Title 1 USCTitle 1 Online@118-34not31 yes OLRC 2023-12-19T11:11:50 USCConverter 1.7.2  Title 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS This title was enacted by act July 30, 1947, ch. 388,  1 61 Stat. 633 Current through 118-34not31    Chap. Sec.  1. Rules of construction 1  2. Acts and resolutions; formalities of enactment; repeals; sealing of instruments 101  3. Code of Laws of United States and Supplements; District of Columbia Code and Supplements 201  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Positive Law; Citation This title has been made positive law by section 1 of act July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633 Title 1 of the United States Code entitled General Provisions, is codified and enacted into positive law and may be cited as 1 U. S. C.,  .  Repeals Act July 30, 1947, ch. 388,  2 61 Stat. 640 Writs of Error Act June 25, 1948, ch. 646,  23 62 Stat. 990 All Acts of Congress referring to writs of error shall be construed as amended to the extent necessary to substitute appeal for writ of error.       Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title  Title 1 Former Sections Revised Statutes Statutes at Large Title 1 New Sections  1 R.S.,  1 1 2 R.S.,  2 2 3 R.S.,  3 3 4 R.S.,  4 4 5 R.S.,  5 5 6 June 11, 1940, ch. 325,  1 54 Stat. 305 6 21 R.S.,  7 101 22 R.S.,  8 102 23 R.S.,  9 103 24 R.S.,  10 104 25 R.S.,  11 105 26 Nov. 1, 1893 106  Mar. 2, 1895, ch. 177,  1 28 Stat. 769 27 Mar. 6, 1920, ch. 94,  1 41 Stat. 520 107 28 R.S.,  12 108 29 R.S.,  13 109  Mar. 22, 1944, ch. 123 58 Stat. 118 29a R.S.,  5599 110 29b Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 202,  3 47 Stat. 1431 111 30 Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23,  73 28 Stat. 615 112  June 20, 1936, ch. 630,  9 49 Stat. 1551  June 16, 1938, ch. 477,  1 52 Stat. 760 30a R.S.,  908 113 31 R.S.,  6 114 51a Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  1 45 Stat. 1540 201 52 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  2 45 Stat. 1007 202  Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  2 45 Stat. 1541 53 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  3 45 Stat. 1007 203 54 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  4 45 Stat. 1007 204  Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  3 45 Stat. 1541 54a Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  4 45 Stat. 1542 205  Mar. 4, 1933, ch. 282,  1 47 Stat. 1603  June 13, 1934, ch. 483 48 Stat. 948 54b Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  5 45 Stat. 1542 206  Mar. 4, 1933, ch. 282,  1 47 Stat. 1603  June 13, 1934, ch. 483 48 Stat. 948 54c Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  6 45 Stat. 1542 207 54d Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 586,  7 45 Stat. 1542 208 55 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  5 45 Stat. 1007 209 56 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  6 45 Stat. 1007 210 57 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  7 45 Stat. 1008 211 58 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  8 45 Stat. 1008 212 59 May 29, 1928, ch. 910,  10 45 Stat. 1008 213 60 Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 202,  2 47 Stat. 1431 Rep. CHAPTER 1 RULES OF CONSTRUCTION    Sec.  1. Words denoting number, gender, etc. 1 1  2. County as including parish, etc. 1  3. Vessel as including all means of water transportation.  4. Vehicle as including all means of land transportation.  5. Company or association as including successors and assigns.  6. Limitation of term products of American fisheries.  7. Definition of marriage and spouse. 2 2 Pub. L. 117228  8. Person, human being, child, and individual as including born-alive infant.  Editorial Notes Amendments 2002 Pub. L. 107207,  2(b) Aug. 5, 2002 116 Stat. 926 1996 Pub. L. 104199,  3(b) Sept. 21, 1996 110 Stat. 2420  1. Words denoting number, gender, and so forth  In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise words importing the singular include and apply to several persons, parties, or things; words importing the plural include the singular; words importing the masculine gender include the feminine as well; words used in the present tense include the future as well as the present; the words insane and insane person shall include every idiot, insane person, and person non compos mentis; the words person and whoever include corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies, as well as individuals; officer includes any person authorized by law to perform the duties of the office; signature or subscription includes a mark when the person making the same intended it as such; oath includes affirmation, and sworn includes affirmed; writing includes printing and typewriting and reproductions of visual symbols by photographing, multigraphing, mimeographing, manifolding, or otherwise. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633 June 25, 1948, ch. 645,  6 62 Stat. 859 Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655,  1 65 Stat. 710 Pub. L. 112231,  2(a) Dec. 28, 2012 126 Stat. 1619  Editorial Notes Amendments 2012 Pub. L. 112231 1951Act Oct. 31, 1951 1948Act June 25, 1948 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Short Title of 2022 Amendment Pub. L. 117228,  1 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2305 This Act [enacting section 1738C of Title 28 section 7 of this title section 1738C of Title 28 section 7 of this title Short Title of 2012 Amendment Pub. L. 112231,  1 Dec. 28, 2012 126 Stat. 1619 This Act [amending this section and sections 92a, 215, and 215a of Title 12, Banks and Banking] may be cited as the 21st Century Language Act of 2012. Short Title of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107207,  1 Aug. 5, 2002 116 Stat. 926 This Act [enacting section 8 of this title Short Title of 1996 Amendment Pub. L. 104199,  1 Sept. 21, 1996 110 Stat. 2419 This Act [enacting section 7 of this title section 1738C of Title 28 References in Pub. L. 117328 Pub. L. 117328,  3 Dec. 29, 2022 136 Stat. 4461 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 117229 Pub. L. 117229,  3 Dec. 16, 2022 136 Stat. 2308 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Further Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2023, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 117103 Pub. L. 117103,  3 Mar. 15, 2022 136 Stat. 51 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11758 Pub. L. 11758,  2 Nov. 15, 2021 135 Stat. 442 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11743 Pub. L. 11743,  3 Sept. 30, 2021 135 Stat. 344 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 116260 Pub. L. 116260,  3 Dec. 27, 2020 134 Stat. 1185 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. Pub. L. 116260, div. K, title VII,  7034(q)(7) Dec. 27, 2020 134 Stat. 1754 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in titles I through VII [of div. K of Pub. L. 116260 References in Pub. L. 116159 Pub. L. 116159,  3 Oct. 1, 2020 134 Stat. 709 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 116136 Pub. L. 116136,  3 Mar. 27, 2020 134 Stat. 285 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act or the CARES Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 116127 Pub. L. 116127,  3 Mar. 18, 2020 134 Stat. 178 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Families First Coronavirus Response Act, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11694 Pub. L. 11694,  3 Dec. 20, 2019 133 Stat. 2536 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. Pub. L. 11694, div. F, title VI,  612 Dec. 20, 2019 133 Stat. 2815 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in this division [div. F of Pub. L. 11694 Pub. L. 11694, div. H, title IV,  420 Dec. 20, 2019 133 Stat. 3017 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in this division [div. H of Pub. L. 11694 References in Pub. L. 11693 Pub. L. 11693,  3 Dec. 20, 2019 133 Stat. 2318 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 1166 Pub. L. 1166,  3 Feb. 15, 2019 133 Stat. 14 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 115245 Pub. L. 115245,  3 Sept. 28, 2018 132 Stat. 2981 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 115244 Pub. L. 115244,  3 Sept. 21, 2018 132 Stat. 2897 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 115141 Pub. L. 115141,  3 Mar. 23, 2018 132 Stat. 350 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11556 Pub. L. 11556,  3 Sept. 8, 2017 131 Stat. 1129 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11531 Pub. L. 11531,  3 May 5, 2017 131 Stat. 137 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 114113 Pub. L. 114113,  3 Dec. 18, 2015 129 Stat. 2244 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11494 Pub. L. 11494, div. A,  1004 Dec. 4, 2015 129 Stat. 1322 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in this division [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division. References in Pub. L. 113235 Pub. L. 113235,  3 Dec. 16, 2014 128 Stat. 2132 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11376 Pub. L. 11376,  3 Jan. 17, 2014 128 Stat. 7 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11367 Pub. L. 11367, div. A,  1(c) Dec. 26, 2013 127 Stat. 1166 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 1136 Pub. L. 1136,  3 Mar. 26, 2013 127 Stat. 199 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in division A, B, C, D, or E of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11274 Pub. L. 11274,  3 Dec. 23, 2011 125 Stat. 787 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11255 Pub. L. 11255,  3 Nov. 18, 2011 125 Stat. 552 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 11210 Pub. L. 11210, div. A, title IX,  9015 Apr. 15, 2011 125 Stat. 102 Any reference to this Act in this division [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2011, see Tables for classification] shall apply solely to this division. References in Pub. L. 111118 Pub. L. 111118,  3 Dec. 19, 2009 123 Stat. 3409 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 111117 Pub. L. 111117,  3 Dec. 16, 2009 123 Stat. 3035 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 1118 Pub. L. 1118,  3 Mar. 11, 2009 123 Stat. 525 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 1115 Pub. L. 1115,  4 Feb. 17, 2009 123 Stat. 116 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 110329 Pub. L. 110329,  3 Sept. 30, 2008 122 Stat. 3574 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act or this joint resolution contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 110161 Pub. L. 110161,  3 Dec. 26, 2007 121 Stat. 1845 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 110116 Pub. L. 110116,  2 Nov. 13, 2007 121 Stat. 1295 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referencing only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 109289 Pub. L. 109289, div. A, title VIII,  8112 Sept. 29, 2006 120 Stat. 1299 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in this division [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2007, see Tables for classification] shall be referring only to the provisions of this division. References in Pub. L. 109148 Pub. L. 109148, div. B, title V,  5002 Dec. 30, 2005 119 Stat. 2813 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in either division A [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2006, see Tables for classification] or division B [Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Pandemic Influenza, 2006, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 109115 Pub. L. 109115, div. A, title VIII,  847 Nov. 30, 2005 119 Stat. 2507 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in this division [Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of this division. References in Pub. L. 108447 Pub. L. 108447,  3 Dec. 8, 2004 118 Stat. 2810 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 108199 Pub. L. 108199,  3 Jan. 23, 2004 118 Stat. 4 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. References in Pub. L. 1087 Pub. L. 1087,  3 Feb. 20, 2003 117 Stat. 12 Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference to this Act contained in any division of this joint resolution [Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, see Tables for classification] shall be treated as referring only to the provisions of that division. Continental United States Pub. L. 8670,  48 June 25, 1959 73 Stat. 154 Whenever the phrase continental United States is used in any law of the United States enacted after the date of enactment of this Act [ June 25, 1959  2. County as including parish, and so forth  The word county includes a parish, or any other equivalent subdivision of a State or Territory of the United States. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633  3. Vessel as including all means of water transportation  The word vessel includes every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633  4. Vehicle as including all means of land transportation  The word vehicle includes every description of carriage or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on land. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633  5. Company or association as including successors and assigns  The word company or association, when used in reference to a corporation, shall be deemed to embrace the words successors and assigns of such company or association, in like manner as if these last-named words, or words of similar import, were expressed. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 633  6. Limitation of term products of American fisheries  Wherever, in the statutes of the United States or in the rulings, regulations, or interpretations of various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States there appears or may appear the term products of American fisheries said term shall not include fresh or frozen fish fillets, fresh or frozen fish steaks, or fresh or frozen slices of fish substantially free of bone (including any of the foregoing divided into sections), produced in a foreign country or its territorial waters, in whole or in part with the use of the labor of persons who are not residents of the United States. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  7. Marriage (a) For the purposes of any Federal law, rule, or regulation in which marital status is a factor, an individual shall be considered married if that individuals marriage is between 2 individuals and is valid in the State where the marriage was entered into or, in the case of a marriage entered into outside any State, if the marriage is between 2 individuals and is valid in the place where entered into and the marriage could have been entered into in a State. (b) In this section, the term State means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any other territory or possession of the United States. (c) For purposes of subsection (a), in determining whether a marriage is valid in a State or the place where entered into, if outside of any State, only the law of the jurisdiction applicable at the time the marriage was entered into may be considered. (Added Pub. L. 104199,  3(a) Sept. 21, 1996 110 Stat. 2419 Pub. L. 117228,  5 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2306  Editorial Notes Amendments 2022 Pub. L. 117228 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Severability Pub. L. 117228,  8 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2307 If any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title Findings Pub. L. 117228,  2 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2305  Congress finds the following: (1) No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. (2) Diverse beliefs about the role of gender in marriage are held by reasonable and sincere people based on decent and honorable religious or philosophical premises. Therefore, Congress affirms that such people and their diverse beliefs are due proper respect. (3) Millions of people, including interracial and same-sex couples, have entered into marriages and have enjoyed the rights and privileges associated with marriage. Couples joining in marriage deserve to have the dignity, stability, and ongoing protection that marriage affords to families and children. No Impact on Religious Liberty and Conscience Pub. L. 117228,  6 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2306  (a)  In General Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title (b)  Goods or Services Consistent with the First Amendment to the Constitution, nonprofit religious organizations, including churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, nondenominational ministries, interdenominational and ecumenical organizations, mission organizations, faith-based social agencies, religious educational institutions, and nonprofit entities whose principal purpose is the study, practice, or advancement of religion, and any employee of such an organization, shall not be required to provide services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage. Any refusal under this subsection to provide such services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges shall not create any civil claim or cause of action. Statutory Prohibition Pub. L. 117228,  7 Dec. 13, 2022 136 Stat. 2306  (a)  No Impact on Status and Benefits Not Arising From a Marriage Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title (b)  No Federal Recognition of Polygamous Marriages Nothing in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to require or authorize Federal recognition of marriages between more than 2 individuals.  8. Person, human being, child, and individual as including born-alive infant (a) In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the words person, human being, child, and individual, shall include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development. (b) As used in this section, the term born alive, with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that member, at any stage of development, who after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, regardless of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether the expulsion or extraction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being born alive as defined in this section. (Added Pub. L. 107207,  2(a) Aug. 5, 2002 116 Stat. 926 CHAPTER 2 ACTS AND RESOLUTIONS; FORMALITIES OF ENACTMENT; REPEALS; SEALING OF INSTRUMENTS    Sec.  101. Enacting clause.  102. Resolving clause.  103. Enacting or resolving words after first section.  104. Numbering of sections; single proposition.  105. Title of appropriation Acts.  106. Printing bills and joint resolutions.  106a. Promulgation of laws.  106b. Amendments to Constitution.  107. Parchment or paper for printing enrolled bills or resolutions.  108. Repeal of repealing act.  109. Repeal of statutes as affecting existing liabilities.  110. Saving clause of Revised Statutes.  111. Repeals as evidence of prior effectiveness.  112. Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence.  112a. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements; contents; admissibility in evidence.  112b. United States international agreements and non-binding instruments; transparency provisions.  113. Little and Browns edition of laws and treaties; slip laws; Treaties and Other International Act 1 1  114. Sealing of instruments.  Editorial Notes Amendments 2022 Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(a)(2) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3481 1972 Pub. L. 92403,  2 Aug. 22, 1972 86 Stat. 619 1966 Pub. L. 89497,  2 July 8, 1966 80 Stat. 271 1951 Act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655,  2(a) 65 Stat. 710 1950 Act Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001,  3 64 Stat. 980  101. Enacting clause  The enacting clause of all Acts of Congress shall be in the following form: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  102. Resolving clause  The resolving clause of all joint resolutions shall be in the following form: Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  103. Enacting or resolving words after first section  No enacting or resolving words shall be used in any section of an Act or resolution of Congress except in the first. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  104. Numbering of sections; single proposition  Each section shall be numbered, and shall contain, as nearly as may be, a single proposition of enactment. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  105. Title of appropriation Acts  The style and title of all Acts making appropriations for the support of Government shall be as follows: An Act making appropriations (here insert the object) for the year ending September 30 (here insert the calendar year). ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634 Pub. L. 93344, title V,  506(a) July 12, 1974 88 Stat. 322  Editorial Notes Amendments 1974 Pub. L. 93344 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1974 Amendment Pub. L. 93344, title V,  506(b) July 12, 1974 88 Stat. 322 Pub. L. 93344 Oct. 1, 1976 Pub. L. 93344 Pub. L. 101508, title XIII,  13201(a) Nov. 5, 1990 104 Stat. 1388609  106. Printing bills and joint resolutions  Every bill or joint resolution in each House of Congress shall, when such bill or resolution passes either House, be printed, and such printed copy shall be called the engrossed bill or resolution as the case may be. Said engrossed bill or resolution shall be signed by the Clerk of the House or the Secretary of the Senate, and shall be sent to the other House, and in that form shall be dealt with by that House and its officers, and, if passed, returned signed by said Clerk or Secretary. When such bill, or joint resolution shall have passed both Houses, it shall be printed and shall then be called the enrolled bill, or joint resolution, as the case may be, and shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses and sent to the President of the United States. During the last six days of a session such engrossing and enrolling of bills and joint resolutions may be done otherwise than as above prescribed, upon the order of Congress by concurrent resolution. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 634  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Reference to OBRA; Effective Date; Ratification of Enrollment Corrections and Printed Enrollment Pub. L. 100360, title IV,  411(a) July 1, 1988 102 Stat. 768  (1)  Reference In this section, the term OBRA refers to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 ( Public Law 100203 Pub. L. 100203 Dec. 22, 1987 101 Stat. 1330 (2)  Effective date Except as specifically provided in this section, the amendments made by this section [amending sections 254 o l o l l (3)  Ratification of enrollment corrections and printed enrollment. (A)  In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the enrollment corrections noted in footnotes numbered 9 through 72 of OBRA are hereby ratified and shall be considered to have been enacted as part of OBRA. The printed enrollment of title IV of OBRA [ Pub. L. 100203, title IV Dec. 22, 1987 101 Stat. 133039 section 8004 of Pub. L. 100203 (B)  Footnote corrections (i) With respect to the reference to which footnote 28 relates ( 101 Stat. 133081 (ii) With respect to the word to which footnote 30 relates ( 101 Stat. 133091 (iii) With respect to the designation to which footnote 52 relates ( 101 Stat. 1330151 (C)  Clarifications of illegible matter (i) Section 1842(n)(1)(A) of the Social Security Act, as added by section 4051(a) of OBRA ( 101 Stat. 133093 42 U.S.C. 1395m(n)(1)(A) (ii) Section 1834(a)(7)(B)(i) of the Social Security Act, as inserted by section 4062(b) of OBRA ( 101 Stat. 1330103 42 U.S.C. 1395m(a)(7)(B)(i) Printed Enrollments Prepared After Enactment Pub. L. 10693 Nov. 10, 1999 113 Stat. 1310 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the remainder of the first session of the One Hundred Sixth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2000 Pub. L. 105253 Oct. 12, 1998 112 Stat. 1887 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the remainder of the One Hundred Fifth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999 Pub. L. 105120 Nov. 26, 1997 111 Stat. 2527 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived for the balance of the first session of the One Hundred Fifth Congress with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any bill or joint resolution making general appropriations for the fiscal year ending on September 30, 1998 September 30, 1998 Pub. L. 10532 Aug. 1, 1997 111 Stat. 250 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 2014 [ Pub. L. 10534 Aug. 5, 1997 111 Stat. 788 Pub. L. 10533 Aug. 5, 1997 111 Stat. 251 Pub. L. 104207 Sept. 30, 1996 110 Stat. 3008  SECTION 1. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING. (a)  Waiver The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any appropriation measure of the One Hundred Fourth Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [ Sept. 30, 1996 (b)  Certification of Enrollment by Committee on House Oversight The enrollment of any such measure shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. SEC. 2. APPROPRIATION MEASURE DEFINED. For purposes of this joint resolution, the term appropriation measure means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions making general or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1997 Pub. L. 104129 Apr. 9, 1996 110 Stat. 1199 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 3019 [ Pub. L. 104134 Apr. 26, 1996 110 Stat. 1321 Pub. L. 104121 Mar. 29, 1996 110 Stat. 847 Pub. L. 10456, title II Nov. 20, 1995 109 Stat. 553  SEC. 201. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING. (a)  Waiver The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any of the following measures of the first session of the One Hundred Fourth Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [ Nov. 20, 1995 (1) A continuing resolution. (2) A debt limit extension measure. (3) A reconciliation bill. (b)  Certification by Committee on House Oversight The enrollment of a measure to which subsection (a) applies shall be in such form as the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. SEC. 202. DEFINITIONS. As used in this joint resolution: (1)  Continuing resolution The term continuing resolution means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 1996. (2)  Debt limit extension measure The term debt limit extension measure means a bill or joint resolution that includes provisions increasing or waiving (for a temporary period or otherwise) the public debt limit under section 3101(b) of title 31 (3)  Reconciliation bill The term reconciliation bill means a bill that is a reconciliation bill within the meaning of section 310 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [ 2 U.S.C. 641 Identical provisions were contained in Pub. L. 10454, title II Nov. 19, 1995 109 Stat. 545 Pub. L. 102387 Oct. 6, 1992 106 Stat. 1519 That the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any appropriation bill of the One Hundred Second Congress hereafter to be presented to the President. Such an enrollment shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. As used in this resolution, the term appropriation bill means a bill or joint resolution making or continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993 Pub. L. 102260 Mar. 20, 1992 106 Stat. 85  SECTION 1. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING. The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of H.R. 4210 of the 102d Congress [H.R. 4210 was vetoed by the President on Mar. 20, 1992 SEC. 2. CERTIFICATION BY COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION. The enrollment of H.R. 4210 of the 102d Congress shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. Pub. L. 101497 Oct. 31, 1990 104 Stat. 1205  SECTION 1. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING OF ENROLLMENT OF CERTAIN MEASURES. (a)  Waiver The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of S. 2830 [ Pub. L. 101624 Nov. 28, 1990 104 Stat. 3359 (b)  Certification of Enrollment by the Secretary of the Senate The enrollment of S. 2830 shall be in such form as the Secretary of the Senate certifies to be a true enrollment. SEC. 2. SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENT. (a)  Preparation. (1)  In general If S. 2830 is presented to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1, then upon the enactment of that bill the Secretary of the Senate shall prepare a printed enrollment of the bill as in the case of a bill to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. (2)  Typographical corrections A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in indentation, type face, and type size and may include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of obvious errors in spelling or punctuation in the hand enrollment. (b)  Transmittal to President A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a), after being certified by the Secretary of the Senate to be a correct printing of the hand enrollment, shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress and transmitted to the President. (c)  Certification by President; Preservation in Archives Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. (d)  Publication of Law In preparing the bill or joint resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. As used in this resolution: (1) [sic] Hand enrollment The term hand enrollment means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill or joint resolution for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code. Pub. L. 101466 Oct. 27, 1990 104 Stat. 1084  SECTION 1. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR PARCHMENT PRINTING OF ENROLLMENT OF CERTAIN MEASURES. (a)  Waiver The provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any reconciliation bill, appropriation bill, or continuing resolution of the One Hundred First Congress presented to the President after the enactment of this joint resolution [ Oct. 27, 1990 (b)  Certification of Enrollment by Committee on House Administration The enrollment of any such bill or joint resolution shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. SEC. 2. SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENT. (a)  Preparation. (1)  In general If a reconciliation bill, appropriation bill, or continuing resolution is presented to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1, then upon the enactment of that bill or joint resolution the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of the bill or joint resolution as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. (2)  Typographical corrections A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in indentation, type face, and type size and may include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of obvious errors in spelling or punctuation in the hand enrollment. (b)  Transmittal to President A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a), after being certified by the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives to be a correct printing of the hand enrollment, shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress and transmitted to the President. (c)  Certification by President; Preservation in Archives Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. (d)  Publication of Law In preparing the bill or joint resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. As used in this resolution: (1)  Reconciliation bill The term reconciliation bill means a bill to provide for reconciliation pursuant to section 4 of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1991. (2)  Appropriation bill The term appropriation bill means a general appropriation bill making appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991 (3)  Continuing resolution The term continuing resolution means a joint resolution making continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1991. (4)  Hand enrollment The term hand enrollment means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill or joint resolution for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code. Pub. L. 100454 Sept. 29, 1988 102 Stat. 1914  SECTION 1. HAND ENROLLMENT AUTHORIZED FOR GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS BILLS. (a)  Waiver of Certain Laws With Respect to Printing of Enrolled Bills During the remainder of the second session of the One Hundredth Congress, the provisions of sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, are waived with respect to the printing (on parchment or otherwise) of the enrollment of any general appropriations bill making appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989 (b)  Certification by Committee on House Administration The enrollment of any such bill shall be in such form as the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives certifies to be a true enrollment. SEC. 2. SUBSEQUENT PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION OF PRINTED ENROLLMENTS. (a)  Preparation. (1)  In general Upon the enactment of a bill following presentment of such bill to the President in the form of a hand enrollment pursuant to the authority of section 1 of this resolution, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of that bill as in the case of a bill to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. (2)  Limited stylistic corrections A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections. (b)  Transmittal to President A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a) shall be signed by the presiding officer of each House of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment and shall be transmitted to the President. (c)  Certification by President; Legal Effect Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of the bill concerned and as valid evidence of the enactment of that bill. (d)  Archives A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing the bill concerned for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 (e)  Hand Enrollment Defined As used in this section, the term hand enrollment means the enrollment, as authorized by section 1, of a bill for presentment to the President in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code. Pub. L. 100203, title VIII,  8004 Dec. 22, 1987 101 Stat. 1330282  (a)  Preparation of Printed Enrollment (1) Upon the enactment of this Act enrolled as a hand enrollment, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of this Act as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. Such enrollment shall be a correct enrollment of this Act as enrolled in the hand enrollment. (2) A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to paragraph (1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections. (b)  Transmittal to President A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (a) shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this Act and shall be transmitted to the President. (c)  Certification by President; Legal Effect Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (b) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this Act, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of this Act and as valid evidence of the enactment of this Act. (d)  Archives A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (c) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing this Act for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 (e)  Hand Enrollment Defined As used in this section, the term hand enrollment means enrollment in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, as authorized by the joint resolution entitled Joint resolution authorizing the hand enrollment of the budget reconciliation bill and of the full-year continuing resolution for fiscal year 1988, approved December 1987 (H.J. Res. 426 of the 100th Congress) [ Pub. L. 100199 Dec. 21, 1987 101 Stat. 1326 Pub. L. 100202,  101(n) Dec. 22, 1987 101 Stat. 1329432  (1) Upon the enactment of this resolution enrolled as a hand enrollment, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall prepare a printed enrollment of this resolution as in the case of a bill or joint resolution to which sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, apply. Such enrollment shall be a correct enrollment of this resolution as enrolled in the hand enrollment. (2) A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (n)(1) may, in order to conform to customary style for printed laws, include corrections in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment. Such a printed enrollment shall include notations (in the margins or as otherwise appropriate) of all such corrections. (3) A printed enrollment prepared pursuant to subsection (n)(1) shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses of Congress as a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this resolution and shall be transmitted to the President. (4) Upon certification by the President that a printed enrollment transmitted pursuant to subsection (n)(3) is a correct printing of the hand enrollment of this resolution, such printed enrollment shall be considered for all purposes as the original enrollment of this resolution and as valid evidence of the enactment of this resolution. (5) A printed enrollment certified by the President under subsection (n)(4) shall be transmitted to the Archivist of the United States, who shall preserve it with the hand enrollment. In preparing this resolution for publication in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 (6) As used in this section, the term hand enrollment means enrollment in a form other than the printed form required by sections 106 and 107 of title 1, United States Code, as authorized by the joint resolution entitled Joint resolution authorizing the hand enrollment of the budget reconciliation bill and of the full-year continuing resolution for fiscal year 1988, approved December 1987 (H.J. Res. 426 of the 100th Congress) [ Pub. L. 100199 Dec. 21, 1987 101 Stat. 1326 Executive Documents Certification of Printed Enrollments of Certain Public Laws Memorandum of the President of the United States, Jan. 10, 1991 Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including Section 301 of Title 3 Public Law 101508 November 5, 1990 Public Law 101466 Attached is the printed enrollment that was received at the White House on January 7, 1991 This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.  George Bush. Memorandum of the President of the United States, Dec. 12, 1988 Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including Section 301 of Title 3 Public Law 100461 Public Law 100462 Public Law 100463 October 1, 1988 Public Law 100454 Attached are the printed enrollments of H.R. 4637, H.R. 4776, and H.R. 4781, which were received at the White House on December 1, 1988 This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.  Ronald Reagan. Memorandum of the President of the United States, Jan. 28, 1988 Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including Section 301 of Title 3 Public Law 100202 Public Law 100203 December 22, 1987 Attached are the printed enrollments of H.J. Res. 395 and H.R. 3545, which were received at the White House on January 27, 1988 This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.  Ronald Reagan.  106a. Promulgation of laws  Whenever a bill, order, resolution, or vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, having been approved by the President, or not having been returned by him with his objections, becomes a law or takes effect, it shall forthwith be received by the Archivist of the United States from the President; and whenever a bill, order, resolution, or vote is returned by the President with his objections, and, on being reconsidered, is agreed to be passed, and is approved by two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and thereby becomes a law or takes effect, it shall be received by the Archivist of the United States from the President of the Senate, or Speaker of the House of Representatives in whichsoever House it shall last have been so approved, and he shall carefully preserve the originals. (Added Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655,  2(b) 65 Stat. 710 Pub. L. 98497, title I,  107(d) Oct. 19, 1984 98 Stat. 2291  Editorial Notes Amendments 1984 Pub. L. 98497 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98497 Apr. 1, 1985 section 301 of Pub. L. 98497 section 2102 of Title 44  Similar Provisions; Repeal; Saving Clause; Delegation of Functions; Transfer of Property and Personnel Similar provisions were contained in R.S.  204; act Dec. 28, 1874, ch. 9,  2 18 Stat. 294 May 24, 1950 64 Stat. 1272 Oct. 31, 1951 l Oct. 31, 1951  106b. Amendments to Constitution  Whenever official notice is received at the National Archives and Records Administration that any amendment proposed to the Constitution of the United States has been adopted, according to the provisions of the Constitution, the Archivist of the United States shall forthwith cause the amendment to be published, with his certificate, specifying the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States. (Added Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655,  2(b) 65 Stat. 710 Pub. L. 98497, title I,  107(d) Oct. 19, 1984 98 Stat. 2291  Editorial Notes Amendments 1984 Pub. L. 98497 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98497 Apr. 1, 1985 section 301 of Pub. L. 98497 section 2102 of Title 44  Similar Provisions; Repeal; Saving Clause; Delegation of Functions; Transfer of Property and Personnel Similar provisions were contained in R.S.  205; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20,  1, eff. May 24, 1950 64 Stat. 1272 Oct. 31, 1951 l Oct. 31, 1951  107. Parchment or paper for printing enrolled bills or resolutions  Enrolled bills and resolutions of either House of Congress shall be printed on parchment or paper of suitable quality as shall be determined by the Joint Committee on Printing. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 635  108. Repeal of repealing act  Whenever an Act is repealed, which repealed a former Act, such former Act shall not thereby be revived, unless it shall be expressly so provided. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 635  109. Repeal of statutes as affecting existing liabilities  The repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability. The expiration of a temporary statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute, unless the temporary statute shall so expressly provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture, or liability. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 635  110. Saving clause of Revised Statutes  All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of offenses, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, embraced in the Revised Statutes and covered by the repeal contained therein, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecutions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising, or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had not been made. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 635  111. Repeals as evidence of prior effectiveness  No inference shall be raised by the enactment of the Act of March 3, 1933 47 Stat. 1431 Provided, however ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 635  Editorial Notes  References in Text Act of March 3, 1933 July 30, 1947  112. Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence  The Archivist of the United States shall cause to be compiled, edited, indexed, and published, the United States Statutes at Large, which shall contain all the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during each regular session of Congress; all proclamations by the President in the numbered series issued since the date of the adjournment of the regular session of Congress next preceding; and also any amendments to the Constitution of the United States proposed or ratified pursuant to article V thereof since that date, together with the certificate of the Archivist of the United States issued in compliance with the provision contained in section 106b of this title ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 636 Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001,  1 64 Stat. 979 Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655,  3 65 Stat. 710 Pub. L. 98497, title I,  107(d) Oct. 19, 1984 98 Stat. 2291  Editorial Notes Amendments 1984 Pub. L. 98497 1951Act Oct. 31, 1951 1950Act Sept. 23, 1950 May 24, 1950 64 Stat. 1272 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98497 Apr. 1, 1985 section 301 of Pub. L. 98497 section 2102 of Title 44 Publishing Pub. L. 115141 Pub. L. 115141, div. G, title I,  121(c) Mar. 23, 2018 132 Stat. 662 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 June 29, 2017 Mar. 1, 2017 Oct. 25, 2017 Publishing Pub. L. 11531 Pub. L. 11531, div. G, title IV,  431(b) May 5, 2017 131 Stat. 502 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Apr. 20, 2017 Mar. 30, 2017 Apr. 5, 2017 Publishing Pub. L. 107206 Pub. L. 107206, title III,  3002(h) Aug. 2, 2002 116 Stat. 924 In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) [set out as a Short Title of 2002 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 39 Publication of Certain Laws of 106th Congress Pub. L. 106554,  1(b) Dec. 21, 2000 114 Stat. 2763 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Dec. 14, 2000 Dec. 15, 2000 Pub. L. 106553,  1(b) Dec. 21, 2000 114 Stat. 2762 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 25, 2000 Pub. L. 106429,  101(a) [title V,  595(b)] Nov. 6, 2000 114 Stat. 1900 In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law S. 3140 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Sept. 28, 2000 Pub. L. 106429,  101(b) Nov. 6, 2000 114 Stat. 1900 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 24, 2000 Pub. L. 106398,  2 Oct. 30, 2000 114 Stat. 1654 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 6, 2000 Pub. L. 106387,  1(b) Oct. 28, 2000 114 Stat. 1549 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 6, 2000 Pub. L. 106377,  1(b) Oct. 27, 2000 114 Stat. 1441 In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 18, 2000 Pub. L. 106346,  101(b) Oct. 23, 2000 114 Stat. 1356 In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1 Oct. 5, 2000 Pub. L. 106113, div. B,  1000(b) Nov. 29, 1999 113 Stat. 1536 In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 3421, H.R. 3422, H.R. 3423, H.R. 3424, H.R. 3425, H.R. 3426, H.R. 3427 (as amended), H.R. 3428, and S. 1948 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Nov. 17, 1999 Effect of Repeal of Section 73 of Act Jan. 12, 1895 This section and section 112a of this title act Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23 28 Stat. 615 act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655 65 Stat. 729  112a. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements; contents; admissibility in evidence (a) The Secretary of State shall cause to be compiled, edited, indexed, and published, beginning as of January 1, 1950 (b) Copies of international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments in the possession of the Department of State, but not published, other than the agreements described in section 112b(b)(3)(A), shall be made available by the Department of State upon request. (Added Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001,  2 64 Stat. 980 Pub. L. 103236, title I,  138 Apr. 30, 1994 108 Stat. 397 Pub. L. 108458, title VII,  7121(a) Dec. 17, 2004 118 Stat. 3807 Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(b) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3482  Editorial Notes Amendments 2022Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 117263 2004Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108458 1994 Pub. L. 103236 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 2022 Amendment Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(c) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3482 The amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 112b of this title section 195c of Title 6 Effective Date of 2004 Amendment Pub. L. 108458, title VII,  7122 Dec. 17, 2004 118 Stat. 3808 Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act [see Tables for classification], this subtitle [subtitle A ( 71017122) of title VII of Pub. L. 108458 section 112b of this title section 1189 of Title 8 section 4605 of Title 50 section 2374 of Title 22 section 1189 of Title 8 section 4605 of Title 50 section 112b of this title Dec. 17, 2004 Effect of Repeal of Section 73 of Act Jan. 12, 1895 This section and section 112 of this title act Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23 28 Stat. 615 act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655 65 Stat. 729 Written Requests for Documents Copies of United States Treaties and Other International Agreements not available to Senators or Representatives unless specifically requested by them, in writing, see Pub. L. 9459, title VIII,  801 July 25, 1975 89 Stat. 296 section 1317 of Title 44  112b. United States international agreements and non-binding instruments; transparency provisions (a) (1) Not less frequently than once each month, the Secretary shall provide in writing to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees the following: (A) (i) A list of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments signed, concluded, or otherwise finalized during the prior month. (ii) The text of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments described in clause (i). (iii) A detailed description of the legal authority that, in the view of the Secretary, provides authorization for each international agreement and that, in the view of the appropriate department or agency, provides authorization for each qualifying non-binding instrument provided under clause (ii) to become operative. If multiple authorities are relied upon in relation to an international agreement, the Secretary shall cite all such authorities, and if multiple authorities are relied upon in relation to a qualifying non-binding instrument, the appropriate department or agency shall cite all such authorities. All citations to the Constitution of the United States, a treaty, or a statute shall include the specific article or section and subsection reference whenever available and, if not available, shall be as specific as possible. If the authority relied upon is or includes article II of the Constitution of the United States, the Secretary or appropriate department or agency shall explain the basis for that reliance. (B) (i) A list of all international agreements that entered into force and qualifying non-binding instruments that became operative for the United States or an agency of the United States during the prior month. (ii) The text of all international agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments described in clause (i) if such text differs from the text of the agreement or instrument previously provided pursuant to subparagraph (A)(ii). (iii) A statement describing any new or amended statutory or regulatory authority anticipated to be required to fully implement each proposed international agreement and qualifying non-binding instrument included in the list described in clause (i). (2) The information and text required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. (b) (1) Not later than 120 days after the date on which an international agreement enters into force, the Secretary shall make the text of the agreement, and the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to the agreement, available to the public on the website of the Department of State. (2) Not less frequently than once every 120 days, the Secretary shall make the text of each qualifying non-binding instrument that became operative during the preceding 120 days, and the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to each such instrument, available to the public on the website of the Department of State. (3) The requirements under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to the following categories of international agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments, or to information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1) relating to such agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments: (A) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that contain information that has been given a national security classification pursuant to Executive Order 13526 ( 50 U.S.C. 3161 (B) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that address military operations, military exercises, acquisition and cross servicing, logistics support, military personnel exchange or education programs, or the provision of health care to military personnel on a reciprocal basis. (C) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that establish the terms of grant or other similar assistance, including in-kind assistance, financed with foreign assistance funds pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 7 U.S.C. 1691 (D) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments, such as project annexes and other similar instruments, for which the principal function is to establish technical details for the implementation of a specific project undertaken pursuant to another agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument that has been published in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2). (E) International agreements and qualifying non-binding instruments that have been separately published by a depositary or other similar administrative body, except that the Secretary shall make the information described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of subsection (a)(1), relating to such agreements or qualifying non-binding instruments, available to the public on the website of the Department of State within the timeframes required by paragraph (1) or (2). (c) For any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument for which an implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned regardless of the title of the document, is not otherwise required to be submitted to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees under subparagraphs (A)(ii) or (B)(ii) of subsection (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary receives a written communication from the Chair or Ranking Member of either of the appropriate congressional committees requesting the text of any such implementing agreements or arrangements, whether binding or non-binding, the Secretary shall submit such implementing agreements or arrangements to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees. (d) Any department or agency of the United States Government that enters into any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States shall (1) provide to the Secretary the text of each international agreement not later than 15 days after the date on which such agreement is signed or otherwise concluded; (2) provide to the Secretary the text of each qualifying non-binding instrument not later than 15 days after the date on which such instrument is concluded or otherwise becomes finalized; (3) provide to the Secretary a detailed description of the legal authority that provides authorization for each qualifying non-binding instrument to become operative not later than 15 days after such instrument is signed or otherwise becomes finalized; and (4) on an ongoing basis, provide any implementing material to the Secretary for transmittal to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees as needed to satisfy the requirements described in subsection (c). (e) (1) Each department or agency of the United States Government that enters into any international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States shall designate a Chief International Agreements Officer, who shall (A) be selected from among employees of such department or agency; (B) serve concurrently as the Chief International Agreements Officer; and (C) subject to the authority of the head of such department or agency, have department- or agency-wide responsibility for efficient and appropriate compliance with this section. (2) There shall be a Chief International Agreements Officer who serves at the Department of State with the title of International Agreements Compliance Officer. (f) The substance of oral international agreements shall be reduced to writing for the purpose of meeting the requirements of subsections (a) and (b). (g) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an international agreement may not be signed or otherwise concluded on behalf of the United States without prior consultation with the Secretary. Such consultation may encompass a class of agreements rather than a particular agreement. (h) (1) Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this section, and not less frequently than once every 3 years thereafter during the 9-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this section, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct an audit of the compliance of the Secretary with the requirements of this section. (2) In any instance in which a failure by the Secretary to comply with such requirements is determined by the Comptroller General to have been due to the failure or refusal of another agency to provide information or material to the Department of State, or the failure to do so in a timely manner, the Comptroller General shall engage such other agency to determine (A) the cause and scope of such failure or refusal; (B) the specific office or offices responsible for such failure or refusal; and (C) recommendations for measures to ensure compliance with statutory requirements. (3) The Comptroller General shall submit to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, and the appropriate congressional committees in writing the results of each audit required by paragraph (1). (4) The Comptroller General and the Secretary shall make the results of each audit required by paragraph (1) publicly available on the websites of the Government Accountability Office and the Department of State, respectively. (i) The President shall, through the Secretary, promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section. (j) It is the sense of Congress that the executive branch should not prescribe or otherwise commit to or include specific legislative text in a treaty, executive agreement, or non-binding instrument unless Congress has authorized such action. (k) In this section: (1) The term appropriate congressional committees means (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. (2) The term appropriate department or agency means the department or agency of the United States Government that negotiates and enters into a qualifying non-binding instrument on behalf of itself or the United States. (3) The term intelligence community has the meaning given that term in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 ( 50 U.S.C. 3003(4) (4) The term international agreement includes (A) any treaty that requires the advice and consent of the Senate, pursuant to article II of the Constitution of the United States; and (B) any other international agreement to which the United States is a party and that is not subject to the advice and consent of the Senate. (5) The term qualifying non-binding instrument (A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), means a non-binding instrument that (i) is or will be under negotiation, is signed or otherwise becomes operative, or is implemented with one or more foreign governments, international organizations, or foreign entities, including non-state actors; and (ii) (I) could reasonably be expected to have a significant impact on the foreign policy of the United States; or (II) is the subject of a written communication from the Chair or Ranking Member of either of the appropriate congressional committees to the Secretary; and (B) does not include any non-binding instrument that is signed or otherwise becomes operative or is implemented pursuant to the authorities relied upon by the Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States, or any element of the intelligence community. (6) The term Secretary means the Secretary of State. (7) (A) The term text with respect to an international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument includes (i) any annex, appendix, codicil, side agreement, side letter, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned, regardless of the title of the document, that is entered into contemporaneously and in conjunction with the international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument; and (ii) any implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function to the aforementioned regardless of the title of the document, that is entered into contemporaneously and in conjunction with the international agreement or qualifying non-binding instrument. (B) As used in subparagraph (A), the term contemporaneously and in conjunction with (i) shall be construed liberally; and (ii) may not be interpreted to require any action to have occurred simultaneously or on the same day. (l) Nothing in this section may be construed (1) to authorize the withholding from disclosure to the public of any record if such disclosure is required by law; or (2) to require the provision of any implementing agreement or arrangement, or any document of similar purpose or function regardless of its title, which was entered into by the Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States, or any element of the intelligence community or any implementing material originating with the aforementioned agencies, if such implementing agreement, arrangement, document, or material was not required to be provided to the Majority Leader of the Senate, the Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, or the appropriate congressional committees prior to the date of the enactment of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023. (Added Pub. L. 92403,  1 Aug. 22, 1972 86 Stat. 619 Pub. L. 9545,  5 June 15, 1977 91 Stat. 224 Pub. L. 95426, title VII,  708 Oct. 7, 1978 92 Stat. 993 Pub. L. 103437,  1 Nov. 2, 1994 108 Stat. 4581 Pub. L. 108458, title VII,  7121(b) Dec. 17, 2004 118 Stat. 3807 Pub. L. 116260, div. FF, title XVII,  1708(b) Dec. 27, 2020 134 Stat. 3298 Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(a)(1) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3476  Editorial Notes  References in Text Executive Order 13526, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A), is Ex. Ord. No. 13526, Dec. 29, 2009 section 3161 of Title 50 The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(C), is Pub. L. 87195 Sept. 4, 1961 75 Stat. 424 section 2151 of Title 22 The Food for Peace Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(C), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469 68 Stat. 454 section 1691 of Title 7 The date of the enactment of this section, and the date of the enactment of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, referred to in subsecs. (h)(1) and ( l Pub. L. 117263 Dec. 23, 2022 Amendments 2022 Pub. L. 117263 2020Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116260 2004Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108458,  7121(b) Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108458,  7121(c) Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108458,  7121(d) Pub. L. 108458,  7121(c)(1) Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108458,  7121(c)(1) 1994Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103437 1978 Pub. L. 95426 1977 Pub. L. 9545 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Change of Name Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007 Effective Date of 2022 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 117263 Dec. 23, 2022 section 5947(c) of Pub. L. 117263 section 112a of this title Short Title This section is popularly known as the Case-Zablocki Act. Rules and Regulations Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(a)(5) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3482 Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 section 112b of title 1 Mechanism for Reporting Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(a)(4) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3481 Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 section 112b of title 1 Consultation and Briefing Requirement Pub. L. 117263, div. E, title LIX,  5947(a)(6) Dec. 23, 2022 136 Stat. 3482  (A)  Consultation The Secretary of State shall consult with the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on matters related to the implementation of this section [amending this section, section 112a of this title section 195c of Title 6 section 112a of this title section 112a of this title (B)  Briefing Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 Enforcement Pub. L. 100204, title I,  139 Dec. 22, 1987 101 Stat. 1347 Pub. L. 108458, title VII,  7121(e) Dec. 17, 2004 118 Stat. 3808  113. Little and Browns edition of laws and treaties; slip laws; Treaties and Other International Acts Series; admissibility in evidence  The edition of the laws and treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, and the publications in slip or pamphlet form of the laws of the United States issued under the authority of the Archivist of the United States, and the Treaties and Other International Acts Series issued under the authority of the Secretary of State shall be competent evidence of the several public and private Acts of Congress, and of the treaties, international agreements other than treaties, and proclamations by the President of such treaties and international agreements other than treaties, as the case may be, therein contained, in all the courts of law and equity and of maritime jurisdiction, and in all the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of the several States, without any further proof or authentication thereof. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 636 Pub. L. 89497,  1 July 8, 1966 80 Stat. 271 Pub. L. 98497, title I,  107(d) Oct. 19, 1984 98 Stat. 2291  Editorial Notes Amendments 1984 Pub. L. 98497 1966 Pub. L. 89497 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98497 Apr. 1, 1985 section 301 of Pub. L. 98497 section 2102 of Title 44  114. Sealing of instruments  In all cases where a seal is necessary by law to any commission, process, or other instrument provided for by the laws of Congress, it shall be lawful to affix the proper seal by making an impression therewith directly on the paper to which such seal is necessary; which shall be as valid as if made on wax or other adhesive substance. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 636 CHAPTER 3 CODE OF LAWS OF UNITED STATES AND SUPPLEMENTS; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CODE AND SUPPLEMENTS    Sec.  201. Publication and distribution of Code of Laws of United States and Supplements and District of Columbia Code and Supplements.  (a) Publishing in slip or pamphlet form or in Statutes at Large.  (b) Curtailing number of copies published.  (c) Dispensing with publication of more than one Supplement for each Congress.  202. Preparation and publication of Codes and Supplements.  (a) Cumulative Supplements to Code of Laws of United States for each session of Congress.  (b) Cumulative Supplement to District of Columbia Code for each session of Congress.  (c) New editions of Codes and Supplements.  203. District of Columbia Code; preparation and publication; cumulative supplements.  204. Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of United States and District of Columbia; citation of Codes and Supplements.  (a) United States Code.  (b) District of Columbia Code.  (c) District of Columbia Code; citation.  (d) Supplements to Codes; citation.  (e) New edition of Codes; citation.  205. Codes and Supplement; where printed; form and style; ancillaries.  206. Bills and resolutions of Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives; form and style; ancillaries; curtailment of copies.  207. Copies of acts and resolutions in slip form; additional number printed for Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives.  208. Delegation of function of Committee on the Judiciary to other agencies; printing, etc., under direction of Joint Committee on Printing. 1 1  209. Copies of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; conclusive evidence of original.  210. Distribution of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; slip and pamphlet copies.  211. Copies to Members of Congress.  212. Additional distribution at each new Congress.  213. Appropriation for preparing and editing supplements.  201. Publication and distribution of Code of Laws of United States and Supplements and District of Columbia Code and Supplements In order to avoid duplication and waste (a) Publishing in slip or pamphlet form or in Statutes at Large. Publication in slip or pamphlet form or in the Statutes at Large of any of the volumes or publications enumerated in sections 202 and 203 of this title, shall, in event of enactment, be dispensed with whenever the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives so directs the Archivist of the United States; (b) Curtailing number of copies published. Curtailment of the number provided by law to be printed and distributed of the volumes or publications enumerated in sections 202 and 203 of this title may be directed by such committee, except that the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall print such numbers as are necessary for depository library distribution and for sale; and (c) Dispensing with publication of more than one Supplement for each Congress. Such committee may direct that the printing and distribution of any supplement to the Code of Laws of the United States or to the Code of the District of Columbia be dispensed with entirely, except that there shall be printed and distributed for each Congress at least one supplement to each such code, containing the legislation of such Congress. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 637 Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263,  1 68 Stat. 1226 Pub. L. 98497, title I,  107(d) Oct. 19, 1984 98 Stat. 2291 Pub. L. 113235, div. H, title I,  1301(d) Dec. 16, 2014 128 Stat. 2537  Editorial Notes Amendments 1984Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98497 1954Subsec. (a). Act Sept. 3, 1954 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Change of Name Director of the Government Publishing Office substituted for Public Printer in subsec. (b) on authority of section 1301(d) of Pub. L. 113235 section 301 of Title 44 Effective Date of 1984 Amendment Amendment by Pub. L. 98497 Apr. 1, 1985 section 301 of Pub. L. 98497 section 2102 of Title 44  202. Preparation and publication of Codes and Supplements There shall be prepared and published under the supervision of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives (a) Cumulative Supplements to Code of Laws of United States for each session of Congress. A supplement for each session of the Congress to the then current edition of the Code of Laws of the United States, cumulatively embracing the legislation of the then current supplement, and correcting errors in such edition and supplement; (b) Cumulative Supplement to District of Columbia Code for each session of Congress. A supplement for each session of the Congress to the then current edition of the Code of the District of Columbia, cumulatively embracing the legislation of the then current supplement, and correcting errors in such edition and supplement; (c) New editions of Codes and Supplements. New editions of the Code of Laws of the United States and of the Code of the District of Columbia, correcting errors and incorporating the then current supplement. In the case of each code new editions shall not be published oftener than once in each five years. Copies of each such edition shall be distributed in the same manner as provided in the case of supplements to the code of which it is a new edition. Supplements published after any new edition shall not contain the legislation of supplements published before such new edition. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 637  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Cross References Council of the District of Columbia, functions respecting, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94386 Aug. 14, 1976 90 Stat. 1170 section 285b of Title 2 Office of the Law Revision Counsel, functions respecting preparation, revision, publication, etc., see section 285b of Title 2  203. District of Columbia Code; preparation and publication; cumulative supplements  The Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives is authorized to print bills to codify, revise, and reenact the general and permanent laws relating to the District of Columbia and cumulative supplements thereto, similar in style, respectively, to the Code of Laws of the United States, and supplements thereto, and to so continue until final enactment thereof in both Houses of the Congress of the United States. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 638  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Commission on Revision of the Criminal Laws of the District of Columbia Pub. L. 90226, title X Dec. 27, 1967 81 Stat. 742 Pub. L. 91358, title VI,  601 July 29, 1970 84 Stat. 667 Pub. L. 91530,  2(b)(1) Dec. 7, 1970 84 Stat. 1390  Cross References Council of the District of Columbia, functions respecting, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94386 Aug. 14, 1976 90 Stat. 1170 section 285b of Title 2 Office of the Law Revision Counsel, functions respecting, see section 285b of Title 2  204. Codes and Supplements as evidence of the laws of United States and District of Columbia; citation of Codes and Supplements In all courts, tribunals, and public offices of the United States, at home or abroad, of the District of Columbia, and of each State, Territory, or insular possession of the United States (a) United States Code. The matter set forth in the edition of the Code of Laws of the United States current at any time shall, together with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws of the United States, general and permanent in their nature, in force on the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last session the legislation of which is included: Provided, however (b) District of Columbia Code. The matter set forth in the edition of the Code of the District of Columbia current at any time shall, together with the then current supplement, if any, establish prima facie the laws, general and permanent in their nature, relating to or in force in the District of Columbia on the day preceding the commencement of the session following the last session the legislation of which is included, except such laws as are of application in the District of Columbia by reason of being laws of the United States general and permanent in their nature. (c) District of Columbia Code; citation. The Code of the District of Columbia may be cited as D.C. Code. (d) Supplements to Codes; citation. Supplements to the Code of Laws of the United States and to the Code of the District of Columbia may be cited, respectively, as U.S.C., Sup.  , and D.C. Code, Sup.  , the blank in each case being filled with Roman figures denoting the number of the supplement. (e) New edition of Codes; citation. New editions of each of such codes may be cited, respectively, as U.S.C.,  ed., and D.C. Code,     ed., the blank in each case being filled with figures denoting the last year the legislation of which is included in whole or in part. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 638  Editorial Notes United States Code Titles as Positive Law The following titles of the United States Code were enacted into positive law by the acts enumerated below: Title 1, General Provisions Act July 30, 1947, ch. 388,  1 61 Stat. 633 Title 3, The President Act June 25, 1948, ch. 644,  1 62 Stat. 672 Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States Act July 30, 1947, ch. 389,  1 61 Stat. 641 Title 5, Government Organization and Employees Pub. L. 89554,  1 Sept. 6, 1966 80 Stat. 378 Title 9, Arbitration Act July 30, 1947, ch. 392,  1 61 Stat. 669 Title 10, Armed Forces Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041,  1 70A Stat. 1 Title 11, Bankruptcy Pub. L. 95598, title I,  101 Nov. 6, 1978 92 Stat. 2549 Title 13, Census Act Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1158 68 Stat. 1012 Title 14, Coast Guard Act Aug. 4, 1949, ch. 393,  1 63 Stat. 495 Title 17, Copyrights Act July 30, 1947, ch. 391,  1 61 Stat. 652 Oct. 19, 1976 Pub. L. 94553, title I,  101 90 Stat. 2541 Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure Act June 25, 1948, ch. 645,  1 62 Stat. 683 Title 23, Highways Pub. L. 85767,  1 Aug. 27, 1958 72 Stat. 885 Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure Act June 25, 1948, ch. 646,  1 62 Stat. 869 Title 31, Money and Finance Pub. L. 97258,  1 Sept. 13, 1982 96 Stat. 877 Title 32, National Guard Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041,  2 70A Stat. 596 Title 34, NavySee Title 10, Armed Forces. Title 35, Patents Act July 19, 1952, ch. 950,  1 66 Stat. 792 Title 36, Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations Pub. L. 105225,  1 Aug. 12, 1998 112 Stat. 1253 Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services Pub. L. 87649,  1 Sept. 7, 1962 76 Stat. 451 Title 38, Veterans Benefits Pub. L. 85857,  1 Sept. 2, 1958 72 Stat. 1105 Title 39, Postal Service Pub. L. 86682,  1 Sept. 2, 1960 74 Stat. 578 Pub. L. 91375,  2 Aug. 12, 1970 84 Stat. 719 Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works Pub. L. 107217,  1 Aug. 21, 2002 116 Stat. 1062 Title 41, Public Contracts Pub. L. 111350,  3 Jan. 4, 2011 124 Stat. 3677 Title 44, Public Printing and Documents Pub. L. 90620,  1 Oct. 22, 1968 82 Stat. 1238 Title 46, Shipping Pub. L. 9889,  1 Aug. 26, 1983 97 Stat. 500 Pub. L. 99509, title V Oct. 21, 1986 100 Stat. 1913 Pub. L. 100424,  6 Sept. 9, 1988 102 Stat. 1591 Pub. L. 100710, title I,  102 Nov. 23, 1988 102 Stat. 4738 Pub. L. 109304 Oct. 6, 2006 120 Stat. 1485 Title 49, Transportation Pub. L. 95473,  1 Oct. 17, 1978 92 Stat. 1337 Pub. L. 97449,  1 Jan. 12, 1983 96 Stat. 2413 Pub. L. 103272,  1 July 5, 1994 108 Stat. 745 Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs Pub. L. 111314,  3 Dec. 18, 2010 124 Stat. 3328 Title 54, National Park Service and Related Programs Pub. L. 113287,  3 Dec. 19, 2014 128 Stat. 3094 Title 26, Internal Revenue Code The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was enacted in the form of a separate code by act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736 68A Stat. 1 Pub. L. 99514,  2(a) Oct. 22, 1986 100 Stat. 2095 Aug. 16, 1954  205. Codes and Supplement; where printed; form and style; ancillaries  The publications provided for in sections 202, 203 of this title shall be printed at the Government Publishing Office and shall be in such form and style and with such ancillaries as may be prescribed by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives. The Librarian of Congress is directed to cooperate with such committee in the preparation of such ancillaries. Such publications shall be furnished with such thumb insets and other devices to distinguish parts, with such facilities for the insertion of additional matter, and with such explanatory and advertising slips, and shall be printed on such paper and bound in such material, as may be prescribed by such committee. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 639 Pub. L. 113235, div. H, title I,  1301(b) Dec. 16, 2014 128 Stat. 2537  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Change of Name Government Publishing Office substituted for Government Printing Office in text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113235 section 301 of Title 44  206. Bills and resolutions of Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives; form and style; ancillaries; curtailment of copies  All bills and resolutions relating to the revision of the laws referred to or reported by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives shall be printed in such form and style, and with such ancillaries, as such committee may prescribe as being economical and suitable, to so continue until final enactment thereof in both Houses of Congress; and such committee may also curtail the number of copies of such bills to be printed in the various parliamentary stages in the House of Representatives. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 639  207. Copies of acts and resolutions in slip form; additional number printed for Committee on the Judiciary of House of Representatives  The Director of the Government Publishing Office is directed to print, in addition to the number provided by existing law, and, as soon as printed, to distribute in such manner as the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives shall determine, twenty copies in slip form of each public Act and joint resolution. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 639 Pub. L. 113235, div. H, title I,  1301(d) Dec. 16, 2014 128 Stat. 2537  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Change of Name Director of the Government Publishing Office substituted for Public Printer in text on authority of section 1301(d) of Pub. L. 113235 section 301 of Title 44  208. Delegation of function of Committee on the Judiciary to other agencies; printing, and so forth, under direction of Joint Committee on Printing  The functions vested by sections 201, 202, 204207 of this title in the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives may from time to time be vested in such other agency as the Congress may by concurrent resolution provide: Provided ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 639  209. Copies of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; conclusive evidence of original  Copies of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia and copies of the supplements provided for by sections 202 and 203 of this title printed at the Government Publishing Office and bearing its imprint, shall be conclusive evidence of the original of such code and supplements in the custody of the Administrator of General Services. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 639 Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263,  2 68 Stat. 1226 Pub. L. 113235, div. H, title I,  1301(b) Dec. 16, 2014 128 Stat. 2537  Editorial Notes Amendments 1954Act Sept. 3, 1954 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Change of Name Government Publishing Office substituted for Government Printing Office in text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113235 section 301 of Title 44  210. Distribution of Supplements to Code of Laws of United States and of District of Columbia Code and Supplements; slip and pamphlet copies  Copies of the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia, and of the supplements provided for by sections 202, 203 of this title shall be distributed by the Superintendent of Documents in the same manner as bound volumes of the Statutes at Large: Provided ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 640  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries  Cross References Distribution of Statutes at Large, see section 728 of Title 44  211. Copies to Members of Congress  In addition to quotas provided for by section 210 of this title ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 640  Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Limitation on Copies of New Editions for House of Representatives Pub. L. 92342,  101 July 10, 1972 86 Stat. 447 Hereafter, appropriations for authorized printing and binding for the Congress shall not be available under the authority of the Act of July 30, 1947 1 U.S.C. 211 Written Requests for Documents Copies of District of Columbia Code and Supplements not available to Senators or Representatives unless specifically requested by them, in writing, see Pub. L. 9459, title VIII,  801 July 25, 1975 89 Stat. 296 section 1317 of Title 44  212. Additional distribution at each new Congress  In addition the Superintendent of Documents shall, at the beginning of the first session of each Congress, supply to each Senator and Representative in such Congress, who may in writing apply for the same, one copy each of the Code of Laws of the United States, the Code of Laws relating to the District of Columbia, and the latest supplement to each code: Provided And provided further ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 640  213. Appropriation for preparing and editing supplements  For preparation and editing an annual appropriation of $6,500 is authorized to carry out the purposes of sections 202 and 203 of this title. ( July 30, 1947, ch. 388 61 Stat. 640