Spread spectrum frequency hopping reader system

An apparatus for sourcing an interrogation signal for use in a object identification system including a frequency hopping source for generation of an interrogation signal which is coupled to a homo dyne radio for transmission by a bi-directional antenna to a tag. Upon receipt, the tag provides a return signal that is backscatter modulated to include tag identification or other data which is processed by the sourcing system. The frequency hopping source includes a voltage controller oscillator which is driven by a pseudo random code generator for selecting one of a plurality of hopping frequencies at which the interrogation signal is to be generated based on the available bandwidth.

This invention relates to the field of remote identification of objects, 
and more particularly to method and apparatus for remote identification of 
moving objects in a multi-lane reader system. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Shipping containers, railroad cars and automobiles need to be identified 
while they are in use, often while moving. Systems useful for remote 
identification using active or passive "tags", which backscatter modulate 
a continuous wave reflecting a modulated signal having a digital 
identification code, have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,739,328 and 
4,888,591, assigned to the same assignee as this invention. The 
backscatter modulated signal is received, usually by the same system which 
transmitted the original signal (source) and the digital code is 
demodulated and decoded, providing identity information which may be 
processed as desired. 
In many applications of these systems, there are several tagged objects 
near each other whose information must be processed simultaneously. In 
these kinds of systems, a plurality of "readers", one per vehicle "lane" 
in the system, are employed as sources of the transmitted signal to be 
received by a tag. Each of these readers radiates (sources) an 
"interrogation signal" which, when received by a tag in its respective 
lane, is backscatter modulated for reflection back to the associated 
reader. Each reader in the system must radiate over a sufficiently large 
area to assure that a read occurs for any tag within its lane. However, 
the interrogation signal generated in one lane must not interfere with 
adjacent lane interrogation signals because such interference may cause a 
"interference region" where overlapping signals cancel each other out. 
Tags entering the interference region will not receive an interrogation 
signal, and thus will not return any signal to an associated reader for 
processing. 
One good example is in an automobile toll road collection lane system. A 
separate reader, i.e. transmitter-receiver, is normally used for each 
lane. Alternatively, a single transmitter-receiver transmitting multiple, 
different signals may be used, having separate transmitter and receiver 
antennas for each lane. The lane-specific antenna or transmitter-receiver 
must be capable of sourcing an interrogation signal to any tag within its 
respective lane while not interfering with signals sourced in adjacent 
lanes. 
In the past, many different techniques for assuring non-interference of the 
interrogation signals have been used. Spacing may be employed between 
lanes to act as a buffer region where overlaps may occur safely. 
Alternatively, adjacent readers can be sourced at different frequencies 
which are spaced sufficiently apart based on the bandwidth of the 
interrogation signal. Another solution is to operate adjacent readers 
intermittently (time domain multiple access (TDMA)), either in regular 
intervals or only upon detecting the presence of a tag to be read. 
While spacing between lanes may solve the problem, it becomes impractical 
when a large number of lanes are to be used. Using different frequencies 
also has its limitations based upon the available bandwidth in the 
broadcast band of the reader (source). In the United States and Hong Kong, 
these systems are typically operated in the ISM band at 902 to 904 Mhz and 
909.75 to 921.75 Mhz with receive signals having a bandwidth of 2 Mhz. 
Accordingly, two frequencies from the upper band may be selected for use 
by adjacent readers, resulting in a system having readers sourcing 
different frequency interrogation signals in adjacent lanes. However, in 
some environments, sufficient bandwidth may not be available. In addition, 
even where the bandwidth is available, a two reader system requires twice 
the readers, necessarily increasing costs. In addition, since the readers 
are different frequencies, end users are required to spare both reader 
types to replace any failed reader with the same type, resulting in 
further increased costs. Finally, time domain solutions require 
complicated and costly sequencing and detection schemes. Typical 
applications require anywhere from 6 to 24 lanes of simultaneously 
processed data, making implementation impractical. 
It is desired to provide a single reader per lane in a multiple lane system 
in which the readers are spaced physically close together, resulting in 
overlapping of interrogation signals, and where such interrogation signals 
do not substantially interfere with an adjacent reader's interrogation 
signal. 
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
In summary, an apparatus is provided for sourcing an interrogation signal 
for use in a object identification system. The system of the invention 
includes a frequency hopping source for generation of an interrogation 
signal which is coupled to a homo dyne radio for transmission by a 
bi-directional antenna to a tag. Upon receipt, the tag provides a 
backscatter modulated return signal to include tag identification or other 
data which is processed by the sourcing system. The frequency hopping 
source includes a voltage controlled oscillator which is driven by a 
pseudo random code generator for selecting one of a plurality of hopping 
frequencies at which the interrogation signal is to be generated based on 
the available bandwidth.

DESCRIPTION 
Referring to FIG. 1, a source 9 for generating interrogating radio 
frequency (RF) signals is connected to a transceiver 10 at a reader 
generally indicated at 14. The interrogating RF signal from the source 9 
may have a suitable frequency such as 915 MHz. When the source 9 is 
energized, transceiver 10 transmits the interrogating RF signal through 
antenna 12 to a suitable antenna 16 (such as a di-pole antenna) at a 
electronic tag (transponder) 18. The transponder 18 is associated with an 
object (not shown) and is used to identify the object. The transponder 18 
includes a data source such as a read only memory (ROM) 22, which provides 
a sequence of binary 1's and binary 0's in an individual pattern to 
identify the object. 
A binary "1" in the read only memory 22 causes a modulator 20 to produce a 
first plurality of signal cycles and a binary "0" in the read only memory 
22 causes the modulator 20 to produce a second plurality of signal cycles 
different from the first plurality of signals. The pluralities of signals 
cycles sequentially produced by the modulator 20 to represent the pattern 
of binary 1's and binary 0's which identify the object are introduced to 
the dipole antenna 16 for transmission to antenna 12 at reader 14. 
Antenna 12 introduces the received signals to transceiver 10 for processing 
by signal processor 24. Signal processor 24 produces signals in a sequence 
having a pattern identifying the pattern of the 1's and 0's in read only 
memory 22 at transponder 18. The sequence may be compared in reader 14 
with a desired sequence to determine whether the object being identified 
is being sought by the reader or not. 
The system described above represents the prior art on a simplified basis. 
Such a system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,632 issued on Feb. 21, 
1978 to Howard A. Baldwin, Stephen W. Depp, Alfred R. Koelle, and Robert 
W. Freyman and assigned of record to the United States of America as 
represented by United States Department of Energy. The assignee of record 
of this invention has obtained rights from the United States Government 
under U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,632 to make, have made, use and sell the 
invention of that patent. 
The system of the present invention employs a reader, generally indicated 
at 50, which is shown in detail in FIG. 2, and which may be considered to 
be similar in some details to that shown in FIG. 1 and described above. 
Reader 50 generates an interrogation signal for transmission to an 
electronic tag (not shown). Reader 50 is comprised of a frequency hopping 
source, generally indicated at 100, including an electrically programmable 
logic device (EPLD) 200 which serves as a pseudo random code generator 
whose output is introduced into a digital to analog converter (DAC) 202. 
The output signal from EPLD 200 is a digital word associated with a 
selected state of a pseudo random sequence derived by EPLD 200. In one 
embodiment, the output signal from EPLD 200, passed to DAC 202, has 12 bit 
resolution to eliminate phase noise which may be generated with lower bit 
precision digital to analog conversion of the pseudo random code sequence. 
EPLD 200 will be discussed in greater detail below in conjunction with 
FIG. 3. 
DAC 202 converts the input received from EPLD 200 from a digital signal to 
an analog signal. In one embodiment, a twelve bit DAC, part number 
AD7245AAR produced by Analog Devices, Inc, is used. 
The output of DAC 202 is introduced as an input to op amp 204. Op amp 204 
is a level translator which takes the signal level received from DAC 202 
and converts it to a level appropriate for controlling a voltage 
controlled oscillator (VCO) 206. In one embodiment, op amp 204 is 
amplifier part number LT1210, produced by Linear Technology, Inc. 
The gain of op amp 204 is tuned by trimming a set pots (not shown) coupled 
to op amp 204. Specifically, an upper set point in op amp 204 is set by 
processing an all "1's" condition received from DAC 202. The set pot is 
adjusted to drive the output of op amp 204 to the desired high output 
level in the presence of the all "1's" condition. Thereafter, a lower set 
point is set by processing an all "0's" input from DAC 202 to op amp 204. 
A trimming pot (not shown) associated with this low output state is 
adjusted to drive the output to the desired low output level in the 
presence of the all "0's" condition. Finally, a mid set point is set by 
processing an an alternating "1's" and "0's" input from DAC 202 to op amp 
204. A trimming pot (not shown) associated with this mid level output 
state is adjusted to drive the output to the desired mid level output in 
the presence of the alternating pattern. 
In one embodiment, a thermal stabilization network (not shown) is coupled 
to op amp 204 to prevent temperature drift of the op amp output over the 
operating temperature range of the reader 50. A negative thermal 
coefficient resistive network may be used to perform the thermal 
stabilization, or other stabilization network as is known in the art. 
The output of op amp 204 is introduced into voltage controlled oscillator 
(VCO) 206, which varies the frequency of the interrogation signal 
generated by reader 50. In one embodiment, VCO 206 provides a 902-928 MHz 
frequency output signal. The output power of VCO 206 is approximately -2 
to 2 dBm. The tuning coefficient for the VCO 206 is approximately 10 MHz 
per volt. 
The output of VCO 206 is introduced into radio frequency (RF) amplifier 
208. RF amplifier 208 boosts the VCO output signal to approximately 30 
dBm. The output of the RF amplifier 208 is introduced into a transceiver 
10. In one embodiment, transceiver 10 is a homodyne transceiver. 
Transceiver 10 will be discussed in greater detail below in association 
with FIG. 5. 
The output of transceiver 10 is coupled to a bandpass filter (BPF) 210 
whose output is in turn coupled to antenna 12. In one embodiment, the 
bandpass filter is part number 0915c45335, produced by Motorola Ceramics 
Division, Inc. This completes the transmit portion of the reader 50. 
The modulated interrogation signal received back from the electronic tag 
(not shown) is received at antenna 12 and coupled to transceiver 10. The 
modulated RF signal is passed to a detector 212 whose output is amplified 
by a preamplifier 214 prior to input into a signal processor 216. Detector 
212 and preamplifier 214 will be discussed in greater detail below in 
associated with FIG. 5. Signal processor 216 will be discussed in greater 
detail below in conjunction with FIG. 6. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, EPLD 200 includes a clock divider 302, timing 
circuit 304, PRN sequence generator 306, illegal state detector 308 and 
output controller 310. An external clock signal 311 is coupled to an input 
of clock divider 302. Clock divider 302, timing circuit 304 and external 
clock signal 311 determine dwell time between frequency hops for reader 14 
(FIG. 1). Dwell time refers to the amount of time an output signal (in 
this case the interrogation signal) is driven at a selected frequency 
prior to hopping to another frequency within the frequency range of the 
frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2). Clock divider 302 adjusts the 
external clock signal 311 as required to achieve the desired dwell time. 
In one embodiment, external clock 311 is user selectably divisible into 
1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, 1/8 rate, or 1/16 rate by clock divider 302. In one 
embodiment, hardware jumpers or dip switches are used to select the dwell 
time, alternatively, this may be accomplished in software. 
Timing circuit 304 is a fixed timing circuit, providing an enable signal 
based on the clock signal provided by clock divider 302. In the one 
embodiment, the dwell time associated with timing circuit 304 is set at 
175 milliseconds, and the external clock is a 6 MHz clock. 
The output of clock divider 302 is provided as an input to timing circuit 
304 and as an input to a PRN sequence generator 306. PRN sequence 
generator 306 outputs a digital signal representative of a single state of 
a PRN sequence 307 generated therein. PRN sequence generator 306 is user 
configurable. Specifically, resolution control signal 322 determines the 
number of states over which the output of the PRN sequencer will vary. In 
one embodiment, PRN sequence 307 comprises 128 states, of which 127 are 
actively generated and one state is deemed illegal. The output of PRN 
sequence generator 306 is a seven bit signal associated with the current 
entry in PRN sequence 307 for output by output controller 310. In one 
embodiment, PRN sequence generator 306 is part number A1010, manufactured 
by the ACTEL, Corp. 
Illegal state detector 308 detects the presence on the output of PRN 
sequence generator 306 of the illegal state. Upon detection of the illegal 
state, illegal state detector 308 resets PRN sequence generator 306. The 
illegal state is a by-product of the design of PRN sequence generator 306. 
Specifically, PRN sequence generator 306 is comprised of a series of 
cascaded gates with one or more feedback loops. At various locations in 
the series of cascaded gates, based on the polynomial being implemented, 
signals are read or tapped resulting in a output signal representative of 
the state of the PRN sequence generator. At each clock cycle, PRN sequence 
generator enters into a new state. Because of the feedback loops, the new 
state is dependent on the last state of the PRN sequence generator 306. 
The cascaded gate structure is such that, one state or output signal in 
the PRN sequence, if issued, will result in the reissuance of the same 
state as the new state, effectively locking up the gates in the PRN 
sequence generator 306. Accordingly, upon the issuance of this state (the 
illegal state) by PRN sequence generator 306, a resetting of PRN sequence 
generator 306 must be performed. The illegal state detector avoids this 
lock-up condition by resetting PRN sequence generator 306. 
The output of PRN sequence generator 306 is introduced to output controller 
310. Output controller 310 includes an pseudo random code output signal 
320 which is coupled to DAC 202. Output controller 310 also receives three 
external inputs (312, 314, 316) associated with control signals for 
driving pseudo random code output signal 320 to an all "0's" condition, an 
all "1's" condition, or an alternating "1" and "0" condition, 
respectively. The all "0's", all "1's", and alternating condition states 
are used in conjunction with tuning op amp 204 (FIG. 2) as described 
above. 
In addition, a bin select signal 318 is received as an input by output 
controller 310. Bin select signal 318 defines a range over which pseudo 
random code output signal 320 operates. In one embodiment, pseudo random 
code output signal 320 includes 512 different states (channels) for 
operation by frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2). The bin selection 
signal is used to divide the 512 states into four bins or groups of 128 
channels respectively. 
For example, a bin selection signal of 00 (binary) will result in an output 
signal from 0.0 volts to 1.0 volt, with 128 steps in between, on the 
output from output controller 310 to DAC 202. Similarly, if the bin select 
signal 318 is set to 01 (binary), then the output from output controller 
310 to DAC 202 will vary over 1.0 to 2.0 volts with 128 steps in between. 
A bin selection signal of 10 (binary), will result in an output signal 
varied over the range of 2.0 to 3.0 volts, with 128 steps in between. 
Finally, a bin select signal of 11 (binary), will set the output from 
output controller 310 to DAC 202 at between 3.0 and 4.0 volts, with 128 
steps in between. In one embodiment of the present invention, each bin 
represents approximately a 5 Mhz range over which the interrogation signal 
is generated, with 128 individual operating frequencies in the range which 
may be selected (assuming an operating bandwidth of between 904 and 924 
Mhz and a four bin system). 
In one embodiment, guard bands may be inserted at each end of the spectrum 
over which the frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2) is to be operated. 
The guard bands are inserted to prevent an output from VCO 206 (FIG. 2) 
which is outside the spectrum. Specifically, in one embodiment, a guard 
band of approximately 2 MHz at each end of the spectrum (between 902-904 
MHz and between 924-926 MHz) is provided to assure that spread spectrum 
signals generated by frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2) do not fall 
outside the ISM band (assuming a typical 2 Mhz bandwidth interrogation 
signal). The output signal from the output controller 310 is adjusted to 
accommodate for such guard band regions (for example, by providing an 
offset bias on pseudo random code output signal 320 associated with this 
guard band region). Alternatively, the level transition performed by the 
DAC 202 (FIG. 2) may be biased to compensate for the guard band regions. 
In another embodiment, guard bands may be inserted between each bin 
selectable by frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2). Specifically in one 
embodiment, a 1 megahertz guard band is inserted between each bin, so as 
to assure that overlap or interference between adjacent sources may be 
minimized. In one embodiment, the pseudo random code output signal 320 
generated by output controller 310 may again be adjusted to provide for 
these guard bands between the individual bins selectable by bin selection 
signal 318. Alternatively, the level adjustment performed by DAC 202 may 
accommodate these intermediate guard regions. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, a more detailed view of RF amplifier 208 is shown. 
Specifically, RF amplifier 208 includes first, second and third amplifiers 
400, 402 and 404, and an adjustable gain amplifier 406 for providing an rf 
output signal 410. In one embodiment, first amplifier 400 is a part number 
MSA1105 amplifier, produced by Hewlett Packard, Inc.; second amplifier 402 
is a part number NE46134 amplifier, produced by Nippon Electronic Company, 
Inc.; third amplifier 404 is part number BLU86 amplifier, produced by 
Phillips; and finally adjustable gain amplifier 406 is part number 
NE46134, produced by Nippon Electric Company, Inc. Adjustable gain 
amplifier 406 includes a bias adjustment signal 407 for reducing the 
output power and adjusting the gain for RF amplifier 208. In one 
embodiment, the -2 to 2 dBm output signal provided from VCO 206 is 
amplified to a level of approximately 29.5 dBm at the output of RF 
amplifier 208 (rf output signal 410) prior to input to transceiver 10 
(FIG. 1). 
Referring to FIG. 5, rf output signal 410 from RF amplifier 208 is coupled 
to transceiver 10. In one embodiment, transceiver 10 is a homodyne 
transceiver. Transceiver 10 transmits rf signals (interrogation signals) 
from frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2) to the electronic tag (not 
shown). Attached to transceiver 10 is a detector, generally indicated at 
212, comprising six diode detectors 500-1 through 500-6 spaced along the 
transceiver transmission line at thirty degree intervals, respectively. 
Outputs from diode detectors 500-1 through 500-6 are coupled to a 
preamplifier, generally indicated at 214. In one embodiment, diode 
detectors are tuned detectors including a resident RC tank circuit, part 
number HSMS2802, produced by Hewlett Packard, Inc. 
In one embodiment, preamplifier 214 includes three differential amplifiers 
502-1 through 502-3. The outputs of detectors 500-1 through 500-6 are 
connected to the inputs of differential amplifiers 502-1 through 502-3 in 
a manner such that each differential amplifier includes inputs offset by 
90 degrees. Specifically, the output of detector 500-1 is provided as an 
input to the negative input terminal while the output of detector 500-4 is 
provided to the positive input terminal of differential amplifier 502-3. 
The output of detector 500-2 is provided as an input to the negative input 
terminal while the output of detector 500-5 is provided as an input to the 
positive input terminal of differential amplifier 502-2. Finally, the 
output of detector 500-3 is provided as an input to the negative input 
terminal while the output of detector 500-6 is provided as an input to the 
positive input terminal of differential amplifier 502-1. 
Detector 214 above has been described in relation to a three channel 
system. Specifically, three separate channels associated with the data 
returning from the electronic tag are provided which are 90 degrees out of 
phase from each other. The three channel system was selected to eliminate 
the possibility of an interference condition arising at the transceiver 
due to the destructive interference of the transmitted interrogation 
signal and the electronic tag return signal. Alternatively, other channel 
configurations for detector 214 may be realized, depending on the 
performance required in the reader 50 (FIG. 2). 
The output of differential amplifiers 502-1 through 502-3, associated with 
preamplifier 214, are provided as inputs to a programmable logic device 
(PLD) 600 for processing. Referring to (FIG. 6), PLD 600 detects frame 
markers associated with the beginning of a frame as well as decodes the 
identification information in the return signal provided by an associated 
electronic tag (not shown). PLD 600 includes a pair of buffers 602 and 
604. Buffers 602 and 604 provide temporary storage of data decoded by PLD 
600. In one embodiment, PLD 600 detects frame ID information as well as 
decodes the bit cycles of the 20 kHz and 40 kHz cycle patterns generated 
from the electronic tag (not shown). PLD 600 looks at two out of three 
inputs received from preamplifier 214 (FIG. 5) to determine whether valid 
data has been received. 
In a three channel system, approximately ninety percent of the time all 
three channels will include data. However, in the event that an 
interference condition arises in the reflected modulated signal returning 
from an electronic tag, one of the channels may contain invalid data. 
Accordingly, a two out of three polling process is performed in the PLD 
600 to compensate for interference conditions. When an entire frame has 
been decoded, PLD 600 generates an interrupt for transmission to a 
microcontroller 610. Microcontroller 610 responds to the interrupt, 
providing a clock signal for clocking the data out of the PLD 600 to the 
microcontroller 610. 
Associated with microcontroller 610 are three memory elements, read only 
memory (ROM) 612, random access memory (RAM) 614, flash memory 616, and a 
real time clock 618. Memory elements 612 through 616 are used to store 
program information for operating microcontroller 610. Specifically, ROM 
612 includes an interrupt sequence for handling the interrupt received 
from the PLD 600 upon the completion of decoding an entire frame of data. 
In addition, ROM 612 may include application programs associated with the 
processing of identification data. In one embodiment, an application 
program results in a comparison of the frame ID data received from the PLD 
600 with data stored in RAM 614 associated with an electronic tag which is 
expected to be read. Microcontroller 610 makes a comparison to the 
expected tag frame data stored in RAM 614 and thereafter stores the result 
of the comparison in a portion of RAM 614. 
Flash memory 616 is used as a cache for assisting microcontroller 610 in 
the execution of the application programs. Real time clock generator 618 
oversees two-way communication between memory units 612, 614, and 616, 
respectively, and microcontroller 610. Finally, an RS232 communications 
port 620 is provided for communicating with a base station (not shown) for 
either down loading or up loading of information. 
Referring to FIG. 7, a detailed view of PLD 600 is shown, including decoder 
sampling device 702, bit checker 704, frame checker 706, output controller 
708, and timing element 710. Associated with output controller 708 are 
first and second first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffers 712-1 and 712-2. 
Sampling device 702 receives inputs from preamplifier 214 (FIG. 5) and 
samples the three channels looking for interference conditions in any of 
the given channels. Sampling device provides a single data stream input 
representative of the received data as an input to bit checker 704. 
Bit checker 704 determines the presence of a valid data bit. Specifically, 
bit checker 704 checks for predetermined sequences of 20 kHz and 40 kHz 
cycle signals associated with a valid "0" or "1" data byte (two 20 khz 
cycles followed by a 40 khz cycle for a "1", and one 20 khz cycle followed 
by two 40 khz cycles for a "0"). In the event the bit is valid, the bit is 
transferred to output controller 708. 
Frame checker 706 includes a register (not shown) for keeping track of the 
most recent data in order to identify a valid frame marker. Specifically, 
frame checker 706 includes a FIFO (not shown) which is 128 bits in length 
for storing consecutive bits outputted by bit checker 704. Frame checker 
706 compares value stored in the FIFO for a match with a predetermined 
frame marker stored in a second register (not shown) in frame checker 706. 
Upon the identification of a valid frame marker, frame checker 706 outputs 
an interrupt to output controller 708, indicating that a valid frame 
marker has arrived. 
Output controller 708 receives the output bits generated by bit checker 704 
and sequentially places each bit in a first one of FIFO buffers 712-1 and 
712-2. Upon receipt of a valid frame marker interrupt from frame checker 
706, the output controller begins a countdown associated with the 
completion of an entire frame of data. Output controller continues to 
stuff data into the first one of the FIFO buffers 712-1 and 712-2 until a 
full frame has been transferred. At that time, output controller 708 
generates an interrupt to microcontroller 610 indicating that an entire 
frame of data has been received and is ready for processing. Thereafter, 
output controller 708 loads data from bit checker 704 into the second one 
of the FIFO buffers 712-1 and 712-4. Accordingly, microcontroller must 
service the interrupt from output controller 708 prior to the second FIFO 
filling in order to assure no data will be lost. Upon receipt of a clock 
signal from microcontroller 610, the contents of the first FIFO will be 
loaded to microcontroller 610. 
Having described the details of the reader 50 above, the operation of 
reader 50 in conjunction with a electronic tag in a single and multi-lane 
configuration will be described. 
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in a single reader implementation, reader 50 
generates a interrogation signal having a frequency which is varied over a 
range of frequencies in a selected frequency band. The interrogation 
signal is generated by a frequency hopping source 100 and transmitted 
through a homodyne transceiver 10 to an electronic tag 18. Electronic tag 
18 modulates ID information stored therein and returns an encoded signal 
back to reader 50 for processing. Specifically, electronic tag 18 
backscatter modulates the interrogation signal, providing an amplitude 
modulated return signal associated with the ID stored in the ROM 22 
associated with electronic tag 18. The modulated signal is returned to 
homodyne transceiver 10. Detectors 212 detect and PLD 600 (FIG. 6) decodes 
the ID information so that the ID information may be passed to the 
microcontroller 610 (FIG. 6). 
Referring to FIG. 8A, a multi-lane electronic tag reading system is shown. 
A multi-lane system includes two or more adjacent readers. For the 
purposes of this discussion, a two-reader system will be described. Those 
ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize that the principles disclosed 
herein are equally applicable to three or more lane systems. In the two 
lane system shown, a reader 802 is in close proximity to a second reader 
device 804, both of which generate interrogation signals of approximately 
915 Mhz. An electronic tag 806 is located in the first lane generally 
indicated at 808. 
Two specific problems arise in multi-lane systems, interference and false 
signals. Interference refers to the destructive interference of 
interrogation signals generated by adjacent readers resulting in a "blind" 
spot in which electronic tags may not be read. Specifically, reader 802 
has an associated envelope region 812, which defines an area in which 
electronic tags may be identified. Reader device 804 has associated with 
it envelope region 814. In prior art, multi-lane systems, an overlap 
region generally indicated by 820 exists at the boundary between a 
respective pair of reader devices. The overlap region includes 
interference points 825 which arise at points of destructive interference 
between interrogation signals generated by reader devices 802 and 804. 
The second problem, false signals, arises due to reflections and the high 
gain configurations of the reader devices. Typically, reader devices 802 
and 804 provide approximately 1 watt of power out to an electronic tag, 
which in return provides a backscatter modulated rf signal of a few 
microwatts. Accordingly, because of the very small power output of the 
electronic tag, the receiver in the reader device must be very sensitive. 
The high sensitivity requirement for the reader device necessitates a very 
large separation between RF channels used by adjacent readers. Typically, 
while the bandwidth of the amplitude modulated RF return signal is only 
120 kilohertz, approximately 2 megahertz of band width is required for 
channel to channel separation to avoid overlap. Accordingly, where the 
reader devices are operated at approximately the same frequency, false 
signals may be detected. 
In operation, reader device 802 generates an interrogation signal which is 
received by electronic tag 806. Electronic tag 806 backscatter modulates 
the interrogation signal and returns a modulated signal to the reader 
device 802 for decoding. The backscatter signal generated by electronic 
tag 806 is also radiated and picked up by reader device 804. As described 
above, due to the sensitive receiver in reader device 804, a false frame 
reading may occur. Utilizing the frequency hopping reader of the preferred 
embodiment of the present invention provides a solution to the false 
reading and interference problems. 
Referring to FIG. 8B, a multi-lane system incorporating a frequency hopping 
reader according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. 
Specifically, a first reader 850 is provided with a frequency source 100 
capable of hopping between 902 and 928 Mhz and includes a first pseudo 
random sequence stored therein. A second reader 852 is provided in a 
second lane which also includes a similar frequency hopping source 100 and 
the same pseudo random sequence. Assuming that approximately a 2 MHz band 
width is required, only 7.5 percent of the frequency band (in a 902-928 
Mhz ISM band system) is occupied by a given frequency reader at a given 
point of time. 
In one embodiment, guard bands are inserted at each end of the spectrum 
resulting in 20 Mhz bandwidth over which the frequency hopping sources 
operate (904-924 MHz region of the ISM band). In this embodiment, 10 
percent of the total available bandwidth is occupied at a given time 
(assuming a 2 Mhz bandwidth signal). This configuration will result in 
first reader 850 occupying a first 2 MHz region of the frequency spectrum 
while second reader 852 occupies a different 2 MHz of the spectrum 
approximately ninety percent of the time the system is in use. 
Accordingly, the interference problem described above will not arise in 
this configuration due to the frequency separation created between 
adjacent lanes. In addition, the false signal problem will also be 
eliminated because of the detection scheme used by (homodyne) transceiver 
10 (FIG. 1) which mixes the output interrogation signal with the received 
rf return signal from a responding tag. Accordingly, no false signal will 
be detected by the adjacent reader device. 
Statistically, given the pseudo random sequences, ten percent of the time 
the frequency hopping sources associated with first and second readers 850 
and 852 will occupy an overlapping region of the overall bandwidth, 
possibly resulting in interference between adjacent devices. Interference 
between the two devices may result in a blank or dead spot arising in the 
lanes which makes the ID information from the electronic tag unreadable. 
One way of minimizing the opportunity for such interference is to reduce 
the dwell time for one of the two frequency hopping readers. Accordingly, 
in one embodiment, the dwell time for one reader is set at half that of 
the dwell time associated with the other reader. In one embodiment, the 
frequency hopping source 100 (FIG. 2) in first reader 850 has a dwell time 
set to approximately 175 milliseconds, while the frequency hopping source 
100 of second reader 852 has a dwell time set to approximately 350 
milliseconds. Accordingly, a system configured for varying dwell times 
allows for hopping out of interference conditions quickly. 
A problem arises in using the same pseudo random code in each of the 
frequency hopping source reader devices. Specifically, if the same pseudo 
random code is used, then as time runs by, eventually both the frequency 
hopping sources will be executing the same portion of the pseudo random 
code. Accordingly, if an interference arises at one location in the code 
based on the frequency selected by each individual reader, at the next 
hopping time the same interference may occur. Accordingly, until the 
readers drift apart over time, any interference problem will not be 
resolved by a mere frequency hop. 
In one embodiment of the present invention, each reader is provided with a 
second pseudo random code. Upon the detection of an interference 
condition, one or both readers may jump to an entry in the second pseudo 
random code. In this embodiment, the probability for overlap between the 
adjacent readers is approximately 1%. 
Alternatively, a random generator may be included in each pseudo random 
code generator to allow for a jump to a random location in the pseudo 
random code sequence. Again, the odds of jumping back to an interfering 
region of the frequency spectrum is reduced to approximately 1%. 
Referring now to FIG. 9, interference is detected by an interference 
detector 900 coupled to transceiver 10 (FIG. 1). Detection is performed by 
evaluating the presence of the interrogation signal on the transceiver 
output (intermediate frequency (IF) energy is being transmitted by 
transceiver 10) and looking at the returned ID data. The detector detects 
the presence of IF energy. In the decode process, bit checker 704 (FIG. 7) 
senses invalid bits and, upon detecting such, sends a status bit to 
detector 900. Frame checker 706 (FIG. 7) also sends an interrupt to 
detector 900 indicating a valid frame marker has been decoded. In one 
embodiment, upon the detection of one or more invalid bits after a frame 
marker interrupt has been received, detector 900 checks the IF energy 
output. If the IF energy is high, then an enable signal is transmitted to 
EPLD 200 (FIG. 2) resulting in a jump to a random location in either the 
same pseudo random sequence or a second pseudo random sequence. If the IF 
energy is low then no jump is performed. 
In an alternative embodiment, detector 900 includes an intermediate 
frequency power detector (not shown) for detecting the transmission of the 
interrogation signal and a radio frequency detector (not shown) for 
detecting the presence of a radio frequency signal returned from an 
electronic tag. In this embodiment detector 900 triggers jumping to a non 
sequential code entry in the pseudo random code upon detecting no radio 
frequency return signal while the intermediate frequency power detector 
indicates the presence of an interrogation signal. Detection may be 
performed by directional couplers, diode detectors or other means as is 
known in the art. 
Another solution to the slow drift problem is to adjust the dwell time for 
alternating units in a multi-lane system to different levels. In this 
manner, when overlap and interference between adjacent reader devices 
occurs, it will not last as long. 
In one embodiment of the present invention, the opportunity for 
interference is minimized further by using bin select signal 318 (FIG. 3). 
Specifically, bin selection signal 318 is programmed to select a unique 
bin for adjacent reader devices. Accordingly, first reader 850 (FIG. 8) is 
selected to frequency hop over a first range of frequencies (4 Mhz range 
in a 4 bin system over a 20 Mhz bandwidth with no intermediate guard 
bands), while second reader 852 (FIG. 8) is selected to frequency hop over 
a second different range of frequencies. In one embodiment, 128 frequency 
selections are made within a given 4 MHz bin for a particular reader. 
Adjacent readers are programmed with a different bin location, providing 
an interrogation signal which is varied over a second different range of 
frequencies in the ISM band. Accordingly, interference between the devices 
does not occur. In addition, false readings between the devices is 
minimized. 
In summary, an apparatus of the invention provides a source interrogation 
signal for use in a object identification system. The system of the 
invention includes a frequency hopping source for generation of an 
interrogation signal coupled to a homodyne radio for transmission by a 
bi-directional antenna to a tag. Upon receipt, the tag provides a return 
signal that is backscatter modulated to include tag identification or 
other data which is processed by the sourcing system. The frequency 
hopping source includes a voltage controlled oscillator which is driven by 
a pseudo random code generator for selecting one of a plurality of hopping 
frequencies at which the interrogation signal is to be generated based on 
the available bandwidth. 
The present invention as been described in terms of a preferred embodiment. 
The invention, however, is not limited to the embodiment depicted and 
described. Rather the scope of the invention is defined by the claims 
which follow.