Camera tube selenium target including arsenic increasing in concentration from radiation side

A camera tube having an electron source and a target to be scanned on one side by an electron beam emanating from said source. Radiation forming the image to be detected is incident on the other side of the target. The target comprises a signal electrode and a selenium-containing vitreous layer containing arsenic. The arsenic concentration in the selenium-containing layer increases continuously from the radiation-receiving side of the layer to the side which is scanned by the electron beam. The signal electrode is on the radiation-receiving side of the layer and thus on the radiation-receiving side of the target.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to a camera tube having an electron source and a 
target to be scanned on one side by an electron beam emanating from the 
source. The opposite side of the target is illuminated with radiation 
forming the image to be detected. The target comprises a signal electrode 
and a selenium-containing vitreous layer containing arsenic. The signal 
electrode is on the radiation-receiving side of the target and the 
vitreous layer is on the side to be scanned by electrons. 
A camera tube of the kind described above is known, for example, from 
British Patent Specification No. 1,135,460. 
In practice, glass-stabilizing additions to selenium-containing vitreous 
photosensitive layers, for example arsenic, are desired so as to control 
the deterioration of the properties of the layers as a result of 
crystallization phenomena. 
In addition, it is of importance, inter alia, to assure a good operation of 
the camera tube, that there should be good blocking against the injection 
of holes from the signal electrode into the selenium-containing layer so 
as to keep the dark current and the lag low. However, the dark current and 
the lag may be considerable if glass-stabilizing additions are used in 
high concentrations. 
In low concentrations of these additions, an annoyingly high operating 
voltage may be necessary and a moderate sensitivity, in particular to 
light of long wavelength may occur. 
The selenium-containing layer with additions may be separated from the 
signal electrode by a vitreous layer of pure selenium so that good 
blocking is obtained between the signal electrode and the 
selenium-containing layer with additions. The disadvantage of this 
solution, however, is that as a result of the use of a layer of pure 
selenium the glass stability is reduced and the lag is increased. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
One of the object of the invention is to at least considerably avoid the 
above-mentioned problems and to provide an optimally operating camera 
tube. 
The invention is, inter alia, based on the discovery that a good 
combination of properties is obtained if the concentration of the arsenic 
addition to the photosensitive selenium-containing layer is not constant. 
Therefore, according to the invention, the camera tube described above is 
characterized in that the arsenic concentration in the selenium-containing 
layer increases continuously from the radiation-receiving side of the 
layer to the side of the layer which is scanned by the electron beam. 
According to the present invention, the increase in the arsenic 
concentration is to be understood to mean that the arsenic concentration 
on the scanned side of the selenium-containing layer is at least 10% 
larger than the arsenic concentration on the radiation-receiving side. 
It has been found that with a continuous increase in the arsenic 
concentration the properties of the camera tube are improved considerably 
as compared to a stepwise increase in the arsenic concentration. 
In addition to good glass stabilization of the photosensitive layer, a low 
lag and dark current at a reasonable operating voltage are obtained. 
Good properties are obtained in particular if the arsenic concentration on 
the radiation-receiving side of the layer is at most 13 atomic %. 
An important improvement in the glass stability is obtained if the arsenic 
concentration on the radiation-receiving side of the layer is only 11/2 
atomic, % or greater. 
Other properties, for example the sensitivity to radiation of long 
wavelength and the operating voltage, are favorably influenced by a rapid 
increase of the arsenic concentration at the radiation-receiving side of 
the layer. 
Therefore, the variation of the arsenic concentration in the 
selenium-containing layer should preferably show a negative curvature and 
said variation should be steepest at the radiation-receiving side (i.e. 
the rate of change of the arsenic concentration as a function of distance 
from the radiation-receiving side of the layer is decreasing throughout 
the layer). 
The sensitivity to radiation of long wavelength is further improved when 
the selenium-containing layer has a sensitivity-improving addition, 
preferably belonging to the group consisting of cadmium, antimony, 
tellurium and iodine. 
A particularly suitable sensitivity-improving addition is tellurium in a 
concentration, on the radiation-receiving side of the layer, less than 7 
atomic % and when the sum of the concentrations of tellurium and arsenic 
on the radiation-receiving side is less than 13 atomic %. 
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to a 
few examples and the accompanying drawing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
The camera tube 1, shown in FIG. 1, has an electron source 2 and a target 9 
(see also FIG. 2) to be scanned on one side by an electron beam 20 
emanating from the source 2. On another side of target 9, radiation 24 is 
incident on the target. Signal electrode 22 and a selenium-containing 
vitreous layer 21 make up target 9. Electrode 22 is on the 
radiation-receiving side of the target and vitreous layer 21 is on the 
scanned side of the target. Radiation 24 passes through electrode 22 to 
reach the radiation-receiving side of layer 21. The layer 21 contains 
arsenic. 
According to the invention the arsenic concentration in the 
selenium-containing layer 21 increases continuously from the 
radiation-receiving side of the layer to the side 9 which is scanned by 
the electron beam 20. 
The camera tube comprises, in the usual manner, electrodes 5 to accelerate 
electrons and to focus the electron beam. Furthermore, conventional means 
are present to deflect the electron beam so that the target 9 can be 
scanned. These means are, for example, a set of coils 7. The electrode 6, 
inter alia, serves to screen the wall of the tube from the electron beam. 
An image scene to be picked up is projected on the target 9 by means of 
the lens 8, the window 3 being permeable to the incident radiation. 
Furthermore, a collector grid 4 is present in the usual manner. By means of 
this grid which, for example, may alternatively be an annular electrode, 
reflected and secondary electrons coming from the target 9 may be 
dissipated. 
During operation the signal electrode 22 is biased positively with respect 
to the electron source 2. In FIG. 2 the electron source is to be connected 
to the point C. Upon scanning by the electron beam 20 of the target, the 
target is charged to substantially the cathode potential. 
The target is then discharged fully or partly depending on the intensity of 
the radiation 24 impinging on the selenium-containing layer 21. In a 
subsequent scanning cycle, charge is supplied again until the target has 
again assumed the cathode potential. The charging current is a measure of 
the intensity of the radiation 24. Output signals are derived from the 
terminals A and B via the resistor R. 
EXAMPLE I 
Arsenic, selenium and tellurium, in quantities corresponding to 20 atomic % 
As, 72 atomic % Se and 8 atomic % Te, are placed in a silica ampule. The 
ampule is evacuated to 10.sup.-6 mm Hg, sealed, and placed in a furnace 
which makes a rocking movement. 
The furnace may be heated to 500.degree. C. and kept at this temperature 
for 90 minutes. Better results can be obtained however by heating the 
furnace to higher temperatures, e.g. 850.degree. C., for, e.g. 75 hours. 
The glass melt formed is then cooled rapidly. 
Glass disks 3 (FIG. 2) are coated on one large side with a 0.1 .mu.m thick 
layer of tin oxide forming the signal electrode 22. The tin oxide layer is 
coated with a 0.05 .mu.m thick cadmium selenide layer (not shown) at a 
pressure of 10.sup.-6 mm Hg. Such a CdSe layer slightly increases the 
sensitivity to long wavelength radiation. Vapor deposition of CdSe is 
carried out by means of a resistance-heated molybdenum holder with a 
silica insert in which the CdSe is present. The source temperature is 
870.degree. C. and the deposition rate is 10.sup.-3 .mu.m/sec at a 
substrate temperature of 200.degree. C. 
The substrates thus obtained are placed in a second vacuum vapor deposition 
device above a resistance heated molybdenum holder having a silica insert 
and a silica diaphragm. The silica insert is filled with 1.25 grams of the 
synthesized As-Se-Te glass mixture, after which the vapor deposition 
device is evacuated to 10.sup.-6 mm Hg. 
The substrates are then heated and kept at a constant temperature of 
approximately 60.degree. C., the vapor deposition source (As-Se-Te glass 
mixture) being heated to approximately 420.degree. C. During the heating, 
a flap is present above the diaphragm of the source. The flap is opened 
when the desired source temperature is reached, after which a 2 .mu.m 
thick amorphous selenium-containing layer 21 of arsenic, selenium and 
tellurium is deposited on the substrates at constant temperature and in 
approximately 31/2 minutes. The flap is then closed and the source is 
cooled, the substrates being kept at approximately 60.degree. C. for 
approximately another 20 minutes after which they are cooled and removed 
from the vapor deposition device. 
One of the substrates thus obtained is mounted on a television camera tube 
and a second substrate is analysed by means of secondary ion mass 
spectrometry. 
From the chemical analysis it appears that in the vapor deposited 
selenium-containing layer a concentration gradient of arsenic and of 
selenium is present. Viewed from the radiation-receiving side of the layer 
the arsenic concentration increases from approximately 6 to approximately 
22 atomic %, while the selenium concentration decreases from approximately 
89 to approximately 72 atomic % and the tellurium concentration increases 
only very little, namely, from approximately 5 to approximately 6 atomic 
%. 
The arsenic concentration at the radiation-receiving side of the layer is 
thus greater than 11/2 and less than 13 atomic %. The concentration of the 
sensitivity-improving tellurium is less than 7 atomic % and the sum of the 
arsenic and tellurium concentrations on the radiation-receiving side of 
the layer is also less than 13 atomic %. 
In addition it was found that the variation of the arsenic concentration in 
the selenium-containing layer shows a negative curvature and is steepest 
at the radiation-receiving side. 
The substrate mounted on the camera tube was evaluated at various signal 
electrode voltages for the light response rate, spectral distribution of 
the sensitivity, permanent after-images, dark current, light transfer 
characteristic, picture quality and resolving power. 
The camera tube was then kept at 60.degree. C. for 520 hours under 
operating conditions (with light and voltage on the target), then cooled 
to ambient temperature, and again evaluated for its above-mentioned 
photoelectric properties. 
Both before and after the temperature treatment, the properties measured at 
optimum signal electrode voltage (approximately 30 V) are very 
satisfactory, while no noteworthy change in the properties has arisen. 
Optimum voltage is to be understood to mean herein the maximum permissible 
voltage between signal electrode and electron source at which the 
properties characteristic of too high a signal electrode voltage do not 
yet occur. The properties are, for example, too high a dark current (more 
than a few nA/cm.sup.2), the beginning of noticeable local differences in 
dark current, and/or the persistence of positive after-images. 
EXAMPLE II 
Arsenic, selenium and tellurium are weighed out in a silica ampule in 
quantities corresponding to 10 atomic % As, 85 atomic % Se and 5 atomic % 
Te. 
The evacuated ampule is maintained at 850.degree. C. in a rocking furnace 
for 75 hours. After rapidly cooling the ampoule in water, the synthesized 
glass mixture is used as a source material. 
In a vacuum vapor deposition device a few substrates, consisting of glass 
disks provided on one large side with a signal electrode layer 22 of 
tin-doped indium oxide, are placed with the electrode layer facing a 
stainless steel vapor deposition furnace coated with a silicon nitride 
layer. The layer and the furnace are separated by a distance of 20 cm. 
4 grams of the synthesized glass mixture are introduced into the vapor 
deposition furnace, the vapor deposition device is evacuated to 10.sup.-6 
mm, and the furnace is heated to approximately 340.degree. C. While the 
temperature remains constant, a flap between the furnace and the substrate 
screening the latter from released vapours. After 20 minutes the flap is 
opened for 15 minutes and a 3 .mu.m thick amorphous photoconductive 
selenium-containing layer 21 is deposited on the substrates. 
The flap is then closed in such manner that vapor is deposited only on one 
half of one of the substrates for 10 minutes so that the 
selenium-containing layer 21 at that area becomes 5 .mu.m thick. 
X-ray fluorescent analysis of the deposited layers has demonstrated that 
the arsenic concentration in the 3 .mu.m thick layer increases from the 
radiation-receiving side of the layer from approximately 5 to 
approximately 7 atomic %. The selenium concentration decreases from 
approximately 90.5 to approximately 88 atomic % and the tellurium 
concentration increases from approximately 4.5 to approximately 5 atomic 
%. For the 5 .mu.m thick layer the concentrations at the scanned side of 
the layer are approximately 8 atomic % As, approximately 86.5 atomic % Se 
and approximately 5.5 atomic % Te. 
As in the preceding example, the photoelectric properties are measured 
after assembling the substrate on a camera tube and operating the tube at 
the optimum signal electrode voltage, which for the 3 .mu.m thick layer is 
approximately 35 V and for the 5 .mu.m thick layer is approximately 40 V. 
Accordingly, different layer thicknesses on one substrate could be examined 
due to the fact that the area required for investigation, namely a few 
mm.sup.2, is considerably smaller than the overall substrate surface area, 
namely approximately 1 cm.sup.2. 
In this example the same good properties are observed as in the preceding 
example, although with the difference that targets made according to the 
second example are less sensitive to red light than those made according 
to the first example. 
The invention is not restricted to the examples described. Within the scope 
of the invention several variations are possible to those skilled in the 
art. 
In order to improve the sensitivity, cadmium, antimony and iodine may be 
added in addition to tellurium. 
In order to suppress secondary electron emission by and/or electron 
injection into the selenium-containing layer, a layer of, for example, 
antimony trisulphide may be provided on the selenium-containing layer on 
the side to be scanned. 
Instead of the above-described cadmium selenide layer, other thin layers, 
for example of gallium-sulphide glass or molybdenum trioxide (MoO.sub.3), 
may be provided between the signal electrode and the selenium-containing 
layer. 
Also, phosphorus and/or germanium may be combined with arsenic for use as a 
glass stabilizing addition.