from baseband to RF for transmission from the antenna10.

The receive chain is shown in partial detail, and comprises an input amplifier15which amplifies the received signal. The output of the amplifier15is split to mixers16and17where it is mixed with orthogonal local oscillator signals as described above to generate I and Q signals for further decoding. Band pass filters18and19filter the I and Q signals respectively.

The transmit chain is also shown in partial detail. In the transmit chain I and Q signals deriving from the signal processing unit11that are to be transmitted by the transceiver are mixed with orthogonal local oscillator signals in mixers20and21and then summed in summation unit22. The sum signal is then amplified by amplifier23and passed to the duplexer14and then the antenna10for transmission.

In this transceiver there is provision in the form of switch24for the input of amplifier15to be connected to the output of the summation unit22. At the same time the output of the summation unit22can be disconnected by switch25from the input of the amplifier15and the input of amplifier15can be disconnected by switch26from the duplexer14, although the effects of those connections could be neutralised in other ways. In one mode (settings A inFIG. 2) the switches24-26can be set to allow the transceiver to operate as normal. In the other mode(settings B inFIG. 2) the switches24-26can be set to allow the transceiver to operate in a self-test mode whereby the image rejection performance of the receiver can be checked. The switches could be mechanical or electronic switches (e.g. transistors). The switches24-26could be operable under the control of the signal processing unit11in order to allow the self-test procedure to be performed fully automatically.

The self-test procedure could be actuated by entering a command using the keypad27of the transceiver, or in another way—for example by the actuation of a dedicated switch of the transceiver, automatically on turn-on of the transceiver or by a command transmitted to the signal processor11by radio. Upon actuation of the self-test mode the receiver limb of the transceiver is actuated and tuned to a frequency fLO+fIF, where fLOis the local oscillator frequency and fIFis the receiver's intermediate frequency. Due to imperfection of the receiver there will be a weaker image response at frequency fLO−fIF. In the transmit limb of the transceiver the modulator of the signal processor11is set to generate a signal at a negative frequency −fIFat baseband. That signal is mixed up to radio frequency by the complex mixer20,21to produce a signal at frequency fLO−fIF. Due to imperfection of the transmitter there will also be an image frequency at fLO+fIF. The switches24-26are set to settings B so that the output of the transmit chain (at fLO−fIFand fLO+fIF) is passed to the RF input of the receive section. fLOcan be set anywhere in the normal local oscillator frequency range—suitably around mid-band. The receiver generates an output in the normal way. The output is thus responsive to the principal signal from the transmit chain (at frequency fLO−fIF) and the image signal from the transmit chain (at frequency fLO+fIF) provided it is on-channel for the receiver.

The output from the receiver is detected and measured in the normal way by the signal processor11, and the strength of the image frequency relative to the principal frequency is determined. This gives a measure of the transceiver's image rejection. This result can be displayed on a display28of the transceiver or transmitted by radio to another unit, for example a manufacturing test unit. The transceiver can thus make the measurement of image rejection during manufacture a fully automated process requiring no additional testing equipment. This makes in-line self testing highly convenient.

The transceiver generates the I and Q local oscillator signals by means of an oscillator29operating at the selected local oscillator frequency fLO, the output of which represents the local oscillator I signal and is phase shifted by phase shifter30to form the Q signal. The amount of phase shift imposed by the phase shifter is finely adjustable by an analogue signal to its tuning input31. The analogue signal is derived from an analogue-to-digital converter32responsive to the signal processor11. The generation of the I and Q signals could be done in other ways, for example with the aid of a servo amplifier.

The signal processor11can act to improve the image rejection performance of the receiver. It can enter a mode (for example after manufacture, at turn-on or periodically during use) in which it measures the image rejection performance of the receiver as described above and then adjusts the phase shifter30to optimise image rejection.

In order for the above process to work the receiver's intermediate frequency must be within the modulation range of the transmitter section of the transceiver. This is likely to be straightforward for near-zero IF receivers, which are becoming increasingly common.

It is possible also to provide a links between the IF part of the transmitter and the IF part of the receiver (e.g. using switches33-36). An additional step may then be introduced to further optimise the receiver. The switches33-36may be set to connect the IF part of the transmitter to that of the receiver. Then the signal processor generates a baseband signal at −fIFwhich is applied directly to the IF input of the receiver. If the filters (e.g. IF complex channel filters) of the receiver are tuneable by the signal processor11then by monitoring the output of the receiver circuit during this process the signal processor can set up the IF section optimally before optimising the RF section.

Another testing procedure can be performed by setting the switches33-36to their testing setting and the signal processor11generating a range of frequencies around +fIF. This allows the signal processor to monitor the on-channel response of the receiver and may be especially useful for built-in self-testing.(BIST).

The applicant draws attention to the fact that the present invention may include any feature or combination of features disclosed herein either implicitly or explicitly or any generalisation thereof, without limitation to the scope of any of the present claims. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention.