Circuit arrangement for the recognition of adjacent channel interference

A circuit arrangement for recognizing adjacent channel interference in a stereo radio receiver, in which a stereo multiplex signal is present. An adjacent channel interference signal is obtained as a function of a direct voltage portion of the stereo multiplex signal and as a function of the spectral components of the stereo multiplex signal above 60 kHz.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
The present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for recognizing 
adjacent channel interference in a stereo radio receiver in which a stereo 
multiplex signal is present. More particularly, the present invention 
relates to a circuit for reducing the subjectively felt disturbing effect 
of adjacent channel interference. 
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
Signals from adjacent channels can lead to interference in a receiving 
channel in the case of ultra-short-wave reception due to insufficient 
filtration in the high-frequency preliminary stages and in the 
intermediate frequency level. The object of the present invention is to 
recognize such interference, utilizing digital circuits, and more 
preferably utilizing an integrated circuit technique. Another object of 
the present invention is to reduce the subjective disturbing effect of 
adjacent channel interference. 
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
In the circuit arrangement of the present invention, the recognition of 
adjacent channel interference is realized by a signal which indicates the 
disturbing channel interference ("adjacent channel interference") that is 
obtained as a function of a direct voltage portion and as a function of 
spectral components above 60 kHz. 
By the use of two criteria for the recognition of adjacent channel 
interference according to the circuit arrangement of the present 
invention, a differentiation is possible between adjacent channel 
interference and other types of interference which also lead to spectral 
components of higher frequency in the stereo multiplex signal. Such other 
type of interference are, for example, multiple channel reception or 
ignition interference. 
Although other signals can be obtained as adjacent channel interference 
within the scope of the present invention, obtaining a binary signal which 
characterizes only the existence or non-existence of adjacent channel 
interference is particularly advantageous in many cases for further 
processing. 
In a preferred embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the 
present invention, a first auxiliary signal is formed when the direct 
voltage portion of the stereo multiplex signal is greater than a first 
reference value. A second auxiliary signal is formed when the amplitudes 
of the spectral components above 60 kHz of the stereo multiplex signal are 
greater than a second reference value. The first and second auxiliary 
signals are combined by an AND function in order to form an adjacent 
channel interference signal. 
Advantageous developments of the circuit arrangement according to the 
present invention include that the first auxiliary signal is obtained by 
the stereo multiplex signal being filtered through a low-pass filter and 
rectified, and the rectified signal then being compared with a first 
reference value. The second auxiliary signal is obtained by the stereo 
multiplex signal being passed through a high-pass filter, rectified and 
then passed through a low-pass filter. The signal which passed through the 
low-pass filter is then compared with a second reference value. 
A reduction in the subjectively felt disturbing effect with the aid of the 
adjacent channel interference signal can be obtained by a damping of the 
audio signals by, for instance, 10 dB to 20 dB. One particularly 
advantageous possibility for reducing the disturbing effect, however, 
includes feeding the adjacent channel interference signal into an 
integrator which integrates in one direction when adjacent channel 
interference is present, and integrates in the opposite direction when 
adjacent channel interference is not present. The output signal of the 
integrator effects a damping of audio signals obtained from the stereo 
multiplex signal in the manner that the damping increases upon integration 
in the opposite direction. 
In a preferred embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the 
present invention, the duration of adjacent channel interference is taken 
into account in advantageous manner. In particular, it is advantageous for 
the time constant of the integrator in the one direction to be less than 
in the opposite direction, or equal to zero. In order to avoid too strong 
a damping, the output signal of the integrator is conducted over a 
limiter. 
Another preferred embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the 
present invention includes that, in the case of the derivation of further 
signals representing the quality of reception, the adjacent channel 
interference signal is superimposed on said signals and that the signal 
resulting therefrom is then limited.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
In the figures, identical parts have the same reference numerals. The 
circuit arrangement of the present invention can be developed in various 
embodiments. Thus, for instance, the blocks shown can include suitable 
circuits, particularly integrated circuits. In the case of a very high 
degree of integration, it is furthermore possible to effect the entire 
digital signal processing of the receiver in one integrated circuit. In 
this case, signal processing steps such as, for instance, filtrations or 
non-linear weightings, are effected by arithmetic operations. In order to 
produce a receiver having the circuit arrangement of the present 
invention, digital signal processors and other digital circuits such as, 
for instance, shift registers, flip-flops, etc. can also be arranged 
together within an integrated circuit. 
The circuit arrangement of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 provides 
not only for obtaining a stop signal for the station finder, which is 
described in the Applicant's German Patent Application No. 43 11 933.6, 
but also for obtaining a first auxiliary signal SKU. At input 1 there is 
fed a stereo multiplex signal MPX having a scanning rate of 228 kHz which 
has been found advantageous in the preceding digital signal processing. 
Since a substantially lower scanning rate is sufficient to form the first 
auxiliary signal SKU, the stereo multiplex signal MPX is conducted over a 
low-pass filter 2 to a (decimation) circuit 3 to reduce the scanning rate 
by a factor of twenty-four. 
The resultant signal is fed to another low-pass filter 4, the cut-off 
frequency of which is very low so that essentially only the direct voltage 
portion is present at its output, the amount of which is determined in 
accordance with (an absolute value generation) circuit 5. This amount is 
compared in a comparator 6 with a constant C1, fed at input 7, for 
instance 0.07 (referred to as the maximum amplitude). If the amount of the 
direct voltage portion is less than the constant C1, a 1 appears at the 
output x.gtoreq.y of the comparator 6 and is fed to an input of an AND 
circuit 8. 
A signal FST which corresponds to the field strength of the signal received 
at the time is fed to a further input 9 of the circuit arrangement of the 
present invention shown in FIG. 1. This signal is filtered in the low-pass 
filter 10 and compared at 11 with a constant C2. If the field strength is 
greater than a value predetermined by the constant C2, then a 1 appears at 
the output x.gtoreq.y of the comparator 11, it also being fed to the AND 
circuit 8. If both conditions are satisfied, then the stop signal SLS at 
the output 12 of the AND circuit 8 also assumes the level 1. 
For obtaining the first auxiliary signal SKU, a further comparator 13 is 
added, to which a constant C3 is fed as reference value. If the direct 
voltage portion fed by the (absolute value generation) circuit 5 is 
greater than or equal to C3, then the first auxiliary signal SKU at the 
output 14 assumes the level 1. 
FIG. 2 shows the processing of a multiplex signal MPX1 into audio signals 
for four channels. A digital stereo multiplex signal MPX1 is fed to an 
input 43 by an FM demodulator, while the signal AM1 is received by the 
input 44 from an AM demodulator. The scanning rate of the signal MPX1 is 
456 kHz, which is an integral multiple of the carrier frequency of the 
radio data signal (57 kHz). 
However, this high scanning frequency requires a large number of arithmetic 
operations per second. In the case of the radio receiver shown in FIG. 2, 
it is desirable to operate with the lowest possible scanning rates which 
are adapted to the bandwidth of the signal in question. Therefore the 
signal MPX1 is subjected at (decimation circuit) 45 to a halving of the 
scanning rate, for which a low-pass filtering 46 is first necessary. 
However, a low-pass filter having a linear frequency response over the 
greatest part of the pass range and a steep drop in the region of half the 
scanning frequency is very expensive, so a low-pass filter 46 having a 
gradual drop is used. A compensation filter 47 having an opposite 
frequency response, however, counteracts the error produced thereby. 
The signal MPX2 with a scanning frequency of 228 kHz is fed to a circuit 48 
for automatic noise suppression. Such circuits suppress short pulse-like 
interference and have become known by the abbreviation ASU. The output 
signal MPX3 of the automatic noise suppression circuit 48 passes into a 
stereo decoder 49 which produces the two audio signals L1 and R1 (left and 
right), which are subjected at (decimation) circuit 50 to a scanning rate 
conversion by division by five. The audio signals L2, R2 produced thereby 
are fed, via a circuit 51 with controllable damping, as signals LFM and 
RFM to inputs of a source switch 52. In a manner not shown in the drawing, 
other audio signals can be fed to the source switch, for instance from a 
CD player or a tape player. 
The output signals of the source switch 52 pass as signals L, R to an audio 
processor 53, by means of which adjustments such as, for instance, volume, 
automatic gain control, balance and treble and bass lowering or raising 
are effected. The audio processor 53 has four outputs 54, 55, 56, 57 from 
which the signals LF or LR, RF and RR can be fed in each case to an output 
stage (not shown) for four loudspeakers. 
The stereo multiplex signal MPX2 furthermore passes to a decoder 58 for 
communication signals and/or radio-data signals. Furthermore, the signal 
MPX2 is required by a circuit 59 for the station-finder stop and the first 
auxiliary signal SKU, for which one preferred embodiment of this circuit 
has been described in connection with FIG. 1. 
A control unit 60 receives signals from the circuits 58, 59 and 42 as well 
as from the stereo decoder 49. It gives off signals to the circuit 42, the 
source switch 52, and the audio processor 53. Further connections of the 
control unit 60--for instance to operating and display devices--are not 
shown in FIG. 2. 
For obtaining the second auxiliary signal, a signal is required which 
consists of the portions of the stereo multiplex signal above 60 kHz. It 
is produced in a circuit arrangement 41 to which the signals MPX1 and MPX2 
are fed. One embodiment of the circuit 41 is described in further detail 
in German Patent Application No. P 43 09 518.6, together with other 
details of the block diagrams of FIGS. 2 and 3. 
FIG. 3 shows details of the circuit 42, shown in FIG. 2, for obtaining 
signals which describe the quality of the signals received. At input 61, 
the output signal AM1 of an amplitude modulator (not shown) is fed. It 
serves as measure of the field strength. The signal AM1 having a scanning 
frequency of 456 kHz is first subjected to low-pass filtration in a filter 
62. Filter 62, together with comb filter 65, prevents the forming of 
high-frequency spectral components on the direct portion upon the 
subsequent sub-scanning by the factor of two at (decimation circuit) 63 
and subsequently by the factor of twenty-four at (decimation circuit) 64 
and thereby impermissibly falsifying it. Low-pass filtration comb filter 
65 is provided between the scanning members 63 and 64. 
The field strength signal which is thus decimated with respect to the 
scanning rates experiences an averaging with different time constants in 
two low-pass members 66, 67. As a function of a signal DD2, a changeover 
switch 68 conducts one of the output signals of the low-pass members 66, 
67 further as signal AMC. This signal is weighted at 69 in the form a 
noise curve for producing the noise damping A.sub.FE. The field-strength 
signal of the smaller time constant, and therefore the "fast" field 
strength signal FST16, at the output of the low-pass member 66 serves, 
furthermore, to reduce the stereo channel separation D upon decrease of 
the field strength. The further processing of the signals A.sub.FE and 
FST16 is explained in the Applicant's German Patent Application No. 43 09 
518.6. 
A signal MPX5, which contains portions of the stereo multiplex signal above 
60 kHz which are already transformed into the baseband, is fed, via an 
input 74 and a (decimation circuit) 75 to the high-pass detector 70 which 
is explained in detail in FIG. 4. The high-pass detector 70, a symmetry 
detector 71, and a logical network 72 provide an output signal DD1 which 
is conducted over a pulse width discriminator 73 to thereby produce the 
signal DD2. 
In the high-pass detector 70, the second auxiliary signal BHD is placed at 
the level 1 when spectral components above 60 kHz are present. This second 
auxiliary signal BHD is fed, together with the first signal SKU fed at 95 
to a NAND circuit 96, as a result of which the adjacent channel 
interference signal DD3 is formed, which assumes the level 0 in the case 
of adjacent channel interference. This signal is fed to an input of an 
integrator 81. 
Another output signal AHD of the high-pass detector 70 assumes the value 1 
when the amplitudes of signal portions above 60 kHz lie above a threshold 
value. This has the fundamental advantage of reacting very promptly to all 
types of interference--and therefore also to interference other than 
multichannel interference. However, in the extreme case, it can have the 
result that an interference is reported which, however, does not yet lead 
to any audible disturbance in the output LF signal of the receiver. 
Nevertheless, in this case the measures provided in order to mask 
interference are introduced. 
In order to recognize audible interference which is not adjacent channel 
interference, an evaluation is made of the symmetry of the 
carrier-frequency stereo-difference signal. It is essential in this 
process, on the one hand, that an undisturbed signal must, on the basis of 
the double sideband amplitude modulation, be symmetrical to the carrier 
and, on the other hand, that the desired signal be directly considered 
here. Asymmetry, therefore, leads to the conclusion that interference 
which is audible in the LF signal is present. Via inputs 76 to 79, there 
are fed to the symmetry detector 71 by a stereo decoder, shown in FIG. 2, 
signals which essentially represent the product of the carrier-frequency 
stereo-difference signal with a reference carrier which is quadrature to 
the auxiliary carrier. The output signal ASD of the symmetry detector 
assumes the value 1 when asymmetry is present. 
In many cases, the use of one of the signals AHD or ASD as further signal 
DD2 results in considerable advantages. In the preferred embodiment of the 
present invention shown, however, both detectors 70, 71 are provided, the 
output signals AHD and ASD being conducted over a logical network 72. This 
has the advantage, on the one hand, that in the case of pure mono 
transmission in which no carrier-frequency stereo difference signal is 
sent out, obtaining the further auxiliary signal DD2 is effected by the 
high-pass detector 70. Similarly, obtaining the further signal DD2 is 
possible also in methods of stereo signal transmission differing from the 
European Standard, for instance in the FMX method in the USA. 
The logical network permits the selection or nature of the logical function 
of the two signals AHD and ASD with inspect to the signal DD1. The signal 
DD1 is conducted over a pulse-width discriminator 73 which sees to it that 
the output signal DD2 only indicates interference when the input signal 
DD1 is active for an adjustable minimum period of time. As already 
mentioned, the signal DD2 switches between a large and a small time 
constant in connection with the formation of the field strength signal. 
Furthermore, the signal DD2 serves as trigger signal for two asymmetric 
integrators 80, 81, one preferred embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 5. 
The output signals AT1 and AMU of the asymmetric integrators 80, 81 jump, 
at the time of the triggering, to 0 or to a preset value between 0 and 1 
and remain at these values as long as DD2 and DD3 are at 0, in order to 
increase linearly with adjustable time constants to a maximum value. The 
signal AT1 is fed jointly with the field strength signal WF2 weighted at 
circuit 82 to a multiplier 83. In this way there is formed a signal which 
effects a masking of interference in the LF signal by a reduction in the 
stereo channel separation. This signal is multiplied in a further 
multiplier 84 by a signal FMO, fed at input 85, which serves for the 
necessary elimination of the stereo channel separation. The signal D can 
be taken from the output 86 and fed to the stereo decoder. 
The output signal AMU of the asymmetric integrator 81 is fed, together with 
the signal A.sub.FE, to a further multiplier 87, as a result of which, 
after limiting at 97 and scanning rate conversion at (decimation circuits) 
98 and 99, a signal AFE.sub.-- AMU is produced which effects a damping of 
the LF signal by at most the value predetermined by the limiter 97, which 
value can be taken from the output 88. 
Information regarding the field strength in a digital radio receiver is 
required at several places. For this purpose, the circuit arrangement of 
FIG. 3 has three further output 89, 90, and 91 at which signals can be 
obtained which describe the field strength. The signal FST16 is precisely 
16 bits. For many purposes, however, a signal of lower accuracy is 
sufficient and therefore a field-strength signal FST8 having a bit width 
of 8 is produced by means of a compression characteristic curve circuit 
92. 
The signals FST16 and FST8 are sufficiently fast for the purpose of 
recognition of the signal quality, but they are not free of a certain 
inertia due to the filters described in connection with FIG. 3, and 
possibly the amplitude demodulation. A signal VFST can be fed via an input 
93 from a microcontroller, not shown. From this signal and the signal 
FST16 there is produced, by means of a comparator 94, a signal DFST the 
level of which, either 0 or 1, depends on whether the signal VFST or the 
signal FST16 is the greater. In this way, the signal DFST obtained at the 
output 89 shows the change in direction of the field strength. 
The high-pass detector 70 will be described in further detail below with 
reference to FIG. 4. The signal MPX5, which is averaged in accordance with 
an absolute value generation circuit 101 with the aid of a low-pass filter 
102, can be fed to an input 100 of the high-pass detector of FIG. 4. If 
the averaged signal exceeds a threshold HDS, then the output signal of a 
comparator consisting of a subtracter 103 and a sign recognition (circuit) 
104, 105 assumes the value 1. The signal AHD at the output 106 also 
assumes the value 1 when the sign of the output signal of the subtracter 
103 is positive. Another comparator is formed by another subtracter 107 
and another sign-recognition (circuit) 108, 109. The second auxiliary 
signal BHD at the output 110 assumes the value 1 when the higher-frequency 
spectral portions exceed the reference value HDT. 
One preferred embodiment of the asymmetric integrator 81 according to the 
present invention is shown in FIG. 5. In this case, there are two 
integrators to which the signals DD2 and DD3 can be fed via inputs 111 and 
112, respectively. In each case, each integrator consists of, 
respectively, an adder 113,114, two format converters 115, 116 and 119, 
120, a multiplier 117, 118 and a one scanning period delay 121, 122. At 
inputs 123 and 124, integration constants AST2 and AST5 are fed, 
respectively. At the start of adjacent channel interference, the signal 
DD3 changes to the value 0. This has the result that the integrator for 
the adjacent channel interference signal DD3 is set at 0. The integrator 
retains this output value as long as adjacent channel interference is 
present, i.e. as long as DD3 is 0. 
At the end of adjacent channel interference, DD3 again assumes level 1, 
whereupon the integrator rises to the value 1 due to the integration of 
the constant AST5. A similar procedure is effected with the signal DD2. 
The output signals of the two integrators are each weighted at multipliers 
125, 126 with a constant AST3, AST6, respectively, and then each result 
added at 127, 128 to another constant AST4, AST7, respectively. The 
results are multiplied by each other at multiplier 129 and can be taken 
from an output 130 as signal A.sub.MU.