Joint replacement surgery has been performed on millions of people over the
past several decades and has proved to be an important medical advancement in
the field of orthopedic surgery. The hip and knee are the two most commonly
replaced joints. The knee is the largest joint in the body and includes the
lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia and the patella. The knee
joint has three compartments, the medial, the lateral and the patellofemoral.
The surfaces of these compartments are covered with articular cartilage and
are bathed in synovial fluid. The bones of the knee joint work together,
allowing the knee to function smoothly.  
  
The most common reason for total knee replacement surgery is arthritis of the
knee joint. Types of arthritis include:  
  
 osteoarthritis,  
 rheumatoid arthritis and  
 traumatic arthritis (arthritis which occurs as a result of injury).  
  
Arthritis causes a severe limitation in the activities of daily living (ADLs),
including difficulty with walking, squatting, and climbing stairs. Pain is
typically most severe with activity and patients often have difficulty getting
mobilized when seated for a long time. Other findings include chronic knee
inflammation or swelling not relieved by rest, knee stiffness, lack of pain
relief after taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications and failure to
achieve symptom improvement with other conservative therapies such as steroid
injections and physical therapy.  
  
Osteonecrosis and malignancy are additional reasons to proceed with total knee
replacement surgery. The use of TKR in patients with malignancy must be
weighed against considerations of life expectancy and possible alternative
procedures to relieve pain. The goal of total knee replacement surgery is to
relieve pain and improve or increase patient function.  
  
Occasionally, there may be a need to perform a reoperation on a previous total
knee replacement. This is often referred to as a revision total knee.  
  
Circumstances that lead to the need for a revision total knee are continued
disabling pain, continued decline in function which can be attributed to
failure of the primary joint replacement. Failure can be due to infection
involving the joint, substantial bone loss in the structures supporting the
prosthesis, fracture, aseptic loosening of the components and wear of the
prosthetic components.  
  
**_Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)_**  
  
 **Indications:**  
  
Noridian will consider total knee replacement surgery medically necessary in
the following circumstances:  
  
Advanced joint disease demonstrated by:  
  
 Radiographic supported evidence or when conventional radiography is not
adequate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) (in
situations when MRI is non-diagnostic or not able to be performed) supported
evidence (subchondral cysts, subchondral sclerosis, periarticular osteophytes,
joint subluxation, joint space narrowing, avascular necrosis); **and**  
  
 Pain or functional disability from injury due to trauma or arthritis of the
joint; **and**  
  
 If appropriate, history of unsuccessful conservative therapy (non-surgical
medical management) that is clearly addressed in the pre-procedure medical
record. **(If conservative therapy is not appropriate, the medical record must
clearly document why such approach is not reasonable).** Non-surgical medical
management is usually but not always implemented prior to scheduling total
joint surgery. Non-surgical treatment as clinically appropriate for the
patient's current episode of care typically includes one or more of the
following:  
  
 anti-inflammatory medications or analgesics, or  
  
 flexibility and muscle strengthening exercises, or  
  
 supervised physical therapy [Activities of daily living (ADLs) diminished
despite completing a plan of care], or  
  
 assistive device use, or  
  
 weight reduction as appropriate, or  
  
 therapeutic injections into the knee as appropriate.  
  
In some circumstances, for example, if the patient has bone on bone
articulation, severe deformity, pain or significant disabling interference
with activities of daily living, the surgeon may determine that nonsurgical
medical management would be ineffective or counterproductive, and that the
best treatment option, after explaining the risks, is surgical. If medical
management is deemed inappropriate, the medical record should indicate the
rationale for and circumstances under which this is the case.  
  
 Failure of a previous osteotomy; or  
  
 Distal femur fracture; or  
  
 Malignancy of the distal femur, proximal tibia, knee joint or adjacent soft
tissues; or  
  
 Failure of previous unicompartmental knee replacement; or  
  
 Avascular necrosis of the knee; or  
  
 Proximal tibia fracture  
  
*See the associated Billing and Coding article (linked below) for Documentation Requirements.  
  
 ** _Indications for Replacement/Revision of Total Knee Arthroplasty_**  
  
 Loosening of one or more components, or  
  
 Fracture or mechanical failure of one or more component, or  
  
 Infection, or  
  
 Treatment of periprosthetic fracture of distal femur, proximal tibia or
patella, or  
  
 Progressive or substantial periprosthetic bone loss, or  
  
 Bearing surface wear leading to symptomatic synovitis, or  
  
 Implant or knee misalignment, or  
  
 Knee stiffness/arthrofibrosis, or  
  
 Tibiofemoral instability, or  
  
 Extensor mechanism instability  
  
_**Limitations**_  
  
Noridian will not consider a total knee replacement medically necessary when
the following contraindications are present:  
  
 Active infection of the knee joint or active systemic bacteremia  
  
 Active urinary tract or dental infection  
  
 Active skin infection (exception recurrent cutaneous staph infections) or
open wound within the planned surgical site of the knee  
  
 Rapidly progressive neurological disease  
  
The following conditions are relative contraindications to total knee
replacement and if such surgery is performed in the presence of these
conditions, it is expected that the rationale for proceeding with the surgery
under such circumstances is clearly documented in the medical record:  
  
 Insufficiency of extensor mechanism/quadriceps  
  
 Any process that is rapidly destroying bone  
  
 Neurotrophic arthritis  
  
This local coverage determination (LCD) is only addressing medical necessity
criteria for performing total knee replacement surgery. With respect to knee
replacement surgery, there is a form of knee joint replacement surgery called
unicompartmental knee replacement. This is typically done for patients with
osteoarthritis of the knee in which the damage is contained to one compartment
of the knee. The indications outlined in this LCD are not to be applied for
unicompartmental knee replacement surgery. Failed previous unicompartmental
joint replacement is an indication for performing a total knee arthroplasty.