**Notice:** It is not appropriate to bill Medicare for services that are not
covered (as described by this entire LCD) as if they are covered. When billing
for non-covered services, use the appropriate modifier.  
  
Compliance with the provisions in this policy may be monitored and addressed
through post payment data analysis and subsequent medical review audits.  
  

**History/Background and/or General Information**

Echocardiography is a non-invasive technique in which pulsed high-frequency
sound waves are used to visualize the contours, movements and dimensions of
cardiac structures. Ultrahigh frequency sound waves are directed toward and
reflected by cardiovascular structures. Reflected echoes are translated into
electrical impulses for display on a monitor and for recording and storage on
either videotape or digital recording.  
  
Echocardiography (or cardiac ultrasound) provides structural, functional and
hemodynamic information. It can also provide anatomic information pertaining
to the proximal great vessels. An ultrasound generator is a non-invasive
diagnostic tool, which can be applied to the anterior thorax to examine the
heart. This exam is known as Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE). The
ultrasound generator can also be positioned in the esophagus to obtain
additional cardiovascular information. This exam is known as Transesophageal
Echocardiography (TEE). Because of the esophageal instrumentation, TEE is
relatively invasive with potential for morbidity.  
  
TEE is not **USUALLY** medically necessary when a technically adequate normal
TTE has been performed. If TTE is technically inadequate or demonstrates
pathology but does not provide adequate data for definitive therapeutic
decision, TEE is appropriately considered. The information TEE is expected to
provide should significantly augment that obtained by TTE and contribute to
clinically relevant management decisions (alter therapy).  
  
Coverage for TEE is considered medically reasonable and necessary in the
following situations:

  * When TTE has not established the diagnosis, or
  * In a patient where TTE is felt not to give adequate information (e.g., as in extreme obesity, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], chest deformity, inadequate or incomplete visualization of the left atrium and left atrial appendage in patients with prosthetic material, and inadequate visualization of the atrial septum for making the diagnosis of patient foramen ovale).

  
A TEE may be performed as an initial test in the following scenarios:

  * There is suspected acute aortic pathology including dissection or transection;
  * For guidance of percutaneous non-coronary cardiac interventions (e.g., radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias, alcohol septal ablation, percutaneous mitral or aortic valvuloplasty, atrial occluder device deployment, or management of VAD prior to heart transplantation);
  * To determine the mechanism of valve regurgitation and/or suitability for valve repair;
  * To diagnose or subsequently manage suspected endocarditis with moderate or high pre-test probability of the disease;
  * Persistent fever with an intracardiac device; or
  * For clinical decision making, including possible cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter/fibrillation when anticoagulation alone is not already planned.

  
Significant esophageal pathology (tumor, stenosis, varices, diverticula) is
considered as relatively contraindicating TEE. The anticipated incremental
information obtained clearly should exceed any potential risk.  
  
This policy defines clinical pathophysiologic states for which the contractor
will provide coverage for TEE examinations. Covered conditions reflect those
for which there is authoritative literature support as to clinical utility.  
  
 **Covered Indications**  
  
 **1\. Native and Prosthetic Valvular Heart Disease:**  
  
Native valvular heart disease is appropriately assessed by TTE. It is seldom
medically necessary to complement TTE with TEE. TTE provides non-invasive
assessment of native valve functional anatomy and ventricular adaptation and
function. When TTE is technically inadequate, TEE may provide comparable data.
Serial assessment by relatively invasive TEE is not as ideal as serial
assessment by non-invasive TTE.  
  
Prior to possible valve surgical repair, TEE is useful to further assess the
mechanism and severity of disease and the extent of surgery required. Prior to
elective percutaneous balloon aortic or mitral valvuloplasty a TEE is needed
to exclude the presence of left atrial thrombus and it may be useful as a
guide to the procedure. In most patients with valvular prostheses, TTE
provides diagnostic functional information and non-invasive serial follow-up.  
  
However, in some patients, the prosthetic valve may cause acoustical shadowing
that may diminish the value of the TTE. When prosthetic dysfunction is suspect
and therapeutic decisions are pivotal and data inconclusive, TEE is
appropriately considered. TEE is not routinely indicated in all patients with
prosthetic valves.  
  
 **2\. Endocarditis:**  
  
When TTE provides diagnostic information pertaining to valvular pathology, the
infective process and ventricular function, TEE is not generally necessary.
TTE affords non-invasive serial assessment and is generally better able to
define the consequences of the infective valvular process on ventricular
function. When TTE has provided diagnostic information, the supplemental
information provided by TEE should generally have therapeutic relevance. When
the suspicion of endocarditis is high (persistent febrile state, negative
cultures, preexistent valvular pathology) and TTE does not document
endocarditis, TEE may define small vegetative masses and more completely
delineate local complications (e.g., ring abscesses, aneurysm, fistulae).  
  
 **3\. Suspected Cardiac Thrombi and Emboli:**  
  
Historical estimates place the incidence of a cardiac source of emboli at
between 15 and 30 percent. Selective study of these patient cohorts by TTE
detects a potential cardiac source in 10 percent. In general, TTE can reliably
diagnose or exclude a ventricular locus of potentially embolic material. In
patients with cardiac pathology associated with a high incidence of
thromboembolic (valvular heart disease, arrhythmias - especially atrial
fibrillation, cardiomyopathies, other causes of ventricular dysfunction) the
incremental information provided by TEE should be of therapeutic relevance
before the patient is subjected to TEE. Routine TEE to search for a cardiac
source of embolization is not considered necessary. In younger stroke patients
with a normal TTE and neurologic workup, TEE is appropriately considered. A
key decisional factor should be whether TEE findings may substantively alter
therapy and clinical outcome. It merits emphasis that a negative examination
(TTE or TEE) does not exclude a cardiac embolus, and the finding of thrombus
or vegetation does not establish a cardiac embolic source.  
  
 **4\. Cardiac and Pericardiac Masses:**  
  
TTE and TEE have comparable sensitivity in the assessment of right heart
masses. TEE provides more detail in left atrial masses and may provide
therapeutic direction (cystic vs. solid, attachment, infiltration). When
cardiac masses are suspect, TEE can be an integral part of the diagnostic
workup and management strategy.  
  
 **5\. Aortic Pathological Conditions:**  
  
TEE has become an established rapid and reliable tool for the diagnosis and
definition of aortic dissection and aneurysm. In suspected aortic dissection,
the application of bedside biplane or multiplane TEE is frequently considered
the diagnostic study of choice.  
  
Aortic ulceration, atherosclerotic plaque and mural thrombotic material are
identified by TEE with increasing frequency particularly in older patients. A
causative relationship between these findings and embolic events is
postulated. At present, TEE investigation for this pathology cannot be
considered routine. If embolic episodes are repetitive and focused aortic
surgical intervention is contemplated, TEE to search for and characterize
remediable aortic lesions may be appropriate.  
  
 **6\. Critically Ill Patient:**  
  
There is a role of echocardiography in the management of the critically ill
patient. When TTE fails to provide adequate visualization or TTE is
contraindicated (e.g., chest trauma), TEE may provide diagnostic information
and help guide therapy. Examples where TEE may be useful include: assessment
of complication of myocardial infarction, hypotension, persistent hypoxemia in
patients suspected of having a right-to-left shunt, patients in shock and
brain-dead patients being considered as cardiac donors.  
  
For services on or after May 22, 2007, CMS national policy determined that
monitoring cardiac output by transesophageal Doppler for ventilated patients
in the intensive care unit (ICU) and operative patients with a need for
intraoperative fluid optimization will be considered reasonable and
necesssary.  
  
Monitoring of patients in the ICU with TEE has been suggested in some
instances. Once the probe has been placed and initial data reviewed and
reported (similarly to devices looking at cardiac output in an ongoing or
intermittent approach), the information would be considered part of all other
information handled at the bedside and bundled into the E/M service daily.
**The daily billing of the TEE for monitoring would not be appropriate.**  
  
**7\. Congenital Heart Disease:**  
  
In children and smaller adults TTE provides accurate anatomic definition of
congenital heart diseases. In larger and postoperative patients with fibrosis,
echo opaque patches and prostheses, inadequate penetration and acoustical
shadowing can result in incomplete TTE data. The more precise definition of
atrial, outflow tract and proximal pulmonary vascular anomalies by TEE can be
critical to management strategies. When TTE is technically inadequate or
anatomic definition incomplete, TEE is appropriately considered.  
  
**8\. Interventional and Surgical TEE:**  
  
TEE can be of utility during percutaneous and surgical cardiac interventions.
In selected instances, TEE can provide guidance during the creation of shunts,
placement of septation devices, performance of valvular plastic procedures and
replacement when the surgical result cannot be adequately assessed by other
means. In lung or heart-lung transplant, the integrity and morphology of
pulmonary vascular anastomoses is critical. Intraoperative TEE can assist in
surgical management decisions.  
  
Intraoperative TEE monitoring of ventricular function in selected high-risk
patients can complement hemodynamic monitoring data. Assessment for changes in
volume and of global and regional myocardial contractility can be
therapeutically useful. Routine application, even in patients undergoing
cardiopulmonary bypass and valvular surgeries, cannot be supported. Prior to
elective percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty, TEE is used to assess for left
atrial thrombi.  
  
Medicare payment for the professional component of intraoperative TEE is
justified for instances in which intraoperative echocardiography is an adjunct
to optimal performance of a surgical procedure or for a specific diagnostic
reason (e.g., proper valve placement, guiding of the placement of a device to
close an atrial septal defect, evaluation of mitral balloon valvuloplasty,
etc.). Intraoperative echocardiographic services must include a complete
interpretation and written report by the performing physician, and images
obtained must be stored in the same manner as other echocardiographic services
to warrant separate payment.  
  
**9\. Cardioversion:**  
  
Prior to cardioversion of atrial fibrillation when anticoagulants are
contraindicated or of unusually high risk, information obtained by TEE may
facilitate therapeutic decisions. When anticoagulants are considered integral
to the cardioversion and there is no contraindication to their use,
incremental therapeutic information provided by TEE has not been demonstrated.  
  
Contrast Agents will be reimbursed for echocardiography enhancement when a
conventional study echocardiogram has failed to opacify the left ventricle. A
contrast agent is considered medically necessary when it is used to improve
the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial borders. This is
especially applicable during the performance of exercise echocardiographic
stress testing.  
  
 **Limitations**  
  

  1. Pericardial Disease: TEE has not been demonstrated to provide incremental information to that provided by TTE in the assessment and management of pericardial pathology other than masses as noted above.
  2. Left Ventricular Function: In general, TTE provides accurate and serial non-invasive assessment of global and regional left ventricular function. When TTE is technically inadequate and clinical data insufficient for management decision, TEE can provide comparable information. TTE assessment of left ventricular function is considered preferable to TEE in all other circumstances. Documentation showing the need for TEE when TTE has not been done should be available if requested.

  
**Provider Qualifications**  
  
The accuracy of cardiac ultrasound depends on the knowledge, skill and
experience of the sonographer and physician. Sonographers who perform or
supervise the studies must be capable of demonstrating training and experience
specific to the study performed and maintain documentation for post payment
audit. Physicians who perform, supervise, and/or interpret the studies must be
capable of demonstrating training and experience specific to the study
performed or interpreted and maintain documentation for post payment audit. A
physician or a sonographer may personally perform cardiac ultrasound
procedures. When a physician employs auxiliary personnel to assist him /her in
providing ultrasound procedures, the services of such personnel are considered
'incident to' to the physicians' services. All guidelines set forth by CMS
regarding 'incident to' must be met.  
  
Cardiovascular Disease/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Surgery, Anesthesia,
Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatric Cardiologists are thought to have the
formal training or clinical training to do these tests. Other specialties may
see denials for these services. For all specialties, certification by the
National Board of Echocardiography will be essential in allowing coverage for
services and can be submitted in the appeals process should a denial occur.  
  
This LCD imposes frequency limitations. For frequency limitations, please
refer to the Utilization Guidelines section below.  
  
**Notice:   **Services performed for any given diagnosis must meet all of the
indications and limitations stated in this policy, the general requirements
for medical necessity as stated in CMS payment policy manuals, any and all
existing CMS national coverage determinations, and all Medicare payment rules

The redetermination process may be utilized for consideration of services
performed outside of the reasonable and necessary requirements in this LCD.