Granular replication of volume subsets

Data is replicated on a backup node, where the granularity of the replication can be less than a full volume. A data consistency group comprising a subset of data for a volume is defined for a primary node. A set of differences for the data consistency group is sent to a backup node. The backup node creates change logs in response to receiving the set of differences. In response to receiving a request to access a file having data in the data consistency group, the backup node creates a clone of the file. The backup node determines whether an update to a data block of the file exists in the change logs. In response to determining that the update to the data block exists in the change logs, the backup node updates a copy of the data block for the cloned file with data in the change logs.

BACKGROUND

Aspects of the disclosure generally relate to the field of data storage systems, and, more particularly, to granular replication of volume subsets in data storage systems.

A networked storage system is a processing system that is used to store and retrieve data on behalf of one or more hosts on a network. One or more storage controllers in the networked storage system operate on behalf of one or more hosts to store and manage data in a set of mass storage devices, such as magnetic or optical storage-based disks or tapes. Some storage controllers are designed to service file-level requests from hosts, as is commonly the case with file servers used in network attached storage (NAS) environments. Other storage controllers are designed to service extent-level requests from hosts, as with storage controllers used in a storage area network (SAN) environment. Still other storage controllers are capable of servicing both file-level requests and extent-level requests.

A networked storage system can be configured to provide high availability (HA) and disaster recovery (DR) capabilities. In such configurations, two or more storage controllers, typically located at different sites, are used to replicate stored data as well as state information such as NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) staged I/O requests. Data received from a host by a first controller can be written to storage devices local to the first storage controller. In addition, the first storage controller can replicate the data on a second storage controller by forwarding the data to a second storage controller. The second storage controller then stores a copy of the data on storage devices local to the second controller. In the event of a failure or other problem with the first controller or the storage attached thereto, the replicated data can be retrieved from storage local to the second controller.

SUMMARY

Data is replicated on a backup node, where the granularity of the replication can vary and can be less than a full volume. A data consistency group comprising a subset of data for a volume is defined for a primary node. A set of differences for the data consistency group is created and sent to a backup node. The backup node creates one or more change logs in response to receiving the set of differences for the data consistency group. In response to receiving a request to access a file having data in the data consistency group, the backup node creates a clone of the file. The backup node determines whether an update to a data block of the file exists in the one or more change logs. In response to determining that the update to the data block exists in the one or more change logs, the backup node updates a copy of the data block for the cloned file with data in the one or more change logs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The description that follows includes example systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences and computer program products that embody techniques of the aspects of the disclosure. However, it is understood that the described aspects of the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obfuscate the description.

Overview

Aspects of the disclosed subject matter include replicating data across multiple storage devices, storage controllers or storage subsystems using a granularity that is less than a full volume. A networked storage system can be configured to replicate data across multiple storage devices, storage controllers, or storage subsystems. Replicating data can be useful in disaster recovery operations. Replicating data across multiple storage devices can aid in allowing a system to meet designated recovery point objectives (RPOs) and recovery time objectives (RTOs). A business specifies an RTO as the maximum amount of time that the business tolerates lack of access to the business' data. A business specifies an RPO as the amount of data in terms of time that can be lost due to an interruption. In conventional systems, the unit of replication is typically a volume. Thus, data consistency and availability can be provided at the granularity of a volume. For availability, data is maintained on different storage devices at different sites as previously mentioned. To ensure consistency of data across the different storage elements, data is replicated across the different storage elements. At the granularity of a volume, data can be replicated efficiently across the different storage elements at distant sites.

Storage system users typically place datasets for multiple applications in a single volume. Thus, using a volume as the unit of replication results in all of the applications using a volume being in the failover domain and having the same RPO. However, users must choose between the storage efficiency provided by a volume granularity vs. having a more finely tuned failover domain that includes a limited set of high priority applications. The various aspects of the disclosure described herein provide a means for a storage system user to define a replication granularity that is less than a full volume while providing the ability to maintain desired RPOs and RTOs at acceptable performance levels.

Example Illustrations

FIG. 1depicts a distributed storage system for replicating data between volumes, according to some features.FIG. 1depicts a system100that includes two nodes (e.g., node102and node122). Each node can be configured to provide storage service for data containers or objects (e.g., files) across one or more data storage volumes112and130. The nodes102and122can be interconnected through a switching fabric150. As an example, the switching fabric150can be a Gigabit Ethernet switches. The nodes102and122include various functional components that cooperate to provide a distributed storage system architecture. An example of the nodes102and122is depicted inFIG. 2, which is described in more detail below.

The nodes102and122can be communicably coupled to clients118and144over one or more networks (e.g., network160). The node102is communicably coupled to store and retrieve data into and from storage volume112. The node122is communicatively coupled to store and retrieve data into and from storage volume130.

The clients118and144may be general-purpose computers configured to interact with the nodes102and122, respectively, in accordance with a client/server model of information delivery. That is, each of the clients118and144may request the services of the nodes102and122. The nodes102and122may return the results of the services requested by the clients118and144by exchanging packets over the network160. The clients118and144may issue packets including file-based access protocols, such as the Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol or Network File System (NFS) protocol, over the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) when accessing information in the form of files and directories. Alternatively, the clients118and144may issue packets including block-based access protocols, such as the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) protocol encapsulated over TCP (iSCSI) and SCSI encapsulated over Fibre Channel (FCP), when accessing information in the form of blocks.

According to some features, data for the storage volume112and the storage volume130may be distributed across multiple data store devices. Such data store devices may include disk drives, disk arrays (e.g., RAID arrays), and/or other data stores (e.g., flash memory) as a file-system for data, for example. According to some features, volumes can span a portion of a data store device, a collection of data store devices, or portions of multiple data store devices. A volume typically defines an overall logical arrangement of file storage on data store space in a distributed file system. According to some features, a volume can comprise data containers (e.g., files) that reside in a hierarchical directory structure within the volume. Volumes are typically configured in formats that may be associated with particular file systems, and respective volume formats typically comprise features that provide functionality to the volumes, such as providing an ability for volumes to form clusters. For example, a first file system may utilize a first format for its volumes, and a second file system may utilize a second format for its volumes.

According to some features, a node can be defined as a backup to a different node, referred to as a primary node. For example, the node102can be a primary node, and the node122can be a backup node that provides a backup storage device for the node102. Therefore, data stored in the storage volume112can be replicated in the storage volume130. Accordingly, if the node102were to fail or become otherwise nonoperational (e.g., for maintenance), the node122can become active to process data requests for data stored in the storage volume130.

Additionally, a backup node can be used to provide a test environment or a development environment that operates on a copy of volumes used in a production environment. In the example illustrated inFIG. 1, client118operates in a production environment140. In order to prevent testing or development from corrupting live data, the live data store on the storage volume112can be replicated from the production environment to the storage volume130that can be used by client144in a test or development environment142.

For purposes of the example illustrated inFIG. 1, assume that client118provides three applications, applications A, B and C. Data for the applications are stored in the storage volume112as application A data114, application B data116and application C data118. Further, assume that the user desires to only replicate data for applications A and B, and does not desire to replicate data for application C. The user can therefore define a consistency group that comprises data sets for application A data114and application B data116, while leaving application C data118out of the consistency group. A consistency group refers to a set of data that is to be replicated as a unit and is typically is at a granularity that is less than a volume. For example, a consistency group can be a set of files in a file system, one or more LUNs (Logical Units), one or more VMDKs (Virtual Machine Disks), or other similar groupings of data sets.

Replication engine104on node102periodically takes snapshots of the storage volume112. A snapshot is a copy of the data in a volume at a particular point in time. Thus, the granularity of a snapshot is a volume. The timing of such snapshots can be based on RPO and RTO requirements. The replication engine104then determines the differences106between a current snapshot and a previous snapshot. The differences106can be processed by a filter108such that the differences between the volume snapshots only includes the differences for a consistency group, referred to as consistency group differences110. Consistency group differences are a subset of the volume snapshot and therefore have a granularity that is less than the volume snapshot. Consistency group differences110are transmitted to the backup node (e.g., node122), where a replication engine104receives the consistency group differences110. The consistency group differences110are stored in one or more change logs132. According to some aspects, a change log corresponds to a version of a consistency group in the volume snapshot. In alternative aspects, a change log can correspond to more than one consistency group. Replication engine104can periodically apply the change logs132to data stored in the storage volume130to create application A data copy114′ and application B data copy116′, which can be part of an active file system on storage volume130.

It should be noted that it may be the case that client144may read data from a volume before a change log has been applied. In order to ensure that a client reading data for a file in a consistency group obtains the desired version of the data, a file assembler124on the backup node reads the data copy stored on the volume, and then applies changes in change log132to the data in order to provide a requested version of the data to the client. As an example, assume that client144makes a request of backup node122to access version 2 of app data114′. The file assembler124can create a clone of the app data114′ that contains the original data as initially received from the primary node102(e.g., version 1 of the data). The file assembler124can then apply change log132to the cloned data to create version 2 of the data, which can then be presented to the client144. If subsequent versions of data are requested, the file assembler124can apply successive change logs until the requested version of the data is created.

Further details on the operation of system100are provided below with reference toFIGS. 3-6.

FIG. 2depicts a block diagram of a node in a distributed storage system, according to some features. In particular,FIG. 2depicts a node200which can be representative of either or both of nodes102or node122ofFIG. 1. The node200includes a network adapter208, a switch adapter214, a storage adapter212, a network module206, a disk module210, and a management host202.

The network module206, the disk module210, and the management host202can be hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. For example, the network module206, the disk module210, and the management host202can be software executing on a processor of node200. Alternatively, the network module206, the disk module210, and the management host202can each be independent hardware units within node200, with each having their own respective processor or processors. The network module206includes functionality that enables the node200to connect to clients over a network. The disk module210includes functionality to connect to one or more storage devices. It should be noted that while there is shown an equal number of network and disk modules in the illustrative cluster, there may be differing numbers of network and/or disk modules in accordance with some features. The management host202can include functionality for managing the node200.

Each node200can be embodied as a single or dual processor storage system executing a storage operating system that implements a high-level module, such as a file system, to logically organize the information as a hierarchical structure of named directories, files and special types of files called virtual disks (or generally “objects” or “data containers”) on the disks. One or more processors can execute the functions of the network module206, while another processor(s) can execute the functions of the disk module210.

The network adapter208includes a number of ports adapted to couple the node200to one or more clients (e.g., clients118and144) over point-to-point links, wide area networks, virtual private networks implemented over a public network (Internet) or a shared local area network. The network adapter208thus may include the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry needed to connect the node200to the network. Illustratively, the network may be embodied as an Ethernet network or a Fibre Channel (FC) network. Each client may communicate with the node200by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data according to pre-defined protocols, such as TCP/IP.

The storage adapter212can cooperate with a storage operating system executing on the node200to access information requested by the clients. The information may be stored on any type of attached array of writable storage device media such as optical, magnetic tape, magnetic disks, solid state drives, bubble memory, electronic random access memory, micro-electro mechanical and any other similar media adapted to store information, including data and parity information. The storage adapter212can include a number of ports having input/output (I/O) interface circuitry that couples to the disks over an I/O interconnect arrangement, such as a conventional high-performance, FC link topology.

Management host202can include functionality for replication engine104and can include a replicated database (RDB)204. RDB204can be a database that stores configuration data and relationships between configuration objects in a configuration214. For example, RDB204can store configuration objects related to the configuration consistency groups. For example, configuration214can define which files, LUNs, VMDKs etc. are part of a consistency group. Additionally, RDB204can store volume configurations, aggregate configurations, storage configurations, policies, etc. WhileFIG. 2shows the replication engine104as residing in the management host202, in alternative aspects, the replication engine may located in other modules.

FIG. 3depicts a software environment of a node200according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects of the disclosure, the software operating environment300includes a storage operating system302, a network stack304, and a storage stack306. Storage operating system302controls the operations of a node200. For example, storage operating system302can direct the flow of data through the various interfaces and stacks provided by the hardware and software of a node. As an example, storage operating system302can be a version of the Clustered Data ONTAP® storage operating system included in storage controller products available from NETAPP®, Inc. (“NETAPP”) of Sunnyvale, Calif.

Network stack304provides an interface for communication via a network. For example, network stack304can be a TCP/IP, UDP/IP protocol stack. Other network stacks may be used and are within the scope of the aspects of the disclosure.

Storage stack306provides an interface to and from a storage unit, such as a storage unit within storage volumes112and130(FIG. 1). Storage stack306may include various drivers and software components used to provide both basic communication capability with a storage unit and provide various value-added components such as a file system layer310, a data deduplication layer312, a data compression layer314, a write anywhere file layout (WAFL) layer316, a RAID layer318, and other enhanced storage functions. The components may be arranged as layers in the storage stack306or they may be independent of a layered architecture.

File system layer310can be a file system protocol layer that provides multi-protocol file access. Examples of such file system protocols include the Direct Access File System (DAFS) protocol, the Network File System (NFS) protocol, and the CIFS protocol.

Data deduplication layer312can be used to provide for more efficient data storage by eliminating multiple instances of the same data stored on storage units. Data blocks that are duplicated between files are rearranged within the storage units such that one copy of the data occupies physical storage. References to the single copy can be inserted into the file system structure such that all files or containers that contain the data refer to the same instance of the data. Deduplication can be performed on a data storage device block basis. In some aspects, data blocks on a storage device can be identified using a physical volume block number (PVBN). The PVBN uniquely identifies a particular block on a storage device. Additionally, blocks within a file can be identified by a file block number (FBN). The FBN is a logical block number that indicates the logical position of a block within a file relative to other blocks in the file. For example, FBN0represents the first block of a file, FBN1represents the second block, etc. FBNs can be mapped to a PVBN that is the actual data block on the storage device. During deduplication operations, blocks in a file that contain the same data are deduplicated by mapping the FBN for the block to the same PVBN, and maintaining a reference count of the number of FBNs that map to the PVBN. For example, assume that FBN0and FBN5of a file contain the same data, while FBNs1-4contain unique data. FBNs1-4are mapped to different PVBNs. FBN0and FBN5may be mapped to the same PVBN, thereby reducing storage requirements for the file. Similarly, blocks in different files that contain the same data can be mapped to the same PVBN. For example, if FBN0of file A contains the same data as FBN3of file B, FBN0of file A may be mapped to the same PVBN as FBN3of file B.

Data compression layer314provides data compression services for the storage controller. File data may be compressed according to policies established for the storage controller using any lossless data compression technique.

WAFL layer316stores data in an on-disk format representation that is block-based using, e.g., 3 kilobyte (KB) blocks and using a data structure such as index nodes (“inodes”) to identify files and file attributes (such as creation time, access permissions, size and block location). In WAFL architectures, modified data for a file may be written to any available location, as contrasted to write-in-place architectures in which modified data is written to the original location of the data, thereby overwriting the previous data.

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) layer318can be used to distribute file data across multiple data storage devices in a storage volume (e.g., storage volume112,130) to provide data redundancy, error prevention and correction, and increased storage performance. Various RAID architectures can be used as indicated by a RAID level.

In some aspects, the deduplication operations performed by data deduplication layer312on one node can be leveraged for use on another node during data replication operations. For example, node102may perform deduplication operations to provide for storage efficiency with respect to data stored on storage volume112. The benefit of the deduplication operations performed on node102can be provided to node122with respect to the data on node102that is replicated on node122. In some aspects, a data transfer protocol, referred to as the LRSE (Logical Replication for Storage Efficiency) protocol, can be used as part of replicating the consistency group differences110from node102to node122. In the LRSE protocol, node122maintains a history buffer that keeps track of data blocks that it has previously received. In some aspects, the history buffer tracks the PVBNs and FBNs associated with the data blocks that have been transferred from node102to node122. Node122can request that blocks it already has not be transferred by node102. Further, node122can receive deduplicated data, and need not perform deduplication operations on data replicated from node102.

Similarly, the compression performed on the data by the data compression layer314can be leveraged in replicating data to node122. For example, the LRSE protocol can transfer the data in its already compressed form, eliminating the need for node122to perform a separate data compression.

FIG. 4is a flowchart400illustrating operations for replicating a subset of volume data from a source node to a destination node. The example operations illustrated inFIG. 4may be implemented on a node (e.g. node102,FIG. 1). According to some features, the example operations may be implemented by a replication engine104and filter108on a management host202(FIG. 2).

At block402, a source node creates a first volume snapshot for a volume on a set of one or more storage devices coupled to the source node. The first volume snapshot may be a copy of the data for the designated volume at a first point in time.

At a later point in time, at block404the source node creates a second volume snapshot for the volume.

It should be noted that the operations illustrated inFIG. 4may be repeated for each consistency group or volume on a source node. The second volume snapshot may be a copy of the data in the volume at a second point in time.

At block406, the node generates a set of differences between the data in the first point in time and the second point in time. Thus the set of differences will represent the changes to the data that occurred between the first point in time and the second point in time. The differences can be processed such that only differences for one or more consistency groups in the volume are determined. In some aspects, configuration data may be read to determine the consistency groups, and only data associated with a consistency group is included in the first and second snapshots. In alternative aspects, the snapshots can include data for the entire volume, and can be processed by a filter (e.g., filter108) such that only data for a consistency group is included in the set of differences. In some aspects, the set of differences are block level differences. That is, blocks that differ between the snapshots are included in the filtered set of differences, while blocks that are the same are not included in the filtered set of differences.

At block408, the set of differences are transmitted to the destination node. In some aspects, the set of differences are transmitted using the LRSE protocol described above.

FIG. 5is a flowchart500illustrating operations for maintaining replicated data on a destination node, according to some features. For example, the operations can be performed by a replication engine104executing on a destination node122(FIG. 1).

At block502, the destination node receives a set of differences for data that is part a consistency group. As noted above, the set of differences may be received according to an LRSE protocol, which as noted above, can preserve block sharing and compression savings over the network.

At block504, the destination node processes the set of differences to create one or more change logs. The domain of a change log can be a consistency group for a volume, or it can be for individual LUNs, VMDKs or file systems within a consistency group. In some aspects, the set of differences can be written directly to the change log. In alternative aspects, the destination node can apply the data operations to change data on the destination node in accordance with the set of differences and can log metadata blocks in the change log that provide information about the differences.

At block506, a check is made to determine if the change logs are to be applied to the data for the consistency group in a volume. Various conditions may be used to determine if the change logs are to be applied. In some aspects, the change logs may be applied at the request of a user. In alternative aspects, the change logs may be periodically applied according to a backup schedule. For example, a user may wish to maintain hourly backups, daily backups, weekly backups, and monthly backups. Thus in some aspects, the change logs may be applied hourly, with snapshots taken after application of the change logs. Snapshots may then be retained such that a set of hourly backups exists for the most recent day, a set of daily snapshots are retained for one week, a set of weekly snapshots are retained for a month, and a set of monthly snapshots may be retained as long as specified by the user. The snapshots on the destination node can have a different granularity than the snapshots taken on the source node. For example, the granularity of a snapshot on the destination node can be an individual file, an individual LUN, or groups of files or LUNs. In some aspects, the snapshots can be based on a file cloning feature in which the cloned copies of the file(s) or LUN(s) have their own metadata to define the file attributes, but share the same physical space as the source file or LUN. If changes occur to either the cloned copy of the original source file, the changed data can be written to a new data block that is no longer shared between the source and the clone.

If the check at block506determines that the change logs are to be applied to the consistency group data, then at block508, the updated data for the files, LUNs, VMDKs or other containers in the consistency group is applied to the volume data and the change logs can be discarded. The method then returns to block502to await reception of further consistency group difference data, which can be used to create new change logs.

Alternatively, if the check at block506determines that the change logs are not yet to be applied, the method returns to block502to await reception of further consistency group difference data that can be used to create additional change logs.

FIG. 6is a flowchart600illustrating operations for providing file data for a file that is replicated on a destination node, according to some features. The operations may be performed in response to a request by a client that desires to read data from a file, LUN, VMDK etc. that is part of a consistency group, where the data to be read by the client is data for the consistency group that is replicated on a backup node.

At block602, a backup node receives a request to access a file that is part of replicated data for a consistency group. In some aspects, the request can specify a particular version of the file. For example, if there have been five sets of changes to the file after the file's initial creation, there will be six versions of the file. The first version represents the file as it was initially created, while subsequent versions correspond to the five sets of changes in one or more change logs. The sets of changes may be in a subset of the full set of change logs such that changes associated with versions after the requested version are not applied.

At block604, in some aspects, a clone is made of the desired file. The clone is a copy of the file as it currently exists on the volume on the backup node. Note that while the clone is an exact copy of the file on the backup node, it may not be an exact copy of the same file on the primary or source node. This is because there may be transactions in a change log that have not yet been applied to the volume on the backup node.

At block606, a check is made to determine if there is any updated data in a change log that corresponds to the requested block. If the check at block610determines that there is no update data in any change logs, then the method terminates.

If the check at block606determines that there are one or more updates in one or more change logs, then at block608, the backup node determines which updates in the change logs correspond to the requested version of the file and applies the changes in the change log to the clone of the file. Note that the data for the file in its current state is not updated with the change log data. Rather, the copy of the data in the clone is updated and can be used for subsequent file operations.

FIG. 7depicts a block diagram illustrating data blocks for an example file as replicated and used on a backup node per the operations illustrated inFIG. 6. For the purposes of the example, source file704has four data blocks, labeled as FBNs0-3inFIG. 7. FBNs0-3are mapped to PVBNs1,2,4and6on a data storage device. The state of the PVBNS of the storage device are represented as blocks702.1After a request has been made to access the file, a clone file706.1is created. As shown inFIG. 7, the FBNs0-3of the clone file706.1are mapped to the same physical blocks on the storage device (e.g., PVBNS1,2,4and6) as source file704. Cross hatching has been used to indicate that the data for FBN3in source file704is the same data as for FBN3of clone file706.1.

After the clone file706.1is created, the node checks to determine if there are any change logs having updated data for the blocks of source file704. In this example, change log708has an update for FBN3of the source file704. The changed data is indicated in the change log by using different cross hatching than that of FBN3in source file704.

Blocks702.2illustrate the changes to the state of the storage device after the updates to file704in change log708have been applied. In particular, PVBN7has been written with the changed data in the change long708, as indicated by the cross hatching applied to PVBN7in blocks702.2. Additionally, FBN3of clone file706.2has been remapped to PVBN7. Clone file706.2is no longer an exact replica of source file704. However, clone file706.2still shares PVBNs1,2and6with source file704.

As can be seen from the above, aspects of the disclosure do not restrict a user to a volume level of granularity for data protection, data recovery and failover operations. For example, a granularity of a file, LUN, VMDK or other unit of data storage may be used to provide a user flexibility in determining a data protection, data recovery or failover domain, while preserving the efficiencies associated with specifying a volume as a failover domain.

Further, other granularities can be specified. For instance, an application granularity can be specified. Consider the example of application A and application B referred to above with respect toFIG. 1.FIG. 1shows data for application A and data for application B replicating to same destination storage volume. Alternatively, a user could specify that data for application A is to be replicated, while application B is not. In the event of a failover of application A, node122could become the primary copy of data for application A while node102remains the primary copy of data for application B. After failover, data for application A can continue to replicated from node122to node102(i.e., the replication direction can be reversed) without requiring a full baseline transfer. In general, the sub-volume granular replication described above allows bi-directional replication relationships between two volumes in a space efficient ant processing efficient manner.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the disclosure may be implemented as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the disclosure may take the form of a hardware aspect, a software aspect (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an aspect combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, an electro-magnetic signal, an optical signal, an infrared signal, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with a computer. Program code embodied on a computer readable signal medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as the Java® programming language, C++ or the like; a dynamic programming language such as Python; a scripting language such as Perl programming language or PowerShell script language; and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on a stand-alone computer, may execute in a distributed manner across multiple computers, and may execute on one computer while providing results and or accepting input on another computer.

While the aspects of the disclosure are described with reference to various implementations and exploitations, it will be understood that these aspects are illustrative and that the scope of the aspects is not limited to them. In general, techniques for synchronizing replicated data across nodes in a networked storage system as described herein may be implemented with facilities consistent with any hardware system or hardware systems. Many variations, modifications, additions, and improvements are possible.