An endoscope having a control head, an objective head and a flexible shaft therebetween. The shaft has a flexible core with a conduit means therewith. A deflection means is provided with the shaft having a tension member and a distal end compression member for controllably returning the distal end to an undeflected position.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
1. Field of the Invention 
This invention relates to flexible inspection instruments for use in both 
industrial and medical applications and, more particularly, to an 
elongated, flexible, fiber-scopic inspection device having a substantially 
flexible shaft and a deflection means therewith. 
2. Prior Art 
Elongated tubular inspection devices, particularly such devices 
incorporating flexible fiber-optics, are often used to inspect sites which 
would not normally be visible to the human eye. One application of such 
tubular inspection devices is in the practice of medicine. For instance, a 
common form of such device, known as a flexible ureteropyeloscope, is used 
for the inspection of the human ureter and entire kidney area while a 
similarly structured device, known as a colonscope, is used for the 
inspection of the colon. 
The ureteropyeloscope is conventionally used for a variety of functions 
such as observation of areas and presenting a working tool at the area for 
such things as removing ureteral or kidney stones, dislodgement or 
electro-hydraulic destruction of ureteral stones, taking biopsies, 
irradiating tumors with laser fibers, etc. The ureteropyeloscope 
examination can involve the physician's placing the instrument in the body 
through the urethra, then into the bladder, then through one of the 
ureteral tubes and then, if necessary, into the kidney itself. This can 
usually be a time consuming and potentially tortuous path through several 
organs of the body. 
The inspection instrument generally has a control head forming a proximal 
end and a flexible tubular shaft, the end of which forming a distal end. 
The physician observes target areas through an eyepiece in the control 
head. Generally, the ureteropyeloscope is provided with a bundle or 
bundles of optical fibers which bring light to its objective end, the end 
which is placed adjacent the area to be examined, and a bundle or bundles 
of light transmitting fibers through which an image of the examined area 
is transmitted back to the eyepiece. The ureteropyeloscope can generally 
further incorporate a channel which provides a conduit for providing 
washing fluid to the site under examination as well as for the 
introduction of accessory devices to the site such as a biopsy forceps. 
The flexible tubular shaft extending between the proximal end and the 
distal end of the flexible instrument generally has a variety of 
components passing therethrough. The shaft may have such components as a 
fiber bundle, a working channel and distal end control wires. The tubular 
shafts can also have a variety of cross sectional shapes as is seen from 
U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,958,656; 2,120,996; 3,368,552; 3,792,701 and 3,918,438. 
The control head of a flexible ureteropyeloscope is generally capable of 
serving many purposes including housing the optical eyepiece assembly, 
providing an entry for a light carrier from a light source, housing a 
deflection control system for moving and controlling the distal end and 
providing an entry for tools and fluids to enter into the control head and 
be transported to the objective end by means of the working channel. One 
such control head is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. 
No. 017,813 filed Feb. 24, 1987 entitled "Improved Instrument Control 
Head" by the same inventor as the present application, which is 
incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
One type of deflectable flexible inspection instrument is described in U.S. 
Pat. No. 4,530,568 by Haduch et al. entitled "Flexible Optical Inspection 
System" assigned to the same assignee as herein. In the instrument in that 
patent, ribs or vertebrae 54 and 55 are used to impart limited flexibility 
and sufficient rigidity to the instrument to provide a structure which is 
deflectable. However, instruments which require ribs for structural 
integrity have a practical limit on the smallness of their cross-sectional 
area. In addition, deflectable instruments which use a rib-like frame in 
their shafts also require protective sheaths around their fiber-optic 
bundles and control cables which further increases the cross-sectional 
size of their shafts. 
A consideration arises in using presently available inspection instruments 
in that the cross-section size of the shafts are often too large in which 
to properly enter or pass through certain cavities or channels to reach a 
target area. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available devices in that 
it often takes a relatively long period of time to reach a target area 
because of the relatively large cross-sectional size of the shaft in 
relation to the channels in which the shaft must pass through. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available medical devices 
in that balloon dilation of channels must be used to expand certain 
channels such that a relatively large cross-sectional shaft can pass 
therethrough. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available medical devices 
in that a patient's discomfort and risk of complications may be 
unreasonably high due to balloon dilation of channels such that the 
channel can pass a relatively large cross-sectional size shaft. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available devices in that 
reasonably sized shafts generally do not possess a distal end deflection 
means in order to negotiate through tortuous paths and access various 
target areas. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available devices having 
relatively small cross-sectional shafts in that little or no torque 
stability is generally provided to allow twisting of the instruments while 
maintaining registry between the proximal end and the distal end. 
A further consideration arises in using presently available devices having 
relatively small cross-sectional shafts in that no compact distal end 
deflection means is provided. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
The foregoing problems are overcome and other advantages are provided by an 
instrument of a generally tubular shape for accessing a target area. The 
instrument may have a shaft with a substantially flexible core and a 
deflection means disposed within the core for controllably deflecting the 
distal end of the instrument. 
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the tubular flexible 
instrument comprises a control head forming a proximal end, an objective 
head forming a distal end and a tubular flexible shaft therebetween. The 
flexible shaft comprises a structural core of a flexible material having a 
first longitudinal axis and a conduit means therewith. A deflection means 
is disposed with the core means and is offset from the first longitudinal 
axis proximate to the distal end of the instrument and is connected to a 
control means proximate the control head. 
In a preferred embodiment, the deflection means comprises a tension cable 
coaxially mounted with a distal spring deflection recovery member whereby 
upon increased tension in the tension member, the flexible shaft can 
deflect by compressing the spring member and allowing the flexible core to 
bend or undergo an unequal cross-sectional deformation. The shaft further 
comprises a distal deflection recovery means to assist in automatically 
returning the shaft to an undeflected position upon inactivation of the 
control means. 
Alternatively or additionally, a proximal second spring means can be 
provided for reducing the tension in the tension means upon inactivation 
of the control means and thereby acting as a deflection recovery. 
A shaft torque stabilizer means may also be provided, such as a wire braid 
sheath with an outer protective covering. The sheath can be selectively 
connected to the core means to allow for proper deflection agility in the 
shaft. In yet a further embodiment, the deflection means can comprise a 
compressingly stable connection member which is connected to the distal 
end of the instrument and is offset from the first longitudinal axis 
proximate the distal end. The distal end can be deflected by applying a 
compressive force to the connection member thereby applying an offset 
force to the distal end to deform the core and deflect the shaft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown one embodiment of a flexible inspection 
instrument 2, incorporating features of the invention. The inspection 
instrument 2, in this embodiment, is a flexible ureteropyeloscope which is 
generally for internal examinations and operations on the human body and 
more particularly for use in the ureter and kidney area of the body. The 
ureteropyeloscope 2 has a proximal control head 4 having a housing 26, a 
distal objective head 6 and a tubular flexible shaft 8 interconnecting the 
control head 4 to the objective head 6. 
The tubular flexible shaft 8 is generally capable of conveying the 
objective head 6 to the site to be examined and is also capable of 
defining a tubular passage 32 (see FIG. 2) for elongate components 
extending through the shaft from the entry port 99 control head 4 to the 
objective head 6. The tubular flexible shaft 8 includes a relatively short 
distal deflector section 12 connected to the objective head 6 and an 
extended proximal flexible section 14 between the distal deflector section 
12 and the control head 4. As will be described below the distal deflector 
section 12 is adjustable in a controlled manner from the control head 4 
via a deflection control 17 for mainpulating the objective head 6 over the 
entire site, such as a body cavity, being examined and to this end has a 
high degree of flexibility. The flexible shaft section 14, however, can be 
less flexible, being required to flex only sufficiently to follow the 
contours of the canal or tract leading to the target area. 
For inspecting the site to be examined, in this embodiment, the 
ureteropyeloscope has an optical system including an external light 
carrier or bundle of light transmitting fibers 18 for carrying light from 
a lamp box or light source 16 for illuminating the inspection site. Light 
carrier 18 is conected to the lamp box 16 by lamp box connector 20. In the 
embodiment shown, the carrier 18 has a control head connector 21 which 
connects to a rotatable combination light post/vent valve assembly 22 on 
the control head 4. A first light carrier 44 (see FIG. 2) is located in 
the instrument 2 and receives light from the external light carrier 18 at 
the light post/vent valve assembly 22. The first internal light carrier 44 
travels through the control head 4 and through the flexible shaft 8 (as 
shown in FIG. 2) to the objective head 6. The carrier 44 then provides 
light to the inspection site. A light image received from the illuminated 
site is conveyed back to an eyepiece assembly 10 by a second internal 
light carrier 46 (see FIG. 2) and suitable optical system (not shown). 
Using the eyepiece assembly 10 the physician or clinician can view the 
operative field and follow the movement of the distal end of the flexible 
shaft relative to the operative field. The accessory passage or working 
channel 32 extends from the control head 4 through the flexible shaft 8 to 
terminate in an open end in the objective head 6 and is accessible through 
an entry port 99 mounted on an rotatable entry block 24 of the control 
head 4. 
Referring now also to FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view of the shaft 8 of the 
instrument in FIG. 1 is shown. In the embodiment shown, the shaft 8 has a 
single structural core 28 made of a flexible material also known as a 
multi-lumen core. In a preferred embodiment, the core 28 is made of an 
extruded polymer material such as polyurethane; however, any suitable type 
of flexible and resilient material can be used. The core 28 generally 
extends between the control head 4 and the objective head 6. Although 
flexible and resilient, the core 28 has a longitudinal axis with 
sufficient rigidity to establish a flexible structural frame for the shaft 
8. 
Located within the core 28, in the embodiment shown, are four conduits or 
passageways; a deflection conduit 30, a working conduit 32, and two 
fiber-optic conduits 34 and 36, which travel through the core 28 from a 
first end 37 (see FIG. 3) of the core 28 adjacent the control head 4 to a 
second end 38 (see FIG. 3) of the core 28 adjacent the objective head 6. 
The conduits 30, 32, 34, 36 are substantially continuous between the two 
ends 37 and 38 of the core 28; however, their paths may be either 
straight, curved or even have a specific pattern. The deflection conduit 
30 is generally provided as a housing conduit to house a deflection means. 
Located within the deflection conduit 30 is a deflection member 40, such 
as a cable or wire, coaxially mounted within a spring sheath 64. The 
operation of the deflection means will be described in detail hereinafter. 
A delfection compensation means can also be provided in the core 28 such 
as is disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application entitled "Endoscope 
Flexible Shaft having Deflection Compensation Means" by Wardle, Ser. No. 
047,750 filed May 8, 1987 assigned to the assignee of the present 
application, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
The working conduit 32 is generally provided as the accessory passage or 
working channel for the instrument 2. The working channel 32 is connected 
at one end to the entry port 99 of the rotatable entry block 24 (see FIG. 
3) at the first end 37 of the core with the opposite end of the working 
channel 32 being connected at the second end 38 of the core 28 to a 
working channel conduit 58 in the objective head 6 (see FIG. 4). The 
working conduit 32 of the core 28 thus is capable of allowing fluids and 
instruments introduced at the control head 4 to pass through the flexible 
shaft 8 and exit the objective head 6 to access the target area. 
The two fiber-optic conduits 34 and 36 are generally provided to house the 
two light carriers or bundles of light transmitting fibers 44 and 46. As 
described above, the first light carrier 44 receives light from the 
external light carrier 18 at the light post/vent valve assembly 22. The 
first light carrier 44 travels through the control head 4 and through the 
conduit 34 of the core 28 to the objective head 6. The carrier 44 can thus 
provide light to the inspection site. A light image received from the 
illuminated site by the objective end optical system (not shown) is 
conveyed back to the eyepiece assembly 10 by the second internal light 
carrier 46 which travels from the objective head 6 through the conduit 36 
and control head 4 to the assembly 10. In a preferred embodiment the 
carriers 44 and 46 are substantially free to move within the conduits 34 
and 36 and due to the fact that the core is made of a flexible material, 
the light carriers can be contained in the conduits 34 and 36 without an 
additional protective sheath on the carriers. This can clearly help to 
reduce the cross-sectional size of the shaft 8. Although the core 28 has 
been described as having four internal conduits, other embodiments may 
include more or fewer conduits in addition to alternatively having the 
conduits located externally on the core 28. 
As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the core 28 has an exterior cover 66. 
The cover 66 in this embodiment, comprises a wire braid sheath 67 having 
an additional covering 69 of a polymer material. The wire braid 67 can be 
made of any suitable material, such as stainless steel, and in this 
embodiment, provides several functions for the shaft 8 along with the 
covering 69. First, the wire braid sheath provides a shaft torque 
stabilizing means to maintain a registry between the control head 4 and 
the objective head 6 in the event that the instrument must be twisted or 
torqued during insertion to a target area or alternatively to turn the 
objective head once the target area has been reached to allow for proper 
deflection of the distal end. Second, the additional covering 69 of 
polymer material provides a smooth surface for cooperative passage through 
channels such as channels in the human body. Third, it protects the 
flexible core 28 from externally caused damage that might occur through 
normal use and storage of the instrument. Fourth, the braid 67 can be 
connected to the core 28 to increase column or shaft strength over the 
length of the shaft 8. 
In a preferred embodiment, the wire braid sheath 67 is selectively 
connected to the core 28 by means such as bonding by adhesive; however, 
any suitable connection means could be used. To provide for 
non-interference from the braid 67 during deflection of the distal end, 
the braid 67 is preferrably not bonded to the core 28 adjacent the distal 
region of the shaft 8 such as section D in FIG. 3. Because the braid 67 is 
bonded selectively to the core 28, the polymer sheath 69 can also restrict 
the flexibility of the shaft, at least partially. However, this reduced 
flexability does not effect the distal region of the instrument 2, nor 
does it substantially interfere with the instrument's ability to navigate 
through tortuous channels. The bonding of the braid 67 to the core 28 
stiffens the shaft 8 to give the shaft additional column strength to 
assist in insertion towards a target area and also prevents buckling. In 
addition, the outer covering 69 may either comprise a separate cover which 
is connected to or stretched over the wire sheath 67 or alternatively the 
outer cover 69 can be sprayed onto the braid 67. Alternatively, any type 
of cover or torque stabilizer means can be used with the core 28 or the 
core 28 may be used without a cover 66. However, the shaft 8, in the 
embodiment shown, has a shaft circumference of about ten (10) French or a 
diameter of about 3.33 mils. 
Referring now to FIG. 3, a cross-sectional side view of the core 28 having 
the spring sheath 64 mounted therein is shown before assembly of the 
entire instrument 2. The spring sheath 64 is located in conduit 30 and 
generally comprises a single member such as a wire which has been coiled 
or spiralled to form a single flexible tube-like structure. The spring 
sheath 64 may be made of any suitable material, but in a preferred 
embodiment the spring sheath 64 is made of stainless steel. The spring 
sheath 64, in this embodiment, has two types of sections; a forward distal 
end spring section A and a sheath section comprising the remaining portion 
of the spring sheath 64. The sheath section of the spring sheath 64 
comprises side by side portions of the wire member being in close 
proximity to each other and, in this embodiment, the side by side portions 
of the wire member touch each other. The spring section A comprises the 
wire member of the spring sheath having a coil or spiral with an expanded 
spacing between side by side portions of the wire member. The expanded 
spacing between the side by side portions creates spring-like properties 
in the forward section A such that spring section A acts like a spring. 
The spring section A may either be fabricated with the sheath 64 or 
alternately comprise the sheath 64 being deformed to form the spring 
section A. In an alternate preferred embodiment, the spring sheath 64 
comprises two separate parts, a spring and a sheath. The spring and the 
sheath are mounted in the core 28 end to end with the sheath being bonded 
to the core and the spring being relatively free of any bonding to the 
core 28. 
Generally, the spring sheath 64 can be mounted in the deflection conduit 30 
by any type of method. However, the spring sheath 64 is preferrably bonded 
to the core 28 selectively. In this embodiment, the spring sheath 64 is 
bonded to the core 28 at section B such that section A is substantially 
free to expand or contract without direct interference from the bond. As 
shown in the embodiment, before assembly, a portion of section A extends 
past the second end 38 of the core 28. In addition, a second portion C of 
the spring sheath 64 extends from the first end 37 of the core 28. 
Referring now to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional side view of a portion of the 
distal region of the instrument 2 in FIG. 1 is shown. As shown in this 
embodiment, the distal region of the instrument 2 generally comprises the 
objective head 6, an objective head tip 48, a working channel sleeve 50, a 
deflection channel sleeve 52, a delfection collar 72 and a portion of the 
core 28 and braid 67 and polymer cover 69. A first end 54 of the objective 
head 6 generally abuts against the second end 38 of the core 28. The 
cross-sectional shape of the objective head, as shown in FIG. 5, is 
generally symmetrical to the cross-sectional shape of the core 28 such 
that the first end 54 of the objective head 6 and the second end 38 of the 
core 28 can be aligned. As shown in FIG. 5, the objective head 6 has four 
conduits or channels; a deflection channel 56, a working channel 58, and 
two fiber optic channels 60 and 62. The four objective head channels 56, 
58, 60 and 62 are generally sized and orientated to match the 
cross-sectional shape of the channels in the core 28. The core 28 and the 
objective head 6 can thus be connected to each other with deflection 
conduit 30 aligned with deflection channel 56, working conduit 32 aligned 
with working channel 58, and fiber optics conduits 34 and 36 aligned with 
fiber optics channels 60 and 62, respectively. 
Referring back to FIG. 4, the working channel sleeve 50 is provided to 
assist in aligning and maintaining alignment of the working channel 32 in 
the core 28 and working channel 58 in the objective head 6. The deflection 
channel sleeve 52 is provided to assist in aligning and maintaining 
alignment of deflection channel 30 in the core 28 and deflection channel 
56 in the objective head 6. In addition, the deflection channel sleeve 52 
also compresses the spring section A of the spring sheath 64 between the 
bonded section B (see FIG. 3) and a first end 51 of the sleeve 52. The 
resulting internal compressive force from the compressed spring section A 
is generally centered along the centerline of the deflection channel 30 
which is offset from the centerline of the core 28 a distance F. The braid 
67, although not attached to the portion of the core 28 designated by 
section D in FIG. 3, is connected to the remaining portion of the core 28 
and the objective head 6. Thus, the braid 67 can prevent the core 28 and 
objective head 6 from being separated by the compressed spring portion A 
of the spring sheath 64. In an alternate embodiment, a separate spring may 
be provided in the distal region to replace or supplement the spring 
section A of spring sheath 64. 
The spring sheath 64 is generally manufactured with a central passageway 65 
within its tube-like structure which is intended to accommodate a control 
cable or wire 40. The cable 40 is connected at a first end, (not shown) to 
the deflection control 17 (see FIG. 1) in the control head 4. The cable 40 
then travels from the control head 4 through the central passageway 65 of 
the spring sheath 64 in the conduit 30 to the objective head 6. The cable 
40 passes through the deflection conduit sleeve 52, through the deflection 
conduit 56 in the objective head 6 into a slot 68 in the objective head 6 
to form a cable second end 70. The deflection collar 72 is fixed on the 
cable second end 70 and abuts against a ledge 74 in the slot 68. The 
deflection sleeve 52 has the first end 51 that abuts against a second end 
96 of the spring sheath 64 and a second end 53 that abuts against a face 
75 on the objective head 6. 
Referring now to FIG. 7, a partial cross-sectional side view of a forward 
portion of the control head 4 of FIG. 1 is shown. In this embodiment, the 
first end 37 of the core 28 is mounted in a shaft end bushing 82. The 
fitting 80 has a collar 81 which the braid 67 (see FIG. 2) is connected 
to. The fitting 80 is connected to shaft end bushing 82 which is connected 
to a chassis 86 mounted to the housing 26. A working channel adapter tube 
84 passes through the chassis 86 and connects the rotatable entry block 24 
with the working channel 32 in the core 28. The two bundles of light 
transmitting fibers 44 and 46 travel through the chassis 86 and into their 
respective conduits 34 and 36 (not shown) in the core 28. An adhesive 
molding 39 is located in the bushing 82 adjacent the first end 37 of the 
core 28. The molding 39 allows for the proper attachment of the core 28 
with the bundles 44 and 46, sheath 64 and adapter tube 84 as well as 
bonding the first end 37 of the core 28 with the bushing 82. 
The spring sheath 64 and control cable 40 extend past the first end 37 of 
the core 28 and through a portion of the chassis 86. The cable 40 
continues to the deflection control 17 (not shown); however, the spring 
sheath 64 ends at a first end 94. Located at the first end 94 of the 
spring sheath 64 is a solder joint 92 which fixedly connects the first end 
94 of the spring sheath 64 to the cable 40. Located at a predetermined 
position on the spring sheath 64 is a stop sleeve 90 which is fixed to the 
exterior of the sheath 64, but not to the cable 40, and abuts a stop nut 
88 connected to the chassis 86. The cable 40 and a portion G of the sheath 
64 pass through the stop nut 88; however, the stop nut 88 and the stop 
sleeve 90 prevent any further advancement of the sheath 64 through the 
stop nut 88. 
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 7, the assembly of the deflection system of 
the instrument 2 will be generally described. The spring sheath 64 is 
mounted in the deflection conduit 30 of the core 28. The control cable 40 
is passed through the central passageway 65 of the spring sheath 64. The 
objective head 6, deflection conduit sleeve 52 and working channel sleeve 
50 are placed at the second end 38 of the core 28 with the two sleeves 50 
and 52 aligning and maintaining alignment between the core 28 and the 
objective head 6. In addition, the deflection conduit sleeve 52 having the 
first end 51 adjacent the spring sheath second end 96 and the second end 
53 adjacent the deflection sleeve face 75 in the objective head 6, 
compresses the spring section A of the spring sheath 64. The spring 
section A, desiring to expand, exerts a force between section B of the 
spring sheath 64 which is bonded to the core 28 and the first end 51 of 
the sleeve 52. The collar 72 is fixed to the distal end of the cable 40 
and positioned in the slot 68 in the objective head 6. The braid 67 and 
tip 48 are soldered together and then connected to the objective head 6 
with the braid 67 also being selectively connected to the core 28. The 
cover 66, although allowing the distal end to deflect, prevents the spring 
section A of the spring sheath 64 from separating the objective head 6 and 
core 28. 
The spring sheath 64 and cable 40, which extend past the first end 37 of 
the core 28 are connected to the control head 4. The spring sheath 64 and 
cable 40 pass through the stop nut 88 on the chassis 86 and the stop 
sleeve 90 is fixed to a predetermined position on the spring sheath 64. 
The spring sheath 64 is pulled through the stop nut 88 until the the 
sleeve 90 abuts against the stop nut 88 and thereby prevents further 
movement of the spring sheath 64 through the nut 88. The stop nut 88 is 
adjustable to adjust the position of the sleeve 90. The nut 88 can be 
rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise to move a face on which the sleeve 
90 makes contact. The first end 94 of the spring sheath 64 is then 
attached to the cable 40 and the first end of the cable 40 is connected to 
the deflection control 17 (not shown). 
Before any tension is applied to the cable 40, the spring section A of the 
spring sheath 64 will cause a deflection at the distal end of the 
instrument 2. Generally, the following four factors come into effect in 
allowing the pre-tension deflection to occur. The objective head 6 and 
core 28 are connected to each other to prevent separation. The compressed 
spring section A located proximate the distal end has a tendency to 
expand. The compressed spring section A located proximate the distal end 
is offset from the longitudinal axis of the core 28. Finally, the core 28 
is made of a resilient and flexible material which is capable of elastic 
deformation. The effect is that the distal end of the instrument 2 is 
deflected to a curved position as shown in FIG. 6a. 
The deflection of the distal end as shown in FIG. 6a is caused by an 
unequal cross-sectional deformation of the core 28 as the spring section A 
expands. The material of the core 28 is deformed more adjacent the 
deflection conduit 30 than the material located on the opposite side of 
the longitudinal axis. The reasons for this unequal deformation is because 
the force being applied by the spring section A is offset from the 
longitudinal axis of the core 28 and the offset force decreases in 
magnitude in proportion to the distance from the force. This unequal 
deformation causes the distal end to deflect. The amount of deflection is 
generally dependent on such factors as the amount of potential energy the 
spring section A possess, the length of spring section A, the length of 
offset F, the diameter of the core and the degree of flexibility of the 
material of the core 28. 
Obviously, the curved position of the distal end shown in FIG. 6a would not 
be very practical to use while inserting the instrument 2 through a 
relatively narrow channel. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the 
distal end is generally maintained in the position as shown in FIG. 6b 
wherein the distal end is substantially straight. In order to actively 
move the distal end from the position shown in FIG. 6a, the deflection 
control 17 (see FIG. 2) is activated by the physician to pull the cable 
40. 
As the operator activates the deflection control 17 to pull the cable 40 
the length of the cable between the objective head 6 and the control head 
4 is shortened and the cable 40 exerts an opposite, but not necessarily 
equal, force to the spring section A at the distal end of the instrument. 
The force that is created by the pulling of the cable 40 is transmitted 
from the cable 40 to the objective head 6 by the collar 72 which is fixed 
to the cable second end 70 and abuts against the ledge 74 in the slot 68 
of the objective head 6. The force that is transmitted to the objective 
head 6 is also transmitted to the deflection conduit sleeve 52 because the 
second end 523 of the sleeve 52 abuts against the face 75. Thus, the force 
exerted by the cable 40 is transmitted to the core 28 by the abutting 
objective head 6 and to the spring section A by the abutting sleeve 52. 
The amount of controlled deflection of the distal end is determined by the 
amount that the cable 40 has been pulled and this amount is variable by 
means of the deflection control 17 in the control head 4. If there is no 
tensile force on the cable 40 at the distal region, the distal region will 
deflect as shown in FIG. 6a. If the tensile force on the cable 40 at the 
distal end is substantially equal to the force of the spring section A, 
then the distal region will appear substantially straight or undeflected 
as shown in FIG. 6b. If the tensile force on the cable 40 of the distal 
end is greater than the force of the spring section A, then the flexible 
material of the core 28 will deform and the distal end will deflect as 
shown in FIG. 6c. 
To further explain the deflection shown in FIG. 6c, if the force exerted by 
the cable 40 is greater than the force of the spring section A, the 
objective head 6 and deflection sleeve 52 will tend to compress the 
material in the core 28 and the spring section A, respectively. Since the 
material of the core 28 is flexible and resilient, the force exerted by 
the cable 40 through the objective head 6 will elastically deform the core 
28. Since the cable 40 is offset by the distance F from the longitudinal 
axis of the core 28, an unequal cross-sectional deformation of the core 
will occur. The offset force will generally compress the core 28 more 
proximate the deflection conduit 30 and less on the opposite side of the 
longitudinal axis of the core 28 and may in fact cause tension in the core 
opposite the deflection conduit 30. Preferrably, the distal end of the 
instrument can deflect about 180 degrees in this manner and the amount of 
deflection is dependent on the amount of pull or force on the cable 40. 
Referring also to FIG. 7, as the cable 40 is pulled by the deflection 
control 17 (not shown) the first end 94 of the spring sheath 64 is also 
pulled with the cable 40 because of the solder joint 92. However, the 
spring sheath 64 located in front of the stop sleeve 90 does not move 
because of the stopping contact between the stop sleeve 90 fixed to the 
sheath 64 and the stop nut 88. The result is that the spring sheath 64 
located between the stop sleeve 90 and the solder joint 92 expands 
elastically due to the spring coils of the sheath 64. This exerts a force 
on the cable 40 at the solder joint 92, which is ordinarily overcome by 
the deflection control 17 (not shown). 
After deflection of the distal end, the operator can decrease the amount of 
deflection, straighten the distal end or deflect the distal end in the 
opposite direction. To change the amount of deflection the operator can, 
at least partially, inactivate the deflection control 17 (not shown) which 
will then release a portion of the cable 40 to allow for a lengthening of 
the cable 40 located between the objective head 6 and the control head 4. 
The additional available length of the cable 40 allows the spring section 
A at the distal end, which had been compressed, to expand and allows the 
deformed material of the core 28 to, at least partially, recover from its 
deflected position. The greater the amount of the lengthening of the cable 
40 between the objective head 6 and the control head 4, the greater the 
amount of recovery from the deflected position until a substantially 
straight position is obtained. 
If an additional amount of cable 40 is released from the deflection control 
17 after the substantially straight position is obtained, then the spring 
section A of the spring sheath 64 will cause an opposite deflection as 
initially described above. Thus, a two way deflection is available in the 
distal end. However, in a preferred embodiment, the cable 40 has a maximum 
length between the objective head 6 and the control head 4 substantially 
equal to the length of the core 28 to establish a substantially straight 
home position as shown in FIG. 6b and having only a one way deflectable 
distal end. 
The portion of the spring sheath 64 located between the stop sleeve 90 and 
the solder joint 92, which had also been expanded during the pulling of 
the cable 40 by the deflection control 17 (see FIG. 2), assists in pulling 
the cable 40 from the deflection control 17 and pushing the cable 40 
through the spring sheath 64 to assist the spring section A and also help 
overcome any resistance or friction between the cable 40 and the spring 
sheath 64. 
Various alternate embodiments can be devised by the use of a flexible core 
and deflection means. One embodiment could have an instrument with only a 
distal region spring. A second embodiment could have an instrument with 
only a proximal region spring. A third embodiment could have an instrument 
with no springs wherein a compressively stable wire is used to push 
against the objective head at a distance offset from the longitudinal axis 
rather than pulling on the objective head. In a fourth embodiment, a 
compressively stable wire could be used with either a proximal region 
spring or a distal region spring or both. In yet another embodiment more 
than one cable and spring sheath could be used for deflection and 
deflection recovery in three and four way deflectable instruments. The 
springs could also be either tension or compression springs or the springs 
could be replaced by equivalent deflection recovery means. 
In addition to active deflection and recovery of the distal region, the 
instrument 2 can also possess passive deflection. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 
8, FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of the distal region of the instrument 2 
of FIG. 1 having a passive deflection section 76 in use in a human kidney. 
The passive deflection section 76, although not having active deflection 
as seen in section 77 which is controlled by the deflection control 17, 
can be used to direct the distal region by rebounding the shaft 8 off of 
the area being examined. The passive deflection section 76, in this 
embodiment, is generally located behind the spring section A. Passive 
deflection section 76 is deflectable in order to assist the active 
deflection section in reaching hard to reach places. In this embodiment, 
the wire braid sheath is not bonded to the core 28 at section D to thus 
allow the active and passive deflection sections to deflect properly. 
Thus, the flexible shaft 8, in this embodiment, is capable of both active 
controlled deflection and passive deflection in reaching a target area. In 
an alternate embodiment, the wire braid 67 is not bonded to the core 28 
along section D, in addition, the spring sheath 64 does not have a bond B 
at section E which will create an elliptical deflection at the distal end. 
It should be under stood that the foregoing description is only 
illustrative of the invention. Various alternatives and modifications can 
be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit 
of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to 
embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall 
within the scope of the appended claims.