Ball valve

A valve has a housing having an inlet connection and an outlet connection d formed with a valve seat having spaced inlet and outlet ports connected to the respective connections and a valve element formed with a throughgoing passage having an upstream end and a downstream end. This valve element fits in the seat and is displaceable therein between an open position with its passage aligned between the respective inlet and outlet ports and a closed position with its passage out of alignment between the ports. The passage is formed upstream of its downstream end and downstream of its upstream end as a restriction and is of larger flow cross section at its downstream end than at the restriction so that on fluid flow through the valve from the inlet to the outlet pressure drops in the passage downstream of the restriction.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a valve. More particularly this invention 
concerns a ball valve. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
A standard valve or cock of the ball, plug, or slide type has a housing 
formed on one side with an inlet connection and opposite it on its other 
side with an outlet connection. These connections open inside the housing 
at opposite ports in a valve seat on which rides the valve element, the 
ball, slide, or plug, that itself is formed with a throughgoing passage. 
In the open position of the valve the valve-element passage is aligned 
between the two ports for fluid flow therebetween and in the closed 
position it is not thus aligned so that no fluid can flow between them. At 
intermediate positions the valve element and the seat at the outlet form a 
throttling gap that creates turbulence and a pressure drop due to the 
Carnot effect and that causes erosion of the valve element and/or of the 
seat, and/or of the outlet connection. 
As described in German patent 3,803,417 filed 05 Feb. 1988 it is known to 
line the passage of the valve element with a wear-resistant material like 
sintered ceramic. Nevertheless there is erosion at the throttling gap that 
reduces the service life of the valve if it is used as a throttling-type 
metering valve. 
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved 
valve of the above-described type. 
Another object is the provision of such an improved valve of the 
above-described type which overcomes the above-given disadvantages, that 
is which does not erode at the critical seat regions. 
A further object is an improved ball, plug, or slide valve which can act as 
a fluid-flow restriction. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The instant invention is an improvement on a throttle-type metering valve 
having a housing having an inlet connection and an outlet connection and 
formed with a valve seat having spaced inlet and outlet ports connected to 
the respective connections and a valve element formed with a throughgoing 
passage defined by an inner wall of wear-resistant material and having an 
upstream end and a downstream end. This valve element fits in the seat and 
is displaceable therein between an open position with its passage aligned 
between the respective inlet and outlet ports and a closed position with 
its passage out of alignment between the ports. The improvement of the 
invention is that the passage is formed upstream of its downstream end and 
downstream of its upstream end as a restriction and is of larger flow 
cross section at its downstream end than at the restriction so that, on 
fluid flow through the valve from the inlet to the outlet, flow separation 
from the wall is initiated at the restriction. 
The invention is based on the surprising discovery that moving the 
restriction upstream from the downstream end of the valve-element passage 
has a very good effect on valve operation. The widening of the flow 
passage defines the location of flow separation or breakaway of flow. The 
flow separation from the wall entails a flow-pressure drop known in the 
art as a Carnot impulse drop. Thus the flow separates from the walls of 
the passage and flows freely, separate from the static fluid layer on the 
wall. 
According to a feature of the invention the passage has upstream of the 
restriction a flow cross section that is uniform and that is substantially 
smaller than the flow cross section downstream of the restriction which is 
also uniform. It is also possible for the flow cross section of the 
passage to increase uniformly downstream of the restriction. The angle of 
increase in flow cross section is sufficient that the desired flow 
separation is achieved. 
In accordance with a further feature of the invention the valve element is 
provided with structure forming the restriction. This structure can be a 
washer-like disk set in the valve element between two passage sections of 
identical shape and cross section. Thus the jet of liquid issuing from the 
downstream side of this restriction will have no significant erosive 
effect on the passage downstream. The small-size orifice of this 
restriction element can also be eccentric to the centerline of the 
passage. 
It is also within the scope of this invention when the flow cross section 
of the passage increases uniformly in both directions from the 
restriction. The valve element can be provided with a sintered-ceramic 
liner forming the passage and restriction and with a retaining ring at the 
downstream end holding the liner in place in the element. Such a liner can 
be relatively unpressurized, that is the static pressure of the medium in 
the flow through the valve is also effective on the outside of the liner 
sleeves. The material of the retaining ring is determined by the 
thermal-deformation properties of the basic material of the valve element. 
Thus the liner is mounted loose in the bore of the valve element, 
typically as at least two longitudinally abutting pieces. These liners can 
be either coated with or solid ceramic material. 
Not only is the valve according to this invention going to last longer in 
service due to its increased resistance to erosion, but it also has been 
surprisingly found to have a broader adjustment range and to generally 
work better than the prior-art such valves.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION 
As seen in FIGS. 1 and 6 a valve according to this invention has a housing 
1 provided with an upstream inlet connection 2' and a downstream outlet 
connection 2" forming inlet and outlet ports that are aligned along a 
common longitudinal centerline C and that both open at respective seats 4' 
and 4" provided in the housing 1. The seats 4' and 4" are one-piece 
elements of a sintered ceramic or they each have a passage defined by an 
inner wall made of such wear-resistant material. A valve element or ball 3 
is rotatable about an axis A perpendicular to the centerline C in the 
housing 1 and is formed with a through-going passage 6 defined by an inner 
wall 7 of wear-resistant material in turn formed centrally with a 
restriction 12. Flow through the valve is in the direction indicated by 
arrow D. 
More specifically as seen in FIG. 6 the body 3 is provided with a liner 9 
formed of two similar sleeves of sintered ceramic. The passage 6 is in the 
illustrated open-valve position centered on the line C and flares 
frustoconically in both directions at 11' and 11" away from the 
restriction 12 which is a very short cylindrical region also centered on 
the line C and bisected by the axis A. The flare angle .alpha., that is 
the angle between a side wall and the centerline C, has such a value as to 
initiate flow separation from the wall downstream of the restriction. The 
liner is held in place by a snap ring 10 fitted into the downstream end of 
the valve element 3. 
Thus with the system of this invention the increase in flow cross section 
downstream of the restriction 12 will greatly reduce erosion of the 
element 3 in the critical region where it fits with the downstream seat 
4". 
FIG. 2 shows a monolithic sintered-ceramic valve element 3a having a 
passage 6a with a wall 7a formed with a cylindrical upstream portion 11a' 
of a small diameter a separated at a step 8 from a downstream portion 11a" 
of a large diameter b. The step 8 is somewhat upstream of the axis A. 
In FIG. 3 another one-piece sintered-ceramic valve body 3b has a passage 
with an inner wall 6b with a cylindrical small-diameter upstream portion 
11b' and a frustoconical downstream portion 11b" with a flare angle 
.alpha.. The upstream end of the downstream portion 11b" here also is 
upstream of the axis A. 
In FIG. 4 a valve element 3c has a passage wall 7c with upstream and 
downstream portions 11c' and 11c" that are of identical cylindrical shape 
and size. Between these portions 11c' and 11c" slightly upstream of the 
axis A is an insert washer 13 formed with a small-diameter orifice 12c of 
circular shape that is offcenter to the line C. This washer 13 is formed 
of a wear-resistant material. 
The system of FIG. 5 has a valve body 3d whose passage 6d has a wall 7d 
with frustoconical upstream and downstream portions 11d' and 11d" as in 
FIG. 6, but here the body 3d is of a single unitary piece of sintered 
ceramic.