Protein: TGFB1_HORSE
Sequence: MPPSGLRLLPLLLPLLWLLVLTPGRPAAGLSTCKTIDMELVKRKRIEAIRGQILSKLRLASPPSQGEVPPGPLPEAVLALYNSTRAQVAGESAETEPEPEADYYAKEVTRVLMVEKENEIYKTVETGSHSIYMFFNTSELRAAVPDPMLLSRAELRLLRLKLSVEQHVELYQKYSNNSWRYLSNRLLTPSDSPEWLSFDVTGVVRQWLSQGGAMEGFRLSAHCSCDSKDNTLRVGINGFSSSRRGDLATIDGMNRPFLLLMATPLERAQQLHSSRHRRALDTNYCFSSTEKNCCVRQLYIDFRKDLGWKWIHEPKGYHANFCLGPCPYIWSLDTQYSKVLALYNQHNPGASAAPCCVPQVLEPLPIVYYVGRKPKVEQLSNMIVRSCKCS
What is the function of this protein?
Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration (By similarity).  Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix.  At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus.  TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1.  Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which transduce signal (By similarity).  While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'.  Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts.  Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner.  At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development.  At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells (By similarity).  Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP).  Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus.  Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types (By similarity).
What are the official names of this protein?
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein.
What is the protein family that this protein belongs to?
Belongs to the TGF-beta family.
What are the subcellular locations of this protein?
[Latency-associated peptide]: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Secreted.