Enteral Nutrition - Policy Article

**NON-MEDICAL NECESSITY COVERAGE AND PAYMENT RULES**

For any item to be covered by Medicare, it must 1) be eligible for a defined
Medicare benefit category, 2) be reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or
treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed
body member, and 3) meet all other applicable Medicare statutory and
regulatory requirements. Information provided in this policy article relates
to determinations other than those based on Social Security Act 1862(a)(1)(A)
provisions (i.e. "reasonable and necessary").

Enteral nutrition is covered under the Prosthetic Device benefit (Social
Security Act 1861(s)(8)). In order for a beneficiary's nutrition to be
eligible for reimbursement the reasonable and necessary (R&N) requirements set
out in the related Local Coverage Determination must be met. In addition,
there are specific statutory payment policy requirements, discussed below,
that also must be met.

GENERAL:

Enteral nutrition for temporary impairments will be denied as non-covered, no
benefit.

Enteral nutrition for beneficiaries with a functioning gastrointestinal tract
whose need for enteral nutrition is not due to reasons related to the non-
function or disease of the structures that normally permit food to reach the
small bowel will be denied as non-covered, no benefit.

Orally administered enteral nutrition products, related supplies and equipment
will be denied non-covered, no benefit.

Enteral nutrition provided to a beneficiary in a Part A covered stay must be
billed by the SNF to the fiscal intermediary. No payment from Part B is
available when enteral nutrition services are furnished to a beneficiary in a
stay covered by Part A. However, if a beneficiary is in a stay not covered by
Part A, enteral nutrition is eligible for coverage under Part B and may be
billed to the DME MAC by either the SNF or an outside supplier.

NUTRIENTS:

Food thickeners (B4100), baby food, and other regular grocery products that
can be blenderized and used with the enteral system will be denied as non-
covered.

Electrolyte-containing fluids (B4102 and B4103) are not indicated for the
maintenance of weight and strength and are therefore non-covered, no benefit.

Self-blenderized formulas are non-covered by Medicare.

Code B4104 is an enteral formula additive. The enteral formula codes include
all nutrient components, including vitamins, mineral, and fiber. Therefore,
code B4104 will be denied as not separately payable.

SUPPLIES:

The unit of service (UOS) for the supply allowance (B4034, B4035, B4036, or
B4148) is one (1) UOS per day. Claims that are submitted for more than one UOS
per day for HCPCS codes B4034, B4035, B4036, or B4148 will be rejected.

TEST OF PERMANENCE:

Coverage of enteral nutrition under the prosthetic device benefit, as outlined
in the Medicare _Benefit Policy Manual_ (CMS Pub. 100-02), Chapter 15, Section
120, requires that a beneficiary must have a permanent impairment. However,
this does not require a determination that there is no possibility that the
beneficiary's condition may improve sometime in the future. If the medical
record, including the judgment of the treating practitioner, indicates that
the impairment will be of long and indefinite duration, the test of permanence
is considered met.  
  
 **REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC DMEPOS ITEMS PURSUANT TO Final Rule 1713 (84 Fed.
Reg Vol 217)**

Final Rule 1713 (84 Fed. Reg Vol 217) requires a face-to-face encounter and a
Written Order Prior to Delivery (WOPD) for specified HCPCS codes. CMS and the
DME MACs provide a list of the specified codes, which is periodically updated.
The required Face-to-Face Encounter and Written Order Prior to Delivery List
is available [here](https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-
Systems/Monitoring-Programs/Medicare-FFS-Compliance-Programs/Medical-
Review/FacetoFaceEncounterRequirementforCertainDurableMedicalEquipment).

Claims for the specified items subject to Final Rule 1713 (84 Fed. Reg Vol
217) that do not meet the face-to-face encounter and WOPD requirements
specified in the LCD-related Standard Documentation Requirements Article
(A55426) will be denied as not reasonable and necessary.

If a supplier delivers an item prior to receipt of a WOPD, it will be denied
as not reasonable and necessary. If the WOPD is not obtained prior to
delivery, payment will not be made for that item even if a WOPD is
subsequently obtained by the supplier. If a similar item is subsequently
provided by an unrelated supplier who has obtained a WOPD, it will be eligible
for coverage.  
  
 **POLICY SPECIFIC DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS**

In addition to policy specific documentation requirements, there are general
documentation requirements that are applicable to all DMEPOS policies. These
general requirements are located in the DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS section of
the LCD.

Refer to the LCD-related Standard Documentation Requirements article, located
at the bottom of this Policy Article under the Related Local Coverage
Documents section for additional information regarding GENERAL DOCUMENTATION
REQUIREMENTS and the POLICY SPECIFIC DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS discussed
below.

The supplier must enter a diagnosis code corresponding to the beneficiary's
diagnosis on each claim.

The beneficiary's medical record must contain sufficient documentation of the
beneficiary's medical condition to substantiate the necessity for the type and
quantity of items ordered and for the frequency of use or replacement (if
applicable). The information should include the beneficiary's diagnosis and
other pertinent information including, but not limited to, duration of the
beneficiary's condition, clinical course (worsening or improvement),
prognosis, nature and extent of functional limitations, other therapeutic
interventions and results, past experience with related items, etc.

Information describing the medical necessity for enteral nutrition must be
available upon request. In order to satisfy the test of permanence, there must
be documentation to reflect that in the treating practitioner's judgement, the
impairment will be of long and indefinite duration.

Documentation in the medical record shall also reflect that the beneficiary
has (a) full or partial non-function or disease of the structures that
normally permit food to reach the small bowel; or, (b) disease that impairs
digestion and/or absorption of an oral diet, directly or indirectly, by the
small bowel.

Special nutrient formulas, HCPCS codes B4149, B4153, B4154, B4155, B4157,
B4161, and B4162, are produced to meet unique nutrient needs for specific
disease conditions. If a special nutrient formula is ordered, the
beneficiary's medical records must specify why a standard formula cannot be
used to meet the beneficiary's metabolic needs. This documentation may include
other formulas tried and failed or considered and ruled out. A diagnosis alone
is not sufficient to support the medical need for a specialty formula. For
example, an order for a diabetes-specific formula may be supported by
documentation in the medical record that the beneficiary has a diagnosis of
diabetes mellitus and has experienced severe fluctuations of glucose levels on
standard formula.

DME INFORMATION FORM (DIF)

Providers and suppliers no longer need to submit a DME Information Form (DIF)
for services rendered on or after January 1, 2023.

  * For claims with dates of service on or after January 1, 2023 - Providers and suppliers no longer need to submit CMNs or DIFs with claims. Due to electronic filing requirements, claims received with these forms attached will be rejected and returned to the provider or supplier.
  * For claims with dates of service prior to January 1, 2023 - If the CMN or DIF is required, it must be submitted with the claim, or be on file with a previous claim.

For dates of service for which a DIF is required, the DIF which has been
completed, signed, and dated by the supplier, must be kept on file by the
supplier and made available upon request. The DIF for Enteral Nutrition is CMS
Form 10126. The initial claim must include an electronic copy of the DIF.

For claims with dates of service prior to January 1, 2023 the following
requirements for new initial and revised DIFs remain in effect:

A new Initial DIF for enteral nutrients is required when:

  * A formula billed with a different code, which has not been previously certified, is ordered, or
  * Enteral nutrition services are resumed after they have not been required for two consecutive months.

A new Initial DIF for a pump (B9002) is required when:

  * Enteral nutrition services involving use of a pump are resumed after they have not been required for two consecutive months, or
  * A beneficiary receiving enteral nutrition by the syringe or gravity method is changed to administration using a pump.

A revised DIF is required when:

  * The number of calories per day is changed, or
  * The number of days per week administered is changed, or
  * The method of administration (syringe, gravity, pump) changes, or
  * The route of administration is changed from tube feedings to oral feedings (if billing for denial), or
  * The HCPCS code for the current nutrient changes (revised DIF for the pump)

A revised DIF must be submitted when the length of need previously entered on
the DIF has expired and the treating practitioner is extending the length of
need for the item(s).

If two enteral nutrition products, which are described by the same HCPCS code,
are being provided at the same time, they should be billed on a single claim
line with the units of service reflecting the total calories of both
nutrients.

MODIFIERS

BA, BO, GA, GY, GZ, and KX MODIFIERS:  
  
When an IV pole (E0776) is used for enteral nutrition administered by gravity
or a pump, the BA modifier should be added to the code. Code E0776 is the only
code with which the BA modifier may be used.

When enteral nutrients (B4149, B4150, B4152, B4153, B4154, B4155, B4157,
B4158, B4159, B4160, B4161, and B4162) are administered by mouth, the BO
modifier must be added to the code.

Suppliers must add the KX modifier to claim lines billed for enteral
nutrition, enteral pump, and supplies only if all of the coverage criteria in
the "Coverage Indications, Limitations, and/or Medical Necessity" section in
the related LCD have been met and evidence of such is retained in the
supplier's files and available to the DME MAC upon request.

If all of the criteria in the "Coverage Indications, Limitations, and/or
Medical Necessity" section of the related LCD have not been met, the GA, GY or
GZ modifier must be added to the code. When there is an expectation of a
medical necessity denial, suppliers must enter the GA modifier on the claim
line if they have obtained a properly executed Advance Beneficiary Notice
(ABN) or the GZ modifier if they have not obtained a valid ABN. When there is
an expectation of a non-covered (no benefit) denial, suppliers must enter the
GY modifier on the claim line (refer to the non-covered, no benefit scenarios
in the NON-MEDICAL NECESSITY COVERAGE AND PAYMENT RULES section).

As of January 1, 2023, suppliers must calculate the units of service (UOS) for
each enteral product billed to Medicare, based on the treating practitioner's
order. When billing for medically necessary enteral nutrition, units in excess
of the treating practitioner's order must not be billed with a KX (as these
units are not reasonable and necessary). Instead, these excess units must be
billed with a GA or GZ modifier.

Claim lines billed with codes without a KX, GA, GY or GZ modifier will be
rejected as missing information.  
  
 **CODING GUIDELINES**

Enteral feeding supply allowances (B4034, B4035, B4036, and B4148) include all
supplies, other than the feeding tube and nutrients, required for the
administration of enteral nutrients to the beneficiary for one day. Only one
unit of service may be billed for any one day. Codes B4034, B4035, B4036, and
B4148 describe a daily supply fee rather than a specifically defined "kit."
The use of individual items may differ from beneficiary to beneficiary, and
from day to day. Items included in these codes are not limited to pre-packaged
"kits" bundled by manufacturers or distributors. These supply allowances
include, but are not limited to, a catheter/tube anchoring device, feeding
bag/container, flushing solution bag/container, administration set tubing,
extension tubing, feeding/flushing syringes, gastrostomy tube holder,
dressings (any type) used for gastrostomy tube site, tape (to secure tube or
dressings), Y connector, adapter, gastric pressure relief valve, declogging
device. These items must not be separately billed using the miscellaneous code
(B9998) or using a specific code for any individual item, should a unique
HCPCS code for item exist (for examples dressing, tape).

B4105 (IN-LINE CARTRIDGE CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYME(S) FOR ENTERAL FEEDING,
EACH) is eligible for separate payment.

Products that are only administered orally should be coded as A9270.

Code B4149 describes formulas containing natural foods that are blenderized
and packaged by a manufacturer. B4149 formulas are classified based upon this
manufacturer requirement, not on the composition of the enteral formula. Code
B4149 must not be used for foods that have been blenderized by the beneficiary
or caregiver for administration through a tube.

The only products which may be billed using codes B4149, B4153, B4154, B4155,
B4157, B4161, or B4162 are those for which a written Coding Verification
Review has been made by the Pricing, Data Analysis and Coding (PDAC)
Contractor and subsequently published on the Product Classification List
(PCL). If a product is billed to Medicare using a HCPCS code that requires
written coding verification review, but the product is not on the PCL for that
particular HCPCS code, then the claim line will be denied as incorrect coding.

Suppliers should refer to the enteral nutrition PCL on the PDAC Contractor web
site or contact the PDAC for guidance on the correct coding for these items.