Pressure smoker

A pressure smoker having a stainless steel cooking vessel including a smoke generating cavity, the cooking vessel being heated by electric heating elements positioned to heat the walls of the vessel while creating a cool area at the bottom of the vessel, the smoke generating cavity having a separate heating element, the controls for the smoker including separate controls for the heating elements for the vessel and the heating element for the smoke generating cavity, and pressure responsive valves to control both heat and pressure within the cooking vessel.

This invention relates to pressure cookers and more particularly to a 
pressure smoker wherein wood smoke or other aromatic smoke is generated in 
the pressure vessel to flavor the food being cooked. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Pressure cookers have been known and used for many years and have been 
utilized to cook diverse types of foods under both heat and pressure. In 
the fast food industry, pressure fryers are utilized to cook foods in 
cooking oil, the cooking oil serving to rapidly cook the food while 
retaining its natural moisture and flavor. Customarily, the food, such as 
fish or chicken, is dipped in a batter, breaded, and then placed in the 
cooker. 
More recently pressure cookers have been developed in which the food is 
smoked as it is being cooked, the cooking vessel being provided with a 
smoke generator by means of which wood chips or other flavor producing 
ingredients may be charred to produce smoke which will permeate the meat 
and give it a distinctive taste. Such pressure smokers do not utilize 
cooking oil as a cooking vehicle, but rather rely on the moisture in the 
food being cooked to generate steam under pressure. By way of example, 
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,906,191 and 3,583,307 teach pressure smokers as 
characterized above. 
All known pressure smokers utilize aluminum cooking vessels which are 
highly heat conductive and hence rapidly heat the walls of the cooking 
vessel, including its bottom, the wall surfaces of the cooking vessel 
reaching temperatures as high as 700.degree. F. In commercial pressure 
smokers, the food being cooked is supported on a removable rack placed in 
the cooking vessel, the rack having a drip pan at its lowermost end which 
collects grease dripping from the meat. Due to the high temperatures 
within the cooking vessel, particularly at the bottom of the vessel, the 
drippings will tend to boil and vaporize, splattering oil on the walls of 
the vessel where it tends to char, thereby generating vaporized oil and 
grease smoke which permeates the meat and conflicts with the flavoring 
intended to be imparted to the meat by the wood chips or other flavoring 
ingredients. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In contrast to the prior art, the present invention utilizes a cooking 
vessel made of stainless steel, which preferably is of rectangular 
configuration to enhance its capacity. While rectangular stainless steel 
cooking vessels have heretofore been used in pressure fryers, they are not 
known to have been used in pressure smokers. Stainless steel has a much 
lower degree of heat conductivity than aluminum, and hence is slower to 
heat. It has been found that this attribute is beneficial to the smoking 
process and improves the quality of the smoked food. 
In accordance with the invention, the heating elements which are utilized 
to heat the cooking vessel are arranged to extend horizontally about the 
side and front walls of the vessel intermediate its upper and lower ends, 
rather than being placed beneath the bottom of the vessel or adjacent its 
lowermost ends. This arrangemnet, coupled with the use of a stainless 
steel cooking vessel, provides an essentially cool area at the bottom of 
the vessel which is normally under 150.degree. F. even when the side walls 
of the vessel reach temperatures in excess of 500.degree. F. This 
arrangement has been found to enhance the effectiveness of the smoking 
process and the flavor of the smoked food by effectively eliminating 
splattering and charring of the grease collected in the grease pan, 
thereby avoiding the generation of grease laden smoke which will permeate 
the meat and interfere with the flavor being imparted to the meat by the 
wood chips or other flavor producing material. 
The present invention also provides a pressure smoker with improved 
operating controls which insure reliable cooking and individual control of 
the heating elements for both the cooking vessel and the smoke generator, 
thereby affording the operator optimum control over both smoking and 
cooking of the meat.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, a pressure smoker in 
accordance with the invention comprises a housing 1 preferably having 
caster wheels 2 at its lowermost end for convenience in moving the unit 
from place-to-place. Mounted within the housing 1 is a pressure vessel 3 
having front, rear and side walls, and and a bottom wall. The upper end of 
the cooking vessel is open and is adapted to be closed by a cover or lid 4 
adapted to seat on top of the cooking vessel 3 where it is held in place 
by a series of turn down knobs 5 which engage threaded bolts 6 extending 
upwardly from the housing 2, the bolts being pivotally mounted so as to 
permit them to be lowered to a horizontal position when the lid 4 is 
lifted from the cooking vessel by means of the handle 7. This arrangement 
is essentially conventional and serves to seal the lid to the top of the 
cooking vessel, and to this end either the undersurface of the lid or the 
periphery of the cooking vessel may be provided with a seal to effect 
pressure tight engagement between the rim of the vessel and the lid. 
In the embodiment illustrated, the controls for the device are mounted on a 
console at the rear of the housing 1, the console preferably being affixed 
to a pedestal 9 projecting upwardly from the housing 1. The controls 
comprise a smoking timer 10, a temperature controller 11, and a cooking 
timer 12. A pressure gauge 13 and a temperature gauge 14 are also 
provided, together with indicator lights 15, 16 and 17 which indicate the 
operating condition of the smoking timer, temperature controller, and 
cooking timer, respectively. The operation of these controls will be 
discussed in greater details hereinafter. 
The pressure vessel 3 is preferably of rectangular configuration and formed 
from stainless steel which has a substantially lower rate of heat 
conductivity than aluminum, which has heretofore been used for pressure 
smokers. The lid 4 also may be made of stainless steel, although it may be 
formed as an aluminum casting since the critical consideration is 
providing a cooking vessel having low heat conductivity in its wall and 
bottom areas. 
As seen in FIG. 3, the cooking vessel is heated by means of a series of 
electrical heating elements, such as the elements 18, 19, 20 and 21, the 
elements being in the form of continuous rods extending along the sides 
and front of the cooking vessel in spaced relation to its walls. The 
heating elements lie in spaced relation to each other and are spaced from 
the top and bottom ends of the vessel, the heat from the heating elements 
being concentrated toward the central portions of the walls. The heating 
elements are surrounded by an inner shroud 23 and an outer shroud 24, the 
space between the inner and outer shrouds being filled with insulation 25. 
The heat from the heating element is thus directly inwardly against the 
front and side walls of the vessel. Importantly, the bottom of the vessel 
is uninsulated and is remote from the heating elements thereby achieving a 
relatively cool zone at the bottom of the cooking vessel. The bottom of 
the vessel may be provided with a ball valve 46 which may be opened to 
drain the vessel if needed. 
A drip pan 26 is seated on the bottom of the cooking vessel, the drip pan 
preferably having an annular flange 27 which lies in close proximity to 
the walls of the vessel, the flange serving as a seat for a rack 28, seen 
in FIG. 4, on which the meat or other food being cooked and smoked is 
supported. In the embodiment illustrated, the rack comprises an outer 
rectangular frame 29 to which a series of grid-like trays 30 are 
detachably connected, as by means of hooks 31 projecting from the corners 
of the rack frame 29. The rack frame may be integral with the drip pan, 
although it is preferred that they be separate. To this end the drip pan 
may be provided with handle-like loops 32 seen in FIG. 3 by means of which 
the drip pan may be lifted from the cooking vessel using a hook-like 
lifting tong. 
The cooking vessel is provided with a smoke generating cavity 33 projecting 
rearwardly from the rear wall of the vessel intermediate its upper and 
lower ends, as possibly best seen in FIG. 2. The smoke cavity is also 
formed from stainless steel and is adapted to receive an open top metallic 
tray 34 in which wood chips may be placed. The tray 34 is of a size to 
just nicely fit within the cavity 33 and is seated on a heating element 35 
which serves to heat the metallic tray 34 to a temperature which will 
cause the wood chips to char and smolder, thereby producing smoke. 
As seen in FIG. 3, the cooking vessel is provided with a series of ports, 
such as the ports 36 and 37 in the cooking vessel, and the additional 
ports 38, 39 and 40 in the smoke cavity which serve to sense temperature 
and pressure conditions within the cooking vessel and control the 
operation of the smoker. In the embodiment illustrated the port 36 is 
connected to a dump tank (not shown) which releases the pressure in the 
cooking vessel when a solenoid valve 41, seen in FIG. 5, is opened by the 
action of pressure switch 42, also seen in FIG. 5. Port 37 contains a 
temperature sensor and is connected to temperature gauge 14 to give an 
accurate reading of the temperature within the cooking vessel. 
The port 38 in the smoke cavity is connected to the pressure gauge 13 and 
serves to indicate the pressure in the cooking vessel. Port 39 is a 
pressure port which is connected to each of the pressure switches 42 and 
43 seen in FIG. 5. Port 40 is a pressure relief port connected to each of 
the pressure relief valves 44 and 45 seen in FIG. 3, which are mounted on 
the top surface of housing 1. The control circuit shown in FIG. 5 also 
includes a relay 46 which is actuated by the timer 12 to energize the 
heating elements 18-21. 
OPERATION 
Preferably the cooking vessel will be initially preheated to bring the 
cooking vessel up to the desired starting temperature. Wood chips or other 
smoke producing materials are placed in the smoke generating tray 34 and 
inserted in the smoke cavity 33. The food to be cooked is then placed on 
the rack trays 30 and the racks loaded into the cooking vessel. 
Alternatively, the rack frame 29 may be seated on the drip pan flange 27 
and the individual rack trays 30 filled and sequentially attached to the 
rack frame. 
When the smoker is filled, the lid is placed over the cooking vessel and 
sealed in place by means of the turn down knobs 5. The smoke and cooking 
timers 10 and 12, respectively, are then set for the desired cooking and 
smoking cycles, as is the temperature controller 11 if the cooking 
temperature requires alteration. The indicator lights 15, 16 and 17 when 
"on" indicate that the controls are in operation. 
When the pressure in the cooking vessel reaches a predetermined limit, 
preferably about 12 psi, the pressure switch 43 will be actuated to break 
the circuit to the heating elements 18-21, thereby turning them "off". 
However, should the pressure within the cooking vessel continue to rise 
due to latent heat, the pressure switch 42 will be actuated when the 
pressure reaches a predetermined limit, such as 15 psi, the actuation of 
swithch 43 serving to open solenoid valve 41 to vent excess pressure from 
the cooking vessel. When the pressure in the vessel falls below the 
predetermined 15 psi limit, the valve 41 will reclose. However, the 
heating elements 18-21 will remain "off" until the pressure in the cooking 
vessel falls below 12 psi, whereupon the pressure switch 43 will reclose 
the circuit to the heating elements. When the cooking cycle is completed 
the timer 12 will break the circuit to the pressure relief valve 41 and 
the cooking vessel will be vented to the blow tank. 
The timer 10 for the smoke heating element 35 operates independently of the 
timer circuit to the heating elements 18-21 and will remain "on" until the 
smoke cycle is completed, thereby avoiding interruption to the continued 
generation of smoke during periods when the heating elements 18-21 are 
"off", thereby insuring a constant output of smoke. 
The smoker is provided with two additional safety valves in the event of 
malfunction of either of the switches 42 and 43 or the solenoid valve 41. 
To this end, the pressure relief valve 44 may be preset to a predetermined 
pressure, such as 17 psi, and will automatically open to vent the cooking 
vessel if the pressure reaches that level. The pressure relief valve 45 is 
a manually actuated valve which may be opened by the operator should the 
necessity arise to vent the cooking vessel. 
It has been found that where a stainless steel cooking vessel is used, 
there is a far lesser tendency for the controls to cycle than when an 
aluminum cooking vessel is used. This is believed due to the lower rate of 
heat conductivity of a stainless steel cooking vessel, which results in 
more constant heat with less opening and closing of pressure relief valve 
41. Thus the discharge of both steam and smoke is minimized resulting in 
more uniform cooking and smoking of the food and a lessening in the loss 
of moisture, which is particularly important since the only moisture 
intially available is the natural moisture contained in the food being 
cooked.