For any item to be covered by Medicare, it must 1) be eligible for a defined
Medicare benefit category, 2) be reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or
treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed
body member, and 3) meet all other applicable Medicare statutory and
regulatory requirements.

The purpose of a Local Coverage Determination (LCD) is to provide information
regarding "reasonable and necessary" criteria based on Social Security Act 
1862(a)(1)(A) provisions.

In addition to the "reasonable and necessary" criteria contained in this LCD
there are other payment rules, which are discussed in the following documents,
that must also be met prior to Medicare reimbursement:

  * The LCD-related Standard Documentation Requirements Article, located at the bottom of this policy under the Related Local Coverage Documents section.
  * The LCD-related Policy Article, located at the bottom of this policy under the Related Local Coverage Documents section.
  * Refer to the Supplier Manual for additional information on documentation requirements.
  * Refer to the DME MAC web sites for additional bulletin articles and other publications related to this LCD.

For the items addressed in this LCD, the "reasonable and necessary" criteria,
based on Social Security Act  1862(a)(1)(A) provisions, are defined by the
following coverage indications, limitations and/or medical necessity.

A non-spinal electrical osteogenesis stimulator (E0747) is covered only if any
of the following criteria are met:

    1. Nonunion of a long bone fracture (see Appendices section) defined as radiographic evidence that fracture healing has ceased for three or more months prior to starting treatment with the osteogenesis stimulator, or
    2. Failed fusion of a joint other than in the spine where a minimum of nine months has elapsed since the last surgery, or
    3. Congenital pseudarthrosis.

Nonunion of a long bone fracture must be documented by a minimum of two sets
of radiographs obtained prior to starting treatment with the osteogenesis
stimulator, separated by a minimum of 90 days, each including multiple views
of the fracture site, and with a written interpretation by a treating
practitioner stating that there has been no clinically significant evidence of
fracture healing between the two sets of radiographs.

A non-spinal electrical osteogenesis stimulator will be denied as not
medically necessary if none of the criteria above are met.

A spinal electrical osteogenesis stimulator (E0748) is covered only if any of
the following criteria are met:

    1. Failed spinal fusion where a minimum of nine months has elapsed since the last surgery, or
    2. Following a multilevel spinal fusion surgery (see Appendices section), or
    3. Following spinal fusion surgery where there is a history of a previously failed spinal fusion at the same site.

A spinal electrical osteogenesis stimulator will be denied as not medically
necessary if none of the criteria above are met.

An ultrasonic osteogenesis stimulator (E0760) is covered only if all of the
following criteria are met:

    1. Nonunion of a fracture documented by a minimum of two sets of radiographs obtained prior to starting treatment with the osteogenesis stimulator, separated by a minimum of 90 days. Each radiograph set must include multiple views of the fracture site accompanied by a written interpretation by a treating practitioner stating that there has been no clinically significant evidence of fracture healing between the two sets of radiographs; and
    2. The fracture is not of the skull or vertebrae; and
    3. The fracture is not tumor related.

An ultrasonic osteogenesis stimulator will be denied as not medically
necessary if any of the criteria above are not met.

Use of an ultrasonic osteogenesis stimulator for the treatment of a fresh
fracture or delayed union will be denied as not medically necessary.

Ultrasound conductive coupling gel is covered and separately payable if an
ultrasonic osteogenesis stimulator is covered.

An ultrasonic osteogenesis stimulator will be denied as not medically
necessary if it is used with other noninvasive osteogenesis stimulators.

  
GENERAL

A Standard Written Order (SWO) must be communicated to the supplier before a
claim is submitted. If the supplier bills for an item addressed in this policy
without first receiving a completed SWO, the claim shall be denied as not
reasonable and necessary.

For Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics and Supplies (DMEPOS)
base items that require a Written Order Prior to Delivery (WOPD), the supplier
must have received a signed SWO before the DMEPOS item is delivered to a
beneficiary. If a supplier delivers a DMEPOS item without first receiving a
WOPD, the claim shall be denied as not reasonable and necessary. Refer to the
LCD-related Policy Article, located at the bottom of this policy under the
Related Local Coverage Documents section.

For DMEPOS base items that require a WOPD, and also require separately billed
associated options, accessories, and/or supplies, the supplier must have
received a WOPD which lists the base item and which may list all the
associated options, accessories, and/or supplies that are separately billed
prior to the delivery of the items. In this scenario, if the supplier
separately bills for associated options, accessories, and/or supplies without
first receiving a completed and signed WOPD of the base item prior to
delivery, the claim(s) shall be denied as not reasonable and necessary.

An item/service is correctly coded when it meets all the coding guidelines
listed in CMS HCPCS guidelines, LCDs, LCD-related Policy Articles, or DME MAC
articles. Claims that do not meet coding guidelines shall be denied as not
reasonable and necessary/incorrectly coded.

Proof of delivery (POD) is a Supplier Standard and DMEPOS suppliers are
required to maintain POD documentation in their files. Proof of delivery
documentation must be made available to the Medicare contractor upon request.
All services that do not have appropriate proof of delivery from the supplier
shall be denied as not reasonable and necessary.

  
REFILL REQUIREMENTS  
  
For DMEPOS items and supplies provided on a recurring basis, billing must be
based on prospective, not retrospective use. For DMEPOS products that are
supplied as refills to the original order, suppliers must contact the
beneficiary, and document an affirmative response, prior to dispensing the
refill and not automatically ship on a pre-determined basis, even if
authorized by the beneficiary. This shall be done to ensure that the refilled
item remains reasonable and necessary, existing supplies are expected to end,
and to confirm any changes or modifications to the order. Contact with the
beneficiary or designee regarding refills must take place no sooner than 30
calendar days prior to the expected end of the current supply. For delivery of
refills, the supplier must deliver the DMEPOS product no sooner than 10
calendar days prior to the expected end of the current supply. This is
regardless of which delivery method is utilized.  
  
For all DMEPOS items that are provided on a recurring basis, suppliers are
required to have contact with the beneficiary or caregiver/designee and
document an affirmative response, prior to dispensing a new supply of items.
Suppliers must not deliver refills without a refill request and an affirmative
response from a beneficiary. Items delivered without a valid, documented
refill request will be denied as not reasonable and necessary.  
  
Suppliers must not dispense a quantity of supplies exceeding a beneficiary's
expected utilization. Suppliers must stay attuned to changed or atypical
utilization patterns on the part of their clients. Suppliers must verify with
the treating practitioners that any changed or atypical utilization is
warranted. Regardless of utilization, a supplier must not dispense more than a
three (3)-month quantity at a time.

Per the 2022 Medicare Fee-for Service Supplemental Improper Payment Data, the
overall CERT error rate for DMEPOS claims is 25.2%. Claims for items which
have recently had Certificates of Medical Necessity (CMNs) or Durable Medical
Equipment Information Forms (DIFs) eliminated represent an area of potential
vulnerability that may increase the CERT error rate.

As outlined in the CMS _Program Integrity Manual_ (Pub. 100-08) Chapter 1,
Section 1.3.8, the DME MACs are responsible for reducing the payment error
rate by preventing initial payment of claims that do not comply with
Medicare's coverage, coding, payment, and billing policies. The DME MACs are
continually looking to identify any potential vulnerabilities that may
increase the CERT error rate and have recognized that claims for items which
have recently had the CMNs or DIFs eliminated may represent one such
vulnerability. Therefore, the DME MACs are proposing the addition of the KX,
GA and GZ modifiers to properly indicate when claims for osteogenesis
stimulators are reasonable and necessary.