Transportable modular water vapor condensation apparatus

Apparatus for producing liquid water from the condensation of atmospheric water vapor includes a transportable housing defining a first air inlet, a second air inlet, and an air outlet; first and second doors operable selectively to open and close the first and second air inlets, respectively; and at least one water condensation unit located in the housing between the first air inlet and the air outlet, and between the second air inlet and the air outlet. The housing is configured so that, when at least one of the first and second air inlets is open, at least a portion of an air flow into the at least one open air inlet is passed through the at least one condensation unit and out the air outlet.

FEDERAL SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to the field of the recovery of fresh water by the condensation of atmospheric water vapor. More specifically, it relates to a water condensation apparatus that is transportable and installable in discrete modules, whereby a scalable water recovery station comprising a desired number of modules can be set up at a desired location. In some embodiments, the location may be fixed on land, while in other embodiments the location may be a floating platform (e.g. a vessel) or a fixed platform on a body of water.

Large areas of the earth's surface, on which hundreds of millions of people live, suffer from a shortage of fresh water. Indeed, the shortage of clean, fresh water is considered by some experts to be the single most important environmental concern. Many solutions to this problem have been proposed, but none have been found to be practical or cost effective on a large scale with current technology. Other approaches are constantly being sought.

One potential source of fresh water that has, perhaps, not attracted the attention it deserves is atmospheric water vapor. The earth's atmosphere is estimated to contain approximately 3×1015liters of water as vapor, which is continuously replenished and is equivalent to the needs of the earth's entire population for over two and a half years. Furthermore, the capacity of atmospheric air to hold water vapor increases exponentially with temperature. In warmer and more humid geographic areas, air near the earth's surface may hold more than 50 grams of water vapor per cubic meter. Recovery of even a small percentage of this vapor as liquid water in the present disclosure would yield enormous benefits.

SUMMARY

Broadly, a water vapor condensation apparatus in accordance with the present disclosure comprises a condensation module including a housing containing a condensing unit operable to cool moisture-laden atmospheric air below its ambient dew point, thereby condensing the water vapor in the air into liquid water. The condensing unit includes one or more condensing chambers, each comprising a pre-cooling section and a condensing section. Condensed water from the condensing unit is directed to a fresh water collection device, preferably after processing by filtration and/or purification devices. The housing is configured to direct the atmospheric air through the condensing unit in an efficient manner, so as to optimize the condensation effect. The apparatus further includes a mechanism for circulating the cooled and dehumidified air within the housing to maintain the ambient temperature inside the condenser housing within a desired range. The housing may range in size in a variety of configurations from small to very large. In one embodiment, the housing is configured and dimensioned as a standard ship-board cargo container, so as to be compatible with commonly-used container handling and transportation equipment. The housing is advantageously configured for modular assembly into a multi-unit array, whereby the apparatus can be scaled up for larger volumes of fresh water production.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiments of water condensation modules, assemblies, and components in accordance with aspects of the disclosed apparatuses and methods, and it is not intended to represent the only forms in which the explicitly and implicitly described components, assemblies, and methods may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the features and the steps for constructing and using the embodiments of the present components, assemblies, and method in connection with the illustrated embodiments. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions and structures may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. As denoted elsewhere herein, like element numbers are intended to indicate like or similar elements or features.

FIG.1shows a water condensation apparatus10, or water production module, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. The water condensation module or apparatus10includes a housing20and one or more condensing units40located within the housing20through which warm moist air will pass to be chilled to or below its ambient dew point, causing fresh, liquid water to condense. The condensate will then be directed to storage or filtering and/or processing apparatus for bottling or other similar uses.

The housing20may advantageously be configured and dimensioned so as to be compatible with common cargo container handling and transportation equipment. The housing20may, for example, conform to standard sea cargo container dimensions with external dimensions of 8 feet (2.4 meters) wide by 8.5 feet (2.9 meters) high, and 20 to 40 feet (6.1 to 12.2 meters) long, and approximate interior dimensions of 7 feet 8 inches (2.3 meters) wide, 7 feet 10 inches (2.4 meters) high, and 19 feet 4 inches (5.9 meters) long. The housing20may conform to the standardized Twenty foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) standard container size utilized in international shipping standards. Thus, in accordance with this aspect, the housing20may be manufactured in any of the facilities already producing standard cargo containers, thereby minimizing fabrication, construction, and handling costs while maximizing compatibility with existing global port infrastructure and transportation configurations. As shown, the housing20has the shape of a rectangular box. The housing20may, however, assume other shapes, such as a cylinder, a pyramid, or a trapezoidal box, for example.

The housing20, in the illustrated rectangular embodiment, has a top side, a bottom side, a front side, and a rear side, all extending between a first open end22and an opposite second open end24. The first open end22can be a first inlet opening and the second open end24can be a second inlet opening. InFIG.1, a top side of the housing20and a front side of the housing20are removed to better illustrate and describe components located inside the housing20. A door assembly is advantageously provided at each of the open ends22,24to controllably close the first and second open ends22,24.

In some embodiments, as shown, each door assembly comprises a pair of doors21pivotably attached (as by hinges) to opposite sides of the first and second ends22,24of the housing20. The doors21can be operated remotely or automatically by actuator devices23for transition between an open position and a closed position. The actuator devices can include hydraulic or pneumatic devices, or equivalents. As shown inFIG.1, the doors21, when in the open position, allow warm moist atmospheric air to be drawn inside the housing20through the first and second open ends22,24so as to flow through a plurality of condensing units40. The condensing units40chill the air to or below its ambient dew point to condense the water vapor in the air into liquid water condensate as it passes through the condensing units40, or condensation units. As described below, the condensing units40can be arranged in a variety of configurations, including being arranged perpendicular to or at an acute angle to the air flow into the housing20. The cooled air is circulated in the housing20to maintain a desired temperature in the housing20, and/or it exits the housing20through an outlet or exhaust tunnel26, as explained in further detail below. In the closed position, the doors21close the opposite ends of the housing20, thereby covering the first and second open ends22,24to protect the condensing units40and other components inside the housing20from hazards and environmental conditions when not in use. Although an assembly of two doors21is shown at each of the first and second open ends22,24of the housing20, a single folding door, a roll up door, a sliding door, or other means to cover and protect the open ends22,24may be used instead.

The housing20can be positioned relative to the wind to provide a flow of warm moist air into at least one of the first open end22and the second open end24, and out through the outlet26. As shown inFIG.1, the outlet26is centrally located and extends through opposite sides of the housing20between the first and second ends22,24. Thus, the flow of the cooled air out of the housing20is perpendicular to the flow of warm moist air inside the housing20. The cooled air can flow in opposite directions out of the housing20or flow in one direction through an exhaust tunnel forming the outlet26. The outlet26is an opening with a cross-sectional area sufficient to exhaust chilled air from which moisture has been condensed. In a specific example, the outlet26may have a diameter of about 2.5-3.0 meters, with a perimeter spaced from a top side and a bottom side of the housing20to maintain structural rigidity of the housing20. Alternatively, the outlet26can be U-shaped with vertical sides extending from the bottom side of the housing20and a semi-cylindrical top portion spaced from the top side of the housing20.

In another embodiment, one of the first opening22and the second opening24may serve as the air inlet, and the other as the air outlet. The condensation apparatus10can be positioned so that the wind can feed warm moist air into the housing20through whichever of the openings22,24is the inlet, and the cooled air can flow out the other of the openings22,24and/or the exhaust outlet26.

When no wind is present or the airflow of the warm, moist air passing through the condensing units40is inadequate, the natural airflow from the wind can be mechanically augmented, or an artificial air flow mechanically created, by one or more ventilation devices, such as fans30, located within the housing20and operable to pull the warm moist air into the housing20and force the warm moist air through the condensing units40. The fans30can be located inside the housing20at or near one, or preferably both, of the first and second open ends22,24, and they can be powered by a power supply (not shown), such as, for example, batteries, an external electrical power supplied to the condensing apparatus10, an on-board generator or by direct mechanical drives such as belts or pulleys driven by external mechanical means such as wind, wave or internal combustion engine. By pulling the warm, moist air into the housing20with the fans30and forcing the air towards the condensing units40, the warm, moist air between the fans30and the condensing units40is under compression, thereby reducing its ability to carry water vapor. Thus, the fans30can increase the yield of liquid water condensate by not only drawing in warm, moist air through the first and second open ends22,24, but also by compressing the moist air. In one embodiment, the air velocity may be about 2.5 m/sec through the condensing units40. The warm, moist air between the first and second open ends22,24and the condensing units40may be understood as being upstream of the condensing units40, while the air that has moved past the condensing units40in the housing and between the first and second open ends22,24and the outlet26may be understood as being downstream of the condensing units40.

A filter41may optionally be provided upstream of the fans30at the first open end22and second open end24to prevent debris and other large objects from entering the housing20, without restricting the flow of moist air into the housing20. In one example, the filter is a tight mesh like screen arranged just inside or at the first open end22and the second open end24so that the debris can drop from the filter under its own weight. Alternatively, the filter and an optional secondary filter (not shown) can be provided between each fan30and adjacent condensing unit40. The fans30may also be operated in reverse periodically or when needed to assist in clearing the debris from the filters.

The condensing units40are located inside the housing20between the first and second open ends22,24and the outlet26. In one embodiment, the condensing units40are located between the fans30and the outlet26. Said differently, the outlet26of the housing20is preferably located between the condensing units40so that the flow of air passing through the condensing units40can exit the housing20.

Each condensing unit40comprises a pre-cooling section45and a condenser section50downstream of the pre-cooling section45. That is, the pre-cooling section45of the condensing unit40is located between the path of the airflow of the moist air between the fan30and the condenser section50. Each pre-cooling section45may advantageously comprise multiple atomizing nozzles (not shown) arranged to spray a mist of cooled water into the incoming air stream to reduce the temperature of the warm, moist air prior to entering the condenser section50. Pre-cooling the incoming air stream with cooled water materially enhances the efficiency of the condensing section50by reducing the air temperature and increasing the relative humidity, preferably to or near 100%, thereby reducing the moisture-carrying capacity of the incoming air and increasing condensate yield. The cooled water can be a portion of the condensate produced from the condenser section50that is recirculated and pumped through the pre-cooling section45. Thus, the pre-cooling section45can use recirculated cooled water instead of water pumped from outside of the housing20. Cooled water recaptured with the newly condensed water and the unused portion of the condensate may be collected and directed into a storage system (not shown) outside of the housing20. Alternatively, a land-based apparatus (not shown) may pump in cooling water from an external source (not shown), such as a tank or a reservoir.

In one embodiment, each pre-cooling section45can comprise one or more pipes joined together alongside a perimeter of the condenser section50(see, e.g.,FIG.7). Holes or atomizing nozzles (not shown) may be spaced apart along the pipes and directed for spraying atomized cooled water into the incoming air flow prior to entering the condenser section50to reduce the temperature and moisture-carrying capacity of the incoming air. In another embodiment, atomizing nozzles can be placed at a top of the housing20, or they may form a ring adjacent to the entrance to the condenser section50.

The condenser section50comprises a plurality of condensers51each having a plurality of condensing surfaces. The cooling for the condensers51can be provided by various means including, individually or in combination, modified refrigeration, evaporative cooling, solar heating/refrigeration, and circulating refrigerant, the condensed water, or cold, deep sea-water. Heat is removed from the moist air passing over the condensing surfaces, so that the air is cooled below its dew point, thereby causing atmospheric water vapor to condense as liquid water on the condensing surfaces and flow into a specially designed collection apparatus for collection, as discussed further below. In one example, the temperature of the warm moist air entering the apparatus10can be about 30° C., and cooled to about 10° C. or less after passing through the condensers and out the outlet26, depending on the condenser configuration and the cooling mechanism.

The condensers51may assume a variety of configurations, such as finned, thermo-syphon, heat pipe, or refrigeration. One exemplary configuration includes an array of fins52(seeFIG.6) and/or tubes as condensing surfaces. The condensing fins or tubes are arranged in a vertical array to promote condensate discharge. In either case, the spacing between the condensing surfaces in the array, and the overall dimensions of the array, are advantageously selected to minimize “blinding” by condensate accumulating between adjacent condensing surfaces, which impedes air flow and thus reduces condensate formation.

With reference toFIG.6, in one embodiment, for example, the condenser51includes an array of condensation fins52, wherein the height H of the array of condensation fins52is preferably not more than about 65-70 cm, and preferably spaced about 2.0-2.5 mm apart. The overall depth D (front-to-back) of the array is preferably not more than about 8-9 cm to avoid excessive air flow resistance. In one configuration, the overall width W of the condenser51may advantageously be slightly more than half the internal width of the housing20. This will allow several condensers51to be staggered inside the housing20, as discussed in detail below with reference toFIG.2.

In an exemplary embodiment, the condensation fins52are fixed to one or more horizontal cooling tubes or heat pipes53, as shown inFIGS.3and4, through which a coolant fluid, such as a refrigerant or cold water, is circulated. The cooling tubes53are preferably made of a metal with high thermal conductivity, such as, for example, copper. The cooling tubes53may run through the fins52multiple times by looping back and forth across the width of the condenser51. Alternatively, the cooling tubes53may be straight tubes connected together by a connector58, such as a U-shaped connector58, attached to an end of two separate cooling tubes53just outside a side frame portion55bof a frame55of the condenser51. The tubes53connected to each other by each U-shaped connector58may be either adjacent to each other or non-adjacent. Thus, the coolant fluid may circulate through one cooling tube53after another cooling tube53via the U-shaped connector58. Two or more cooling tubes53can thereby be connected in series via the connectors58to form a single serpentine tube with an inlet end and an outlet end.

With reference toFIG.2, a coolant system70comprises a supply line70asupplying coolant fluid to the condensers51, and a return line70breturning the coolant fluid after it has circulated through the condensers51. The supply line70ais connected to a supply tube75, which in turn, is connected in parallel to the one or more inlet ends of one or more cooling tubes53of one or more condensers51, directly or via a secondary tube (not shown), preferably having an internal diameter between that of the supply tube75and the one or more cooling tubes53. Thus, the supply line70ais able to simultaneously feed coolant fluid to the cooling tubes53of the condensers51via the supply tube75. As shown inFIG.2, four condensers51are stacked on top of one another, although the number and arrangement of the condensers51may be varied as suitable for each application. Condenser arrangements may vary from nearly perpendicular to the air-flow to acute angles forming a “zig-zag” or chevron array, as further described below with respect toFIGS.15and16. Embodiments of a chevron arrangement can increase the condensing surface area and reduce pressure differentials and air flow velocity across the condensing surfaces, thereby increasing production of condensate water as well as increasing structural stability.

The supply tube75may extend vertically adjacent the stack of condensers51, with hard or flexible couplings connected to the one or more inlet ends of each of the condensers51. Alternatively, the supply tube75can be fixed to the one or more inlet ends of the cooling tubes53of each of the condensers51by welding. The supply tube75may have an interior cross-sectional size or interior diameter equal to or greater than an interior cross-sectional size or interior diameter of a single cooling tube53.

After the coolant fluid in the condensers51has drawn heat away from the fins52to condense water from the warm, moist air, the warmer coolant fluid returns to the return line70bof the coolant system70through a return tube76, which is connected in parallel to the one or more outlet ends of the one or more cooling tubes53of the one or more condensers, directly or via a secondary tube (not shown), preferably having an internal diameter at least equal to that of the supply tube75. Thus, the returning coolant fluid may be removed from multiple condensers51simultaneously. The return tube76may extend vertically adjacent the stack of condensers51with hard or flexible couplings connected to the one or more outlet ends of the cooling tubes53of each of the condensers51. Alternatively, the return tube76can be fixed to the one or more outlet ends of each of the condensers51by welding. The return tube76may have a larger interior cross-sectional size or interior diameter equal to or greater than the interior cross-sectional size or interior diameter of a single cooling tube53. The return tube76can be positioned adjacent to the supply tube75, but it advantageously may be spaced sufficiently far from the supply tube75to prevent (or at least minimize) heat transfer from the return tube76to the supply tube75.

The condensers51can be any suitable apparatus known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, the condenser51or heat exchanger may include thermo-siphons or heat pipes which may be advantageously oriented in the air flow, and may be configured as individual tubular pipes or alternatively as loops. The heat pipes and thermo-syphons may be oriented in a variety of positions ranging from vertical through horizontal and all angles between. Closely spaced fins preferably oriented vertically or nearly so, may be attached to the heat pipes/thermo-syphons to increase the cooling and condensing areas. In one embodiment, the vertically oriented tubular or loop heat pipes or thermo-syphons comprise tubing of about 3-7 mm in diameter, with a flattened or ovoid cross-section however other shapes are contemplated, and may be straight, formed in a helix, twisted or other advantageous shape with spacing about 2.5-3.0 mm, in offset rows no more than about 550 mm high and a working air flow area no more than about 20 cm in depth. The upper end of the heat pipes are embedded in a suitable heat sink which may advantageously consist of a number of materials and configurations including but not limited to a finned metallic heat sink with high thermal conductivity that is cooled by a constant flow of air or water, or in another configuration the upper end of each heat pipe or thermo-syphon is inserted in a container through which a stream of coolant is circulated which may be water or other liquid or gas. The warm moist air flow transfers heat to the heat pipe or thermo-syphon causing the working fluid to vaporize, the vapor then rising to the upper portion of the heat pipe or thermo-syphon where the heat is transferred to the heat sink, causing the working fluid to condense and flow down the tube until it is again vaporized.

In another contemplated configuration, heat pipes or thermo-syphons may be advantageously configured as a loop with any of multiple cross sections, geometric shapes and configurations with the evaporating section of the loop advantageously placed in the flow of warm moist air and the condensing section configured to dissipate heat into a heat sink as previously described or the passing cooled airstream with the evaporation portion of the loop oriented from vertical to horizontal. In one contemplated configuration the loop may be oriented with the evaporator section in a horizontal position, one end of the loop advantageously attached to, or inserted in a suitable heat sink as previously described. Vertically oriented cooling fins may advantageously be employed to increase the cooling and condensing area much in the same manner as the heat exchanger described above. Like the tubular heat pipe or thermo-syphon the loop heat pipe or thermo-syphon removes heat from the passing air stream through the constant evaporation and condensation of a suitable working fluid, transferring the heat to the working fluid for removal. The working fluid within the heat pipes or thermo-syphons can be any of a number of non-corrosive liquids including but not limited to distilled water, a suitable refrigerant or an azeotrope contained at an appropriate pressure or vacuum to facilitate the requisite evaporation and condensation of the working fluid. One non-corrosive positive azeotrope is 95% ethanol and 5% water.

In a refrigeration configuration (not shown), oriented refrigerated condensing coils pass through close-spaced fins or plates arranged vertically within the airflow. The condensing coils, in some embodiments, may be elongate ovals with long straight sides and short curves arranged in a closely spaced arrangement and/or augmented with additional cooling fins or plates arranged to promote the natural flow of condensate to the collection apparatus. The working fluid within the refrigeration coils or plates is a refrigerant.

Hydroscopic coating can be applied on the condensing surfaces to promote water discharge and enhance water production by removing the insulating effect of the condensed water more rapidly. The tubing and cooling surfaces can be made of copper-bismuth alloy to provide the greatest thermal coefficient and chemical resistance. Copper, aluminum, stainless steel and other highly conductive materials may also be used. A very hydroscopic, corrosion resistant “diamond like” carbon can be used as a coating. Diamond-like carbon can reduce friction and provide corrosion and wear resistance.

With reference toFIGS.2,3,4, and6, a frame55surrounding the condenser51can serve as a collection apparatus for collecting and directing flow of the condensate. To minimize corrosion, the frame55can be made of, or coated with, an appropriate corrosion resistant material. Each condenser51can act as a principal collection point for the produced condensate. Furthermore, the frame55can provide for easy installation, maintenance, removal, and replacement of the condenser51. In a number of embodiments, the frame55may comprise a bottom frame portion55a, a pair of side frame portions55b, and a top frame portion55cthat collectively form a rectangular frame55.

The condenser51may include one or more horizontal collection channels54, each with an opening facing upward to collect the condensate flow from the condenser surfaces of the condenser51into the collection channel under gravity. The side frame portions55bcan form an outwardly-facing vertical channel. When placed against a wall of the housing20, the side frame portions55bof each of the condensers51stacked on top of one another can collectively form a rectangular collection passage or channel56running vertically along the side of the housing20. An alternative configuration utilizing a zig-zag pattern arrangement can have a suitable end-cap (not shown) placed over the converging ends of the condenser to form a similar collection passage as further described below with respect toFIGS.11-16. The top frame portion55ccan form an upwardly-facing channel. The bottom frame portion55amay also form an upwardly-facing collection channel to direct the flow of condensate through a plurality of collection ports57(as described below) into a collection passage56or conduit defined between the stacked side frame portions55band the wall of the housing20. The channel of the top frame portion55ccan be slightly wider than the bottom frame portion55a, so that when one condenser51is stacked atop another condenser51, the bottom frame portion55aof a first condenser51can nest inside the channel of the top frame portion55cof a second condenser51to form a multi-condenser array, as shown, for example, inFIGS.2and6. The sides of the channel of the bottom frame portion55amay be flared outwardly at 92°-95° with respect to the channel bottom. This allows the bottom frame portion55ato form an interference fit with the top frame portion55cwhen stacking the condensers. Thus, the bottom frame portion55acan be wedged inside the top frame portion55c.

The collection ports57at a bottom or end of each frame55direct the flow of condensate from the collection channels56into the collection passage or conduit, through which the condensate flows (either gravitationally, or by means of a pump, not shown) to a collection tray (SeeFIG.11, condensate collection tray92) which serves to collect condensate and direct it via porting and plumbing to one or more collection tanks or reservoirs. The collection ports57can be drilled or milled through the side frame portions55bto direct the condensate flow into the collection passage or conduit. Air pressure from incoming air flow can assist in moving the condensate through the collection ports57and into the collection passage or conduit.

With reference toFIG.2, in some embodiments, several condensers51may be mounted together to form a bank60of condensers51stacked on top of one another. For example, in one specific exemplary embodiment, the bank60of condensers may be a stack four condensers high, with two banks arranged side by side spaced from each of the first and second open ends22,24of the housing20. Rather than abutting the two banks60end to end or in a planar orientation, the banks60of condensers51may be arranged such that the leading side of the condenser51on one side of the bank60of condensers51sits directly behind the trailing side of an adjacent bank60of condensers51on the other side of the condenser51to provide flexibility in the manufacturing and assembly of the banks60, and flexibility during storage, transit, and operation of the banks60inside the housing20. The banks60can be arranged in a staggered arrangement. This allows the vertical supply tube75and the vertical return tubes to be assembled close to the longitudinal center plane of the housing.

Embodiments of the banks60of condensers51can be arranged in a chevron arrangement, wherein a bank of condensers is at an oblique angle relative to an adjacent bank of condensers. In this way, the chevron arrangement provides for an accordion type arrangement, or an arrangement similar to the folds in a coffee filter. A chevron arrangement can increase the effectiveness of the condensers. Additional details of embodiments of the chevron arrangement are described below with respect toFIGS.15and16.

In the various arrangements of the condenser section50, the banks of condensers can be mounted on collection pans or trays, which can serve to collect condensate, direct condensate into collection channels, support condenser banks, provide critical space and access for piping and plumbing, and assist in controlling air flow.

The bank60of condensers51can be mounted on rails (not shown) for easy accessibility to the condensers51for maintenance, removal, and replacement. Advantageously, in some embodiments, each bank60of condensers51may be located approximately 60 cm from an end of the housing20, and about 30 cm from the exhaust tunnel or outlet26. The banks60may be removably fixed to the housing20by brackets or stabilizing rails (not shown) on the interior of the bottom side or floor of the housing20and the interior of the front and rear sides of the housing20. The brackets may also serve to align the banks60inside the housing20. For example, the brackets can be L-shaped brackets with holes or slots to fasten the bracket to an inside floor of the housing20. The brackets may then be fastened to the bank60, or the bank60may be sandwiched between two brackets to secure the bank to the floor and front/back side of the housing20.

The above-described coolant system70for supplying cooling fluid to the condensers51and returning warmed fluid from the condensers51may advantageously comprise both rigid and flexible plumbing elements (e.g., tubes and conduits). Rigid plumbing elements, such as metal or PVC pipes, can be placed inside the housing20close to a centerline of the housing20to save piping and plumbing costs, and to protect the coolant system from damage. A combination of rigid plumbing and flexible plumbing, including pipes, hoses, and quick disconnect couplings, can be placed outside the housing connecting to the rigid plumbing inside the housing20. Pumps (not shown) can be provided inside or outside of the housing20to circulate the cooling fluid into the housing20to the bank60of condensers51, and then back out the housing20.

A collection piping system80(seeFIG.5), serving as a condensate outlet, may also comprise rigid and flexible plumbing elements to deliver condensate out of the housing20and into a storage unit (not shown), such as a tank or reservoir. In some embodiments, the condensate may be directed to a purification apparatus or device (not shown) before entering the storage tank or reservoir. Rigid plumbing elements (e.g., metal or PVC pipes) can be provided inside the housing20, and a combination of hard plumbing and flexible plumbing, comprising pipes, hoses, and quick disconnect couplings can be provided outside the housing20. Pumps (not shown) can be located inside or outside the housing20to pump the condensate out of the housing20to a water storage facility or a water-using system or apparatus.

Electrical power to operate the condensing units (pumps, fans30, pre-cooling sections45, diagnostic equipment, and other equipment) can be provided by renewable energy sources, including wind, photo-voltaic elements, ocean current, and ocean thermal energy conversion. Alternatively, as mentioned above, batteries and/or generators can be used instead of, or as supplements to, the renewable energy sources.

As will be appreciated from the above, the apparatus of the present disclosure is advantageously configured as a self-contained water condensation module that lends itself for installation in a multi-module array or combination, as shown inFIG.5. Thus, a plurality of water condensation modules10can be arranged individually or in a matrix or array stacked vertically or side-by-side, on land or on a marine vessel or platform. When stacked side-by-side, the exhaust tunnels26of the separate modules are advantageously aligned with each other, as shown.

As noted above, the water condensation apparatus10, either singly or in a modular array as shown inFIG.5, can be installed on a marine vessel, which can be a conventional container ship, holding up to its TEU capacity. For example, a common Panamax class container vessel has a capacity to carry 2500-5000 containers, which, under typical conditions, may be able to produce over 18 million gallons of water condensate per day.

FIG.7illustrates an exemplary schematic cut away showing a partial view of the water condensation module10, showing a plurality of fans30a,30b,30c,30dat each of the open ends22,24of the housing20. For the sake of clarity,FIG.7does not show the condensing section50or coolant system70components of the module, which are shown and described with respect toFIGS.8-16below.FIG.7shows the fans30mounted on a pair of pivoting fan mounting panels300at each end22,24of the housing20. In the illustrated embodiment, two fans30are fixed to each fan mounting panel300, an embodiment of which is further described below with respect toFIGS.8A and8B. In this way, servicing can be done by removal of a pair of fans attached to a single fan mounting panel300, rather than by removing all the fans at one end simultaneously, or by removing a single large fan at each end.

The pivoting fan mounting panels300can each be rotatably attached to the housing20by way of a mounting bar306, as further described below with respect toFIG.9. The mounting bar306can be fixed to the housing20, such that the fan mounting panel300can be rotatable relative to the housing20. Alternatively, as described further below with respect toFIG.9, the mounting bar306can be rotatably mounted to the housing20. In such a case, the mounting bar306and the fan mounting panel300can be rotatable relative to the housing20.

As discussed above, the doors21, operated by the actuator devices23, are movable between an open position and a closed position. With the doors21open, air flow AF can enter the housing20from one or both of the first and second open ends22,24towards the center of the housing20. At least a portion of the air flow AF can then exit through at least one outlet26on the front or the back side of the housing20, after having been cooled by condenser section50as described above.

In some embodiments of the actuator devices23, such as shown inFIG.7, the actuator devices23may have to cross a plane defined by the pivoting fan mounting panels300. In order to maximize efficiency of the water condensation apparatus10and prevent leakage of cooled air out towards the first and second ends22,24, the fan mounting panels300can each have a cut out and a flexible seal or boot (not shown) to allow the actuator device23to pass through while maintaining a seal between the fan mounting panels300and the housing20. The flexible boot can allow for sufficient movement for the actuator devices23to operate between the open position and the closed position of the doors21while maintaining a comparatively air tight seal.

Embodiments using a plurality of relatively small fans30a,30b,30c,30dat each of the ends22,24may be advantageous in certain situations. Besides potentially lowering initial construction costs compared to larger fans, and allowing continued operation of the apparatus in the event of a fan failure, other possible advantages include a smaller power draw on start-up compared to a singular large fan at each end of the housing20, and reduced repair and maintenance costs. In some embodiments, the use of eight or more small or moderately-sized fans (i.e., four or more fans at each end of the housing) can allow for the use of ¼ horsepower (hp) electric motors for each fan, compared to, for example, 20 hp motor for one or two large fans at each end. Additionally, smaller fans may allow for the use of 120 volt single phase electricity instead of less common 220 volt or 440 volt three phase electricity. However, this does not preclude the ability to use large fans on 120 volt single phase electricity, such as with the fans shown in the embodiment ofFIG.1.

Smaller fans may also be advantageous from a cost perspective. Smaller fans may be significantly less expensive than large fans for various manufacturing reasons. In cases where smaller fans are less expensive, the usage of the small fans can provide for reduced initialization costs by lowering the capital expense requirement to purchase and install the water condensation apparatus10. For example, it may be that an embodiment utilizing eight fans—four at each end—lowers the cost of the fans by 90% compared to an embodiment with two large fans—one at each end—for a standard ship-board cargo container dimensioned housing. Four or more small fans at each end can be contemplated in order to balance airflow and cost requirements.

The usage of smaller fans can also provide for easier repair or replacement of fan components. Replacement parts, including an entire fan or fan assembly, can be easier to source and install. In the case of a single large fan, it may be necessary to use specialized equipment such as a forklift to move the entire fan from the housing. In contrast, smaller fans may be lighter in weight such that they can be moved by a hoist or crane, or even potentially by hand. The smaller fans can also make it easier to keep replacement parts stored on hand for quick repairs.

Additionally, in some embodiments, multi-speed or variable speed motors can be used for the plurality of fans30a,30b,30c,30d. With variable speed motors, the fan speeds can be set to accommodate changes in operating conditions. Accordingly, the plurality of fans can be operated at the same speed or operated independently at different speeds. The use of smaller fans with variable speed motors compared to a large fan can allow for faster adjustments to operating conditions with faster rotational spin-up and spin-down times of the smaller fans.

Additionally, by mounting the fans30a,30b,30c,30dto fan mounting panels, it can easier to move the fans by moving the fan mounting panel to access the other components within the housing20. The decreased weight of the fan mounting panel and smaller fans may also significantly lower the cost of transportation as well as increase the options for transportation of replacement components, especially in remote locations.

In some embodiments, the fan mounting panels can be sized to each only hold one fan, in which case there can be four air doors for the four fans on one end of the housing. Alternatively, the pivot can be mounted across the top and bottom of the housing, such that the fan mounting panels are oriented as a top panel and a bottom panel, rather than side by side with the vertical pivots.

FIGS.8A and8Billustrate an exemplary embodiment of a fan mounting panel300in accordance with embodiments of this disclosure. The fan mounting panel300can include an opening302sized and shaped for the fan mounting panel300to couple with a fan mounting bracket304and a fan30a,30b,30c,30d. In an exemplary embodiment, the pivoting fan mounting panel can have two openings302to accommodate two fans30a,30b. The fan mounting panel300can be made from a suitable material chosen from metal, wood, or composite to support the fans. For example, the fan mounting panel300can be substantially made from steel sheet. Alternatively, the fan mounting panel300can include a frame structure, made of metal, wood, or composite, and a door skin covering the frame structure.

The dimensions of the fan mounting panel300ofFIGS.8A and8Bcan correspond to approximately half of the cross section of the housing20. In this way, instead of needing to remove the entire weight of the assembly of a single large fan dimensioned for the housing20, servicing can be done by removal of an individual fan mounting panel and its associated fans. By doing so, the weight of the components can be less than having to remove four or more fans simultaneously, or one large fan. The fan mounting panel300may be further reduced in size to decrease the weight for removal and servicing of fans. For example, the fan mounting panel300shown inFIGS.8A and8Bcan be further divided into two pivoting panels, each holding one fan. In such an embodiment, there can be four panels with one panel for each fan, each panel corresponding to approximately a quarter of the cross section of the housing20.

In other embodiments, where other numbers of a plurality of fans are provided, the fan mounting panel300can be sized to mount one or more fans per fan mounting panel300as suitable for weight limitations for servicing. By decreasing the size of the fan mounting panel300and the fans, the weight of the components can be reduced such that heavy machinery is not needed for servicing. With heavier components, it may be necessary to use a forklift or other machine, whereas a smaller assembly may be removable from the housing20manually or with simple machines.

FIG.8Billustrates a side plan view of the pivoting fan mounting panel as described with respect toFIG.8A. In some embodiments, the fans30a,30bcan be mounted to one side of the fan mounting panel300by way of the fan mounting bracket304.

FIG.9illustrates an embodiment of a mounting bar306or hinge for pivotably mounting the fan mounting panels300to the housing20. The mounting bar306can comprise first and second opposed end sections308, each of which is configured to fix the mounting bar306to the housing. The mounting bar306can be mounted to the housing at the first and second end sections308through conventionally known components. For example, the housing may have a protrusion sized and shaped to accept and retain one of the first and second end sections308. In some embodiments, the first and second end sections308can include a flange mounting plate (not shown) for mating and fastening to the housing, such as by way of adhesive or fasteners.

In some embodiments, the mounting bar306can be a solid, integrally-formed piece. The mounting bar306can be sized to fit in a corresponding location in the housing20. In other embodiments, the mounting bar306can be made of at least two telescoping rod sections. With the at least two telescoping rod sections, the mounting bar306can be easily adjusted by being extended or shortened for installation inside a housing20even if there are dimensional tolerance differences between various housings20.

The mounting bar306can have at least one pivot portion310for rotatably mounting a fan mounting panel300to it. The pivot portion310can include a conventional door hinge type connection or other conventionally known hinging components. In some embodiments, the pivot portion310can comprise a portion of the mounting bar306having a larger cross-sectional diameter than a second portion of the mounting bar306. The fan mounting panel300can have a corresponding through-bore near one of its edges that is sized and shaped to accept the mounting bar306. In such an embodiment, the fan mounting panel300can accept the mounting bar306through the through-bore prior to fitment of the mounting bar306to the housing20. These embodiments can allow for rotation of the fan mounting panels300about the mounting bar306and relative to the housing20. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.9, the mounting bar306can have three pivot portions310for coupling with the fan mounting panel300.

In some embodiments, the mounting bar306can be made of 2 inch (5 cm) outer diameter tubing. The pivot portion310can be tubing having an inner diameter slightly larger than 2 inches (5 cm) to rotate around the mounting bar306. In some embodiments, the pivot portion310can be welded or integrally portioned with the fan mounting panel300, such that the fan mounting panel can be rotatably mounted to the mounting bar306through the pivot portion310.

In some embodiments, the first and second end sections308can include a portion having an inner diameter sized to allow for the mounting bar306to rotate about the first and second end sections308, which are fixed to the housing20. In such an embodiment, the mounting bar306can be fixed relative to the fan mounting panel300such that both the mounting bar306and the fan mounting panel300rotate about the first and second end sections308and the housing20.

According to some embodiments, the mounting bar306can include a retaining component (not shown) to prevent the fan mounting panel300from moving slidingly along the length of the mounting bar306. The retaining component may be configured as a clamp, detent, or clip to maintain the position of the fan mounting panel300to prevent unexpected movement of the mounting bar306if a fan mounting panel300is removed from the housing20.

FIG.10illustrates an embodiment of a fan mounting bracket304for mounting a fan30a,30b,30c,30dto a fan mounting panel300. The fan mounting bracket304, which may advantageously be made of a durable metal, such as aluminum or a corrosion-resistant steel alloy, can be sized and shaped to fit with an opening302in the fan mounting panel300. The fan mounting bracket304can also be sized and shaped to accommodate fitment of a fan30a,30b,30c,30d. As such, the fan30a,30b,30c,30dcan be substantially smaller in outer diameter than a diameter of the opening302of the fan mounting panel300. The fan mounting bracket304can be sized to mate with both the fan mounting panel300and the fan30a,30b,30c,30d. In this way, fan mounting brackets304can be produced to accommodate different size fans for any given diameter opening302of the fan mounting panel300. This can allow for easy modularization and replacement of the fans without the need to modify the fan mounting panel300.

In embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304can have an outer edge and an inner edge defining an outer shape and an inner opening respectively. In some embodiments, the inner opening may be of a non-circular shape in order to mount fans with non-circular casings. The fan mounting bracket304can be attached to at least one of the fans30a,30b,30c,30dand the fan mounting panel300by adhesives and/or fasteners.

In some embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304may comprise a plurality of fan mounting bracket segments304a, which may advantageously be of substantially equal arcuate length. In other embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304may comprise a plurality of fan mounting bracket segments304aof unequal arcuate lengths. For example, the fan mounting bracket304can comprise three fan mounting bracket segments304a, wherein one of the segments is roughly half of the arc of the fan, and wherein two of the segments are each roughly a quarter of the arc of the fan. In such embodiments, the half-arc segment can be installed nearest the wall of the housing, with the two shorter segments installed on the edge adjacent to the other fan mounting panel. This allows for removal and replacement of fans by removing only the two short brackets, greatly simplifying installation and removal or maintenance.

In some embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304can have an exterior shape different from the opening302of the fan mounting panel300. For example, the fan mounting bracket304may be formed of sheet metal and have a generally rectangular shape with two openings for mounting two fans instead of only one. As such, the fan mounting bracket304may extend over two openings302of the fan mounting panel300. This can simplify the mounting process by reducing the number of components needed to mount two or more fans to the fan mounting panel300.

In some embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304can have a non-circular or non-ring geometric shape to correspond with the opening302of the pivoting fan mounting panel300. For example, the opening302of the pivoting fan mounting panel300can have a rectangular shape, and the fan mounting bracket304can also be defined by a corresponding rectangular shape for fitment with the opening302.

In some embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304can comprise a plurality of fastener studs or through holes aligned along a circumference for mating with the fan mounting panel300and one of the fans30a,30b,30c,30d. In other embodiments, the fan mounting bracket304can comprise an arrangement of fastener studs or through holes along a first circumference or outline for mating with the fan mounting panel300and a second circumference or outline for mating with the fan, wherein the first outline and the second outline are offset from one another.

FIG.11illustrates the embodiment of the water condensation apparatus10ofFIG.7, showing the coolant system70, a lower air control tray90, a condensate collection tray92, and a water diversion tray94, without the condensing section50described above. The lower air control tray90, the condensate collection tray92, and the water diversion tray94are further described below with respect toFIGS.12-14. Generally, the lower air control tray90, the condensate collection tray92, and the water diversion tray94can be understood as a condensation collection system. The condensation collection system can be sized and shaped to cover a footprint of a condenser section50such that condensation from the condenser section50is collected by the condensation collection system. In the exemplary embodiment, the lower air control tray90is fixed inside the housing20to the bottom interior surface thereof (or housing “floor”). A bottom side of the condensate collection tray92can be attached to a top side of the lower air control tray90. The condensate collection tray92can be positioned for fitment of the condenser section above the condensate collection tray92, such that condensate can be collected by a top side of the condensate collection tray92.

Additionally, as shown inFIGS.12-14, the water diversion tray94can be attached to the bottom side of the condensate collection tray92. The condensate collection tray92can have a through-hole or port connecting to the water diversion tray94. The water diversion tray can be connected to the collection piping system80, such as that shown inFIG.5, serving as a condensate outlet, which may also comprise rigid and flexible plumbing elements to deliver condensate out of the housing20and into a storage unit, such as a tank or reservoir. In some embodiments, the condensate may be directed to a purification apparatus or device before entering the storage tank or reservoir. Rigid plumbing elements (e.g., metal or PVC pipes) can be provided inside the housing20, and a combination of hard plumbing and flexible plumbing, comprising pipes, hoses, and quick disconnect couplings can be provided outside the housing20. Pumps can be located inside or outside the housing20to pump the condensate out of the housing20to a water storage facility or a water-using system or apparatus.

Also, the coolant system70of the water condensation apparatus10can include a supply line70a, a return line70b, a supply header72, and a return header74, as discussed above with reference toFIG.2. The supply header72can supply coolant fluid from a coolant source to the supply line70a. The supply header72can split or branch off into multiple separate connections to connect to multiple supply lines70a. The supply lines70acan be connected to the condenser section50, as shown more clearly inFIGS.15and16. The supply header72can have a diameter larger than the supply line70aand the cooling tube53of the condenser section50, so as to be able to supply sufficient coolant fluid to the condenser section50. After the coolant fluid has circulated through the condenser section50, the coolant fluid is output to the return header74by way of the return line70b. The return header74can have a diameter larger than the return line70band the cooling tube53of the condenser section50, so as to be able to provide sufficient flow to evacuate or return coolant fluid from the condenser section50.

As shown inFIG.11, the supply header72and return header74are arranged on the floor or bottom side of the housing20, and they branch out towards supply lines70aand return lines70bin an upward direction. By having the supply header72and the return header74arranged on the bottom side of the housing20, the coolant system has a natural state of drainage of the coolant during shut down due to gravity.

In alternative embodiments, the supply header72and return header74can be arranged on across a top side of the housing20, or an overhead position. By suspending the supply header72and the return header74, the elevated position can provide increased protection from accidental damage to the supply header72and the return header74by maintenance personnel when servicing the water condensation apparatus10. The overhead position can be less susceptible to contact by the maintenance personnel as well as less susceptible to damage from accidentally dropping service equipment. In order to provide for drainage of the coolant from the supply header72and the return header74during shutdown, at least one valve (not shown) to control coolant flow and a drain connection can be provided to the supply header72and the return header74.

Furthermore, in embodiments of the coolant system70, at least one of the supply line70a, the return line70b, the supply header72, and the return header74can have at least one valve (not shown) to control the flow of coolant through any given portion of the coolant system. In this way, coolant flow can be shut off to specific portions of the condenser section50. This can allow for a defective portion of the condenser section50to be isolated without stopping continued operation of the water condenser apparatus10. Additionally, in some embodiments, the coolant flow can be shut off to specific portions of the supply line70a, the return line70b, the supply header72, and the return header74, such that a defective portion can be isolated and replaced or repaired.

FIGS.12-14illustrate side, top, and end views of the condensation collection system comprising the lower air control tray90, the condensate collection tray92, and the water diversion tray94.FIG.12illustrates side, top, and end plan views of a lower air control tray90.

In the exemplary embodiment, the lower air control tray90is fixed inside the housing20. A bottom side of the lower air control tray90can be fixed to the bottom side of the housing20.

In some embodiments, the lower air control tray92may have a width substantially equal to the width of the interior of the housing20.

The lower air control tray can be made of a suitable material, including metal, wood, or composite. In some embodiments, the lower air control tray90can be made from 12 gauge stainless steel or galvanized steel sheet coated with corrosion resistant enamel or HDPE coating. In some embodiments utilizing 12 gauge stainless steel or galvanized steel sheet, the lower air control tray90can be formed by folding at least two opposite edge portions of the steel sheet perpendicular to a central portion of the steel sheet, thereby defining a standoff or cavity.

A bottom side of the condensate collection tray92can be attached to a top side of the lower air control tray90. Additionally, as shown inFIGS.12-14, the water diversion tray94can be attached to the bottom side of the condensate collection tray92and can be in the cavity defined by the steel sheet. The condensate collection tray92can have a through-hole or port connecting to the water diversion tray94. The water diversion tray can be connected to the collection piping system80, such as that found inFIG.5, serving as a condensate outlet, which may also comprise rigid and flexible plumbing elements to deliver condensate out of the housing20and into a storage unit, such as a tank or reservoir.

Although the exemplary lower air control tray90is rectangular in cross sectional shape when viewed from the top plan view, the lower air control tray90can be shaped differently to provide a footprint under the condenser section50to collect condensation.

As such, the lower air control tray90can control airflow around a base of the condenser section50. The lower air control tray90can also provide structural support for the combined weight of the condensing section50, coolant, plumbing, and other various components. The lower air control tray90also provides a cavity or space sufficient for the water diversion tray94and plumbing necessary to transport the produced condensation from the condenser to storage.

FIG.13illustrates side, top, and end plan views of a condensate collection tray92. A bottom side of the condensate collection tray92can be attached to a top side of the lower air control tray90. The condensate collection tray92can be positioned for fitment of the condenser section ofFIGS.15and16above the condensate collection tray92, such that condensate can be collected by a top side of the condensate collection tray92.

The condensate collection tray92can have at least one through-port92por through-hole from the top side to the bottom side. In some embodiments, the condensate collection tray92can provide a non-level top side when fixed to the lower air control tray90and the housing20, so that condensation will flow towards the through port92p. In some embodiments, the through-port92pis a rectangular slit. Alternatively, the through-port92pcan be one of another geometric shape such as a circle or series of circles. Additionally, the condensate collection tray92provides additional support for the condenser section50, and it may collect and direct the produced condensate through ports into the water diversion tray94underneath the condensate collection tray92.

FIG.14illustrates side, top, and end plan views of a water diversion tray94that can be attached to the bottom side of the condensate collection tray92. The condensate collection tray92can have a through-hole or port connecting to the water diversion tray94. The water diversion tray94can be connected to the collection piping system80, such as that shown inFIG.5, serving as a condensate outlet, which may also comprise rigid and flexible plumbing elements to deliver condensate out of the housing20and into a storage unit, such as a tank or reservoir.

The water diversion tray94can comprise a channel portion94aand a pipe connection portion94b. The channel portion94aof the water diversion tray94can be arranged to capture and direct condensate collected by the condensate collection tray92and through-ports92pof the condensate collection tray92. The channel portion94acan essentially be a long shallow channel, closed at the ends, with the channel portion94ain fluid communication with the pipe connection portion94bto convey condensate from the through-port92pto the pipe connection portion94b.

FIGS.15and16illustrate an embodiment of the water condensation apparatus or module10having a zig-zag or “chevron” arrangement for the condenser section50. InFIG.15, the water condensation apparatus10is shown without the coolant system70components shown and described above with reference toFIGS.2and11, whileFIG.16includes the coolant system components. In embodiments including a chevron arrangement of the condenser section50, a bank of condensers is at an oblique angle relative to an adjacent bank of condensers. In this way, the chevron arrangement provides for an accordion type arrangement, or an arrangement similar to the folds in a coffee filter. A chevron arrangement can increase the effectiveness of the condensers. With the chevron arrangement, the condensing surface area of the condenser section50can be increased by over 200% compared to a condenser section50arranged to be planar and perpendicular to the air flow AF. The increase in the condensing surface area can result in a significant increase in condensate production, such as, for example, an increase of 150 to 180% or more.

Additionally, the chevron arrangement of the condenser section50allows for using lower-power fans, and it may also reduce air friction. At the same time, the zig zag arrangement allows for increasing air volume throughput with lower velocity across the condensing surfaces, thereby increasing available moisture and residence time passing across the condensing surface area. Additionally, due to the condensing surfaces being arranged at an oblique angle relative to the air flow AF, less of the air flow is able to pass through the condenser array without coming into contact with the condensing surfaces; conversely, a higher proportion of the airflow comes into contact with the condensing surfaces. Accordingly, the chevron arrangement provides a higher efficiency than when the condenser section50is arranged perpendicular to the air flow AF, where the condensing surfaces are inherently parallel to the air flow.

The lower air velocity possible due to the chevron arrangement can also reduce problems with “blinding” or plugging the air passages in the finned heat exchangers as the condensate water flows down the condenser fins and is discharged without being blown to the back (leeward) edge of the fins where it builds up with higher air velocity, forming a ridge due to edge effect and surface tension of the water that can “blind” the lower portion of the individual heat exchanger or condenser panels.

Additionally, the chevron arrangement is also more forgiving of manufacturing variations of the condenser section50and the housing20. Due to the accordion-like feature of the chevron arrangement, the angles between the condenser sections50can easily be altered for field fitting to accommodate wider or narrower container housings, variations in condenser section dimensions that may arise in their fabrication, and other unforeseen variables.

Also, the chevron arrangement can increase the structural stability of the condenser section50. The chevron arrangement can increase structural stability of the entire condenser section50as compared to a planar wall, similar to the increased stability of paper formed into corrugations found in cardboard. In some embodiments, the various portions of the chevron arrangement can have end caps (not shown) placed over the upwind sides of the condenser section50, thereby connecting the corrugation structure, or triangular truss, together. This connection can result in significant horizontal and vertical stability and a high tolerance of tangential forces as may be needed in transportation over the road or during severe storm events in marine based applications.

FIG.17illustrates another embodiment of a condensation apparatus10′ having vertical “smoke stack” style arrangement, where air flow is directed through a housing20′ from a top end20bto a bottom end20a. In this arrangement, the warm, moist air AF can flow into the top end20b. At an intermediary position inside the housing20′ can be a condenser section50′. The condenser section50′ can be arranged nearer to the top end20bof the housing than the bottom end20a. Such an embodiment could be used in a factory or power plant smoke stack, or it can be understood as a vertically oriented water condensation apparatus for a smaller footprint.

The condenser section50′ can comprise one or more condensers51′, each having a plurality of condensing surfaces. In some embodiments, the condenser section50′ can be understood as those described above, such as in the embodiments ofFIGS.2-6. The condensers51′ may assume a variety of configurations, such as finned, thermo-siphon, heat pipe, or refrigeration.

The condenser section50′ can be arranged as one or more condensers having a rectangular frame55as described above. The plane defined by the rectangular frame can be arranged to be perpendicular to the air flow AF in the smoke stack. Alternatively, one or more condensers can be arranged in the chevron arrangement similar to the arrangement described above with respect toFIGS.15and16.

An arrangement of one or more fans (not shown) can be positioned between the top end20band the condensers51′, inside the housing20′, to draw the air into the housing20′. Alternatively, the arrangement of fans can be positioned downstream of the condensers51′ to pull air through the housing20′. As cool air will drop relative to warm air, the smoke stack arrangement can aid in moving the air flow through the housing.

In some embodiments, the smoke stack arrangement can also include a pre-cooling section located between the path of the airflow of the moist air between top end20band the condensers51′. The pre-cooling section can be located between the path of the airflow of the moist air between the top end20band the condenser section50′. The pre-cooling section can comprise multiple atomizing nozzles arranged to spray a mist of cooled water into the incoming air stream AF to reduce the temperature of the warm, moist air prior to entering the condensers51′. Pre-cooling the incoming air stream with cooled water materially enhances the efficiency of the condenser section50′ by increasing the relative humidity, preferably to or near 100%, thereby reducing the moisture-carrying capacity of the incoming air and increasing condensate yield. The cooled water can be a portion of the condensate produced from the condenser section50′ pumped through the atomizing nozzles using an internal pump. Thus, the pre-cooling section can use recirculated cooled water instead of water pumped from outside of the housing20.

Alternatively, the smoke stack arrangement can be used to direct flow from a bottom end20ato a top end20b, such that warm, moist air enters the bottom end20aand cool air after passing the condenser section50′ flows out of the top end20b. In embodiments, this can provide for localized air cooling as the cool air drops back around the housing20′ towards the bottom end20aafter it exits from the top end20b. Flow of the cool air after passing the condenser section50′ out of the top end20bcan also provide for precooling of surrounding air, thereby reducing the warm, moist air entering the bottom end20a, reducing the moisture-carrying capacity of the incoming air and increasing condensate yield. Flow of the cool air out of the top end20bcan also provide localized air cooling for persons near the smoke stack.

The present disclosure can further provide a method of assembling a water condensation apparatus. An exemplary method can include deploying a water production module comprising a transportable housing defining a first air inlet, a second air inlet, and an air outlet. The water production module can include first and second doors operable selectively to open and close the first and second air inlets, respectively, and at least one water condensation unit located in the housing between the first air inlet and the air outlet, and between the second air inlet and the air outlet. The housing can be configured so that, when at least one of the first and second air inlets is open, at least a portion of an air flow into the at least one open air inlet is passed through the at least one condensation unit and out the air outlet. The method can include positioning the water production module so that warm, humid atmospheric air is introduced into at least one of the first and second inlets. The method can include directing the atmospheric air to pass through the at least one condensation unit to condense liquid water from the atmospheric air through condensation. The method can include collecting the condensed liquid water. The method can include passing at least a portion of the atmospheric out the air outlet.

In all contemplated embodiments the cooling and condensing surfaces may have a mild negative electrical charge induced to attract the water molecules, thereby increasing the affinity of the water to be attracted to the condensing surfaces. A positive charge may be induced into the incoming warm moist air stream as it enters the apparatus to further enhance water's natural tendency to be attracted to negative charges. Simple insulation can be employed advantageously to separate and maintain the relative charges. These charges may variably be induced by alternating current (AC) direct current (DC) or statically induced by the natural movement of the air flow.

Although limited embodiments of a water condensation apparatus, its components, and related methods have been specifically described and illustrated herein, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it is understood and contemplated that features specifically discussed for one water condensation apparatus embodiment may be adopted for inclusion with another water condensation apparatus, provided the functions are compatible. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the water condensation apparatus, its components, and related methods constructed according to principles of the disclosed devices and methods may be embodied other than as specifically described herein. The disclosure is also defined in the following claims.