Treatment of Muscle Atrophy

Coverage of NMES to treat muscle atrophy is limited to the treatment of disuse
atrophy where nerve supply to the muscle is intact, including brain, spinal
cord and peripheral nerves, and other non-neurological reasons for disuse
atrophy. Some examples would be casting or splinting of a limb, contracture
due to scarring of soft tissue as in burn lesions, and hip replacement surgery
(until orthotic training begins). (See [160.13](https://www.cms.gov/medicare-
coverage-database/details/ncd-
details.aspx?NCDId=151&ncdver=1&DocID=160.13&bc=gAAAAAgAAAAA&) of the NCD
Manual for an explanation of coverage of medically necessary supplies for the
effective use of NMES.)

Use for Walking in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

The type of NMES that is use to enhance the ability to walk of SCI patients is
commonly referred to as functional electrical stimulation (FES). These devices
are surface units that use electrical impulses to activate paralyzed or weak
muscles in precise sequence. Coverage for the use of NMES/FES is limited to
SCI patients for walking, who have completed a training program which consists
of at least 32 physical therapy sessions with the device over a period of
three months. The trial period of physical therapy will enable the physician
treating the patient for his or her spinal cord injury to properly evaluate
the person's ability to use these devices frequently and for the long term.
Physical therapy necessary to perform this training must be directly performed
by the physical therapist as part of a one-on-one training program.

The goal of physical therapy must be to train SCI patients on the use of
NMES/FES devices to achieve walking, not to reverse or retard muscle atrophy.

Coverage for NMES/FES for walking will be covered in SCI patients with all of
the following characteristics:

  1. Persons with intact lower motor units (L1 and below) (both muscle and peripheral nerve);
  2. Persons with muscle and joint stability for weight bearing at upper and lower extremities that can demonstrate balance and control to maintain an upright support posture independently;
  3. Persons that demonstrate brisk muscle contraction to NMES and have sensory perception electrical stimulation sufficient for muscle contraction;
  4. Persons that possess high motivation, commitment and cognitive ability to use such devices for walking;
  5. Persons that can transfer independently and can demonstrate independent standing tolerance for at least 3 minutes;
  6. Persons that can demonstrate hand and finger function to manipulate controls;
  7. Persons with at least 6-month post recovery spinal cord injury and restorative surgery;
  8. Persons without hip and knee degenerative disease and no history of long bone fracture secondary to osteoporosis; and
  9. Persons who have demonstrated a willingness to use the device long-term.

NMES/FES for walking will not be covered in SCI patient with any of the
following:

  1. Persons with cardiac pacemakers;
  2. Severe scoliosis or severe osteoporosis;
  3. Skin disease or cancer at area of stimulation;
  4. Irreversible contracture; or
  5. Autonomic dysflexia.

The only settings where therapists with the sufficient skills to provide these
services are employed, are inpatient hospitals; outpatient hospitals;
comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities; and outpatient
rehabilitation facilities. The physical therapy necessary to perform this
training must be part of a one-on-one training program.

Additional therapy after the purchase of the DME would be limited by our
general policies in converge of skilled physical therapy.