Pulsed quantum cascade device assembly with active voltage pulldown

A laser assembly (10) for generating a pulsed output beam (16) includes a quantum cascade device (12); and a laser driver (14A) that controls the voltage to the quantum cascade device (12) in a pulsed drive profile (950) to generate the pulsed output beam (16). The pulsed drive profile (950) includes a plurality of spaced on-time segments (952) in which the laser driver (14A) directs voltage to the quantum cascade device (12), and at least one off-time segment (954) in which the laser driver (14A) pulls down the voltage from the quantum cascade device (12). The off-time segment (954) occurs between two on-time segments (952).

BACKGROUND

Infrared laser assemblies that produce an infrared output beam can be used in many fields such as medical diagnostics, pollution monitoring, leak detection, analytical instruments, homeland security, remote chemical sensing, and industrial process control.

One type of infrared laser assembly uses a quantum cascade device as a gain media, and a laser driver to direct voltage to the gain media. These quantum cascade devices generate photons through the injection of electrons into designed quantum wells by the laser driver.

In certain designs, the laser driver directs voltage to the quantum cascade device in a pulsed fashion to reduce thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device. Unfortunately, even with the pulsed drive voltage, the heat generated by the quantum cascade device, and the power consumed by the quantum cascade device can be quite significant. Further, as the temperature of the quantum cascade device increases, the efficiency of the quantum cascade device decreases. As a result thereof, designers are always searching for ways to reduce the amount of heat generated and the power consumed by the quantum cascade device.

SUMMARY

The present invention is directed to a laser assembly that generates a pulsed output beam. The laser assembly can include a quantum cascade device; and a laser driver that controls the voltage to the quantum cascade device in a pulsed drive profile to generate the pulsed output beam. In one embodiment, the pulsed drive profile includes a plurality of spaced on-time segments in which the laser driver directs voltage to the quantum cascade device, and at least one off-time segment in which the laser driver pulls down the voltage from the quantum cascade device. In this embodiment, the off-time segment is between two on-time segments. With this design, the laser driver dramatically improves the slow decay of voltage when the quantum cascade device is nominally off in order to reduce thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device. This will reduce the power consumption of the quantum cascade device and boost laser efficiency due to the cooler quantum cascade device.

As provided herein, the pulsed drive profile can include a plurality of spaced apart, off-time segments, and the off-time segments are interspersed between the on-time segments. During each of the off-time segments, the laser driver can pull down the voltage in the quantum cascade device to approximately zero volts. As used herein, in alternative non-exclusive embodiments, approximately zero volts shall mean less than 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 volts.

In one embodiment, the laser driver includes a highside field-effect transistor (FET) driver that is used to control a highside switch for directing voltage to the quantum cascade device during each on-time segment, and a lowside field-effect transistor (FET) driver that is used to control a lowside switch when pulling down the voltage in the quantum cascade device during each off-time segment.

In another embodiment, the laser driver includes a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) driver for directing voltage to the quantum cascade device during each on-time segment, and pulling down the voltage in the quantum cascade device during each off-time segment.

The laser driver can include a power supply having a low dropout regulator optimized for fast transient response for directing voltage to the quantum cascade device during each on-time segment.

DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1Ais a simplified, top illustration of a laser assembly10that includes a semi-conductor gain medium12and a laser controller14. In one embodiment, the semi-conductor gain medium12is a quantum cascade device. With the present design, the quantum cascade device12emits an output beam16(light emitted) when the laser controller14directs sufficient voltage to the quantum cascade device12.

As an overview, in certain embodiments, the laser controller14includes a laser driver14A that directs and controls the voltage to the quantum cascade device12in a unique fashion that reduces the amount of heat generated and the power consumed by the quantum cascade device12. For example, the laser driver14A can control the voltage to the quantum cascade device12in a pulsed fashion that improves the slow decay of voltage when the quantum cascade device12is nominally off in order to reduce thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device12. This will reduce the power consumption of the quantum cascade device12and boost laser efficiency due to the cooler quantum cascade device12.

The design of the laser assembly10can be varied to suit the requirements for the laser assembly10. In one embodiment, the laser assembly10is designed to directly emit a substantially temporally coherent output beam16having a center wavelength in the mid-infrared (“MIR”) range. As used herein, the term “MIR range” shall mean and include the spectral region or spectral band of between approximately five thousand to five hundred wavenumbers (5000-500 cm−1), or approximately two and twenty micrometers (2-20 μm) in wavelength. The mid-infrared range is particularly useful to spectroscopically interrogate samples (not shown) that are comprised of molecules or groups of molecules that have fundamental vibrational modes in the MIR range, and thus present strong, unique absorption signatures within the MIR range.

In the non-exclusive embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1A, the laser assembly10is tunable so that a center wavelength of the output beam16is varied (“tuned”) over time over a tunable wavelength range. Stated in another fashion, the laser assembly10can be tuned to different center wavelengths over time. InFIG. 1A, the tunable laser assembly10has an external cavity, Littrow configuration. As a non-exclusive example, the laser assembly can be designed to be tunable over the entire or just a portion of the MIR range.

InFIG. 1A, the laser assembly10also includes (i) a laser frame18, (ii) a cavity optical assembly20, (iii) an output optical assembly22, and (v) a tunable frequency selective element assembly24. The design of each of these components can be varied. Further, the laser assembly10can be designed with more or fewer components than illustrated inFIG. 1A.

The laser frame18supports one or more of the other components of the laser assembly10and maintains these components in alignment. In certain embodiments, the laser frame18is rigid and can include a temperature management system18A (illustrated as a dashed box). For example, the temperature management system18A can include a thermoelectric cooler and/or other devices for controlling the temperature of the components of the laser assembly10.

The design of the quantum cascade device12can be varied pursuant to the teachings provided herein. The quantum cascade device12is a unipolar semiconductor laser that includes a series of energy steps built into the material matrix while the crystal is being grown. In one embodiment, the quantum cascade device12uses two different semiconductor materials such as InGaAs and AlInAs (grown on an InP or GaSb substrate for example) to form a series of potential wells and barriers for electron transitions. The thickness of these wells/barriers determines the wavelength characteristic of the quantum cascade device12.

In one, non-exclusive embodiment, the quantum cascade device12directly emits the output beam16without any frequency conversion. InFIG. 1A, the quantum cascade device12includes (i) a first facet12A that faces the cavity optical assembly20and the frequency selective element assembly24, and (ii) a second facet12B that faces the output optical assembly22. In this embodiment, the quantum cascade device12emits from both facets12A,12B along a lasing axis26. In one embodiment, the first facet12A is coated with an anti-reflection (“AR”) coating and the second facet12B is coated with a reflective coating. The AR coating allows light directed from the quantum cascade device12at the first facet12A to easily exit the quantum cascade device12as a beam directed at the frequency selective element assembly24; and allows the beam reflected from the frequency selective element assembly24to easily enter the quantum cascade device12.

The output beam16exits from the second facet12B. The reflective coating on the second facet12B reflects at least some of the light that is directed at the second facet12B from the quantum cascade device12back into the quantum cascade device12. In one non-exclusive embodiment, the AR coating can have a reflectivity of less than approximately 2 percent, and the reflective coating can have a reflectivity of between approximately 2-95 percent. In this embodiment, the reflective coating acts as an output coupler (e.g., a first end) for the external cavity.

In certain embodiments, the quantum cascade device12is positioned on a heat sink28that is in thermal communication with the temperature management system18A. For example, the heat sink28can be made of material with a high thermal conductivity to more efficiently couple the quantum cascade device12to the temperature management system18A. With this design, the heat sink28thermally connects the quantum cascade device12to the temperature control system18A.

The cavity optical assembly20is positioned between the quantum cascade device12and the frequency selective element assembly24along the lasing axis26, and collimates and focuses the light that passes between these components. For example, the cavity optical assembly20can include a single lens or more than one lens. For example, the lens can be an aspherical lens having an optical axis that is aligned with the lasing axis26. In one embodiment, to achieve the desired small size and portability, the lens has a relatively small diameter. The lens can comprise materials selected from the group of Ge, ZnSe, ZnS, Si, CaF2, BaF2 or chalcogenide glass. However, other materials may also be utilized.

The output optical assembly22is positioned along the lasing axis26. In this design, the output optical assembly22collimates and focuses the illumination beam16that exits the second facet12B of the gain medium12. For example, the output optical assembly22can include a single lens or more than one lens that are somewhat similar in design to the lens of the cavity optical assembly20.

The frequency selective element assembly24reflects the light back to the quantum cascade device12, and is used to precisely select and adjust the lasing frequency (wavelength) of the external cavity and the center optical wavelength of the output beam16. Stated in another fashion, the frequency selective element assembly24is used to feed back to the quantum cascade device12a relatively narrow band optical frequency which is then amplified in the quantum cascade device12. In this manner, the illumination beam16may be tuned with the frequency selective element assembly24without adjusting the quantum cascade device12. Thus, with the external cavity arrangements disclosed herein, the frequency selective element assembly24dictates what optical frequency (wavelength) will experience the most gain and thus dominate the optical wavelength of the output beam16.

A number of alternative embodiments of the frequency selective element assemblies24can be utilized. InFIG. 1A, the frequency selective element assembly24is spaced apart from the quantum cascade device12and defines a second end of the external cavity. In this embodiment, the external cavity extends from the output coupler (reflective coating) on the second facet12B to the frequency selective element assembly24.

In one, non-exclusive embodiment, the frequency selective element assembly24includes a diffraction grating24A and a grating mover24B (e.g. a voice coil actuator) that selectively moves (e.g., rotates) the diffraction grating24A to selectively adjust the lasing wavelength of the quantum cascade device12and the center wavelength of the output beam16. For example, the grating mover24B can rapidly pivot the grating angle at a high rate (e.g. 30-1500 hertz) to adjust the center wavelength over time through the tunable wavelength range. The position of the diffraction grating24A can be continuously monitored with a measurement system24C (e.g. an optical encoder) that monitors the position of the diffraction grating24A and provides for closed loop control of the grating mover24B. With this design, the center wavelength of the output beam16can be selectively adjusted over time in a closed loop fashion.

Alternatively, for example, the frequency selective element assembly24can be an integrated distributed feedback grating (not shown) with electrically or thermally adjustable index of refraction, or another type of frequency selective element. A discussion of the techniques for realizing the full laser tuning range from a semiconductor device can be found in M. J. Weida, D. Caffey, J. A. Rowlette, D. F. Arnone and T. Day, “Utilizing broad gain bandwidth in quantum cascade devices”, Optical Engineering 49 (11), 111120-111121-111120-111125 (2010). As far as permitted, the contents of this article are incorporated herein by reference.

The laser controller14controls the operation of the tunable laser assembly10. As provided above, the laser controller14includes a laser driver14A that directs and controls the voltage to the quantum cascade device12in a unique fashion that reduces the amount of heat generated and the power consumed by the quantum cascade device12. More specifically, the laser driver14A can control the voltage to the quantum cascade device12in a pulsed fashion (“pulsed drive profile”) that improves the slow decay of voltage when the quantum cascade device12is nominally off in order to reduce thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device12. The laser driver14A is described in more detail below.

Additionally, the laser controller14can include one or more processors14B and/or one or more electronic storage devices14C.

Moreover, in certain embodiments, the laser controller14can control the frequency selective element assembly24to control the center wavelength of the output beam16. Stated in another fashion, the laser controller14can control the position of the diffraction grating24A via the grating mover24B so that the center wavelength of the output beam16is varied over time over the tunable wavelength range. For example, the laser assembly10can be tuned, and one or more pulses can be generated having approximately the same first center wavelength (“first target wavelength”). Subsequently, the laser assembly10can be tuned, and one or more pulses can be generated having approximately the same second center wavelength (“second target wavelength”) that is different from the first center wavelength. Next, the laser assembly10can be tuned, and one or more pulses can be generated having approximately the same third center wavelength (“third target wavelength”) that is different from the first and second target wavelengths. This process can be repeated to a plurality of additional target wavelengths throughout a portion or the entire tunable wavelength range. As non-exclusive examples, the number of pulses at each discrete target wavelength can be 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 10,000 or more.

As non-exclusive examples, the laser controller14can control the frequency selective element24so that the sweep rates across the entire tunable wavelength range is less than 1 millisecond, 10 millisecond, 100 millisecond, 1 second, 10 seconds, or 100 seconds.

FIG. 1Bis a simplified schematic, cross-section of one, non-exclusive implementation of the quantum cascade device12. The quantum cascade device12emits the output beam16(light emitted) when the laser driver14(illustrated inFIG. 1A) directs sufficient voltage to the quantum cascade device12. The design of the quantum cascade device12can vary. In the non-exclusive embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1B, moving from the bottom upward, the quantum cascade device12includes (i) a rigid substrate12C (e.g. made of Indium Phosphide (“InP”)); (ii) a lower waveguide layer12D (e.g. made of Indium Gallium Arsenic (“InGaAs”)) positioned on top of the substrate12C; (iii) an active region12E positioned on top of the lower waveguide layer12D; (iv) an upper waveguide layer12F (e.g. made of InGaAs) positioned on top of the active region12E; (v) a cladding layer12G (e.g. made of InP) positioned on top of the upper waveguide layer12F; (vi) a pair of isolation layers12H positioned on sides of the active region12E, the upper waveguide layer12F, and the cladding layer12G, and on top of a portion of the lower waveguide layer12D; and (vii) a contact layer121(e.g. made of titanium (“Ti”) and/or gold (“Au”)) positioned on top of the cladding layer12G and the isolation layers12H. It should be noted that the design and the materials utilized in the Quantum cascade device12can be different than the example described above.

FIG. 1Balso includes an inset illustrating an enlarged view of a portion of the active region12E. Moving down through the active region12E (denoted by the arrow13), when the laser driver14A (illustrated inFIG. 1A) directs voltage to the quantum cascade device12, the electrons encounter different layers of semiconductor. Changes in semiconductor type and doping create variations in the electron potential energy through the active region12E that result in quantum wells (as discussed below with reference toFIG. 2).

The active region12E consists of alternating bands of different semiconductor materials with different dopings that are built up in a regular pattern to generate a series of quantum wells. With this design, current is driven down through the stack of layers from the top cladding layer12G, through the active layers12E, then down into a semiconductor substrate12C. Infrared radiation16is then emitted from the end facets12A,12B (illustrated inFIG. 1A) of this quantum cascade device10.

FIG. 2illustrates how photon generation and current conduction occur in a quantum cascade device12similar to that illustrated inFIG. 1B. More specifically, a top part ofFIG. 2is a simplified schematic of the active area12E when no voltage is applied to the active area12E, and a bottom part ofFIG. 2is a simplified schematic of the active area12E when sufficient voltage is applied to the active area12E.

As shown in the top part ofFIG. 2, the alternating layers in the active region12C of the quantum cascade device12create a series of quantum wells12J (only three are illustrated in each part ofFIG. 2) with distance into the active region12C. These wells12J have defined energy levels (based on quantum physics) that electrons can reside in. With reference to the top part ofFIG. 2, initially if there is no voltage applied across the active region12C, the flow of electrons is dictated by the resistivity of the semiconductor materials. However, with reference to the bottom part ofFIG. 2, if a voltage is applied to the active region12C, it skews the quantum well structure. Now, with the skewed quantum well structure, it is possible for an electron to enter one well12J, drop its energy through the release of a photon, then tunnel into the next quantum well12J. This can continue through the entire set of quantum wells12J, creating multiple photons and multiple drops in energy. Hence the name quantum cascade.

Stated in another fashion, when no voltage is applied to the active region12E, the electrons experience a resistance that is dictated by the semiconductor properties alone. However, when a voltage in the correct range is applied across the active area12E, the electron energy levels in the quantum wells12J line up such that electrons can move more easily through the active area12E by releasing energy in the form of photons. Thus, there is a fundamental change in transport methods through the active region12E based on the two different voltage modes.

FIG. 3is a graph that illustrates measured voltage across the active area of the quantum cascade device as a function of drive current (solid line), and the resulting optical power out (solid line with squares). As illustrated inFIG. 3, if the voltage across the active region is plotted as a function of current through the device, the behavior is not linear. More specifically, initially the voltage rise is steep, followed by a leveling off. Further, the presence of optical power out of the quantum cascade device does not occur until some threshold current, at which point the quantum cascade structure illustrated in the bottom part ofFIG. 2has come into play.

FIG. 4is a graph that illustrates effective resistance across the active area of the quantum cascade device as a function of drive current. As illustrated inFIG. 4, as the current through the active area increases, the effective resistance of the active area decreases. Thus, the effective resistance of the active area changes with the current through the active area, and the resistance across the active area is lower for higher current. This is because the electron movement in the active area changes from pure resistive movement for the low voltage regime to the more efficient tunneling and photon emission of the quantum cascade regime.

FIG. 5is a graph that illustrates effective resistance across the active area of the quantum cascade device as a function of voltage. As illustrated inFIG. 5, as the voltage through the active area increases, the effective resistance of the active area decreases. Thus, the effective resistance of the active area also changes with the voltage through the active area, and the resistance across the active area is lower for higher voltages.

The dependence of resistance on voltage leads to interesting behavior of for the quantum cascade device when operated in a pulsed fashion. With reference toFIGS. 3 and 5, if the quantum cascade device is driven at a sufficiently high repetition rate, light is emitted only during the high voltage portion of the pulse, but as the driving voltage for the pulse decreases, the resistance also increases, slowing down the voltage drop.

FIG. 6is a graph that illustrates measured voltage as a function of time for a quantum cascade device that is powered with a pulsed drive profile. As illustrated inFIG. 6, when a pulsed drive profile with a standard repetition rate of 100 kHz is directed to the quantum cascade device by the laser driver14A (illustrated inFIG. 1A), the voltage across the active region never returns all the way to zero. InFIG. 6, zero volts is indicated by “M1”. Further, a significant voltage is present at all times the quantum cascade device is being pulsed, even though the fraction of time light is being emitted is much lower.

In the example illustrated inFIG. 6, the pulsing conditions of the quantum cascade device are (i) 100 kilohertz repetition rate, (ii) 700 nanosecond wide voltage pulses applied, and (iii) a peak voltage of 12.16 volts.

FIG. 7is a graph that includes (i) a first curve702(solid trace with small ovals) that represents a simulated voltage across an active area of a quantum cascade device before, during, and after a voltage pulse, and (ii) a second curve704(dashed trace) that represents an ideal voltage across the active area of the quantum cascade device before, during, and after the voltage pulse. The data for the simulated voltage across the active area was generated using an equivalent circuit for the quantum cascade device.

As provided herein, using the equivalent circuit, it is possible to reproduce the slow decay in voltage in the quantum cascade device between fast voltage pulses to the quantum cascade device. The second curve704inFIG. 7shows the ideal voltage response of the quantum cascade device, while the first curve702shows the actual slow voltage decay after the driving voltage pulse is complete, consistent with the observations shown inFIG. 6. This is due entirely to the increasing resistance in the quantum cascade device with decreasing voltage. The slow decay of voltage (difference between the two curves702,704) when the device is nominally off and not emitting light has two bad effects. First, it increases the overall power consumption of the quantum cascade device, even when trying to conserve power using a pulsed paradigm. Secondly, the residual voltage creates heating in the active area that reduces the overall light production efficiency for the same driving current. In general, higher temperatures in the active region provide phonon assisted pathways for the electrons that defeat the light generation mechanism of the quantum cascade. Simulations suggest that this residual power consumption and heating reduce the efficiency of the quantum cascade device for light production by as much as forty percent.

As provided above, with reference toFIG. 1A, the laser driver14A can control the voltage to the quantum cascade device12in a pulsed fashion that improves the slow decay of voltage when the quantum cascade device12is nominally off in order to reduce thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device12.

FIG. 8is a simplified illustration of a portion of a laser driver circuit814A that directs a pulsed drive profile to the quantum cascade device812in a fashion that is more efficient and results in lower thermal load and power consumption of the quantum cascade device812. In this non-exclusive embodiment, the laser driver circuit814A includes (i) a power supply830(e.g. a 12 Bit DAC control power control node); (ii) a highside field effect transistor (Rds (on) P-FET)832; (iii) a highside switch S1834; (iv) a lowside field effect transistor (Rds(on)N-FET)836; (v) a lowside switch S2838; and (vi) a ground840.

In this embodiment, the laser drive circuit814A can direct a pulsed voltage drive profile to the quantum cascade device812that includes a plurality of voltage pluses that are spaced apart by time segments in which the drive circuit814A pulls down the voltage in the quantum cascade device812. Stated in another fashion, the pulsed voltage drive profile can include a plurality of spaced apart on-time segments in which the laser driver circuit814A directs voltage to the quantum cascade device, and a plurality of off-time segments in which the laser driver814A actively pulls down the voltage from the quantum cascade device812. In this design, the off-time segments are interspersed with the on-time segments.

With the laser drive circuit814A illustrated inFIG. 8, during each voltage pulse, the highside switch834is closed via the highside field effect transistor832, the lowside switch838is opened via the lowside field effect transistor836, and the power supply830directs the voltage pulse to the quantum cascade device812. Further, between each voltage pulse, the highside switch834is opened via the highside field effect transistor832, the lowside switch838is closed via the lowside field effect transistor836, and the voltage in the quantum cascade device812drained to ground840.

Stated in another fashion, to provide each voltage pulse, the highside field effect transistor832closes the highside switch834, the lowside field effect transistor836opens the lowside switch838, and the power supply830directs the voltage pulse to the quantum cascade device812. Further, between each voltage pulse, the highside field effect transistor832opens the highside switch834, and the lowside field effect transistor836closes the lowside switch838to rapidly remove the residual charge and voltage across the active area of the quantum cascade active area. Closing the lowside switch838and opening the highside switch834in the laser drive circuit914A immediately after the voltage pulse that creates the optical energy is complete, allows the remaining voltage across the quantum cascade device812to be shunted to ground840, thus avoiding the residual heating that reduces the efficiency of the quantum cascade device812. Timing is critical for non-overlapping switching. That is, (i) the highside switch834is opened immediately before the lowside switch838is closed to pull down the voltage in the quantum cascade device812; and (ii) the lowside switch838is opened immediately before the highside switch834is closed to apply the voltage pulse to the quantum cascade device812.

The laser drive circuit814A illustrated inFIG. 8is a complimentary drive yielding symmetric driving point impedance (Rds(on) P-FET and Rds(on)N-FET). This type of circuit is used to drive the quantum cascade device812with active pull-down of the voltage immediately after the desired drive pulse.

FIG. 9illustrates another non-exclusive, more complete embodiment of a laser drive circuit914A for directing voltage to the quantum cascade device912with active voltage pull-down. With this design, the laser drive circuit914A directs voltage to the quantum cascade device912in a fashion that improves the slow decay of voltage when the quantum cascade device912is nominally off in order to reduce thermal load and power consumption. This will reduce power consumption and improve laser efficiency due to the cooler active area of the quantum cascade device912. This will also reduce the thermal load on the temperature management system18A (illustrated inFIG. 1A).

In the laser drive circuit914A illustrated inFIG. 9, a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (“MOSFET”) driver942is used to direct each voltage pulse to the quantum cascade device912, and actively pull-down the voltage in the quantum cascade device912between each voltage pulse. The MOSFET driver942provides fast voltage pulses (e.g. 100 kHz to 10 MHz) and fast, active voltage pull-downs between the voltage pulses. With this design, all of the issues of timing for switching the highside field effect transistor832and the lowside field effect transistor836illustrated inFIG. 8are handled by the integrated circuits of the MOSFET driver942. As a non-exclusive example, a suitable MOSFET driver942can include those from MICREL (MIC4126/27/28 series of devices).

FIG. 9also includes a non-exclusive, simplified, non-exclusive example of a suitable pulsed voltage drive profile950that is directed to the MOSFET driver942. In this embodiment, the voltage drive profile950includes a first set956of voltage pulses and a second set958of voltage pulses that are spaced apart in time. Alternatively, the voltage drive profile950can include a single set or more than two sets of voltage pulses.

For the pulsed voltage drive profile950ofFIG. 9, each set956,958includes a plurality of alternating on-time segments952and off-time segments954. During each on-time segment952, a voltage pulse of sufficient voltage is directed to the quantum cascade device912to generate the output beam. Further, during each off-time segment954, the voltage is shunted to ground940to pull down the voltage to the quantum cascade device912to approximately zero between the voltage pulses.

The number of on-time segments952and off-time segments954in each pulsed set956,958can be varied to suit the requirements of the quantum cascade device912. In the non-exclusive example illustrated inFIG. 9, each set956,958includes eleven on-time segments (pulses)952and eleven off-time segments954. Alternatively, each set956,958can include more than eleven or fewer than eleven on-time segments952and off-time segments954. Stated in another fashion, as non-exclusive examples, the number of pulses in each set956,958can be include approximately 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 10000, 15000, 20000, or 30000 separate pulses.

The duration of each on-time segment952and off-time segment954can be varied to suit the requirements of the quantum cascade device912. As alternative non-exclusive embodiments, each on-time segment952and off-time segment954has a duration of approximately 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 or 1000 nanoseconds. Stated in another fashion, as alternative non-exclusive examples, each set956,958can have frequency of between approximately ten kHz and ten MHz.

Further, the duration of each on-time segment952can be equal to, less than, or greater than each off-time segment954. In one embodiment, for each set956,958, each on-time segment952is equal to each off-time segment954. This results in a fifty percent duty cycle for each set956,958. As alternative, non-exclusive examples, each set956,958can have a duty cycle of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70, 80 or 90 percent.

It should be noted that for the drive profile950illustrated inFIG. 9, the sets956,958are spaced apart and the drive profile950has an overall duty cycle of ten percent. As alternative, non-exclusive embodiments, the drive profile950can have a duty cycle of 1, 5, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 percent.

During each on-time segment952, the laser drive circuit930directs sufficient voltage to the quantum cascade device912to generate light. The magnitude of the required sufficient voltage will depend on the design of the quantum cascade device912. As a non-exclusive embodiments, the sufficient voltage is at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 volts.

In certain embodiments, the power supply930includes a low dropout power regulator that is optimized for fast transient response to reduce the effects of fast transient, or burst pulsing. In contrast, a standard power supply (not shown) has bandwidth limitations built into it to reduce power supply noise. With the standard power supply, this means that the power supply cannot respond to fast transient requests (100 Hz to 10 kHz) necessary to create the pulse envelopes, or burst pulses, desired for some applications using quantum cascade devices912. Thus, as provided herein, the power supply930can include the low dropout regulator optimized for fast transient response. A non-exclusive example of a suitable regulator930is the LT1764 series of regulators from Linear Technology. These are typically used for RF supply applications, but are ideal for ensuring that the voltage drive pulse to the quantum cascade device912does not drop by more than a few percent over tens of microseconds, even after initial turn on of the quantum cascade device912.

FIG. 9also includes an inset960which illustrates the voltage that is directed to the quantum cascade device912when a low dropout regulator is not used for the power supply930, and when a low dropout regulator is used for the power supply930. More specifically, the insert960includes (i) an upper voltage profile962that illustrates that the voltage pulses will droop over time when a standard power supply without the low dropout regulator is used in the power supply930; and (ii) a lower voltage profile964that illustrates that the voltage pulses do not droop over time when a low dropout regulator is used for the power supply930. Thus, the power supply930with a low dropout power regulator can be precision regulated for fast transient current load regulation. This power management architecture enables pulse trains with constant envelope waveform shape. Laser power pulse repeatability is key metrics for signal fidelity and laser light noise reduction.