Active matrix electro-optical device

In an active matrix display device integrated with a peripheral drive circuit using thin film transistors, when Vgr is a voltage required for one gradation, Ct is capacitance of all pixels, Cgd is capacitance between a gate and a drain, .DELTA.Vg is a difference between ON/OFF gate voltages, and .DELTA.Vs is a feedthrough voltage, the respective parameters satisfy an expression: .vertline.vgr.vertline.>.vertline.(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-Ct.multido t..DELTA.Vs].vertline.. According to this, even if dispersion occurs in the characteristics of the thin film transistors arranged for a buffer circuit or an active matrix circuit, it is possible to prevent the dispersion from influencing the gradation display.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
The present invention relates to a structure of an active matrix type flat 
panel display integrated with a peripheral drive circuit. 
2. Description of the Related Art 
An active matrix type liquid crystal display device using an amorphous 
silicon film has been conventionally known. Also, an active matrix type 
liquid crystal display device using a crystalline silicon film and being 
capable of performing higher quality display, has been known. 
In the case where the amorphous silicon film is used, there is a problem 
that a P-channel type thin film transistor can not be realized (its 
characteristics are too low to be put into practical use). On the other 
hand, in the case where the crystalline silicon film is used, a practical 
P-channel type thin film transistor can be manufactured. 
Accordingly, in case the crystalline silicon film is used, a CMOS circuit 
can be constituted by thin film transistors. If using this, a peripheral 
drive circuit for driving an active matrix circuit can also be constituted 
by thin film transistors. As shown in FIG. 10, it is possible to realize a 
structure where an active matrix circuit 10 and peripheral drive circuits 
11 and 12 are integrated on a glass substrate or a quartz substrate. Such 
a structure is called a peripheral drive circuit integration type. 
The structure of this peripheral drive circuit integration type has 
features that the entire of a display device can be made compact, and its 
manufacturing cost and manufacturing steps can be reduced. 
When high picture quality is desired, it is important how fine gradation 
display can be performed. Generally, a nonsaturated region of a 
voltage-transmissivity curve of a liquid crystal is used for performing 
the gradation display. That is, there is adopted a method of performing 
the gradation display by using the range in which optical response of a 
liquid crystal is changed in accordance with the change of an applied 
voltage (electric field). This method is generally called an analog 
gradation system. 
In the case where this analog gradation system is used, the dispersion of 
voltage applied to the liquid crystal at respective pixels becomes a 
problem. Especially, when the dispersion of voltage applied to the liquid 
crystal becomes larger than a voltage required for one gradation, 
inconsistency occurs in the gradation display. The inconsistency of the 
gradation display causes display nonuniformity or a striped pattern to be 
seen. 
The dispersion of voltage applied to the liquid crystal at the respective 
pixels is caused from the dispersion of characteristics of thin film 
transistors arranged in a matrix form in the unit of several 
hundred.times.several hundred. In the case of a peripheral drive circuit 
integration type, the dispersion of characteristics of thin film 
transistors of the peripheral drive circuit also becomes major cause. 
There are generally many parameters relating to the dispersion of 
characteristics of the thin film transistors. Thus, even if any one 
parameter is controlled, it is difficult to solve the above problem that 
the picture quality is degraded. Further, this problem is made more 
serious since there is such a parameter the dispersion of which can not be 
completely suppressed. 
As described above, since a parameter to be controlled with priority is not 
clear at present, there is a problem that it is difficult to mass-produce 
active matrix type display devices having required picture quality while 
keeping high reproductivity. 
In other words, since it is not necessarily clear which parameter should be 
controlled in what range and in what relation with other parameters, under 
the present situation, an effort to improve a production yield is made by 
a short-sighted measure. 
Accordingly, the present invention intends to provide guidelines as to 
which parameter for thin film transistors to be manufactured should be 
controlled with priority when an active matrix type display device 
integrated with a peripheral drive circuit is manufactured. 
From this, the present invention intends to provide a technique to produce, 
with a high yield, an active matrix type display device integrated with a 
peripheral drive circuit which is capable of displaying with a high 
picture quality. 
According to the knowledge of the present inventors, etc., the dispersion 
of feedthrough voltage at every pixel gives highest influence to the 
dispersion of liquid crystal driving voltage which highly relates to 
deterioration of picture quality of a liquid crystal display device. 
The influence of a feedthrough voltage in an active matrix liquid crystal 
display is disclosed in Technical Bulletin EID95-99, ED95-173, SDM95-213 
(1996-02), CORPORATION; ELECTRIC INFORMATION COMMUNICATION SOCIETY. 
The feedthrough voltage will be described in brief below. FIG. 11 shows the 
relation of voltage waveforms of respective parts of a thin film 
transistor and a pixel electrode when the thin film transistor arranged in 
the active matrix circuit is operated. 
In FIG. 11, Vg is a signal voltage supplied from a gate signal line. Vs is 
a signal voltage supplied from a drain wiring. Vd is an output voltage of 
the thin film transistor. Vd is a waveform of a voltage applied to a 
liquid crystal. First, when the gate voltage Vg rises to an ON level Vgh, 
the thin film transistor turns ON, and the voltage signal Vs supplied from 
the source signal line is applied to the liquid crystal through the thin 
film transistor. FIG. 11 shows the waveform of the voltage Vd applied to 
the liquid crystal. 
After the gate voltage Vg falls to an OFF level Vg1, an electric field is 
kept applying to the liquid crystal by electric charge charged in the 
liquid crystal and auxiliary capacitance. 
When a next pulse of the gate voltage Vg is inputted to the gate electrode, 
picture image information to the pixel electrode is rewritten. That is, 
when the next pulse of the gate voltage Vg is inputted to the gate 
electrode, the thin film transistor is again turned ON, so that electric 
charges corresponding to a new signal voltage Vs are flown into the pixel 
electrode. 
Generally, in order to prevent deterioration of the liquid crystal, an 
alternating voltage expressed by Vsigc.+-.Vsig is used as the voltage Vd. 
Here, Vsigc is a center voltage, and Vsig is an image signal voltage. The 
value of Vsig corresponds to a gradation. 
In driving such a thin film transistor, when the thin film transistor is 
switched from an ON state to an OFF state, the trailing voltage (falling 
voltage) of the gate voltage Vg gives variation to a source voltage 
through parasitic capacitance between a gate and a source. This varying 
voltage is the feedthrough voltage (.DELTA.Vs). FIG. 11 shows the state in 
which the voltage Vd appearing at the pixel electrode is influenced by the 
feedthrough voltage (.DELTA.Vs). The feedthrough voltage (.DELTA.Vs) is 
expressed by the following expression (1). 
EQU .DELTA.Vs=(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-.intg.Idt] (1) 
Here, Ct is capacitance of all pixels. The capacitance of all pixels is 
mainly determined by the addition of capacitance between pixel electrodes 
and opposite electrodes through a liquid crystal and auxiliary 
capacitance. 
Cgd is parasitic capacitance between a gate and a drain. .DELTA.Vg is a 
variation amount of gate voltage. In the case shown in FIG. 11, .DELTA.Vg 
is expressed by .DELTA.Vg=Vgh-Vg1. 
.intg.Idt is a term expressing the influence due to a compensation current 
flowing between a source and a drain, which is caused by the distortion of 
waveform of the signal voltage supplied from the gate signal line. 
As shown in FIG. 10, the signal waveform transmitting through the gate 
wiring becomes a somewhat distorted form not a completely rectangular 
wave, as the signal transmits through the gate signal line. Especially, 
the falling portion of the signal becomes a waveform with a trail. 
This is caused from the low characteristics of a gate driver circuit and 
further from a time constant determined by the product of wiring 
resistance and wiring capacitance. 
FIG. 10 shows the state in which even if the peripheral drive circuit 11 
exerts complete driving force to feed a completely rectangular wave 13, a 
transmitted signal waveform 14 is distorted by a time constant determined 
by the product of wiring resistance and wiring capacitance. 
In the case where the peripheral drive circuit is constituted by the thin 
film transistors, it is difficult to send out a completely rectangular 
waveform in the existing circumstance. This is because it is difficult to 
obtain the thin film transistors having characteristics required for 
forming the peripheral drive circuit. 
In the case where the thin film transistor is driven by the distorted 
waveform 14 as shown in FIG. 10, it takes a predetermined time until the 
thin film transistor turns completely OFF. In this period, a current flows 
in the direction to correct the feedthrough voltage. The term indicated by 
.intg.Idt of expression (1) expresses the total amount of this current. 
In the thin film transistor using an amorphous silicon film, since the 
mobility is small to be 1cm.sup.2 /Vs or less and an area of active layer 
is large (of course, also a channel area is large), the capacitance 
generated by charges flowing through a channel and electric charges stored 
in the channel makes a large contribution to the parasitic capacitance 
Cgd. 
On the other hand, contribution of a value of I of the term indicated by 
.intg.Idt is small since in the thin film transistor using the amorphous 
silicon film, the mobility is small to be 1cm.sup.2 /Vs or less. 
Further, since a driver IC is used for the gate driver circuit, the 
distortion of the gate signal is not so large. 
Accordingly, in the case where the thin film transistor using the amorphous 
silicon film is used, the contribution of the term indicated by .intg.Idt 
is small. 
Accordingly, in the case where the thin film transistor using the amorphous 
silicon film is used, the dispersion of the feedthrough voltage is mainly 
caused from the first term of expression (1). Especially, the dispersion 
of the parasitic capacitance Cgd becomes a main cause. 
On the other hand, in a thin film transistor using a crystalline silicon 
film, the mobility is large, and the area of a gate electrode is small, so 
that the value of the parasitic capacitance Cgd is small as compared with 
the case of the thin film transistor using the amorphous silicon film. 
Also, since a channel area is small, the contribution of capacitance 
generated by electric charges flowing through the channel and electric 
charges stored in the channel is not so large. 
The thin film transistor using the crystalline silicon film has a large 
mobility of several tens cm.sup.2 /Vs or more. However, the dispersion of 
the value is relatively large. In the peripheral circuit integration type, 
since the peripheral drive circuits 11 and 12 are constituted by thin film 
transistors, the distortion of gate signal voltage as shown by the 
waveform 14 in FIG. 10 also becomes large. 
The fact that the distortion of the gate signal voltage is large means that 
the integration range of the second term in expression (1) becomes large. 
The distortion of the gate signal voltage reflects the influence of 
dispersion of mobility of thin film transistors constituting the 
peripheral drive circuit. 
Thus, in the active matrix circuit integrated with a peripheral drive 
circuit constituted by thin film transistors using the crystalline silicon 
film, the dispersion of the feedthrough voltage expressed by expression 
(1) is influenced more strongly by the second term than the first term. 
That is, by the dispersion of the mobility of the thin film transistors 
constituting the peripheral drive circuit, dispersion (which relates to 
distortion of the gate signal waveform 14 as shown in FIG. 10) occurs in 
the integration range of the second term of expression (1), and further by 
the dispersion of the mobility of the thin film transistors arranged at 
every pixel, dispersion occurs at the value of I of the second term of 
expression (1). These are combined to produce dispersion in the 
feedthrough voltage. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
An object of the present invention is to provide a structure to suppress 
the deterioration of picture quality caused from the dispersion of the 
above-described feedthrough voltage in an active matrix type display 
device integrated with a peripheral drive circuit using thin film 
transistors composed of a crystalline silicon film. 
The present invention has a feature that in order to suppress the 
deterioration of picture quality due to the dispersion of the 
above-described feedthrough voltage, the absolute value of a voltage Vgr 
required for one gradation is made larger than the absolute value of a 
second term of expression (1). 
EQU .DELTA.Vs=(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-.intg.Idt] (1) 
That is, the present invention has a feature that the ranges of respective 
constants are determined to satisfy the following expression (2). 
EQU .vertline.Vgr.vertline.&gt;.vertline.(1/Ct).intg.Idt.vertline.(2) 
The above expression (2) provides guidelines as to combination of 
characteristics required for thin film transistors constituting respective 
circuits in the active matrix type display device integrated with a 
peripheral drive circuit. 
Expression (2) is rewritten into the following expression (3) by using 
expression (1). 
EQU .vertline.Vgr.vertline.&gt;.vertline.(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-Ct.multidot 
..DELTA.Vs].vertline. (3) 
Here, Vgr is a voltage required for one gradation. Ct is capacitance of all 
pixels including auxiliary capacitance. Cgd is gate-drain capacitance. 
.DELTA.Vg is a difference between ON/OFF gate voltages. .DELTA.Vs is a 
feedthrough voltage. In the present specification, an impurity region at a 
pixel electrode side is defined as a drain. 
Vgr and .DELTA.Vg are determined by driving conditions or picture quality 
to be obtained. Ct and Cgd can be respectively calculated. .DELTA.Vs can 
be obtained by forming and measuring a sample or by performing a 
simulation. 
The present invention is characterized by setting characteristics of thin 
film transistors constituting respective circuits so as to satisfy the 
above inequality. By performing such setting, even if dispersion occurs in 
the characteristics of the thin film transistors constituting the 
respective circuits, the influence due to the dispersion to the gradation 
display can be greatly suppressed. 
Here, the value of respective parameters (mainly mobility) are defined as a 
mean value of a large number of thin film transistors arranged. As the 
mean value, an average of some thin film transistors subjected to sampling 
inspection may be used. 
Accurately speaking, the dispersion of Ct and Cgd at respective pixels 
become a problem. However, as described before, in the thin film 
transistor using the crystalline silicon film, the contribution of 
dispersion of these parameters is small. Accordingly, by satisfying the 
range shown in expression (2), the deterioration of picture quality due to 
the dispersion of gradation display at respective pixels can be greatly 
suppressed. 
According to an aspect of the present invention, the invention has a 
structure that thin film transistors are arranged at respective pixels 
arranged in a matrix form, and is characterized in that when Vgr is a 
voltage required for one gradation, Ct is capacitance of all pixels, Cgd 
is gate-drain capacitance, .DELTA.Vg is a difference between ON/OFF gate 
electrodes, and .DELTA.Vs is a feedthrough voltage, the respective 
parameters satisfy expression (3). 
EQU .vertline.Vgr.vertline.&gt;.vertline.(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-Ct.multidot 
..DELTA.Vs].vertline. (3) 
According to another aspect of the present invention, the invention has a 
structure comprising an active matrix circuit in which thin film 
transistors are arranged at respective pixel electrodes arranged in a 
matrix form, and a peripheral drive circuit for driving the active matrix 
circuit constituted by thin film transistors, and is characterized in that 
when Vgr is a voltage required for one gradation, Ct is capacitance of all 
pixels, Cgd is gate-drain capacitance, .DELTA.Vg is a difference between 
ON/OFF gate electrodes, and .DELTA.Vs is a feedthrough voltage, respective 
parameters satisfy expression (3). 
EQU .vertline.Vgr.vertline.&gt;.vertline.(1/Ct)[Cgd.multidot..DELTA.Vg-Ct.multidot 
..DELTA.Vs].vertline. (3) 
and a mobility of a thin film transistor of a circuit for driving a gate 
signal voltage in the peripheral drive circuit is larger than a mobility 
of a thin film transistor arranged in the active matrix circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
FIG. 1 shows a structure in which a peripheral drive circuit and an active 
matrix circuit are integrated on a piece of glass substrate. FIG. 1 shows 
the structure of one of two substrates of an active matrix type liquid 
crystal display device integrated with a peripheral drive circuit. 
In FIG. 1, 201 designates a shift register circuit. 202 designates a NAND 
circuit. 203 designates a level shift circuit. 204 is a buffer circuit for 
driving (drive circuit). In the structure shown in FIG. 1, the peripheral 
drive circuit is constituted by these circuits. 
205 designates an active matrix circuit. In FIG. 1, four pixels are shown. 
In a real active matrix circuit, pixels are arranged in a matrix form in a 
unit of several hundred.times.several hundred or more. The peripheral 
drive circuit comparable with those is arranged. 
Thin film transistors 206 and auxiliary capacitances 208 are arranged for 
the respective pixels. 207 designates a liquid crystal. 
In the structure shown in FIG. 1, all circuits are constituted by thin film 
transistors formed on the same glass substrate. For example, respective 
gates constituting the shift register circuit 201 are constituted by 
clocked inverter circuits as shown in FIG. 2A in which p-channel type and 
n-channel type thin film transistors are combined. 
Respective gates for constituting the buffer circuit 204 are constituted by 
inverter circuits as shown in FIG. 2B in which p-channel type and 
n-channel type thin film transistors are combined. 
A major cause of distortion of gate signal waveform as shown in FIG. 10 is 
that the characteristics (mainly relating to mobility) of the thin film 
transistors constituting the buffer circuit 204 are lower than required 
characteristics. 
The dispersion of characteristics of the thin film transistors (mainly 
dispersion of mobility) arranged in the active matrix circuit 205 relates 
to the dispersion of value indicated by I in expression (1) and expression 
(2). 
When the mobility of the thin film transistors constituting the buffer 
circuit 204 is made high, the distortion of gate signal waveform as shown 
in FIG. 10 can be made small. Of course, also the dispersion of distortion 
of gate signal waveform can be made relatively small. 
However, it is technically difficult to increase the mobility of the thin 
film transistors integrated on the same substrate while maintaining 
uniformity in some degree. Thus, there are required guidelines to indicate 
the degree of uniformity and the largeness of the mobility. For example, 
there are required such guidelines for indicating the largeness of the 
mobility in relation to other parameters. 
Also, for the similar reason, there are required guidelines to indicate the 
degree of dispersion of mobility of the thin film transistor 206 arranged 
in the active matrix circuit 205 (in other words, how much labor and cost 
are required). 
The above guidelines are given by the following expression (2). 
EQU .vertline.Vgr.vertline.&gt;.vertline.(1/Ct).intg.Idt.vertline.(2) 
That is, in the allowable range of cost and labor, manufacturing steps and 
conditions of the thin film transistors, and the dimension and type 
thereof are determined to satisfy the above expression (2). Then, an 
active matrix type liquid crystal display device having predetermined 
picture quality can be realized. 
For example, as one method of satisfying expression (2), it can be 
conceived that the mobility of thin film transistors constituting the 
buffer circuit 204 is selectively increased so that the distortion of 
waveform as shown in FIG. 10 is made small. This case means that the 
integration range of dt in expression (2) is made small to satisfy 
expression (2). 
In relation to this, the largeness of an active layer of the thin film 
transistors arranged in the active matrix circuit 205 is made small. 
Alternatively, the mobility thereof is made small. This means that the 
value of I of expression (2) is made small to satisfy expression (2). 
By this, the right side of expression (2) is made small, so that expression 
(2) is satisfied. Of course, according to required gradation and liquid 
crystal material used, the value of the left side of expression (2) is 
different. Thus, in accordance with the value, it is necessary to set the 
combination of mobility of thin film transistors constituting the buffer 
circuit 204 and mobility of thin film transistors 206 constituting the 
active matrix circuit 205. 
By this, it is possible to decrease the influence to gradation display by 
the dispersion of mobility of thin film transistors arranged at the 
peripheral drive circuit and the active matrix circuit 205. 
Also, as is apparent from expression (2), increasing the value of the 
auxiliary capacitance 208 and the value of Ct is effective to decrease the 
value of the right side. In this case, it is sufficient that the 
combination of the mobility of the thin film transistors constituting the 
buffer circuit 204, the mobility of the thin film transistors 206 
constituting the active matrix circuit 205, and the value of the auxiliary 
capacitance 208 is made to satisfy expression (2). 
For example, in the case where the area of the active matrix region is made 
large, the distortion of gate signal waveform as shown in FIG. 10 is 
generated by the resistance and capacitance of the gate signal line. (This 
highly relates to the material forming the gate signal line, too.) 
In this case, it is not very effective to increase the mobility of the thin 
film transistors constituting the buffer circuit to a certain degree or 
more. Also, when a material having a high resistance value is used for the 
gate signal line, the similar state occurs. 
In this case, the size of the active layer of the thin film transistors 206 
arranged in the active matrix region is made small in order to decrease 
the value of I. Specifically, the channel width is made narrow. 
This means that the value of the above I is made small by decreasing the 
section of the channel. Also, in addition to decreasing the channel width, 
shortening the channel length is also effective. This is because by 
decreasing the channel area, the influence of dispersion of Cgd of 
expression (1) can be suppressed. Although it is estimated that the 
influence due to the dispersion of Cgd is not very large, it is basically 
preferable to decrease Cgd. 
In order to decrease the value of I of expression (1), it is also effective 
to decrease the mobility of the thin film transistors 206 arranged in the 
active matrix circuit 205. Also, in order to satisfy expression (2), it is 
effective to increase Ct. In this case, the value of Ct can be made large 
by increasing the value of the auxiliary capacitance. 
However, if the mobility of the thin film transistors 206 arranged in the 
active matrix circuit 205 is made too small, characteristics required for 
driving the liquid crystal can not be obtained, and therefore attention 
must be paid. (In general, the mobility of 10 cm.sup.2 /Vs or more is 
required.) 
FIRST EMBODIMENT 
FIG. 3 and the following drawings show basic steps for forming, on the same 
glass substrate, thin film transistor circuits of CMOS structure as basic 
circuits constituting the shift register circuit 201 and the buffer 
circuit 205 as shown in FIG. 1, and the thin film transistor 206 arranged 
at the respective pixels of the active matrix circuit. In the drawings, 
the left side shows manufacturing steps of the CMOS circuit. The right 
side shows manufacturing steps of an N-channel type thin film transistor 
arranged in the active matrix circuit. 
Numerical values and conditions in the manufacturing steps described below 
are typical ones, and may be modified or optimized according to necessity. 
That is, the present invention is not limited to the recited values. 
First, as shown in FIG. 3A, a silicon oxide film with a thickness of 3,000 
.ANG. as an under film 502 is formed on a glass substrate (or quartz 
substrate) 501. A sputtering method is used as a film growth method. 
Next, an intrinsic or substantially intrinsic conductivity type amorphous 
silicon film 503 with a thickness of 1,000 .ANG. is formed on the under 
film 502 by a plasma CVD method. A low pressure thermal CVD method may be 
used as a film growth method. In this way, the state shown in FIG. 3A is 
obtained. Next, the amorphous silicon film 503 is crystallized by 
performing heat treatment. As a method of crystallization, there are used 
laser light irradiation, lamp annealing, and combined method of the such 
methods and heat treatment. 
Although described in another embodiment in detail, by selectively 
performing the laser light irradiation, it is possible to selectively 
control the mobility of the thin film transistors required for the 
respective circuits. 
The crystalline silicon film of the present invention is a silicon film 
having crystal structure of higher order which can be obtained by 
performing heat treatment or laser light irradiation to an amorphous 
silicon film. Alternatively, the crystalline silicon film is a silicon 
film having crystal structure of higher order as compared with an 
amorphous silicon film. A silicon film generally referred to as a 
polycrystalline silicon film or fine crystalline silicon film is also 
included in the category of the crystalline silicon film according to the 
present invention. 
After the amorphous silicon film 503 is crystallized, by performing 
patterning, island regions 504, 505 and 506 are formed (FIG. 3B). 
In FIG. 3B, the region 504 becomes an active layer of a P-channel type thin 
film transistor constituting the CMOS circuit later. The region 505 
becomes an active layer of an N-channel type thin film transistor 
constituting the CMOS later. The region 506 becomes an active layer of an 
N-channel type thin film transistor disposed in a pixel matrix circuit 
later. In this way, the state shown in FIG. 3B is obtained. 
In the drawing, although the respective active layers are shown at the same 
size for reasons of drawing the figures, the mobility of the thin film 
transistors can be substantially controlled by changing a channel width or 
channel length. In general, in accordance with required characteristics, 
the dimension and shape of the thin film transistors are determined. That 
is, the width (channel width) of the active layer 506 of the thin film 
transistor (see FIG. 6) arranged in the active matrix circuit shown at the 
right side of the drawing, is made as narrow as possible to decrease the 
value of I of expression (2). Further, in order to decrease Cgd, the 
channel length is made as narrow as possible. 
Also, the active layers 504 and 505 constituting the CMOS circuit that 
constitutes the buffer circuit (expressed by 204 of FIG. 1) are set so 
that the channel width becomes as large as possible. By this, it is 
possible to improve the ON-state current characteristics of the thin film 
transistors constituting the buffer circuit and to suppress the distortion 
of waveform of the gate signal voltage. 
Next, an aluminum film 507 with a thickness of 5,000 .ANG. for constituting 
the gate electrode is formed by a sputtering method. Scandium or yttrium 
of 0.1 to 0.2 weight % is made to be included in the aluminum film 507. 
This is made to suppress the formation of hillocks or whiskers in later 
steps (FIG. 3C). 
The hillocks or whiskers are needle-like or spine-like protrusions due to 
abnormal growth of aluminum caused by heating. 
After the aluminum film 507 is grown, an anodic oxidation film 508 having 
dense film quality is formed. The formation of the anodic oxidation film 
508 having the dense film quality is carried out in an ethylene glycol 
solution containing tartaric acid of 3% as an electrolytic solution. 
That is, in this electrolytic solution, an anodic oxidation current is 
flown with the aluminum film 507 as an anode and platinum as a cathode so 
that the anodic oxidation film 508 is formed. The film thickness of the 
anodic oxidation film 508 is made about 100 .ANG.. The film thickness of 
the anodic oxidation film 508 is adjusted by controlling an applied 
voltage. 
The anodic oxidation film 508 functions to improve the adhesion of a resist 
mask arranged in a subsequent step. 
In this way, the state shown in FIG. 3C is obtained. Next, as shown in FIG. 
4A, resist masks 515, 516 and 517 are arranged. Then, the aluminum film 
507 (see FIG. 3C) is patterned. At this time, if the film thickness of the 
anodic oxidation film 508 (see FIG. 3C) is thick, patterning of the 
aluminum film 507 becomes difficult, and therefore attention must be paid. 
In FIG. 4A, 509, 511 and 513 designate aluminum patterns as originals 
(base) of the gate electrodes. 510, 512 and 514 designate anodic oxidation 
films having dense film quality remaining on the aluminum patterns. 
After the state shown in FIG. 4A is obtained, anodic oxidation is again 
performed. Here, porous anodic oxidation films 518, 519 and 520 are formed 
(FIG. 4B). 
In this step, a solution containing oxalic acid of 3% is used. In this 
electrolytic solution, anodic oxidation is carried out with the aluminum 
patterns 509, 511 and 513 as an anode and platinum as a cathode. 
In this step, since the resist masks 515, 516 and 517 and the dense anodic 
oxidation films 510, 512 and 514 exist, anodic oxidation proceeds at the 
sides of the aluminum patterns 509, 511 and 513. 
In this way, porous anodic oxidation films are formed at portions denoted 
by reference numerals 518, 519 and 520. The film thickness of the porous 
anodic oxidation film is controlled by an anodic oxidation time. 
Here, the porous anodic oxidation films 518, 519 and 520 are formed to have 
a thickness of 5,000 .ANG.. The porous anodic oxidation films are used 
when low concentration impurity regions (LDD regions) are formed later. 
After the state shown in FIG. 4B is obtained, the resist masks 515, 516 and 
517 are removed by an exclusive peeling liquid. Then, anodic oxidation is 
again carried out in the condition of forming an anodic oxidation film 
having dense film quality. 
As a result, anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 53 having dense film quality 
are formed. Here, the anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 53 are formed in 
the state where they are integral with the previously formed anodic 
oxidation films 510, 512 and 514 (FIG. 4C). 
In this step, since the electrolytic solution intrudes into the inside of 
the porous anodic oxidation films 518, 519 and 520, the anodic oxidation 
films 51, 52 and 53 having dense film quality are formed in the state as 
shown by reference numerals 51, 52 and 53 in FIG. 4C. 
The film thickness of the anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 53 having the 
dense film quality is 1,000 .ANG.. The anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 
53 have a function to electrically and mechanically protect the surface of 
the gate electrode (and gate wiring extending therefrom). Specifically, 
the films have the function to improve electrical insulation and to 
suppress formation of hillocks and whiskers. 
In the step shown in FIG. 4C, a gate electrode 521 of the P-channel type 
thin film transistor and gate electrodes 522 and 523 of the N-channel type 
thin film transistor are defined. After the state shown in FIG. 4C is 
obtained, P (phosphorus) ions are implanted. In this step, P ions are 
implanted with a dose amount for forming source and drain regions. P ion 
implantation is carried out by a well known plasma doping method (FIG. 
5A). 
In this step, P ions with a relatively high concentration are implanted 
into regions 524, 526, 527, 529, 530 and 532. The dose amount in this step 
is 1.times.10.sup.15 /cm.sup.2. An ion acceleration voltage is 80 kV. 
In the P ion implantation step shown in FIG. 5A, P ions are not implanted 
into regions 525, 528 and 531. Thus, the intrinsic or substantially 
intrinsic state is maintained. 
After the P ion implantation shown in FIG. 5A is ended, the porous anodic 
oxidation films 518, 519 and 520 are selectively removed by using a mixed 
acid of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid. 
Then, as shown in FIG. 5B, P ion implantation is again conducted. In this 
step, P ion implantation is carried out with a dose amount lower than a 
dose amount in the step of FIG. 5A. Here, the dose amount is 0.5 to 
1.times.10.sup.14 /cm.sup.2. An acceleration voltage of ions is 70 kV. 
As a result of this step, respective regions 533, 535, 536, 538, 539 and 
541 become N-type (weak N-type) regions. These regions become low 
concentration impurity regions added with P ions of a concentration lower 
than the respective regions 524, 526, 527, 529, 530 and 532 (FIG. 5B). 
The respective regions 534, 537 and 540 immediately under the gate 
electrodes 521, 522 and 523 are defined as channel forming regions. 
Strictly speaking, offset gate regions are formed at both sides of the 
channel forming regions 534, 537 and 540 with the film thickness of the 
anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 53 having dense film quality and formed 
in the step of FIG. 4C. However, in this embodiment, since the film 
thickness of the anodic oxidation films 51, 52 and 53 is about 1,000 
.ANG., the offset gate regions are not shown in the drawing. 
After impurity ion implantation shown in FIG. 5B is ended, as shown in FIG. 
6A, a resist mask 542 is arranged, and B (boron) ions are implanted at 
this time. 
By the implantation of B ions, the conductivity of the respective regions 
543, 544, 545 and 546 is inverted from N type to P type. Here, the dose 
amount of B ions is 2.times.10.sup.15 /cm.sup.2. The acceleration voltage 
is 60 kV. 
After B ion implantation shown in FIG. 6A is ended, the resist mask 542 is 
removed. KrF excimer laser irradiation is performed to the entire to 
anneal the regions where impurity ions are injected and to activate the 
injected impurity ions. In this way, the P-channel type and N-channel type 
thin film transistors constituting the CMOS circuit, and the N-channel 
type thin film transistor arranged in the active matrix region are 
simultaneously formed. 
As shown in FIG. 7A, an interlayer insulating film 551 is formed. The 
interlayer insulating film 551 is made of a silicon oxide film. Other than 
the silicon oxide film, a laminated film of a silicon nitride film and a 
silicon oxide film, or a laminated film of a silicon oxide film or a 
silicon nitride film and a resin film may be used. 
After the interlayer insulating film 551 is formed, a contact hole is 
formed. A source electrode 552 and a drain electrode 553 of the P-channel 
type thin film transistor, and a drain electrode 553 and a source 
electrode 554 of the N-channel type thin film transistor are formed. 
In this way, the CMOS circuit complementarily composed of the P-channel 
type thin film transistor and the N-channel type thin film transistor is 
completed. 
Further, at the same time, a source electrode 555 (generally provided by 
extending from a picture image signal line (source signal line) arranged 
in a matrix form), and a drain electrode 556 are formed, so that the 
N-channel type thin film transistor arranged in the active matrix circuit 
is completed. 
After the state shown in FIG. 7A is obtained, a second interlayer 
insulating film 557 is formed. Then, a contact hole is formed, and a pixel 
electrode 558 made of ITO is formed. Then, heat treatment in a hydrogen 
atmosphere at 350.degree. C. for one hour is carried out to compensate 
defects in the active layer. In this way, the active matrix circuit (pixel 
matrix circuit) and peripheral drive circuit can be simultaneously formed. 
After the state shown in FIG. 7B is obtained, a rubbing film not shown is 
formed, and a well known rubbing treatment is carried out. The substrate 
shown in FIG. 7B is bonded to an opposite substrate prepared separately, 
and a liquid crystal is injected into the space therebetween. In this way, 
the active matrix type liquid crystal display device integrated with a 
peripheral drive circuit is completed. 
SECOND EMBODIMENT 
This embodiment shows manufacturing steps for an active matrix type liquid 
crystal display device for individual usage on the basis of the 
manufacturing steps shown in the first embodiment. 
An objective device in this embodiment is a small liquid crystal display 
device having a largeness of 5 inches or less in a diagonal line. Of 
course, it is assumed that this liquid crystal display device has a 
structure in which a peripheral drive circuit is integrated. Also, it is 
assumed that aluminum having a low resistance is used as gate wiring. 
Also in the structure shown in this embodiment, the basic structure is the 
same as that shown in FIG. 1. The manufacturing steps of the thin film 
transistors are also the same as those shown in FIG. 3 and the following 
drawings. When the structure shown in this embodiment is made, the 
distortion of the waveform 14 due to the influence of gate wiring 
resistance and capacitance as shown in FIG. 10 does not become a very 
serious problem. 
Accordingly, in order to satisfy the inequality shown in expression (2), it 
is effective to make the mobility of the thin film transistors 
constituting the buffer circuit (indicated by 204 in FIG. 1) as large as 
possible. 
In this embodiment, in order to increase the mobility of the thin film 
transistors constituting the buffer circuit, in the step shown in FIG. 3A, 
annealing by laser light irradiation is carried out to the peripheral 
drive circuit, especially only to regions where the buffer circuit is 
arranged. 
By this, the crystallinity of the crystalline film constituting the thin 
film transistors of the buffer circuit is selectively improved. 
As a laser, it is effective to use a KrF excimer laser (wavelength 248 nm) 
or a XeCl excimer laser (wavelength 308 nm). Further, a linearly shaped 
beam is used as a laser light, and the thin film transistors constituting 
the buffer circuit are also made to have a pattern arranged linearly. It 
is designed so that one pulse irradiation can simultaneously anneal the 
regions of the thin film transistors arranged linearly. Especially, in 
this embodiment, since the substrate is small, the linear laser light is 
concentrated to increase the uniformity. 
By this, it is possible to increase the mobility of the thin film 
transistors constituting the buffer circuit and to decrease the dispersion 
of the characteristics. 
In this way, an integration range of dt of expression (2) is made narrow 
and the dispersion of dt itself is made small. 
On the other hand, in the thin film transistors arranged in the active 
matrix region, a crystalline silicon film formed by a heat treatment is 
used, and though the mobility is small, the dispersion is made small. 
Further, the channel area is made as small as possible, the influence of 
the dispersion of Cgd of expression (2) is made small, and the value of I 
is made small. Specifically, by using an amorphous silicon film formed in 
the film forming condition where attention is paid to uniformity of the 
film quality, and further by performing heat treatment while paying 
attention to uniformity of heating, an effort is made to suppress the 
dispersion of crystallinity in the active matrix region as small as 
possible. 
In this way, the structure satisfies the above expression (2). Of course, 
this structure satisfies expression (3), too. 
THIRD EMBODIMENT 
This embodiment shows another method of manufacturing an active matrix type 
liquid crystal display device as shown in the second embodiment. 
In the case where the active matrix structure integrated with a peripheral 
drive circuit is realized by the method shown in the second embodiment, a 
laser irradiation apparatus capable of performing stable oscillation is 
required. 
At present, an excimer laser apparatus is in an experimental level and is 
expensive. Further, it has a problem in stability and the like. Still 
further, it does not reach a satisfactory level in maintenance. Moreover, 
there is a problem that it takes labor to find conditions of most suitable 
irradiation. 
Thus, the structure of this embodiment has a feature that the value of Ct 
is made large, so that the inequality of expression (2) is satisfied. 
In this case, in order to increase the value of auxiliary capacitance, it 
is necessary to design the arrangement process of the auxiliary 
capacitance. Then, in this embodiment, the active matrix region is made a 
structure as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. FIG. 8 shows a section taken along 
line A-A' of FIG. 9. 
The structure shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is a part of a substrate at the side 
where the active matrix circuit is disposed. FIGS. 8 and 9 show a portion 
corresponding to one pixel. 
In FIGS. 8 and 9, a thin film transistor is formed at a portion 103. 101 
designates a glass substrate. 102 designates a silicon oxide film forming 
an under film. An active layer of the thin film transistor is composed of 
regions 104, 107, 105, 108 and 106. This active layer is formed of a 
crystalline silicon film crystallized by applying heating to an amorphous 
silicon film. 
In the active layer, 104 designates a source region, 107 and 108 designate 
offset gate regions, 105 designates a channel formation region, and 106 
designates a drain region. 
109 designates a silicon oxide film functioning as a gate insulating film. 
110 designates a gate electrode containing aluminum as main component. The 
gate electrode 110 extends from gate wiring arranged in a matrix form. 
111 designates an anodic oxidation film formed by performing anodic 
oxidation with aluminum as an anode. The offset gate regions 107 and 108 
are formed by the thickness of the anodic oxidation film 111. 
In order to form the effectively functioning offset gate regions 107 and 
108, it is necessary to make the anodic oxidation film 111 have a film 
thickness of more than about 2,000 .ANG.. 
112 designates a first interlayer insulating film made of a silicon oxide 
film. 113 designates a lead electrode from the source region 104. 115 
designates a lead electrode made of titanium from the drain region 106, 
and is connected to the ITO electrode 118 which becomes a pixel electrode. 
114 designates a second interlayer insulating film, and 117 designates a 
third interlayer insulating film. 
116 designates a titanium electrode used also as a black matrix. Other than 
titanium, chromium or the like is used. This titanium electrode 116 is 
disposed to overlap with the periphery of the pixel electrode 118 so as to 
function as a black matrix (BM). The titanium electrode 116 is formed at 
the same time as the lead electrode 115. 
The region where the titanium electrode 116 and the pixel electrode 118 
overlap with each other, becomes an auxiliary capacitance. That is, at the 
portions 119 and 120, the pixel electrode 118 and the titanium electrode 
116 forms the capacitance through the third interlayer insulating film 
117. Since the insulating film 117 is made thin, the capacitance can be 
made large. 
Here, the insulating film 117 is made of a silicon nitride film, and the 
film thickness is made 300 .ANG.. The silicon nitride film has a large 
relative dielectric constant of about 6. Thus, the capacitance expressed 
by Ct of expression (2) can be made large. In general, the relative 
dielectric constant of the silicon oxide film often used as an insulating 
film is about 4. 
The silicon nitride film can be made to have dense film quality. 
Accordingly, even if the thickness is made thin, it is possible to avoid a 
problem of short circuit between electrodes due to existence of pinholes. 
The titanium electrode 116 is disposed to cover most portions of the thin 
film transistor 103. This arrangement is made to prevent the operation 
from being influenced by irradiation to the thin film transistor. 
The degree of overlap between the electrode 116 used also as the BM and the 
pixel electrode 118 is determined to satisfy the value of Ct obtained from 
the inequality expressed by expression (2). In this case, it is sufficient 
to first determine the characteristics of the thin film transistor, and 
then to calculate the value of Ct in accordance with expression (2). 
FOURTH EMBODIMENT 
This embodiment relates to a technique for producing an active matrix 
circuit and a peripheral drive circuit with thin film transistors having 
different crystallinity in order to satisfy the inequality expressed by 
expression (2). 
Expression (2) indicates that when the mobility of the thin film 
transistors arranged in the active matrix circuit is made small, while the 
mobility of the peripheral drive circuit, especially of the buffer circuit 
is made large, the dispersion of voltage applied to the liquid crystal can 
be effectively decreased. 
In order to realize the above structure, a silicon film having a relatively 
low crystallinity is formed for the active matrix circuit region, and a 
silicon film having a relatively high crystallinity is formed for the 
peripheral drive circuit region. 
In this embodiment, the crystalline silicon film formed in the peripheral 
drive circuit region (or buffer circuit region) is formed by using metal 
elements for promoting crystallization of silicon, while the crystalline 
silicon film formed in the active matrix circuit region is formed without 
using the above metal elements. 
Specifically, in the state shown in FIG. 3A, regions other than those where 
the thin film transistors constituting the peripheral drive circuit are 
formed, are masked with silicon oxide films or the like, and a solution 
containing metal elements for promoting crystallization of silicon is 
applied in that state. 
By performing heat treatment, the amorphous silicon film 503 is 
crystallized. For example, the heat treatment is carried out at 
640.degree. C. and for 24 hours. Then, the region where the metal elements 
were introduced has relatively high crystallinity, and the region where 
the metal elements were not introduced has relatively low crystallinity. 
That is, in the active matrix region, the thin film transistor can be 
formed of the crystalline silicon film having relatively low 
crystallinity, and in the peripheral drive circuit region, the thin film 
transistor can be formed of the crystalline silicon film having relatively 
high crystallinity. 
By this, the mobility of the thin film transistors constituting the 
peripheral drive circuit is made high, while the mobility of the thin film 
transistors constituting the active matrix region is made small. 
Ni (nickel) is used as a metal element for promoting crystallization of 
silicon. A solution of nickel salt acetate can be used as a solution 
containing Ni. The amount of introduced Ni can be controlled by adjusting 
the nickel concentration in the solution. 
The method of using the solution is effective for control of an introducing 
amount of the metal element and for assurance of the uniformity of the 
introducing amount. 
By using the invention disclosed in the present specification, priority of 
portions where a technique is concentrically applied can be determined. 
Since the portion where a technique is concentrically applied is made 
clear, an active matrix type display device with superior picture quality 
can be obtained with low cost and high reproductivity. 
The active matrix liquid crystal display device has been mainly disclosed 
in the present specification. However, the invention disclosed in the 
present specification can be applied to a flat panel display having other 
active matrix type using thin film transistors. For example, the invention 
can be applied to an active matrix display device integrated with a 
peripheral drive circuit using EL type light emitting elements. 
The structure of a bottom gate type in which a gate electrode is on the 
side of a substrate may be used as the structure of the thin film 
transistor.