Transmission system comprising a sub-band echo canceller which includes a sub-band coding arrangement

Transmission system comprising a sub-band echo canceller which includes a sub-band coding arrangement. The invention relates to a transmission system comprising a sub-band echo canceller which includes a canceller that can be switched between a receive path (r) and a send path (s). To reduce the computational complexity as well as the signal delays also with sub-band coding or sub-band decoding, the sub-band coding arrangement comprises a synthesis filter bank and an analysis filter bank which are provided for sub-band coding and also for sub-band echo cancellation. Advantageous applications for the echo canceller are subscriber terminal units, for example, hands-free facilities for car telephones, videophones or video conference units which have an echo path formed by at least one microphone and at least one loudspeaker.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to a transmission system for transmitting signals 
between at least two transceiver stations which comprise at least one 
sub-band coding arrangement and at least one sub-band echo canceller, 
wherein the sub-band echo canceller is provided to be coupled to a 
sub-band coding arrangement which coding arrangement comprises at least 
one synthesis filter bank and at least one analysis filter bank, the 
synthesis filter bank and the analysis filter bank being provided for the 
sub-band coding arrangement and also for the sub-band echo canceller. 
The invention further relates to an echo canceller and a subscriber 
terminal unit which has an echo path formed by at least one microphone and 
at least one loudspeaker and comprises such an echo canceller, as well as 
a transmission system for transmitting signals between at least two 
transceiver stations which comprise at least one sub-band coding 
arrangement and at least such an echo canceller. 
Sub-band echo cancellers of this type which will hereinafter be designated 
echo cancellers for simplicity are necessary, especially, for electrical 
echo cancellation in speech signals for telephone connections via 
satellite links and for acoustic echo cancellation in subscriber terminal 
units, for example, in hands-free facilities of video conference units. In 
these units there is an additional delay of the speech signal due to 
intricate and expensive picture encoding. 
From "Advances in Speech Signal Processing", Sadaoki Furui, M. Mohan 
Sondhi, pp. 327 to 356 an echo canceller is known to comprise a canceller 
that can be switched between a receive path and a send path. The input and 
output signals of an echo path are then sent through identical analysis 
filter banks which produce vectors of N sub-band signals which are scanned 
at a reduced scanning rate. The canceller forms a vector of sub-band 
signals which correspond to the sub-band echo signals. The resulting 
sub-band errors at the output of a subtracter arrangement are sent through 
a synthesis filter bank to produce a full-band signal which is returned to 
the remote speaker. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the invention to provide a sub-band echo canceller which 
can be used to advantage for sub-band coding and sub-band decoding. 
This object is achieved by a sub-band echo canceller which is provided to 
be coupled to a sub-band coding arrangement which coding arrangement 
comprises at least one synthesis filter bank and at least one analysis 
filter bank, the synthesis filter bank and the analysis filter bank being 
provided for the sub-band coding arrangement and also for the sub-band 
echo canceller. 
The invention is based on the recognition that when sub-band coding is 
effected independently of sub-band echo cancellation, there is an 
additional signal delay caused by the sub-band echo cancellation. This 
delay is avoided by the invention in that the functions of the synthesis 
and analysis filter bank of the sub-band echo canceller have been 
integrated with the synthesis and analysis filter bank of the sub-band 
encoder. The echo canceller is then arranged as a sub-band echo canceller 
as is known, for example, from "Advances in Speech Signal Processing" by 
Sadaoki Furui and M. Mohan Sondhi. The echo canceller can be connected to 
a sub-band coding arrangement comprised of a sub-band decoder for decoding 
remote-end sub-band received signals and of a sub-band encoder for coding 
near-end sub-band transmission signals. The echo canceller is formed by 
the canceller inserted between send and receive paths, a subtracter and 
the synthesis filter bank inserted into the receive path and the analysis 
filter bank inserted into the send path. The sub-band signals being 
produced in the sub-band coding arrangement reduce the complexity of the 
echo canceller. The overall processing of the sub-band received signals is 
effected by the echo canceller, while the synthesis filter bank and the 
analysis filter bank are provided for a sub-band coding and a sub-band 
echo cancellation. For this purpose, the canceller has a transmission 
function to imitate the echo path and to synthesize and analyze the 
sub-band coding. The integration of the sub-band echo cancellation with 
the sub-band coding arrangement and the consequent saving on an analysis 
and synthesis filter bank provides reduced computation circuitry for these 
filter banks, which reduces the signal delays. The echo canceller is then 
independent of the coding method used for the sub-band coding arrangement. 
In a direct structure which is in the first place aimed at a reduction of 
the circuitry and cost of computation, the echo canceller comprises a 
synthesis filter bank which precedes an echo path at the receiver end and 
an analysis filter bank which follows the echo path at the transmitter 
end, the canceller also being provided for modelling the synthesis and the 
analysis for the sub-band coding. 
For determining an error estimate in the direct structure the canceller is 
connected to the receive path between the sub-band encoder and the 
synthesis filter bank and, via a subtracter, to the send path between the 
sub-band encoder and the analysis filter bank. 
Various drive possibilities for the canceller may be provided in that a 
first output signal of the subtracter and/or a decoded signal at the 
output of the decoder and/or a send signal at the output of the encoder 
are used for driving the canceller. 
In an indirect structure of the echo canceller which specifically aims at 
an improved convergence behaviour, the echo canceller comprises a first 
synthesis filter bank preceding the echo path at the receiver end and a 
second synthesis filter bank following the canceller, the sub-band decoder 
being preceded by a first analysis filter bank which is provided for 
processing a signal formed from the send signal of the echo path and the 
output signal of the second synthesis filter bank. In contrast with the 
direct structure, the estimate for the echo path is not derived from 
sub-band signals, but from full-band signals. 
A drive possibility for the canceller is provided in the indirect structure 
of the echo canceller in that the echo canceller comprises an 
identification arrangement formed by a second analysis filter bank for 
processing the output signal of the first synthesis filter bank, and a 
third analysis filter bank for processing the output signal of the echo 
path, a subtracter and a cancelling arrangement for driving the canceller. 
Possible embodiments for the echo canceller are provided in that the echo 
canceller is realised by means of a digital signal processor and/or as a 
digital circuit. 
Advantageous applications for the echo canceller are subscriber terminal 
units, for example, hands-free facilities for car telephones, videophones 
or video conference units which have an echo path formed by at least one 
microphone and at least one loudspeaker. 
In addition, the echo canceller can be used in transmission systems for 
transmitting coded signals between at least two transceiver stations which 
have at least one sub-band coding arrangement. The echo canceller is then 
independent of the coding method used.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The sub-band coding arrangement 1, 2, 3, 4 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a 
sub-band encoder 4 for coding a send signal 27 and a sub-band decoder 1 
for decoding a receiving signal 21, as well as a synthesis filter bank 2 
and an analysis filter bank 3 of a sub-band echo canceller 5, 6. The echo 
canceller 5, 6 further includes a canceller 5 inserted between a receive 
path r and a send path s, and also includes a subtracter 6. At the output 
of the sub-band decoder 1 there is a decoded received signal 22 available 
which is applied to the synthesis filter bank 2 and to the canceller 5. At 
the output of the synthesis filter bank 2 there is a speech signal 23 
present as a full-band signal which is applied to a loudspeaker 7a of an 
echo path 7 via a digital/analog converter (not shown in FIG. 1). On the 
receive path r the signals transmitted from a remote end F are digitally 
transferred to the near end N. A microphone 7b of the echo path 7 is 
additionally arranged at the near end N. The signals 24 produced by the 
microphone 7b are applied to the analysis filter bank 3 through an 
analog/digital converter (not shown either). The subtracter 6 included in 
the send path s forms a difference signal 27 from the output signal 25 of 
the analysis filter bank 3 and an output signal 26 coming from the 
canceller 5. The difference signal 27 drives, on one hand, the canceller 5 
and is, on the other hand, applied to the sub-band encoder 4. The output 
of the sub-band encoder 4 presents a coded send signal 28 to be 
transmitted or transferred. 
The receiving signal 21 applied to the sub-band decoder 1, which signal 
comes from the far end F, comprises N sub-band signals and is produced at 
a sample rate which is reduced by a predeterminable factor R compared to 
the normal sample rate. In the sub-band decoder 1 the receiving signal is 
first decoded and then transferred as a decoded received signal 22 to the 
synthesis filter bank 2. All the signals shown in FIG. 1 are represented 
by their Z transform; the sub-band signals being combined in vectors of a 
length N which represents the number of sub-bands. The synthesis filter 
bank 2 converts the decoded received signal 22 into the speech signal 23 
formed as a full-band signal. The speech signal 24 also formed as a 
full-band signal and coming from the echo path 7 passes through the 
analysis filter bank 3, while the sub-band signals 25, 27 produced without 
echo cancellation are converted into send signal 28 in the sub-band 
encoder 4. In the case of sub-band echo cancellation the decoded sub-band 
signals 22 are used as input signals for the canceller 5. The canceller 5 
forms a set of sub-band estimates 26 for the echo path 7, so that the 
errors in sub-band signals 27 are minimized. The canceller 5 can thus be 
controlled by the send signals 27 to be coded. As appears from FIG. 1 the 
echo canceller shown in FIG. 1 does not cause any additional signal delay 
to occur as a result of the echo cancellation, because only one synthesis 
filter bank 2 or one analysis filter bank 3 is necessary. This is made 
possible in that the sub-band echo cancellation is integrated with the 
sub-band coding. In addition to the synthesis filter bank 2 and analysis 
filter bank 3 which are necessary for the sub-band echo cancellation 
anyhow, no further blocks are necessary for an analysis or synthesis. In 
this respect there should be borne in mind that the canceller 5 is not 
only to imitate echo path 7, but also the synthesis and analysis of the 
sub-band coding. In a matrix notation the following transmission function 
is provided for the canceller: 
##EQU1## 
and A(z) and S(z) define the transfer function of the synthesis filter 
bank 2 and the analysis filter bank 3 and the underlined functions denote 
sub-band signals. 
In the echo canceller 5, 6a shown in FIG. 2 the reference characters used 
with respect to FIG. 1 are used once again. The sub-band coding 
arrangement 1, 2a, 3a, 4 again comprises a sub-band encoder 4 for coding a 
send signal 27 and a sub-band decoder 1 for decoding a receiving signal 21 
and includes a synthesis filter bank 2a and an analysis filter bank 3a. 
The echo canceller 5, 6a further includes a canceller 5 inserted between a 
receive path r and a send path s, and also includes a subtracter 6a. At 
the output of the sub-band decoder 1 there is a decoded received signal 22 
available which is applied to the synthesis filter bank 2 and to the 
canceller 5. At the output of the synthesis filter bank 2a there is a 
speech signal 23 present as a whole-band signal which is applied, after 
digital/analog conversion (not shown in FIG. 2), to a loudspeaker 7a of an 
echo path 7. In addition, a microphone 7b is arranged at the near end N, 
while speech signals 24 delivered by the microphone 7b are applied to a 
subtracter 6a after analog/digital conversion. A full-band signal 31 
supplied by the subtracter 6a is applied to a first analysis filter bank 
3a whose output presents in the send path s a send signal 27 to be coded. 
The send signal 27 to be coded is applied to the sub-band encoder 4 whose 
output presents a coded send signal 28 to be transmitted. The canceller 5 
comprises a first canceller arrangement 5a whose output presents an 
erroneous echo signal 29; this signal is convened into an erroneous 
full-band signal 30 via a second synthesis filter band 2b. This erroneous 
full-band signal 30 is subtracted from the speech signal 24 delivered by 
the microphone 7b. The echo canceller arrangement 2a, 3a, 5, 6a shown in 
FIG. 2 further includes an identification arrangement 3b, 3c, 5b, 6b which 
comprises a second analysis filter bank 3b for processing the output 
signal 23 of the first synthesis filter bank 2a and includes a third 
analysis filter bank 3c for processing the output signal 24 of the 
microphone 7b, a subtracter 6b and a second echo canceller arrangement 5b 
for driving the first echo canceller arrangement 5a. 
The echo canceller 5, 6a shown in FIG. 2 has an "indirect" structure in 
contrast with the echo canceller shown in FIG. 1, the main difference 
between the two echo cancellers being the fact that in the exemplary 
embodiment shown in FIG. 2 the error signal is not produced as a sub-band 
signal but as a full-band signal. As a result, the second additional 
synthesis filter bank 2b is needed for the echo estimates 30, but the 
circuitry necessary for the first canceller arrangement 5a to imitate the 
analysis and synthesis is omitted. 
FIG. 3 shows a transmission system which is suitable, for example, for 
transmitting video signals for video conference links. The transmission 
system comprises a first transceiver arrangement 100 at a first end and a 
second transceiver arrangement 101 at a second end of the transmission 
system. The transceivers 100, 101 are interconnected via a transmission 
channel 103 which is formed, for example, by a satellite transmission 
link. The transceivers 100, 101 comprise, for example, an echo canceller 
as is shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The first transceiver 100 receives a 
receiving signal 21' which is based on a send signal 28 from the second 
transceiver 101. The second transceiver receives a receiving signal 21 
which is formed by the send signal 28' from the first transceiver. The 
echo cancellers of the transceivers 100, 101 produce speech signals 23, 
23' and, alternatively, process speech signals 24, 24' from an echo path 
(not shown in FIG. 3). 
Further information especially as regards sub-band echo cancellation can be 
taken from the following publications: 
W. Kellermann, Analysis and design of multirate systems for cancellation of 
acoustical echoes. Proc. ICASSP 88, pp. 2570-2573, New York, N.Y., USA, 
April 1988. 
A. Gilloire and M. Vetterli, Adaptive filtering in sub-bands, Proc. ICASSP 
88, pp. 1572-1576, New York, N.Y., USA, April 1988. 
M. M. Sondhi and W. Kellermann, Echo cancellation for speech signals, in 
speech signals, In S. Furui and M. M. Sondhi, eds., Advances in speech 
signal processing, Marcel Dekker, inc., 1991. 
D. Slock, Fractionally-spaced sub-band and multiresolution adaptive 
filters, in Proc. ICASSP 91, pp. 3693-3696, Toronto, Canada, May 1991.