**Abstract:**  
  
Cardiovascular nuclear imaging employs non-invasive techniques to assess
alterations in coronary artery flow, and ventricular function.  
  
The specific imaging technique (perfusion versus ventricular function) and the
reason for the imaging determine which radionuclide agent is employed. A
myocardial perfusion study utilizes an imaging isotope agent that reflects
segmental and global myocardial blood flow and uptake, the interpretation of
which is used to make inference about the presence of scar and ischemia.  
  
Ventricular function studies utilize specific imaging isotopes to outline the
borders of the ventricular endocardium, or to identify the ventricular blood
pool independent of the surrounding myocardium. The motion of the left
ventricle, synchronized with the electrocardiogram, is used to generate wall
motion and ejection fraction information.  
  
These tests may be performed at rest and during exercise, or with
pharmacologic intervention when exercise cannot be performed. The acquisition
of the images may be planar (single plane) or by multiple planes with computer
integration, SPECT (single-photon emission computer tomography).  
  
 **Indications:**  
 _Cardiovascular nuclear imaging is indicated for the following:_  
  
Assessment of the functional and prognostic importance of angina;  
  
Diagnostic evaluation of patients with chest pain and uninterpretable or
equivocal ECG changes caused by drugs, bundle branch block, or left
ventricular hypertrophy;  
  
Risk assessment or re-evaluation of disease in patients who are asymptomatic
or have stable symptoms, with known atherosclerotic heart disease on
catheterization or SPECT perfusion imaging, who have not had a
revascularization procedure within the past two years;  
  
Detection of coronary artery disease in patients, without chest pain syndrome,
with new-onset of diagnosed heart failure or left ventricular systolic
dysfunction;  
  
Evaluation of ischemic versus non-ischemic cardiomyopathy when cardiac
catheterization / coronary angiography are not planned;  
  
Evaluation of myocardial perfusion and/or function before and after coronary
artery bypass surgery or other re-perfusion procedures;  
  
Quantification and surveillance of myocardial infarction and prognostication
in patients with infarction;  
  
Assessment of congenital anomalies of coronary arteries;  
  
Preoperative assessment for non-cardiac surgery, when used to determine risk
for surgery and/or perioperative management in:

patients with minor or intermediate clinical risk predictors and poor
functional capacity;

  
  

patients with intermediate or high likelihood of coronary heart disease, or
patients with poor functional capacity undergoing high risk non-cardiac
surgery;

  
  

The "ACA/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and
Care for Non-Cardiac Surgery" (JACC 2007; 50:e159-e242) provides this
information:

  
  

High risk surgery: aortic and peripheral vascular surgery



Intermediate risk surgery: intraperitoneal and intrathoracic surgery, carotid
endarterectomy, head & neck surgery, orthopedic surgery, prostate surgery.



Low risk surgery: endoscopic procedures, superficial surgery, cataract
surgery, breast surgery, ambulatory surgery

  
  

Poor functional capacity = less than 4 METS

  
  

Clinical risk factors: 1) history of ischemic heart disease



2) history of compensated or prior heart failure



3) history of cerebrovascular disease



4) diabetes mellitus



5) renal insufficiency



Decision-making for testing is based upon the presence of multiple clinical
risk factors, the level of functional capacity, the risk of the surgery

__and the likelihood that the results of the cardiac testing would change the
management.__ Evaluation of ventricular function in patients with non-ischemic
myocardial disease;  
  
Evaluation of patients in whom an accurate measure of the ejection fraction is
needed to make a determination of whether to implant a defibrillator or
biventricular pacemaker;  
  
Evaluation of a patient receiving chemotherapeutic drugs which are potentially
cardiotoxic (e.g., adriamycin).  
  
First pass studies will be considered medically necessary only when
information sought is immediately relevant to the management of the patient's
clinical condition, and has not been previously obtained or likely to be
obtained from other planned tests such as echocardiography or equilibrium
gated blood pool studies. First pass studies may be indicated for the
assessment and identification of shunts.  
  
Infarct avid scintigraphy is indicated in patients in whom it is not possible
to make a definitive diagnosis of myocardial infarction by EKG or enzyme
testing.  
  
 _Patient selection should be based on clinical grounds:_  
  
Patients with a high pretest probability of disease are not usually candidates
for a study for diagnostic purposes, though the size and reversibility of a
defect and its functional consequences may be required for clinical decision-
making.  
  
Patients with a moderate probability of disease benefit the most from the
study when the diagnosis is in question.  
  
Selection of tests should be made within the context of other tests, scheduled
and previously performed, so that the anticipated information obtained is
unique and not redundant.  
  
 **Limitations:**  
  
Special Equipment Requirements:  
  
Given the limitations of uptake, low photon energy and redistribution, the
cardiac blood pool codes and perfusion imaging codes are not generally covered
on the same date of service. However, in light of the predictive value of
exercise-induced changes in ejection fraction, an exception will be made to
allow first pass, single study with exercise along with the appropriate
perfusion studies. Providers who bill this service must certify within their
records that their laboratories are specially equipped to process such
studies.  
  
The rapid uptake, relatively low photon energy and redistribution of thallium
201 preclude its application to studies for gated images in most laboratories.
However, an exception will be made to allow this combination for laboratories
that have at least double-headed cameras and the appropriate software to
facilitate the count. Such providers must certify that their laboratories are
specially equipped to process such studies.  
  
Cardiac blood pool imaging studies with appropriate add-on may be reported on
a single date of service.  
  
All cardiovascular nuclear tests and stress tests must be referred by a
physician or a qualified non-physician provider.  
  
All stress tests must be performed under the direct supervision of a
physician. The nuclear test components must be performed under the general
supervision of a physician.  
  
Myocardial perfusion studies performed based on the presence of risk factors
in the absence of cardiac symptoms, cardiac abnormalities on physical
examination, or abnormalities on cardiac testing (e.g., electrocardiographic
tests, echocardiography, etc) will be considered screening and denied as not
covered by Medicare.  
  
Tests that are anticipated to provide information duplicative of another test
already performed will be denied as not medically necessary.  
  
Tests performed when the results would not be anticipated to influence medical
management decisions will be denied as not medically necessary.  
  
Myocardial perfusion studies performed subsequent to a diagnostic myocardial
PET scan will denied as not medically necessary.  
  
Infarct avid scintigraphy will be denied if the diagnosis of myocardial
infarction has already been confirmed by enzymes and/or EKG.  
  
Tests performed unrelated to changes in a patient's signs or symptoms, or for
immediate pre-operative evaluation will be denied as medically unnecessary.  
  
Tests performed for risk assessment prior to high risk non-cardiac surgery in
asymptomatic patients within one year following normal catheterization or non-
invasive test will be considered medically unnecessary and denied.  
  
Tests performed for preoperative evaluation in patients undergoing low-risk
surgery will be denied.  
  
 **Other Comments:**  
  
For claims submitted to the Part A MAC: this coverage determination also
applies within states outside the primary geographic jurisdiction with
facilities that have nominated CGS to process their claims.  
  
  
Limitation of liability and refund requirements apply when denials are likely,
whether based on medical necessity or other coverage reasons. The
provider/supplier must notify the beneficiary in writing, prior to rendering
the service, if the provider/supplier is aware that the test, item or
procedure may not be covered by Medicare. The limitation of liability and
refund requirements do not apply when the test, item or procedure is
statutorily excluded, has no Medicare benefit category or is rendered for
screening purposes.