Dual zone discharge of rechargeable batteries

The technology described in this document can be embodied in a method of using a silver-zinc rechargeable battery to power a device. The method includes drawing, in a first mode of operation of a power management circuit, a first current from the battery to power the device. The first current is selected such that a target percentage of a capacity of the battery is discharged in a predetermined time of use of the device. The method also includes switching to a second mode of operation after the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. In the second mode of operation, a second current is drawn from the battery, wherein the second current is less than the first current. The method further includes powering the device using the second current.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to rechargeable batteries, specifically silver-zinc batteries.

BACKGROUND

Silver Zinc batteries (also referred to AgO—Zn batteries) have become a popular choice for small devices such as hearing aids and personal acoustic devices. AgO—Zn rechargeable batteries are often preferred due to their high-energy, high power density characteristics.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, this document describes a method of using a silver-zinc rechargeable battery to power a device. The method includes drawing, in a first mode of operation of a power management circuit, a first current from the battery to power the device. The first current is selected such that a target percentage of a capacity of the battery is discharged in a predetermined time of use of the device. The method also includes switching to a second mode of operation after the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. In the second mode of operation, a second current is drawn from the battery, wherein the second current is less than the first current. The method further includes powering the device using the second current.

In another aspect, this disclosure features a device that includes an acoustic transducer, circuitry configured to drive the acoustic transducer using power from a rechargeable battery, and a power management circuit comprising one or more processing devices, the power management circuit. The power management circuit is configured to draw, in a first mode of operation, a first current from the battery to power the circuitry. The first current is selected such that a target percentage of a capacity of the battery is discharged in a predetermined time of use of the device. The power management circuit is further configured to switch to a second mode of operation after the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. In the second mode of operation, a second current is drawn from the battery, wherein the second current is less than the first current. The power management circuit is further configured to power the device using the second current.

Implementations of the above aspects can include one or more of the following features. The target percentage can be substantially equal to 50%. The first current can be substantially equal to 2.1 mA. The predetermined time of use of the device can be substantially equal to 8 hours. A determination may be made that the battery has been connected to a charger when an amount of charge in the battery is higher than the target percentage of the capacity, and in response to such determination, the battery can be discharged until at least the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. Charging of the battery can be initiated when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the target percentage of the capacity of the battery. A counter to track a number of charging cycles of the battery can be updated, and some of the above steps can be repeated after a predetermined first number of charging cycles, as indicated by the counter. The battery can be discharged to a threshold level below the target percentage of the capacity of the battery after a predetermined second number of charging cycles, as indicated by the counter. A counter can be updated to track a number of charging cycles responsive to detecting a recharging of the battery, and the device can be powered using a third current drawn in accordance with a third mode of operation of the power management circuit, for a predetermined number of charging cycles of the battery, as indicated by the counter. The counter can be updated responsive to determining that the battery is discharged to a level below the target percentage of the capacity of the battery when a particular charging cycle is initiated Some of the above steps can be repeated after the predetermined number of charging cycles.

In another aspect, this document features a method of charging a rechargeable battery. The method includes receiving, by a charger, a connection to the battery, and determining, by a control circuit disposed in the charger, that an amount of charge remaining in the battery is more than a threshold percentage of a capacity of the battery. The method also includes, responsive to such determination, discharging the battery while being connected to the charger until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged, and initiating charging of the battery when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery.

In another aspect, this document features a device for charging a rechargeable battery. The device includes a set of electrical receptacles configured to receive a connection to the battery, and a control circuit that includes one or more processing devices. The control circuit is configured to determine that an amount of charge remaining in the battery is more than a threshold percentage of a capacity of the battery, and in response, discharge the battery while being connected to the device until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. The control circuit is also configured to initiate charging of the battery when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery.

Implementations of the above aspects can include one or more of the following features. Discharging the battery can include generating an acoustic signal using a transducer powered by the battery. A frequency of the acoustic signal can be outside the human audible range. A counter to track a number of charging cycles of the battery can be updated, and can be used by the control circuit to determine that the battery has undergone a predetermined number of charging cycles. In response, the control circuit can be configured to determine that the amount of charge remaining in the battery is more than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery, and accordingly discharge the battery while being connected to the charger until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. Charging of the battery can be initiated when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery. The rechargeable battery can be a silver-zinc (AgO—Zn) rechargeable battery. The silver-zinc rechargeable battery can be characterized by a discharging profile that includes (i) an upper plateau corresponding to a substantially constant first voltage and (ii) a lower plateau corresponding to a substantially constant second voltage that is less than the first voltage, and the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery can correspond to a transition between the upper plateau and the lower plateau.

In some implementations, the technology described herein may provide one or more of the following advantages.

By drawing a large current from a rechargeable battery at least during one mode of discharge, dendrites formed during a charging process may be dissolved. This in turn may prevent the dendrites to become long enough to contact a side of the battery container and cause a shorting failure of the battery. Further, the large current draw during use, and/or a forced discharge of the battery down to a target percentage capacity prior to charging, can prevent impedance build-up within the battery. This in turn may also prevent shorting failures and/or improve service life of the battery. In addition, the large current draw during use, and/or a forced discharge of the AgO—Zn battery in a charger can force the battery into a lower plateau associated with such batteries. Initiating charging from the lower plateau may then utilize a charging-termination criterion that enables a more precise charging capacity control. Periodically charging from the lower plateau can therefore serve as a “reset” that brings the cell capacity back to the designed range.

Two or more of the features described in this disclosure, including those described in this summary section, may be combined to form implementations not specifically described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document describes a discharging/charging technology for a rechargeable battery (e.g., a silver-zinc battery) for improving the service life of the battery. Specifically, this document describes configuring the current draw from a charged battery such that a target percentage of the battery capacity is discharged within a predetermined amount of time. For a silver-zinc battery, this may ensure that the battery is forced to a particular portion of its discharge profile (e.g., a “lower plateau” of a discharge profile associated with such batteries) before recharging of the battery is initiated. In some cases, if the battery is placed in a charger before being discharged to the target percentage of the capacity, the charging process itself may be configured to first discharge the battery to the target percentage before initiating a recharging process. In some cases, drawing a high discharge current during an operation of the battery, and/or forcing the battery to the particular portion of the discharge profile at least periodically, may prevent dendrite formation in the battery, thereby reducing or delaying chances of shorting failure. Further, the technology described herein may also improve the service life of the battery, and/or maintain operation of the battery at or near the original design specifications.

Large form-factor silver-zinc batteries have been used in various military, aerospace, etc. applications. In recent times, improvements to silver-zinc technology, as well as miniaturization, have made silver-zinc batteries suitable for smaller devices such as hearing aids and personal acoustic devices such as acoustic earbuds. An example of a miniature silver zinc battery100is shown inFIG. 1. Batteries such as the one shown inFIG. 1is developed by ZPower LLC of Camarillo, Calif. In a broad overview, the battery100includes a casing101that houses a silver (or silver oxide) cathode105and a zinc anode110. A separator115is disposed between the anode and the cathode. In some implementations, a porous alkaline material such as KOH can be used in the separator115. The battery100also includes a cap120that forms an electrical contact and a gasket125that electrically separates the cap120from the casing101.

The terms “rechargeable battery,” “battery,” and “cell” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a power source capable of either providing electrical energy from chemical reactions, or facilitating chemical reactions when subjected to electrical energy. In some implementations, a battery may have multiple electrochemical cells. In some implementations, a battery may have a single cell. For example a button cell or a coin cell (e.g., the battery100shown inFIG. 1) is a battery having a single cell.

Silver-Zinc batteries can be particularly appealing in various applications due to their high-energy content and non-flammable chemistry. Specifically, the electrochemistry of a silver-zinc battery is as follows.

At the cathode:

At the anode:

Which yields the overall reaction as:

In some implementations though, the Zn(OH)42−formed at the cathode during a charging process exhibits dendritic growth, and the resulting dendrites permeate through the separator115to potentially cause a shorting condition in the battery. Specifically, over multiple charging/discharging cycles of the battery100, the dendrites may grow long enough to breach the separator115completely and cause a shorting condition that reduces the service life of the battery. In addition, over multiple charging/discharging cycles of the battery, the internal impedance of the battery typically increases, thereby further contributing to potential shortening of the service life of the battery.

The technology described herein addresses the problems of dendrite formation and impedance building in silver-zinc batteries. Specifically, in one aspect, the technology espouses a high-current discharge of the battery when the battery is used to power a device. For example, the discharge current can be set at a level such that a target percentage of the battery capacity is depleted within a predetermined time of use of the corresponding device. During discharge, the discharging current is distributed between the Zn located inside the anode compartment and any dendrite formed in the separator. If the discharge current is set at a sufficiently high value, more current can be forced to be distributed onto the dendrite, thereby potentially causing the dendrite to be dissolved away. In some cases, this can prevent the dendrite from becoming long enough to contact the cathode can, and/or breaching the width of the separator. This in turn may prevent or at least reduce the chances of a shorting condition being created in the battery.

In some implementations, to increase the chances of the discharging current being distributed adequately to the dendrites, it may be beneficial to force the discharge process into a particular portion of the discharging process. To illustrate,FIG. 2shows an example of a discharge profile200associated with a silver-zinc battery. In this example, the discharging profile200includes a first portion205(referred to as the “upper plateau”) that corresponds to a substantially constant first voltage region, and a second portion210(referred to as the “lower plateau”) that corresponds to a substantially constant second voltage region. The second voltage is less than the first voltage and the transition zone215between the two corresponds to a particular percentage of the battery capacity. In this example, the battery capacity is 32 mAh, and the transition zone215corresponds to about 17 mAh (i.e., approximately 50% of the battery capacity).

As used herein, the term “plateau”, refers to a range of battery capacities wherein the battery's voltage remains substantially unchanged, e.g., having a variance of ±10% or less or having a variance of ±5% or less, when the battery is being charged with a substantially constant charge current. In some implementations, a plateau may be characterized or identified by the lowest voltage on the plateau. In some implementations, a plateau may be characterized or identified by the average voltage over the range of battery capacity.

In some implementations, when the discharge takes place over the upper plateau205of the discharge curve, adequate zinc may be available in the anode compartment to carry out the discharge action, and therefore the discharge current may not be distributed to any dendrites. Furthermore, a low discharge current may not provide enough driving force to distribute the discharge current to the dendrites. To address this, the technology described herein espouses forcing the discharge process to the lower plateau at least intermittently. When the discharge process is in the lower plateau210, the residual capacity of the battery is such that there may not be adequate zinc available at the anode to carry out the discharge action. This may force the discharge current to be forced into any dendrites formed in the separator115causing the dendrites to be dissolved away.

Forcing the discharge into the lower plateau210can be referred to as a maintenance cycle, which can be beneficial in multiple ways. For example, if the battery is discharged to about midway of the lower plateau210, the amorphous (hydrated) silver oxide in the cathode may decompose and release H2O & OH−, which in turn may diffuse from cathode to anode and flush out any Zn(OH)4−2ions in the separator (which, as described above, are the sources of dendrite formation in separator). Furthermore, initiating the charging from the lower plateau can allow for the use of a charging-termination criterion that enables a more precise charging capacity control. An example of a charging process (and associated criteria) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,240,696, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some cases, charging from the lower plateau210may therefore serve as a “reset” that maintains the battery capacity at or near the target or design specifications. In some implementations, forcing the discharge into the lower plateau210can also prevent/reduce impedance build-up in the battery over multiple charge/discharge cycles, thereby improving the overall service life of the rechargeable battery.

The technology described herein may be implemented in various ways.FIG. 3is a block diagram of an example acoustic device300that uses rechargeable batteries305in accordance with technology described herein. In some implementations, the device300is a personal acoustic device (e.g., a hearing aid or a personal acoustic device such as a wireless earbud) that includes an acoustic transducer335driven by device circuitry330. The device circuitry330is powered by one or more batteries305. In some implementation a battery305can include one or more of the rechargeable batteries (or cells)100described above with reference toFIG. 1. The charging/discharging processes of the battery305can be controlled using a power management circuit307disposed between the batteries305and the device circuitry330. The power management circuit307can include one or more electrical contacts340configured to electrically couple the power management circuit (or the device300) to a charger configured to charge the rechargeable batteries305. The power management circuit307also includes one or more processing devices320to execute processes associated with managing charging/discharging of the batteries305in accordance with technology described herein.

In some implementations, the power management circuit307includes current control circuitry310that is configured to control the current drawn from the batteries305to power the device circuitry330. In some implementations, the power management circuit307is operated in multiple modes of operation. For example, in a first mode of operation, the power management circuit307can be configured to draw a first current from the battery305to power the device such that a target percentage of a capacity of the battery is discharged in a predetermined time of use of the device. Referring back toFIG. 2, the first current can be selected such that the battery305is forced into the lower plateau210during a predetermined amount of time of use of the device300. For example, if the device300is an acoustic earbud, the first current can be selected as being substantially equal to 2.1 mA, such that the residual battery capacity corresponding to approximately 8 hours of use is approximately 17 mAh, which in turn forces the discharge profile into the lower plateau210. The predetermined time of 8 hours can be selected, for example, based on empirical data of earbud use times across a large number of consumers. In some cases, this can ensure that at least a significant percentage of consumers are recharging the devices only after the discharge is forced into the lower plateau210.

In some implementations, the predetermined time period and/or the first current can be determined based on one or more other criteria. For example, the power management circuit307can be configured to track the daily time of use for a particular device300. The current control circuitry310can then be configured to select the first current and/or the predetermined time accordingly, such that the discharge is forced into the lower plateau210during a regular daily use of the particular device300. In some implementations, the first current can be selected (or at least lower bounded) based on a target discharge current that is distributed into the dendrites formed during a charging process.

In some implementations, once the battery305is discharged down to a target percentage of the capacity, the power management circuit can be configured to switch into a second mode of operation, in which the current drawn from the battery is changed. In some implementations, the current drawn in this mode (referred to as the second current) is less than the first current, for example, to ensure that the device300is powered for an adequate time. For example, the second current can be selected as 1.6 mA such that a target utilization for the battery (e.g., approximately 92.5% for the example shown inFIG. 2) is reached in another predetermined amount of use time of the device. In the example ofFIG. 2, the current control circuitry can be configured to select the second current as 1.6 mA to ensure at least 8 hours of usage while traversing the lower plateau210.

In some implementations, the power management circuit307includes a switch315that controls recharging of the battery305when the battery305(or the device300) is placed in a charger. For example, the power management circuit307can be configured to first determine (e.g., by processing information from one or more sensors using the processing devices320) that the battery305has been connected to a charger, and that an amount of charge in the battery is higher than the target percentage of the capacity. In other words, the power management circuit307can be configured to determine that the discharge of the battery305is still in the upper plateau region205of the corresponding discharging profile. Responsive to such determination, the power management circuit can be configured to continue discharging the battery305until the target percentage of the capacity has been discharged, even though the device300is connected to the charger (e.g. via the one or more electrical contacts340). For example, during such a discharge period, the switch315can be configured to disconnect the electrical contacts340from any charging circuitry associated with the batteries305. In some implementations, the switch315can act as a multi-way switch, which connects the batteries305to the device circuitry330to continue discharging of the battery while the device300is connected to the charger. The discharging can be facilitated by using the battery305to generate an acoustic signal through the acoustic transducer335(possibly in a frequency range outside the human audible range), or in other ways that drain the batteries305. Once the battery305is discharged to the target percentage of the capacity, the switch315can be configured to disconnect the battery305from powering the device circuitry330, and/or connect the electrical contacts340to the battery such that the battery305can be charged from the charger.

In some implementations, the power management circuit307can be configured to force the discharge process into the lower plateau210intermittently. For example, the power management circuit307can include a counter325that is updated to keep track of a number of charging cycles undergone by the battery305, and the discharge process is forced into the lower plateau only after a predetermined number of charge cycles. For example, the power management circuit307can be configured to operate in the first mode of operation and draw a high current to force the discharging into the lower plateau, not in each discharge cycle, but only after a predetermined number of cycles (e.g., every 3rdcycle, every 5thcycle, every 10thcycle etc.). In the other cycles (e.g., when the power management circuit307is not attempting to force the discharge into the lower plateau within a predetermined time), the current control circuitry can be configured to operate in the second mode of operation, or another mode of operation where the current drawn is different from that drawn in either the first mode of operation or the second mode of operation. For example, when the power management circuit307is not attempting to force the discharge into the lower plateau, the current control circuitry310can be configured to draw 1.35 mA of current, which allows for approximately 12.5 hours of use time until the target percentage of the capacity is discharged. In some cases, this may allow for the device300to be used for a longer period of time, and hence combining the multiple modes of operations may be useful in achieving a trade-off between service life and lengths of use in individual cycles.

FIG. 4is a block diagram of an example charger400that functions in accordance with technology described herein. The charger400includes a first set of electrical contacts440to couple with mating contacts340of the device300. The charger400also includes a second set of electrical contacts450to connect to a power source such as a battery, a wall socket, a cable, etc. that connect to a power source. In some implementations, the second set of electrical contacts includes a standard port such as universal serial bus (USB) port or a Lightning port for connecting to corresponding power sources through appropriate connectors or cables.

In some implementations, the charger400includes control circuit410that is configured to manage charging/discharging of a battery connected to the charger. The control circuit410can be configured to manage the charging/discharging of a connected battery independently of (or in absence of) any power management circuit307in the device powered by the battery. For example, the control circuit410can be configured to determine that an amount of charge remaining in the connected battery is more than a threshold percentage of a capacity of the battery, and in response, continue to discharge the battery until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. In this regard, at least a portion of the functionalities of the control circuit410can be substantially similar to that of a power management circuit307, as described above. Also, during a discharge period, the switch415of the charger400can be configured to disconnect the electrical contacts450from the electrical contacts440to prevent providing charging current to any connected battery.

In some implementations, the charger400can include a counter425, the functionality of which is analogous to the counter325described above with reference toFIG. 3. For example, the counter425can be updated to keep track of a number of charging cycles undergone by a battery connected to the charger, and the discharge process is forced into the lower plateau only after a predetermined number of charge cycles. For example, the control circuit can be configured to discharge the battery until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged once per predetermined number of charge cycles, as indicated by the counter425. In some implementations, the charger400can be configured to receive identification information associated with the connected battery, such that the control circuit410can keep track of charge cycles for various individual batteries using the counter425. The one or more processing devices420can be configured to execute at least a portion of the process executed by the charger to control the charge/discharge of any connected batteries.

FIGS. 5A and 5Bare plots illustrating a reduction in impedance build-up in a rechargeable battery due to using technology described herein. Specifically, inFIG. 5A, the curve510represents current drawn from a battery over multiple discharge cycles (over 350 cycles of 7 mAh-13 mAh spanning over 2600 hours), and the curve505represents voltages during the corresponding discharge cycles. The voltage curve505being at a level higher than 1.7V in most cycles indicates that the discharge happens primarily in the “upper plateau,” with the discharge being forced into the lower plateau (<1.6V) once every 50 cycles (as indicated by the notches515a,515betc.). The curve520tracks the impedance in the battery (in ohm, as noted by the Y-axis on the right) in the corresponding cycles. As observed from the trajectory of the curve520, the impedance of the battery generally increases over discharge cycles that are in the upper plateau. Once the discharge is forced into the lower plateau every 50 cycles, the impedance reduces immediately, and continues to increase again over the upper plateau cycles.

FIG. 5Btracks the impedance (as indicated by the curve570) over multiple discharge cycles of 12 mAh-21 mAh spanning more than 8500 hours. In this experiment, three out of every seven discharges were forced into the lower plateau, and the cell was fully discharged (e.g., depleted to over 90% of capacity) every 50 cycles. The curves550and560represent the voltage and current during the discharge cycles. In this case, the impedance build-up (as indicated by the trajectory of the curve570) was even less, and stayed at a steady-state low value after around 100 cycles.

FIG. 6is a flow chart of an example process600for using a silver-zinc battery. In some implementations, at least a portion of the process600is executed by the power management circuit307ofFIG. 3using the one or more processing devices320. Operations of the process600includes drawing, in a first mode of operation of the power management circuit, a first current from the battery to power a device, wherein the first current is selected such that a target percentage of a capacity of the battery is discharged in a predetermined time of use of the device (610). In some implementations, the target percentage is substantially equal to 50% (e.g., between 47% and 53%) and/or the first current is substantially equal to 2.1 mA (or another suitable value for discharging down to the target percentage in the predetermined amount of time). In some implementations, the predetermined time of use of the device is substantially equal to 8 hours.

Operations of the process600also includes switching to a second mode of operation after the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged (620), and powering the device using the second current (630). In the second mode of operation, a second current is drawn from the battery, the second current being less than the first current. For example, the second current can be substantially equal to 1.6 mA.

In some implementations, the process600can also include determining that the battery has been connected to a charger when an amount of charge in the battery is higher than the target percentage of the capacity. Responsive to such determination, the battery can be discharged (while connected in the charger) until at least the target percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged. The process600can also include initiating charging of the battery when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the target percentage of the capacity of the battery. In some implementations, a counter can be updated to track a number of charging cycles of the battery, and the above steps (e.g. the steps executed when the battery is in the charger) can be repeated after a predetermined number of charging cycles, as indicated by the counter. In some implementations, the battery can be discharged to a threshold level below the target percentage of the capacity of the battery after another predetermined number of charging cycles, as indicated by the counter. For example, in the experiment corresponding toFIG. 5B, the discharge was forced to the target percentage (approx. 50%) of the capacity in three out of seven cycles, and the battery was discharged to less than 10% of the capacity once every 50 cycles. In some implementations, the process600also includes updating a counter to track a number of charging cycles responsive to detecting a recharging of the battery, powering the device using a third current drawn in accordance with a third mode of operation of the power management circuit, for a predetermined number of charging cycles of the battery, and repeating the steps610,620, and630after the predetermined number of charging cycles. In some implementations, the third current can be significantly different from the second current. In some implementations, the third current can be substantially equal to the second current.

FIG. 7is a flow chart of an example process700for charging a rechargeable battery. In some implementations, at least a portion of the process700is executed by the charger400described with reference toFIG. 4, using the one or more processing devices420. Operations of the process700includes receiving a connection to a rechargeable battery (710). The connection can be received, for example, when a set of electrical contacts440of the charger400(FIG. 4) is electrically coupled to a set of electrical contacts340of the device300(FIG. 3).

Operations of the process700also includes determining that an amount of charge remaining in the battery is more than a threshold percentage of a capacity of the battery (720). In some implementations, the rechargeable battery is a silver-zinc (AgO—Zn) rechargeable battery, which is characterized by a discharging profile that includes (i) an upper plateau corresponding to a substantially constant first voltage and (ii) a lower plateau corresponding to a substantially constant second voltage that is less than the first voltage. For example, the discharging profile can be substantially similar to that illustrated inFIG. 2. In such cases, the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery can correspond to a transition between the upper plateau and the lower plateau.

The functionality described herein, or portions thereof, and its various modifications (hereinafter “the functions”) can be implemented, at least in part, via a computer program product, e.g., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, such as one or more non-transitory machine-readable media or storage device, for execution by, or to control the operation of, one or more data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, multiple computers, and/or programmable logic components.

Operations of the process700also includes continuing, responsive to determining that the amount of charge remaining in the battery is more than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery, to discharge the battery while being connected to the charger until at least the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery is discharged (730). In some implementations, continuing to discharge the battery includes generating an acoustic signal using a transducer powered by the battery. For example, the acoustic transducer can be substantially similar to the acoustic transducer335disposed in the device300(FIG. 3) that is powered by the battery. In some implementations, the acoustic transducer can also be disposed in the charger400. In some implementations, a frequency of the acoustic signal is outside the human audible range such that the acoustic signal is not perceptible to human users during the discharge process.

The operations of the process700also includes initiating charging of the battery when the amount of charge remaining in the battery is less than the threshold percentage of the capacity of the battery (740). In some implementations, the steps720,730, and740may be repeated after a predetermined number of charge cycles. For example, a counter can be updated each time a battery is charged to capacity to track a number of charging cycles of the battery. A determination may then be made that the battery has undergone a predetermined number of charging cycles, as indicated by the counter, and in response, the steps720,730, and740may be repeated.

Actions associated with implementing all or part of the functions can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the calibration process. All or part of the functions can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and/or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Components of a computer include a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.

Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims. For example, while the description of the silver zinc batteries above primarily refer to a silver or AgO cathode, other silver compounds are also within the scope of the disclosure. For example, Ag2O, Ag2O3, AgOH, AgOOH, AgONa, AgCuO2, AgFeO2, AgMnO2, Ag(OH)2, hydrates thereof, or any combination of the foregoing materials may also be used in what is referred to herein as silver-zinc batteries. Further, any of the above-mentioned species that are doped and/or coated with dopants and/or coatings to enhance one or more properties of the silver, are also within the scope of this disclosure. In addition, other anode materials can be used either in conjunction with, or in place of, zinc.

Elements of different implementations described herein may be combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above. Elements may be left out of the structures described herein without adversely affecting their operation. Furthermore, various separate elements may be combined into one or more individual elements to perform the functions described herein.