Neural network implementation of a binary adder

A binary adder is provided for adding-processing in a high speed parallel manner two N bit binary digits. The binary adder is implemented using neural network techniques and includes a number of amplifiers corresponding to the N bit output sum and a carry generation from the result of the adding process; an augend input-synapse group, an addend input-synapse group, a carry input-synapse group, a first bias-synapse group a second bias-synapse group an output feedback-synapse group and inverters. The binary adder is efficient and fast compared to conventional techniques.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a binary adder, and particularly to a 
binary adder using a neural network in order to simplify the construction 
of the adder and in order to improve the operating speed. 
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
Despite the development of faster processing speeds, today's digital 
computer has been gradually recognized as being very unsuitable for the 
process requiring integrated judgment and intelligence. 
The human brain is known to process data in associative memory and in 
parallel, and is able to recognize and memorize using partial information. 
A worldwide effort is being undertaken to create a neural computer, 
modeling the computer after the parallel-process and the associative 
memory of the human brain. 
About fifty kinds of the neural circuit models have been published up to 
now. J. J. Hopfield, in 1982, of Caltech proposed a neural network modeled 
after associative memory-processing and showed the possibility of 
constructing hardware by applying analog circuits and VLSI technologies to 
this neural network model (J. J. Hopfield, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 
Vol. 79, PP2554.about.2558, April 1982). 
Also, J. J. Hopfield, in 1986, explained an A/D converter by way of 
example, suggesting the model for solving the optimization problem (D. W. 
Tank and J. J. Hopfield, IEEE. Transactions on circuit and systems, Vol. 
CAS-33, No. 5, May 1986). 
However, the above A/D converter circuit was unstabled due to the 
occurrence of two local Minima for each stage. Therefore the above A/D 
converter circuit had to be designed to be supplemented with a special 
complementary circuit in order to stabilize the circuit. 
Because computer arithmetic operations are carried out by sequential 
addition, the time consumed during the adding process becomes significant. 
Therefore adder designs of known digital circuits utilize the carry look 
ahead generator circuit in order to reduce the carry propagation delay 
time and to process the operation of each stage in a parallel manner. 
Therefore, to construct a parallel adder of N-bits, the carry look ahead 
generator circuit of an N-bit full adder requires a gate number 
proportional to N. 
In a VLSI implementation of this above described binary adder, the VLSI 
area required is proportional to the size of the number of bits in the 
adder. It would be desirable to reduce the required VLSI area. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
It is an object of the present invention to provide a binary adder which is 
simple in circuit construction and very fast in processing speed. 
It is another object of the present invention to provide a binary adder 
using a neural model having Unidirectional Feedback Type. 
It is an other object of the present invention to provide a binary adder 
which can be embodied in a VLSI neural network. 
To achieve the above mentioned objectives, a binary adder is provided for 
adding-processing in a parallel manner two N bit binary digits. The binary 
adder according to the present invention, includes 
amplifiers having the number corresponding to the sum output of N bits and 
a carry generation from the result of the above adding process; 
augend input-synapse group for commonly connecting a first power voltage to 
an input line of each amplifier with the connecting-weight value 
corresponding to each binary bit value of the N bit augend input; 
addend input-synapse group for commonly connecting a first power voltage to 
an input line of each amplifier with the connecting-weight value 
corresponding to each bit value of the binary addend of above mentioned N 
bits; 
carry input-synapse group for commonly connecting a first power voltage to 
an input line of each amplifier with the connecting-weight value of a 
reference weighting value according to the carry input; 
A first bias-synapse group for commonly connecting a second power voltage 
to an input line of each amplifier with the connecting-weight value of the 
sum output and a carry bit generated when the above power voltage is 
applied; 
a second bias-synapse group for commonly connecting the first power voltage 
to an input line of each amplifier with the connecting-weight value of the 
reference weighting value when the second power voltage is applied; 
an output feedback-synapse group for commonly connecting the second power 
voltage to an input line of each lower bit amplifier with the 
connecting-weight value according to the output of the upper bit 
amplifier. 
inverters for inverting outputs of the amplifiers. 
The input-synapse and second biase-synapse are composed of PMOS transistor, 
and the first bias-synapse and the feedback-synapse is composed of NMOS 
transistors. 
The connecting-weight value of each synapse is defined as the conductance 
value, i.e., on-resistance of the MOS transistors which are based on the 
geometrical aspect ratio width/length (W/L) of the MOS transistor. 
The binary adder of this present invention can reduce the required area in 
a VLSI embodiment because there is no necessity for having the carry look 
ahead generator circuit, unlike prior digital circuit adders. 
Also, the feedback-synapse number can be reduced by half compared with 
prior Hopfield models. These objects and features of the invention will 
become more readily apparent from the following detailed description and 
from the drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a full adder showing one embodiment of the 
present invention. A full adder is a circuit having three inputs and two 
outputs as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows an input stage and an output 
stage, and the feedback stage of feeding back the MSM output to the MSB. 
The output stage comprises the buffer amplifier U1 serially connecting two 
CMOS inverters INT1 and INT2 to output the result of the adding process, 
and the buffer amplifier U2 serially connecting two CMOS inverters INT3 
and INT4 to output the carry generated by the adding process, and CMOS 
inverters INT5 and INT6 for converting the output of above each buffer 
amplifier. 
The augend A is commonly applied to the gate electrodes of two PMOS 
transistors. The source electrodes are connected to the first power source 
voltage V.sub.DD and the drain electrodes are respectively connected to 
the input lines L1 and L2 of each buffer amplifier U1 and U2. 
The addend B is commonly applied to the gate electrode of two PMOS 
transistors; the source electrodes are connected to the first power source 
voltage V.sub.DD and the drain electrodes are respectively connected to 
the input lines L1 and L2 of the each buffer amplifier U1 and U2. 
The carry input Ci is commonly applied to the gate electrodes of two PMOS 
transistors; the source electrodes are connected to the first power source 
voltage V.sub.DD and the drain electrodes are respectively connected to 
the input lines L1 and L2 of each buffer amplifer U1 and U2. 
The second power source voltage (GND) is applied to the source electrodes 
and the first power source voltage V.sub.DD is applied to the gate 
electrodes of two NMOS transistors respectively connecting the drain 
electrodes to the input lines L1 and L2 of each buffer amplifier U1 and 
U2, also, the first power source voltage V.sub.DD is applied to a source 
electrodes and the second power source voltage (GND) is applied to the 
gate electrodes of two PMOS transistors respectively connecting drain 
electrodes to the input lines L1 and L2 of each buffer amplifier U1 and 
U2. 
The second power source voltage is applied to a source electrode and the 
output of the carry generate-buffer amplifier U2 is applied to a gate 
electrode of a feedback NMOS transistor FB connecting a drain electrode to 
the input line L2 of the sum input-buffer amplifier U1. 
The PMOS transistors to which the augend A, addend B and carry Ci are 
applied function as the input-synapse, and the connecting-weight value of 
these input-synapses is established as a conductance value of 1 by making 
the geometrical aspect ratio W/L of the PMOS transistor in the ratio of 5 
.mu.m/2 .mu.m. 
Also, the PMOS transistors to which the second power source voltage (GND) 
is applied function as the second bias-synapse and has the same 
connecting-weight value as above-described input-synapse. 
The NMOS transistors to which the first power source voltage V.sub.DD is 
applied function as the first bias-synapse, and the NMOS transistor 
connected to input line L.sub.1 is given a conductance value of 1 by 
making the geometrical aspect ratio W/L in the ratio of 2 .mu.m/2 .mu.m, 
and the NMOS transistor connected to the input line L2 is given a 
conductance value of 2 by making the geometrical aspect ratio W/L in the 
ratio of 4 .mu.m/2 .mu.m, and therefore the weighting value of each input 
line L1 and L2 is applied. 
Also the feedback-NMOS transistor FB connected to the input line L1 is 
given a weighting value of the feedback output bit, i.e., the geometrical 
aspect ratio W/L having a conductance value of 2. 
The operation of above-described full adder is explained as follows. 
For the above-described PMOS, a conductance value is determined to be 1 by 
making W/L value in the ratio of 5/2, and to above-described NMOS, a 
conductance value is determined to be 1 by making W/L value in the ratio 
of 2/2, respectively. 
Therefore, when the ratio of W/L value in PMOS and NMOS is same, if the 
first power voltage is 5 V, the output has a lower value than 2.5 V. 
As a first step, when 0 V is applied to the three inputs, the sum of the 
connecting-weight value of PMOS in the synapse part of the input line L2 
becomes 4 and the sum of the connecting-weight value of NMOS becomes 2. 
Therefore, the voltage of an input line of the buffer amplifier U2 gets to 
be somewhat higher than 2.5 V, and by inverting the high voltage passed 
through the buffer amplifier U2 through the inverter, the output becomes 0 
V. 
Also, the NMOS transistor connected to a input line L1 is turned-on by the 
high state of an output of the buffer amplifer U2. 
Therefore the sum of a connecting-weight value of PMOS in the synapse part 
of a input line L1 becomes 4, and the sum of a connecting-weight value of 
NMOS becomes 3 and as the voltage of an input line gets to be high state 
somewhat higher than 2.5 V, the output becomes 0 V by inverting the high 
voltage passed through the buffer amplifier U2 through the inverter. 
Hence, by applying all random values to a three input stages, full adder 
can be known to operate as shown Table 1. 
TABLE 1 
______________________________________ 
The ratio of connecting 
Buffer 
weight value of synapse 
amplifier 
Input L.sub.1 L.sub.2 output Output 
A B Ci PMOS:NMOS 
PMOS:NMOS 
U.sub.1 
U.sub.2 
S Cout 
______________________________________ 
0 0 0 4:3 4:2 1 1 0 0 
0 0 1 3:3 3:2 0 1 1 0 
0 1 0 3:3 3:2 0 1 1 0 
0 1 1 2:1 2:2 1 0 0 1 
1 0 0 3:3 3:2 0 1 1 0 
1 0 1 2:1 2:2 1 0 0 1 
1 1 0 2:1 2:2 1 0 0 1 
1 1 1 1:1 1:2 0 0 1 1 
______________________________________ 
FIGS. 2-4 are circuit diagrams of 2 bit, 3 bit and 4-bit adder showing one 
embodiment of the present invention, respectively. 
In the present invention as shown FIGS. 2-4, the buffer amplifier increases 
one stage by one stage according to the number of augend and addend 
increases, and the input-synapse part increases corresponding to each bit 
of augend and addend, and the connecting-weight value of the input-synapse 
corresponds to a weighting value of each input bit. 
Also, each input line of the buffer amplifier is biased by the weighting 
value according to the value of each output bit, by the first 
bias-synapse. 
And the connecting-weight value of a feedback-synapse of feeding back the 
upper bit buffer amplifiers into each input line of the lower bit buffer 
amplifiers is established by corresponding to the weighting value of the 
upper bit feedback. 
Therefore, in the same way as the operating principle of above-described 
full adder, the circuit operation is determined by the difference of 
connecting-weight value of PMOS and NMOS of each stage. 
In the embodiment when the connecting-weight value of PMOS and NMOS which 
is respectively 1 becomes same by making W/L value in the ratio of 
5/2:2/2, NMOS is established to be superior, but, when the 
connecting-weight value is same by making W/L value of PMOS in the ratio 
of 6 .mu.m/2 .mu.m and by making W/L value of NMOS in the ratio of 2 
.mu.m/2 .mu.m, PMOS can be established to be superior. 
The geometric parameter W/L which is ratio of the channel width W to the 
length L of the MOS transistor specifies its conductance. 
In the present invention as shown in the above, by comprising a parallel 
binary adder using the neural circuit model of a unidirectional feedback 
type which feeds back from the upper bit buffer amplifiers only to the 
lower bit buffer amplifiers, the amount of logic utilized can be reduced 
relative to that used by prior Hopfield model, and the addition of a 
special complementary circuit is not required. 
Also, because the logic required can be reduced on a large scale, compared 
with prior digital type the required area can be reduced in the VLSI 
embodiment, and, without the need for a carry look ahead generator 
circuit, the arithmatic adding process can be carried out at a high speed.