Turbo-machines operating at the maximum possible efficiency

New concepts of Components and Unities of Turbo-Machines based on a mathematical theory checked through experiments and permitting to predict the behaviour of a fluid particle subjected to a system of forces; Structures enabling all types of Single and Compound Turbo-Machines to operate through new principles insuring the Maximum Possible Efficiency to these Machines.

This invention relates to new concepts of Turbo-Machines structured for 
operating on several new principles, one of which is based on the fact 
that: whereas the Dynamic Power (further defined) of the solid bodies is 
only function of the square velocity of their motion: 
EQU P=F V=(1/2) M V.sup.2 ( 1) 
the Dynamic Power of the Fluid Masses is a Function of the Cubic Power of 
their Mass-Flow Velocity, as by substituting for the Mass M, in Equation 
(1) the Mass M expressed by the second member of the Equation of 
Continuity: 
EQU M=.rho.SV (2) 
corresponding to a fluid of density .rho., section area S, flowing off at 
the Velocity V, it comes: 
EQU P=F V=1/2M V.sup.2 =(0.5)(.rho.SV) V.sup.2 =(0.5).rho.SV.sup.3 ( 3) 
The first principle of the invention consists to utilize the form of Energy 
exhibited by Equation (3) that which requires to prevent the losses of 
charge in all the ways; and to that effect the Structures of the 
Turbo-Machines of the invention are designed in order to "Prime" the 
motion of the acting mass-flow everywhere it is possible; 
The Primers of the invention are devices which, in order to convert at the 
Maximum Possible Efficiency the Energy of the Activating Fluids, never 
subject them to: high angle of attack, shocks, discontinuity, braking 
effect, and friction; but in an opposite manner change their direction or 
type of motion through "Soft processes" like: Induction, Tangential 
Solicitation, Contact with Smoothly Curved and Short Guides, on Polished 
Surfaces, Rotating Cylinders and "Confluence Through Aspiration" that is 
to say: with a decrease of the initial section area of a duct proportional 
to the increase of the mass-flow velocity; and with combination of all 
these processes in order to avoid the flow disturbances while enabling the 
streamlines of the activating mass-flow to permanently harmonize their 
behaviour to the variations of their motion parameters; This is the second 
principle of the invention; 
The most striking natural example of "Primer" is the generation of the 
Tornados, or Hurricanes, which at some locations, like in the Caribbean 
Sea, take systematically origin at the same definite points as soon as the 
required conditions are satisfied, i.e.: when the Trade-Winds blow as a 
regular parallel flow and is "Primed" to start in curved trajectory by an 
insulated Hill on an Island with both combining an appropriate form for 
generating a "Potential Vortex" constituting the core of a Tornado; the 
formation of which could be avoid by suppressing, or at least preventing 
by change of configuration such a detrimental combination; 
Considering the Transfer of energy between Active and Receiptive Unities 
like the Criterion of Efficiency, such a Function has been checked through 
series of tests performed with a Turbo-Machine further described, "Without 
Stationary Parts" comprising only Two Single Unities: an Accelerator and a 
Radial Turbine constituting a Torque-Converter, operating in free air, 
therefore Without Recuperation of the Kinetic Energy Carried Away in the 
Ejected Mass-Flow; the Selected Criterion was the "Turbine Torque 
Multiplicating Factor at Start, of the Turbine Motion of the Engine's 
Torque Activating the Accelerator" the average magnitude of which, in 
agreement with the theory, is equal to: 
EQU .mu.=5.50 
Through combination of the structures of the invention it is possible to 
realise a "Converter of Fluid Energy," further described, for operating at 
very high efficiency, particularly interesting for recuperating the energy 
of the Sub-Marin Currents, and which allows it to generate any amount of 
Energy with unities much smaller than all the other ones in existence 
today; 
In order to facilitate the understanding of the invention and to satisfy at 
once the "Specification Condition" as required in the Code of Federal 
Regulations, it is mathematically demonstrated now, how and why the 
conventional Active Turbo-Machines operate always at limited acceleration, 
as unable to take advantage of any additional increase: .DELTA.V.sub.o, of 
the initial velocity: V.sub.o, of their Activating Mass-Flow: 
EQU M.sub.o =.rho.S.sub.o V.sub.o ; 
Such a demonstration is based on the development of a "Theory of Impulse 
for Fluids" which must agree with the "Principle of Energy" something 
which so far does not exist; 
The First Parameter required for developing this Theory is the "Length of 
the Fluid Volume" accelerated at once by the Actuator Disc of the 
considered Turbo-Machine, which is obtained as follows: 
In agreement with theory experiments show that: 
The distance extended between the Upstream Boundary Section an Actuator 
Disc starts to accelerate the ambient fluid and its own active plane, is 
equal to 20% of its diameter; .phi..sub.AD, and: 
The distance from same Actuator Disc to the Downstream Section the 
Acceleration is Achieved, is equal to 80% of its diameter; 
Therefore the total length of the cylindrical fluid volume accelerated by 
an Actuator Disc is equal to the Diameter: .phi..sub.AD, of its own Disc 
Area: S.sub.AD ; and because this accelerated volume is always smaller 
than the volume: .nu..sub.o of the coming Mass-flow: M.sub.o =.rho. 
.nu..sub.o =S.sub.AD V.sub.o, it will be denoted: Sub-Unit-Volume: 
.nu..sub.1, with the index "1" referring to the Fluid-Mass activated by 
the Actuator Disc, and such a Fluid-Mass denoted: Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow 
M.sub.1 ; 
The above relationship permits to evaluate the Sub-Unit-Volume .nu..sub.1 
of the Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow M.sub.1 and density .rho., subjected to the 
acceleration of the Actuator Disc, volume which is equal to the product of 
its Section Area: S.sub.AD, by its length equals to its Diameter: 
.phi..sub.AD, or: 
EQU .nu..sub.1 =S.sub.AD .phi..sub.AD ( 4), 
from which comes the expression of the corresponding Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow 
M.sub.1 : 
EQU M.sub.1 =.rho..nu..sub.1 =.rho.S.sub.AD .phi..sub.AD ( 5) 
Because the initial velocity: V.sub.o of the Mass-Flow M.sub.o entering the 
Actuator Disc is the Length of the Unit Mass-Flow M.sub.o : 
EQU M.sub.o =.rho..nu..sub.o =.rho.S.sub.AD V.sub.o ( 6), 
and with the Section Area: S.sub.AD of constant magnitude, the Ratio of 
the Length: V.sub.o of the Mass-Flow M.sub.o, to the Length: .phi..sub.AD 
of the Sub-Mass-Flow: M.sub.1, determines the Number: N, of said 
Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow: M.sub.1 Accelerated During One Second Unit of Time by 
the Actuator Disc of the Active Turbo-Machine: 
EQU V.sub.o /.phi..sub.AD =N (7), 
and the inverse of the Number N determines the Sub-Unit-Time: 
EQU t.sub.su =1/N (8) 
The Accelerating Force: F.sub.x1 =Constant, applied on the 
Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow M.sub.1, by the Actuator Disc transmits to same the 
Axial Acceleration: .gamma..sub.x1, so that: 
EQU F.sub.x1 =M.sub.1 .gamma..sub.x1 =M.sub.1 dV/dt (9) 
which can be identically written in the form of "Instant Action:" 
EQU F.sub.x1 dt=M.sub.1 dV (10), 
then multiplying both sides by V.sub.1 in order to obtain a consistent 
expression of "Instant Power" and Integrating yields: 
##EQU1## 
Expression denoted as the "Dynamic Power" transmitted to the 
Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow M.sub.1, during the Sub-Unit-Time: t.sub.su ; 
At the instant origin: t=0, the initial velocity of the entering Mass-Flow 
is equal to V.sub.o, the constant of integration is therefore equal to: 
EQU C.sup.t =-M.sub.1 V.sub.o.sup.2 /2 (12) 
so that complete Equation (11) takes the final form: 
EQU F.sub.x1 V.sub.1 t.sub.su =(M.sub.1 V.sub.1.sup.2 /2)-(M.sub.1 
V.sub.o.sup.2 /2). (13) 
Noticing that the product: V.sub.1 t.sub.su expresses the Diameter 
.phi..sub.AD, so that: 
EQU V.sub.1 t.sub.su =.phi..sub.AD ( 14) 
& Equation (13) represents, in a new form, the Principle of Energy which 
states that: 
"The total change in Kinetic Energy of a Material Particle in motion is 
equal to the Work done by the Active Force along the corresponding 
Displacement;" 
Now, from Equation (13) comes out the "Exact expression of an Impulse:" 
EQU I=M.sub.1 (V.sub.1.sup.2 -V.sub.o.sup.2)/2V.sub.1 =F.sub.x1 t.sub.su ( 15) 
which is defined as follows: "An Impulse is the semi-product of a Mass by 
the Difference between the Square Power of its Final and Initial 
Velocities, Divided by its Final Velocity" 
Solving Equation (15) relatively to the Velocity V.sub.1 gives: 
##EQU2## 
Now back to Equation (15) and substituting in, for t.sub.su its identical 
value: 1/N, from Equation (8), and for F.sub.x1, its identical value: 
M.sub.1 .gamma..sub.x1, from Equation (9); Equation (15) becomes: 
##EQU3## 
from which comes out the specific Equation of the Velocity V.sub.1 
transmitted by the Impulse of an Active Turbo-Machine: 
EQU V.sub.1.sup.2 -(2.gamma..sub.x1 /N)V.sub.1 -V.sub.o.sup.2 =0 (18) 
Which yields for the Velocity V.sub.1 at the Outlet of the Active 
Turbo-Machine: 
##EQU4## 
Because the Magnitude: N=1, is the minimum possible for this parameter, as 
corresponding to: .phi..sub.AD =V.sub.o, Equation (16) demonstrates: That 
for N=1 the Velocity V.sub.1 is Maximum: 
##EQU5## 
And that the Term: .gamma..sub.x1 /N, of Equation (19) is a Rectangular 
Hyperbolic Function of the First Degree of N (Form: Y=1/X) therefore small 
increase of the Parameter N generates a rapid decrease of the Velocity 
V.sub.1, which tends towards the Magnitude V.sub.o as soon as N 
appreciably increases; 
Such a Physical-Mathematical Picture explains at once How and Why some 
concepts of "Machines Looking Good a Priori" never have been coming out! 
The Third Principle of the invention consists to provide the Active 
Turbo-Machines with All the Required Means, further described, for 
Eliminating such a Detrimental Limitation to their Efficiency; 
The Structures of the invention are available to all single and compound 
types of Turbo-Machines, With the Single Types comprising: Pumps, 
compressors, Blowers, Turbines, Propellers, and from the invention: one 
denoted "Helical-Radially-Spiraled Accelerator" and another one denoted 
"Composite Turbine" With the Compound Types comprising: Hydrodynamic 
Couplings, Hydrodynamic Transmissions, Torque Converters, Turbo-Jet and 
Turbo-Fan engines, Turbo-Propellers; and from the invention: two 
"Converters of Fluid Energy" one for liquids and one for gases, for 
operating through opened cycle, and one "Hydrodynamic 
Fluid-Clutch-Torque-Converter" for operating through closed cycle; 
The Compound Turbo-Machines denoted "Converters of Fluid Energy" operate on 
a new principle which consists as follows: "To Utilize a Fraction of 
Energy of the Activating Mass-Flow passing through the Actuator Disc of 
the Converter, for Accelerating the Complementary Fraction of said 
Activating Mass-Flow" in order to obtain the advantage of very High 
Efficiency as promised by the Equation (3);

The upper curve of FIG. 8 represents as a function of the R.P.M. of the 
Accelerator, therefore of the Motor, the "Multiplication of the Motor 
Torque at the Starting Motion of the Turbine," Criterion of Efficiency 
selected as the best Factor of the transferred Energy; 
As the compound Turbo-Machines now described comprise some similar or 
identical single unities, on the drawings such unities are denoted by the 
same number, and the following numerals denote: 10 a Support or Casing; 30 
an Accelerator; 40 an Axial Turbine; 50 a Radial Turbine; 
The compound Turbo-Machines denoted "Converters of Fluid Energy" described 
thereafter, operate through a new principle which consists: "To Utilise a 
Fraction of Energy of the Activating Mass-Flow Passing through the 
Actuator-Disk of the Converter, for Accelerating the Complementary 
Fraction of said Activating Mass-Flow", in order to get advantage of the 
very High Efficiency as promised by Equation (3); 
The Converter illustrated in FIG. 1 is available for All Fluids, and with 
the required means for taking support on either: the bed of the Sea, 
conventional or Sub-Marine Floats, Fixed or Vaning Systems, Tower or 
others, it provides the ideal solution for converting the energy of the 
Tides and of the Sub-Marine Currents, a source of Infinite Energy as 
permanently regenerated from Geothermy on the inner side, and from the Sun 
Energy on the outer side while available all over the Seas of the World, 
that is to say: on 73% of the total area of our Planet; 
This Converter comprises four components: 
(1) A structured Fixed Body 10, constituting the Central Part and the 
Support of the Converter, with a frontal Inlet 11, opening of an Axial 
Converging Channel 12, designed for converging the entering Mass-Flow 
M.sub.o towards the longitudinal axis: XX of the Fixed Body 10 and with a 
Fixed Central Shaft 13, on which are mounted free to rotate: 
(2) An External-Axial-Turbine 40, with its Blades radially extended around 
the Fixed Body 10, which in circling generate the 
External-Annular-Actuator Disk of the Converter; and with the effective 
Energy recuperated by the Axial Turbine 40 from the Activating Mass-Flow, 
transmitted in mechanical form to: 
(3) A Central Accelerator 30, which is at once a Receiptive and Active 
Unity: Receiptive as receiving simultaneously the energy from the 
Activating Central Mass-Flow M.sub.oc (index c helds for central) entering 
the Inlet 11, of the Convergent Channel 12; and the Effective Energy from 
the External-Axial Turbine 40, converted into mechanical form and 
transmitted on, in positive direction through the following Planetary 
System of Gears comprising: 
The Internal Gear Ring 70, integral with the Fixed Body 10, that meshes 
with a series of Planetary Gears 71, mounted free to rotate on the Axis 
72, integral with the Spar 41, of the Blade 40, and which are meshing all 
together with the Sun Gear 73, integral with said Accelerator 30, which is 
also and simultaneously: an Active Unity as transmitting through High 
Acceleration, "All the Effective Energy recuperated by the External Axial 
Turbine 40, from the Activating Mass-Flow M.sub.OA passing through its 
Annular Actuator Disk (index A helds for annular) to said Active 
Converging Central Mass-Flow M.sub.OC ;" 
(4) A receiptive Unity or "Radial Turbine" 50, set in rotational motion by 
the Central-Mass-Flow M.sub.OC accelerated at high velocity through the 
Accelerator 30, so that said Central-Mass-Flow M.sub.OC contains the 
Effective Energy of the Activating Mass-Flow flowing through the Total 
Area of the Central and Annular Actuators Disks of the Converter; and from 
the Theory of the invention, by virtue of the Equation (3) this Mass-Flow 
M.sub.OC is ejected in the form of a Mass-Flow of much smaller Section 
Area than that of the Total Actuator Disk, but at much higher velocity so 
that the Efficiency of this Converter has an incredible magnitude; 
All these unities are interdepending and designed for that the Functions of 
each one help the following one to fulfill its own Functions at the 
Maximum Efficiency; 
In addition to the Convergent Channel 12, and the Central Shaft 13, on 
which are mounted all the mobile components of the Converter, the 
Structure of the Fixed Support 10 comprises several Radial Primers 14 
connecting the Central Fixed Shaft 13, to the Channel Surface for either: 
guiding in straight direction or for Priming in a slow helicoidal positive 
or negative motion the streamlines of the Central Mass-Flow M.sub.OC 
entering the Inlet 11; Said Fixed Support 10, also comprises a Chamber of 
Machines 60, location of the Transformers or Transmitters (non 
illustrated) of the Mechanical Energy delivered by the motor shaft 59, of 
the receiptive Turbine 50, the cylindrical volume of which is extended 
between the rotating Flange 49, of the External-Radial Turbine 40, and the 
Fixed Flange 19, of the Fixed Support 10, on which is fixed the selected 
type of power transmitter; and, finally, the rear part of the Fixed 
Support 10, constitutes an Exhaust Partial Concave Elliptical Toric Primer 
20, designed for that the upper imaginary contour of said Primer be 
adjacent to the Mass-Flow M.sub.40 ejected downstream by the 
External-Axial Turbine 40, all around said central part, through its 
curved trailing edges, for that the Mass-Flow M.sub.50 ejected by the 
receiptive Turbine 50 comes out in sandwich position between the rotating 
fluid mass M.sub.20 and the Mass-Flow M.sub.40 ejected by the External 
Axial Turbine 40; 
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the Radial Turbine 50, discharges its Mass-Flow 
in a Prime-Collector 48, integral with the External-Axial-Turbine 40, 
therefore rotating in the same positive direction in avoiding all 
resistance; and the ejection angle of the Mass-Flow M.sub.50, depends upon 
the Prime Collector 48, that which allows to select such a direction for 
which its Axial Velocity Component V.sub.50 is smaller than that V.sub.40 
of the Mass-Flow M.sub.40 ; Under this condition, by induction through 
friction, an advance per turn, and therefore an Acceleration, can be 
transmitted to it by the Mass-Flow M.sub.40, for increasing its velocity 
when flowing before ejection between the blades of the Radial Turbine 50, 
and to contribute in this way at the efficiency of the Converter; 
The Fluid-Clutch-Torque-Transformer illustrated in FIG. 2, comprises 3 
Unities: 
(1) A Casing, the longitudinal form of which is a quasi-Hemisphere 10 
terminated by a short co-axial Cylinder 11, closed by a removable cover 12 
on its rear side, with eventually two guiding flanges 16 and 17 on the 
cylindrical part 11; with an inner wall 13, for constituting a double wall 
internal structure providing first: a Quasi-Annular-Torus 14 containing 
the activated fluid, and surrounding: an inner Torus 15 able to contain a 
cooling fluid; With said Casing 10 supported in front and rear by a fixed 
structure, respectively 20 and 21, through rollers bearings 22 and 23, and 
with one over-running clutch 24 in front, for enabling it to rotate only 
in the positive direction as soon as multiplication of the motor Torque is 
not required; and with said casing containing in its central part a 
co-axial Active Unity 30 integral or connected with the Driving Shaft 1, 
entering the frontal Hemisphere, and one co-axial Receiptive Unity 50, 
integral or connected with the Driven Shaft 2, which goes out through the 
center of the rear cover 12; 
(2) An Accelerator 30 connected to the Driving Shaft 1, comprising an 
annular curved channel with an evolutive profile similar to that of a 
trumpet, whose medium line changes progressively from converging or axial 
direction at the inlet, to radial direction at the outlet, with inner 
surfaces 31 and 35 for transmitting axial and tangential acceleration and 
a Centrifugal Accelerator-Deflector 36 for ejecting the activated 
mass-flow in the optimum direction as required by the Receiptive Unity 50 
while transmitting to same the ultimate acceleration; 
(3) A Radial Turbine 50 connected with the driven shaft 2, and co-axially 
mounted with the Accelerator 30, so that its inlet be facing the outlet of 
same, in order to receive through the accelerated mass-flow the energy 
provided by the Driving Shaft 1, to the activated fluid, and to restitute 
it to the Driven Shaft 2; 
Relatively to the Casing 10 it must be explained that both co-axial Shells 
10 and 13, constituting the Annular Torus, are connected together by a 
series of guiding surfaces 14 of appropriate profile, taking origin on the 
rear inner side wall of the cylindrical part of the Casing 11 and oriented 
in the negative direction but starting to turn in the positive direction 
while crossing over the outlet of the Radial Turbine 50 and continually 
turning in converging towards the Central Axis for returning the energetic 
fluid in the positive direction with the minimum losses of charge, and 
vanishing at a convenient distance of the Accelerator 30 in the direction 
corresponding to the optimum angle of attack of the Accelerator' blades' 
profiles; 
By the light of the theory developed page 3 to 5, in order to obtain the 
Maximum Maximorum Efficiency of the Turbo-Machines of FIGS. 1 and 2, the 
Compound Accelerator 30 illustrated in profile cut in FIGS. 1 and 2, and 
in opened 3 dimensional view in FIG. 3, has a structure whose principle 
consists to accelerate the streamlines of the entering Mass-Flow: M.sub.o 
=.rho.SV.sub.o, with a trajectory length as close as possible of its 
initial velocity V.sub.o, for that by virtue of equation (15) the sub-unit 
Time: t.sub.su of the Impulse: I=F.sub.x1 t.sub.su can be as close as 
possible of the unity, therefore the Impulse as close as possible of its 
maximum; this Accelerator is denoted from the order of its components: 
"Helical-Spirally-Centrifugal Accelerator," with components which are in 
order: 
(1) An Helix whose specific Blades 31 connect both the inner and outer 
Guides 30 and 32; the Blades 31 might be designed for transmit only an 
Axial Acceleration: .gamma..sub.x1 to the entering sub-unit-mass flow 
M.sub.1, and in order to do so the Blades 31, illustrated in FIG. 3 can be 
structured as follows: At a short distance of their peripheral profile 
located on their outer guide 32, the Blades 31 are radially subdivided in 
two, or more, elements whose chords' length and relative positions are 
diverging from their outer guide 32 to their inner guide 30; these 
subdivided Blades: 31 in the front row, 34, in the rear, are provided with 
relatively short profiles' chord and zero or small increase of their 
initial angle of attack .alpha., in order to eliminate the slapping effect 
due to large blades with an angle of attack increasing as going towards 
the central axis of rotation, that which generates, in an opposite 
detrimental manner, a turbulent mass flow tangentially accelerated; 
Under fulfillment of the above conditions, from Equation (17) the Helix 31 
and 34 transmit to the Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow M.sub.1 the Axial Elemental 
Impulse of Equation (13), to which corresponds the Acceleration of 
Equation (17), and the Axial Velocity: V.sub.x1 =.gamma..sub.x1 t.sub.su 
+V.sub.o 
(2) An Helical-Spiraled-Curved-Primer 35 designed for setting along its 
trajectory, following a progressive longitudinal and radial process, the 
Sub-Unit-Mass-Flow M.sub.1 in an Irrotational Process; To do so said 
Primer comprises several spiraled active surfaces 35 taking origin on the 
inner guide 30 behind the Helix Blades, from which they roll along and 
around said guide 30 towards the Outlet 37 while their height may either 
stay constant, or increase, or decrease and, similarly, the rolling 
direction of the Spiraled Primer 35 on the inner Guide 30 can be either: 
Positive, with its height increasing in order to become, at a definite 
distance of the Outlet contour 37, the Deflector 36, connecting both inner 
and outer Guides 30 and 32, and inclined at the Optimum Angle .phi. on the 
tangent AT at the Outlet Contour 37; a solution for a Turbo-Machine whose 
dimensions are limited; whereas for a non dimensionally limited Machine 
said Spirally Active Surfaces 35 the rolling direction can be negative, 
like illustrated in FIG. 3, with its height increasing till a maximum and, 
either staying constant, or decreasing for vanishing at any convenient 
point P, like the origin of a separated Deflector 36 directed in the 
Positive Direction in order to transmit to the Ejected Fluid the Ultimate 
Acceleration; 
The Tangential Acceleration transmitted to the Sub-Unit-Mass Flow M.sub.1 
by the Spiraled Primer 35, has the form: 
EQU .gamma..sub.t =.omega.(dR/dt) (20) 
with R=radius of any considered point on the spiral; And both Axial and 
Tangential Accelerations result in an Helical-Spiraled Trajectory 
providing the Sub-Mass-Flow M.sub.1 with a very much longer distance to 
run than an axial one alone, while simultaneously increasing the 
Sub-Unit-Time History: t.sub.su, of the Elemental Impulse for transmitting 
the Highest Possible Velocity to the Fluid entering the Activating Field 
of the Deflector 36 which, in its turn subjects the Sub-Mass-Flow M.sub.1 
to the Final Centrifugal Force which transmits to same the corresponding 
Acceleration: 
EQU .gamma..sub.c =.omega..sup.2 R (21) 
while ejecting it, in the direction of the Optimum Angle of Attack of the 
Blades' Profiles of the Receiptive Radial Turbine 50; 
Through this process the Radial Turbine 50 receives an Amount of Energy 
which, expressed through Equation (3) Yields: 
E=(1/2).rho.SV.sub.R.sup.3, where V.sub.R is the Final Resultant Velocity 
at the Outlet 37 of the Accelerator 36, of the Sub-Mass-Flow M.sub.1, 
velocity corresponding to the initial velocity V.sub.o plus the three 
Accelerations above defined, expressed as: 
##EQU6## 
From which comes out the expression of the transmitted Energy: 
##EQU7## 
Equation (23) exhibits like Equation (13) the considerable importance of 
the Sub-Unit-Time: t.sub.su, the magnitude of which, in agreement with the 
theory developed hereinabove, must be maintained as high as possible 
through the longest, consistent and useful Run inside the Accelerator; 
The Helical-Spirally-Centrifugal Accelerator illustrated in FIG. 3, is one 
example among a lot of possible configurations corresponding to all the 
combinations of the components forms and relative positions based on the 
same operational principles; said Components which are illustrated in FIG. 
3 in their most theoretical expanded form, but they can be also designed 
in more compact form as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, where all the 
separated components of FIG. 3 are integrated in only one while operating 
on the same specific principles; 
It must be specified that the Components like: Helix, Spiraled Primer and 
Deflector, presented operating all together, can be utilized separately, 
and that the number of Spiraled Primers 35 is not limited but reduced to 
two in FIG. 3 in order to easily follow their specific shapes; 
The Turbines of the invention, both Radial and Axial, denoted Composite 
Turbines, operate through new structural concepts illustrated in FIGS. 4 
and 7, which enable them to retain the Maximum Maximorum Energy from the 
Activating Mass-Flow; such Structures comprising two series of alternated 
Blades: 
(A) A first series of "Main Blades" 51, optimally spaced, with a medium 
profile line as long and curved as compatibly possible, so that the median 
directions AD and CD of the leading and trailing edges form an outer angle 
.theta. which, as an example but non limitatively, may reach the magnitude 
of: 322 degrees; with their inner surface deeply concave and the contour 
of their outer convex surface profile as longer as compatibly possible 
than the inner concave one; with a very sharp angular leading edge 
positioned for receiving the accelerated mass-flow in the optimum 
direction; with a very sharp angular trailing edge; or constituted both by 
the tangential junction of the inner and outer contours of the Blades' 
Profiles 
(B) A second series of "Complementary Blades" 52, FIGS. 4 and 7, with each 
one inserted between each pair of the Main Blades 51, with their Profile 
Form and Relative Position adapted to those of the Main Blades 51 in order 
to substitute for the Divergent Channel's Profile constituted by the 
facing sufaces of two thick, curved, consecutive identical Turbine's 
Blades; two Channels 53 and 54, whose different and specific Profiles 
enable said Complementary Blades 52 to fulfill the following Functions: 
(A) To accelerate the Activating Fluid-Mass in the Convergent Channel 53, 
constituted on its right side by the outer surface of contour AOC of the 
Main Blade's Profile 51, and on its left side by the inner surface of 
contour A'I'C' of the Complementary Blade's Profile 52. 
It must be noticed that the Criterion of Efficiency relative to the Impulse 
Turbine states that: "As the Fluid leaves the Turbine at the relative 
velocity zero, all the kinetic energy of the mass flow is transferred to 
the Turbine;" that which does not agree with the theory of the invention, 
whose Principle relative to the Energy transferred from a mass-flow to the 
inner concave surface of a Turbine Blade states that: 
"The Energy transferred to a Turbine Blade by the Active Mass-Flow 
deflected all along its inner concave Profile, is the Work corresponding 
to the Tangential Displacement of the Blade imposed, through the 
Mass-Flow, by the Centrifugal Force generated on same by the Curvature of 
its Trajectory corresponding to the Concavity of said inner Profile, to 
which is added the Kinetic Energy of the Mass Flow" It comes easily in 
mind that, as depending upon the design and the relative dimensions, such 
a Centrifugal Force can be fantastic; 
(B) To Maintain at its Initial Magnitude the Velocity of the Activating 
Fluid Mass in the Channel 54, constituted on its right side by the outer 
surface of the Complementary Blade 52 of contour: A'O'C', and on its left 
side by the inner surface of the Main Blade 51 of contour: A IC; Such a 
condition ensures the Maximum Possible Magnitude of the Velocity 
Circulation as, in the Circulation Equation: 
##EQU8## 
in order to generate a Resultant Motive Force as tangential as possible, 
the outer path: A O C, is designed as greater as compatibly possible than 
the inner path: A I C, and the accelerated velocity of the Fluid-Mass 
running along the outer contour A O C in the convergent Channel 53 much 
greater than the velocity of the Fluid-Mass ejected by the Accelerator 30 
along the inner contour A I C; and through this process which constitutes 
another principle of the invention: The Jets constituted by each one of 
the Partial-Sub-Mass-Flow ejected quasi-tangentially between each pair of 
consecutive Blades at very high velocity apply on the Turbine's Blades the 
Tangential Positive Reaction: R=-(-mV)=.rho.SV.sup.2 ; so that the 
Resultant Tangential Motive Force: F.sub.R which carries in rotational 
motion the Composite Turbine 50, is the Sum of: the Centrifugal Force 
F.sub.C +the Velocity Circulation+the Reaction of the Ejected Mass-Flow, 
that which yields: 
##EQU9## 
The upper curve of FIG. 8 illustrates the variations of the "Multiplicating 
Factor of the Driving Torque at the Starting motion of the Composite 
Turbine," selected for Criterion of the Turbine Efficiency and which 
confirms through Experimental Results, and in "Open Cycle," with the 
Accelerator illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, and the Composite Turbine of 
FIG. 4, the promises of the Theory in generating such a Multiplicating 
Factor .mu. of Magnitude equals to: 5.50.mu.=5.50, that is to say more 
than 3 Times greater than the magnitude of the Torque Multiplication given 
by the Hydraulic Components: Pump and Turbine plus "Stationary Part" of 
the conventional Torque-Converters; 
With the Blades' Profiles designed for, all the Principles above defined 
are available for Composites Turbines operating in gas or liquid; with the 
Main Blades' Profiles depending upon the nature of the activating fluid 
and the number and range of variation of the numerous parameters static 
and dynamic relative to: Dimensions, RPM, Initial Velocity and others, 
while for the Complementary Blades Profiles all characteristics depend 
upon the nature of the fluid and upon all the Main Blades' ones; therefore 
the principles of the invention can be presented under an infinite number 
of configurations with no limits in blades' profiles' forms and relative 
positions, as obvious through comparison between the two types of Blades 
Configurations illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 7; 
In addition, in case the Axial and Radial Turbines Blades are fixed only by 
one end to their rotor, like it is the case for the Axial Turbine 40 in 
FIG. 1, said Blades may have all the characteristics of the Airplanes 
Wings described in the U.S. Patent of the author, No.: 2,123,096 (Mar. 23, 
1936), particularly the plane form of the trailing edge 43, FIG. 1, curved 
towards the rear part of the Fixed Body 10; and along their marginal end a 
Conical Body Tip 45, FIG. 1, which substantially reduces their Profile 
Drag in attracting within the Potential Vortex generated around same by 
the rolling on of the natural marginal vortex due to the wing 
discontinuity, the boundary layer' streamlines from their origin on the 
leading edge; with such a process available to Radial Blades as well as.