Injection molding torpedo with shaft having ceramic central portion

Injection molding apparatus wherein a torpedo is mounted in the front end of a heated nozzle. The torpedo has spaced blades extending inwardly from an outer collar to an elongated shaft which extends centrally in the melt bore. The torpedo shaft has an elongated central portion which is securely press fitted in a steel outer sleeve from which the blades extend. The elongated central portion of the torpedo shaft extends forwardly into the gate, and is formed of an engineered ceramic such as silicon carbide which is very thermally conductive as well as abrasion and corrosion resistant. In one embodiment, the gate extends through a gate insert which is also formed of a thermally conductive and abrasion and corrosion resistant engineered ceramic material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
This invention relates generally to injection molding and more particularly 
to apparatus having a torpedo with a central shaft seated in the front end 
of a heated nozzle. 
The use of torpedoes with conductive central shafts extending in the melt 
bore to enhance the thermodynamic cycle is well known. As seen in the 
applicants' U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,999 which issued May 29, 1984, it is also 
well known to make the torpedo shaft with an inner portion formed of a 
highly conductive metal such as copper covered by a protective casing 
formed of high speed steel. A torpedo having a similar shaft extending in 
alignment with a gate in a gate insert is shown in the applicants' U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,771,164 which issued Sep. 13, 1988. While these previous 
torpedoes have been successful for many applications, wearing of the shaft 
is a problem when the melt contains highly abrasive and corrosive 
materials such as ceramics, fiberglass, metals or minerals. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to at least partially 
overcome the disadvantages of the prior art by providing injection molding 
apparatus which is more abrasive and corrosion resistant. 
To this end, in one of its aspects, the invention provides injection 
molding apparatus comprising a heated nozzle seated in a well in a mold 
and a torpedo to convey melt to a gate, the nozzle having a rear end, a 
front end, a melt bore extending longitudinally therethrough from the rear 
end to the front end in alignment with the gate, and a seat extending 
around the melt bore at the front end of the nozzle, the torpedo having an 
outer collar, an elongated shaft extending centrally through the outer 
collar with an opening extending through the torpedo between the central 
shaft and the outer collar, and at least one support member extending 
across the opening between the central shaft and the outer collar, the 
outer collar being removably received in the seat at the front end of the 
nozzle with the opening through the torpedo aligned with the melt bore 
through the nozzle and the central shaft of the torpedo aligned with the 
gate, having the improvement wherein the elongated central shaft of the 
torpedo has an elongated central portion extending through an outer 
sleeve, the at least one support member extends outwardly from the outer 
sleeve to the outer collar, the central portion is secured in the outer 
sleeve to extend from the melt bore in alignment with the gate, and the 
central portion of the elongated shaft of the torpedo is formed of a 
thermally conductive engineered ceramic material. 
Further objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the 
following description taken together with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Reference is first made to FIG. 1 which shows a portion of a multi-cavity 
injection molding system having several steel nozzles 10 to convey 
pressurized plastic melt through a melt passage 12 to respective gates 14 
leading to different cavities 16 in the mold 18. In this particular 
configuration, the mold includes a cavity plate 20 and back plate 22 which 
are removably secured together by bolts 24. Other molds may include a 
variety of other plates or parts, depending upon the application. The mold 
18 is cooled by pumping cooling water through cooling conduits 26 
extending in the cavity plate 20 and the back plate 22. An electrically 
heated steel melt distribution manifold 28 is mounted between the cavity 
plate 20 and back plate 22 by a central locating ring 30 and insulative 
and resilient spacer members 32. The melt distribution manifold 28 has a 
cylindrical inlet portion 34 and is heated by an integral electrical 
heating element 36. An insulative air space 38 is provided between the 
heated manifold 28 and the surrounding cooled cavity plate 20 and back 
plate 22. The melt passage 12 extends from a central inlet 40 in the inlet 
portion 34 of the manifold 28 and branches outward in the manifold 28 to 
each nozzle 10 where it extends through a central melt bore 42 and then 
through an aligned opening 44 through a torpedo 46 to one of the gates 14 
extending through a gate insert 48 seated in the mold 18 to a cavity 16. 
Each nozzle 10 has an outer surface 50, a rear end 52, and a front end 54. 
The nozzle 10 is heated by an integral electrical heating element 56 which 
extends around the melt bore 42 to an external terminal 58 to which 
electrical leads 60 from a power source are connected. The nozzle 10 is 
seated in a well 62 in the cavity plate 20 with a cylindrical insulating 
and locating flange 64 extending forwardly to a circular locating shoulder 
66 in the well 62. Thus, an insulative air space 68 is provided between 
the inner surface 70 of the well 62 and the outer surface 50 of the nozzle 
10 to provide thermal separation between the heated nozzle 10 and the 
surrounding cooled mold 18. 
As best seen in FIG. 2, the nozzle 10 has a seat 72 with a threaded inner 
surface 74 extending around the melt bore 42 at its front end 54. In this 
embodiment, an opening 76 extends through the mold 18 from the well 62 to 
the cavity 16. The surface 78 of opening 76 has a cylindrical rear portion 
80 and an inwardly tapered forward portion 82. The gate insert 48 
according to the invention is seated in the opening 76 with the gate 14 
extending centrally therethrough to the cavity 16. The gate insert 48 has 
a rear end 84, a front surface 86 which faces the cavity 16 and an outer 
surface 88 which matches the surface 78 of the opening 76 through the mold 
18. The gate insert 48 is formed of a thermally conductive engineered 
ceramic such as silicon carbide. 
The torpedo 46 has an elongated central shaft 90 according to the invention 
which is described in more detail below. The elongated central shaft 90 
extends longitudinally through an outer collar 92 with the opening 44 
therebetween. In this embodiment, the central shaft 90 is connected to the 
outer collar 92 by a pair of spiral blades 94 extending across the opening 
44, but in other embodiments one or more other support members such as 
pins or straight fins can be used instead. The outer collar 92 of the 
torpedo 46 has a hexagon shaped intermediate portion 96 extending between 
a cylindrical front portion 98 and a cylindrical rear portion 100 with a 
threaded outer surface 102. The rear portion 100 is screwed into the seat 
72 extending around the melt bore 42 at the front end 54 of the nozzle 10, 
and the nozzle 10 is received in the well 62 with the front portion 98 of 
the outer collar 86 seated in the opening 76 through the mold 16. Screwing 
the torpedo 46 into the nozzle 10 has the advantage that it is secured in 
place with a small circular gap 104 provided between the forward end 106 
of the outer collar 86 and the rear end 84 of the gate insert 48 to avoid 
damage to the gate insert 48 due to thermal expansion. In the embodiment, 
a hollow steel spacer ring 108 having a circular cross-section is mounted 
in the gap 104 to retain the gate insert 48 in place until molding 
commences. During the first injection cycle, the remainder of the gap 104 
fills with melt which solidifies due to contact with the cooled mold 18 
and holds the gate insert 48 in place. As can be seen, the spacer ring 108 
may be deformed by thermal expansion to become slightly oblong. The 
torpedo 46 is easily removed by applying a wrench to the hexagonal 
intermediate portion 96 of the outer collar 92. Thus, the outer collar 92 
of the torpedo 46 bridges the insulative air space 68 extending between 
the front end 54 of the nozzle 10 and the mold 18 and prevents pressurized 
melt escaping into the air space 68. A seal is provided between the outer 
surface 110 of the front portion 98 of the outer collar 92 and the 
surrounding cylindrical portion 80 of the surface 78 of the opening 76. 
The elongated central shaft 90 of the torpedo 46 according to the invention 
has an elongated central portion 112 extending through an outer sleeve 
114. The spiral blades 94 extend outwardly from the outer sleeve 114 
which, in this embodiment, is made of tool steel. In this embodiment, the 
outer sleeve 114 is press fitted around the elongated central portion 112 
to secure it in place extending from the melt bore 42 in alignment with 
the gate 14. Although the central portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 90 is 
shown with a pointed front tip 116 extending centrally into the gate 14 
for hot tip gating, in another embodiment it may have an outwardly flared 
nose portion to provide fixed ring gating as described in the applicants' 
Canadian patent application serial no. 2091407 filed Mar. 10, 1993 
entitled "Injection Molding Torpedo Providing Fixed Ring Gate". As can be 
seen, the central portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 90 extends rearwardly 
past the rear end 118 of the outer sleeve 114 and has a pointed rear end 
120 facing upstream into the melt flowing through the melt bore 42. In 
this embodiment, the central portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 90 has an 
outwardly extending circular shoulder 122 which fits against the rear end 
118 of the outer sleeve 114 to ensure it is secured in place against the 
force from the melt flow. 
While the outer sleeve 114 of the torpedo shaft 90 is formed of tool steel 
which is corrosion and abrasion resistant, the elongated central portion 
112 is formed of and engineered ceramic material such as silicon carbide 
which is very thermally conductive as well as being very corrosion and 
abrasion resistant. Other suitable engineered ceramic materials are boron 
carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide. This minimizes wear, 
particularly of the pointed front tip 116 around which the melt flow is 
accelerated to flow through the constricted gate, but also provides for 
direct rapid response to thermal requirements in the gate area during the 
thermodynamic cycle of the molding sequence. This structure of the torpedo 
shaft 90 provides the maximum exposure to the melt of the highly thermally 
conductive material 112 in the gate 14 without requiring a protective 
coating of a lesser wear and corrosion resistant material. 
A thermocouple bore 124 extends radially inward into the torpedo 46 through 
the outer collar 92 and one of the spiral blades 94 to the central portion 
112 of the shaft 90. A thermocouple element 126 is received in the 
thermocouple bore 124 to accurately monitor the operating temperature. The 
thermocouple element 126 extends rearwardly through the air space 68 and 
out through a hollow thermocouple tube 128. Thus, the thermocouple element 
126 is easily removable, and in the event of leakage of melt into the air 
space 68, it will freeze off around the thermocouple element 126 in the 
thermocouple tube 128 to prevent leakage into the rest of the system. 
In use, the injection molding system is assembled as shown in FIG. 1. While 
only a single cavity 16 has been shown for ease of illustration, it will 
be appreciated that the melt distribution manifold 28 normally has many 
more melt passage branches extending to numerous cavities 16 depending on 
the application. Electrical power is applied to the heating element 36 in 
the manifold 28 and to the heating elements 56 in the nozzles 10 to heat 
them to a predetermined operating temperature. Heat from the heating 
element 56 in each nozzle 10 is conducted forwardly through the elongated 
central portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 90 to the pointed front tip 116 
extending into the gate 14. Pressurized melt from a molding machine (not 
shown) is then injected into the melt passage 12 through the common inlet 
40 according to a predetermined cycle in a conventional manner. The 
pressurized melt flows through the melt bore 42 of each nozzle, through 
the opening 44 between the spiral blades 94 of the torpedo 46, and through 
the gate 14 to fill the cavity 16. The flow between the fixed spiral 
blades 94 imparts a swirling motion to the melt. This swirling motion is 
accelerated as the melt approaches the gate 14 and results in the melt 
flowing outward in the cavity 16 near the gate 14 with a curving motion. 
This avoids unidirectional molecular orientation of the melt, at least 
adjacent the gate, and provides a stronger product in the gate area. After 
the cavities 16 are filled, injection pressure is held momentarily to pack 
and then released. After a short cooling period, the mold is opened to 
eject the molded products. After ejection, the mold is closed and 
injection pressure is reapplied to refill the cavities 16. This injection 
cycle is continuously repeated with a frequency dependent on the size and 
shape of the cavities 16 and the type of material being molded. 
During this repetitious injection cycle, heat is continuously transferred 
by the torpedo shaft 90 according to a thermodynamic cycle to control the 
viscosity of the melt in the gate 14. In some applications, sufficient 
heat is produced in the melt by the screw barrel of the injection machine 
and by shear as it is forced through the torpedo 46 and the constricted 
gate 14. Of course, the amount of heat generated by the melt flow can be 
varied by changing its velocity. In other applications, the heating 
elements 56 in the nozzles 10 are also used after start-up to provide 
additional heat to the melt. During injection, heat is transferred 
forwardly through the elongated central portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 
90 to prevent excessive solidification of the melt in the area of the gate 
14. When injection pressure is reapplied during injection, the central 
portion 112 of the torpedo shaft 90 conducts excess heat which is 
generated by the friction of the melt flowing through the constricted area 
of the gate 14 rearwardly to avoid stringing and drooling of the melt when 
the mold opens for ejection. After the melt has stopped flowing, 
solidification in the gate 14 is enhanced by the removal of excess 
friction heat rearwardly through the central portion 112 of the torpedo 
shaft 90. The size of the pointed front tip 116 of the central portion 112 
of the torpedo shaft 90 which extends into the gate 14 is necessarily 
limited by the size of the gate 14 and the area required for the melt 
flow. Thus, the thermodynamic cycle is enhanced by this torpedo shaft 
structure which allows more of the highly conductive material to extend 
into the gate 14 without any of the space being taken up by a protective 
outer casing. The improved heat transfer provides faster solidification 
and reduces melt sticking to the molded product when the mold opens for 
ejection. Thus, cycle time is reduced and cosmetically cleaner gates are 
provided. 
Reference is now made to FIG. 3 to briefly describe another embodiment of 
the invention. As most of the elements are the same as those described 
above, common elements are described and illustrated using the same 
reference numerals. In this embodiment, the opening 76 extending through 
the mold 18 from the well has a cylindrical front portion 130 which is 
smaller in diameter than the cylindrical rear portion 80. Thus, a circular 
shoulder 132 is provided, against which the matching outer surface 88 of 
the gate insert 48 abuts. In both embodiments the area of the front 
surface 86 of the gate insert 48 facing the cavity 16 does not exceed the 
cross-sectional area of the melt bore 42. Thus, the rearward force from 
the pressure of the injected melt in the cavity 16 is not greater than the 
force from the melt in the gate insert 48, so the gate insert 48 is 
retained in place. 
While the description of the injection molding apparatus according to the 
invention has been given with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will 
be evident that various other modifications are possible without departing 
from the scope of the invention as understood by those skilled in the art 
and as defined in the following claims.