Protein: HNS_ECOLI
Sequence: MSEALKILNNIRTLRAQARECTLETLEEMLEKLEVVVNERREEESAAAAEVEERTRKLQQYREMLIADGIDPNELLNSLAAVKSGTKAKRAQRPAKYSYVDENGETKTWTGQGRTPAVIKKAMDEQGKSLDDFLIKQ
What is the function of this protein?
A DNA-binding protein implicated in transcriptional repression (silencing) (PubMed:333393, PubMed:2128918, PubMed:8890170, PubMed:8913298, PubMed:9398522, PubMed:16963779, PubMed:17046956, PubMed:23543115).  Also involved in bacterial chromosome organization and compaction (PubMed:6379600, PubMed:10982869, PubMed:21903814).  H-NS binds tightly to AT-rich dsDNA and inhibits transcription (PubMed:2512122, PubMed:16963779, PubMed:17435766, PubMed:17881364, PubMed:23543115).  Binds upstream and downstream of initiating RNA polymerase, trapping it in a loop and preventing transcription (PubMed:11714691).  Binds to hundreds of sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome (PubMed:16963779, PubMed:17046956, PubMed:23543115).  Many of these loci were horizontally transferred (HTG); this offers the selective advantage of silencing foreign DNA while keeping it in the genome in case of need (PubMed:17046956, PubMed:17881364, PubMed:26789284).  Suppresses transcription at many intragenic sites as well as transcription of spurious, non-coding RNAs genome-wide (PubMed:24449106).  Repression of HTG by H-NS is thought to allow their DNA to evolve faster than non-H-NS-bound regions, and facilitates integration of HTG into transcriptional regulatory networks (PubMed:26789284).  A subset of H-NS/StpA-regulated genes also require Hha (and/or Cnu, ydgT) for repression; Hha and Cnu increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex (PubMed:23543115).  The protein forms 2 clusters in the nucleoid which gather hns-bound loci together, bridging non-contiguous DNA, and causes DNA substantial condensation (PubMed:21903814).  Binds DNA better at low temperatures than at 37 degrees Celsius; AT-rich sites nucleate H-NS binding, further DNA-binding is cooperative and this cooperativity decreases with rising temperature (PubMed:17435766, PubMed:17881364).  Transcriptional repression can be inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of StpA or itself (PubMed:8755860).  May affect transcriptional elongation (PubMed:25638302).  Can increase translational efficiency of mRNA with suboptimal Shine-Dalgarno sequences (PubMed:20595230).  Plays a role in the thermal control of pili and adhesive curli fimbriae production, by inducing transcription of csgD (PubMed:17010156).  Plays a role in flagellar function (PubMed:11031114).  Represses the CRISPR-cas promoters, permits only weak transcription of the crRNA precursor; its repression is antagonized by LeuO (PubMed:20132443, PubMed:20659289).  Binds preferentially to the upstream region of its own gene recognizing two segments of DNA on both sides of a bend centered around -150 (PubMed:7934818).  Overexpression suppresses secY24, a temperature-sensitive mutation (PubMed:1537791).  Has also been reported to activate transcription of some genes (PubMed:4566454, PubMed:338303, PubMed:2128918).
What are the official names of this protein?
DNA-binding protein H-NS, Heat-stable nucleoid-structuring protein, Histone-like protein HLP-II, Protein B1, Protein H1.
What is the protein family that this protein belongs to?
Belongs to the histone-like protein H-NS family.
What are the subcellular locations of this protein?
Cytoplasm, nucleoid. Note=Forms 2 compact clusters per chromosome, located at one-quarter and three-quarter positions on the cell's long axis: 2 H-NS-repressed genes were closely associated with H-NS clusters while a non-H-NS-repressed gene was not substantially associated with the H-NS cluster (PubMed:21903814).