Billing and Coding: Non-Invasive Peripheral Arterial Vascular Studies

The billing and coding information in this article is dependent on the
coverage indications, limitations and/or medical necessity described in the
related LCD.

**Documentation**  
Adequate documentation is essential for high-quality patient care and to
demonstrate the reasonableness and medical necessity of the study(ies).
Documentation must support the criteria as described in the Coverage
Indications, Limitations, and/or Medical Necessity section of this LCD. There
should be a permanent record of the studies performed and the interpretation.
The documentation should include a description of the studies performed and
any contrast media and/or radiopharmaceuticals used. Any known significant
patient reaction or complications should be recorded. Comparison with prior
relevant studies needs to be addressed in the documentation along with both
normal and abnormal findings. Variations from normal should be documented
along with measurements. The report should address or answer any specific
clinical questions. If there are factors that prevent answering the clinical
questions, this should be explained in the documentation. Retention of the
ultrasound examination images and final interpretation should be consistent
both with clinical need and with relevant legal and local health care facility
requirements.  
  
If the provider of the study is other than the ordering/referring
physician/nonphysician practitioner, that provider must maintain a copy of the
test results and interpretation, along with copies of the ordering/referring
physician/nonphysician practitioner's order for the studies. This order is
required to provide adequate diagnostic information to the performing
provider. The physician/nonphysician practitioner must state the clinical
indication/medical necessity for the study in his/her order for the test. The
provider is responsible for ensuring the medical necessity of procedures and
maintaining the medical record, which must be available to Medicare upon
request. Results of all testing must be shared with the referring physician.
Non-invasive vascular studies are medically reasonable and medically necessary
only if the outcomes will be utilized in the clinical management of the
patient.  
  
 **Utilization Guidelines**  
Each patient's condition and response to treatment must medically warrant the
number of services reported for payment. Medicare requires the medical
necessity for each study reported to be clearly documented in the patient's
medical record.  
  
Frequency of follow-up studies will be carefully monitored for medical
necessity and it is the responsibility of the physician/provider to maintain
documentation of medical necessity in the patient's medical record.  
  
Generally, it is expected that noninvasive vascular studies would not be
performed more than once in a year, excluding inpatient hospital (21) and
emergency room (23) places of services.  
  
Only one preoperative scan is considered reasonable and necessary for bypass
surgery. If a more current preoperative scan is indicated for a patient with
multiple comorbidities having difficulty being stabilized for surgery or a
change in condition, the medical record would need to support the medical
necessity of the second scan.  
  
In the immediate post-operative period, patients may be studied if re-
established pulses are lost, become equivocal, or if the patient develops
related signs and/or symptoms of ischemia with impending repeat intervention.  
  
The frequency of medically necessary follow-up noninvasive vascular studies
post-angioplasty is dictated by the vascular distribution treated.  
  
Pre-surgical conduit mapping of the radial artery(ies) should only be
accompanied by vein-mapping studies when the arterial studies demonstrate a
non-acceptable conduit, or an insufficient conduit is available for multiple
bypass procedures.  
  
Duplex scanning and physiologic studies may be reimbursed during the same
encounter if the physiologic studies are abnormal and/or to evaluate vascular
trauma, thromboembolic events or aneurysmal disease. The documentation must
support the medical necessity.  
  
Assessment of the Ankle brachial indices (ABI) only is considered part of the
physical examination and is not covered according to Title XVIII of the Social
Security Act section 1862 (a) (7) which excludes routine physical examinations
and services from Medicare coverage.  
  
Preventive and/or screening services unless covered in Statute are not covered
by Medicare.