Method for production and laying a pipeline or a cable under water

The invention relates to a method in production and laying a pipeline or a cable under water, comprising production of the pipeline/cable in a desired length, winding it onto a drum, transporting the drum and laying ramp on board a vessel and laying from the drum while the vessel is moving. Winding onto drum (9) is carried out with the drum being mounted in and carried by a drum carrier (10) on land. At a desired time the drum with wound pipeline is taken on board the vessel (13) by sliding drum carrier (10) on a pier (12) or the like, which in the horizontal plane has an overlapping positional cooperation with the correctly ballasted vessel (13,14) to a position in which drum carrier (10) can be taken over by the vessel (13) by a vertical relative movement between drum carrier (10) and a supporting structure for it on the vessel. Drum carrier (10) can then, if desired, be slid onto a supporting structure (15) to a desired position on the vessel and be made fast there. A vessel for carrying out the method is also disclosed. And a new ramp unit (26) for use in winding off a pipeline or a cable from or onto the drum is also disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The invention relates to a method for producing and laying a pipeline or a 
cable under water, comprising production of the pipeline/cable in a 
desired length on land, winding on a drum, transport of the drum, and a 
laying ramp on a vessel, and laying from the drum while the vessel is 
moving. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
The pipeline may be a single pipe or a "pipeline cable", consisting of a 
number of pipes extending inscrew lines in the cable. It may also comprise 
conduits and cables in a composite cable. 
If it is desirable to be able to lay finished pipelines over long distances 
it is necessary to allow for a longer production time for the pipeline and 
considerable dimensions of the drum must be expected with a weight of drum 
and pipeline in the order of 5000 tons or more. 
Pipe laying from a drum is at present carried out by the aid of special 
vessels, smaller pipelines are sometimes laid by the aid of equipment in 
component packs which are placed on board a lay vessel when required, so 
that the vessel can be utilized for other tasks when no pipes are to be 
laid. Larger and longer pipelines require vessels with permanently mounted 
laying equipment and a drum, which means that the vessel is out of 
commission while the pipeline is manufactured on land. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method as mentioned 
above, which permits optimal utilization of production plant and lay 
vessel. According to the invention it is proposed to wind the pipeline 
onto the drum with the drum being mounted on and carried by a drum carrier 
on land, and that the drum with a conduit wound on it is, at a desired 
time, loaded in the vessel by sliding the drum carrier on a pier or the 
like which in the horizontal plane has overlapping positional cooperation 
with the vessel, to a position in which the drum carrier can be taken over 
by the vessel by a vertical relative movement between the drum carrier and 
a support member for the latter on the vessel. If desired, the drum 
carrier can then be further displaced by sliding while resting on the 
support member to a desired position in the ship to be locked there. 
The drum carrier and laying ramp may suitably be slided on board at the 
same time. 
The vertical relative movement can suitably be brought about by 
de-ballasting the vessel. In this manner the advantage is achieved that 
the support member may be designed as a permanent member of the vessel. In 
ballasting/de-ballasting the vessel differences of water level can readily 
be taken into consideration (level of pier). 
The support of the drum carrier in the vessel may suitably be a slide 
between the location of transfer and the desired location of the drum 
carrier. The slide may, furthermore, advantageously be a slipway which is 
inclined towards the desired location of the drum carrier. The advantages 
of a slide will be obvious, since the drum carrier can slide directly on 
it to the desired position. 
The vessel used may advantageously be provided with a divided afterbody in 
such a manner that a vertically through opening is formed from the stern 
which is adapted to the width of the pier. When a drum with wound up 
conduit is to be taken on board the vessel is placed with the pier 
projecting into the stern opening, so that a positional cooperation 
overlapping in the horizontal plane is achieved between pier and vessel. 
The drum carrier is moved out onto the pier, unless it is already placed 
there, and is then transferred to the vessel by said relative movement in 
the vertical direction between drum carrier and the support on the vessel. 
With a transfer as mentioned the advantage is achieved that the whole 
weight of the drum is received evenly distributed on the support means of 
the vessel, whereas in normal sliding there will be gradual transfer of 
the weight. With the order of weight in question transfer by common 
sliding will involve considerable problems which will be well known to 
those skilled in the Art. 
The invention also relates to a vessel for use in subsea laying of a 
conduit wound on a drum that is placed in a vessel with conduit being 
unwound from the drum at the same time as the vessel moves. The vessel is 
characterized by a vertical through opening in the afterbody of the vessel 
from its stern, and by a slide provided along the longitudinal sides of 
the opening, which slide extend forward to the area where the drum is 
located on the vessel. Such a vessel may be utilized with a pier or the 
like the width of which corresponds to the width of the stern opening, so 
that vessel and pier may be mutually adapted and the drum with a conduit 
wound on it can be taken on board as mentioned above. The vessel may be 
provided with equipment and facilities to render the vessel suitable for 
other tasks when it is not engaged in pipe laying, so that optimal 
utilization of the vessel is achieved. 
The slides may, advantageously be inclined down to the area where the drum 
is placed on board. Vertical lowering of the drum to a final level may 
also be of interest. 
The invention, furthermore, relates to a base on land for production of a 
conduit that is wound on a drum which is mounted in and carried by a drum 
carrier. The land base is characterized by a pier or the like with a slide 
for a drum carrier extending in the longitudinal direction of the pier, 
said pier having a width designed for co-adaptation in a vertically 
through stern opening in a vessel designed for receiving the drum carrier. 
The slide may advantageously be inclined in the direction of the pier. 
The invention also relates to a unique design of a drum carrier and drum, 
characterized by the fact that the drum at each end is provided with a 
large circular shoulder resting in arcuate cradles of the main carrier. 
Furthermore, the invention relates to a unique ramp means for laying, if 
desired, for winding up a conduit or a cable on a drum. The ram means is 
especially developed in connection with the novel method and the novel 
vessel, but it is also of independent inventive value. 
The ramp means comprises a ramp the foot of which is mounted to be pivotal 
about a horizontal axis. Said ramp is intended for carrying a 
conduit/cable during winding or unwinding of the same and its upper 
portion is supported by a pivotally mounted support. The ramp means 
according to the invention is characterized by the fact that it is 
constructed with a basis provided with rails for beraing housings, and 
with driving mechanisms for the respective bearing housings for displacing 
the latter along the respective rails, the foot of said ramp being 
pivotally mounted in a bridge member about an axis orthogonal to the 
supporting surface on the ramp for the conduit/cable, said bridge member 
being mounted to be pivotal about a horizontal axis in two opposed bearing 
housings which are slidably provided on the supporting rails, and said 
support being in its lowermost area mounted to be pivotal about a 
horizontal axis in two further opposed bearing housings, and the ramp 
means is, furthermore, characterized by the fact that the support carries 
a curved slide the center of curvature of which is located in said pivotal 
ramp-axis orthogonal to the supporting surface of the ramp, said ramp 
being supported on said slide by the aid of suitable slide shoes, and a 
driving means for moving the ramp along the slide being provided between 
ramp and slide. 
Such a ramp means is special because of its simple structure. The unit can 
readily be transported as a whole, e.g. by the aid of a crane, or by 
sliding on a suitable support, which is very important in case of sliding 
on the above mentioned vessel, and the inclination of the ramp can be 
adjusted as required at the same time as the ramp itself may be displaced 
in relation to its support, which will simplify adjustment of the ramp, 
e.g. for laying a pipeline. 
Further features of the ramp will appear from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
FIGS. 1 shows a land based plant according to the invention. At 1 standard 
pipe lengths are supplied to a shed and proceed to a shed 2 where pipe 
sections are completed. Said pipe sections then proceed for control and 
hydro-testing at 3 and to an intermediate store 4. In shed 5 the pipe 
sections are welded together. In shed 6 finishing work is carried out 
(insulation, sheathing, etc.). 
This plant is not only suitable for producing single pipelines but may 
especially be utilized for production of a so called pipeline cable 
comprising a number of separate pipelines in a bundle and emerging as a 
composite member at 7. 
At 8 pipeline 7 (comprising a number of helically wound pipelines) passes 
through a means used for winding the pipeline on a drum 9. Drum 9 is 
mounted in and carried by a drum carrier 10. Said drum carrier 10 rests on 
a slide 11 which continues on a pier 12. 
A vessel 13 is built with a vertically through stern opening 14 and is 
backed so as to receive pier 12 in stern opening 14. On board the vessel 
13 slides 15 are provided along the sides of said stern opening. In this 
connection reference is made to FIG. 6 which shows a sectional view of the 
pier and vessel. It will appear that the vessel 13 is afloat at such a low 
level in the water that the slides 15 are at a lower level than slides 15 
on pier 12. Drum carrier 10 is shown in FIG. 6, and it is assumed that the 
drum carrier was advanced on slides 11 to a position on the pier in 
contrast to FIG. 1, where drum carrier 10 is not yet moved onto the pier. 
In this connection it should be mentioned that a drum complete with wound 
conduit may be slid laterally for storage, if desired, while a pipeline is 
wound onto a new drum. 
In FIG. 2 vessel 13 is shown backing to pier 12. Vessel 13, as mentioned, 
has a stern opening which is a vertically through opening, cf. FIG. 5. The 
length of stern opening 14 forward depends on actual demands. In 
principle, the stern opening must have a length sufficient to permit it to 
receive a suitable length of the pier corresponding to the length of drum 
carrier 10, so that transfer is possible, however, stern opening 14 may 
extend further, e.g. if it is desirable to lay the pipeline by unwinding 
it from the side of the drum facing the ship's bow, i.e. from the 
underside of the drum. This is diagrammatically shown in FIG. 17. For each 
unwinding the vessel may, obviously, have a separate well in stead of a 
stern opening enlarged in a forward direction. 
In FIG. 2 only one slide 15 is shown along the port limit of the stern 
opening 14, but a corresponding slide is, obviously provided along the 
starboard side of the stern opening, cf. FIG. 5. Slides 15 slope forward 
and downward, as shown. 
In FIG. 3 vessel 13 is backed in place with pier 12 inside stern opening 
14. Drum carrier 10 still stands on the pier in FIG. 3. 
In FIG. 4 the drum carrier with drum is shown transferred to the vessel. 
This was carried out by sliding drum carrier 10 with drum 9 outwards on 
pier 12, then de-ballasting vessel 13 so that the afterbody is elevated 
and takes over the weight of drum carrier 10 and drum 9 with drum carrier 
10 now resting on slides 15 on the vessel. Drum carrier 10 may slide on 
slides 15 to its desired location, in the shown case approximately 
midships, as shown in FIG. 5. The drum carrier is then made fast in a 
suitable manner on the vessel. 
The method used for transferring the drum carrier with the drum and 
wound-up pipeline is shown in more detail in FIGS. 7-12 and will be 
disclosed below with reference to the mentioned Figures as well as FIG. 6. 
In FIGS. 7 and 8 drum 9 is shown during the final wind-up phase. Drum 9 is 
carried by a drum carrier 10, as mentioned above. A pier juts out from the 
quay. Slides 11 are provided on the pier for drum carrier 10. 
In FIGS. 9 and 10 the vessel 13 is shown backed towards the quay, as 
mentioned before, with pier 12 in stern opening 14. Drum carrier 10 with 
drum 9 is slid onto the pier 12, and the situation is as shown in FIG. 6. 
Now, the vessel may be de-ballasted to lift the sternbody, and slides 15 
on the vessel will achieve a carrying cooperation with drum carrier 10. 
Drum carrier 10 may be slid further on slides 15 on the vessel to its 
final position, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Drum carrier 10 is then 
secured in a suitable manner and the vessel is ready to depart. 
As mentioned, the drum carrier and drum have their own inventive value. 
Drum 9, as shown in FIG. 13, has a large circular shoulder 20 at each end 
which rests in arcuate cradles 21 in drum carrier 10, in the shown case 
with rollers 22 provided in between. The drum carrier is a box like 
structure made from welded steel plates. 
The support on rollers 22 in cradle 21 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 14 
and 15. Each roller 22 is spherically supported in a manner not shown by 
two bearing blocks 23 and 24 which are mounted on cradle 21. The circular 
shoulder 20 of drum 9 rests on rollers 22. Instead of rollers, there may 
obviously be other support means, e.g. slide bearings. 
On vessel 13 lateral support rollers 25 are mounted. Rollers 25 safequard 
drum 9 in a lateral direction. 
Ramp 26 shown in perspective in FIG. 18 is designed especially for use in 
connection with the vessel disclosed above, but it may obviously be 
readily modified to be placed on other vessels. Ramp 26 is built as a 
displaceable assembly and mainly consists of a supporting frame 27, the 
ramp proper 28, constructed as a lattice structure, and a support 29 for 
ramp 28. 
The foot of ramp 28 is at 30 pivotally mounted on a box shaped beam 31 with 
the axis of rotation 30 extending orthogonally on the supporting plane of 
ramp 28, so that the ramp can also swing as indicated by double arrow A. 
Box shaped beam 31 is swingably mounted in bearing housings 33, 34, 
respectively by the aid of sturdy pins 32. The axis of rotation formed by 
pins 32 is horizontal and extends orthogonally on axis of rotation 30. 
Ramp 28 may, thus, be turned as indicated by double arrow B. 
Each bearing housing 33, 34 is provided with a nut member (not shown) 
cooperating with a screw spindle 35, and 36, respectively. Each screw 
spindle 35, 36 is driven by a suitable motor 37, 38. Corresponding bearing 
housings 39, 40 are provided forward on support 27 where support 39 is 
mounted by the aid of sturdy bearing pins 41, 42. Each bearing housing 
contains a nut member not shown, for cooperation with a screw spindle 43 
and 44, respectively, driven by a motor 45, 46, respectively. 
Support 29 which is pivotally mounted in bearing housings 39, 40 by the aid 
of pins 41, 42 extends upwards to supporting cooperation with inclined 
ramp 28. Uppermost on support 39 a curved slide 47 is provided. The center 
of curvature of the slide lies in swivel pin 30 of ramp 28. Ramp 28 is 
slidably supported on slide 47 by the aid of suitable sliding shoes 48 
(FIG. 19). Slide 47 is hinged on top of support 29 by the aid of a number 
of hinge-lugs 49 (cf. also FIG. 20). 
Slide 47 carries a spindle-drive means 50 (FIG. 21). Said spindle-drive 
means 50 comprises mainly two spindles 52, 53 operated by a motor 51 and 
each cooperating with a nut member 54, 55 which is mounted on ramp 28. 
Spindles 52, 53 are driven by motor 51 via suitable universal joints 56, 
57. The free ends of screw spindles 52, 53 are pivoted in suitable bearing 
brackets 58, 59 which are secured to slide 47. 
The entire ramp assembly 26 may be displaced separately, e.g. by the aid of 
a crane, or by sliding the support frame 27 on a suitable foundation. Ramp 
28 and its support 29 may be displaced along support 27 by the aid of 
screw spindles 35, 36, 43, 44. If all spindles are driven in the same 
direction ramp 28 with support 29 can be displaced as a unit without any 
change of the angle between ramp 28 and support 29. The inclination of 
ramp 28 may be changed by operating one of the pairs of spindles 35, 36; 
43, 44, or by operating both pairs of spindles with different velocity or 
in an opposite direction. 
Ramp 28 can be turned as indicated by double arrow A by the aid of spindle 
driving means 50. Such turning movement is desirable to permit ramp 28, 
i.e. the means provided on the ramp for tensioning and adjusting the 
conduit, not shown, which is to be laid or wound by the aid of the ramp, 
to adjust in accordance with the position of the conduit on the drum. 
It is desirable that it should be possible to adjust ramp 28 as indicated 
by double arrow B for adjustment to additional parameters, especially the 
depth of the sea. After adjustment of the inclination of ramp 28 the ramp 
may, if desired, be secured to relieve the pressure on the spindle driving 
means. Securing may be achieved by suitable means, known per se, e.g. 
sturdy mechanical locks or even by temporary welding of the bearing 
housings to the support. 
In order to avoid torsion the separate bearing housings 33, 34 and 39, 40 
are mutually connected by the aid of a lattice bridge 60, and 70, 
respectively. 
On top of ramp 28, on its curved portion, a roller track 61 is mounted and 
provided with rollers, not shown, which extend with their axes of rotation 
in the supporting plane of ramp 28, i.e. in parallel with the axis formed 
by axis of rotation 32 of box shaped beam 31. Furthermore, the roller 
track comprises lateral supporting rollers which are provided orthogonally 
on the ramp. FIG. 22 shows a section through the area of roller track 61, 
with supporting rollers 62 and lateral supporting rollers 63, 64 for the 
conduit, not shown, to be laid. 
As indicated above, necessary tensioning and adjusting means may be 
provided on ramp 28. Such equipment is well-known to those skilled in the 
Art and is, thus, not shown or described here.