Psychological and neuropsychological tests are designed to determine the
functional consequences of known or suspected brain dysfunction through
testing of the neuro-cognitive domains responsible for language, perception,
memory, learning, problem solving, adaptation, and constructional praxis.

**Neurobehavioral Status Examination**  
A neurobehavioral status exam is completed prior to the administration of
neuropsychological testing. The status exam involves clinical assessment of
the patient, collateral interviews as appropriate, and review of prior
records. The interview includes clinical assessment of several domains
including but not limited to; thinking, reasoning and judgment, e.g., acquired
knowledge, attention, language, memory, planning and problem solving and
visual spatial abilities. The clinical assessment would determine the types of
tests and how those tests should be administered (AMA CPT Assistant, November,
2006).

A neurobehavioral status examination, in the absence of neuropsychological
testing, is insufficient to diagnose mild cognitive impairment.

**Psychological Tests**  
A psychological test is an instrument designed to measure unobserved
constructs, also known as latent variables. Psychological tests are typically,
but not necessarily, a series of tasks or problems that the respondent has to
solve. Psychological tests can strongly resemble questionnaires, which are
also designed to measure unobserved constructs, but differ in that
psychological tests ask for a respondent's maximum performance whereas a
questionnaire asks for the respondent's typical performance. A useful
psychological test must be both valid (i.e., there is evidence to support the
specified interpretation of the test results) and reliable (i.e., internally
consistent or give consistent results over time, across raters, etc.).

**Psychological testing  
** Psychological tests are used to identify problems in a variety of mental
abilities and attributes, such as neuro-cognitive, mental status, achievement
and ability, personality, and neurological functioning.  
  
Psychological testing requires a clinically trained examiner. All
psychological tests should be administered, scored, and interpreted by a
trained professional such as a clinical psychologist, psychologist, advanced
nurse practitioner with education in this area, or a physician assistant who
works with a psychiatrist with expertise in the appropriate area. The purpose
of psychological testing includes the following:

  1. To assist with diagnosis and management following clinical findings where a mental illness or psychological abnormality is suspected.
  2. To provide a differential diagnosis from a range of neurological/psychological disorders that present with similar constellations of symptoms, e.g., differentiation between pseudodementia and depression.
  3. To determine the clinical and functional significance of a brain abnormality.
  4. To delineate the specific cognitive basis of functional complaints.

**Neuropsychological Testing:  
** These tests are requested for patients with a history of psychological,
neurologic or medical disorders known to impact cognitive or neurobehavioral
functioning.  
  
Neuropsychological testing is considered medically necessary for the following
indications:

  1. When there are mild or questionable deficits on standard mental status testing or clinical interview, and neuropsychological testing is needed to establish the presence of abnormalities or distinguish them from changes that may occur with normal aging, or the expected progression of other disease processes; or
  2. When neuropsychological data can be combined with clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging data to assist in establishing a clinical diagnosis in neurological or systemic conditions known to affect CNS functioning; or
  3. When there is a need to quantify cognitive or behavioral deficits related to CNS impairment, especially when the information will be useful in determining a prognosis or informing treatment planning by determining the rate of disease progression; or
  4. When there is a need for a pre-surgical or treatment-related cognitive testing to determine whether one might safely proceed with a medical or surgical procedure that may affect brain function (e.g., deep brain stimulation, resection of brain tumors or arteriovenous malformations, epilepsy surgery, stem cell transplant) or significantly alter a patient's functional status; or
  5. When there is a need to test for the potential impact of adverse effects of therapeutic substances that may cause cognitive impairment (e.g., radiation, chemotherapy, antiepileptic medications), especially when this information is utilized to determine treatment planning; or
  6. When there is a need to monitor progression, recovery, and response to changing treatments, in patients with CNS disorders, in order to establish the most effective plan of care; or
  7. When there is a need for objective measurement of the patient's subjective complaints about memory, attention, or other cognitive dysfunction, which serves to determine treatment by differentiating psychogenic from neurogenic syndromes (e.g., dementia vs. depression); or
  8. When there is a need to establish a treatment plan by determining functional abilities/impairments in individuals with known or suspected CNS disorders; or
  9. When there is a need to determine whether a patient can comprehend and participate effectively in complex treatment regimens (e.g., surgeries to modify facial appearance, hearing, or tongue debulking in craniofacial or Down syndrome patients; transplant or bariatric surgeries in patients with diminished capacity), and to determine functional capacity for health care decision-making, work, independent living, managing financial affairs, etc.; or
  10. When there is a need to design, administer, and/or monitor outcomes of cognitive rehabilitation procedures, such as compensatory memory training for brain-injured patients; or
  11. When there is a need to establish treatment planning through identification and assessment of the neurocognitive sequelae of systemic disease (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy; anoxic/hypoxic injury associated with cardiac procedures); or
  12. Assessment of neurocognitive functions for the formulation of rehabilitation and/or management strategies among individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders; or
  13. When there is a need to diagnose cognitive or functional deficits in children and adolescents based on an inability to develop expected knowledge, skills or abilities as required to adapt to new or changing cognitive, social, emotional, or physical demands.

  
Examples of problems that might lead to neuropsychological testing include:

  1. Detection of neurologic diseases based on quantitative assessment of neurocognitive abilities (e.g., mild head injury, anoxic injuries, AIDS dementia); 
  2. Differential diagnosis between psychogenic and neurogenic syndromes; 
  3. Delineation of the neurocognitive effects of CNS disorders; 
  4. Neurocognitive monitoring of recovery or progression of CNS disorders; and/or 
  5. Assessment of neurocognitive functions for the formulation of rehabilitation and/or management strategies among individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders. 
  6. Determining the management of the patient by confirmation or delineation of diagnosis.

**Components of Neuropsychological Testing**

  1. Test Selection  
Information from medical records, clinical interviews, and behavioral
observations is integrated to guide the selection of specific
neuropsychological tests. The selection of tests is a strategic process that
varies as a function of patient characteristics (level of education, premorbid
level of functioning, sensory abilities, physical limitations, fatigue level,
age, and ethnicity) and the goals of the testing (establishing a diagnosis,
measuring treatment effects, etc.).

  2. Test Administration and Scoring   
Tests are administered either directly by a Medicare provider with an
appropriate state license or by a trained technician. A technician who
administers the neuropsychological test must be directly supervised by the
provider.  
  
Neuropsychological tests include direct question-and-answer, object
manipulation, inspection and responses to pictures or patterns, paper-and-
pencil written or multiple choice tests, which measure functional impairment
and abilities in:  
a. General intellect b. Reasoning, sequencing, problem-solving, and executive
function c. Attention and concentration d. Learning and memory e. Language and
communication f. Visual-spatial cognition and visual-motor praxis g. Motor and
sensory function h. Mood, conduct, personality, quality of life i. Adaptive
behavior (Activities of Daily Living) j. Social-emotional awareness and
responsivity k. Psychopathology (e.g., psychotic thinking or somatization) l.
Motivation and effort (e.g., symptom validity testing)

**Limitations of Coverage:**  
Psychological and Neuropsychological testing is considered not reasonable and
necessary when:

  1. The patient is not neurologically and cognitively able to participate in a meaningful way in the testing process, or 
  2. Used as screening tests given to the individual or to general populations [Section 1862(a)(7) of the Social Security Act does not extend coverage to screening procedures], or 
  3. Administered for educational or vocational purposes that do not establish medical management, or 
  4. Performed when abnormalities of brain function are not suspected, or 
  5. Used for self-administered or self-scored inventories, or screening tests of cognitive function (whether paper-and-pencil or computerized), e.g., AIMS, Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination, or 
  6. Repeated when not required for medical decision-making (i.e., making a diagnosis or deciding whether to start or continue a particular rehabilitative or pharmacologic therapy), or 
  7. Administered when the patient has a substance abuse background and any of the following apply:   
a. the patient has ongoing substance abuse such that test results would be
inaccurate, or b. the patient is currently intoxicated, or

  8. The patient has been diagnosed previously with brain dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's diseases and there is no expectation that the testing would impact the patient's medical management, or 
  9. The test is administered solely as a screening test for Alzheimer's disease - Medicare does not cover screening for this diagnosis.