Swivel for an illuminated dental handpiece

A swivel connector for an illuminated dental handpiece, such as a high speed or low speed handpiece or scaler, etc., permits easy rotatability and disconnectability and has good light transmission, due to the gap in the light path at the swivel being filled with water, and the use of a "nested" spring clip and bearing race minimizing friction and size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to dental handpieces, and more particularly to a 
swivel for an illuminated dental handpiece which enables the efficient 
passage of light, air, and water through an easily disconnectable, 
rotatable connection. 
2. Background to the Invention 
It has been customary now for some years to provide dental handtools, 
especially handpieces, with a means of illuminating the operative site. 
The light is usually transmitted either from a bulb located in the 
proximal end of the tool (as used in this specification, the term "distal" 
refers to that end which is closest to the operative site in use, and 
"proximal" refers to that end remote from the operative site) or from a 
separate light source unit and then conveyed to the distal end via an 
optical fiber bundle passing through the handpiece. An example of such an 
illuminated handpiece is given in Wallace, U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,518. 
It has also become popular to provide dental handpieces with a swivel or 
rotatable connection, so that that part of the handpiece near the distal 
end and including the part which is held by the operator may freely rotate 
with respect to the proximal part which is connected to the supply of 
operating media, such as air, water, light, and/or electric power. The 
rotatable connection is also preferably easily removable, so that 
different handpieces may be readily interchanged on the same supply (the 
term "handpieces" as used in this specification is intended to encompass 
powered drills (both high- and low-speed), powered scalers, powered 
endodontic instruments, and the like). Examples of handpieces including 
such swivels are given in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,936,940 and 4,217,101 to 
Loge; U.S. Pat No. 4,260,382 to Thomson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,392 to 
Rollofson; and U.S. Pat No. 4,321,039 to Schuss et al. 
When it is desired to provide both illumination and a rotatable connection, 
it is generally considered desirable to route the light path along the 
central, longitudinal axis of the swivel connectors, at least at the point 
where the connection occurs, to ensure that the intensity of illumination 
is unaffected by the rotation. Handpieces illustrating such a light path 
are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,353,697 and 4,403,956 to 
Nakanishi; U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,885 to Loge et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 
4,431,412 to Lares et al. 
Several disadvantages have been found in such handpieces. Because of the 
plurality of paths for operating media (typically drive air, chip or 
coolant air, water, light, and exhaust air), the swivel section tends to 
be longer and/or larger in diameter than is desirable, bearing in mind the 
balance and "feel" of the handpiece. Additionally, rotation tends to 
require a high torque because of the number of seals and other frictional 
contacts between rotating parts, and as the number and length of gaps in 
the optical path increases, a lower intensity of illumination at the 
operative site results. Furthermore, such swivels often tend to be complex 
and expensive. 
It would, therefore, be desirable to provide a swivel connector for an 
illuminated dental handpiece which would overcome one or more of the 
disadvantages set forth above, and be both inexpensive and easy to use. 
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention is directed to a dental handpiece comprising a 
housing having a distal end and a proximal end; first light conducting 
means within the housing to conduct light from substantially the proximal 
end to the distal end of the housing, the first light conducting means 
having a first terminus adjacent the proximal end of the housing; first 
liquid conducting means within the housing to conduct liquid from 
substantially the proximal end to the distal end of the housing; a 
connector having a distal end and a proximal end and being adapted for 
rotational attachment to the proximal end of the housing; second light 
conducting means within the connector to conduct light from the proximal 
end to the distal end of the connector, the second light conducting means 
having a second terminus adjacent the distal end of the connector; second 
liquid conducting means within the connector to conduct liquid from the 
proximal end to the distal end of the connector; and a manifold within the 
housing for sealingly engaging a portion of the connector and the first 
light conducting means and the first liquid conducting means, the manifold 
and the distal end of the connector defining a sealed space through which 
liquid can flow from the second liquid conducting means to the first 
liquid conducting means and through which light can be transmitted from 
the second terminus of the second light conducting means to the first 
terminus of the first light conducting means. In a particular aspect of 
the invention, the first terminus and the second terminus of the first and 
second light conducting means, respectively, are located on the central 
axis of the housing and the connector and are positioned in an opposed 
relationship. The handpiece can additionally include an air pathway and 
sealing means for substantially sealing the air pathway from leakage. The 
sealing means can include a seal which is responsive to the pressure in 
the air pathway and is sealed thereby. In still another aspect of the 
invention, the connector includes retaining means for engaging a 
cooperative portion of the housing to retain the connector within the 
housing while still permitting rotation of the connector. The retaining 
means can include a spring clip and a groove on the inside of the 
circumference of the housing. Rotation of the connector is facilitated by 
the inclusion of a bearing between the housing and the connector. In a 
preferred embodiment, the spring clip and the bearing are nested, and the 
bearing is configured to create an angular contact ball bearing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
As illustrated with respect to the drawings, the present invention is 
directed to a dental handpiece 10. Typically, dental handpiece 10 is air 
driven. However, the swivel connector of the present invention 
contemplates utility in mechanically driven handpieces as well. As 
illustrated in FIG. 1, handpiece 10 consists generally of a housing 12 
having a proximal end 14 and a distal end 16. Housing 12 is connected to 
an operative end 18 of handpiece 10, the operative end typically 
containing an air driven high speed turbine which operates a dental burr. 
Connected within housing 12 at the proximal end 14 is a swivel connector 
20 which will be described below with more particularity. 
As can best be seen from FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, swivel connector 20 has a 
body portion 22 having a threaded proximal end 24. Retained within 
threaded end 24 is a bushing 26 which is adapted to receive a drive air 
tube 28, a water cooling tube 30, an exhaust air tube 32 and a light 
conductor 34. A rubber gasket 36 is fit about the foregoing tubes and 
conductor and facilitates connection of the handpiece to conventional 
delivery systems including those having ISO (International Standards 
Organization) connections. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the ISO connection 
has the light conductor 34 off-set from the center, longitudinal axis. The 
light conductor 34 can be bent to position the end at the distal end of 
connector 20 on the central, longitudinal axis. In this regard, it has 
been found beneficial to employ "image conduit," i.e. a collection of 
optical fibers which are drawn and fused together. Such a conduit can be 
easily heated and bent to the desired configuration. Connector 20 is 
formed with a diameter 38 which is adapted to support an angular contact 
bearing assembly consisting of an outer race 40, and inner race 42 and 
ball bearings 44. Additionally, outer race 40 is configured to retain a 
spring clip 46 between shoulder 39 and the end surface of outer race 40. 
When connector 20 is inserted within housing 12, Spring clip 46 is 
retained in a circumferential groove 48, e.g. a V-groove, formed on the 
inner surface of housing 12 to prevent axial movement between housing 12 
and connector 20. However, connector 20 is freely rotatable within housing 
12. The outer race 40 bears against a shoulder 49 also on the inner 
surface of housing 12. 
Moving in the direction of the distal end 50 of connector 20, a groove 52 
is formed to receive an O-ring 54 which is adapted to contact the inner 
surface 55 of an exhaust sleeve 56 in the housing 12. Exhaust sleeve 56 is 
formed with a hexagonal outer circumference, thus producing a series of 
flats 58 on the outer surface of exhaust sleeve 56 and creating spaces 60 
between flats 58 and the inner wall of housing 12. A groove 62 is formed 
on the inner surface 63 of exhaust sleeve 56 to receive an O-ring 54 which 
is adapted to contact the outer surface of a manifold 66. 
Manifold 66 is formed with an inner wall 68 which is sealed to the distal 
end of connector 20 by means of a groove 70 and an O-ring 72. Connector 20 
is formed with an end wall 74 which opposes end wall 76 of manifold 66. 
Manifold 66 accomodates an outlet drive air conductor 78, an outlet light 
conductor 80, an outlet water conductor 82 and an outlet coolant air 
conductor 84. Additionally, the inner wall 68 of manifold 66, the end wall 
74 of connector 20 and the end wall 76 of manifold 66 define a space 86 
which is filled with liquid coolant as it flows from inlet tube 30 through 
the space 86 and out from outlet tube 82. 
The configuration of exhaust sleeve 56 and connector 20 forms an air gap 88 
which is annular and conveys air from inlet tube 28 through gap 88 and out 
of drive air tube 78 and coolant air tube 84. Exhaust air from the 
handpiece flows through spaces 60 toward the proximal end of housing 12 
through exhaust air slots 92 formed in connector 20. The exhaust air then 
exits via outlet tube 32. 
Connector 20 is freely rotatable within housing 12 and is axially retained 
therein by means of the spring clip 46 and groove 48. Spring clip 46 and 
retaining groove 48 constitute a quick disconnect system in the handpiece 
of the present invention. As connector 20 is pressed into the proximal end 
of housing 12, spring clip 46 is compressed radially by a conical ramp 94, 
seen most clearly in FIG. 6. As connector 20 is pushed further toward the 
distal end of housing 12, spring 48 is fully compressed and then released 
partially into locating groove 48. Nesting of spring clip 46 and ball 
bearings 44 upon outer race 40 of the bearing assembly results in 
substantial space savings in that spring clip 46 and ball bearings 44 
occupy substantially the same radial space. Inner race 42 is pressed on to 
body 22 of swivel connetor 20 such that when connector 20 is being pulled 
outwardly from the proximal end of housing 12, inner race 42 presses on 
balls 44 forcing outer race 40 against spring clip 46 thus compressing the 
spring and facilitating removal. The angular contact bearing assembly 
provided by inner race 42, ball bearings 44 and outer race 40 additionally 
facilitates free rotation of connector 20 within housing 12 since angular 
contact bearing assemblies take axial load as well as radial load without 
binding during rotation. 
In order to additionally reduce the frictional forces involved in the 
rotational elements of the present invention, a so called "floating 
O-ring" 54 is provided in groove 52. O-ring 54 is dimensioned such that 
its inside diameter is larger than the inner diameter of groove 52 to 
provide some looseness of fit and thus create a low friction surface. 
O-ring 54 is sealed at its outer circumference by contacting the inner 
wall 55 of exhaust sleeve 56 and the edge of groove 52 which can be seen 
most clearly in FIG. 2. The pressure of the drive air forces O-ring 52 
against the contact surfaces and while some leakage can be tolerated and 
typically is present, the low pressure provides contact surfaces having 
substantially low co-efficient of friction thus facilitating free rotation 
of connector 20 within housing 12. 
In order to provide smooth operation of a turbine assembly in a typical 
hand driven handpiece, air slot 90 in connector 20 is provided in the top 
surface of a portion of body 22 of connector 20 in a recessed fashion to 
provide a baffling action for the drive air being transmitted to outlet 
tube 78. The baffling effect reduces variations in the pressure supplied 
to outlet tube 78 and subsequently to the air driven turbine and 
facilitates smooth operation of the handpiece. 
An additional and substantial aspect of the present invention is the use of 
water in the space or gap 86 between the ends of light conductors 34 and 
80. When light travels from air into glass or glass into air, most of the 
light is transmitted while some is reflected back and lost. Additionally, 
light leaving an optical glass fiber exits in a diverging cone. The angle 
of divergence is determined by the angle of incidence at the beginning of 
the fiber as well as the refractive indices of the core glass and the 
adjacent medium. In order to minimize the reflective losses and the losses 
due to divergence across the light gap, the gap is filled with water, 
which has an index of refraction closer to the index of refraction of 
glass. The amount of light which is reflected can be approximately 
determined by the equation R=([n.sub.1 -n.sub.0 ]/[n.sub.1 +n.sub.0 
]).sup.2 wherein R=the Fresnel reflection co-efficient, n.sub.0 =the index 
of refraction of the adjacent medium and n.sub.1 =the index of refraction 
of the glass. For a typical fiber optic system n.sub.1 =approximately 
1.58, and n.sub.0 =1 for air. Using those parameters, an air gap results 
in R equaling 0.0505, implying that approximately 5% of the light in a 
fiber is reflected and lost when it tries to cross an air gap. An 
additional 5% of the light is lost as light enters the glass fiber on the 
other side of the air gap. This results in a total loss of approximately 
10% of the original light in the first optical fiber. However, if the 
medium between the fibers is water rather than air, n.sub.0 is about 1.33 
and the total loss becomes about 1.5% of the original. This dramatic 
reduction in light loss, provides a meaningful illumination difference in 
the light transmitted to the operative end of handpiece 10. In addition to 
the foregoing effect, the focusing effect of water is such that less light 
is lost when transmitted through a water gap than through an air gap. 
While the foregoing invention has been described with reference to the 
specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in 
the art that various changes can be made and equivalents may be 
substituted therefore without departing from the true spirit and scope of 
the invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the claims 
appended hereto.