Myofascial trigger points are self-sustaining hyper-irritative foci that may
occur in any skeletal muscle in response to strain produced by acute or
chronic overload. These trigger points produce a referred pain pattern
characteristic for that individual muscle. Each pattern becomes part of a
single muscle myofascial pain syndrome (MPS); each of these single muscle
syndromes is responsive to appropriate treatment. To successfully treat
chronic myofascial pain syndrome, each single muscle syndrome needs to be
identified along with every perpetuating factor.  
  
There is no laboratory or imaging test for establishing the diagnosis of
trigger points; it depends therefore, upon the detailed history and thorough
directed examination. The following clinical features are present most
consistently and are helpful in making the diagnosis:

  1. history of onset and its cause (injury, sprain, etc.);

  2. distribution of pain;

  3. restriction of movement;

  4. mild muscle specific weakness;

  5. focal tenderness of a trigger point;

  6. palpable taut band of muscle in which trigger point is located;

  7. local taut response to snapping palpitation; and

  8. reproduction of referred pain pattern upon most sustained mechanical stimulation of the trigger point.

The goal is to identify and treat the cause of the pain and not just the
symptom of pain.  
After making the diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome and identifying the
trigger point responsible for it, the treatment options are:

  1. medical management, including the use of anti-inflammatory agents, tricyclics, etc.;

  2. stretch and use of coolant spray followed by hot packs and/or aerobic exercises;

  3. application of low intensity ultrasound directed at the trigger point (this approach is used when the trigger point is otherwise inaccessible);

  4. deep muscle massage;

  5. injection of local anesthetic into the muscle trigger points:

    1. as the initial or the only therapy when a joint movement is mechanically blocked, as is the case of coccygeus muscle, or when a muscle cannot be stretched fully, as is the case of the lateral pterygoid muscle;
    2. as treatment of trigger points that are unresponsive to non-invasive methods of treatment, e.g., use of medications, spray and stretch.

**NOTE:** For all conditions, the actual area must be reported specifically,
and must be documented in the medical record. Using a non-specific diagnosis
code to support injections of multiple areas of the body, rather than more
specific diagnosis codes, may result in denial of payment.

    1. Known trigger points may be treated at frequencies necessitated by the nature and the severity of associated symptoms and signs.
    2. Per national Medicare regulations, acupuncture is not a covered service for the treatment of trigger points. 
      1. Use of acupuncture needles and/or the passage of electrical current through these needles is not a covered service whether the service is rendered by an acupuncturist or any other provider;
      2. providers of acupuncture services should inform the beneficiary that such services will not be covered; and
      3. prolotherapy is not covered by Medicare and cannot be billed under the trigger point injection code.
    3. If the service has been provided for a diagnosis that is not listed in the covered diagnosis codes section, the provider must thoroughly document the medical necessity and rationale for providing the service for the unlisted diagnosis in the patient's medical records, and this must be provided at the review level for consideration.

The diagnosis codes listed as covered should only be used for purposes of this
policy when a trigger point is injected.  
  
Documentation must be maintained noting the anatomic location of the injection
site(s).