Wind generator with energy storage system

The present invention is a wind generator system particularly suitable for small wind applications that harnesses low velocity wind effectively. The wind generator system comprises a drive shaft; one or more retreating blades and one or more advancing blades attached to the drive shaft and extending radially outwardly therefrom; a generator assembly coupled to the drive shaft and effective for generating electrical power; and a energy storage system comprising a mechanical bellows.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to power generation and, more particularly, to wind generator systems effective for generating and storing electric power. Further, the invention includes an environmentally friendly energy storage system that operates to store energy obtained from a wind generator system or other power generating systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years the need for alternative sources of electrical energy has grown significantly as a result of increased and uncertainty in oil prices, growing environmental concerns, and the lack of sufficient alternative energy supplies. Accordingly, wind generator systems have gained support as an alternate energy source. Wind generators have been shown to provide a safe and clean source of electric power. Systems, such as large or big wind generators, have been developed having large blades (often more than 18 feet in length) mounted on high towers that can produce more than 35 kilowatts (kW) of power with wind speeds of 20 knots. Such systems are typically used in combination with other wind generators, such as along coastal areas for providing electrical power directly to power grids. Such systems have also been used in rural areas, such as farms, for providing supplemental power or reducing electrical costs.

Small wind generators mounted on smaller towers have also been developed for use such as for residential application and have been used a remote or distributed power sources. Such systems are often connected to the main electric service to the home thereby allowing sufficient powering of the home and for sending excess power generated by the wind generator back to the power grid. Typically, these small wind generators rotate at speeds that vary with wind speed and have a plurality of blades that drive a rotor coupled to a gearbox that operates to increase the rotation speed of a generator for producing electric power.

In order to reduce maintenance and increase efficiency, systems have been developed having relatively large synchronous ring generators that permit the rotor to be directly coupled to the generator without the need of a gearbox. Unfortunately, while such systems have reduced maintenance costs and have increased the efficiency of the systems, wind generator systems continue to suffer from relatively significant maintenance costs. Further, forces being exerted to the systems due to wind increase in proportion to the cube of wind speed. Accordingly, high wind speeds often encountered by small wind generator systems, even if only occasional or momentary, can damage system components. This is particularly true for wind generators having relatively large blades such as typically required for small wind generators that depend on the relatively large blades to harvest lower-energy winds. Thus, small wind generator systems are typically designed having means for preventing system damage due to such high-speed winds. Such means include blade pitching, airfoil spoilers, blade tip breaks, and the like. Means such as braking means or means that act upon the entire blade apparatus rather than on individual blades have also been developed. Unfortunately, all such means significantly add to the complexity and expense of the wind generator systems and significantly add to their maintenance down time and costs. In addition, systems having such means typically require routine maintenance which significantly increases their operating costs. This is particularly true when parts or components must be repaired or replaced which often requires significant rebuild or major dismantling of the system to replace a component. Further, during operation such means often result in significant power drops or the cessation of power generation during such high wind conditions.

Another problem associated with small wind generators is that they are often acoustically noisy and are undesirable for many residential applications. Further, small or low wind generator systems for mounting to building structures are generally not aesthetically pleasing, often require extensive building modifications, and are prohibited under many building codes.

Accordingly, due to the complexity of many wind generators used in small wind or distributed power the need for a simple modular and easy to maintain generator is significant in no just reducing cost to the consumer but in the cost of manufacture and maintenance. Further, environmentally friendly energy storage is one of the greatest challenges of the 21stcentury. Hundreds of billions of dollars has been invested in fuel cells and chemical batteries. While such devices are capable of storing energy, they often are relatively expensive and can cause difficulty in properly disposing such devices.

Consequently, a need exists for a small wind generating system and energy storage system that has reduced cyclic cost, increased reliability and improved maintenance needs and costs, that is acoustically and aesthetically acceptable for residential operation, and which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and install.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a new and novel wind generator system particularly suitable for small wind applications that harnesses low velocity wind effectively. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprises a drive shaft; a plurality of blades attached to the drive shaft and extending radially outwardly therefrom; a generator assembly coupled to the drive shaft and effective for generating electrical power; and a housing having an inner chamber for receiving the plurality of blades and a wind directional apparatus that operates to adjust the speed of the wind and to channel wind along a desired flow pathway towards the plurality of blades.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprises means for sensing the direction and speed of wind at the location of the housing.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprises sensing means for monitoring the electrical power output of the wind generator system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprises sensing means for monitoring the operational efficiency and condition of the wind generator system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprise a communication and control means coupled to the sensing means whereby the communication and control means can communicate with an outside monitoring system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the communication and control means of one wind generator system can communicate with the communication and control means of another wind generator system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the blades comprise an aerodynamic adjustment element for adjusting the aerodynamic characteristic of the blades.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the aerodynamic element is a thin film material.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the aerodynamic element is a metallic composite coating.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the aerodynamic element is formed from a shaped memory material or a functional material.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the shaped memory alloy is Nitinol.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator includes an energy enhancer element comprising a spindle assembly having a loop coupled to the drive shaft; and means for creating a temperature differential along a portion of the loop; wherein the loop is effective for increasing the rotational speed of the drive shaft when acted upon by the means for creating a temperature differential along a portion of the loop.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the energy enhancer element having a loop comprising a wire or band formed from a shaped memory material or a functional material.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the loop is formed from a shaped memory alloy.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the blades comprise a photovoltaic substrate operable for generating electrical power.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the photovoltaic substrate operates in response to infrared light.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind directional apparatus comprises a plurality of rotatable slats.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention, a wind generator system comprises at least two stages of blades mounted to a drive shaft; each stage having at least one blade attached thereto and extending radially outwardly therefrom; a generator assembly coupled to the drive shaft and effective for generating electrical power; and a housing having an inner chamber for receiving each stage of at least one blade and a wind directional apparatus that operates to adjust airflow and to channel the wind along a desired flow pathway towards each of at least one blade.

In another preferred embodiment the wind generator system comprises rotatable slats having images thereon that change when the slats rotate.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the housing includes a rotatable base that operates to rotate the wind generator system to optimize power generation.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the individual components of the wind generator system are grouped into individual modules that can be easily installed or removed into the wind generator system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the housing of the wind generator system can be incorporated into a structure.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system comprises a wire or band formed from a shaped memory material or a functional material and effective for increasing the rotational speed of the drive shaft.

In another preferred embodiment of invention the wind generator system comprise and energy storage system.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the energy storage system is a bellows having a multifunctional structure that harvests energy from its environment or from other mechanical or physical systems.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the energy storage system is a mechanical bellows energy storage system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the energy storage system is a bellows that is a combined heat and power storage device providing thermal management and power generation.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates as a radiator and energy storage device.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates as a radiator and thermal management device for solar concentrator cells.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows comprises a fabric embedded or integrated with sensors and other processing devices.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is compressible to reduce volume of a space or satellite deployable radiator and energy storage device.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is a compressible space deployable satellite.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is integrated with a heat pipe acting as a thermal management and power storage and generating system.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is integrated with a heat pipe acting as an engine.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is a power drive device for rotating machinery and electrical generators.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is configured individually or in a bank of bellows to be used for startup of an electrically driven system.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to start up an automated device or robotic component.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is an automated device or a robotic component.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows is a robotic actuator that controls motion and stores energy by harvesting energy from the environment.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to augment an electric motor in the startup of an electric vehicle thereby reducing the load on the motor.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates in conjunction with an on-demand module Nitinol rotary system to store energy and provide power to a motion control or drive system.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to control the startup of an automated device or robotic component.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from solar concentrator cell and functions as an active coding device or radiator.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows opera tea to collect heat from a solar concentrator cell and functions as an active coding device or radiator circulating air over a heat sink.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from a solar concentrator heat sink to change the bellows for energy storage.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from a solar concentrator cell that functions as a power drive device.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from a solar concentrator cell to power an active cooling element.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from a solar concentrator cell to power an active cooling element using a cooling loop within a heat sink plate.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to reconfigure itself for energy storage and power storage.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to power another device.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to store power.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to power a drive train or rotating generator or motor.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to augment a power drive system.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect waste heat from its environment to store as energy or power.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows operates to collect heat from its environment to store as energy or power.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the energy storage system is a bellows storage system having shaped memory material that operates to enhance the storage of energy of the energy storage system.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the energy storage system is a combination of hydraulic and bellows storage systems.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention mechanical the energy storage system is a combination storage system comprising hydraulic, mechanical bellows and battery storage systems.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is an energy storage system comprising a mechanical bellows coupled to a robotic structure for powering the operation of the robotic structure.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to low or small wind generator systems. In describing the preferred embodiments of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

Referring toFIGS. 1 and 2, a preferred embodiment of the wind generator system generally referred to as100, is shown comprising a drive shaft102and one or more retreating blades104aand one or more advancing blades104battached to and extending radially outwardly from the drive shaft102. The drive shaft102is operationally coupled to a generator assembly106which operates to generate electrical power when actuated by rotation of the drive shaft102. It should be understood that as used herein the term “generator” includes alternators. In a preferred embodiment as shown the drive shaft102and blades104are enclosed within an inner chamber108of a housing110. The housing110comprises a frame112having openings114wherein preferably each opening114has a wind directional apparatus116that operates to adjust wind speed and to channel wind W (FIG. 3) into the housing through one or more of the openings114, which operate as air intakes that direct wind along a desired flow pathway towards the retreating blades104a, and out of the housing110through one or more of the openings114that operate as wind exhausts. Preferably, the housing110is generally rectangular in shape having a top or roof118, a base120, and vertical sides122. Preferably, at least one opening112is provided on each vertical side122, In a preferred embodiment, as shown inFIG. 2, the wind directional apparatus116comprises a plurality of rotatable slats or louvers124that are operationally coupled to control rails126that are operated by one or more electric motor and horizontal control units128for rotating the slats124such as use of conventional bell cranks. It should be understood that the housing110is not limited to being rectangular in snaps but may have a variety of geometries having various number of vertical sides. For an exemplary illustration, the housing can be formed in the shape of a pentagon. Mounted to the housing110is a wind speed and direction sensor or anemometer130that operates to detect and measure wind speed and direction at the location of the wind generator system100. As illustrated inFIG. 4, the wind speed and direction sensor130electrically coupled, such as by wire or by a wireless transmitter131(FIG. 2) such as shown to a control apparatus132having a microprocessor133that receives signals from the wind speed and direction sensor130which then operates to determine and provide signal to the electric motor and control units128to rotate a plurality of the slats124into an open position for directing airflow (wind) along a desired pathway to properly impinge the retreating blades104aand to close a plurality of the slats124into a closed position to prevent airflow (wind) from impinging upon advancing blades104b. The control apparatus132further operates to provide signals to the electric motor and control units to rotate all of the slats124along the opposing vertical side122into an open position for allowing the airflow (wind) to exit the housing110. It should now be apparent that by opening the slats124as described allows airflow (wind) to impinge on the retreating blades104ato rotate the drive shaft122while minimizing the counter forces created by the airflow (wind) caused by impingement of the wind on the advancing blades104bas well as creating a low pressure or suction that further pulls or draws the advancing blades104bin the desired direction thereby increasing the operation and performance of the wind generator.

Referring toFIG. 1, a preferred embodiment of the blades104a,104bis shown. Preferably each blade has a relatively large surface area A effective for harvesting lower-energy (low wind speed) wind being directed to the blades. Referring toFIGS. 5 and 6, another preferred embodiment of the blades104a,104bis shown whereby the blades include an aerodynamic adjustment element134(FIGS. 7 and 8) for adjusting the aerodynamic characteristic of each of the blades. In a preferred embodiment, as shown inFIG. 7the aerodynamic adjustment element134comprises a thin film material or wire136, such as a shaped memory material or functional material, that operates to increase or decrease the camber of the blades104a,104b(as shown inFIGS. 5 and 6) for adjusting the aerodynamic characteristic of the blade under a variety of wind speeds. It is known that simple contraction of certain thin film materials can be accomplished such as by running electrical current through a functional material such as carbon fibers on a polyimide sheet. In a preferred embodiment, the thin film material136is formed from a shaped memory material, such as Nitinol (NiTi) which is a shaped memory alloy having nearly equivalent amounts of nickel and titanium. The physical and mechanical properties of a shaped memory material, such as Nitinol are dependent on its crystalline structure. For example, the Nitinol crystal structure is very dynamic and highly heat sensitive and when it is deformed in the martensite phase, the crystalline structure is not damaged. Instead the crystal structure transforms moving in a singular crystalline direction. When heated the material returns to the memory or austenite phase, to a state of less stress. The austenite phase is the phase above transition temperature. The transition temperature will vary according to the material composition. Most Nitinol alloys, for example, have transition temperatures between 70-130° C. with tensile strength 100,000 psi, melting point of 1,250° C., and resistance 1.25 ohms per inch/0.006-inch wire. In a preferred embodiment, the particular Nitinol alloy found to be suitable is known as FLEXINOL, commercially available by Dynalloy Inc. of Costa Mesa, Calif.

Preferably, as stated above, the aerodynamic adjustment element134may be in the form of an embedded wire, thin film or a metallic coating. Referring toFIG. 7, in a preferred embodiment the aerodynamic adjustment element134is shown as a thin film material136, such as a Nitinol, applied to a portion of one side of each blade104a,104b. As shown, the blade is in its normal operating configuration. Upon heating of the thin film material136, or an embedded wire, such as by application of electric current through a resistant circuit140(FIG. 8) within or along the thin film material136, the thin film material136contracts as described above, causing the bending of the blade104a,104bto increase or decrease its camber thereby adjusting its aerodynamic characteristic (FIGS. 5 and 6). Referring toFIG. 8, in order to control the amount of current through the resistant circuit140for properly adjusting the aerodynamic characteristic of the blade, the wing generator system100further comprises a blade control unit142. In a preferred embodiment, the blade control unit142includes a fuzzy logic microprocessor or controller144that receives wind speed input from the wind speed and direction sensor or anemometer130and uses such information for controlling the amount of electric current, thus heating, or allowing the thin film material13(or embedded wire) formed from the shape memory alloy to expand or contract to bend and place the blade104a,104binto a desired aerodynamic configuration.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 9, the blade control unit142for properly adjusting of the aerodynamic characteristic of the blades104a,104bis a neural network (or parallel distributed processing elements (often referred to as nodes neurons, processing elements, unites)) that work together to control the proper electric current to the resistant circuit140. It should be understood that the artificial neural network (functional structure) is deposited or embedded onto the surface of the blades104a,104band operates for information processing and aerodynamic geometry control of the blades. Referring toFIG. 8, the methodology of the blade control unit is shown whereby signals generated by the wind speed and direction sensor130are inputted into the blade control unit142.

Referring toFIG. 10, another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown whereby the blades104a,104bhave a light activated photovoltaic film or nanofilm144applied to one or both sides of the blades. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more portions of the housing110(FIG. 2) may be provided with such a light activated photovoltaic film or nanofilm (not shown). Preferably, the photovoltaic films or nanofilms are activated by light in the infrared range. One such nanofilm has been developed at the University of Toronto having cells of approximately 4 nm and is photoactive in the infrared range of the light spectrum. Using films that are activated by infrared light permits higher power output with less solar radiation such as during a cloudy day, than with standard ultraviolet (UV) photovoltaic systems. In another preferred embodiment the blades104a,104bor housing110(FIG. 2) may comprise piezo electric material coatings to augment power generation of the wind generator system as well as providing wind speed information by measuring the dynamic pressure of the wind against the surface of the blade.

In another preferred embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 11the blades104a,104bcomprises both the aerodynamic adjustment element124and the photovoltaic film144, as described above.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, as shown inFIG. 12, the wind generator system100comprises a performance monitor148for monitoring the performance and efficiency of the wind generator system100Preferably, the performance monitor148comprises a microprocessor150effective for receiving signals from the wind speed and direction sensor130as well as receiving signals from other component sensors149effective for transmitting information from the components comprising the wind generator system100. In a preferred embodiment, the performance monitor148operates to monitor the electrical power output of the wind generator system100. In another preferred embodiment the performance monitor148comprises a sensor152positioned on one or more of the rotatable slats or louvers124of housing110and operates to sense the actual rotational movement of the slat or louver124(FIG. 2). Such information can then be analyzed by the microprocessor150to determine if the proper rotational movement of the slat or louver124is being performed. It should now be understood that other sensors can be utilized for providing signals to the microprocessor150that can be utilized by the microprocessor for determining the efficiency or performance of the various operational components comprising the wind generator system100.

In another preferred embodiment, the microprocessor150can operate to monitor the total power output of the wind generator system100to the rotational speed of the blades to determine the health and operation performance of the system100. For an exemplary illustration, if the power output being generated by the wind generator system is below the level typically generated for the particular wind speed, the system components can be evaluated to determine which particular component is not operating efficiently and the component can be replaced thereby bringing the system efficiency back to its typical level. It should be understood that additional conventional sensors can be incorporated into the wind generator system to monitor the operational efficiency of various components and monitored by the microprocessor. Further it should now be understood that the microprocessor can be coupled to a conventional transmitter (such as a wireless radio transmitter, the Internet, or other communication system) for transmitting operational data to a remote monitoring device. In this way, individual systems can be monitored as well as for use in obtaining information for use in maintenance and in determining the need for performance enhancement modifications.

Referring toFIG. 13, one or more wind generator systems100are shown mounted to a structure S, such as a wall, roof, platform, or the like and are can also be incorporated architecturally into the structure S. In addition, as should now be understood, that the wind generator system100having a housing110described above reduces operational noise levels and reduces the likelihood of injury to wildlife, such as birds. As shown, wind W, is blowing in a first direction, the wind speed and direction is monitored and sensed using the wind speed and direct on sensor130(FIG. 2). The wind speed and direction sensor130transmits a signal to the control apparatus132such that the microprocessor133(FIG. 4) receives the signal and determines and provides signals to the electric motor and control units128to rotate the slats124ato the desired position for directing airflow along a desired pathway to properly impinge the retreating blades104a(FIG. 2) and for blocking the wind W from impinging upon the advancing blades104b. It should now be apparent that if the wind speed and direction sensor130detects wind speed or a wind gust greater than the safe or operational wind speed for the particular wind generator system the system operates such that the slats124will rotate to slow down and/or redirect the wind so that the velocity of the wind is within acceptable operating parameters. It should also be apparent that in another preferred embodiment of the invention the aerodynamic adjustment element134(FIGS. 7, 8 and 9) can be used to adjust the aerodynamic characteristics of the blades to allow them to accommodate the high wind speed. It should be apparent that unlike many prior art systems, the wind generator system of the subject application can operate under a variety of wind conditions from small wind to high wind conditions it out the need of mechanical breaking systems or gearing systems.

Referring toFIG. 14, another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown whereby the wind generator system comprises a single drive shaft202or series of shafts mounted together such as by couplings208, as shown, and one or more stages of blades203, each stage203having one or more blades204(retreating blades204aand advancing blades204b) attached to and extend radially outwardly from the drive shaft202. It should be understood that the blade stages can be arranged in a horizontal or vertical arrangement. The drive shaft202is operationally coupled to a generator assembly208or a plurality of generator assemblies208(as shown) which operate to generate electrical power when actuated by rotation of the drive shaft202. Preferably, the drive shaft202is formed from a light aircraft grade rolled or extruded aluminum and is tubular having an inner channel203that provides a chase for allowing a power bus, control cables and the like to travel to the various stages, controls, and actuators and other similar electronic devices. The drive shaft202is supported by frame205and one or more bearing assemblies207. It should be understood that the individual stages can be modular and assembled together by use of a rotating coupling placed in series of the individual stages, as shown. It should also be understood that the individual generators can be mounted in series to the drive shaft or the drive shaft can be coupled to a single generator.

In another preferred embodiment, as shown inFIGS. 14 and 15, the drive shaft202and blades204are enclosed within a housing210. Referring toFIG. 15, as shown the housing210comprises a frame212having openings214wherein each opening214has a wind directional apparatus216that operates to adjust wind speed and to channel the wind W (FIG. 5) into along a desired flow pathway towards the plurality of advancing blades204aand for blocking the wind W from impinging on the advancing blades204b. Preferably, the housing210is generally rectangular in shape having a top or roof218and base220, and vertical sides222. Preferably, at least one opening214is provided on each vertical side222. In a preferred embodiment, as shown inFIG. 2, the wind directional apparatus216comprises a plurality of rotatable slats or louvers224that are operationally coupled to control rails226that are operated by one or more electric motor and control units228for rotating the slats224. It should be understood that the housing210is not limited to being rectangular in shape but may have a variety of geometries having various number of vertical sides. For an exemplary illustration, the housing can be formed in the shape of a pentagon. Mounted to the housing210is a wind speed and direction sensor or anemometer230that operates to detect and measure wind speed and direction. As previously described, the wind speed and direction sensor230is electrically coupled to a control apparatus having a microprocessor that receives signals from the wind speed and direction sensor230which then determines and provides signals to the electric motor and control units228to rotate the slats224to the desired position for directing airflow along a desired pathway to properly impinge the retreating blades204aand to block the wind (airflow) from impinging the advancing blades204b.

In another preferred embodiment as illustrated inFIGS. 16, 17 and 18, plurality of blade stages203connected together by a common drive shaft202are enclosed within a housing210having supports211and which is rotatably mounted such that the housing can rotate in response to wind direction to optimize the wind entering through intake opening or ramp212. In a preferred embodiment the intake opening212in the housing210operates as a wind intake or scoop and cooperates with one or more exhaust openings236that that operate to expel air to optimize air flow through the housing as well as to provide pressure to rotate the wind generator system. Preferably, the intake opening212can be opened or closed by use of a linear displacement potentiometer238that cooperates with the wind speed and direction sensor230and a control apparatus, such as that previously described, to increase or decrease the size of the intake opening212and to properly direct the wind to the retreating blades and block wind (airflow) from impinging against the advancing blades.

Referring toFIG. 19, in a preferred embodiment of the invention the wind generator system can be used to provide electric power for various applications. As an exemplary illustration such systems can be mounted to a structure or be portable for emergency and/or remote location use. As shown inFIG. 19, a preferred embodiment of the wind generator system100is illustrated whereby the housing110,210includes stand, rack mounting structures238for equipment, such as electrical equipment, battery systems and the like. In another preferred embodiment, a portion of the exhaust airflow car be diverted, such as by vents or stators, to provide cooling for such equipment.

Referring toFIGS. 20 and 21, another preferred embodiment of the invention comprises an energy enhancer element300in the form of an endless wire or band302making a loop and formed from a shaped memory material, such as Nitinol (NiTi). The use of the energy enhancer element300provides on-demand power through the use of a shaped memory material (SMM). SMM's generally function through some form of electrical stimulation or heating, usually ohmic heating induced by a electric current. The heating of a SMM wire such as Nitinol or other shaped memory materials such as memory polymers or functional materials, may also be used to induce rotational motional in the on-demand energy enhancer element wire or bands that causes the wire or band to return to its original geometry through its metallurgical or physical properties.

In an application NiTi wire or wires or NiTi coated thin film belt, provides rotational motion which then turns a shaft attached at one end of a spindle assembly rotating an electrical generator such as a permanent magnet DC generator, electrical alternator, electrical motor, servo, solenoid or similar device. In a preferred embodiment, as shown, a spindle assembly312comprising a wire or band302forming an endless loop is placed around a first rotating wheel304, which is electrically coupled to a heating circuit305, and a second larger wheel306coupled to the drive shaft102. When increased power is required, such as during low wind or no wind conditions, the heating circuit305is activated causing the first rotating wheel304to heat. A portion of the wire or band302that is coupled with, such as by direct contact with the first rotating wheel304is thereby heated bringing the memory shaped material above its transition temperature thereby creating a temperature differential along the or band302thereby shortening the heated side of the wire or band302causing rotational force to be applied to the second larger wheel306and drive shaft102.

Many types of power activated devices including automated systems rely on individual electric motors, servos and alternators (or generators) to operate. The operation of these systems requires the use of electrical power. In preferred embodiments of the invention the energy enhancer element300operates to provide such on-demand power for a variety of power activated devices308such as, but not limited to, small vehicles, construction equipment, space craft, remotely operated vehicles and a variety of other power activated devices308that require individual generators, alternators, electric motors, servos and related systems for operation. It should be understood that by integrating the energy enhancer element300into such applications can provide on-demand power as well as increase power or back-up power to such devices.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the energy enhancer element300is used for providing electrical power to power activated devices308such as, but not limited to, those used for orthopedic assistive devices and prosthetics, wheel chairs, robotic systems and personal rapid transit systems (PRT) vehicles. Such energy enhancer elements300provide on-demand power with low-cost, low-power consumption, and reliable consumable component.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 24, the energy enhancer element300is shown in the form of a cartridge comprising a round, oval or square housing310enclosing a spindle assembly312. Preferably a wire or band302forming an endless loop is placed around a first rotating wheel304, which is electrically or thermally coupled to an electrical circuit or heating device305, and a second larger wheel306coupled to the drive shaft102that is coupled to an electrical producing device314, such as a generator, alternator, electric motor or other similar power producing device. It should row be understood that the wire or band302can also be used to provide electric current through electrical connectors307on the spindle assembly312that in turn induces current into the wire or band302causing ohmic heating thereby inducing rotational motion of the wire or band302and in turn causing rotation of drive shaft102which is coupled to the electrical circuit or heating device305. It should also be understood that the electrical circuit or heating device305can create ohmic heating created such as by use of a battery or other electric source, such as a wind turbine, micro-hydro generator, solar cell, solar heating systems, or other such electrical source.

In another preferred embodiment, as shown inFIG. 25, the energy enhancer element300comprises a spindle assembly312having a plurality of wires or bands302forming one or more endless loops placed around a first rotating wheel304which is electrically or thermally coupled to an electrical circuit or heating device305, and a second wheel306coupled to the drive shaft102that is coupled to an electric producing device314, such as a generator, alternator, electric motor or other similar power producing device. As shown, the spindle assembly312further includes guides316that operate to maintain the separation of the plurality of wire or bands302. It should now be apparent that the use of a plurality of wires or bands302can be used to increase the power output of the energy enhancer element300. It should also be apparent that the electrical circuit or heating device306can be controlled, such as by conventional switches, to heat one or more of the wires or bands302thereby allowing the amount of power being generated to be adjusted.

Referring toFIG. 26is an exemplary illustration of the energy enhancer element300is installed such that it is coupled to an electric motor, servo, or other electric producing device314such as by a shaft to provide back-up, increase power, and/or on-demand power to rotate a wheel317mounted to a wheel assembly318such as that used for a vehicle, instrument, robot, or other device308. As shown, the spindle assembly312of the energy enhancer element300comprises one or more wires or bands302forming an endless loop rotating around a first rotating wheel304and a second wheel306as previously described. The second rotating wheel306is coupled to the drive shaft102of the wheel317.

In another exemplarily illustration of the energy enhancer element300is shownFIGS. 27 and 28whereby the power activated devices308comprises various components that may be utilized for a satellite320such as used in space. As shown, in one preferred embodiment the energy enhancer element300is coupled to a servo mechanism315that is conventionally coupled to a robotic arm322. In another embodiment the energy enhancer element300is coupled to an activated device308such as an antenna324mounted to a drive shaft102a. The energy enhancer element300is coupled to the drive shaft102ain a manner as previously described. In another preferred embodiment the energy enhancer element300is coupled to an activated device308such as a solar cell array326conventionally mounted to a drive shaft102b. The energy enhancer element300is coupled to the drive shaft102bin a manner as previously described such that rotation of the loop formed by wires or bands302operates to rotate drive shaft102bthat operates to perform one or more of the functions of the power activated device308. It should now be apparent that the energy enhancer element300can provide power or enhanced power to operate a variety of power activated devices. Referring toFIG. 29, the energy enhancer element300further includes an electrical circuit or heating device305comprising a lens328thermally coupled to heat sink330. In a preferred embodiment the lens328operates to direct thermal energy such as solar radiation, to heat the heat sink330. The heat sink is thermally coupled to the spindle assembly312to operate the energy enhancer element300as previously described.

Referring toFIG. 22, in another preferred embodiment of the wind generator system100further comprises an energy storage system400. Preferably, the energy storage system400is a mechanical energy storage system that eliminates the need for batteries and increases the efficiency of the system100by reducing loss of electricity such as through battery efficiencies and electrical resistance. One such energy storage system400is shown comprising a mechanical bellows402whereby rotational energy, such as that produced by rotation of drive shaft102is transferred eh as by a mechanical coupling404, such as a gearbox or another conventional transfer mechanism that moves a piston408to expand the bellows402to store the rotational energy as potential energy within the position of the bellows402. To retrieve the energy, the bellows402is allowed to compress or contract thereby moving the piston408to transfer the energy back through the mechanical coupling408to rotate the generator assembly106.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention as shown inFIG. 23, the energy storage system400is a hydraulic storage system whereby rotational energy, such as that produced by rotation of drive shaft102is transferred such as by a mechanical coupling404to a hydraulic cylinder410such that a piston408operates to transfer fluid412from a pressurization reservoir414to the hydraulic cylinder410to store the rotational energy as potential energy. To retrieve the energy, the pressurized fluid within the hydraulic cylinder410is allowed to compress or contract thereby moving the piston408to transfer the energy back through the mechanical coupling404to rotate the generator assembly106.

Another preferred embodiment of the energy storage system400of the subject invention is shown inFIG. 30. The energy storage system400is shown in the form of a mechanical bellows402having an outer flexible material casing416having support elements418, such as pleated rings, positioned longitudinally along and coupled to the flexible material casing416. Preferably, the support elements418alternate between relatively large diameter support elements and relatively small diameter support elements making that operate to improve the ability of the bellows to expand and contract. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the outer flexible material casing416includes shaped memory materials420(as described herein above) in the form of wire or thin film that are attached to or incorporated into the outer flexible material casing416and coupled to a heat source422that together operate as an actuator for expanding and contracting the bellows402. In a preferred embodiment the heat source422is an electric heat source causing at least a portion of the shaped memory alloy (SMA) material420to be heated such that shaped memory alloy material is above its transition temperature thereby creating a temperature differential thereby shortening the SMA material420causing the bellows402to contract out of its equilibrium condition thereby storing potential energy for later use. It should be understood that the SMA material is deposited or embedded in the flexible material casing416that operate to improve thermal response from the environment by powering the bellows functions both as a power device and radiator. SMA material also can be used as a control mechanism based on their material properties and can respond to both thermal inputs or electrical current inputs. Other material processing methods, such as e-beam and laser that modifies a fabric in a particular pattern can also be used to create a differential in the flexible material casing that will enhance the material properties in effect inducing a greater efficiency in the harvesting of energy from the environment. In a preferred embodiment the SMA material420may be integrated with springs that augment the support elements418. The support elements418may also be formed from shape memory alloy wire or flat ring that maintains a specific geometry for the bellows while operating in high vibration environments. Further, in a preferred embodiment the flexible material casing416provides a shaped memory capability based on laser, e-beam or thermal modification of the material, casing to create a thermally reactive element within the material casing. In another preferred embodiment of the invention the bellows includes a piezo electric and other electricity generating devices or substrates applied to the material casing to generate electricity based on motion or vibration. It should also be understood that the mechanical bellows also provides a functional geometry for the shaped memory material (alloy) or polymer to operate a an actuator and/or radiator.

Another preferred embodiment of the energy storage system400of the subject invention is shown inFIG. 31whereby the heat source422is in the form of a heat pipe system such as one or more heat pipes positioned longitudinally within the bellows402. By regulating the amount of heat traveling through the heat pipe system, the amount of compression or expansion of the SMA material420can be regulated thereby regulating the amount of contraction and expansion of the bellows402and the amount of energy stored by the bellows.

Another preferred embodiment of the energy storage system400of the subject invention is shown inFIG. 32whereby the heat source422is in the form of a solar cell426within a heat sink428longitudinally coupled to the bellows402. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 31the heat sink428includes a solar concentrator lens430that operates to direct and concentrate solar energy to heat the heat sink428. In a preferred embodiment the bellows operates to collect heat from the solar concentrator to function as an active cooling device or radiator circulating air over the heat sink or collects heat from the solar concentrator and heat sink to charge the bellows for energy storage. In another preferred embodiment, the bellows402functions as a Trevelyan rocker to generate electricity, harvest energy and power for storage or function as a space propulsion device when integrated with a nozzle or heat pipe. Trevelyan rockers utilize the phenomenon of metal devices that vibrate or rock based on a significant temperature difference between them and the surface they contact. In a preferred embodiment, the bellows function based on the ring mass supporting the bellows. The support elements418(rings) are fixed to the flexible material casing416such that the bellows402can rock back and forth while expanding and contracting (FIGS. 34 and 35). This mechanical method generates electricity using devices resident in the bellows, such as inducing a power cycle in a device, drive a generator external to the bellows, operate a heat pump system, drive an acoustic or thermal acoustic ion engine or other such devices.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 36, the energy storage system400comprises an energy enhancer element300, as described above, coupled to a heat sink438coupled to a solar concentrator lens430which operates to heat the SMA endless wire or band302which rotates to drive an electric producing device314or battery.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 37, the energy storage system400comprises a bellows402coupled at one end to an energy enhancer element300, as described above, by a motion/power transfer device432and at a second end by an adaptive heat pipe/thermal power transfer coupling434to a heat exchanger436. The heat exchanger436is also attached to one end of a heat sink438which is coupled at a second end to a second heat exchanger440for connecting to the energy enhancer element300. Preferably the heat sink438is provided with a solar lens/prism collector442for improved heating of the heat sink438. As shown, the solar lens/prism collector442operates to concentrate solar energy to the cell eliminating the need for a reflector concentrator. The integration of the bellows as a primary heat sink and radiator not only increases the area of the radiator based on temperature increases through extension of the SMA materials and other thermally active fibers and films.

The energy storage system of the subject invention can be integrated into a robotic arm supporting control, power and motion functions. Preferably, the robotic arm is designed to function as combined thermal-power storage device and motion control system particularly possessing self-organized control when produced with SMAs as actuator devices. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the energy storage system400operates to power a secondary device444, such as a robotic arm. As illustrated inFIG. 38, a bellows402is shown having one end coupled to an SMA rotary actuator446(elbow movement) for moving an arm support448. The other end of the bellows402is attached to a SMA rotary actuator (wrist movement)450for moving a gripper451. In another embodiment of the invention, the energy storage system400is in the form of a mechanical bellows402having an outer flexible material casing416having support elements418, such as pleated rings, positioned longitudinally along and coupled to the flexible material casino416. Preferably, the support elements418alternate between relatively large diameter support elements and relatively small diameter support elements making that operate to improve the ability of the bellows to expand and contract. It should be understood that the energy storage system of the subject invention utilizing a Trevelyan rocker bellows system may be used to effect various systems such as orbital torque or transfer changes on small satellites and other spacecraft including natural bodies such as asteroids as the bellows is scalable and can adapt to most any size satellite or vehicle or placed in multiples. It should be understood that an advantage to implementing the energy storage system using a bellows in the form of a Trevelyan rocker is the increased mechanical capacity while using energy harvested from the environment, solar energy or heat from the sun or heat from waste heat operations with a vehicle or other device within a very lightweight bellows. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated inFIG. 39, the outer flexible material casing416of the bellows402having support elements418, such as pleated rings, positioned longitudinally along and coupled to the flexible material casing416and shaped memory materials420(as described herein above) in the form of wire or thin film that are attached to or incorporated into the outer flexible material casing416and coupled to a heat source422that together operate as an actuator for expanding and contracting the bellows402. In a preferred embodiment one end of the bellows402is coupled to a communications/computing/control/battery pack which is provided with an antenna452. The other end of the bellows402is coupled to a micro-torque rod454. It should be understood that other devices, such as sensors460and micro-radiometers462may be attached to the bellows402and receives energy from movement of the bellows402.

It should be understood that the energy storage system of the subject invention may comprise any combination of hydraulic systems, bellows systems, and battery systems. Such systems can be used together or in banks whereby conventional mechanical switches between individual storage systems operate to transfer potential energy between systems. It should also be understood that the energy storage system of the subject invention can safely store as little as 100 watts to as much as 50 kilowatts of energy and can be used in a wide variety of applications from producing electricity to powering electric vehicles. The use of bellows has the advantage of being robust, a reliable structure, lightweight, and deployable as it can be shipped or transported in a contracted geometry reducing volume requirements.

The energy storage system works by storing energy in a highly efficient and reliable mechanical bellows structure (like pleated rings). The system is easily scalable based on the number and size of the rings. It should be understood that the mechanical bellows of the subject invention will contract or extend based on environmental inputs (vibration, heat, cold and motion from a machine such as a rotating motion). The primary storage functions are therefore based on direct input for storage from machinery like a wind turbine as well as environmental elements like heat, cold, vibration, etc. These charge the bellows to extended or contracted positions providing a potential energy system and power storage device. It is a power storage device due to its capability to drive a mechanical or electromechanical device or machine from either the contracted or extended position. The bellows is made from materials that allow energy to be stored in the bellows and then later transferred to whatever is to be powered without the use of electrolytic or chemical based batteries. The bellows may also harvest power from rotating machinery producing or transferring power. This is particularly true for wind turbines that produce power only when the wind is blowing. The bellows can store excess energy for periods when the wind is not blowing and transfer energy back through the wind turbine generator to produce electricity on demand. The bellows is a multifunctional structure comprised of traditional bellows components such as rings and fabric or film type material, but also incorporates shaped memory materials (alloys and/or plastics) that assist in harvesting thermal and light energy and enhances energy storage capacity efficiency. The positional storage of energy within the bellows may be both the contracted or extended geometry creating a versatile transfer device for linear and rotational power. In this concept the bellows is both an energy storage device and a power storage device. The bellows harvests energy as a multifunctional structure from mechanical (rotational, linear and vibratory) energy, heat (hot and cold), and pneumatic and light/electromagnetic (EM) sources. Due to the unique multifunctional structure, the bellows may also be charged or energized by traditional electrical current sources producing not only a storage device but a mechanical power driver simultaneously so that it will store energy based on positional geometry and drive other devices while configuring to its new position. The bellows as a multifunctional structure is capable of independent operations. In other words, no environmental or mechanical input is exclusionary. The bellows may operate as a pneumatic device, but is not dependent on air or other gases and may change geometry through other inputs from conventional rotating or liner displacement motion to vibration as well as electrical current, light or electromechanical sources or heat (hot or cold) including a heat differential based upon the materials and/or devices used for the fabric structure and folds.

It should now be understood that in a preferred embodiment the energy storage system of the subject invention utilizes a bellows to collect heat from a solar concentrator to function as a power drive device and/or to power an active cooling element, such be using a cooling loop within a heat sink plate or to power an active cooling element that is a thermal electric device attached to a heat sink plate. It should also be understood that the energy storage system of the subject invention uses a bellows that collects waste heat from a mechanical, electrical or optical system to reconfigure itself for energy storage or power storage or to power another device or to store power or to power a drive train or a rotating generator or motor or to augment a power drive system. Further, the bellows collects such waste heat from its environment to store energy or power. Accordingly, the mechanical bellows of the energy storage system utilizing the shaped memory material (alloy or polymer) operates as an actuator and/or radiator.

It should now be understood to those skilled in the art that the wind generator system of the present application is easily constructed in modular form thereby reducing the time and cost needed to make repairs to the system. For the use of performance monitors and sensors reduces maintenance requirements and increases efficiency. Further, the wind generator system of the present application reduces the likelihood of damage resulting from high wind speeds often encountered by small wind generator systems without the need of relatively complex and expensive blade pitching devices, airfoil spoilers, blade tip breaks, braking means, and the like.

Further, it should also now be understood to those skilled in the art that the wind generator system of the present application is relatively acoustically quiet and aesthetically pleasing making them desirable for many residential applications.

It should also now be understood to those skilled in the art that the wind generator system of the present application can be used in a variety of applications. Systems can be incorporated into the exterior design of a structure, such as a building, such as along the roof, or as part of its landscaping, such as decorative structures. Further systems can be easily placed at locations having natural wind currents, such as between building structures or walls that operate as wind tunnels. By artistically or architecturally designing the housing, the wind generator system can be easily incorporated into an existing or future structure designs.

It should also now be apparent to one skilled in the art that a preferred embodiment of the wind generator system of the subject invention is new and novel and comprises a rotor mounted to a drive shaft, one or more blades attached to the rotor and extending radially outwardly from the rotor, a generator assembly coupled to the drive shaft and effective for generating electrical power, a mechanical energy storage system, wherein said mechanical energy storage system operates to store rotational energy of the drive shaft by converting rotational energy into potential energy stored in the mechanical storage system. Preferably, the mechanical energy storage system comprises a mechanical bellows having an outer flexible material casing and support elements positioned longitudinally along and coupled to the flexible material casing and shaped memory materials coupled to a heat source for extending and contracting the mechanical bellows. In a preferred embodiment the heat source is heat pipe. In another preferred embodiment the heat source includes a heat sink heated by solar energy. In another preferred embodiment the heat source includes a heat sink heated by a solar cell and a solar concentrator lens. Preferably, the mechanical bellows functions as a Trevelyan rocker. It should also be understood that the mechanical energy storage system can be separated from the wind generator system and coupled to one or more secondary devices which are powered by the mechanical energy storage system. In a preferred embodiment the one or more secondary devices includes a robotic device or satellite devices.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understandings, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of any claims. It should now be apparent that the various embodiments presented can be easily modified while keeping within the scope and spirit of the subject invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that the present disclosure is to be considered as exemplary of the principals of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments and the specific examples illustrated and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the descriptions and examples contained herein.