Testimony Before the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging 
 
 
 
 
Preventing and Treating Opioid Misuse Among Older Americans 
 
Testimony of: 
 
Gary Cantrell 
Deputy Inspector General for Investigations  
Office of Investigations 
  Office of Inspector General    
Department of Health and Human Services 
 
 
 
 
 
May 23, 2018 
2:30 p.m. 
Dirksen Senate Office Building, Room 562 
 
    Testimony of: Gary Cantrell 
Deputy Inspector General for Investigations 
   Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
 
Good afternoon, Chairman Collins, Ranking Member Casey, and distinguished members of the 
Committee.  I am Gary Cantrell, Deputy Inspector General for Investigations with the U.S. 
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Inspector General (OIG).  
 
I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you to discuss how OIG is combatting the opioid 
crisis in Federal health care programs.   
 
OIGs mission is to protect the integrity of HHS programs and the health and welfare of the 
people they serve through prevention, detection, and enforcement.  To accomplish our mission, 
OIG uses data analytics and real-time field intelligence to detect and investigate program fraud 
and to focus our resources for maximum impact.  We are a multidisciplinary organization 
comprised of investigators, auditors, evaluators, analysts, clinicians, and attorneys.  In addition, 
we depend on strong public and private partnerships to ensure coordinated enforcement success.  
OIG has for several years, identified curbing the opioid epidemic as one of the Departments Top 
Management and Performance Challenges.  Key components of that challenge include 
addressing inappropriate prescribing of opioids, inadequate access to treatment, and misuse of 
grant funds.  In addition, combatting fraud issues, such as drug diversion and fraud committed by 
providers, presents a significant challenge for the Department.1  
 
OIG has a longstanding and extensive history of enforcement and oversight work focused on 
prescription drug fraud, drug diversion, pill mills,2 medical identity theft, and other schemes that 
put people at risk of harm.  Several years ago, OIG detectedand began taking action to 
addressa rise in fraud schemes involving opioids, as well as associated potentiator drugs.  In 
addition to increasing our investigative efforts to combat prescription drug abuse, we have 
responded to the growing severity of the opioid epidemic by focusing on work that identifies 
opportunities to strengthen program integrity and protect at-risk beneficiaries.  OIG uses 
advanced data analytics tools to put timely, actionable data about prescribing, billing, and 
utilization trends and patterns in the hands of investigators, auditors, evaluators, and government 
partners.  Our goal is to identify opportunities to improve HHS prescription drug programs to 
reduce opioid addiction, share data and educate the public, and identify and hold accountable 
perpetrators of opioid-related fraud. 
 
In my testimony today, I will highlight law enforcement activities led by my Office of 
Investigations and discuss OIG projects currently underway to combat opioid-related fraud, 
waste, and abuse.  I also will highlight key OIG recommendations that would, if implemented, 
have a positive impact on the opioid problem.   
 
 
 
                                                           
1 Drugs that enhance the high or euphoria when combined with controlled substances. 
2 A pill mill is a doctors office, clinic, or health care facility that routinely prescribes controlled substancessuch 
as oxycodoneoutside the scope of professional practice and without a legitimate medical purpose.   
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  OIGS OFFICE OF INVESTIGATIONS TARGETS FRAUD, WASTE, AND ABUSE 
 
OIGs Office of Investigations has investigators covering every State, the District of Columbia, 
Puerto Rico, and other U.S. territories.  We collaborate with other Federal, State, and local law 
enforcement authorities to maximize our impact.  Special Agents in our Office of Investigations 
have full law enforcement authority and use a broad range of investigative actions, including the 
execution of search and arrest warrants, to accomplish our mission.  OIG and its law 
enforcement partners combine resources to detect and prevent health care fraud, waste, and 
abuse.  During the last 3 fiscal years (FYs 2015 to 2017), OIG investigations have resulted in 
more than $10.8 billion in investigative receivables (dollars ordered or agreed to be paid to 
Government programs as a result of criminal, civil, or administrative judgments or settlements); 
2,650 criminal actions; 2,211 civil actions; and 10,991 program exclusions.3 
 
Much of OIGs investigative work involves the Medicare and Medicaid programs and is funded 
by the Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program (HCFAC).  The HCFAC provides funding 
resources to the Department of Justice (DOJ), HHS, and OIG, which are often used 
collaboratively to fight health care fraud, waste, and abuse.  Since its inception in 1997, the 
HCFAC has returned more than $31 billion to the Medicare trust fund.  OIG is a lead participant 
in the Medicare Fraud Strike Force, which combines the resources of Federal, State, and local 
law enforcement entities to fight health care fraud across the country.  Finally, OIG collaborates 
with State Medicaid Fraud Control Units (MFCUs) to detect and investigate fraud, waste, and 
abuse in State Medicaid programs. 
 
THE OPIOID CRISIS 
 
Opioid use is a rapidly growing national health care problem, and our Nation is in the midst of an 
unprecedented opioid epidemic.4  More than 60,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 
2016, of which 66 percent reportedly involved opioids.5  Deaths from prescription pain 
medication remain far too high, and in 2016, there was a sharp increase in deaths involving 
synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and an increase in heroin-involved deaths.6  According to the 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately three out of four new heroin 
users report having abused prescription opioids prior to using heroin.  Prescription drug 
diversionthe redirection of prescription drugs for an illegal purposeis a serious component 
of this epidemic. 
 
 
 
                                                           
3 OIG has the authority to exclude individuals and entities from federally funded health care programs.  The effect of 
an exclusion is that no payment will be made by any Federal health care program for any items or services 
furnished, ordered, or prescribed by an excluded individual or entity.  No program payment will be made for 
anything that an excluded person furnishes, orders, or prescribes. 
4  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prescription Painkiller Overdoses at Epidemic Levels [press release], 
Nov. 1, 2011. 
5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Data Brief 294, Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999-
2016, December 2017, and supplement tables.  
6Ibid. 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  OIGS OPIOID FRAUD ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS 
 
Opioid fraud encompasses a broad range of criminal activity from prescription drug diversion to 
addiction treatment schemes.  Many of these schemes can be elaborate, involving complicit 
patients or beneficiaries who are not ill, kickbacks, medical identity theft, money laundering, and 
other criminal enterprises.  Some schemes also involve multiple co-conspirators and health care 
professionals such as physicians, nonphysician providers, and pharmacists.  These investigations 
can be complex and often involve the use of informants, undercover operations, and surveillance. 
 
2017 National Health Care Fraud Takedown 
 
OIG and our Medicare Strike Force partners led the 2017 National Health Care Fraud Takedown.  
The Takedown was the largest ever health care fraud enforcement action, resulting in 412 
charged defendants across 41 Federal districts, including 115 doctors, nurses, and other licensed 
medical professionals, for their alleged participation in health care fraud schemes involving 
approximately $1.3 billion in false billings.  Over 120 defendants, including doctors, were 
charged for their roles in prescribing and distributing opioids and other dangerous narcotics.7 
OIG also announced 295 opioid-related exclusions.  The enforcement operation brought together 
more than 1,000 Federal and State law enforcement personnel, including 350 OIG Special 
Agents and 30 MFCUs. 
 
Case Examples 
 
OIG agents have investigated the following cases.  These examples highlight opioid schemes 
involving prescription and treatment fraud: 
 
Prescription Fraud 
 
  In Tennessee, Dr. Abdelrahman Mohamed and his wife Cecilia Manacsa were sentenced 
to 36 months and 16 months imprisonment, respectively, after pleading guilty to charges 
of conspiracy to commit health care fraud and health care fraud.  In addition to his prison 
sentence, Mohamed also paid $730,000 in restitution.  Mohamed was the owner and only 
physician on staff at Hamblen Neuroscience Center, a neurology and pain management 
center.  Between January 2012 and September 2016, Mohamed developed a scheme with 
Manacsa to schedule, on average, between 40 and 60 pain management patients per 6-
hour day worked by Mohamed.  To deal with the high volume, staff were often instructed 
to line up the patients in the hallway outside of Mohamed's office, escort patients into the 
office for a 1- to 2-minute open-door meeting, then hand Mohamed a partially completed 
prescription for an opiate pain management medication, which he signed and gave to the 
patient.  After the visits, Mohamed and Manacsa instructed staff to submit fraudulent 
bills to TennCare and Medicare for services not actually provided to patients.  
 
  In Michigan, Dr. Sardar Ashrafkhan was sentenced to 23 years in prison for participating 
in a conspiracy to illegally distribute prescription pills, conspiracy to commit health care 
                                                           
7 Department of Justice, National Health Care Fraud Takedown Results in Charges Against Over 412 Individuals 
Responsible for $1.3 Billion in Fraud Losses, July 2017. 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  fraud, and money laundering.  Dr. Ashrafkhan operated a fraudulent medical practice 
known as Compassionate Doctors that purported to be a visiting physicians practice, but 
was actually a scheme that involved patient marketers bringing paid patients to 
residences to obtain fraudulent prescriptions for controlled substances.  Medicare was 
billed for medical examinations and tests that were not conducted properly or not 
conducted at all.  Marketers filled the prescriptions for controlled substances at 
cooperating pharmacies and sold the drugs on the street market.  Dr. Ashrafkhan was 
responsible for participating in illegally distributing more than 200,000 dosage units of 
oxycodone (including Oxycontin) and Opana, powerful Schedule II opiates.  He was also 
responsible for participating in the illegal distribution of 1 million dosage units of another 
opiate, hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lortab) and over 3 million dosage units of controlled 
substances of all kinds.  
 
Treatment Related Fraud 
 
  In a Pennsylvania case, Dr. Alan Summers was sentenced to 48 months in prison and 
ordered to pay over $4.6 million in restitution after pleading guilty to charges of 
conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, distribution of controlled substances, 
health care fraud, and money laundering.  Dr. Summers ran a clinic that sometimes 
operated under the business name NASAPT (National Association for Substance Abuse-
Prevention & Treatment).  Co-defendants Dr. Azad Khan and Dr. Keyhosrow Parsia were 
employed by Dr. Summers.  The defendants executed a scheme in which they sold 
prescriptions for large doses of Suboxone and Klonopin in exchange for cash 
payments.  Experts testified at trial that Suboxone and Klonopin should never be 
prescribed together except in rare cases when absolutely necessary.  At the clinic, 
virtually all customers received prescriptions for both Suboxone and Klonopin regardless 
of their medical need.  During the duration of the conspiracy, Dr. Khan and other doctors 
at the clinic illegally sold more than $5 million worth of these controlled 
substances.  Almost all of the prescriptions for Suboxone and Klonopin were preprinted 
before the customer met with a doctor.  Khan and the other doctors working at the clinic 
failed to conduct medical examinations or mental health examinations as required by law 
to legally prescribe these controlled substances.  Several customers who frequented the 
clinic testified that they were, in fact, drug dealers or drug addicts who sold the 
prescribed medications.  Three other doctors involved in the scheme have pleaded guilty 
and have either already been sentenced or await sentencing. 
 
  In Massachusetts, Dr. Punyamurtula Kishore and his company, Preventive Medicine 
Associates, Inc., pled guilty to charges of Medicaid kickbacks, Medicaid false claims, 
and larceny.  Dr. Kishore owned and managed a network of 29 medical branches 
throughout Massachusetts under Preventive Medicine Associates and engaged in a 
complex scheme to pay bribes and kickbacks to induce the owners of sober homes to 
have their residents use his labs for drug screening of their urine samples.  Drug screens 
are generally billed to the Massachusetts Medicaid program, MassHealth, for 
approximately $100 to $200.  Dr. Kishore manipulated his business relationships with 
owners of sober homes to illegally obtain tens of thousands of drug screens paid for by 
MassHealth for sober house residents who were never treated by Preventive Medicine 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  Associates providers.  Dr. Kishore was sentenced to serve 11 months of imprisonment 
followed by 10 years of probation and ordered to pay $9.3 million in restitution. 
 
OIGS EFFORTS TO COMBAT THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC GO BEYOND 
ENFORCEMENT 
 
Data analysis to identify questionable prescribing, dispensing, and utilization of opioids  
 
OIG uses data analytics to detect and investigate health care fraud, waste, and abuse.  We 
analyze billions of data points and claims information to identify trends that may indicate fraud, 
geographical hot spots, emerging schemes, and individual providers of concern.  At the macro 
level, OIG analyzes data patterns to assess fraud risks across Medicare services, provider types, 
and geographic locations to prioritize and deploy our resources.  At the micro level, OIG uses 
data analytics, including near-real-time data, to identify potential fraud suspects for a more in-
depth analysis and efficiently target investigations. 
 
In July 2017, OIG released a data brief entitled Opioids in Medicare Part D: Concerns about 
Extreme Use and Questionable Prescribing8 in conjunction with the 2017 National Health Care 
Fraud Takedown.  We found the following:  
 
  One in three Medicare Part D beneficiaries received opioids in 2016.  In total, 14.4 
million beneficiaries received an opioid prescription that year. 
 
  Approximately 500,000 beneficiaries received high amounts of opioids.  Beneficiaries 
with a cancer diagnosis and those enrolled in hospice were excluded from the analysis.  
To identify these beneficiaries, OIG looked at the morphine equivalent dose (MED) 
received by each beneficiary, which equates all of the various opioids and strengths into 
one standard value.  Beneficiaries who received high amounts of opioids had an average 
daily MED greater than 120 mg for at least 3 months in 2016.  A daily MED of 120 mg is 
equivalent to taking 12 tablets a day of Vicodin 10 mg or 16 tablets a day of Percocet 
5 mg.  These dosages far exceed the amounts that the manufacturers recommend.  
Although beneficiaries may receive opioids for legitimate purposes, these high amounts 
raise concern due to the health risks associated with opioids.  
 
  Within that group, OIG identified nearly 90,000 beneficiaries at serious risk of opioid 
misuse or overdose.  OIG identified two groups of beneficiaries at serious risk of opioid 
misuse or overdose: (1) beneficiaries who received extreme amounts of opioids and (2) 
beneficiaries who appeared to be doctor shopping.9   
 
  OIG identified 69,563 beneficiaries who received extreme amounts of opioids.  
o
They each had an average daily MED of more than 240 mg for the entire year. 
 
                                                           
8 OIG, Opioids in Medicare Part D: Concerns about Extreme Use and Questionable Prescribing, OEI-02-17-00250, 
July 2017. 
9 Other beneficiaries may also be at serious risk of opioid misuse or overdose, but they were not the focus of this 
data brief. 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018    OIG also identified 22,308 beneficiaries who appeared to be doctor shopping.  
o
They each received high amounts of opioids and had four or more prescribers and 
four or more pharmacies for opioids.  While some of these beneficiaries may not 
have been doctor shopping, receiving opioids from multiple prescribers and 
multiple pharmacies may still pose dangers from lack of coordinated care.  
Typically, beneficiaries who receive opioids have just one prescriber and one 
pharmacy. 
 
  OIG identified about 400 prescribers with questionable opioid prescribing for 
beneficiaries at serious risk.  In the data brief, a total of 401 prescribers stood out as 
having questionable prescribing because they ordered opioids for higher numbers of 
beneficiaries at serious risk (i.e., those who received extreme amounts of opioids or 
appeared to be doctor shopping).  In total, prescribers with questionable billing wrote 
265,260 opioid prescriptions for beneficiaries at serious risk, costing Part D a total of 
$66.5 million.   
 
Although some patients may legitimately need high amounts of opioids, questionable prescribing 
can indicate that prescribers are not checking State databases that monitor prescription drugs, or 
that they are ordering medically unnecessary drugs that may be diverted for resale or recreational 
use.  Another possibility is that the prescribers identification was sold or stolen and is being 
used for illegal purposes.  Questionable levels of prescribing also raise significant concern that 
prescribers may be operating pill mills.   
 
Ensuring the appropriate use and prescribing of opioids is essential to protecting the health and 
safety of beneficiaries and the integrity of Part D.  Prescribers play a key role in combatting 
opioid misuse.  They must be given the information and tools needed to appropriately prescribe 
opioids when medically necessary.  States prescription-drug-monitoring programs can provide 
invaluable information to prescribers about a patients opioid prescription history.  Prescribers 
must be vigilant about checking the State monitoring databases to ensure that their patients are 
receiving appropriate doses of opioids and to better coordinate patient care.  At the same time, 
the Department must address prescribers with questionable prescribing patterns for opioids to 
ensure that Medicare Part D is not paying for unnecessary drugs that are being diverted for resale 
or recreational use. 
 
Identify opportunities to improve HHS programs 
 
Across multiple operating divisions and programs, HHS has many opportunities to help curb this 
epidemic.  Medicare provides prescription drug coverage for 41 million Part D beneficiaries and 
Medicaid for almost 69 million beneficiaries.  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 
oversees the approval and safe use of prescription drugs. Agencies such as the National Institutes 
of Health (NIH), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 
the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and the CDC award grants to 
support health care providers, researchers, and States in their efforts to combat the epidemic. 
 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  OIG audits and evaluations address opioid issues by identifying opportunities to strengthen 
program integrity and protect at-risk beneficiaries across HHS programs.  OIG currently has 
numerous opioid-related audits or evaluations underway.  They address the following issues:  
 
  questionable prescribing patterns in Medicaid;  
  Medicaid program integrity controls;  
  Medicare program integrity controls in the prescription drug benefit; 
  CDCs oversight of grants to support programs to monitor prescription drugs; 
  FDAs oversight of opioid prescribing through its risk management programs; 
  SAMHSAs oversight of opioid treatment program grants; 
  beneficiary access to buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment; and 
  opioid prescribing practices in the Indian Health Service.   
 
In addition, as part of its strategy to fight the opioid crisis and protect beneficiaries, OIG will 
soon release a new data brief on opioid use in Medicare Part D.10  It is a followup to a previous 
data brief, Opioids in Medicare Part D: Concerns About Extreme Use and Questionable 
Prescribing (OEI-02-17-00250), which was based on 2016 data.  The new data brief is based on 
2017 data and, like the previous one, will (1) determine the extent to which Medicare Part D 
beneficiaries received high amounts of opioids, (2) identify beneficiaries who are at serious risk 
of opioid misuse or overdose, and (3) identify prescribers with questionable opioid prescribing 
patterns for these beneficiaries.  
 
In conjunction with the new data brief, OIG will also release an analysis toolkit.11  It is based on 
the methodology that OIG has developed in our extensive work on opioids.  The toolkit provides 
detailed steps for using prescription drug data to analyze patients opioid levels and identify 
those at risk of opioid misuse or overdose, such as those who receive extreme amounts of opioids 
or appear to be doctor shopping.  The purpose of the toolkit is to assist our public and private 
sector partners with analyzing their own prescription drug claims data to help combat the opioid 
crisis.   
 
OIG is also focused on effective public health approaches to prevention and treatment.   
Currently, we are conducting an evaluation to examine access to Medication-Assisted Treatment 
(MAT) for opioid use disorder.  MAT, including buprenorphine, is a key component of effective 
treatment for opioid use disorder.  Congress has taken sustained action to support MAT services 
through broadened prescribing authorities and increased Federal funding.  However, a treatment 
gap continues to exist where an estimated 10 percent of the people in the United States who need 
treatment receive it.   
 
To address this treatment gap, we are examining access to MAT through the SAMHSA 
buprenorphine waiver program, which permits providers to prescribe buprenorphine to patients 
in office settings rather than traditional opioid treatment facilities.  We are determining the 
number, location, and patient capacity of providers who have obtained buprenorphine waivers 
from SAMHSA.  We will also determine the extent to which waivered providers are located in 
                                                           
10 OIG, Opioid Use in Medicare Part D, OEI-02-18-00220, forthcoming.  
11 OIG, Toolkit to Identify Patients at Risk of Opioid Misuse, OEI-07-00560, forthcoming.  
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  areas with high indicators of opioid misuse and abuse (i.e., areas that likely have large numbers 
of residents in need of treatment services), including whether any of these areas are without 
waivered providers.  We anticipate that this report, when finalized, will highlight counties in 
need of MAT services that do not now have adequate access. 
 
OIG MAXIMIZES IMPACT THROUGH STRONG COLLABORATION WITH PUBLIC 
AND PRIVATE PARTNERS 
 
In addition to Strike Force operations and other government collaborations, OIG engages with 
private sector stakeholders to enhance the relevance and impact of our work to combat health 
care fraud, as demonstrated by our leadership in the Healthcare Fraud Prevention Partnership 
(HFPP) and collaboration with the National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA).  
OIG strives to cultivate a culture of compliance in the health care industry through various 
educational efforts, such as Pharmacy Diversion Awareness Conferences, public outreach, and 
consumer education. 
 
Medicare Fraud Strike Force  
 
The Strike Force effort began in Miami in March 2007 and has expanded operations to eight 
additional cities.  Strike Force teams effectively harness the efforts of OIG and DOJ, including 
Main Justice, U.S. Attorneys Offices, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), as well as 
State and local law enforcement, to fight health care fraud in geographic hot spots. 
 
The Strike Force teams use near-real-time data to pinpoint potential fraud hot spots and identify 
aberrant billing.  This coordinated and data-driven approach to identify, investigate, and 
prosecute fraud has produced significant results, highlighted by the July 2017 National Health 
Care Fraud Takedown.  Since its inception in March 2007, the Strike Force has charged more 
than 3,000 defendants who collectively billed the Medicare program more than $10.8 billion. 
 
Collaboration with the Department 
 
OIG collaborates with a number of HHS agencies, including the Centers for Medicare & 
Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Agency for Community Living (ACL), on fraud and opioid-
related initiatives.  OIG collaborates with CMS and ACL to educate providers, the industry, and 
beneficiaries on the role each one plays in the prevention of prescription drug and opioid-related 
fraud and abuse.  We share our analytic methods and data analysis with CMS and work together 
to identify mitigation strategies and develop follow-up approaches to deal with the prescribers 
and at-risk beneficiaries identified.  OIG engages ACLs Senior Medicare Patrol and State 
Health Insurance Assistance Program through presentations on the prevention of fraud, waste, 
and abuse. 
 
Opioid Fraud and Abuse Detection Unit 
 
OIG provided critical support in the establishment of the new Opioid Fraud and Abuse Detection 
Unit established by the Attorney General in collaboration with OIG, FBI, and Drug Enforcement 
Administration (DEA).  The unit focuses specifically on opioid-related health care fraud using 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  data to identify and prosecute individuals who are contributing to the opioid epidemic.  This 
collaboration led to the selection of 12 judicial districts around the country where OIG has 
assigned Special Agents to support 12 prosecutors identified by DOJ to focus solely on 
investigating and prosecuting opioid-related health care fraud cases.  Each of the 12 districts is 
supported by OIG, FBI, and DEA.   
 
The Healthcare Fraud Prevention Partnership and the National Healthcare Anti-Fraud 
Association 
 
The HFPP and NHCAA are publicprivate partnerships that address health care fraud by sharing 
data and information for the purposes of detecting and combatting fraud and abuse in health care 
programs.  OIG is an active partner in these organizations and frequently shares information 
about prescription-drug fraud schemes, trends, and other matters related to health care fraud.   
 
Pharmacy Diversion Awareness Conferences 
 
OIG has collaborated with the DEA to provide anti-fraud education at numerous Pharmacy 
Diversion Awareness Conferences held across the United States.  The conferences were designed 
to assist pharmacy personnel with identifying and preventing diversion activity.  Since 2013, 
OIG has presented at conferences in 50 States and Puerto Rico. 
 
TOP OIG RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CMS RELATED TO THE OPIOID CRISIS 
 
OIG has made numerous recommendations to improve HHS programs to better protect 
beneficiaries at risk of opioid misuse or overdose.  Specifically, ensuring the appropriate use and 
prescribing of opioids is essential to protecting the health and safety of beneficiaries and the 
integrity of Medicare Part D.   
 
As a result of OIG recommendations, Part D has strengthened its monitoring of beneficiaries at 
risk of opioid misuse.  CMS has expanded drug utilization review programs to include non-
opioid potentiator drugs.  These euphoria-enhancing potentiator drugs are often abused in 
conjunction with opioids and increase the risk of negative outcomes including overdose.  CMS 
now identifies beneficiaries with concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine prescription drug use and 
will, beginning in 2019, identify beneficiaries who receive high doses of gabapentin in addition 
to opioids.  CMS also expects that when plan sponsors perform case management they would 
consider the use of these potentiator drugs in their own review processes.  Further, CMS has 
committed to perform analyses to proactively identify other potentiator drugs, meet biannually 
with OIG to discuss emerging issues, and consider additional enhancements to drug utilization 
review programs in the future. 
 
Despite the progress made, there are other improvements OIG recommends to protect Medicare 
beneficiaries.   
 
1)  Restrict certain beneficiaries to a limited number of pharmacies or prescribers.  
 
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Senate Special Committee on Aging 
May 23, 2018  OIG recommends that CMS encourage implementation of the new Medicare Part D beneficiary 
lock-in authority under the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 
(CARA).  Lock-in would restrict certain beneficiaries to a limited number of pharmacies or 
prescribers when warranted and reduce inappropriate use of opioids among Medicare 
beneficiaries and Part D fraud.  This policy would provide coordination of care for beneficiaries 
being harmed by overprescribing and address beneficiaries who are doctor shopping or 
intentionally seeking unnecessary prescriptions. 
 
In 2018, CMS promulgated regulations that govern how Part D sponsors should implement the 
new lock-in authority under CARA, beginning in 2019.  However, the decision of whether to 
implement this program rests with the Part D sponsors.   
 
2)  Require plan sponsors to report to CMS all potential fraud and abuse and any corrective 
actions they take in response.  
 
CMS should collect comprehensive data from Part D plan sponsors to improve its oversight of 
their program integrity efforts, including the diversion of opioids for illegitimate use.  Sponsors 
serve as the first line of defense against opioid fraud, waste, and abuse in Part D as they are 
responsible for paying claims and monitoring billing patterns.  However, there is currently a lack 
of transparency on how Part D sponsors identify and investigate these matters.  
 
3)  Improve Medicaid data.  
 
CMS does not have complete and accurate data needed to effectively oversee the Medicaid 
program, including opioids.  Without accurate claims data, adequate oversight of the Medicaid 
program is compromised.  OIG has a history of work that points to the incompleteness and 
inaccuracy of CMSs national Medicaid database, the Transformed Medicaid Statistical 
Information System (T-MSIS).  Without a national dataset, CMS, States, and OIG are unable to 
identify nation-wide trends and vulnerabilities.  This hampers program integrity efforts because 
fraud does not respect State boundaries.  OIG recommends that CMS establish a deadline for 
when national T-MSIS data will be available for multistate program integrity efforts. 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
OIG has made combatting the opioid crisis a top enforcement and oversight priority.  We will 
continue to leverage our analytic, investigative, and oversight tools, as well as our partnerships in 
the law enforcement and program integrity communities and with the Department to maximize 
our efforts.  OIG will remain vigilant in following and investigating emerging opioid fraud 
trends, especially schemes involving patient harm and abuse. 
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May 23, 2018