System for compensating for cathode variations in display devices utilizing line cathodes

In a flat panel cathodoluminescent display utilizing a plurality of electron guns a single line cathode is used as the electron source for all guns. Changes in electron beam current resulting from vibration of the line cathode are compensated for by the application of voltages which are related to the current changes. The compensating voltages are applied through an impedance network which relates the voltages in accordance with the envelope of vibration so that the actual compensations at the individual guns are related to the actual current changes at the respective guns.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to flat panel image display devices 
utilizing line cathodes and particularly to systems for compensating for 
electron beam current variations caused by the mechanical vibration of the 
cathodes in such systems. Exemplary of systems which utilize line cathodes 
are the two systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,121,137, issued to Thomas 
L. Credelle and U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,814, issued to Frank J. Marlowe. The 
systems described in these two patents relate to flat panel display 
devices and each of the patents describes a system for maintaining a 
uniform brightness across the entire viewing area of such a display. 
U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,814 is of particular interest because, as will be fully 
described hereinafter, the inventive features of the instant invention can 
be combined with the unique circuitry described in the patent to realize 
an improved visual display in flat panel display devices. 
The environment of the instant invention can be understood by making 
reference to FIG. 1 which shows an exemplary flat panel display device of 
the type presently known in the art. In order to show the internal 
structure the upper and lower portions of FIG. 1 are shown in partial 
cut-away section. 
In FIG. 1 the flat panel display device is generally indicated by reference 
numeral 10 and includes a back panel 11 and a display panel 12 which are 
coupled by two side walls 13 and upper and lower walls 14 and 16, 
respectively. The envelope 10, formed by the two planar panels and four 
sides, is evacuated in the same manner as other cathodoluminescent display 
devices. A plurality of nonconductive vanes 17 divide the envelope 10 into 
a plurality of electron beam channels 18. Each of the channels 13 contains 
two grids or meshes 19 and 21 which are parallel spaced along the length 
of the channels 18 to form guides so that electron beams can travel the 
length of the channels 18 between the two meshes 19 and 21. The 
construction and operation of the display device shown in FIG. 1 are fully 
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,121,137 and 4,126,814 and these descriptions 
are incorporated by reference herein. 
As shown in FIG. 1, cathode 22 is supported at both ends by mounting means 
23 and 24 so that the entire length of the cathode extending between the 
two mounts 23 and 24 is free. One end of the cathode 22 is provided with 
an electrical connecting means 26 permitting the application of an 
energizing voltage to the cathode. The vanes 17 divide the envelope into a 
plurality of equally dimensioned channels (for example 40) and, therefore, 
the cathode 22 can be viewed as a plurality of cathodes equal in number to 
the number of channels and individually placed at the centers of the 
channels 18. 
The display device 10, also includes a collector 25 extending the entire 
length of the side 14 and transversely across the ends of all of the 
channels 18. Electron beams propagating along the channels 18 and not 
ejected onto the display surface 12 are made to impact with the collector 
25. As described hereinafter the currents resulting from such impacts are 
detected at the collector 25 and used to establish voltages. These 
voltages vary because of vibration of the cathode and thus are used as 
vibration compensation voltages to offset the detrimental effects of the 
cathode vibration on the display panel 12. 
Cathodoluminescent display devices of the type described with respect to 
FIG. 1 have been demonstrated as being feasible for large flat panel 
displays. However, because a single line cathode is used and because the 
cathode is supported only at the two ends, the cathode is placed under 
tension in order to accurately position and space the cathode with respect 
to the two meshes 19 and 21. The cathode therefore is subjected to 
vibration which degrades the fidelity of the display because the electron 
beam current fluctuates as a result of the vibration. A more complete 
understanding of the effect of the vibration on electron beam current can 
be gained by viewing FIGS. 2 and 3. 
In FIG. 2 horizontal displacement in the Z direction results in a change 
.DELTA.z of the spacing z between the cathode 22 and the guide meshes 19 
and 21. This motion in FIG. 1 appears as vertical motion. Vibration in the 
Y direction changes the position of the cathode 22 with respect to the 
center of the space between the meshes 19 and 21; in FIG. 1 such motion is 
horizontal. Vibration of the cathode 22 can occur in the Z direction, the 
Y direction or the vector summation of any direction between those two 
directions. The effect of vibration in the Y direction on electron beam 
current is different from the effect of vibration in the Z direction. 
Typically the cathode 22 is positioned along the center line of the spacing 
between the guide meshes 19 and 21. With the cathode in this position 
electrons emitted by the cathode 22 enter the spacing between the guide 
meshes 19 and 21 substantially uniformly dispersed above and below the 
center line. However, because vibration in the Y direction vertically 
displaces the cathode 22 in FIG. 2, the balance of electron entrance with 
respect to the center line is upset so that fewer electrons enter the beam 
guide when the cathode is displaced from the center position. The instant 
invention does not provide specific means for compensating for this 
vibration; however, some compensation is automatically provided because Y 
direction vibration causes a decrease in electron beam current. 
Accordingly, because the inventive system provides compensating voltages 
which are related to increases and decreases in the electron beam current 
of each electron gun of the system, some compensation for Y directed 
vibration is automatically provided. 
Vibration in the Z direction causes the spacing z between the cathode 22 
and the grid meshes 19 and 21 to increase and decrease at a frequency 
which is identical to the vibration frequency of the cathode. As is known 
to those skilled in the art, the frequency of vibration of a wire under 
tension supported only at the ends is inversely proportional to the length 
of the wire and the square root of the ratio of the mass per unit length 
of the wire and the tension in the wire. Because all of these factors are 
known, it is possible to determine the resonant frequency of the cathode. 
Typically, this frequency will be between 20 Hz and 200 Hz. The frequency 
of the application of the vibration compensating voltages will be 
dependent upon the horizontal sweep time of the electron beams, typically 
this is 15 KHz. Because of the substantial difference, between these two 
frequencies (which in all instances is at least 75:1) the cathode can be 
considered to be at rest during the period of horizontal sweep and for the 
purposes of applying the compensation voltages and for determining the 
magnitude of such voltages. 
The effect of cathode vibration in the Z direction can be expressed as: 
##EQU1## 
where 
i=beam current 
I=quiescent current at z=z.sub.o 
z=z.sub.o +.DELTA.z instaneous guide cathode separation 
z.sub.o =z with no cathode vibration 
V.sub.m =modulation potential 
V.sub.c =cutoff voltage 
By denoting the total compensation voltage required as V, the compensation 
voltage is described by: 
##EQU2## 
where 
V=total compensation voltage 
V.sub.o =quiescent compensation voltage 
V.sub.1 =first harmonic compensation voltage 
V.sub.2 =second harmonic compensation voltage 
V.sub.i =highest harmonic for which a compensation voltage is required 
When V=V.sub.o and z=z.sub.o there is no vibration and no compensation is 
required. However, when z is not equal to z.sub.o the necessary 
compensation can be shown to be: 
##EQU3## 
If only the fundamental is compensated for, it can be mathematically shown 
that the required compensation voltage defined by expression (3) reduces 
to 
##EQU4## 
where C is a constant. 
It is evident from equation 4 above that the instantaneous electron beam 
current is linearly related to the displacement .DELTA.z of the cathode 
with respect to the opening between the guide meshes 19 and 21. However, 
because the cathode 22 displays the characteristics of a vibrating wire, 
the deplacement .DELTA.z is different for each of the electron beam 
channels 18. This can be understood by making reference to FIG. 3. 
In FIG. 3 the cathode 22 is shown in a rest position 22a and an 
instantaneous displaced position 22b, under conditions appropriate to 
equation 4. Additionally, because the cathode is centered with respect to 
the display panel 10, the maximum displacement occurs between the 20th and 
21st modules, for the 40 module example given herein. It naturally follows 
that the minimum displacement occurs at the center of the 1st and 40th 
modules. In FIG. 3, five of the forty modules are indicated as n.sub.1, 
n.sub.10, n.sub.20, n.sub.31 and n.sub.40. In FIG. 3, the maximum 
displacement between the 20th and 21st modules, is represented by the 
amplitude A. The displacement at any arbitrary position along the cathode 
is represented by .DELTA.z. From the definition of the configuration of a 
vibrating wire, .DELTA.z can be shown to be: 
##EQU5## 
where: 
.DELTA.z=amplitude at right hand boundary of module "n" 
N=the total number of modules 
s=distance between outside boundaries of outermost modules and the cathode 
mounts 
M=the center to center distance between adjacent modules 
A=.DELTA.z at the antinode 
n=the module number along the line cathode length. 
Equation (5) and inspection of FIG. 3 show that the displacement .DELTA.z 
is symmetrical about the boundary between the 20th and 21st modules which 
is located at the antinode of the vibrating cathode. Hence, the 
displacement .DELTA.z at the right boundary for the 10th and 30th modules 
is the same, as is the displacement 5th and 35th modules, etc. 
In FIG. 3 the cathode 22 is supported at a distance s from the left and 
right edges respectively of the outermost modules n1 and n40. For this 
reason the displacement .DELTA.z for the two outer electron guns is always 
greater than zero when the cathode 22 is vibrating. The two portions s of 
the cathode 22 are not associated with any of the channels 18 and thus 
have no affect on the quality of the visual display. Also, the antinode is 
located at the boundary between the modules n20 and n21. The amplitude 
.DELTA.z given by equation 5, therefore, is not located at the center of 
the modules, but rather is defined at points located along the right hand 
boundary of each module. However, because the current variations which 
occur due to vibration of the cathode are sensed at an electron gun 
associated with the center of module n20, the sensing occurs at a location 
slightly displaced from the antinode. This displacement would result in 
the introduction of a slight error because the distance .DELTA.z at the 
center of module n20 is less than the amplitude A at the antinode. 
Equation 5 can be corrected for this displacement by subtracting the term: 
"M/2" from the numerator, where M represents the center to center spacing 
of adjacent modules. In equation 5 the denominator is equivalent to the 
length of the cathode 22 between the mounts 23 and 24. The amplitude at 
the center of the "nth" module is therefore: 
##EQU6## 
where: 
.DELTA.z=displacement along the cathode at center of module "n" 
A=displacement at the antinode 
N=the total number of modules (electron guns) 
M=the center to center distance of adjacent modules 
s=the distance between the outside surfaces of the outermost modules and 
the cathode mounts 
n=the module number. 
The above description has not considered the possible effects of the 
harmonic frequencies above the fundamental of the vibration of the 
cathode. Typically, higher harmonic frequency effects on the beam current 
will not be sufficient to degrade the visual display and therefore no 
additional compensation ordinarily is required. Should such additional 
compensation be required, it will be recognized that the second harmonic 
frequency will be twice that of the fundamental. The nodes will appear at 
the supported ends and between modules n20 and n21. One of the antinodes 
will appear between modules n10 and n11 and the other antinode between 
modules n30 and n31. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Changes in electron beam current caused by vibration of a line cathode in a 
flat panel cathodoluminescent display device utilizing a plurality of 
electron guns are sensed. Compensation voltages which are related to the 
current changes are applied to the grids of the electron guns. Different 
compensating voltages are applied to the individual electron guns through 
an impedance network. The values utilized in the impedance network are 
defined by the mathematical definition of the displacement envelope of a 
vibrating wire.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
As shown in FIG. 4 the output of the collector 25 is electrically coupled 
to one input of a comparator 26, the output of which is coupled to a 
counter 27. The output of the counter 27 is directed to a 
digital-to-analog converter (D/A), the output of which serves as the 
second input to the comparator 26. 
The output of comparator 26 also serves as an input to a cutoff logic 
circuit 29, the output of which controls the opened and closed states of 
two switches 31 and 32. The switches 31 and 32, respectively apply a 
positive and a negative voltage to a grid control line 33 through a 
multiplier 34. As is fully described hereinafter, these two voltages are 
the .DELTA.z compensation voltages. The signal available on the control 
line 33 is used to control the voltages on the grids G1, G20 and G40 which 
are located at modules n1, n20 and n40. The signal on the line 33 also is 
applied to the grids associated with all of the channels 18, although the 
other grids are not shown in FIG. 4. The voltage applied to the grid G1 is 
applied through a resistor R1, the voltages applied to the grids G20 and 
G40 are applied through resistors R20 and R40 respectively. Accordingly, 
because the displacement of .DELTA.z of cathode 22a, as shown in FIG. 3, 
varies at the center of each module in accordance with equation 6 the 
proper voltages for compensating for vibration in the Z direction are 
applied to each of the grids G1 through G40 by selecting the weighting 
impedances R1 through R40 in accordance with a weighting function which is 
related to the vibration envelope of the cathode 22. Typically the 
weighting impedances R1 through R40 are resistances, but if desired other 
impedances can be used. 
The largest vibration compensation voltage is required at the module 
closest to the antinode. Therefore, the smallest impedance value is 
employed at that module. The values of the impedances used at the other 
modules, therefore, are related to the module nearest the antinode by the 
weighting function: 
##EQU7## 
where: 
R.sub.n =impedance used at the nth module 
R.sub.N/2 =impedance used at the module nearest the antinode 
N=total number of modules (electron guns) 
s=distance between outside boundary of outermost modules and the cathode 
mounts 
M=the center to center spacing between adjacent modules 
n=the module number. 
Also because the envelope of vibration is symmetrical about the antinode, 
the displacement .DELTA.z, and thus the impedances, also are symmetrical 
about the antinode. The impedance symmetry, therefore is defined by the 
relationship: 
EQU Rn=R.sub.(N-n+1) (8) 
where: 
Rn=the impedance at the nth module (electron gun) 
R.sub.(N-n+1) =impedance at the (N-n+1).sup.th module 
n=the nth module 
N=the total number of modules. 
Referring again to FIG. 4, each of the grids G1 through G40 is associated 
with an amplifier 36. The amplifiers 36 are actuated by digital-to-analog 
converters 37. The D/A converters 37 convert the digital outputs from 
random access memories (RAM) 38 to analog signals which are used to 
control the modulation voltages applied to the grids G1 through G40. 
Secondary shift registers 39 and primary shift registers 41 provide inputs 
to the RAM's 38. The shift registers 39 and 41 as well as the RAM's 38 and 
the D/A converters 37 are used to maintain a uniform brightness over the 
modules composing the viewing surface 21 of the envelope 10 of FIG. 1. The 
operation of these components is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 
4,126,814, issued to Frank J. Marlowe. The present invention utilizes the 
same collector 25 as the invention described in the Marlowe patent and the 
present invention cooperates with the invention therein described to 
maintain a uniform brightness across the video output of the envelope 10 
while simultaneously compensating for vibration of the cathode 22. 
A parallel connection of a capacitor 42 and a resistor 43 is coupled to the 
input of a multiplier 34. The capacitor 42 stores the vibration correction 
voltage and the resistor 43 discharges this voltage to zero with a time 
constant which is many times greater than the TV display line time. The 
capacitor 42 and the resistor 43 therefore cooperate to insure that the 
vibration correction voltage has an average value of zero. If the average 
value of the correction voltage were other than zero, the initial cutoff 
value stored in the RAM 38 associated with grid G20 when the power is 
turned on would cause spurious values of the quiescent correction voltage 
which would remain as constant DC components. 
As mentioned above, the required level of the compensation voltage is 
determined during horizontal blanking of the display. For this reason the 
determination is made at a frequency in the order of 15 KHz. However, the 
cathode will have a resonant vibration frequency in the order of 20 Hz to 
200 Hz. The compensation voltage therefore can be determined and applied 
as if the cathode were at rest in the displaced position. 
In order to determine the required compensation voltage for the fundamental 
vibration frequency all guns except the one at module n20 are biased below 
cutoff by applying an inhibit signal to the amplifiers 36. It should be 
noted that because of the symmetry of .DELTA.z about the antinode if 
desired the current from module n21 can be used. Alternatively, the 
currents from the modules n20 and n21 can be detected and the results 
averaged. The digital input to the D/A converter 37 situated at the module 
n20 is set at the cutoff voltage which would be required if the cathode 
were at rest. Because the cathode is vibrating the gun at module n20 may 
be either above or below cutoff. When the gun is above cutoff electrons 
impact collector 25 producing an input to comparator 26. The output of 
comparator 26 is applied to the cutoff logic circuit 29 and closes the 
switch 31 so that the cutoff voltage on the gun at n20 is changed and 
adjusted to the level required for electron flow to cease with the cathode 
in the displaced position. The compensation voltage determined in this 
manner is applied to the grids of all the electron guns G1 through G40 
over the control line 33 and by means of the resistors R1 through R40. 
However, because the resistor valves are selected in accordance with 
equation (7), the voltages applied to the grids G1 through G40 are 
weighted in accordance with the envelope of the displaced cathode. 
When the electron gun at module n20 is below cutoff, the operation is the 
same as described above except the switch 32 is closed to change the 
biasing voltage until electron flow first begins with the cathode in the 
displaced position. The compensation voltage adjustment made by closing 
the switches 31 and 32 therefore are related to the displacement .DELTA.z. 
During the next horizontal blanking period, the displacement of the cathode 
has changed and the process is repeated. 
In the event that significant second or higher harmonic effects are 
present, the above procedure is repeated but electron beam current changes 
are measured at the appropriate antinodes. Also, the voltages are applied 
through additional sets of resistors, the weighting functions of which are 
determined in accordance with equations similar to (7) above, but modified 
so as to describe the envelope(s) of the higher harmonics.